Premise: Xiao Li was admitted to Tsinghua University, or Xiao Sun was not admitted to Peking University. If Xiao Zhang is admitted to Peking University, Xiao Sun is also admitted to Peking University; If Xiao Zhang is not admitted to Peking University, Xiao Li is admitted to Tsinghua University.

Hypothesis: If the above determination is true, then Xiao Li was admitted to Tsinghua University.


Premise: The construction of rural community is still in the exploratory stage. The village to residence is not only a concrete manifestation of the development of urbanization, but also an inevitable requirement for the extension of public services to rural communities and allowing farmers to share the fruits of reform and development. For a long time, the urban-rural dual structure has led to the separation and development of cities and rural areas, the development of rural areas lags behind and the capacity of public services is weak. The village to residence in the tide of urbanization, It is necessary to break the institutional barriers of the separation of urban and rural areas, so that farmers can enjoy the same social security and public services as urban people according to local conditions. The level of economic development is different everywhere, and farmers have different requirements for public services, which determines the path of village to residence, the types of public services and the security level of rural communities must be different from village to village.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis is that breaking the dual boundary between urban and rural areas can promote the development of urbanization.


Premise: Ms. Zhang especially loves beauty. For many years, she likes to wear skirts in winter to show her graceful figure. Since last winter, she has felt knee pain in cold and overcast days. Later, the doctor diagnosed that she had arthritis. Therefore, Ms. Zhang believes that wearing less in cold and overcast days is the cause of arthritis.

Hypothesis: Modern medical research shows that the root cause of arthritis is strain, infection or creation. Wearing less in cloudy and cold days is easy to attack questions Ms. Zhang's point of view most.


Premise: Between 1950 and 1970, the number of German teachers continued to increase, but it was slower than the growth rate of the country's total population.

Hypothesis: Between 1950 and 1970, the proportion of German teachers among their peers dropped from 10% to 9% is in line with the above situation.


Premise: Appealing to authority refers to the logical fallacy of quoting the authority's speech without analysis in the argument, and using it as a sufficient argument for the correctness of the thesis.

Hypothesis: As an authority in the field of nuclear physics, Researcher Wang, deputy of the National People's Congress, accepted an interview about food safety. In the interview, he repeatedly emphasized that his claims on food safety are merely his personal opinions contains the fallacy of appealing to authority.


Premise: People often systematically overestimate their degree of control or influence over events, while underestimating the role of uncontrollable factors such as chance and luck in the development of events and their outcomes, a phenomenon known as the illusion of control.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the belief that the ferry driver in the scenic spot, who walks the mountain road all the year round and thinks he is familiar with the road conditions and has good skills, drives very fast on the mountain road does not reflect the illusion of control.


Premise: Test content validity refers to the extent to which test items represent the range of test content.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a follow-up investigation on the candidates who have entered the university to see whether they can adapt well to the university study is a test of content validity.


Premise: The hurricane that threatens the continental U.S. was formed by the triggering of high pressure off the west coast of Africa. The continental U.S. is hit by particularly frequent hurricanes whenever there's a lot of rain in the sub-Saharan region. So, a lot of rainfall must be the cause of the hurricane that raises the pressure of the airflow.

Hypothesis: The argument that 'the liberalization of Eastern Europe will lead to the liberalization of Central America' contains the most similar flaw to the argument above.


Premise: Philosophy is not just a spiritual treasure for people to appreciate, nor is it a thought game for people to pass the time. The values of philosophers are ultimately influenced by the most fundamental problem of survival faced by human beings. If philosophy leaves the era that adapts to it, it will be homeless; and if an era leaves the philosophy that adapts to it, it will have no soul. Therefore, although the study of the history of philosophy is very important, it is always the unavoidable social responsibility of philosophy to find the spiritual home of the times, that is, to find the core values of the times. The study of philosophy lags behind the development of the times, which will affect the development of the whole social science and all spiritual culture, as well as the reasonable development of human practice.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that philosophy cannot exist independently of the appropriate times.


Premise: When attacked by pests, soybeans and other plants produce a hormone called jasmonate, which starts a series of chemical reactions to synthesize more protease inhibitors and enhance their resistance, Its digestive function will be inhibited. Plant biologist drusia found that high concentration of carbon dioxide will cause plants to lose the ability to secrete jasmonate, and the whole defense channel will be closed, so the pest resistance of soybean crops will gradually weaken with the increase of carbon dioxide content.

Hypothesis: Reducing carbon dioxide in the air will increase the insect resistance of soybean can be inferred.


Premise: China is in a period of economic and industrial transformation, with a shortage of skilled workers, especially senior skilled workers and skilled talents. it is not only a bottleneck restricting the adjustment of China's economic structure and realizing the transformation of the mode of economic growth, but also an important reason why there are a large number of new jobs in China's economy. Local governments should organize and mobilize all kinds of resources to guide suitable urban and rural young people to choose to receive vocational education and make use of the employment opportunities in China's economic transformation. Vocational education is not only an education for young students, but also a core part of continuing education, especially for migrant workers.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is necessary to guide young people in urban and rural areas to receive vocational education" is an accurate summary of the gist of this passage.


Premise: Elementary particles are studied with the aid of extremely high energies. To understand the microscopic structure of matter, we must first transform the microscopic matter, that is, we must find ways to break atoms, nuclei, protons, neutrons and other small particles, and expose their internal structure and various properties.

Hypothesis: The interpretation of microscopic structure of matter and microscopic matter is that the former refers to the internal combination patterns of various particles, and the latter refers to the various particles that make up matter.


Premise: Digital family refers to computer technology and network technology as the basis for various electrical appliances through different ways of interconnection of communication and data exchange, to achieve interconnection between electrical appliances, so that people can more convenient and efficient access to information, thereby greatly improving the comfort and entertainment of human habitation.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang works at work, he controls his TV at home from his mobile phone and records the sports programs that are being broadcast live does not involve a digital family according to the above definition.


Premise: The Sinicization and Confucianization of Ricci et al. was to use traditional Chinese language, writing and thought to find an entry point that restricts the propaganda of Christian doctrines, but in this process, they also have the element of being subdued by the intensive middle school. The news can be revealed in Ricci's Chinese writings and his compliments with scholar-bureaucrats.

Hypothesis: The author mainly wants to explain that Matteo Ricci and others not only borrowed from traditional Chinese culture, but were also influenced by traditional Chinese culture through the above text.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Jiu Shang Station is to the west of Fu Yi Station can be inferred if Hao Yun Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.


Premise: The transformation of explicit information into secret information is called encryption, and the transformation of secret information into explicit information is called decryption.

Hypothesis: Encryption is the process of using Chinese and English letters and numbers to lock Xiao Zhang's computer in order to prevent the loss of files.


Premise: Negative transfer means that the mastery of one knowledge and skill interferes with or inhibits the control of another knowledge and skill, that is, the mastered knowledge and experience makes new learning difficult. Negative transfer may occur when the old and new stimuli are very similar and require learners to make different responses

Hypothesis: People who can't ride bicycles will have a lot of trouble learning to ride motorcycles belongs to negative migration according to the above definition.


Premise: Rossi: It is undemocratic for people to live under a government in which their interests are not represented. So children should have the right to vote, since sometimes the interests of children are different from those of their parents. Smith: Granted, children' s interests are not always the same as their parents' ; governmental deficits incurred by their parents' generation will later affect their own generation' s standard of living. But even if children are told about the issues affecting them, which is not generally the case, their conceptions of what can or should be done are too simple, and their time horizons are radically different from those of adults, so we cannot give them the responsibility of voting.

Hypothesis: Rossi's argument makes an appeal to a general principle.


Premise: Newspaper subscriber: Arnot' s editorial argues that by making certain fundamental changes in government we would virtually eliminate our most vexing social ills. But clearly this conclusion is false. After all, the argument Arnot makes for this claim depends on the dubious assumption that government can be trusted to act in the interest of the public.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the argument's reasoning is that it repudiates a claim merely on the grounds that an inadequate argument has been given for it.


Premise: Principle: People should buy an expensive antique only if they can be confident of its authenticity and they find the piece desirable for its intrinsic qualities and not just for its value as an investment. Application: Matilde should not buy the expensive antique vase offered for sale on the Internet.

Hypothesis: The statement 'While Matilde likes the color and features of the vase, its particular style has frequently been reproduced for the mass market, and the vase cannot be examined closely or authenticated over the Internet' most helps to justify the above application of the principle.


Premise: Columnist: Donating items to charity may be a sign of generosity, but any generosity it may demonstrate is rarely a permanent virtue, since most donors make donations only intermittently.

Hypothesis: The argument takes for granted that a character trait is present only when manifested accurately describes a flaw in the columnist's argument.


Premise: False memory refers to the recollection of an event that has never been experienced, or a false recollection of an experienced event.

Hypothesis: False memories are people's memory of the unexpected event.


Premise: Some university teachers have doctoral degrees, so some people who have obtained doctorates have high levels of teaching plans and scientific research.

Hypothesis: In order to ensure the validity of the above argument, all the teachers in colleges and universities must have a high level of teaching plans and scientific research.


Premise: Buzz marketing is a sales method that directly provides enterprise products or services to potential consumers so that they can obtain product or service experience.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a company regularly sending emails to users, sending product magazines, pushing preferential information, and promising to unconditionally return the products if they are not satisfied within one month of purchasing the product is not buzzer marketing.


Premise: Nutrition education in schools once promoted daily consumption of food from each of the four food groups: milk, meat, fruit and vegetables, and breads and cereals. This recommendation was, however, dangerous to health.

Hypothesis: The recommendation that some food from the fruit and vegetable group be consumed daily constituted a reminder not to neglect this group, which provides needed vitamins, minerals, and fiber provides support for the critique above EXCEPT.


Premise: By testing a certain number of newborns, researchers found that newborns are born with the recognition of some graphics.

Hypothesis: If the above test results are correct, human's ability to recognize graphics is not always obtained through learning must be true.


Premise: Test content validity refers to the extent to which test items represent the range of test content.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the evaluation of the newly added examination key points by specialized personnel to determine if it accurately reflects the contents of the examination in actual work is an example of test content validity.


Premise: Reasoning is usually divided into deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is based on some general principles and personal examples to draw new conclusions about the individual examples. Inductive reasoning abstracts and generalizes a certain general principle from a certain number of individual facts. But a more precise statement is: deductive reasoning is inevitability reasoning, that is, the premise is true to ensure that the conclusion is true; inductive reasoning is probabilistic reasoning, the premise only provides certain support for the conclusion, and the premise is true and the conclusion is not necessarily true.

Hypothesis: The most accurate expression of the original meaning of this passage is that reasoning is the main tool for humans to understand nature.


Premise: A certain airport security scanner designed to detect explosives in luggage will alert the scanner' s operator whenever the piece of luggage passing under the scanner contains an explosive. The scanner will erroneously alert the operator for only one percent of the pieces of luggage that contain no explosives. Thus in ninety-nine out of a hundred alerts explosives will actually be present.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument substitutes one group for a different group in the statement of a percentage.


Premise: Antoine: The alarming fact is that among children aged 19 years and younger, the number taking antipsychotic medicines soared 73 percent in the last four years. That is greater than the increase in the number of adults taking antipsychotic medicines during the same period. Lucy: But the use of antipsychotic drugs by adults is considered normal at the current rate of 11 adults per 1, 000 taking the drugs. In contrast, the number of children on antipsychotic medication last year was 6. 6 per 1, 000 children.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of Lucy's argument is that if only 6.6 out of every 1,000 children are taking an antipsychotic medication, the increase in the use of such medicines cannot be the percentage Antoine cites.


Premise: A film critic said that truly influential films should be both applauded and popular. Since the release of the film Ren Changxia'' which advocates the theme of society, its box office has soared, even rivaling the imported American blockbusters, and the audience's response has been very strong.

Hypothesis: China should make more of its own good movies like Ren Changxia'' instead of just so-called American blockbusters can be concluded from this.


Premise: Wolves generally avoid human settlements. For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them. In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year. Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves. From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed. Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves' ability to prey on wild animals' most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep.


Premise: This year, Tai Fung, a subsidiary of Huatai Group, set a new annual sales record. This is surprising because Tai Fung's potential market is the smallest and it has always been the lowest sales division of all Huatai Group's subsidiaries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If all the other branches of the group have set annual sales records, it is not surprising that Tai Fung has set a new annual sales record' points out the problems with the above argument.


Premise: Dr. Bradshaw: Gastric bypass surgery will provide sustained health and weight-loss benefits in morbidly obese patients, since it allows morbidly obese patients to have the size of their stomachs reduced to allow them to consume less food, and also allows food to bypass part of the small intestine, ensuring that fewer calories are absorbed. Morbidly obese patients will realize more sustained benefit from gastric bypass surgery than any other treatment regimen could provide. Dr. Hobbes: Not so. Gastric bypass surgery might help morbidly obese patients initially. However, patients undergoing this surgery will eventually become extremely dehydrated and deprived of critical nutrients needed to maintain their health due to the vastly decreased amount of food and beverages they can consume. Eventually, most will develop severe complications from dehydration coupled with nutrient loss. Hence, sustained health benefits will not be obtained.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Dr. Bradshaw and Dr. Hobbes is whether the technology of gastric bypass surgery will benefit patients in the long run.


Premise: Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land. County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y. Ttherefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.

Hypothesis: County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state most seriously weakens the planner's argument.


Premise: Five business backbones in a unit, Zhang, Wang, Zhao, Ding and Li, participated in a skill test. Their test results showed that Zhao did not have Li Gao, Zhang did not have Wang Gao, Ding was no lower than Li, and Wang was not as high as Zhao.

Hypothesis: Ding scored the highest in the test of the five people.


Premise: Although many customers do not make a sufficient effort to conserve water, water companies must also be held responsible for wasteful consumption. Their own policies, in fact, encourage excessive water use, and attempts at conservation will succeed only if the water companies change their practices.

Hypothesis: Most water companies reduce the cost per unit of water as the amount of water used by a customer increases would most strongly support the view above.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: G serves as a member of the three sub-committees may be true.


Premise: The use of phrases like as so-and-so said or as the saying goes suggests that the quote that follows has just been illustrated. Such phrases are inappropriately used when an apparent counterexample has just been given.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The force of selfishness is as inevitable and as calculable as the force of gravitation' contains an inappropriate usage of a phrase, according to the principle stated above.


Premise: A university sports meeting is about to be held, the school of Economics and Management plans to form a representative team of 12 people to participate in the competition, the players will be selected from the students of 4 grades of the college. College regulations: each grade must choose one or two of the five events in long-distance running, sprint, high jump, long jump, shot put to participate in the competition, the rest of the events can be arbitrary choice; If a grade chooses to run, it cannot choose to sprint or jump; If a grade chooses the long jump, can not choose to run or shot put; Each team member participates in only one event. The number of players selected for the representative team varies from grade to grade. The number of players in two grades multiplied by the number of players in the other grade

Hypothesis: If a grade does not have the smallest number of team members and chooses to run long distances, choosing a sprint or long jump is not possible for that grade.


Premise: The so-called IP address or network name as the defendant, in fact, only for the pre-filing procedure. In this way, the plaintiff of network infringement can apply to the people's court to investigate the relevant information of the defendant's identity, which can be verified and formally filed for trial, and if it cannot be identified, it will not be accepted. It can be seen that the plaintiff is actually requesting the court to use its investigative power to find out who is behind the IP address or Internet name, transferring the power to investigate and verify the specific identity of the defendant to the court. The plaintiff does not have the special investigative power, and most members of the public do not have the technological means to track the Internet. If the court intervenes and still cannot find out, it will not accept the case. As long as there is no clear defendant, the plaintiff's lawsuit is meaningless ------ Not to mention the trial process, the defendant cannot defend, even if the plaintiff wins the lawsuit, there is no person responsible to bear the corresponding civil liability.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of a text's main idea is 'Analysis of the plaintiff in the network infringement cases in the disadvantageous position.'


Premise: The study of Management localization research in China should use the method of property research. Because the study of nature does not have a clear procedure and path to follow as quantitative research, it is complicated and time-consuming to do at the beginning, which is even more difficult for researchers who are used to quantitative research and logical empirical research.This is why some researchers give up the real study of Management localization research to do some research with a fixed research paradigm and a clearer paradigm, and publish papers more quickly. At the same time, it is a research topic that is more favored by international prison editors.

Hypothesis: The main explanation of Management localization research in China is that we should overcome the thought of being anxious to make meritorious service.


Premise: Drug company manager: Our newest product is just not selling. One way to save it would be a new marketing campaign. This would not guarantee success, but it is one chance to save the product, so we should try it.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The drug company has invested heavily in its newest product, and losses due to this product would be harmful to the company's profits' most seriously weakens the manager's argument.


Premise: Referring to the photos of the US military abusing prisoners, someone said: if you don't want to be caught on the spot doing something stupid, you don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: Or get caught on the spot when you do something stupid, or don't do something stupid has a different meaning from the above sentence.


Premise: There are four siblings A B C D. A said D is the youngest sister. B said there is only one boy among the siblings, and C said I am A's sister.

Hypothesis: If all of the above is true, A is second and it's a girl; C is first and it's a girl.


Premise: Hundreds of medical institutions around the world claim that stem cell therapy can repair damaged tissue cells in multiple sclerosis patients. Experts point out that these agencies advertise directly to patients that they can cure diseases when there is actually no evidence that they work or cause harm. In this case, dealing with advertising is necessary, and certain types of stem cell transplants, such as those using blood or skin stem cells, have been approved by oversight agencies after extensive clinical trials have been shown to treat certain types of cancer and to allow burn patients to undergo skin grafts. While stem cell therapies are promising, many potential stem cell therapies are still in the early stages of development, have yet to be approved by regulators, and require rigorous clinical trials and regulatory procedures to determine whether they are safe and effective, experts said.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that stem cell therapy still has certain risks.


Premise: <b> Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. </b> They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. That plan is ill-conceived: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, <b> these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable </b>. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

Hypothesis: The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future is the role played by the two boldface proportions in the argument as a whole.


Premise: Over the past three years, three canoes have been excavated successively on the beach of the Huaihe River in Xi County, Xinyang County, Henan Province. Among them, the first canoe was found under the beach of the Huaihe River of Zhangzhuang formation in Xuzhuang Village, suburban Township, Xixian County in 2010, which has been proved to be one of the earliest and largest canoes found in archaeology in China. The canoe is 9.3 meters long, 0.8 meters wide and 0.6 meters high. According to carbon-14 measurements, these canoes are made of the same materials as the wood produced in tropical Yunnan. This shows that in ancient times more than 3000 years ago, the climate of Henan was very similar to that of the tropics today. The climate on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River is warm and humid, with tall and dense trees and a wide variety of animals and plants.

Hypothesis: The raw materials of these canoes can not be transported from the remote primeval forests of Yunnan, but can only be used locally, if true, can best support the above argument.


Premise: The important difference between civilized man and savages or other animals is that instinctive impulses are suppressed by foresight, only when a man does something not by instinctual impulses, but because his reason tells him that in the future At some point he would benefit from it, and that's when the real foresight came. Ploughing the land is a deliberate act, people work in the spring to eat in the winter

Hypothesis: The assumption upon which the above argument relies is that man not only suppresses instinctual impulses through his own foresight, but also suppresses instinctual impulses through external laws, habits, and religions.


Premise: Language, like culture, is rarely self-sufficient, so the borrowing of words has been a common language phenomenon since ancient times. However, when foreign words enter a country, the local people will unconsciously mutate and transform their original appearance while adapting and absorbing new elements. With the passage of time, foreign words will gradually localize, grow for a long time, the origin is vague, the aspect is separated, and the variation is repeated. Once the exotic features of loanwords (such as phonemes, syllable composition, etc.) are diluted or disappeared in the user's consciousness, they will be regarded by the locals as part of their mother tongue.

Hypothesis: The reasons for the desalination and disappearance of foreign words in their mother tongue focus on the description of this passage.


Premise: Peer education refers to the use of the same age, knowledge background and interests of peers, friends' opinions and suggestions are easy to be adopted to carry out related education.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang, who has a history of drug abuse for four years and successfully detoxified, belongs to peer education as a volunteer counselor in the drug rehabilitation center.


Premise: The so-called area source pollution refers to the dissolved or solid pollutants flowing into the receiving water body (including rivers, lakes, reservoirs and bays) through the runoff process from non-specific places under the scouring action of precipitation (or snow melting), and causing water eutrophication or other forms of pollution. It is a type of water environment pollution relative to point source pollution.

Hypothesis: The industrial sewage from the paper mill is discharged into the lake through the sewage pipe without treatment belongs to area source pollution according to the above definition.


Premise: Harbin people are all northerners, and some Harbin people are not workers.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is correct, some workers are not northerners must also be true.


Premise: Sinology, also known as Pu Xue, refers to the exegetical study of Han Confucianism, which flourished in the Qianlong Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty; Song Xue refers to the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Zhu, Lu Wang in the Song Dynasty (including Yuan and Ming). The former pays attention to textual research, while the latter pays attention to the meaning of nature, the limit of the door is very strict, and the growth and decline of each other.

Hypothesis: The difference between Sinology and Song Xue is discussed by the author in the above discourse.


Premise: Consumer advocate: A recent study concluded that top-loading washing machines are superior overall to front-loaders. But front-loaders have the controls and access in front. This is more convenient for wheelchair users, some of whom find it highly inconvenient to remove laundry from top-loaders. So for some consumers front-loaders are superior.

Hypothesis: Retrieving clothes from a top-loader is convenient for people who do not use wheelchairs is an assumption upon which the consumer advocate's argument depends.


Premise: The core of the corporate culture is the people-oriented values, specifically, respecting people, serving people, and developing people. Respecting people is equal, caring, understanding, and tolerant to people; serving people is to provide people with thoughtful and meticulous services and provide a variety of Measures to protect and guarantee; developing people is to fulfill people's various rights and interests in response to their actual needs and goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, treating people as natural resources instead of money and machines is at the core of the corporate culture.


Premise: Nutritionist: The healthiest soups all contain spinach and various other vegetables. Few vegetable soups are thought to be rich in nutrients. The lower the nutritional benefit of a food, the less healthy it is. No vegetable soup that does not contain spinach then should be considered healthy.

Hypothesis: Investigating whether cream soups are healthier than vegetable soups would be most relevant in evaluating the conclusion of the nutritionist's argument.


Premise: Many elderly Beijings have never forgotten the unique skills they saw at temple fairs when they were young. Today, these unique skills have more formal names-folk art. However, as the modernization of society accelerates, Chinese folk culture is facing unprecedented crisis. The survival crisis of the city, the continuous change of the urban environment, the rapid diversion and transfer of people's interests and hobbies, and the gradual loss of folk art talents, all of which make the development of folk art face difficulties.

Hypothesis: Folk culture needs rescue protection can be derived from this text.


Premise: Every city has an optimal size, which depends on the contrast between the positive and negative effects of city size. In reality, the positive effects are mainly the agglomeration effects of urban economy, while the negative effects include traffic congestion, environmental pollution, high house prices, inadequate infrastructure and so on. Economic agglomeration will not only improve labor productivity, but also make urban land and housing prices rise. At this time, the production costs of enterprises and the living costs of residents will rise. Urban overcrowding, pollution and crime will also offset the benefits of urban expansion. Only when the positive effects of a city exceed its production or living costs will enterprises and residents stay in the city.

Hypothesis: The option 'The agglomeration utility of economy is an important factor in determining the size of a city' is not matching the meaning of the text.


Premise: Roses always provide a stunning display of color, but only those flowers that smell sweet are worth growing in a garden. Some roses have no scent.

Hypothesis: All flowers with no scent provide a stunning display of color is a conclusion that can be properly drawn from the passage.


Premise: Before I learned history, I believed that most of the fields had been cultivated by people, but later I discovered that I'm wrong. Even if it is a task that is very hot explored by people, you should carefully study the existing research results and compare them with some relevant historical materials. And you will find that almost everyone and every piece of history has something that have been neglected by historians, and there are a lot of research gaps.

Hypothesis: There is still much to be done in the study of history is the most accurate summary of the views on the above passage.


Premise: The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon of demand variation and amplification in the supply chain. It means that when the information flow is transmitted from the final client to the original supplier, the sharing of information cannot be effectively realized, which makes the phenomenon of information distortion amplify step by step, leading to greater and greater fluctuations in demand information.

Hypothesis: The bullwhip effect belongs to a merchandise sales center increasing its efforts to put the merchandise on the market based on market trends and monthly sales, and more and more retailers choosing the merchandise.


Premise: Economist: In today' s post-industrial economy, higher education is essential for achieving prosperity. Without a college degree or higher, citizens do not have access to the highest quartile of salaries, and only individuals earning salaries in this highest quartile have enough disposable income to buy real estate and invest in long term assets.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that all the jobs in the highest quartile of salaries require skills that are always covered as part of a college education.


Premise: The so-called IP address or network name as the defendant, in fact, only for the pre-filing procedure. In this way, the plaintiff of network infringement can apply to the people's court to investigate the relevant information of the defendant's identity, which can be verified and formally filed for trial, and if it cannot be identified, it will not be accepted. It can be seen that the plaintiff is actually requesting the court to use its investigative power to find out who is behind the IP address or Internet name, transferring the power to investigate and verify the specific identity of the defendant to the court. The plaintiff does not have the special investigative power, and most members of the public do not have the technological means to track the Internet. If the court intervenes and still cannot find out, it will not accept the case. As long as there is no clear defendant, the plaintiff's lawsuit is meaningless ------ Not to mention the trial process, the defendant cannot defend, even if the plaintiff wins the lawsuit, there is no person responsible to bear the corresponding civil liability.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the text's main idea is that it explains the way and significance of clarifying the defendant in network infringement cases.


Premise: The principal of School X has proposed a plan that would add an hour-long study period to the end of the school day. She claims that the extension would improve the school's average score on the math section of the state assessment by allowing students more time to complete math homework that they wouldn't otherwise have time to complete.

Hypothesis: The statement "The core components of School X's math curriculum are not aligned with the topics tested on the state math assessment" would most weaken the argument presented above.


Premise: Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. In order to reduce the amount of residual ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city has revamped its collection program. This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number.

Hypothesis: The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim.


Premise: Nowadays, children's homework is not only their own business, the parents of most primary and middle school students are faced with the task of doing homework with their children, including dictation, checking homework, signing and so on. According to a survey of more than 3000 parents, 84 percent of parents accompany their children to do their homework every day, while 67 percent of the parents surveyed worry about doing homework with their children. Some experts pointed out that parents accompany their children to do their homework, which is equivalent to acting as an assistant to school teachers, allowing the family to become an extension of the classroom, which will adversely affect the growth of children.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Parents accompany their children to do their homework, which will make their children lack independence and initiative in learning. Under the double pressure of teachers and parents all day, it is not only difficult to develop interest in learning, but also more difficult to develop independent personality' can best support the above expert's argument.


Premise: Function is the inherent efficiency of things, it is determined by the structure of internal elements of things, and it is a kind of internal mechanism which is relatively stable and independent from the interior of things. Function is the external effect produced by the relationship between things and the external environment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, mobile phone has the function of communication is true.


Premise: A coffee manufacturer wants more restaurant chains to serve its brands of coffee. The manufacturer is considering a plan to offer its coffee to large chains at a significantly lower price, at least for a certain period. This lower price initially will reduce the manufacturer' s profits, but they hope to get into enough nationwide restaurant chains that their volume increases significantly. Once they have a much higher volume, even a small increase in their price would have an enormous effect on their profits.

Hypothesis: It would be most helpful to know whether the manufacturer will use the same shipping system as it has been using to ship coffee to restaurants across the country in evaluating the plan's chances of success.


Premise: Graphologists claim that it is possible to detect permanent character traits by examining people' s handwriting. For example, a strong cross on the tis supposed to denote enthusiasm. Obviously, however, with practice and perseverance people can alter their handwriting to include this feature. So it seems that graphologists must hold that permanent character traits can be changed.

Hypothesis: The argument against graphology proceeds by citing apparently incontestable evidence that leads to absurd consequences when conjoined with the view in question.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: I only serve as a member of one sub-committee must be true.


Premise: Due to problems in chemical fertilizers, pesticide application and management techniques in recent years, the production of green onions in the main producing areas of northern China has dropped significantly, and domestic prices have risen rapidly. If we want to maintain domestic prices, we must strictly limit the export of green onions. Because the export contracts of companies engaged in the export trade of green onions are signed at low prices, if they continue to perform the contracts when the price of green onions rises sharply, these companies will suffer serious losses. However, if the export of green onions is strictly restricted, China's share of the international green onion market will be replaced by other countries or regions.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, companies engaged in the export trade of green onions will definitely actively lobby the government to formulate policies that strictly restrict the export of green onions must be true.


Premise: Columnist: Over the last 20 years the demand in North America for Japanese-made automobiles has increased, whereas the Japanese demand for North American-made automobiles has been stagnant. Until recently, this imbalance could plausibly be attributed to Japanese models' superior fuel efficiency and reliability, but now cars made in North America are by these standards the equal of any Japanese model. What North American exporters continue to ignore is that the Japanese drive on the left side of the road. Ttherefore, one obstacle to reducing the automotive trade imbalance will be removed if North American manufacturers simply produce more cars with right-side steering wheels.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the columnist's argument is that the automotive trade imbalance can be lessened only if North American manufacturers produce automobiles that more effectively meet the needs of Japanese buyers.


Premise: Producer: It has been argued that, while the government should not censor television shows, the public should boycott the advertisers of shows that promote violence and erode our country' s values. But this would be censorship nonetheless, for if the public boycotted the advertisers, then they would cancel their advertisements, causing some shows to go off the air; the result would be a restriction of the shows that the public can watch.

Hypothesis: The assumption that 'For any television show that promotes violence and erodes values, there will be an audience' is necessary to properly infer the producer's conclusion.


Premise: Psychologist: Although studies of young children have revealed important facts about the influence of the environment on language acquisition, it is clear that one cannot attribute such acquisition solely to environmental influences: innate mechanisms also play a role. So, the most reasonable question that ought to be studied is whether__.

Hypothesis: Innate mechanisms are a contributing factor in language learning most logically completes the passage.


Premise: In preagricultural societies, social roles were few and were easily predicted for each phase of a person' s life. Accordingly, interpersonal relations, although not always pleasant or fair, were stable and predictable. Modern society, on the other hand, has thousands of different social roles. Technology and consumerism require that each of us fill highly particularized niches, and these niches are differentiating at an astonishing pace. Ttherefore, __ .

Hypothesis: The most important difference between modern and preagricultural societies is the variety and type of social roles permitted in each, which logically completes the argument.


Premise: 183/5000 According to solubility, pesticides can be divided into water soluble and fat soluble. The traditional method of soaking in water can only remove the water-soluble pesticides on the surface of fruits and vegetables, but can not remove the main residues of fat-soluble pesticides. Moreover, in the process of soaking, water-soluble pesticides will dissolve in water and form an aqueous solution with a certain concentration. If soaking time is too long, it is likely to lead to the re-adsorption of pesticides in water by fruits and vegetables, and also cause many water-soluble nutrients in vegetables, such as vitamin C. As well as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and other dissolved in water, resulting in the loss of its nutrients.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Water soaking method has limitations in cleaning fruits and vegetables' best sums up the meaning of the text.


Premise: Cats spend much of their time sleeping; they seem to awaken only to stretch and yawn. Yet they have a strong, agile musculature that most animals would have to exercise strenuously to acquire.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Cats derive ample exercise from frequent stretching' most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: Regional Economic Cooperation: refers to the economic alliance and cooperation between countries or regions with similar regions.

Hypothesis: APEC belongs to regional economic cooperation according to the above definition.


Premise: Global warming refers to a period of time, the Earths atmosphere and oceans because of the greenhouse effect caused by rising temperatures of climate change, as one of the tragedy of the Commons, and its effect is called the global warming effect.

Hypothesis: Over 95 percent of the continent, where the average annual temperature is above 20 degree, is hot all year round and nearly half of the region has hot and cool seasons is not an effect of global warming according to the definition above.


Premise: The winter of 2020 seems to come earlier than usual. Before November, there was the first snowfall and the temperature dropped below zero in some parts of our country. According to this, the winter of 2020 will be the coldest winter in China in 60 years.

Hypothesis: According to statistics, the time of the first snowfall is not significantly related to the average temperature throughout the winter most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Finally, the state has issued a policy to emphasize the protection of cultural relics, which is a good thing. There are not many cultural relics in China that have been destroyed after the two major shocks of revolution and construction.On the surface, China has become a younger city than the United States, and there is one more than New York, and the buildings in New York are all new steel and concrete, glass squares, streets and neon lights, and every city is the same.Are there any cultural relics in the museums of several central cities and in the hands of private collectors? however, the things there are not cultural relics, but goods that are divorced from the cultural background, just like the Chinese cultural relics in the Metropolitan Museum of New York, just the value of appreciation and auction.

Hypothesis: The cultural value of cultural relics is eternal reflects the main idea of this passage.


Premise: In the face of the increasingly fierce international competition in the development of science and technology in the world, only by putting science and technology on the strategic position of giving priority to development, doing solid work and catching up with others can we grasp the opportunity and win the initiative of development.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'we must promote scientific and technological progress as a national development strategy' can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Politician P: My opponent claims that the government is obligated to raise taxes to increase funding for schools and health care. Because raising taxes to increase funding for schools and health care would make taxpayers upset over their loss of buying power, my opponent is simply mistaken.

Hypothesis: Politician P's reasoning is questionable because it involves concluding that a view is false on the grounds that its implementation would lead to unhappiness.


Premise: According to the statistics of the United Nations Development Programme in 2007, Norway is the country with the highest quality of life in the world, and developed countries such as Europe, the United States and Japan are also among the best. If you count the countries with the fastest improvement in quality of life since 1990, developed countries have lagged behind. Of the 116 countries counted by the United Nations Development Programme, Mozambique, a country in southeastern Africa, has seen the fastest improvement in quality of life over the past 17 years, with its quality of life index increasing by 50 per cent in 2007 compared with 1990. Many African countries have made similar achievements as Mozambique. As the most high-profile developing country in the world, China's quality of life index has also improved by 27% over the past 17 years.

Hypothesis: In 2007, the quality of life index in Norway was higher than that in African countries can be derived from the statistics of the United Nations Development Programme.


Premise: Halo effect, also known as prejudice effect, refers to that the observer makes a biased (positive or negative) evaluation of a person according to the characteristics of that person, and extends this evaluation to other aspects.

Hypothesis: When going out, her mother warned Xiao Min to pay attention to pickpockets on the bus. Xiao Min felt that everyone was like a pickpocket on the bus, so she held her bag tightly is not halo effect.


Premise: Since the first permanent pacemaker was implanted in the human body in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have been continuously researching various methods to provide electrical energy to their products. Non-rechargeable lithium batteries are currently more common. In transplantation equipment for heart disease and neurogenic diseases, non-rechargeable lithium batteries can generally be used for 7 to 10 years, and they are already relatively longevity. Researchers believe that unless breakthroughs are made in the field of bio-batteries, implantable devices will never work permanently and reliably.

Hypothesis: This text is meant to explain that the development prospects of implantable medical devices are broad.


Premise: The familiar slogan survival of the fittest is popularly used to express the claim, often mistakenly attributed to evolutionary biologists, that the fittest are most likely to survive. However, biologists use the term fittest to mean most likely to survive,  so the slogan is merely claiming that the most likely to survive are the most likely to survive. While this claim is clearly true, it is a tautology and so is neither informative nor of scientific interest.

Hypothesis: The truth of a purported scientific claim is not sufficient for it to be of scientific interest is the assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The local radio station will not win the regional ratings race this year. In the past ten years the station has never finished better than fifth place in the ratings. The station' s manager has not responded to its dismal ratings by changing its musical format or any key personnel, while the competition has often sought to respond to changing tastes in music and has aggressively recruited the region' s top radio personalities.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument 'Recently stock prices have always been lower on Mondays. Therefore they will be lower this coming Monday too' is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: All leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people will be respected by everyone; and leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people pay special attention to how to solve livelihood problems such as housing, medical treatment, education and pensions. Therefore, those leading cadres who do not pay attention to how to solve the problems of people's livelihood will not be respected by everyone.

Hypothesis: In order to ensure that the above argument is established, the statement 'All leading cadres who are respected by everyone are leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people' must be added as a premise.


Premise: In the early and mid-term of urbanization, the United States pursued the theory of free economy, and the market mechanism played a major role. The federal government's weak control measures led to excessive suburbanization, resulting in structural imbalances in urban development planning, disorderly expansion and spread of cities, and serious waste of land resources. A series of problems such as environmental damage. In this regard, in the later period of urbanization, the US government gradually increased its control efforts, through legislation and administrative intervention, strengthened urban planning and industrial planning, and gradually paid attention to environmental protection. Especially in the 1990s, the smart growth movement proposed by the US government had a profound impact on urbanization.

Hypothesis: The enlightenment from this passage is that the coordinated development of urbanization and economy can only achieve results.


Premise: At present, the raw materials used in artificial joints are no more than metals and plastics. because chemicals such as potassium, sodium and chlorine in the human body may cause corrosion and rust of metal materials and aging of plastics, the chemicals of metals and plastics must be highly stable.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that potassium, sodium, chlorine, and other chemicals in the human body are very active and corrosive.


Premise: There are five relatives A, B, C, D, and E. 4 of them each talked about a real situation, as follows: 1.B is my father's brother, 2.E is my mother-in-law, 3.C is my son-in-laws brother, 4.A is me brother's wife. Everyone mentioned above is one of these five people (for example, My father and My father's brother in 1. are one of the five people A, B, C, D, E ),

Hypothesis: It can be seen that A is a child of B is correct.


Premise: It now seems clear that the significant role initially predicted for personal computers in the classroom has not become fact. One need only look to the dramatic decline in sales of computers for classroom use in the past year for proof that the fad has passed.

Hypothesis: The argument that 'it is apparent that consumers have tired of microwave ovens as quickly as they initially came to accept this recent invention. In contrast to several years of increasing sales following the introduction of microwave ovens, sales of microwave ovens flattened last year, indicating that consumers have found relatively little use for these devices' contains flawed reasoning parallel to that in the argument above.


Premise: Most employees spend their time completing unimportant tasks for which they have been given firm schedules and deadlines. Efficient employees know how to ignore such demands and instead spend their time on projects that will yield big rewards for their employers if successful, even when such projects carry the risk of significant loss if unsuccessful.

Hypothesis: Deciding to take an urgent call from a major customer instead of being punctual at a monthly sales meeting is an example of efficiency as described above.


Premise: Early in the development of a new product line, the critical resource is talent. New marketing ventures require a degree of managerial skill disproportionate to their short-term revenue prospects. Usually, however, talented managers are assigned only to established high-revenue product lines and, as a result, most new marketing ventures fail. Contrary to current practice, the best managers in a company should be assigned to development projects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current revenue and profitability of an established product line can be maintained even if the company's best managers are assigned elsewhere' most strengthens the author's argument.


Premise: Versailles literature refers to a way of speaking in a low-key but actually self-showing way of speaking in a variety of public occasions by suppressing and then raising, openly derogating and praising.

Hypothesis: Mr. Liu often tells others: I'm not good at writing at all. I casually put a novel I wrote in high school on the Internet platform last year. I didn't expect more than one million hits. Now I don't understand what's going on belongs to Versailles literature.


Premise: In order to expand the sales revenue of its online store, a company has adopted various advertising and promotion methods, but the effect is not obvious. The company has hired a lot of professionals to conduct market analysis, and professionals believe that the population who has opened online banking This is the real potential customer base of online stores. So the company decided to cooperate with commercial banks to carry out publicity and promotion activities among the newly opened online banking business. But after a month, the effect was not satisfactory.

Hypothesis: Generally speaking, it takes a period of time for those who have just opened online banking to make online purchases is true and can best explains the above result.


Premise: An agent refers to an institution or entity that acts as an agent for the sales, service and other related business matters of a certain product. The agent does not buy out the product, does not bear the risk of being unable to sell, and does not enjoy the profit of product sales, but depends on the service commission given by the product.

Hypothesis: Agent being an independent business operator does not belong to the characteristics that an agent should have.


Premise: A company has implemented a office supplies thrift plan since the beginning of last year. Each employee can only receive a limited amount of paper and pens and other office supplies for free every month. At the end of the year, it was found that the company's expenditure on various office supplies decreased by 30% compared with the previous year. In the past five years when the plan was not implemented, the company consumed 100000 yuan of office supplies per year. The general manager of the company concluded that the plan had saved a lot of money for the company last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Another company with a similar scale and basic situation has not implemented a similar thrift plan, but the per capita consumption of office supplies has become lower and lower in the past five years' is the best way to question the reasoning of the general manager if correct.


Premise: A company advertised: Half of the cameras produced by this company since 1995 are still in use, while two-thirds of the cameras produced by other companies at the same time cannot be used. The company hopes to use this advertisement to show consumers that the company's cameras are extremely durable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Consumers who bought the company's cameras used the camera more often than consumers who bought cameras from other companies' can best support the views of the above advertisement.


Premise: Ranodon Sibiricus is an endangered and rare animal. It was first discovered by a Russian explorer in 1840. After that, it disappeared for more than 100 years. It was rediscovered in Wenquan County, Xinjiang in 1898. However, data show that in the 15 years since 1898, the number of the northern salamander in Xinjiang has been reduced by half. Some experts believe that the habitat of the Ranodon Sibiricus in Xinjiang was originally a local pasture. Every summer, cattle and sheep walking around on the prairie will trample them to death, resulting in a sharp decline in their numbers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The habitat of Ranodon Sibiricus is located in the mountains, where general tourists cannot reach at all' would challenge most the opinion of the above expert.


Premise: A research team from Celera Genomics reported in the journal Science that compared mouse chromosomes with human chromosomes, they found that the two have 95% similarity in terms of genes, gene content, and DNA sequence. Therefore, in fact, there is not much difference between mouse and human.

Hypothesis: The assumption that mice have no intelligence and their intelligence can be ignored when compared with human relies on the above conclusion.


Premise: Chinese word measure has the function of representation and rhetoric. For example, a shoe and a pair of shoes, a sheep and a flock of sheep. Here, only and two, the head and the flock serve to define and distinguish the number of sheep. Rhetorical functions such as an elephant and an elephant, a Buddha statue and a Buddha Statue, a picture and a picture. Here, there is no difference between head and only in quantity, but only in image. In the same way, there is no difference in quantity but only in feeling and style.

Hypothesis: The statement "Neither the expressive function nor the rhetorical function are the basic characteristics of quantifiers" is accurate in understanding the passage.


Premise: A community of shared destiny for mankind means taking into account the reasonable concerns of other countries in the pursuit of national interests and promoting the common development of all countries in the pursuit of national development. Mankind has only one earth and all countries live in one world. We should advocate the consciousness of a community of shared human destiny.

Hypothesis: China is willing to always be a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development and a defender of the international order is not in line with the concept of a community of shared destiny for mankind according to the above definition.


Premise: Legislator: Your agency is responsible for regulating an industry shaken by severe scandals. You were given funds to hire 500 investigators to examine the scandals, but you hired no more than 400. I am forced to conclude that you purposely limited hiring in an attempt to prevent the full extent of the scandals from being revealed. Regulator: We tried to hire the 500 investigators but the starting salaries for these positions had been frozen so low by the legislature that it was impossible to attract enough qualified applicants.

Hypothesis: The regulator responds to the legislator's criticism by providing information that challenges the conclusion drawn by the legislator.


Premise: The so-called modernization is to use high technology to preserve the most precious and important things of a nation, rather than uprooting the past and hurriedly transplanting something from a foreign country.All the preservation of culture is not simply for the memory of the past, but for the future, because those who do not have the past are bound to lose the future.

Hypothesis: The value of protecting culture to the future development of the nation is mainly emphasized in this passage.


Premise: The word Skyscraper was originally a special term for the crew, meaning a tall pole or sail on a sailboat, and then it evolved into a specific term in architecture. In 1883, skyscraper first appeared in the article American Architects and Architecture News written by an American fantasy writer, and the term was born. Since then, many skyscrapers have been built, one after another, towering in the skies of major cities around the world.

Hypothesis: According to this text, the meaning of words expands with the passage of time is incorrectly understood.


Premise: With the increase of age, people's daily demand for calories is decreasing, while the demand for vitamin B6 is gradually increasing. Unless older people take vitamin B6 as a supplement, or eat foods that contain more vitamin B6 than they ate when they were young, they are unlikely to get the vitamin B6 they need.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Are the consequences of not getting enough vitamin B6 a day more serious for the elderly than for the young?' is most helpful to evaluate the appeal argument.


Premise: During the Five Dynasties period, dynasties were frequently changed, and everything was simple and simple, and new construct was not considered. Therefore, before the next week, the scale of Kaifeng was about the same as that of the Tang Dynasty. In the week after Guo Wei was established, political and economic reforms were implemented, and the situation improved.

Hypothesis: The most accurate retelling of the main meaning of this passage is that during the Five Dynasties there was little construction of the capital.


Premise: Internet tourism financial service refers to an emerging financial service that the tourism industry relies on Internet tools to realize financing, payment, information intermediary and other businesses. In the future, Internet tourism financial service will also have more advantages.

Hypothesis: Tourism financial services have the advantages of wider coverage of users and more convenient and efficient services best supports the above view.


Premise: Role failure means that the role bearer has been proved to be unable to continue to assume or perform the rights and obligations of the role, and has to withdraw halfway and give up the original role. From the perspective of the result of role failure, there are usually two types, one is the role The bearer has to withdraw from the role halfway, and the other is that although it is still in a certain role position, its performance has been proved to be a failure in practice.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, staff secondment is not a role failure.


Premise: Scientists have discovered that the rifting process at the bottom of the ocean never stops. The discovery may answer a question that has attracted attention. Earth's days are lengthening by 1/700 of a second, or half a second for every year that passes, and it is predicted that in another 200 million years there will be only 250 days in a year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ocean floor rifts spread, and the Earth's rotation speeds up' is the most accurate answer to a question that has attracted attention according to the above definition.


Premise: The key to being in power lies in the proper use of personnel. The grass-roots front line is at the forefront of serving the masses, and the masses' pursuit and expectations for a better life are rich and diverse, and a sufficient number of professional counterparts are needed to promote the governance of a highly effective. At present, great changes have taken place in the type of community in our country, the function carried by the community is more and more, and the situation of the community is complex and changeable. Convenient services for the people, such as supporting the army and families, providing for the aged and helping the disabled, epidemic prevention and control, charity and education, etc., all need the professional response ability of the relevant parties of community governance, such as community party organizations, neighborhood committees, community service stations, property service enterprises and so on.

Hypothesis: The governance of the community needs to strengthen the construction of professional talents is mainly emphasized in this passage.


Premise: When ozone reaches a certain concentration, it will cause serious harm to human body. When people inhale ozone, ozone will burn the respiratory tract due to its strong oxidation, resulting in congestion or inflammation of the respiratory system. Children, the elderly and people with respiratory diseases are particularly hurt by ozone. According to expert estimates, in Europe, Ozone pollution has increased European mortality by 2% ~ 12%

Hypothesis: Strong oxidation of ozone is the reason why it is harmful to people can be inferred from this.


Premise: Five of A, B, C, D and E of a company like to travel abroad. Last year, in Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom and France, each of them traveled to two of these countries, and there were always 2-3 of them in each country. It is known that: (1) if A goes to Korea, D will not go to England. (2) C and E always travel abroad together last year. (3)  and B only travel to European countries.

Hypothesis: If the total number of trips by five people to European countries is as large as that to Asian countries, E went to England can be inferred.


Premise: Foil is to highlight the main things, with similar things or negative, different things as a foil to a rhetorical method. Contrast refers to a rhetorical method in which two opposite or similar things are compared with each other to express a certain thought or artistic conception together. The difference between the two lies in that the foil takes the secondary things as the foil to highlight the main things, while the two things reflected in the contrast do not distinguish between primary and secondary.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the use of both of the above rhetorical devices can be found in the statement "Thousands of miles of yellow clouds and white sun, the north wind blows wild goose and snow."


Premise: Biologist: Scientists have discovered fossilized bacteria in rocks 3. 5 billion years old. The fossils indicate that these bacteria were quite complex and so must have already had a long evolutionary history when fossilized 3. 5 billion years ago. However, Earth is only 4. 6 billion years old, so the first life on Earth must have appeared soon after the planet' s formation, when conditions were extremely harsh. This suggests that life may be able to arise under many difficult conditions throughout the universe.

Hypothesis: The claim that the fossilized bacteria discovered in rocks 3.5 billion years old must have had a long evolutionary history is one for which some support is provided in the biologist's argument, but it is not used to support any other claim in the argument.


Premise: Antisocial personality crime is a criminal act committed by the perpetrator based on antisocial abnormal personality. The characteristics of the perpetrator are as follows: 1. They have no obvious defects in intelligence and spirit, no delusions or other thinking obstacles. 2. Most of them have a criminal record of bad deeds and have committed many types of disciplinary, illegal and criminal acts. 3. They are impulsive and lack of thoughtful and clear motivation. 4. They have no psychology of repentance and remorse, and still break the law and commit crimes after receiving education or serving their sentences.

Hypothesis: If the perpetrator's mental intelligence is normal, Wu has a criminal record of stealing and disabled the robber while fighting with him is most in line with the characteristics of antisocial personality crime.


Premise: The early universe contained only the lightest elements, hydrogen and nitrogen. Heavier elements, such as carbon, were only formed in stellar nuclear reactions and diverged when stars exploded. A layer of recently discovered nebulae contained billions of carbon. It was formed years ago, when the age of the universe was less than two billion years.

Hypothesis: The carbon in the gas cloud later becomes part of the constituent stars can be inferred.


Premise: The effect of the national regulation and control policy on the real estate market is showing.  There is a marked increase in the number of cities where the price of  first-hand,second-hand housing has declined, indicating that under the action of a series of macro-control policies, house price growth has entered the slow lane. Thus, purchase restrictions and bank credit tightening have curbed both supply and demand in the real estate market.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Loan applications received by banks have decreased significantly' can best refute the above conclusion.


Premise: In order to allow residents to have housing, a city to raise funds to promote the construction of affordable housing. Next year, the division's housing construction into the completion of the climax. At present, the general concern of the public is aroused by how to define the eligibility for housing protection. Some people think that affordable housing is funded by the Government and therefore can only be purchased by the public. For non-residents of this city, should not have the qualifications to apply for affordable housing.

Hypothesis: The option 'More than half of the city's resident population is non-resident' best challenges this view.


Premise: Archaeology is a science that studies how to find and obtain the physical remains of ancient human society, and how to study the history of human society based on these remains. In other words, archaeology is the science of studying history through physical objects based on scientific excavation.

Hypothesis: Estimate the value of exhibited artifacts belongs to archaeology according to the above definition.


Premise: Graphologists claim that it is possible to detect permanent character traits by examining people' s handwriting. For example, a strong cross on the tis supposed to denote enthusiasm. Obviously, however, with practice and perseverance people can alter their handwriting to include this feature. So it seems that graphologists must hold that permanent character traits can be changed.

Hypothesis: The argument against graphology proceeds by showing that proponents of the view have no theoretical justification for the view.


Premise: The Biocarb Company wants to build a sterilization plant to treat contaminated medical waste in a city neighborhood where residents and environmental activists fear that such a facility will pollute the area. Biocarb' s president argues that the operation of the plant cannot cause pollution because the waste would be sterile after processing by the plant. He claims that after exposure for an hour to superheated steam in the autoclave, such refuse would be far cleaner than food prepared in the cleanest kitchen.

Hypothesis: Handling of the waste before treatment in the proposed facility will not pose a threat of pollution to the area is an assumption required by the president's argument.


Premise: Some works of art that today are recognized masterpieces were considered obscene when first created. It ttherefore follows that what is considered obscene or not obscene has changed over time.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that the number of things that are considered obscene has decreased with the passage of time.


Premise: Some good things are not cheap. Therefore, not all cheap things are good things.

Hypothesis: The statement "A good motive does not necessarily have a good effect. Therefore, good results do not necessarily come from good motivation" is not a valid conclusion for the above.


Premise: In the past 10 years, the sales of personal notebook computers of a computer company have continued to grow, but the growth rate is lower than the growth rate of the company's total sales of all products.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The proportion of personal notebook computer sales in the company's total product sales has risen from 68% to 72% in the past 10 years' conflicts with the above information.


Premise: Bacon once said, knowledge is power. Nowadays, in the information age, people can say that information is power, information, the technology and infrastructure to spread information, and the ability to master and apply information technology, which constitute a new source of rights. The network infrastructure all over the world, the continuously increasing network transmission rate, the increasingly perfect mobile portable Internet terminals, and the high-speed expansion of new media applications based on the digitization of interpersonal networks make the flow of information at a high speed and realize the transnational movement in real time. The emergence of video websites and social networking sites makes the information flow with simplicity, symbolization and fragmentation easier to spread, pay attention to, and therefore easier to respond to. The power of actors who can influence this flow of information will be enhanced, otherwise, it will be weakened.

Hypothesis: It promotes the reconstruction of the elements of the source of power is emphasized in this paragraph with regard to network information technology and the use of new media.


Premise: On the whole, the GDP of the national economy is positively correlated with happiness. The more per capita income, the happier people are. However, when the GDP per capita exceeds 8000 US dollars, the correlation between happiness and economy is not obvious. According to the famous psychologist Seligman, wealth only has a great impact on happiness when it is scarce, and a particularly poor person will not feel happiness. But when wealth increases to a certain level, the correlation between wealth and happiness is much smaller. Even the top 100 millionaires in the Forbes list with a value of 125 million are only slightly happier than middle-income people.

Hypothesis: The purpose of this paragraph is to present the idea that billionaires are no happier than the middle class.


Premise: No more penalty for one case refers to the administrative penalty that a party may not be fined more than twice for the same illegal act.

Hypothesis: There is a restaurant in a certain county that started business without registering with the industry and commerce department, and was fined by the industry and commerce department half a year later. The county local tax bureau passed an investigation and issued a Notice of Tax Administrative Punishment Matters and Tax Treatment for the restaurant. Decision Letter, Tax Administrative Punishment Decision Letter, ordering them to make up taxes and pay additional late fees and fines is not no more penalty for one case.


Premise: It is generally believed that people's aesthetic judgment is subjective, and this is true in a short period of time, and people's evaluation of contemporary works of art often diverges greatly. However, over time, the subjective element in aesthetics gradually disappears. When a work of art continues to provide pleasure and beauty over the centuries, as in Da Vinci paintings and Bach's music, we can fairly objectively call it a great work.

Hypothesis: If critics unanimously affirm a work of contemporary art, it is a great work is best supported by the above statement.


Premise: Since the 1990s, the global annual consumption of rare earth has increased from 33000 tons to more than 10 tons. Rare earth is not only an important raw material for traditional industries such as steel, nonferrous metals and oil, but also plays an irreplaceable role in the fields of photoelectric information, catalytic equivalent technology and new materials. In today's world, a new use of rare earth is found almost every three to five years, One of every four new technologies is related to rare earth. China is the largest resource country of rare earth, so it is urgent to protect rare earth resources.

Hypothesis: The international community has regarded rare earth as a strategic resource is explained in the paragraph.


Premise: Sinology, also known as Pu Xue, refers to the exegetical study of Han Confucianism, which flourished in the Qianlong Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty; Song Xue refers to the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Zhu, Lu Wang in the Song Dynasty (including Yuan and Ming). The former pays attention to textual research, while the latter pays attention to the meaning of nature, the limit of the door is very strict, and the growth and decline of each other.

Hypothesis: The Portal dispute between Han confucianism and Song confucianism is discussed by the author in the above discourse.


Premise: Eight large craters run in a long straight line across a geographical region. Although some of the craters contain rocks that have undergone high-pressure shocks characteristic of meteorites slamming into Earth, these shocks could also have been caused by extreme volcanic events. Because of the linearity of the craters, it is very unlikely that some of them were caused by volcanoes and others were caused by meteorites. Thus, since the craters are all different ages, they were probably caused by volcanic events rather than meteorites.

Hypothesis: No known natural cause would likely account for eight meteorite craters of different ages forming a straight line would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: Cultural anxiety refers to the psychological state of confusion, anxiety, disappointment and lack of self-confidence caused by the squeeze of traditional culture by foreign culture in the process of globalization and modernization.

Hypothesis: Squares, communities and parks containing foreign names such as Rome square and California town can be seen everywhere in cities large and small all over the country is not the cultural anxiety.


Premise: Road traffic accident refers to the event of personal injury or property loss caused by vehicle fault or accident on the road. Among them, road refers to roads, urban roads and places where social motor vehicles are allowed to pass although within the jurisdiction of the unit, including squares, public parking lots and other places used for public passage. Vehicle refers to motor vehicles and non motor vehicles. Non motor vehicles, It refers to the means of transport driven by human or animal power and running on the road, as well as the motor wheelchair, electric bicycle and other means of transport for the disabled whose design maximum speed, empty vehicle quality and overall dimensions meet the relevant national standards although driven by power devices.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'When the green light was on, Xiao Jiang crossed the zebra crossing and was injured by a bicycle running the red light' does not belong to road traffic accident.


Premise: At different times, about 7000 kinds of plants and hundreds of animals are used as food by human beings. The loss of species will reduce food diversity and make human beings rely on only a few major foods, thus breaking people's balanced diet. In addition, with the loss of species in the forest, the loss of species in the field may lead to an increase in the number of pathogens that are responsible for diseases in organisms. Some of the animals, plants and microbes that are most likely to become extinct are actually buffers for the spread of infectious diseases, which are responsible for many diseases on behalf of humans before they are infected.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The loss of species threatens the safety of human food' is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: Scientist: Some colonies of bacteria produce antibiotic molecules called phenazines, which they use to fend off other bacteria. We hypothesize that phenazines also serve as molecular pipelines that give interior bacteria access to essential nutrients in the environment surrounding the colony.

Hypothesis: Bacteria colonies that do not produce phenazines form wrinkled surfaces, thus increasing the number of bacteria that are in direct contact with the surrounding environment provides the most support for the scientist's hypothesis.


Premise: Some scholars have investigated and studied some successful female secretaries, showing that female secretaries have a strong modern consciousness and a keen modern vision, and they have proficient PR skills. It is precisely because they have the above two advantages that they play a well-deserved and important role on social stage, and they have excellent performance in resolving conflicts and troubleshooting. According to this, scholars have concluded that it is better for leaders to hire female secretaries than male secretaries.

Hypothesis: The statement "A qualified secretary must not only have a strong modern awareness and skilled PR skills, but also some more important qualities" can weaken the above argument most.


Premise: Some of the covers on the ancient cars are made of mats, some are made of linen, and the top is steeper, picking up to the edge of the canopy to form a curve. The advantage of this is that it can not block the view of passengers and it can make Rain Water on the roof line further.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is that the design of the cover of an ancient car is both practical and aesthetic.


Premise: Professionals predict that if grain prices remain stable, vegetable prices will also remain stable; if edible oil prices are unstable, vegetable prices will also fluctuate. Lao Li concluded that grain prices will remain stable, but meat prices will rise.

Hypothesis: If the price of cooking oil fluctuates, then the price of meat will not rise can best question Lao Li's point of view according to the above professional forecasts.


Premise: Aluminum alloys have widely replaced steel in military equipment because they provide the same protection and are lighter. But an armored vehicle made of aluminum alloy costs twice as much as a armored vehicle made of steel. Therefore, from a financial point of view, it is not advisable to replace the armored vehicles made of steel with armored vehicles made of aluminum alloy with the same protective performance.

Hypothesis: The operating cost of the armored vehicles made of aluminum alloy is 1/3 of that of the armored vehicles made of steel with the same performance can raise greater doubts about the above conclusion.


Premise: WiFi emitters produce electromagnetic radiation. Five middle school students in Denmark nurtured the seeds of water celery in rooms with and without WiFi emitters. After 12 days, they found that the germination rate of seeds in the room without WiFi emitters was 95.4%, and that the germination rate of seeds in the room with WiFi emitters was 85.3%. As a result, many people worry that the radiation of WiFi will affect the health of the human body. However, many experts believe that the above experiments are not rigorous, and it can not be concluded that the radiation of WiFi is harmful to the human body based on the experiment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The effect of the radiation of WiFi on human body is not only related to its frequency, but also to the distance between transmitter of WiFi and human body' does not support the views of these experts.


Premise: Paulsville and Longtown cannot both be included in the candidate' s itinerary of campaign stops. The candidate will make a stop in Paulsville unless Salisbury is made part of the itinerary. Unfortunately, a stop in Salisbury is out of the question. Clearly, then, a stop in Longtown can be ruled out.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in the argument which states: 'The city cannot afford to build both a new stadium and the new road that would be needed to get there. But neither of the two projects is worth doing without the other. Since the city will not undertake any but worthwhile projects, the new stadium will not be constructed at this time.'


Premise: If the electricity runs out, the electric bike will not be able to move on. My electric bike can't go on, so the electricity must have run out.

Hypothesis: Xiaoli did not study hard is most similar to the reasoning of the question.


Premise: Although it has been suggested that Arton' s plays have a strong patriotic flavor, we must recall that, at the time of their composition, her country was in anything but a patriotic mood. Unemployment was high, food was costly, and crime rates were soaring. As a result, the general morale of her nation was at an especially low point. Realizing this, we see clearly that any apparent patriotism in Arton' s work must have been intended ironically.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is questionable because it takes for granted that straightforward patriotism is not possible for a serious writer.


Premise: It was learned from the Ministry of Supervision of the Central Economic Commission that in 2004, the university's charging standards will continue to remain stable and no new projects will be established. However, the Qilu Evening News reported on the same day that the Shandong Education Department announced that the popular majors charge of ordinary universities will rise by 10%. Previously, Changsha The Evening News reported that the tuition fees for popular majors in universities in Hunan can be increased by no more than 30% on the basis of the unified provincial fee standard.

Hypothesis: From this text, we can know that some college fees will continue to rise.


Premise: Whether it is Douyin's slogan record the good Life or Kuaishou's slogan record the World record you, all emphasize the recording function of short videos. In this sense, short videos have similar functions to documentaries. From a micro point of view, short video records only some fragmented content, but from a macro point of view, short video records the overall style of an era. Different from documentaries, the recording of short videos is a kind of jigsaw recording, which collages the fragmented records of ordinary individuals' moments of life, and records the overall style of an era from its rich and diverse perspectives.

Hypothesis: The short video records fragmented content is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: In a mature economic policy system and economics education system, economic theory must be more realistic, and economic policies must also be based on theoretical logic. However, the combination of this theory and reality should rely on the expansion of the disciplines and theories The progress of China depends on the scientific division of labor and professional positioning, rather than on individual abilities or role changes.

Hypothesis: Whether we can formulate a reasonable economic policy depends on the ability of economists is not understood correctly.


Premise: Zachary: One would have to be blind to the reality of moral obligation to deny that people who believe a course of action to be morally obligatory for them have both the right and the duty to pursue that action, and that no one else has any right to stop them from doing so. Cynthia: But imagine an artist who feels morally obliged to do whatever she can to prevent works of art from being destroyed confronting a morally committed antipornography demonstrator engaged in destroying artworks he deems pornographic. According to your principle that artist has, simultaneously, both the right and the duty to stop the destruction and no right whatsoever to stop it.

Hypothesis: Cynthia's response to Zachary's claim is structured to demonstrate that Zachary's principle is untenable on its own terms.


Premise: The company arranged 8 people A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H to go on business trip, and they were just arranged in 8 adjacent rooms in the same row of the hotel. It is known that :① there are 3 people between A and C; ② There are two people between B and F; ③ D is to the left of G, and there are two people between them. There is a person between H and E.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it is impossible for D to be in the fourth room in order from left to right.


Premise: It is understood that in response to the phenomenon of falsely high drug prices, the National Development and Reform Commission hopes that through statistics from the Drug Administration, since the government resumed control of the prices of some drugs, it has carried out 17 drug price cuts. Up to now, the national medical insurance catalog has been formulated and adjusted. The highest retail price of more than 1,000 medicines. However, due to the cumbersome circulation and dark-box operation, the price of medicines is still very high, and the actual drug prices are still quite different from the expectations of patients.

Hypothesis: According to this text, the control of drug prices is the fundamental way to solve the falsely high drug prices.


Premise: Each year, an official estimate of the stock of cod in the Grand Banks is announced. This estimate is obtained by averaging two separate estimates of how many cod are available, one based on the number of cod caught by research vessels during a once-yearly sampling of the area and the other on the average number of tons of cod caught by various commercial vessels per unit of fishing effort expended there in the past year -- a unit of fishing effort being one kilometer of net set out in the water for one hour. In previous decades, the two estimates usually agreed closely. However, for the last decade the estimate based on commercial tonnage has been increasing markedly, by about the same amount as the samplingbased estimate has been decreasing.

Hypothesis: If the statements in the passage are true, the most strongly supported statement is that twenty years ago, the overall stock of cod in the Grand Banks was officially estimated to be much larger than it is estimated to be today.


Premise: The blackmail of public opinion means the profit-seeking behavior of deliberately provoking trouble or controversy with outrageous words and deeds in order to arouse the attention of public opinion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A certain factory owed its workers several months' wages, but the workers repeatedly asked for nothing and went to the government's petition department to report it. The relevant departments were ready to interview the factory leader, and the factory director came forward to pay the wages in arrears' belongs to the blackmail of public opinion.


Premise: During the National Games, there are 8 athletes living in building F. among them, one is from Heilongjiang, two are from the north, one is from Guangdong, two are track and field athletes, and three are main athletes. The above statistics involve all 8 athletes in building F.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The main players are southerners' contradicts the information stated in the stem.


Premise: Most galaxies are moving away from us, and their receding speed (redshift) is proportional to the distance of the galaxies. This proportional coefficient, now known as the Hubble constant, represents the current rate of expansion of the universe. One of the core tasks of observational cosmology is to measure the relationship between distance and redshift. it describes the history of cosmic expansion, answers basic questions about the age, geometry and composition of the universe, and even tests many new physical predictions. In astronomical observations, the redshift of distant celestial bodies can be accurately obtained, but the accurate measurement of distance has always been the biggest problem for astronomers.

Hypothesis: Breakthroughs in the measurement of distances is most likely to be discussed by the author next.


Premise: Physicalists expect that ultimately all mental functions will be explainable in neurobiological terms. Achieving this goal requires knowledge of neurons and their basic functions, a knowledge of how neurons interact, and a delineation of the psychological faculties to be explained. At present, there is a substantial amount of fundamental knowledge about the basic functions of neurons, and the scope and character of such psychological capacities as visual perception and memory are well understood. Thus, as the physicalists claim, mental functions are bound to receive explanations in neurobiological terms in the near future.

Hypothesis: The statement that the passage does not indicate that any knowledge has been achieved about how neurons interact indicates an error in the reasoning in the passage.


Premise: A new, more aggressive fungus that caused the potato famine in the 19th century in Ireland has recently emerged. Fortunately, because the new fungus can be killed by newly used fungicides, it will not cause widespread food shortages in the countries currently dependent on potatoes.

Hypothesis: If most governments have special funds to reduce large-scale disasters such as severe food shortages and floods, then this information can most doubt the above statement.