Premise: The radiation absorbed by someone during an ordinary commercial airline flight is no more dangerous than that received during an ordinary dental X-ray. Since a dental X-ray does negligible harm to a person, we can conclude that the radiation absorbed by members of commercial airline flight crews will also do them negligible harm.

Hypothesis: The longer and the more often one is exposed to radiation, the more radiation one absorbs and the more seriously one is harmed is a flaw in the argument.


Premise: Eyre, Oman and Derby, one of these three countries belongs to Asia, one belongs to Europe, and the other belongs to Africa. Eyre is not as big as the European countries among them, and the Derby is smaller than the African countries among them, and the European countries among them are bigger than Oman.

Hypothesis: The order of the three countries from large to small is Oman, Eyre and Derby.


Premise: A number of Grandville' s wealthiest citizens have been criminals. So, since it is of utmost importance that the Grandville Planning Committee be composed solely of individuals whose personal standards of ethics are beyond reproach, no wealthy person should be appointed to that committee.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it confuses a result with something that is sufficient for bringing about that result.


Premise: If the price it pays for coffee beans continues to increase, the Coffee Shoppe will have to increase its prices. In that case, either the Coffee Shoppe will begin selling noncoffee products or its coffee sales will decrease. But selling noncoffee products will decrease the Coffee Shoppe' s overall profitability. Moreover, the Coffee Shoppe can avoid a decrease in overall profitability only if its coffee sales do not decrease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Coffee Shoppe's overall profitability will decrease if the price it pays for coffee beans continues to increase' follows logically from the statements above.


Premise: In many languages other than English there is a word for mother' s brotherwhich is different from the word for father' s brother,  whereas English uses the word uncle for both. Thus, speakers of these languages evidence a more finely discriminated kinship system than English speakers do. The number of basic words for colors also varies widely from language to language. Ttherefore, speakers of languages that have fewer basic words for colors than English has must be perceptually unable to distinguish as many colors as speakers of English can distinguish.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Speakers of English are able to distinguish between lighter and darker shades of the color they call blue, for which Russian has two different basic words' undermines the conclusion concerning words for colors.


Premise: The foreign minister of Zeria announced today that her country was severing diplomatic relations with Nandalo because of Nandalo' s flagrant violations of human rights. But Zeria continues to maintain diplomatic relations with many countries that the minister knows to have far worse human-rights records than Nandalo does. Ttherefore, despite the foreign minister' s claim, this latest diplomatic move cannot be explained exclusively by Zeria' s commitment to upholding human rights.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The country that currently buys most of Zeria's exports recently suggested that it might severely restrict its imports from Zeria unless Zeria broke off diplomatic relations with Nandalo' provides the most support for the argument in the passage.


Premise: Different from water and air pollution, the concealment of soil pollution is strong. The soil remediation technology that can be used in developed countries may not be applicable in our country. At present, soil in situ remediation technology based on extracellular respiration of microorganisms has become a new force in soil bioremediation technology in South China. Compared with physical and chemical repair, this repair method has the characteristics of high efficiency, low cost, non-destructive, wide application and so on.

Hypothesis: The soil in remediation technology is developed on the basis of the characteristic soil conditions in South China is the basis of the above argument.


Premise: While biodiversity is indispensable to the survival of life on Earth, biodiversity does not require the survival of every currently existing species. For there to be life on Earth, various ecological niches must be filled; many niches, however, can be filled by more than one species.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument is that the survival of life on Earth depends upon biodiversity.


Premise: Why do dogs hide their mouths under their forelimbs while cats squeeze their ears under their forelegs? Animals use sensory organs to detect changes in the surrounding environment and react differently to different changes. The dog's sense of smell is particularly sensitive, it relies on the sense of smell to identify some objects, military dogs also rely on the sense of smell to judge the enemy situation and identify the path. For a dog, his nose is the most precious, so when he sleeps, hide his mouth and nose with his forelimbs to protect him, and use his nose to keep an eye on the surrounding movement. if anything happens, he can immediately identify it with his nose, or demonstrate by barking. The cat has a very sensitive sense of hearing. It uses its hearing to detect changes around it. When it catches mice, it uses its hearing to find out where the mice are. For a cat, its ears are the most precious, so when it sleeps, it squeezes its ears under its forelimbs, protects them on the one hand, and puts them on the ground on the other. As soon as it hears a sound, it can take immediate action. After entering the human family, cats and dogs still maintain this sleeping position.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this passage is that the unique sleeping position of cats and dogs helps to stay alert and protect their most precious sensory organs.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: If H does not participate in the competition, F and G are required to participate in the competition.


Premise: More women than men suffer from Alzheimer' s disease -- a disease that is most commonly contracted by elderly persons. This discrepancy has often been attributed to women' s longer life span, but this theory may be wrong. A recent study has shown that prescribing estrogen to women after menopause, when estrogen production in the body decreases, may prevent them from developing the disease. Men' s supply of testosterone may help safeguard them against Alzheimer' s disease because much of it is converted by the body to estrogen, and testosterone levels stay relatively stable into old age.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that a decrease in estrogen, rather than longer life span, may explain the higher occurrence of Alzheimer's disease in women relative to men.


Premise: Self-contradiction means that in the same thinking or debate process, the same subject makes two negative conclusions about one same object.

Hypothesis: After Manager Zhang spoke, Chen said: I basically agree with Manager Zhang's opinion completely contains self-contradiction.


Premise: Suffering from kidney failure and having fallen into a coma, Mr. Smith urgently required a kidney transplant. When Mr. Smith' s cousin volunteered to donate a kidney, Mr. Smith' s daughter had to decide whether to sign the consent form permitting the transplant. She knew that her father strongly objected to transplantation of organs from live donors on the grounds that these operations caused serious disability to the organ donor. Although she knew her father' s objection was based on a mistaken belief about the danger to kidney donors, she decided not to consent to the surgery.

Hypothesis: Withholding a medically advisable treatment from an unconscious patient is justified if securing that treatment would result in another person's becoming seriously disabled conforms to one of the principles that Mr. Smith's daughter's decision is based on.


Premise: There is good news and bad news. no matter what topic you talk about, such an opening speech makes people feel a chill all over the body. Then, after this sentence, there is often such a question: do you want to hear good news or bad news first? A new study suggests that you may want to hear the bad news first.

Hypothesis: If the news comes from someone you trust, the order in which you want to listen to good and bad news will be different weakens the above argument most.


Premise: In 1784, the famous astronomer William Herschel once wrote that the dark areas on the surface of Mars are oceans, and the brighter areas are land. Herschel speculated that there must be intelligent life on Mars, and they may be similar to us on Earth. Herschel's theory has been popular for more than a century, and even some other astronomers have echoed that vegetation can be observed in some brightly colored areas.

Hypothesis: The statement "Where there is sea and land, there must be intelligent life" can best support Herschel's conjecture if it is true.


Premise: Road rage means driving in a rage, changing lanes randomly, overtaking another car, etc, a kind of mental illness called intermittent, fulminant disorder (IED). studies have found that the proportion of IED patients who test positive for Toxoplasma gondii is twice that of the non-IED group. Researchers believe that Toxoplasma gondii infection may be the culprit leading to IED including road rage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Toxoplasma gondii overstimulates neurons in the brain that control the threat response, triggering aggression' does not support the researchers point of view if true.


Premise: Politician: The cohesion of a society depends on its members' accepting a set of basic principles. When these principles are routinely called into question, the society begins to erode. Any society, ttherefore, that allows schools to present the society' s set of basic principles as simply one of several alternatives, with the suggestion that students may choose which to accept on the basis of the principles' worth, is inviting its own demise.

Hypothesis: Given the chance to assess the merits of the principles governing their societies, individuals will rarely find those principles acceptable would, if true, most strengthen the politician's argument.


Premise: Scientists in France and Belgium are trying to find out whether there are differences between the brains of mathematical geniuses and ordinary people. In their report, they said that the study found that some people can quickly calculate complex mathematical problems, Maybe it's because they can use parts of the brain that other people can't use. Researchers used positron ray scanning technology to compare the brain of a famous mathematician with that of ordinary people. They found that when mathematicians perform problem calculus, the part of the brain usually responsible for long-term memory also becomes active, However, most people don't have this phenomenon. Therefore, researchers infer that mathematicians use more memory in calculus, so as to speed up the calculus. This principle is the same as that of computers. The larger the memory, the faster the operation speed.

Hypothesis: Brain capacity determines the ability to deal with mathematical problems is consistent with this paragraph.


Premise: When using antibacterial drugs in the clinic, if choosing the type of drug according to the patient's personal situation, strictly requiring the dose and concentration of the first medication, and following strict regulations in the frequency of drug use and drug compatibility, the spread and deterioration of drug resistance can be controlled, although it cannot completely prevent drug-resistant strains.

Hypothesis: The author's view on whether drug resistance will occur after the use of antibacterial drugs is undetermined.


Premise: Internet users justifiably fear identity fraud and other online crimes. The attribute that most Internet crimes have in common is anonymity. Criminals hide behind screen names when perpetrating their crimes and feel safe from apprehension and punishment in doing so because other Internet users cannot learn their true identities, and jurisdictional and budget issues make it difficult for law enforcement agencies to enforce existing laws. Clearly, the only way to reduce such crime in the future is to create a system that requires Internet users to provide their true identities and full contact information in a way that is visible to all other users.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the statement, "Wildlife biologists report that the population of the Northern Rock Fish is reaching dangerously low levels. The decrease in population is attributed to over fishing by unethical anglers who ignore laws regulating the size and number of the species that may be taken from rivers and streams. Poachers know that there are insufficient numbers of enforcement officers to create a credible threat of apprehension. It is obvious to authorities that the only way to save the species is to implement a total ban on the fishing of Northern Rock Fish immediately."


Premise: Mayor Pollister always repays his contributors by passing the laws they desire. Since Mayor Pollister recently passed the city' s first clean air act, he must have had a contributor to repay.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that the city will be benefited by the passage of the clean air act.


Premise: Stereotype refers to a society for a certain kind of things to produce a more fixed view, but also a general and general view.

Hypothesis: The boss liked Xiao Li very much at the first sight and put him in an important position in his work does not have a stereotype.


Premise: The guarantee of joint and several liability is a kind of guarantee of debt, which refers to the agreement between the guarantor and the creditor that if the debtor fails to perform the debt at the expiration of the time limit for the performance of the debt, the creditor may not only require the debtor to perform the debt, but also require the guarantor to bear the debt within the scope of its guarantee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the guarantee of joint and several liability includes the situation where A owes B 1 million yuan, A calls C and gives a famous painting in C's collection to B, and it is agreed that if A fails to repay the payment within three months, B has the right to acquire the ownership of the painting.


Premise: Navigation satellites are located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals throughout their coverage area. Beyond 20,000 kilometers, a whole new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, the most talked about being pulsar navigation. Pulsars are neutron stars that emit radio or X-ray radiation in the direction of their magnetic poles. They pulse when the axis of rotation does not coincide with the magnetic poles and sweeps across the Earth. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they are comparable to the best atomic clocks on Earth that they are also known as the atomic clocks of the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know where they are, you can use them for interstellar voyages.

Hypothesis: Factors affecting rotational stability of pulsars is most likely to be introduced next.


Premise: Investment banker: Democracies require free-market capitalist economies, because a more controlled economy is incompatible with complete democracy. But history shows that repressive measures against certain capitalistic developments are required during the transition from a totalitarian regime to a democracy. Thus, people who bemoan the seemingly anticapitalistic measures certain governments are currently taking are being hasty.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the nations whose anticapitalistic measures the people in question bemoan had totalitarian regimes in the recent past is required by the investment banker's argument.


Premise: For a television program about astrology, investigators went into the street and found twenty volunteers born under the sign of Gemini who were willing to be interviewed on the program and to take a personality test. The test confirmed the investigators' personal impressions that each of the volunteers was more sociable and extroverted than people are on average. This modest investigation thus supports the claim that one' s astrological birth sign influences one' s personality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who are not sociable and extroverted are not likely to agree to participate in such an investigation' indicates the most serious flaw in the method used by the investigators.


Premise: If criticism is not free, praise is meaningless. In a sense, the credibility of praise depends on the freedom of criticism. If we are in an environment where we can't freely express criticism, no matter how fully the voice of praise is expressed, we can't let the public believe it, Because the most authentic evaluation is always produced in a freely competitive speech environment. Once this institutional soil to ensure the credibility of praise speech is missing, even if the praise really comes from the true feelings of the parties, the effect will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: The most accurate gist of this passage is "If you can freely express criticism, you can have real praise".


Premise: A:eat fish can make people smart.B:Yes, I do not love to eat fish since childhood, so I am stupid.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Anyone who doesn't like to eat fish must be stupid' must be added as the premise in order to make B's argument valid.


Premise: When exercising the muscles in one' s back, it is important, in order to maintain a healthy back, to exercise the muscles on opposite sides of the spine equally. After all, balanced muscle development is needed to maintain a healthy back, since the muscles on opposite sides of the spine must pull equally in opposing directions to keep the back in proper alignment and protect the spine.

Hypothesis: Exercising the muscles on opposite sides of the spine unequally tends to lead to unbalanced muscle development is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: In the naval battle between Britain and Denmark in Copenhagen, British Navy Colonel Nelson was in danger and received a signal to retreat. When the captain asked him what to do, he raised the telescope to one of his blind eyes and said, I don't see that signal. So he bravely continued to command the battle, and the result was victory, and Denmark was forced to call a truce.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Nayunson found a reason for not carrying out the order.


Premise: The blue-tipped puffer is a migratory bird that is found along the coast of this state in summer months. The puffers enjoy the seeds of Thomson' s Mulberry trees; because these trees are plentiful in the state' s Coastal Park, traditionally many blue-tipped puffers would be found in the park during summer months. Ten years ago, the grey fox, a primary predator of the puffer, was re-introduced into the park, and its numbers have been thriving. Over that time, we have seen many fewer puffers in the park during the summer months. Clearly, the puffers are choosing to spend their summers elsewhere.

Hypothesis: The most important thing to determine in order to evaluate the argument is what other birds and small mammals the grey fox typically hunts besides the blue-tipped puffers.


Premise: Godinez: In the past, land was sometimes measured by the amount of time required to plow it. Thus, two plots of equal physical dimensions were considered unequal if one was more difficult to plow than the other. However, knowing how long an area takes to plow reveals little about how many apartment complexes it can hold. Ttherefore, it became necessary to adopt new measures of land, such as acreage, when land uses diversified.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Godinez's argument is that the advent of diversified land uses made new measures of land necessary.


Premise: Road traffic accident refers to the event of personal injury or property loss caused by vehicle fault or accident on the road. Among them, road refers to roads, urban roads and places where social motor vehicles are allowed to pass although within the jurisdiction of the unit, including squares, public parking lots and other places used for public passage. Vehicle refers to motor vehicles and non motor vehicles. Non motor vehicles, It refers to the means of transport driven by human or animal power and running on the road, as well as the motor wheelchair, electric bicycle and other means of transport for the disabled whose design maximum speed, empty vehicle quality and overall dimensions meet the relevant national standards although driven by power devices.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang accidentally knocking down an old man while reversing in the closed management community doesn't belong to road traffic accident according to the above definition.


Premise: There are more users of the cable TV pay channels in city X than in city Y, so citizens of city X are more aware of international current affairs than citizens of city Y.

Hypothesis: The monthly rental fee of the cable TV pay channels in city X is lower than that of similar channels in city Y will weaken the above argument.


Premise: In the past 15 years, there have been great innovations in world technology, especially in communications, information and electronics. Undoubtedly, technological progress has improved production, and strengthening technical forces is an important factor in promoting economic growth.

Hypothesis: Technological innovation can promote production development can be derived.


Premise: Li said, I passed all the exams in all subjects this time and got my motor vehicle driver's license. If what Li said is not

Hypothesis: Li didn't pass the exams in all the subjects is correct.


Premise: Guardianship is a system of legal supervision and protection of the person, property and other lawful rights and interests of a citizen or entity without a civil capacity or capacity.

Hypothesis: A reasonable guarding requirement is that Xiao Liu forbade her daughter, who went to primary school, from leaving home after 8 p.m.


Premise: Fremont: Simpson is not a viable candidate for chief executive of Pod Oil because he has no background in the oil industry. Galindo: I disagree. An oil industry background is no guarantee of success. Look no further than Pod Oil' s last chief executive, who had decades of oil industry experience but steered the company to the brink of bankruptcy.

Hypothesis: Galindo's argument is flawed in that it rests on a confusion between whether an attribute is necessary for success and whether that attribute is sufficient for success.


Premise: More and more people have become blind followers of the Internet. They are afraid that their habitual virtual identity will be preempted by others in an online community. This scene seems to be somewhat similar to the free e-mail boom around 1999. At that time, statistics show that each Internet user has registered an average of 8.6 e-mails. By 2005, only 18% of these e-mails were still in use, The average e-mail used by each Internet natural person is only 1.73. Similarly, only a few community registrants will become surviving online natural persons. Everyone's limited energy and time determine the ceiling height of online communities in the future.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that online communities should learn the lessons of the free e-mail boom.


Premise: Invisible implantation refers to the propaganda strategy that affects the audience unconsciously through peripheral information, symbol system and other imperceptible forms.

Hypothesis: An Invisible implantation is when in a TV series, all characters use the same brand of mobile phone and use the brand's classic ringtone.


Premise: Xiao Ming has to go to an English cram class outside the school every weekend. Xiao Qiang has never been to an English cram class. As a result, the English scores of Xiao Ming and Xiao Qiang in the final exam are 95 and 55 respectively. Therefore, the reason why Xiao Ming's English score is better than Xiao Qiang is that he went to an English cram class outside the school.

Hypothesis: Xiao Gang has never been to an English tutorial class and scored 80 points in the English test this time is the most difficult to weaken the above assertion.


Premise: There are seven brothers and sisters in the family, but only one of them is known as A, B, C, D, E, F,G:A has three sisters. B has a brother. C is a woman and she has two sisters. D has two younger brothers. E has two older sisters. F is also a woman, but she and G have no younger sisters.

Hypothesis: A, B, E, G are male and D,C,F are female is the correct answer about gender.


Premise: Some people think that only by establishing a good institutional mechanism can corruption be fundamentally put an end to. However, in Chinese society, once an atmosphere is formed, even a powerful system will be torn apart by it. righting the hearts of the people and then the world. If we want to solve the problem fundamentally, we must take rectifying the hearts of the people as the foundation. Only when the hearts of the people are upright can the wind of corruption and utilitarianism be eliminated, and can the anti-corruption system be truly established and effectively implemented.

Hypothesis: The system is the foundation of straightening the hearts of the people. with the anti-corruption system and strict implementation, the atmosphere will change is the hypothesis on which the above argument depends.


Hypothesis: Technological progress determines economic growth can be derived from the information provided.


Premise: The familiar slogan survival of the fittest is popularly used to express the claim, often mistakenly attributed to evolutionary biologists, that the fittest are most likely to survive. However, biologists use the term fittest to mean most likely to survive,  so the slogan is merely claiming that the most likely to survive are the most likely to survive. While this claim is clearly true, it is a tautology and so is neither informative nor of scientific interest.

Hypothesis: The argument above depends on assuming that popular slogans are seldom informative or of scientific interest.


Premise: Reducing the death penalty does not mean that loopholes can be exploited. In fact, one of the conditions for abolishing the death penalty in any country is that the judicial justice in this country reaches a certain degree, otherwise people do not have confidence in the administration of justice, people will want to impose more death sentences, so they complement each other.

Hypothesis: The statement "Conditions for abolishing the death penalty and judicial justice" refers to the "they" in the above text.


Premise: Skeletal remains of early humans indicate clearly that our ancestors had fewer dental problems than we have. So, most likely, the diet of early humans was very different from ours.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Diet is by far the most significant factor contributing to dental health' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: the school's flood fighting rescue donation team received a large amount of unsigned donation. After searching in many ways,it can be concluded that it was donated by one of Zhao,Qian,Sun,and Li. Upon inquiry,Zhao said It was not my donation,Qian said It was donated by Li,Sun said It was donated by money,Li saidI definitely didn't donate. Finally, a detailed investigation confirmed that only one of the four people was telling the truth.

Hypothesis: Based on the above known conditions, Li is telling the truth and Zhao donated it is true.


Premise: Concept is a thinking form that reflects the essential attributes of objects. The extension of concept refers to all objects with the essential attributes reflected by the concept. According to whether there are overlapping parts between concept extensions, the relationship between concepts can be divided into compatible relationship and incompatible relationship. The compatible relationship between concepts refers to the relationship that two concept extensions at least partially overlap.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the concept 'College Students - CPC Members' is not compatible.


Premise: Stimulus generalization means that the conditioned organism learns the behavior of making a specific response to a certain stimulus, so it can make the same behavioral response to similar stimuli. Stimulus differentiation is to enable the organism to learn to make different behavioral responses to conditioned stimuli and similar stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.

Hypothesis: After a certain brand of toothpaste becomes a famous brand, the manufacturer names its cosmetics after the same brand, which takes advantage of the Stimulus generalization of customer is not true according to the above definition.


Premise: Politician: It has been proposed that the national parks in our country be managed by private companies rather than the government. A similar privatization of the telecommunications industry has benefited consumers by allowing competition among a variety of telephone companies to improve service and force down prices. Ttherefore, the privatization of the national parks would probably benefit park visitors as well.

Hypothesis: The privatization of the telecommunications industry has been problematic in that it has led to significantly increased unemployment and economic instability in that industry most weakens the politician's argument.


Hypothesis: A reasonable guarding requirement is that Li Ma asked her son to keep all his earnings after he joined the work.


Premise: Excavations of the Roman city of Sepphoris have uncovered numerous detailed mosaics depicting several readily identifiable animal species: a hare, a partridge, and various Mediterranean fish. Oddly, most of the species represented did not live in the Sepphoris region when these mosaics were created. Since identical motifs appear in mosaics found in other Roman cities, however, the mosaics of Sepphoris were very likely created by traveling artisans from some other part of the Roman Empire.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there was not a common repertory of mosaic designs with which artisans who lived in various parts of the Roman Empire were familiar is on which the argument depends.


Premise: The position that punishment should be proportional to how serious the offense is but that repeat offenders should receive harsher punishments than first-time offenders is unsustainable. It implies that considerations as remote as what an offender did years ago are relevant to the seriousness of an offense. If such remote considerations were relevant, almost every other consideration would be too. But this would make determining the seriousness of an offense so difficult that it would be impossible to apply the proportionality principle.

Hypothesis: The statement that considerations as remote as what an offender did years ago are relevant to the seriousness of an offense plays the role of an allegedly untenable consequence of a view rejected in the argument's overall conclusion.


Premise: State A has an alliance with state B, and state B has an alliance with state C. Therefore, state A has an alliance with state C.

Hypothesis: None of the above is true is the answer to the question 'This reasoning system'.


Premise: Coherent solutions for the problem of reducing health-care costs cannot be found within the current piecemeal system of paying these costs. The reason is that this system gives health-care providers and insurers every incentive to shift, wherever possible, the costs of treating illness onto each other or any other party, including the patient. That clearly is the lesson of the various reforms of the 1980s: push in on one part of this pliable spending balloon and an equally expensive bulge pops up elsewhere. For example, when the government health-care insurance program for the poor cut costs by disallowing payments for some visits to physicians, patients with advanced illness later presented themselves at hospital emergency rooms in increased numbers.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by showing that shifting costs onto the patient contradicts the premise of health-care reimbursement.


Premise: Congress has passed a law that scales back the tax credits offered to purchasers of hybrid cars. Because of this, the number of hybrid cars sold each year, which has approximately doubled in each of the last five years, is likely to flatten in the next few years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Gasoline prices are projected to fall over the next few years' most weakens the conclusion that the number of hybrid cars sold annually is likely to flatten in the next few years.


Premise: The introduction of symbols for numbers is an event lost in prehistory, but the earliest known number symbols, in the form of simple grooves and scratches on bones and stones, date back 20, 000 years or more. Nevertheless, since it was not until 5, 500 years ago that systematic methods for writing numerals were invented, it was only then that any sort of computation became possible.

Hypothesis: The assumption that grooves and scratches inscribed on bones and stones do not date back to the time of the earliest people is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Spring Mountain College recently sent out a survey to the graduating class of 2003 asking that the graduates provide their class rank. Surprisingly, the survey results revealed that most of the students ranked in the top third of the class.

Hypothesis: The survey results would most likely be explained by the statement 'All the graduates of 2003 had a positive experience while at Spring Mountain College'.


Premise: Psychological contract refers to the implied relationship between the individual and the organization that is not expressly stipulated in the respective responsibilities and expectations of each other.

Hypothesis: A measure to establish a psychological contract is the promise to provide employees with interest free loans for house purchase according to the above definition.


Premise: Water conservancy projects are projects that are used to control and adjust the surface water and groundwater in nature to achieve the purpose of eliminating harms and benefiting.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, urban sewage treatment plants using microorganisms to decompose and absorb organic matter in the water does not involve water conservancy projects.


Premise: It has become a new fashion for readers to read various online novels online. Click-through novels stand out on the basis of online novels and become a new publishing mode. Works on the Internet are published because of the high click-through rate, and online authors can get royalties Income. The website earns high click-through rate because of its popularity, and publishers judge the market because of high click-through rate and popularity, and win market sales performance. In order to obtain a higher click-through rate, some professional writers even write books according to the requirements of the publisher.

Hypothesis: Online reading will gradually replace the traditional reading mode cannot be derived according to the above article.


Premise: Digital family refers to computer technology and network technology as the basis for various electrical appliances through different ways of interconnection of communication and data exchange, to achieve interconnection between electrical appliances, so that people can more convenient and efficient access to information, thereby greatly improving the comfort and entertainment of human habitation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Liu using the rice cooker appointment timing function to let the rice cooker start working automatically at a predetermined time does not involve a digital family.


Premise: Commodity price difference: refers to the price difference of the same commodity due to different circulation links, quality, purchase and sales areas and seasons.

Hypothesis: The prices of Haier TVs and TCL TVs are different does not belong to the commodity price difference according to the definition.


Premise: In the four rooms with room numbers one, two, three, and four on the same side, four experts from South Korea, France, Britain and Germany lived respectively. A reporter came to interview them,and the Korean said my room number is larger than the German,and I can't speak foreign languages,nor can I communicate with my neighbors.The French saidi can speak German,but I can't communicate with my neighbors.The British saidi can speak Korean,but I can only communicate with one of my neighbors.The German saidi can speak the languages of our four countries.

Hypothesis: According to the order of the room number from smallest to largest, the nationalities of the rooms are Germany, Britain, France, and South Korea.


Premise: Advice columnist: Several scientific studies have shown that, when participating in competitive sports, those people who have recently been experiencing major stress in their lives are several times more likely to suffer serious injuries than are other participants in competitive sports. Since risking serious injury is unwise, no sports activity should be used as a method for coping with stress.

Hypothesis: The principle 'If people recently under stress should avoid a subset of activities of a certain type, they should avoid all activities of that type' most helps to justify the reasoning in the advice columnist's argument.


Premise: The National Farm Administration (NFA) has been concerned over the last decade with the struggles of barley growers. Plan: In an effort to support these barley growers, two years ago, the NFA began a program of sending them, each autumn, a free special mix of fertilizer and enzymes designed to multiply barley yield, to be applied the following spring during first growth. This mix had been stunningly successful in multiplying the yield of barley in laboratory conditions. Results: Most barley growers reported little change in their economic status over this two year period.

Hypothesis: Some of the enzymes in the special mix multiply the growth of a bacteria that feeds on the young barley plants does most to explain the result that followed the implementation of the plan.


Premise: A recent study has found that, surprisingly, the risk of serious injuries to workers is higher in industries that are monitored by government safety inspectors than in industries that are not so monitored.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Government safety inspectors not only monitor but also train employees of the inspected firms to follow safe practices' most helps to explain the surprising finding described above.


Premise: Since 1990 the percentage of bacterial sinus infections in Aqadestan that are resistant to the antibiotic perxicillin has increased substantially. Bacteria can quickly develop resistance to an antibiotic when it is prescribed indiscriminately or when patients fail to take it as prescribed. Since perxicillin has not been indiscriminately prescribed, health officials hypothesize that the increase in perxicillin-resistant sinus infections is largely due to patients' failure to take this medication as prescribed.

Hypothesis: A large number of Aqadestanis never seek medical help when they have a sinus infection, if true of Aqadestan, provides most support for the health officials' hypothesis.


Premise: Quoting an article in New Scientist magazine, Cleary said that the role of memory is not necessarily to remember the past, but to help us move into the future. Memory sometimes uses imagination and creation to let us know what to do next, or how to react in certain situations. Some people think that they have the ability to foresee the future, but they may be fragmented memories of the past. If the feeling of deja vu comes from an unremembered memory, it is easy to create the illusion that what happens next also comes from this memory and that you have psychic abilities.

Hypothesis: Deja vu cannot help us see the future is inconsistent with the above point of view.


Premise: With the increase of the contribution rate of science and technology to economic and social development and the deepening of the involvement of science and technology in life, the relationship between ordinary people and science and technology has become closer. Popular science has increasingly become a common expectation of people when it comes to life. And this puts forward higher requirements for popular science innovation. Of course, the first thing to innovate in popular science is to update the ideas and contents of popular science in a timely manner, and to inform the public of the ever-changing achievements of scientific and technological development in an easy-to-understand way. At the same time, it also means the innovation of the forms and means of science popularization. Adding elements of literature and art is the proper meaning of the title_ _ The older generation of scientific workers are very good at borrowing the power of literature and art. For example, when we read Mr. Zhu Kezhen's popular science articles such as hurricane and cloud, we will be impressed by his accurate and vivid words.

Hypothesis: The statement "In fact, popular science itself is literary" is the most appropriate to fill in the horizontal part of the painting.


Premise: Computer programmers who work on the computer screen for a long time are prone to myopia. In order to help these people prevent and alleviate myopia, the company has printed and distributed brochures for employees to teach them some methods to prevent and treat myopia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Myopia is difficult to self-prevent and treat' can most question the effectiveness of the above publicity.


Premise: International trade is a cross-border transaction activity, which is the circulation of goods, technology, labor, and information between a country and other countries or regions in the world.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, Israel's Ministry of Defense ordering a batch of fighter jets from the U.S is international trade.


Premise: A joint venture refers to an economic organization formed by two or more corporate legal persons or public institution legal persons with the same or different ownership properties, based on the principles of voluntariness, equality, and mutual benefit.

Hypothesis: Zhang and a technology company jointly invested and established a trading company is a joint venture.


Premise: Neuropathy refers to the organic and functional disorders of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, central nerve and peripheral nerve) and its accessory structures (meninges, cerebrovascular, muscle, etc.).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Liver cancer is not a neuropathic disease.


Premise: The radiation absorbed by someone during an ordinary commercial airline flight is no more dangerous than that received during an ordinary dental X-ray. Since a dental X-ray does negligible harm to a person, we can conclude that the radiation absorbed by members of commercial airline flight crews will also do them negligible harm.

Hypothesis: Flying at high altitude involves risks in addition to exposure to minor radiation is a flaw in the argument.


Premise: In the process of moving from developing China to economically developed countries, a large amount of capital support is an essential condition, and a high savings rate is a necessary condition for obtaining a large amount of capital. At present, China is in the period of economic take-off. Therefore, a high savings rate is a normal and reasonable phenomenon in the current economic development.

Hypothesis: Without a high savings rate, the transition to developed countries cannot be achieved can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: Ballet in China has been more than a century since it was performed at the court in the late Qing Dynasty, and it has been nearly 100 years since Russia began to teach in Shanghai in the 1920s. There is indeed a big gap between ballet and Chinese traditional aesthetics, but the Chinese can accept it smoothly for a hundred years. Even in the years of the Cultural Revolution, ballet was still popular on the stage and played an important role as a model. Ballet, once appreciated by the European court, has been Sinicized in China, and a number of Chinese players have stepped onto the podium in the international arena.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Ballet has become a miracle that foreign culture takes root and blossoms in China.


Premise: Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers' report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Ttherefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to know whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Arrest refers to a coercive method used by public security organs, people's procuratorates and people's courts to prevent defendants from evading or obstructing investigations and trials, or continuing to endanger society, and depriving them of their personal freedom in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: The criminal Tian Mou stole 150,000 yuan of property, and in order to avoid the pursuit, he also injured a public security officer. After the public security organ caught him, he asked the People's Procuratorate for approval and sent him to a detention center is an arrest according to the above definition.


Premise: As long as the rule of law and truly people - oriented,, we can completely solve the problem of arrears of migrant workers wages. According to a survey conducted during the Spring Festival in 2004, wage arrears to migrant workers are still serious in some places.

Hypothesis: In some places, there is neither the rule of law nor the people-oriented can be inferred.


Premise: There are four kinds of green tea, black tea, scented tea and white tea in the four boxes numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. Each box contains only one kind of tea, and each kind of tea contains only one box. It is known that: (1) the boxes of green tea and black tea are in the range of No. 1, 2 and 3; (2) the boxes of black tea and scented tea are in the range of No. 2, 3 and 4; (3) the boxes of white tea are in the range of No. 1, 2 and 3.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Scented tea is on the 4th is correct.


Premise: History is a mirror. In the 1960 s and 1970 s, the Earth is experiencing a cooling baptism. At that time, there was an international trend of Cooling off. The world was facing a little ice age and the temperature would continue to drop. In response to this Cooling off, the governments of the time did not take any action to slow or prevent further cooling. Now, the international community has started to say global warming, What should we do? If a little action had been taken to raise global temperatures, it would be hard to say whether it was a credit or a fault. Obviously, science can not be promoted by any kind of consensus, but should be based on objective and serious research.

Hypothesis: Further objective and serious scientific research on global climate change is needed for the global warming can be inferred from the information provided.