Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-00607	How come when you find someone you truely care about, and they don't feel the same way that it hurts	Because you perceived your experiences together as worthy of establishing a deeper relationship but they did not. You both essentially had the same experience the only difference being they had to experience it with you. That indicates that you are less worthwhile as a person. It's not true but it sure feels like it.	[ "I guess the hardest thing is having so much love for you and it somehow not being returned. I develop crushes all the time, but that is just misdirected need for you. You are a hole in my life, a black hole. Anything I place there cannot be returned. I miss you terribly. \"Ci vedremo lassu, angelo\". [286].\n\nSec...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10645	What makes soy so versatile as the main constituent of many foods, from milk to kebab protein?	[Soybean]( URL_4 ) is a [bean]( URL_1 ), and beans in general can provide non-meat proteins, sugars, and various vitamins. They also don't really taste like much, so you can use them as the basis for various meals, where the meal will taste based on added spices rather than based on the beans themselves. For the examples you gave: - soy yogurt - they add the (beneficial) [bacteria]( URL_0 ) that change milk to yogurt to the paste made from the beans, and the bacteria find enough sugars and proteins in the paste to feed and create the yogurt-y byproducts that it usually creates. - [tofu]( URL_3 ) is the equivalent of cheese, but again, with soybean milk/juice instead of regular milk. Again, the subtle flavor allows for using tofu as a basis for otherwise spiced foods. - [proteins]( URL_2 ) - beans in general have high protein content, and soy beans are not an exception. EDIT: There are other plants that are used as the substrate for a variety of dishes. If you look at the [article for rice]( URL_5 ), under Nutrition, you can see a comparison chart for the various vitamins and nutrients for a number of the staple foods, soy and rice included.	[ "Most soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as tofu, soy milk and textured vegetable protein (soy flour) to be made.\n\nSoy is a good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans or for people who want to reduc...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15841	How exactly does a consumer's money circulate throughout society after a product is bought?	Start backwards. Raw materials are produced and the workers are paid. Raw material company sells to the factory. Factory makes product and workers are paid. Now factory needs to make their money back so they sell to a distributor/store/etc. That store may be part of a chain that moves stuff around for sale and there may be more transactions in that bit too. To simplify, the store had bought the product and now THEY need to make some money. You buy the product. That store charges what they paid +x% (their markup) to produce a profit. Every step has charged a slightly higher price than the last, in this way. So now you own the phone. Your money went to pay for that store to stay open and thay store owner to support his existence. The money makes it back to you in the form of the community, businesses, and other public and private interests continuing to exist. Simpler example: A student organization wants to build a park. They hold a fundraiser. You would like to see a new park and be able to enjoy a new park so you donate some money. You get your money 'back' in the form of a new park you helped pay for. Now apply this concept globally and spending money in your community on locally sourced goods puts money directly back into the pot of the people who pay you and your friends and family to do your own jobs. The further up the chain you go and farther away that takes you is that much further that your dollars are going to support the livelihood of others and the businesses for which they work.	[ "Consumer research has existed for more than a century and has been well established as a combination of sociology, psychology, and anthropology, and popular topics in the field revolve around consumer decision-making, advertising, and branding. For decades, however, consumer researchers had never been able to dire...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04080	How is a phone carrier unlock done?	It really depends on the carrier and device, but the most commonly known method is to pay for and request the unlock code. I mostly used URL_0 when I did electronic repair and what have you.	[ "The unlock code is verified by the handset and is generated by the manufacturer, typically by an algorithm such as a one way hash or trapdoor function. Sometimes big telecom providers change the original factory unlock codes as an extra layer of security against unlocking services. For various big brands such as S...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03453	How do we know what emotion to name our feelings?	You’re right with the learned part! A lot of it is from modelling parents/older siblings etc... however humans (regardless of race, age, gender and so on) have 5 innate facial expressions (happiness, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear [recognise these from anywhere?]which are linked to emotions—which implies they are also innate. So yes you’re partially right, but you may also be on to something with being able to detach your emotions, very interesting idea!	[ "On \"basic emotion\" accounts, activation of an emotion, such as anger, sadness, or fear, is \"triggered\" by the brain's appraisal of a stimulus or event with respect to the perceiver's goals or survival. In particular, the function, expression, and meaning of different emotions are hypothesized to be biologicall...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02217	Why are the private IPN ranges where they are?	Historical reasons. Class A's private range is the old ARPAnet's address space, so they assigned it the private range when ARPAnet was taken down, easy. Class C's was at the beginning of the Class C range, and was already reserved: also easy. Class B's was... the largest group of continuous Class B networks that was already in a reserved block. Note that the Class B and Class C private ranges aren't B/C networks: Class B's range is 16 B networks, and Class C's, is 256 C networks. Class A's is just a single A network... because we just don't need that many private addresses. The "real" answer why they're like that now is because RFC1918 says so :-P	[ "Until late 2002 it served Mexico, Central America, South America and all of the Caribbean. LACNIC now handles parts of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Also, Sub-Saharan Africa was part of its region until April 2005, when AfriNIC was officially recognized by ICANN as the fifth Regional I...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04864	How is Mcafee Antivirus still around when pretty much everyone considers it a piece of crap ?	McAfee pays Lenovo, etc, to bundle it with their computers. They do this because some people get used to it, or assume it's good because they trust Lenovo, and those people later purchase McAfee. The software included is just a trial, and using it beyond a month or a year or something requires that you pay a fee. It's an ultra-aggressive form of advertising, just like Amazon may pay Reddit to put ads on their website. McAfee is paying Lenovo to put the world's most obnoxious ads on their computers. Lenovo either feels most of their customers like the "free" antivirus they include, or McAfee pays them enough it's worth turning away the customers that dislike it. McAfee clearly convinces enough people to buy their product that it's worth... whatever they pay Lenovo to do this.	[ "A review of VirusScan 2006 by CNET criticized the product due to \"pronounced performance hits in two of our three real-world performance tests\" and some users reviewing the same product reported encountering technical problems.\n\nSome older versions of the VirusScan engine use all available CPU cycles.\n\nSecti...	[ "McAfee should not be on computers anymore because it is bad software.", "If McAfee anti-virus has a poor reputation, it should not be able to sustain it's business." ]	[ "McAfee is on computers because the company pays computer manufacterers to put it on the computer. ", "McAfee pays Lenovo to implement their anti-virus program into their computers which allows them to advertise their program and convince consumers that it is reliable. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "McAfee should not be on computers anymore because it is bad software.", "If McAfee anti-virus has a poor reputation, it should not be able to sustain it's business." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "McAfee is on computers because the company pays computer manufacterers to put it on the computer. ", "McAfee pays Lenovo to implement their anti-virus program into their computers which allows them to advertise their program and convince consumers that it is reliable. " ]
2018-08930	How are fecal sacs of nestlings produced so quickly?	> Mom feeds kid, kid turns around and poops, mom carries away poop. How is it so fast? Because it's poop from previous meals, and not from the meal they've just been fed. The act of being fed just stimulates the nestling to produce the fecal sac that their body has already prepared.	[ "Not all species generate fecal sacs. They are most prevalent in passerines and their near relatives, which have young that remain in the nest for longer periods. In some species, the fecal sacs of small nestlings are eaten by their parents. In other species, and when nestlings are older, sacs are typically taken s...	[ "Fecal sacs of nestlings are produced quickly." ]	[ "Nestling's fecal sacs are eliminated from previous meals, not the most recent meal; they are not produced as quickly as it may appear." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fecal sacs of nestlings are produced quickly.", "Fecal sacs of nestlings are produced quickly." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Nestling's fecal sacs are eliminated from previous meals, not the most recent meal; they are not produced as quickly as it may appear.", "Nestling's fecal sacs are eliminated from previous meals, not the most recent meal; they are not produced as quickly as it may appear." ]
2018-09651	Why does Breast Cancer get almost all focus and support against; while countless other cancers are publically ignored?	better PR. We're all pretty shallow and ignorant in the bigger picture. Breast cancer has by far the most money put into advertising so more people know about it and more people put money into it. Sadly a lot of that money goes into organizations that are really just hangers on to the whole issue. You've got people who contribute nothing or next to nothing to breast cancer treatment and research but do plenty of advertising for it so they can accept donations.	[ "However, the primary sponsors are part of the breast cancer industry, particularly cancer drug makers like AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Novartis. Because the national breast cancer organizations are dependent on corporate sponsorships for survival, this situation may represent a conflict of interest that...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09733	How come you can touch your uvula with your tongue, but anything else touching it causes a gag reflex?	Can't tell you for sure, but I would go with the fact your tongue is already, and supposed to be, in your mouth	[ "While it works in preventing speech, a person who has been stuff gagged can easily spit it out by pushing it with his/her tongue. However, it is for this reason that the stuff gag is one of the safest gags to use during self bondage, as the person with his/her hands tied can still spit the gag out if he/she feels ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13753	Why do some submarines have diving planes on the sail, while some have them at the bow?	Fair water planes, on the sail, are less desirable from an operational standpoint. They don’t contribute to keeping you surfaced once they clear the waterline on the surface. At periscope depth, they tend to broach, increasing a submarines visibility while simultaneously reducing the crews ability to control depth. Their only advantage is that they are out of the way when the submarine is brought along pier side or other ships. Bow planes are better in that they are never out of the water during operations. They can be locked at an up angle on the surface to help keep the submarine on the surface at speed. They don’t broach at periscope depth. Their disadvantage is an engineering one, they need to be retractable or foldable in order for the submarine to moor. Generally, if your naval architects have mastered bow plane technology, that is what your submariners want for ship control.	[ "Early submarines had separate controls for each pair of planes, bow and stern. Together with the helmsman, this required three ratings in the already-crowded control room. By the 1960s, combined controls were introduced. These incorporated all planes onto a single aircraft-style control wheel.\n\nSection::::Cars.\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04866	why "rubbing salt in to the wound" would hurt more than other substances.	Your body has sensors built into kind of like a house. Smoke detectors are like the sensors in our lungs and nose that cause us to cough and sneeze. Security alarms are like the pain we feel when we get cut. Our bodies also have sensors to know about changes in electrolyte (salt) concentration and pain sensors that know about damage. But way does it hurt more? It's the same reason when you add salt to food they have more of a taste. Just instead of it being taste and your tongue, it's pain and a wound.	[ "In 1992, Bellhouse was at work on a \"powdered injector to deliver genetic material into plant cells\" when he wondered if he could use the same method on people. A few hours after injecting himself with finely ground salt, the skin began to bleed. As he explained, \"Salt bursts the red blood cells. This proved th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05659	Why it’s relaxing to sit in 100+ degree (F) water, but is uncomfortable for air temperature to be that high (especially when humid).	The upper part of your body is still exposed to the cooler air, and being wet, water will evaporate from it, cooling it down further. Part of the enjoyment is the contrast between the hot and cold. When it is hot out, your whole body is hot, and when it is humid, your perspiration doesn't evaporate well. Also, you know you can get out of the hot tub any time you like, so you don't feel like you are trapped with no end in sight. Finally, you are not wearing street clothes, so being wet and sweaty is less unpleasant.	[ "At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. A wetbulb temperature at 500 hPa in a tropical atmos...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13081	why don’t we make coffee like we do tea, by seeping the grounds in a bag?	edit: RIP my inbox *Coffee cherries are their own fruit from the coffee tree. We do not make coffee from the pits of the cherries we eat. Please do not try this. You could die. Thank you. First off, remember that coffee is the roasted seed of a cherry that is pulverized in a grinder, while tea is actual dried leaves from the tea plant. Because we can grind coffee really coarsely or super fine, we control the extraction time to get the proper strength from the coffee. Finer grind has more surface area (i.e. espresso), and we can get all the good stuff out in under 30 seconds. A big, coarse grind like for french press, can take 4 minutes. As for why we don't use coffee bags regularly, it's for a couple of reasons. Coffee stales very quickly once ground, much faster than tea. It also has to do with 'fines'. Because coffee is a brittle, organic seed, when it is ground, you get a range of particles from large to small. You'd need a bag permeable enough to let the coffee steep and for water to move through it, but also not allow all of the fine particles through. This is simple with gravity brewing like pour over or drip because the water will eventually get out. It's not really moving if it is in a bag in a cup, so the filter would have to allow for the smaller stuff to wind up in the cup and your coffee will be 'muddy'. This happens with french press too, and some people enjoy the body of this type of coffee for that reason. Tea, on the other hand, more or less behaves the same, and needs to be steeped for several minutes to get the most flavor from it. Chopping the leaves up finer helps somewhat, but it seriously affects the flavor of the tea, as breaking the leaves causes them to lose a lot of their essential oils and flavor. If you've ever had a really nice loose leaf black tea next to, say, Liptons bagged tea, there's no comparison. So, yes, you could mill up tea leaves small enough to make a drip machine make 'tea', but it probably wouldn't be very nice. Your last question about cocoa - Chocolate is the most complicated process of the 3. Cacao beans are fermented, dried, roasted, dechaffed, ground, pressed with sugar, blended with cocoa liquor.... It's a crazy process that I can't understand how we figured out it was possible in the first place. If the roasted 'cocoa bean', or cacao nib were just ground up and steeped, it would be very bitter, and probably not to your taste, but this was basically what was drank by the ancient peoples of Mesoamerica (with added chili and spices for some fire). Instead, we just make sweetened cocoa powder that is ground super fine, kinda water soluble and we drink the 'grinds', unlike coffee.	[ "A recent variation of the \"French press\" is the \"SoftBrew\" method. The grounds are placed in the cylindrical filter, which is then placed inside the pot, and very hot to boiling water is then poured into it. After waiting a few minutes, the coffee can then be poured out, with the grounds staying inside the met...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16616	How did cavemen "brush their teeth" and why didnt their teeth rot and fall out?	Published [here]( URL_0 ), scientists did a spot of dentistry on a 1.2 million year old Hominin skull and found our ancestors, who were duking it out on the open plains at the time, had excellent dental hygiene. Huh, how come? Turns out, it was all to do with their raw diet. They found grass, seeds, and uncooked meat in plaque samples, along with wood fibers - which researchers believe may have fallen from the subjects' early improvised toothbrushes. As cooking hadn't yet been discovered, and raw food tends to be more fibrous than cooked, we reckon a lot of it got stuck between the teeth, leading individuals to pick at it constantly, thereby dislodging and preventing excessive plaque build up. What's more, it's only once humans settled down and developed agriculture that our dental problems became, well, a problem. As soon as we started building homes and planting grains, so began our foray into carbohydrates - and it's these carbs and sugars that can break down into sugars in our mouths, providing food for the bacteria that cause tooth decay. So, to answer your question, 'cavemen' didn't eat (much) sugar, and didn't have problems with tooth decay nor gum disease. They did however have problems with tooth wear, as the fibrous foods would constantly chisel down their teeth until they were worn flat, until eventually they'd have trouble eating. For these reasons, dental hygiene was less essential than it is today with our heavy carb diets, but 'cavemen' did have other dental problems than cavities to contend with.	[ "As long ago as 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians constructed crude toothbrushes from twigs and leaves to clean their teeth. Similarly, other cultures such as the Greeks, Romans, and Indians cleaned their teeth with twigs. Some would fray one end of the twig so that it could penetrate between the teeth more effectiv...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02698	How does a bill that passed overwhelmingly in the House and Senate (98%+) not get enforced by the executive branch?	In response to the title, since the Executive branch has sole authority in enforcing the law, as a consequence it can choose not to enforce the law at all. In response to the post, since I do not know what specific bill you are talking about I can describe the two vetoes. First, the President can outright veto a bill on his/her desk and send it back to Congress within 10 days (or it defaults into a law) to vote on it again. If they get a two-thirds majority it becomes a law without having to go back to the President, if they do not get a two-thirds majority, it does not become a law. Second, a pocket veto is when a President does not sign a bill into law at the end of the 10 day time limit and Congress is not in session at the end of the 10 day time limit to override it with a two-thirds vote.	[ "Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislati...	[ "A bill that was passed overwhelmingly should always be enforced by the executive branch." ]	[ "The executive branch always has the right to not enforce a law at all, the president can also always veto a bill." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A bill that was passed overwhelmingly should always be enforced by the executive branch.", "A bill that was passed overwhelmingly should always be enforced by the executive branch." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The executive branch always has the right to not enforce a law at all, the president can also always veto a bill.", "The executive branch always has the right to not enforce a law at all, the president can also always veto a bill." ]
2018-01054	There are times when a one-way airplane ticket will cost 3 or 4 times as much than a return airplane ticket. What stops people from simply purchasing a return ticket and not returning?	Nothing. You can take advantage of this loophole. In addition, if you happen to know that a multi-stop flight that stops at your desired city costs less, then you can book it and simply not board the follow on plane. Both of these take a little homework, but I've done it before.	[ "Frequently, smart cards, as a convenience, allow the user to run a negative balance. If this balance is greater than the cost of the card, the user may profit by simply discarding the card and purchasing another.\n\nOne method is called scissoring, used for business air travel when return tickets are cheaper with ...	[ "Something stops people from using this loophole to save money.,", "There is a rule or regulation in place that prevents people from buying a return ticket, and not returning to save money. " ]	[ "Nothing stops people from doing this. It is a valid way to save money. ", "There is nothing in place to stop one from never returning their return ticket." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Something stops people from using this loophole to save money.,", "There is a rule or regulation in place that prevents people from buying a return ticket, and not returning to save money. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nothing stops people from doing this. It is a valid way to save money. ", "There is nothing in place to stop one from never returning their return ticket." ]
2018-20075	Why is abortion very taboo in certain countries despite the economic and health benefits?	Because the whole point of the abortion debate is at which point the embryo/fetus becomes a being whose rights are to be defended and has nothing to do with whatever economic benefits that may come from its practice.	[ "An additional factor is risk to maternal or fetal health, which was cited as the primary reason for abortion in over a third of cases in some countries and as a significant factor in only a single-digit percentage of abortions in other countries.\n", "South Africa allows abortion on demand under its Choice on Te...	[ "Abortions should not be taboo due to their economic and health benefits." ]	[ "The abortion debate has nothing to do with the economic benefits that may come from its practice." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Abortions should not be taboo due to their economic and health benefits." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The abortion debate has nothing to do with the economic benefits that may come from its practice." ]
2018-09217	why are Homo sapiens sapiens the only specie of human?	At various points in history, we did have multiple species of humans. They just got out-competed and went extinct. The most recent episode took place around 25,000 years ago. Neanderthal man was a human species which occupied Europe. Cro-magnon man (aka anatomically modern humans) occupied Africa. As long as both species lived on separate continents, there was no problem. It was easy for each species to breed in isolation and adapt to living in different environments. Eventually, however, Cro-magnon humans spread out of Africa and displaced the Neanderthal. We don’t really know why this happened. Climate change might have made the environment more favorable to Cro-magnon and less favorable to Neanderthal. Cro-magnon was probably also smarter and more adaptable than Neanderthal, so they were better able to compete and use technology to their advantage. Some have suggested that Cro-magnon may have brought African diseases that Neanderthal was vulnerable to. There is at least one anthropologist who thinks Cro-magnon had an advantage in hunting efficiency because he domesticated wolves while Neanderthal did not. It could have been any - or all - of these things. The jury is still out on whether Cro-magnon ever interbred with Neanderthal. Some people think evidence supports the idea. However, even if they did interbreed it was not widespread. The hybrid species may even have been sterile, like mules, and in any event their genetic line did not survive even in hybridized form.	[ "Division of Europeans and East Asians is of the order of 50,000 years, with repeated and significant admixture events throughout Eurasia during the Holocene.\n\nArchaic human species may have survived until the beginning of the Holocene (Red Deer Cave people), although they were mostly extinct or absorbed by the e...	[ "Why Homo Sapiens are the only species of human is known. " ]	[ "Why Homo Sapiens are the only species of humans is not known. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Why Homo Sapiens are the only species of human is known. ", "Why Homo Sapiens are the only species of human is known. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Why Homo Sapiens are the only species of humans is not known. ", "Why Homo Sapiens are the only species of humans is not known. " ]
2018-11148	Why is the last percent when charging your device the one that takes the most time?	In general, for charging batteries like lithium ion cells, there is a maximum safe voltage that shouldn't be exceeded (keep in mind batteries can hold a ton of energy, and you don't want that released uncontrollably). This generally means that as the charging cycle comes to a conclusion, the voltage of the charging circuit increases to a constant level, and because the cell voltage increases after that, the current flowing into the battery tapers off.	[ "Pre-charging is commonly used in battery electric vehicle applications. The current to the motor is regulated by a \"controller\" that employs large capacitors in its input circuit. Such systems typically have \"contactors\" (a high-current relay) to disable the system during inactive periods and to act as an emer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09709	Why can people in some cultures survive the cold better than others?	Because your body adapte to the environment over time. Also you can train yourself to withstand certain temperatures, doesn't matter if extremely cold or hot. As long as you expose yourself to it for a long time your body will find a way too deal with it. I can only tell you the example of moist heat. I'm from Europe with moderate weather and dry hot summers. But my fiancee is from Singapore. When I am over at her place I immediately start to sweat because my body is used to do so in order to cool my body down. It would actually make sense, if it wasn't +80% humidity and sweating is good for nothing here. My fiancee and anyone else who grew up under this conditions is used to it. And the body is conditioned to not sweat. After 2 months here my body actually does react the same way. The other way around, she cannot produce her own body heat or only very very little. Last winter she was over at my place and we went for a walk during a light snow storm, it was about -5°C, I wrapped her up and me just went in a thick Pullover, sneakers and a beanie. While she already started shivering before we even left the building. It all comes down to what you are used to. And with enough time you can adapt to extreme weather conditions too.	[ "Population studies have shown that the San tribe of Southern Africa and the Sandawe of Eastern Africa have reduced shivering thermogenesis in the cold, and poor cold induced vasodilation in fingers and toes compared to that of Caucasians. This indicates the physiological adaptation of individuals that have left Af...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15061	How does breathing in and out slowly help to calm our nerves?	Firstly, possibly most importantly, it distracts and focuses the mind. Our minds are a bit like dogs, in that redirecting them distracts them. Secondly, it saturates the brain with oxygen, which is the opposite of what stress/distress does.	[ "Breathing techniques is one of the easiest ways to reduce stress. It requires little effort and can be done anywhere at any time. Proper breathing techniques that incorporate deep abdominal breathing have been shown to reduce the physical symptoms of depression, anxiety and hypertension as well as everyday emotion...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21279	why do they say that more voting hurts Republicans?	Young, urban voters tend to vote on the left side of the spectrum when they choose to vote, however, they often do not	[ "She implies that this shift to a more purely performative, logistically cynical, media-narrative determined politics is a functionally emergent, if possibly only semi-consciously intentional strategy to mask the American voters disenfranchisement. As she mentions in the book's foreword, \"We'd reached the zero-sum...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00145	Why is our bodies reacting like it is to drugs like heroin.	Everything you mentioned is an effect of the poverty, lack of hygiene, and malnutrition that result from a life centered around drugs at the expense of everything else. The extremely addictive qualities of drugs like heroin and meth drive addicts toward this lifestyle. The drugs themselves, however, don't do that to your body. One possible exception is that meth makes people grind their teeth, which accelerates tooth decay alongside poor dental hygiene.	[ "Unlike hydromorphone and oxymorphone, however, administered intravenously, heroin creates a larger histamine release, similar to morphine, resulting in the feeling of a greater subjective \"body high\" to some, but also instances of pruritus (itching) when they first start using.\n\nNormally GABA, released from in...	[ "Our bodies react to the drugs in bad ways.", "Our bodies react negatively to drugs." ]	[ "The detrimental health effects are caused by other issues like lack of hygiene, or malnutrition, not the drug itself. ", "Our bodies don't actually get affected directly by drugs, it is the choice that drug users make to forego basic needs like healthy food, hygiene, etc in order to afford more or have more time...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Our bodies react to the drugs in bad ways.", "Our bodies react negatively to drugs." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The detrimental health effects are caused by other issues like lack of hygiene, or malnutrition, not the drug itself. ", "Our bodies don't actually get affected directly by drugs, it is the choice that drug users make to forego basic needs like healthy food, hygiene, etc in order to afford more or have more time...
2018-21920	What was the difference between the ideas of Nicola Tesla and Thomas Edison, and why did one succeed over the other?	Thomas Edison and Nicola Tesla were never in direct competition with one another, so there isn't really any way in which one could "succeed over the other." They were both very successful men who made important contributions to engineering. The "great Edison-Tesla war" only exists in fictional depictions in popular culture. Edison did have a business rivalry with the inventor George Westinghouse. Westinghouse is the one who competed with Edison over the means to distribute electricity. Edison favored "direct current" (DC) and Westinghouse favored "alternating current," (AC) and eventually AC was proven to be more practical, and everyone went that way. Tesla also favored AC and worked on it, but never owned an electric company himself. There is a myth that Edison invented DC and Tesla invented AC, but neither is true. In addition, Tesla spent a lot of the later parts of his career trying to develop long distance wireless electricity transmission, but he was never able to make it practical. (To this day, that still does not exist.)	[ "As mentioned above, Edison did not invent the electric light. However, he did leverage technology brokering in order to piece together many different existing technologies to make a better light bulb. As one could assume, Edison was highly appraised for his accomplishments. Many people today believe he was the fir...	[ "Either Nicola Tesla or Thomas Edison was more successful than the other." ]	[ "Neither could have succeeded over the other because they were never in direct competition with one another." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Either Nicola Tesla or Thomas Edison was more successful than the other." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neither could have succeeded over the other because they were never in direct competition with one another." ]
2018-07066	Why Americans are so against the idea of national healthcare?	Heres the weird thing. Most polling show that Americans in general are in favor of a single payer system. Most polling shows Americans in favor of a socialized health care system bounces between the high 50% and low 60%. The reason that socialized health care hasnt taken place is due to two main factors. First is that insurance companies lobby a ton of money to keep the current system, because its very profitable. The second reason is deep seated cultural issues that the very vocal minority holds.	[ "A national system would not improve America's international competitiveness in industry.\n\nCosts of prescription drugs are comparable in national systems and in the US.\n\nSection::::Myths about government health care.:Public opinion.\n\nPublic opinion of national health care has decreased rapidly since its incep...	[ "Most Americans oppose national healthcare." ]	[ "Polling shows that around 50 to 60% of Americans support national healthcare." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most Americans oppose national healthcare.", "Most Americans oppose national healthcare." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Polling shows that around 50 to 60% of Americans support national healthcare.", "Polling shows that around 50 to 60% of Americans support national healthcare." ]
2018-17962	Why have SSD prices so drastically dropped in the last year?	SSD prices have been on a steady decline over the last several years due to improvements in the manufacturing technology and the overall volume decreasing The rather abrupt price drop($0.13-$0.17/GB now from $0.22-$0.30 a few months ago) is currently being blamed on excess supply due to missed forecasts on smartphones. Chip makers struggle to make just the right number of chips because too few will drive prices up and people will push for more capacity but too much will mean they have a lot of excess inventory they need to move so they can start producing the hot new chip on the line. Chips also have an odd life cycle where some companies only want to be in at the beginning where its low volume but great margin, and other companies only want to be in in the middle when its tiny margins but oodles of volume to help make up for it. It would seem they made enough flash for the forecasted growth in laptop and smartphone sales, but smartphones remained flat and they were left with a lot of NAND chips they needed to ditch. The semiconductor industry doesn't hold onto product for any length of time because it'll be old tech by christmas.	[ "While the price of SSDs has continued to decline over time, SSDs are () still more expensive per unit of storage than HDDs and are expected to remain so into the next decade.\n", "The market for silicon-based flash memory (NAND) chips, used in SSDs and other applications, is growing rapidly. Worldwide revenue gr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02684	Why do large numbers before the decimal point get separated by commas in groups of 3, but numbers after the decimal do not?	Most of our numerical punctuation rules as used by the general public come from accounting, and in accounting there is no reason to use decimal points farther out than the 1/100th place but there is reason to use thousands and millions indicators.	[ "In representing large numbers, from the right side to the left, English texts usually use commas to separate each group of three digits in front of the decimal. This is almost always done for numbers of six or more digits and often for five or four digits but not in front of the number itself. However, in much of ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04771	Why can you only see the at edges of your peripheral vision in the dark?	The center of your vision is filled with color sensitive cone cells. They're great at telling colors and giving a crisp image, but need a lot of light to work. The far periphery of your vision is mostly light sensitive rod cells. They can work even in extremely low light conditions, but can't differentiate colors. In a very dark room, the cones in the middle are useless but the rods at the edges can still resolve some detail. You may also notice that your vision is also oddly greyscale in the dark, because the rods are doing most of the work.	[ "Averted vision works because there are virtually no rods (cells which detect dim light in black and white) in the fovea: a small area in the center of the eye. The fovea contains primarily cone cells, which serve as bright light and color detectors and are not as useful during the night. This situation results in ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00997	It hit -88 °F (-66.6 °C) in Siberia. How cold is that really?	It's -88 degrees. Are you 5?	[ "On 25 June a temperature record was set in the Asian portion of Russia, at Belogorsk, at a reading of . The previous record in the Asian portion was set at Aksha on 21 July 2004.\n\nA heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached , and stayed around for the rest of the week. It also caused te...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "-88 F on the thermometer is different then the \"actual\" temperature." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The thermometer reading is the \"actual\" temperature." ]
2018-01129	Why can programs like Discord and Skype have little to no delay, but news broadcasts have a huge of delay for the field reporter portions?	News broadcasts are using satellite internet, which has higher latency than your typical DSL or fiber internet.	[ "Outside broadcasts (also known as \"remote broadcasts\" and \"field operations\") are when the editing and transmission of the news story are done outside the station's headquarters. Use of ENG has made possible the greater use of outside broadcasts.\n\n\"Some stations have always required reporters to shoot their...	[ "If programs that are less credible than a news broadcast such as Skype and Discord have almost no delay, then so should the news broadcast." ]	[ "News broadcasts have sattelite internet, which has higher latency than typical DSL or fiber internet." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If programs that are less credible than a news broadcast such as Skype and Discord have almost no delay, then so should the news broadcast.", "If programs that are less credible than a news broadcast such as Skype and Discord have almost no delay, then so should the news broadcast." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "News broadcasts have sattelite internet, which has higher latency than typical DSL or fiber internet.", "News broadcasts have sattelite internet, which has higher latency than typical DSL or fiber internet." ]
2018-22170	Why was New York City so dangerous in the 70s + 80s and how did it get that way?	Crime was higher everywhere in the US then. It wasn’t just New York City. Crime rates rose until the 90’s, and have since dropped. No one is quite sure why. There are a lot of theories. One of my favorites is low level lead poisoning. We know that kids had higher blood lead levels on average back when leaded gasoline was still being used and lead paint was more common. We also know that lead exposure in kids can cause behavior and learning problems.	[ "After reaching an all-time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically through the rest of the 1990s. , New York City had statistically become one of the safest large cities in the U.S., with its crime rate being ranked 194th of the 210 American cities with populations over 100,000. New York City cri...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19402	why do some clouds appear darker than others? Does it have to do with density and sunlight?	It's the different height of the cloud itself. The darkness is how much shadow the top of the cloud is casting on the bottom of the cloud. E.g. A dark storm cloud is a very tall anvil cloud casting a huge shadow on its own bottom layers.	[ "All cloud varieties fall into one of two main groups. One group identifies the opacities of particular low and mid-level cloud structures and comprises the varieties \"translucidus\" (thin translucent), \"perlucidus\" (thick opaque with translucent or very small clear breaks), and \"opacus\" (thick opaque). These ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13799	Why does our sense of taste become dull when we get sick?	A large part of your sense of taste comes from smell. When you’re sick with something sinus related, your nose gets clogged and you can’t smell as well, so you lose that part of taste.	[ "Dysgeusia, or an alteration in taste perception, is common, especially for those who are receiving concomitant radiation therapy to the neck and mouth area. \"Taste blindness\", or an altered sense of taste, is a temporary condition that occurs because of effects on taste buds that are mostly located in the tongue...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21399	Why does cotton clothing shrink when washed/dried?	Cotton (like other materials) absorbs a lot of water and stretches/expands when wet, so when you dry it on cool/low/air dry it retains its shape for the most part, but when dried on high or hot it draws out so much water that the fibers shrink back on themselves due to the heat, and its usually not very reversible.	[ "There are various procedures to minimise the residual shrinkage of the fabrics,it begins with right selection of yarn count or denier to achieve particular g.s.m(Grams per square meters),Right selection of tightness factor of loops (which is called loop length then chemical procedures like mercerising of cotton,Re...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03954	Why has no country yet extradited Polanski to the US if he is so easy to find and a convicted fugitive?	Polanski is a French citizen. France (like many nations) won't extradite its own citizens to face foreign charges. That policy is very common and dates back to Greek and Roman laws (upon which most European legal systems are based). He's cautious in his foreign travel not to travel to nations that would extradite him to the US (nations that perform extradition form a treaty which can be read by attorneys who can advise people as to what they say and mean). Would you want the US to send you to a third world country over bogus charges? Let's say you made a video that was shown in Thailand insulting their King which is a [serious offense]( URL_0 ). French people don't want to take that risk either. Sometimes that means that bad results happen, and that's life.	[ "A critical step will most likely be a move to stop the extradition before United States authorities send the required documents to Switzerland. Mr. Polanski's team may do so by arguing either that his crime does not qualify for extradition, because he was originally to have been sentenced to less than a year in pr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The US can force other countries to extradite suspected criminals to them." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal", "normal" ]	[ "Polanski is a French citizen, they won't extradite him and he is careful not to travel to countries that might extradite him to the US." ]
2018-09639	Why are ants suicidally drawn to a glass of soapy water?	Ants would normally float on water due to surface tension. That is because the water molecules at the surface stick together, acting like a very weak, but seemingly solid surface. Strong enough to allow [small insects to float on top]( URL_0 ). So normally, when an ant touches water to taste or drink it, it's able to rest some of its legs on the surface without sinking. But soap molecules prevent the water molecules from sticking together, breaking the surface tension. Insects can't deal with that, and are very likely to drown if they fall in. I suspect that there was something in the soap that smelled like food to the ants, so they climbed into the glass to see if it's food - thinking that it's safe to get back out. Touching the water to taste it, they fell in and drowned.	[ "BULLET::::- Workers of the tropical leafcutter ant bringing leaf fragments back to the nest are at risk of attack by parasitodic phorid flies, who often land on leaf fragments and then proceed to oviposit (egg-lay) into the ant's head. To help combat this, small workers (minims) in at least seven species of \"Atta...	[ "Ants purposely drown in soapy water. ", "Ants are drawn to soapy water." ]	[ "Soap breaks the surface tension of water causing the ants to fall in when looking for food. ", "There was someting in the water that smelled good to the ants." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Ants purposely drown in soapy water. ", "Ants are drawn to soapy water." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Soap breaks the surface tension of water causing the ants to fall in when looking for food. ", "There was someting in the water that smelled good to the ants." ]
2018-17351	Why do pigeons walk with that head bobbing motion?	They can focus better when their eyes aren't moving. When they're doing the head-bob, it's because they are looking for food. They stop moving their head, focus on the little bits that might be edible, and then move it forward. It's not to do with balance. When they aren't hunting for food, they don't head-bob. There are other birds that head-bob for the same reason, including Chickens, Cranes, and Magpies. The behavior is noted in at least 8 of the 27 families of birds. URL_0 URL_1	[ "The wings are large, and have eleven primary feathers; pigeons have strong wing muscles (wing muscles comprise 31–44% of their body weight) and are among the strongest fliers of all birds.\n\nIn a series of experiments in 1975 by Dr.Mark B. Friedman, using doves, their characteristic head bobbing was shown to be d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03563	Why can't we bring back to life a dead body?	Once you're dead, the oxygen flow to your brain halts, and within minutes chemical reactions start to ruin the nerve cells in your brain. Once they're ruined there's no restarting them.	[ "The minor elixirs for recalling a man's ethereal breaths, the pills for countering the three Messenger-corpses [召魂小丹三使之丸], and lesser medicines made from the Five Brilliances and the Eight Minerals will sometimes melt hard ice instantly or keep one afloat in water. They can intercept ghosts and gods, lay tigers an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00254	Why does rapid changing weather cause people to get sick?	The simple answer to your question is that it doesn’t. There is no evidence that temperature changes make one sick. Instead, people likely make false correlations (X% of people get sick on any given day and some of those days have temperature changes) or other factors that happened with a temperature change — plants blooming in spring, a cold front that brings new allergens in the air — are actually a cause rather than the temperature change per se.	[ "Infectious disease often accompanies extreme weather events, such as floods, earthquakes and drought. These local epidemics occur due to loss of infrastructure, such as hospitals and sanitation services, but also because of changes in local ecology and environment. For example, malaria outbreaks have been strongly...	[ "Rapidly changing weather causes people to get sick." ]	[ "Rapidly changing weather does not cause people to get sick." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rapidly changing weather causes people to get sick." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rapidly changing weather does not cause people to get sick." ]
2018-16996	why is it not common practice to eat bugs in North America?	Why should we? We don’t have the agricultural and protein deficiencies that usually prompt eating gross crawly things.	[ "The leafcutter ant \"Atta laevigata\" is traditionally eaten in some regions of Colombia and northeast Brazil. In southern Africa, the widespread moth \"Gonimbrasia belina\"'s large caterpillar, the \"mopani\" or \"mopane worm\", is a source of food protein. In Australia, the witchetty grub is eaten by the indigen...	[ "North Americans should consider eating bugs in North America." ]	[ "There is no real reason for North Americans to resort to eating bugs as their is no protein defeciency." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "North Americans should consider eating bugs in North America.", "North Americans should consider eating bugs in North America." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is no real reason for North Americans to resort to eating bugs as their is no protein defeciency.", "There is no real reason for North Americans to resort to eating bugs as their is no protein defeciency." ]
2018-04006	Does my whole house generator always consume the same amount power to run or does it vary contingent upon how much electricity were using ?	The bigger the load you put on it the harder the generator has to work and the more fuel it consumes. It will try to always spin at the same speed so when a load is applied it slows the generator which then consumes more fuel to get back up to speed and stay there The generator behaves very similarly to your car engine. If you're cruising on the highway and the engine is running at 2500 RPM its not consuming a lot of fuel because it doesn't need much power, but if you're carrying a lot and trying to accelerate up a hill and its at 2500 RPM then it'll consume a lot more fuel because it needs more power despite running at the same speed.	[ "Often a set might be given all three ratings stamped on the data plate, but sometimes it may have only a standby rating, or only a prime rating.\n\nSection::::Generator sizing and rating.:Sizing.\n", "In a conventional power station, the DNC rating is simply the maximum rated output minus the power consumed onsi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02014	What determines whether you owe or are owed taxes at the end of the year?	Most people throughout the year allow their employer to take a percentage of each paycheck and send it to the IRS, basically prepaying their taxes. This amount that is sent is basically an estimate, based on a few key pieces of information (how much is earned, how many dependents, etc) At the end of the year, you get a form called the W-2 that lists how much has been paid already to the IRS. When you fill out the tax forms and actually file taxes, the number that you owe is probably not going to match what you've already sent in. If you sent too much, the IRS will send you back the extra money, and if you sent too little, you'll have to pay the balance. Most people choose to estimate a little high, because it's easier to budget around a smaller paycheck each month and to get a little bonus earlier in the year from the tax rebate than to have to pay a lump sum when taxes are due.	[ "In the rental industry, there are specialized revenue accruals for rental income which crosses month end boundaries. These are normally utilized by rental companies who charge in arrears, based on an anniversary of a contract date. For example, a rental contract which began on 15 January, being invoiced on a recur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02892	Why do obsessed fans develop the desire to kill celebrities or the object of their obsession and idolization?	I'm sure someone with psychology credentials will come up with a much better response, but my guess is that it has something to do with a sense rejection. These people "fall in love" with the people they are obsessed with and feel rejected that the feelings they have are not mutual. In extreme cases this manifests in a real world way (e.g. they stalk their obsession and there are legal repercussions) but in many it's probably mostly imaginary or fantasized. Out of rejection-driven rage they get revenge by trying to kill their obsession and/or they attempt this based on the "well, if I can't have you then no one will!" mentality. In any case, I'm sure that there's also some undercurrent of jealousy in play as well.	[ "These fans will often hold a crush on a major movie star, pop star, athlete or celebrity (see teen idol). The groupie is an example, a fan of a particular band or musician, who will follow them on concert tours. The degree of devotion to celebrities can range from a simple crush to the deluded belief that they hav...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19946	If a satellite leaves Earth transmitting live video back to us, assuming it continues to do so until it reaches a distance a light year away, how do we experience the video as it gets farther away from us?	You experience it normally, as continuous video, because the satellite is transmitting continuously, and it will take decades or perhaps a century to actually get to 1 LY away, so you get 100 years worth of video feed. Transmission delay would happen only if you had to, say, use a remote, to change the satellite feed. In that case, it would take a year for your remote control signal to reach the satellite, and another year for the new satellite feed to reach you. It's like a tennis ball machine shooting balls at you on automatic as you move away, you still get hit hit hit hit hit hit hit hit with the continuous stream of balls. On the other hand, if you're playing tennis with someone and you move away, the one ball that you're playing with takes longer and longer to travel.	[ "On 8 July 2014, Russia launched the METEOR-M No. 2 weather satellite (also known as METEOR-M2) with LRPT on board.\n\nInstructions for receiving LRPT images from this satellite are posted on the\n\nInternet.\n\nSection::::See also.\n\nBULLET::::- High-resolution picture transmission (HRPT)\n\nSection::::Notes and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02288	Why is natural gas an energy source but hydrogen gas and fossil fuels are considered forms of energy storage?	Both natural gas and fossil fuels are considered to be energy sources, because we can extract them from the Earth and then burn them for energy. Hydrogen is not considered to be an energy source, because we can't go out and just dig some up. We have to make it, usually by spending energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. When we later burn the hydrogen, we get less energy back than we spent to produce the hydrogen in the first place. Thus hydrogen is a form of energy storage (storing the energy used to perform hydrolysis on the water, and getting some of it back later).	[ "Hydrogen is usually considered an energy carrier, like electricity, as it must be produced from a primary energy source such as solar energy, biomass, electricity (e.g. in the form of solar PV or via wind turbines), or hydrocarbons such as natural gas or coal. Conventional hydrogen production using natural gas ind...	[ "Fossil fuels are considered forms of energy storage, not energy sources.", "Fossil fuels are not considered an energy source. " ]	[ "Fossil fuels are considered to be energy sources.", "Fossil fuels are considered to be an energy source. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fossil fuels are considered forms of energy storage, not energy sources.", "Fossil fuels are not considered an energy source. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fossil fuels are considered to be energy sources.", "Fossil fuels are considered to be an energy source. " ]
2018-16254	How does marijuana/other drugs give you a uppy feeling and or make you see things?	All drugs function by binding to other molecules or cellular structures. The ones that produce mind-altering effects are binding to molecules and cellular structures in the brain that regulate our emotions and perceptions. This changes how active or effective those molecules or cells are, which changes how we feel or interpret the sensory data we receive.	[ "One explanatory model for the experiences provoked by psychedelics is the \"reducing valve\" concept, first articulated in Aldous Huxley's book \"The Doors of Perception\". In this view, the drugs disable the brain's \"filtering\" ability to selectively prevent certain perceptions, emotions, memories and thoughts ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12955	Why is it illegal to park your car on the street facing the opposite direction of traffic?	Because when you pull into traffic you will pull into a oncoming lane. Plus potential for obstruction of view.	[ "Section::::Around the world.:France.\n\nSimilar parking regulations exist in France.\n\nSection::::Popular culture.\n\nBULLET::::- In the \"Seinfeld\" episode \"The Alternate Side,\" George Costanza gets a job moving cars from one side of the street to the other.\n\nBULLET::::- The novel \"Tepper Isn't Going Out\"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03471	why plasticizers like BPA are so bad for human bodies, and are there safe options?	This really depends on the individual material. BPA specifically can mimic the hormone estrogen, tricking your body that it has higher levels of estrogen than it really does. DEHP may prevent the hormone androgen from doing its thing in the body. DINP may help cause cancer. TEC on the other hand is mostly harmless.	[ "Some \"BPA free\" plastics are made from epoxy containing a compound called bisphenol S (BPS). BPS shares a similar structure and versatility to BPA and has been used in numerous products from currency to thermal receipt paper. Widespread human exposure to BPS was confirmed in an analysis of urine samples taken in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14367	If smoking cigarettes makes your lungs weaker, then why does it become easier to smoke overtime?	You have hairs in your windpipe that make you cough when you smoke. Smoking destroys these, so you cough less once you've been smoking for longer.	[ "Classic lung diseases are a complication of HIV/AIDS with emphysema being a source of disease. HIV is cited as a risk factor for the development of emphysema regardless of smoking status. HIV associated emphysema occurs over a much shorter time than that associated with smoking. It is thought that an understanding...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17781	Why is Australia a continent and Greenland not?	Australia sits on a tectonic plate it shares with only a few smaller islands. Greenland is part of the North American tectonic plate. While we're on that note, everything in California west of the San Andreas fault is part of the Pacific Plate along with Hawaii :) Edit: like this: URL_0	[ "Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. \n\nThere is a difference between islands and continents in term...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Continents are very large islands." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Continents are land that is on a different tectonic plate than other land." ]
2018-02074	How do bedbugs know you’re asleep and then come out to bite you?	They sense the heat off of your body when you lay down at night. There's a cool/disturbing YouTube vid I watched where they took a hair dryer and the bed bugs went crazy.	[ "Bed bug bites are caused primarily by two species of the insect \"Cimex\": \"Cimex lectularius\" (the common bed bug) and \"Cimex hemipterus\". Their size ranges between 1 and 7 mm. They spread by crawling between nearby locations or by being carried within personal items. Infestation is rarely due to a lack of hy...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02142	What's the fundamental difference between Dubstep and Synthwave, when both sound almost alike?	Synthwave uses sounds from vintage synthesizers to make nostalgic-sounding music (usually focused on the 1980s) based on classic synthpop, synth-based movie scores, etc. Dubstep is more mainstream club/dance music based on fractured, lurching rhythms, and really energetic “bass drops” where the music builds to a climax and suddenly cuts out to reintroduce a driving bass beat. They dont really sound much alike if youre familiar with the genres. Sorta like asking whats the difference between death metal and indie rock :D	[ "Section::::History.:2009–present: mainstream influence.\n", "Section::::Later developments and decline in popularity.:Brostep and American developments.\n", "The increasing notability of the skweee genre has resulted in releases such as the \"Eero Johannes\" album on Planet Mu and the \"Skweee Tooth\" compilat...	[ "Dupstep and Synthwave sound almost alike." ]	[ "Dubstep and Synthwave do not sound much alike if you are familiar with the genres. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Dupstep and Synthwave sound almost alike." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Dubstep and Synthwave do not sound much alike if you are familiar with the genres. " ]
2018-08781	Did the Occupy Wall Street movement have any permanent impact?	Like all movements like this, it's complicated. The problem with the Occupy movement was that it never had a unified message. They were protesting the "1%", but they never really made it clear what their demands were or how they wanted them to be met. Largely because Occupy organizers themselves couldn't agree on that themselves. The movement ultimately got co-opted by far-left radicals, lost public support, then it just sort of fizzled out after the police raids. Yet politics in the west tends to be a bit more of a slow burn. Movements like this never really having an immediate impact. Both Occupy and the Tea Party did work as catalysts towards the growing tide of populism we're seeing in America today. Both Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump were populist, anti-establishment candidates who saw strong grass roots support.	[ "By January 2012 general assemblies were still popular around the world even though many of the Occupy camps had been dispersed either voluntarily or by police action. However some journalists had begun to report incidents of infighting among different groups and a general tendency for discussions to become more in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06705	how does putting a needle on a vinyl convert it into sound?	Sound is just vibrations in the air. The needle rides little bumps on the record, creating the vibration pattern needed, just in a very small level. The rest of the device amplifies these vibrations enough that they cause the air exiting the speaker to be vibrating enough for the vibrations to reach your ear, which you hear as music	[ "BULLET::::- Lipman, Samuel,\"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions\", 1984. See the chapter on \"Getting on Record\", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and Walter Legge and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).\n\nBULLET::::- Millard, Andre J., \"America on record : a histor...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15010	how is measured the thermical sensation, the temperature that we feel	Thermoception (yes, that's actually what this is called) isn't actually sensing temperature, but sensing heat flux (or, the movement of heat into or out of your body). Because heat flux is determined in part by temperature differences, the greater the difference in temperature between you and the object you're touching, the hotter or colder it will feel to you. However, heat flux is also partially controlled by heat capacity and conductivity, or the ability of a substance to hold on to heat and to move heat. The result of this is that an object with more heat capacity/conductivity will feel hotter or colder than another object at the same temperature with a lower heat capacity/conductivity. The most common example of this would be metal vs. wood at room temperature; the metals will feel cooler because they have a much higher heat capacity and conductivity, and are much more accepting of the heat your body puts out naturally.	[ "Other important devices for measuring temperature include:\n\nBULLET::::- Thermocouples\n\nBULLET::::- Thermistors\n\nBULLET::::- Resistance temperature detector (RTD)\n\nBULLET::::- Pyrometer\n\nBULLET::::- Langmuir probes (for electron temperature of a plasma)\n\nBULLET::::- Infrared\n\nBULLET::::- Other thermom...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04738	How does cryotherapy (temps of -150F) not cause frostbite/skin damage?	> How does cryotherapy (temps of -150F) not cause frostbite/skin damage? It does cause frostbite/skin damage which is how it is used to remove skin lesions and such similar things. It freezes them and kill them.	[ "Section::::Ice pack therapy.\n\nIce pack therapy is a treatment of cold temperatures to an injured area of the body. Though the therapy is extensively used, and it is agreed that it alleviates symptoms, testing has produced conflicting results about its efficacy.\n", "Cryotherapy, the use of ice or cold in a the...	[ "Cryotherapy doesn't cause frostbite to the skin." ]	[ "Cryotherapy does cause frostbite which is exactly how it works. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cryotherapy doesn't cause frostbite to the skin." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cryotherapy does cause frostbite which is exactly how it works. " ]
2018-12383	Does marine life survive when lightning strikes a large body of water?	Yes, because salt water is an excellent conductor of electricity, much better than fish. The electricity can spread out in all directions with very little resistance, and the fish are something that it just goes around. It's not at all like the situation people find themselves in; people are OK conductors surrounded by air which is a good insulator. Electricity always takes the path of least resistance and that's through the person, not the air. In the ocean it's through the water, not the fish.	[ "BULLET::::- Dauvin, J.-C., J.C. Sorbe, & J.C. Lorgeré., (1995). Benthic Boundary Layer macrofauna from the upper continental slope and the Cap Ferret canyon (Bay of Biscay). \"Oceanologica Acta\" 18: 113–122.\n\nBULLET::::- Dauvin, J.-C., N. Desroy, L. Denis, & T. Ruellet., (2008). Does the \"Phaeocystis\" bloom a...	[ "Marine life possibly may die if they are in water when lightning strikes." ]	[ "Marine life will survive because salt water is an excellent conductor of electricity, whereas marine life is not, and the electricity will spread out around them." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Marine life possibly may die if they are in water when lightning strikes.", "Marine life possibly may die if they are in water when lightning strikes." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Marine life will survive because salt water is an excellent conductor of electricity, whereas marine life is not, and the electricity will spread out around them.", "Marine life will survive because salt water is an excellent conductor of electricity, whereas marine life is not, and the electricity will spread o...
2018-02856	How does a phone or laptop measure the percentage charge of its battery?	Batteries lose voltage as they discharge: they aren’t giving out electricity as well as when they are full. A device can measure that, and calculate how dead a battery is based on its particular voltage.	[ "A BMS may monitor the state of the battery as represented by various items, such as:\n\nBULLET::::- Voltage: total voltage, voltages of individual cells, minimum and maximum cell voltage or voltage of periodic taps\n\nBULLET::::- Temperature: average temperature, coolant intake temperature, coolant output temperat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05975	Who controls the addition of new words into the English language and who gave them the right to do so?	Nobody and everybody does, really. If someone comes up with a new word and starts using it, other people might hear it and start using it too. Eventually it might become really widespread. Dictionary makers and the like regularly add new words that have become widely used, in order to better reflect the language they depict. Thus the word has been "added" to the English language, but in reality a lot of people were probably already using it. [The OED's recent additions.]( URL_0 )	[ "Formation of new words, called neologisms, based on Greek and/or Latin roots (for example \"television\" or \"optometry\") is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, l...	[ "A single person or group controls the addition of new words into the English language.", "Someone controls the addition of new words into the English language." ]	[ "Words are created by people and used until it becomes widespread and gets added to dictionaries by dictionary makers to reflect the language.", "Nobody controls the addition of new words into the English language, but dictionary makers may add new words if they're used often." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A single person or group controls the addition of new words into the English language.", "Someone controls the addition of new words into the English language." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Words are created by people and used until it becomes widespread and gets added to dictionaries by dictionary makers to reflect the language.", "Nobody controls the addition of new words into the English language, but dictionary makers may add new words if they're used often." ]
2018-01292	Why does paint stick to some surfaces and not others (silicon etc.) ?	Surface energy. A liquid will spread on a high energy surface (like water on clean glass) and bead up on a low energy surface (like silicone or Teflon). Like a water drop becoming a sphere to minimize its air-water interface, a liquid drop on a surface will take on a shape with the lowest energy. This is measured quantitatively as the contact angles of the system. If you want to paint on silicone, you will need a specially formulated paint, which exist for archetechtural coating applications.	[ "There actually is no chemical bond between paint and an underlying surface. Paint adheres simply through physical forces like Van der Waals. When paint is first applied to a surface it goes on as a thick wet coating. As the solvent is allowed to evaporate out, the pigment plates which are attracted to one another ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03581	Why do we mostly not notice the "strangeness" of a dream until we are awake?	In short, because the parts of your brain that are responsible for determining if something is "strange" or "believable" are asleep at the time.	[ "Aristotle explains that during sleep there is an absence of external sensory stimulation. While sleeping with our eyes closed, the eyes are unable to see, and so in this respect we perceive nothing while asleep. He compares hallucinations to dreams, saying \"...the faculty by which, in waking hours, we are subject...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00292	Why do they say that a natural catastrophe negatively costs tremendous amount of money? Doesn't it create jobs and keeps the money moving?	I think this is called the Broken-Window-Fallacy. You're right, people working to repair the destruction caused by a catastrophe can have positive impacts on the economy. But if the catastrophe had not happened those people could have worked on something else and created something new. Instead they are only working to recover the state before the catastrophe. So after all the catastrophe sets the economy back.	[ "Natural disasters can also affect political relations with countries and vice versa. Violent conflicts within states can exacerbate the impact of natural disasters by weakening the ability of states, communities and individuals to provide disaster relief. Natural disasters can also worsen ongoing conflicts within ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02670	How can we prove that a problem is NP if we don't know whether or not P=NP?	NP is a superset of P — all problems in P are also problems in NP — so proving that something is in NP doesn't actually say anything about whether or not it's in P. What they most likely meant when they said that a problem is proven to be NP is that it's NP-complete, which means that it's both in NP and is at least as hard as any problem in NP. If P != NP, then all NP-complete problems are not in P, whereas if P = NP, then all NP-complete problems are in P.	[ "Take \"M\" to be the empty message sequence, here we will show that \"N\" can be computed in polynomial space, and that \"N\" = Pr[\"V\" accepts \"w\"]. First, to compute \"N\", an algorithm can recursively calculate the values \"N\" for every \"j\" and \"M\". Since the depth of the recursion is \"p\", only polyno...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04674	Stephen Hawking was an ardent supporter of the many-universes interpretation. I always figured it was mostly theoretical and not backed by science (please forgive me I’m a novice in this field). How can we actually explain that such a phenomenon actually exists using scientific evidence?	Well theory is a big part of science. I’m not sure about the specifics of his many universes interpretation, but from what I know about a lot of scientific theories we see today, you get some weird evidence from experiments, then you come up with a possible explanation, you do more experiments, maybe get weird evidence, maybe get what you expect, and you keep changing the idea until you get it right. For example, our theory of gravity is pretty good, we know a lot and can predict a lot, but we’re still working on it and trying to find evidence for how it works. As far as this theory, from what I know, the evidence he was trying to explain is sort of unclear, there’s not a lot of information out there yet, and there are competing theories. The best ELI5 explanation for theory I ever saw was one that explained it like a game of connect the dots where you don’t have all the dots. When there aren’t a lot of dots, then you can get creative and plant dots here or there to make your own image, but as you get more dots, and rule out other dots, some designs stop working. Eventually, after dots are gathered and drawings are made, one drawing just sort of works better than all the others, and in the ideal world that drawing is the one that gets taught in schools. Remember that scientists are people though, and not just in the sense that they can be influenced by funding or personal gain, but that they are individuals, with unique creative vision. Stephen Hawking will live on in the minds and hearts of many, because he had creativity when connecting the dots, and skill at predicting where they would be. One day we might be talking about a post where Stephen Hawking was proven right, but maybe we’ll see one where he was proven wrong. As a good scientist, I know Hawking would have been happy either way, because on that day we all learned something. (Sorry if I’m not specific or vague enough, tried my best to keep it ELI5 worthy without sacrificing content, don’t know how well I did that haha) Edit: A user in the comments below pointed out that the multi-universes interpretation would be better classified as a hypothesis than a theory. To my best knowledge, the difference between the two can be slim but is important. A hypothesis ~~is~~ can be your best guess at the explanation for evidence (didn’t fully hit the money here, made a more detailed comment in the replies), and it is something you want to test to try and prove it or disprove it. A theory is what you actually try to put out there as your explanation, and usually comes after the hypothesis was tested. I’m not sure if there’s a bar that is set for what gets to be a hypothesis and what isn’t, but typically a theory needs to be peer reviewed before scientists will talk about it seriously. The issue with the word theory is that there’s a different meaning for people in academia and people who aren’t in academia, and that miscommunication can lead to small problems in day to day conversation, and large problems when decisions need to be made. Bottom line is, keep thinking about the world, keep learning, be happy when you’re right, be happy when you’re wrong. Also I fixed a typo that was bugging me.	[ "However, the poll is controversial. For example, Victor J. Stenger remarks that Murray Gell-Mann's published work explicitly rejects the existence of simultaneous parallel universes. Collaborating with James Hartle, Gell-Mann is working toward the development a more \"palatable\" \"post-Everett quantum mechanics\"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00195	What does a producer do and why are they so valuable in media? Films/tv/radio. How can some films have so many?	There's different Producers. Producers are the project managers of various aspects of a production (thus producer > production). An Executive Producer does the wheeling and dealing. They may be named EP after they give money as a sort of 'hey, this guy is in on the project' to investors, or may be a working EP, who actually gets investors, seals deals on locations, etc. A Line Producer does the day to day management of stuff on set. Coordinating everyone on the backend, the actors, director, etc. Then the Film's Producer manages all of this together to make sure the film comes out. A Producer may be a Line Producer and/or an Executive Producer as well as the film's major Producer.	[ "BULLET::::- 2009: Jeanette DePatie, Brandon Grande, and Chris Pfaff\n\nBULLET::::- 2010: John Heinsen, Derek Hildebrant, and Chris Thomes\n\nBULLET::::- 2011: Dina Benadon\n\nBULLET::::- 2012: Felicia Wong\n\nBULLET::::- 2013: Michael Palmieri\n\nBULLET::::- 2014: Brian Seth Hurst\n\nBULLET::::- 2015: Vicente Will...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24304	Why do various different cultures eat spicy food? The thrill/challenge, or does spicy food survive longer without going off?	Spiciness is primarily caused by the presence of a chemical called capsaicin, which is found in chili peppers. This isn't the only chemical that causes spiciness but it's the one most associated with heat. Capsaicin, while mildly irritating to humans, is a much more serious irritant to other mammals and for some species is actually just straight deadly. This means that in the earliest days of agriculture, peppers were (more than other plants) immune to insects and other pests. Peppers while not having an insane shelf life, can be easily dried and powdered. In addition, the heat from peppers causes our bodies to release pain endorphins. So just kinda generally a lot of advantages to getting used to spiciness.	[ "Two of the hottest chilies in the world, the Naga Viper and Infinity chili were developed in the United Kingdom and are available as sauces which have been claimed to be the hottest natural chili sauces (without added pepper extract) available in the world (The Naga Viper and Infinity were considered the hottest t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Spicy foods are eaten by certain cultures either because of the challenge of eating them or because of preservative qualities." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There are agricultural and health benefits that peppers have over other crops." ]
2018-06380	How do we know universe is approximately 14 billion years old?	The first method is to use the current expansion rate and work backwards to find out how long it took for the universe to expand to its current size. The second method involves looking at stars. Imagine there is a stopwatch somewhere in this universe that says it has been running for 13 billion years. The existence of this stopwatch means that that universe is at least 13 billion years old. The oldest stars act as this stopwatch, by finding out the age of the oldest stars we can find, we can find out the youngest age the universe can be. Since both methods depend on different things, if both methods give roughly the same answer, we know that it's likely to be correct.	[ "In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang. The current measurement of the age of the universe is billion (10) years within the Lambda-CDM concordance model. The uncertainty has been narrowed down to 21 million years, based on a number of studies which all gave extremely ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03523	Why when going on a low carb diet I start to crave carbs uncontrollably? Is it like a carbohydrate withdrawal?	tl;dr Yes. Your body is very much used to take in carbs as (likely) your biggest energy source, in addition to that, carbs are the easiest-to-digest energy source that your body can handle (being already pretty close to the basic Glucose that the energy production needs). So the body is used to an easy way out of the need of energy, therefore it wants to get exactly that.	[ "Ten to forty percent of patients will experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, itching skin, increased body temperature, trembling and weakness. One to five percent of patients may experience back and chest pain, dizziness, anemia, chills and sweating, metallic taste, tachycardia and respiratory distress.\n", ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01295	how do fraternities work? Do they serve any real function to the university?	Benefits to University: - Provides a social network for students who join. - Provides social and extracurricular events for students without the need for university resources. - Provides opportunities for students to gain experience holding leadership positions. - Often provides housing, which can be limited on some campuses. - Depending on a university's relationship with fraternities and sororities, it can provide the university with ways to regulate social events that can't be applied as easily to non-Greek events. - Fraternities and sororities typically require some amount of philanthropy, which benefit the community and improve a school's reputation. - Provides for networking opportunities that can help students with their careers. - Increased donations from alumni. Harm to University: - "Pledging" a fraternity or sorority often involves hazing, which can mentally and physically distress students. There have even been instances of people dying due to hazing. - Fraternities and sororities generally throw parties with alcohol, which can lead to irresponsible behavior, injuries, crime, etc. This is bad for students and the university's reputation. - Associating mainly with one's own brothers or sisters may limit interactions with other students and/or decrease the diversity of people a student gets to know. - Students may feel pressured to spend unnecessary amounts of time and money on matters related to their chapter. - Dealing with fraternities and sororities requires time on the part of the university's staff, often requiring hiring people specifically for this purpose. - Promotion of "fratty" culture, which can include immature behavior, sexism, sexual misconduct, excessive alcohol consumption, etc.	[ "Section::::Student life.:Greek life.\n\nGreek letter social organizations at the University of Illinois at Chicago create smaller communities within the larger University environment for the purposes of facilitating growth in the areas of scholarship, personal and leadership development, campus involvement and com...	[ "Fraternities offer little or no functionality to universities. " ]	[ "There are many benefits and opportunities that can come from fraternities." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fraternities offer little or no functionality to universities. ", "Fraternities offer little or no functionality to universities. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are many benefits and opportunities that can come from fraternities.", "There are many benefits and opportunities that can come from fraternities." ]
2018-02542	Why is that scene in Toy Story where Woody was getting fixed so satisfying to most people?	It's got a name. Autonomous sensory meridian response aka brain tinglies. Different triggers for different people. Some people like whispering, other scratching, or careful attention to something, just to name a few things. There are countless videos on youtube with all sorts of possible triggers.	[ "BULLET::::- (voiced by Teddy Newton) – A character based on the real-life toy of the same name. He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle. He lives in the Caterpillar Room, and has been at Sunnyside for years. He becomes an ally to Woody. When Woody returns to Sunnyside, Chatter Telephone says ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01927	If we can only taste what our saliva can break down, and the only enzyme in our saliva is amylase, then can we only taste carbohydrates?	You cannot only taste what your saliva can break down. You can taste all molecules that bind to the receptors on your tongue and in your nose.	[ "-Glucose does not occur naturally in higher living organisms, but can be synthesized in the laboratory. -Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from -glucose, but cannot be used by living organisms as a source of energy because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. O...	[ "Humans can only taste what saliva can break down" ]	[ "Humans can taste all molecules that bind to the receptors on your tongue and in your nose." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans can only taste what saliva can break down" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans can taste all molecules that bind to the receptors on your tongue and in your nose." ]
2018-17262	How do birds see the fish they are hunting for from such high distance?	They have eyes better suited for this task. Like the nose of a dog. A dogs nose can smell 200 times better than a human nose and has a way bigger "smelling" surface.	[ "extremely little light is available; the view from below is like the sky at twilight. The sabertooth fish use their telescopic, upward-pointing eyes—which are thus adapted for improved terminal vision at the expense of lateral vision—to pick out squid, cuttlefish, and smaller fish silhouetted against the gloom abo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03302	Why do people take the time to make computer viruses? It seems like a lot of work just to be a jerk, do they make money? How?	Most computer viruses are created with the intent to profit from them. This can take a few different forms though. Ransomeware encrypts your files until you pay the ransom, this is perhaps the largest threat in recent memory. Others search for data related to banking or other profitable information. Some enable the creator to take over the computer and use it's resources and/or network connection for other nefarious purposes. All that aside, most are created with some form of profit in mind. Then there are those who create them "because they can". Ever done something on a dare or because you wanted to see if you could or how far you could go? For some people creating viruses is like that. How many computers can they infect? Are they able to make a virus go worldwide? Personal or public prestige and challenge, et cetera. And then there's the even smaller subset of white hat viruses. Yeah, that's a thing. There are people who create viruses to patch security vulnerabilities. Example: URL_0 And sure, some create them for fun. It's not terribly difficult if you know your programming. Since a rather large number of people don't actually update their computers often, known security vulnerabilities are easily exploited. Remember WannaCry? The patch for that vulnerability was released several months before it became a worldwide problem and gained national news sensationalism. Software providers will discover a vulnerability, release a patch for it, then release the details for the vulnerability and patch some time later after giving people a reasonable amount of time to update their systems. This release also gives hackers a roadmap on how to attack those unpatched systems still online. Lastly there's the viruses that search for information. Whether government secrets or university research or protected business info, viruses can look for info and report matches back to the creator/controller. I'm not even going to talk about the nation-state created viruses. Bottom line is it can be for any reason in the human psyche, but mostly it's for profit. Turn on automatic updates. Source: am slightly drunk cybersecurity major.	[ "Script kiddies have at their disposal a large number of effective, easily downloadable programs capable of breaching computers and networks. Such programs have included remote denial-of-service WinNuke, trojans, Back Orifice, NetBus and Sub7 vulnerability scanner/injector kit Metasploit and often software intended...	[ "Computer viruses are created to be a jerk to others." ]	[ "Computer viruses are created with the intent to profit from them." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Computer viruses are created to be a jerk to others." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Computer viruses are created with the intent to profit from them." ]
2018-09625	Why are fluorescent colors special and why did they not seem to exist before the 80's?	Other people have addressed your comment about the timeframe. Here's why they are special: Normal colors reflect the color you see and absorb anything else (a blue shirt absorbs red, yellow, green, etc. but reflects blue). This means that if there light hitting the shirt has 100 brightness units, the shirt can reflect up to 100 brightness units back. Fluorescent colors are able to absorb energy from beyond the range we can see (UV) and then re-emit it in a color we can see. So a fluorescent blue shirt could reflect up to 100 brightness units back of blue, and absorb another 100 brightness units of UV and emit them back as blue light, giving off 200 brightness units of blue in a room where everything else is only giving off 100.	[ "Brothers Robert and Joseph Switzer of Berkeley, California, began investigating fluorescence in the 1930s using a black light to identify naturally occurring fluorescent compounds, hitting first upon Murine eye wash. By mixing these compounds with shellac, they invented the first black light fluorescent paints. Jo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02742	How do scientists determine whether an animal's behaviour is normal or abnormal?	At first there's no way to tell, if it's a primeape for example you could compare it to others. However until you document many or a herd it's too uncertain to get accurate results.	[ "The most reliable and valid animal models developed are the canine (narcoleptic dogs) and the rodent (orexin-deficient mice) ones which helped investigating the narcolepsy and set the focus on the role of orexin in this disorder.\n\nSection::::Research.:Animal model.:Dog.\n", "Section::::Behavioural model.:Evalu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04409	What's the least dangerous way to fall off a high building?	For surviving, legs first. You'll be crippled for life but you have a slightly higher chance of not dying. For anything else, flat on your back would distribute the force most evenly, but risk damaging your spinal cord. Just...don't fall off a tall building?	[ "Section::::Safety.\n\nTower climbers may be injured or killed by falling objects, structural collapses and equipment failures. Some of the more frequently encountered hazards include falls from great heights; electrical hazards; hazards associated with hoisting personnel and equipment with base-mounted drum hoists...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04472	Animals getting saved from extinction.	I believe the smallest population size to prevent inbreeding is ~4000 individuals. If the species is limited to < 1000 individuals then inbreeding will be a serious problem which might cause the species to die out completely. There are methods to slow inbreeding such as planned mating with less-related members, cross-breeding with another compatible species, screening for recessive genes etc. However when the population size is small, genetic mutations occur at a faster rate and cause the species to rapidly adapt. It might be that a new species will emerge or genetic defects will accumulate until the population is no longer viable.	[ "Section::::History.\n", "Over 50% of the world's species are estimated to be at risk of extinction. Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord to create Biodiversity Action Plans that will protect endangered and other threatened species. In the United States, such plans are usually called Species Recov...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01801	Why aren't there gas caps on both sides of a car?	Because it's a waste of money, weight, and space, and for what? Do you actually need it? Adding gas caps requires two filler necks, two gas caps, two gas doors, two gas cap locks and sensors, it adds a failure point to the evap system, it requires extra cutouts in the body, and typically removes possible storage or component space in the car.	[ "Driving caps serve no function in the operation of a pipe and may even be incapable of doing so. This is because the driving cap is cast from a material selected for its strength and not its corrosion resistance. Thus replacement of the driving cap with a different fitting becomes necessary to prevent failures in ...	[ "Cars should have two gas caps.", "It would be effecient to have gas caps on both sides of a car. " ]	[ "Cars having two gas caps would be a waste of space for little to no gain.", "Having two gas caps is unnecessary and would be a waste of space, money and weight." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cars should have two gas caps.", "It would be effecient to have gas caps on both sides of a car. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cars having two gas caps would be a waste of space for little to no gain.", "Having two gas caps is unnecessary and would be a waste of space, money and weight." ]
2018-01593	How can I go to sleep hungry and then wake up the next morning with no desire to eat until a couple hours later?	I think jxtom has the right idea. When you go to sleep, your parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) is activated. This relaxes your digestive tract making you feel hungrier. When you wake up, cortisol levels rise. I'm not sure if this would cause you to not have a desire to eat, but I know it affects many hormones associated with appetite. That's about all I know.	[ "Section::::Premeal hunger.\n\nPrior to consuming a meal, the body's energy reserves are in reasonable homeostatic balance. However, when a meal is consumed, there is a homeostasis-disturbing influx of fuels into the bloodstream. When the usual mealtime approaches, the body takes steps to soften the impact of the h...	[ "Hunger is felt due to not eating and should continue until food is eaten. " ]	[ "Feeling hungry is caused by the parasympathetic nervous system and hormones associated with appetite. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hunger is felt due to not eating and should continue until food is eaten. ", "Hunger is felt due to not eating and should continue until food is eaten. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Feeling hungry is caused by the parasympathetic nervous system and hormones associated with appetite. ", "Feeling hungry is caused by the parasympathetic nervous system and hormones associated with appetite. " ]
2018-04189	Why do our stomachs grumble when we’re hungry?	From what I remember, it's just your stomach digesting whatever food/liquid you've been eating previously. lt doesn't actually signal hunger, that's just what we as humans have come to associate it with. Pretty sure that's why	[ "BULLET::::- Louder rumbles may occur when one is hungry. Around two hours after the stomach has been emptied, it sends signals to the brain, which tells the digestive muscles to restart peristalsis in a wave called the migrating motor complex. Food left behind after the first cycle is swept up, and the vibrations ...	[ "Stomach grumbles when you are hungry." ]	[ "Stomach rumbles are acutally digesting food. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Stomach grumbles when you are hungry." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Stomach rumbles are acutally digesting food. " ]
2018-09615	why do bubbles form around a glass of water if left overnight?	Water is pumped up to the water tower, and then gravity pulls it down and creates pressure in the pipes that bring the water to your house. There's also some pumping at the water purification plant to get the water through various filters to remove impurities. So basically, because of the pressure and because of the pumping, water has some air in it. When you let it sit overnight, the air comes out, similar to how CO2 in soda would come out and leave it flat if you were to leave a glass of soda on your table overnight. The pressure that kept the air in the water is gone, so the air slowly comes out of the water. The water will also taste a little bit flat, even if you chill it in the fridge, for the same reason (less air/oxygen in it).	[ "Tap water can sometimes appear cloudy, often mistaken for mineral impurities in the water. It is usually caused by air bubbles coming out of solution due to change in temperature or pressure. Because cold water holds more air than warm water, small bubbles will appear in water. It has a high dissolved gas content ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01262	How does the motion of rocking soothe a baby or, say, an adult on a hammock? What is it about the motion that appeals to or calms us?	The rocking motion has the effect of helping to synchronize the brain for sleep — both to fall asleep more quickly and possibly to achieve longer periods of deep, uninterrupted sleep. Maybe also this is a subliminal memory of being in the womb and feeling comforted by a mellow rock as the mother walked about.	[ "Indian people believe that the rocking motion soothes and relaxes the child and puts them to sleep quickly by replicating the comfort and security of the womb. Indian mothers claim that using a ghodiyu for their child can relieve baby colic symptoms due to the rocking motion which they believe relaxes the baby.\n"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01985	What are the various forms of formula racing? What are some fundamental differences and similarities among all of them?	Indy is a different sport although the cars are similar. It is an all-American series, whereas all the Formula series explained here are ran under the International Automobile Federation, or FIA. Formula E is an all-electric series, starting in the season of 2014-2015, so it is still a very young sport, but has a lot of ex-F1 drivers such as Nelson Piquet Jr., Nick Heidfeld and Sebastien Buemi. Felipe Massa, who recently retired from F1, has also expressed an interest in driving in Formula E. Considering how young it is and that the development of cars has been restricted in the first seasons and is gradually being allowed in different parts to keep costs down and help new teams join, the series is generally quite tightly contested and driver skill matters quite a lot. A ready-to-race car has a maximum cost of $817,300 for the 2018-2019 season. The cars currently have at least 250 hp, a max speed of 225 km/h and can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in about three seconds. The cars use standardized chassis and have two cars per driver, switching cars about halfway as the battery of the first car runs dry. Formula 1 is the highest class of single-seater racing. The races are held all around the world, although 10 of the 21 races in this season are still held in Europe. The series is usually dominated by large, established teams, mostly so-called factory teams such as Mercedes, Renault and Ferrari, because of their large available resources. The cost of designing and building a mid-tier F1 car is estimated to be around $120 million. They can run at up to 375 km/h and have up to 8g cornering forces. Current power units are single-turbo 1.6-litre V6 hybrid engines. Exact specifications are unknown as teams closely guard their secrets, but they are generally believed to produce approximately 1,000 hp or more. F1 is normally considered the highest possible place in single-seater racing and is followed globally. You need to do well or win in lower series, such as Formula 3 and Formula 2, or national series, such as Japan's Super Formula, to be allowed to race in F1. No refueling is allowed in any Formula series and teams are limited in how much fuel can flow into the engine in a given amount of time. There is also a maximum limit of 105 kg of fuel used in a race. Formula 2, previously known as GP2, is the "feeder series" of Formula 2. It runs mostly on same tracks as F1 and is intended to be the place where future F1 drivers prove their skills. To help facilitate this, all teams are required to use the same engine, chassis and tyre suppliers, thus placing an emphasis on driver skill. This also helps keep costs down. The power units are 3.6-litre single-turbo V6 engines, allowing the cars to have a top speed of 320 km/h and accelerate from 0 to 200 km/h in 6.6 seconds. F2 champions normally get signed on by lower-tier F1 teams as race drivers or by low- or mid-tier teams as test drivers. Formula 3 is not actually a single series, but consists of several championship series. Europe, Australia, South America and Asia all have their own F3 championship, which is normally the first major stepping stone for drivers wishing to drive in F1. This is usually the highest level in regional racing, upwards from the national level. Doing well in F3 normally earns a driver a seat from F2 or even a test driver seat in F1. Like F2, F3 places an emphasis on driver skill, but does not limit development as much. F3 cars run 2.0-litre naturally aspirated 4-cylinder engines of a standardized construction, producing approximately 200 hp.	[ "Section::::Other Formula series.\n\nBULLET::::- ADAC Formel Masters\n\nBULLET::::- Atlantic Championship\n\nBULLET::::- China Formula Grand Prix\n\nBULLET::::- EuroBOSS Series\n\nBULLET::::- Florida Winter Series\n\nBULLET::::- Formula 1000\n\nBULLET::::- Formula 4 Sudamericana\n\nBULLET::::- Formula 4000 powered ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01757	What causes a company's stocks to go up or down every day? How is it related to a stock exchange?	A company’s stock price is merely its perceived value to people and how much people think it’s worth. The price of a stock is not definitively based upon whether a company is doing well or poorly - but that is generally the case as to what drives people’s notions on the value. Example 1: company has booming sales and will be announcing a large increase in profit the the financial year. Generally the price of its stock will increase as the company is seen to be doing well. Example 2: company was hacked and vital information leaked leading to poor publicity and decreasing sales. Generally the stock price will decrease. These are very basic examples and the price of stock will fluctuate due to an infinite number of reasons. But all in all, it depends on whether you think the stock is overvalued or undervalued based on your experience, gut feeling, research etc.	[ "Section::::Role of stock exchanges.:Barometer of the economy.\n\nAt the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on economic forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. A recession, depression, or financial c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03741	How are signals transmitted into a rotating thing. Like helicopter or tire	OK, so this is the rotor head of a UH-60 helicopter. I can tell you for a fact that wires you see in the pic are for the de-iceing system for the blades and droop stop system. These don't transmit any radio but push electricity to heater mats under the surface of the blade. this is done via a rotator stator with a brush system. The brushes drag across a plate to transmit the power. The system is disassembled and rebuilt every 960 flight hour(used to be 720 hr) to correct wear and erosion of the material. 17 years Army Aviation, 14 working on Blackhawks specific, last 4 doing phases (480 and 960 hour inspections)	[ "Communication with other devices is either through a 38,400 bit/s serial port dock, or through the 9,600 infrared link, the transmitter of which is mounted to the upper middle of the watch. It is possible to link two onHands via this infrared link to play various two-player games.\n", "Most direct TPMS systems u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03838	why are crosshairs in ww2 planes cockpits allways shown moving a bit in movies and video games?	Frequently, this is being depicted through a first person perspective, and the person's head movement is being simulated. So the crosshairs appear to be moving in the field of view because their "eyes" are.	[ "An interesting variation is to have the background and foreground move in \"opposite\" directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early example is the scene in Walt Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" where the Evil Queen drinks her potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around her.\n\nSectio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Crosshairs are actually moving" ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The view of the character is being simulated which makes things appear to be moving. " ]
2018-11572	What is the difference between a 200 calorie fasting deficit and a 200 calorie burning workout?	Working out gives you the cardiovascular benefits as well as raising your metabolism for a couple hours after workout which burns more calories.	[ "This table outlines the estimated distribution of energy consumption at different intensity levels for a healthy 20-year-old with a Max Heart Rate (MHR) of 200.\n\nThese estimates are valid only when glycogen reserves are able to cover the energy needs. If a person depletes glycogen reserves after a long workout (...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03936	Why is it that hard for mobile apps to remember their exact state before re-start?	Many apps may not want to retain their state through a restart process because if something goes wrong with them it would then be impossible to return them to a known good state. It is a feature for them to restart into a default state which is known to be functional, not a limitation.	[ "Most mobile devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as a web browser, email client, calendar, mapping program, and an app for buying music, other media, or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for desi...	[ "Hard for mobile apps to remember their exact state." ]	[ "It is not hard, it is just not a good idea to always go back to that state as it could cause crashes that can't be fixed. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hard for mobile apps to remember their exact state." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is not hard, it is just not a good idea to always go back to that state as it could cause crashes that can't be fixed. " ]
2018-04378	why doesn’t tin foil get hot in the oven?	It does. It just doesn't stay hot when you remove it. The foil is very thin and Al has a relatively low heat capacity, so the heat contained in the foil is fairly low. (Temperature and heat are not the same thing.) And Al foil is pretty good at radiating what heat it does have, so it cools rapidly.	[ "Tin was first replaced by aluminium in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling plant, \"Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie.\" was opened in Emmishofen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by J.G. Neher & Sons, the aluminium manufacturers, started in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls, capturing t...	[ "Tin foil doesn't get hot in the oven." ]	[ "Tin foil does get hot it just cools down very rapidly when removed from the oven. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Tin foil doesn't get hot in the oven." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Tin foil does get hot it just cools down very rapidly when removed from the oven. " ]
2018-15469	Why can’t you enter/exit the Earth’s atmosphere slowly?	The earth is moving at an insanely fast speed in orbit. In order to enter or leave the atmosphere you must be going faster than that speed. Is as simply as I can put it I think.	[ "For Earth, atmospheric entry occurs at the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi / ~ 54 nautical mi) above the surface, while at Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 250 km (155.3 mi / ~135 nautical mi) and at Mars atmospheric entry at about 80 km (50 mi / ~ 43.2 nautical mi). Uncontrolled, objects reach hig...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19969	Why do white plastics turn yellow due to being in sunlight while other colors of plastic bleach when exposed to sunlight?	If plastic turns yellow it’s usually due to the use of bromine which was used to strengthen the material. Used a lot in the 70’s and 80’s but not so much these days.	[ "Paints, inks and dyes that are organic are more susceptible to photodegradation than those that are not. Ceramics are almost universally colored with non-organic origin materials so as to allow the material to resist photodegradation even under the most relentless conditions, maintaining its color.\n\nSection::::A...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23403	How did Florida become a national hotbed for the insane (see r/FloridaMan)?	Florida makes it's police records public. That's it. The other states have the same level of crazy, its just not part of the public record like it is in Florida. So news reports what they can get there hands on, and they can get there hands on floridas police records easy.	[ "In 1876, the prison was refurbished and established by the Reconstruction era legislature as the Florida State Hospital for the Insane, the state's first mental institution. It was an effort by the legislature to establish some public welfare institutions to assist residents in the state.\n\nOver time, the hospita...	[ "Florida became a national hotbed for the insane." ]	[ "In contrast to other states, Florida makes it's police records public, which can give the false impression that Florida experiences more behavior deemed to be \"crazy.\"" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Florida became a national hotbed for the insane." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "In contrast to other states, Florida makes it's police records public, which can give the false impression that Florida experiences more behavior deemed to be \"crazy.\"" ]
2018-12496	How is the cause of a fire discovered when everything gets burned?	What looks the most burnt is usually the source. Plus, there are some obvious signs. For example, the burnt oven's knob was turned to "high", or there is gasoline residue at the back alley, which may suggest arson.	[ "An extensive two-year research project, involving thirty historical cases of alleged SHC, was conducted in 1984 by science investigator Joe Nickell and forensic analyst John F. Fischer. Their lengthy, two-part report was published in the journal of the International Association of Arson Investigators, as well as p...	[ "When everything is burned in a fire, the evidence for the cause of the fire may be destroyed." ]	[ "What looks the most burnt is usually the source." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When everything is burned in a fire, the evidence for the cause of the fire may be destroyed." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "What looks the most burnt is usually the source." ]
2018-03096	If air is only 21% Oxygen and 78% Nitrogen, then how different would our bodies be if we only breathed pure Oxygen from birth?	ELI5: You dead from birth after 3 minutes at best. TLDR: You will die at birth if not 3 minutes after. As pure oxygen would overwhelm the lungs and basically poison the body with too much oxygen. Simply doubling the oxygen balance often resulted in death or permanent lung damage. Someone else is probably going to give the long answer.	[ "A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 21% of the level found in an adult's lungs), so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) to function under these conditions.\n\nSection::::Physiology.:Carbon dioxide ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01157	Why is Listerine not corrosive for the teeth but the chemicals in Coke is?	Listerine contains no acids. Mainly ethanol, which may feel like it "burns" but isn't doing any damage to your teeth. It's the highly acidic content of coke (and orange juice) that's harmful to teeth, along with high sugar content that promotes bacterial growth.	[ "Glycol ethers,\n\n2-Bromopropane,\n\nEthylene oxide,\n\nAnesthetic gases, and\n\nAntineoplastic drugs.\n\nIn 1932, the \"Journal of State Medicine\" reported on a natural variation, with the occurrence of \"a considerable number of cases of toxic abortion\" being caused by untreated dental caries.\n", "Most soft...	[ "If Coke is corrosive to the teeth, Coke should be as well. " ]	[ "Listerine doesn't really have any acids unlike Coke, therefore it does not corrode teeth. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If Coke is corrosive to the teeth, Coke should be as well. ", "If Coke is corrosive to the teeth, Coke should be as well. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Listerine doesn't really have any acids unlike Coke, therefore it does not corrode teeth. ", "Listerine doesn't really have any acids unlike Coke, therefore it does not corrode teeth. " ]
2018-02176	why (most of the time) girls have a better calligraphy than boys	A few comments are mentioning that it's more valued among young girls. That's true, but there's another factor. Young girls have more developed fine motor skills than boys of the same age.	[ "In the \"Quran of the Fadhel\", one of the sentences of a colophon confirms that the book was written by women \"‘’she wrote it with her hands”\".\n", "Section::::World traditions.:Southeast Asia.\n\nSection::::World traditions.:Southeast Asia.:Philippines.\n", "All female visitors on the last day of the Exhib...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-24259	why is it that you can look at a bright light when closing 1 eye, but not with 2?	You’re tricking your brain into thinking the light isn’t as intense. With both eyes open, photoreceptors in each eye are getting overwhelmed and the pain is a safety measure to stop you from looking at the bright light and possibly damaging your eyes. If you close one eye, half your photoreceptors shut up.	[ "The sex of the stimuli presented also influences the AB. In a study, it was shown that emotions that are more often than not prescribed to different sexes, were more quickly identified. Not only that, but when the attentional blink would occur, whether it be at lag 1 or lag 2, and how deep of a blink it was, could...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00469	why do auctioneers talk the way they do?	It's a traditional style that not all auctions use, but it helps to keep up the energy in the room and encourages potential buyers to make quick decisions. It also gets through lots quickly, which is important when you may be auctioning dozens or hundreds of lots in a day.	[ "Once an auctioneer becomes experienced in the auction profession, they usually develop their own style with regards to unique filler words, unique rhythm, and variable speed of delivering the chant. Many chants are accompanied by the unique yelling of a \"ringman\" who is an assistant to the auctioneer in the \"au...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15118	How does the court system in the United States determine unbiased jurors for high profile cases like Jeffrey Dahmer?	A short but very incomplete answer is that there is an interview process called voir dire in which lawyers for either side in a trial can sniff out specific known, relevant biases and reject potential jurors on the basis of such a bias. It may be more thorough for more high-profile cases, but the skeleton of the process is the same.	[ "A jury consultant helped pick the jury in the O. J. Simpson murder trial. Criminologist Jo-Ellan Dimitrius used surveys to determine the ideal defense juror demographic (black women) and analyzed and judged the prospective jurors' answers to a questionnaire and response and body language during voir dire (the stag...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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