Premise: Professor Li, an education expert, pointed out that everyone should keep working hard in his life, otherwise it will be like the story of the tortoise and rabbit race. Running fast at one time can not guarantee to be ahead all the time. If you have a good foundation and can keep working hard, you will succeed earlier than others.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang has a good foundation and can keep working hard, but he may succeed later than others must be wrong if professor Li's statement is correct.


Premise: Man is born of nature, and man and nature are in a symbiotic relationship, and damage to nature will eventually damage human beings. Therefore, only by respecting the laws of nature can we effectively prevent detours in the development and utilization of nature.

Hypothesis: Humans are born from nature, so we must develop and utilize nature can be concluded from the above statement.


Premise: Brochure: Help conserve our city' s water supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money. Criticism: For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner' s yearly water bills.

Hypothesis: If true, some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism.


Premise: Consumer culture refers to the sum of people's consumption concept, consumption mode, consumption behavior and consumption environment in material production, spiritual production, social life and consumption activities in a certain historical stage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The middle-aged and the elderly, especially the elderly, like to spend in a quiet and comfortable shopping environment' does not belong to consumer culture according to the above definition.


Premise: Before I learned history, I believed that most of the fields had been cultivated by people, but later I discovered that I'm wrong. Even if it is a task that is very hot explored by people, you should carefully study the existing research results and compare them with some relevant historical materials. And you will find that almost everyone and every piece of history has something that have been neglected by historians, and there are a lot of research gaps.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the views on the above passage is 'It is urgent to strengthen the discussion of historical research methods.'


Premise: A recent study found that the color of the water can change the direction of hurricanes, that is, if the water changes color, the moving path of hurricanes will also change direction. This means that scientists can judge which areas will be hit by hurricanes and which areas will survive according to the face of the sea water. It is noteworthy that global warming may have discolored the sea water.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Global warming is one of the important reasons for the frequent occurrence of hurricanes in recent years' is most likely to be a prerequisite for scientists to make judgments.


Premise: An economic theory points out that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental quality, that is, deterioration first and then improvement. At the beginning, with economic growth, residents' income continues to increase and the environment begins to deteriorate; However, when the economy grows to a certain extent, the environmental quality begins to reverse and continues to improve.

Hypothesis: China's economy being developed, and its environmental quality experiencing a process from deterioration to gradual recovery can verify the validity of this theory.


Premise: Modern psychological research believes that when a person feels upset, depressed, or anxious, his body's blood pressure and oxidation will decrease, and when he is in a happy mood, his entire metabolism will improve.

Hypothesis: The option 'As long as you are in a good mood, you can improve your entire metabolism' can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Compared with other energy crops that can effectively replace fossil fuels, the ability of algae to produce oil is very outstanding. In order to increase the yield of algae fuel, some researchers are committed to the development of genetically modified algae. However, opponents believe that the proliferation of genetically modified algae will produce toxins and deplete the oxygen in the water, resulting in the death of a large number of other organisms in the water, which will seriously damage the ecological balance.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The world consumes a lot of oil and coal every year. If an alternative fuel is not found, the world's energy will soon run out' will most weaken the concerns of opponents.


Premise: Large deposits of the rare mineral nahcolite formed in salty lakes 50 million to 52 million years ago during the Eocene epoch. Laboratory tests found that, in salty water, nahcolite can form only when the atmosphere contains at least 1, 125 parts per million of carbon dioxide.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support that levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated greatly during the Eocene epoch.


Premise: The law itself is not omnipotent, many problems in social life, the final solution can not rely on the law, at least can not rely on the law alone. In many cases, the social contradiction itself and the key to its solution come from the political, economic, cultural and other practical aspects.

Hypothesis: The statement "Social conflicts are not resolved because there are laws that do not abide by the law" is not an accurate interpretation of this passage.


Premise: A coffee manufacturer wants more restaurant chains to serve its brands of coffee. The manufacturer is considering a plan to offer its coffee to large chains at a significantly lower price, at least for a certain period. This lower price initially will reduce the manufacturer' s profits, but they hope to get into enough nationwide restaurant chains that their volume increases significantly. Once they have a much higher volume, even a small increase in their price would have an enormous effect on their profits.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the plan's chances of success, it would be most helpful to know whether their discounted price is lower than the prices of the coffee manufacturers who currently provide coffee to these nationwide restaurant chains.


Premise: Recently, the price of international agricultural products has risen and the domestic grain price has also been impacted, but the domestic agricultural product market is relatively closed and its supply and demand is still strongly controllable. The stability of agricultural product prices determines the relative stability of C.PI. However, vigilance cannot be relaxed and once domestic agricultural prices rise, setting off a chain reaction, inflation triggered by rising agricultural prices in previous years could be repeated.

Hypothesis: The stability of domestic agricultural product prices is mainly emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Young people believe efforts to reduce pollution, poverty, and war are doomed to failure. This pessimism is probably harmful to humanity' s future, because people lose motivation to work for goals they think are unrealizable. We must do what we can to prevent this loss of motivation and ttherefore must enable our children to believe that better futures are possible.

Hypothesis: Enabling people to believe that better futures are possible will help prevent the loss of motivation that results from pessimistic beliefs about the future is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Peripheral products refer to goods made by authorizing the use of characters or animals in animation, comics, games and other works.

Hypothesis: Xiaoying collects photos of all the roles her idol star has played into a book and sells them among fans belongs to the peripheral product according to the above definition.


Premise: University administrator: Saying that writing cannot be taught is as silly as saying that playing the violin cannot be taught. Of course writing can be taught. Writing classes have been taught at this university ever since it was founded.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the university administrator's argument is flawed because it generalizes on the basis of mere speculation.


Premise: Scientists in France and Belgium are trying to find out whether there are differences between the brains of mathematical geniuses and ordinary people. In their report, they said that the study found that some people can quickly calculate complex mathematical problems, Maybe it's because they can use parts of the brain that other people can't use. Researchers used positron ray scanning technology to compare the brain of a famous mathematician with that of ordinary people. They found that when mathematicians perform problem calculus, the part of the brain usually responsible for long-term memory also becomes active, However, most people don't have this phenomenon. Therefore, researchers infer that mathematicians use more memory in calculus, so as to speed up the calculus. This principle is the same as that of computers. The larger the memory, the faster the operation speed.

Hypothesis: The faster computing speed is due to the use of more memory is consistent with this paragraph.


Premise: The eldest, second and third brothers work in Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Their occupations are lawyers, doctors and civil servants. It is known that the boss does not work in Shanghai, the second does not work in Zhejiang, the civil servants who work in Shanghai are not civil servants, the lawyers who work in Zhejiang, and the second is not a doctor.

Hypothesis: The boss, the second and the third work in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Shanghai.


Premise: The phenomenon of education in human society is not only teaching, but also learning without teaching and teaching without inducing learning. Even teaching does not only exist in schools, but in all areas of one's social life. Long before the emergence of modern and modern schools, human beings have been engaged in a variety of educational activities: after the emergence of modern and modern schools, human educational activities are still widely happening in social life outside schools. By limiting its research horizon to the time-space frame of the school, pedagogy has actually determined a wrong disciplinary boundary for itself, so it can only vaguely regard a large number of educational phenomena as so-called generalized education and vaguely exclude them from its main research horizon.

Hypothesis: The current pedagogy research has misjudged the disciplinary boundary does not fit the text.


Premise: Dr. Bradshaw: Gastric bypass surgery will provide sustained health and weight-loss benefits in morbidly obese patients, since it allows morbidly obese patients to have the size of their stomachs reduced to allow them to consume less food, and also allows food to bypass part of the small intestine, ensuring that fewer calories are absorbed. Morbidly obese patients will realize more sustained benefit from gastric bypass surgery than any other treatment regimen could provide. Dr. Hobbes: Not so. Gastric bypass surgery might help morbidly obese patients initially. However, patients undergoing this surgery will eventually become extremely dehydrated and deprived of critical nutrients needed to maintain their health due to the vastly decreased amount of food and beverages they can consume. Eventually, most will develop severe complications from dehydration coupled with nutrient loss. Hence, sustained health benefits will not be obtained.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Dr. Bradshaw and Dr. Hobbes is whether gastric bypass surgery is likely to be widely undergone by morbidly obese patients in future years.


Premise: The ancients wrote poems. I thought about it for three years before I wrote these two lines. When I read it, I can't help but burst into tears. Writing a novel used to be a state of closing the door and refusing guests to visit. Nowadays many writers write several novels a year. Hundreds of thousands of words were written in a month. There is no accumulation of life, no careful consideration of life, no careful layout of writing, no careful consideration and repeated revision of words, how can there be high-quality works? How can we resist the elimination of time? If creation is different from other work, the difference lies in creativity; if it is difficult, it also lies in creativity. It is not only different from its predecessors, but also different from itself.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is that the creative attitude of modern people is not as serious as that of the ancients.


Premise: A survey of congenital heart defect patients in a northern county showed that most were born in winter. Experts say the likely cause is malnutrition among pregnant women in labor. It is difficult to buy fresh food in the coldest season of the year.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Most of the development of the cardiovascular regions associated with heart disease occurs in the month before childbirth' supports the expert's conclusion.


Premise: Protein drugs, such as insulin, still have to be administered through a tedious subcutaneous injection procedure. If protein drugs are taken orally, they will be digested and cannot reach the target cells. However, some non-protein drugs contain chemical bonds that cannot be broken down by the digestive system.

Hypothesis: The above statement most strongly supports the assertion that coating insulin with a mixture that can be broken down by target cells, but its chemical bonds will not be digested would benefit the users of protein drugs.


Premise: Internet music downloading websites allow consumers to download music onto their home computers. Patrons of these music downloading websites purchase more albums from retail stores than people who do not download music through these websites. Ttherefore, downloading music on these websites actually encourages consumers to purchase more albums than they otherwise would.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism because it suggests a premise must be false because of the lack of evidence to support it.


Premise: A photograph of the night sky was taken with the camera shutter open for an extended period. The normal motion of stars across the sky caused the images of the stars in the photograph to appear as streaks. However, one bright spot was not streaked. Even if the spot were caused, as astronomers believe, by a celestial object, that object could still have been moving across the sky during the time the shutter was open, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement that "stars in the night sky do not appear to shift position relative to each other" most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Social insurance means that the state passes legislation and raises funds through multiple channels. When workers temporarily or permanently lose their labor force and interrupt their work for other reasons, there is no economic income or their labor income is reduced, the social security system provides an economic subsidy given to enable them to enjoy basic living conditions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, pension, unemployment, medical, work injury, maternity and other insurance are social insurance.


Premise: According to a recent report by the Capital Trading Department of a bank, only a continuous increase in interest rates of the macroeconomic regulation and control can fundamentally control the impulse of economic expansion and prevent the emergence and bursting of asset bubbles. If the RMB does not appreciate faster, then there is no cure for RMB liquidity, low interest rates can not be corrected, asset bubbles are likely to blow bigger and bigger.

Hypothesis: If the RMB continues to raise interest rates, it could fundamentally curb the impulse to expand can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: If sponsors of the Olympic Games want to achieve commercial success through the Olympics, it is not enough to simply add five rings on their business cards or set up tents to attract tourists. For the past 15 years, as a global sponsor of the Olympic Games, VISA International Organizations believe that in order to effectively use this world's largest sports and cultural event, it is not just an event that simply throws money into the Olympic flame.

Hypothesis: VISA International did not set up tents to attract tourists is an option that can be derived.


Premise: Seeing a round of old spinning wagons in the corner of the room, the humming sound of sleepless night sounded in my ears; seeing the old loom, the past seemed to come to mind in the rhythm of weaving. Home textiles belong to The ancient traditional techniques, men farming and women weaving, are justified. Home-made cloth is often used as a dowry for rural girls and a testimony of their ingenuity. Peasant women sit by the loom and weave their colorful lives and dreams in earthen cloth as white as snow or flowers.

Hypothesis: The main expression of this text is 'The glitz of the past passes through.'


Premise: Scientists have discovered that birds living in large groups have more new neurons in their brains and stronger memory than birds living alone. This advise humans accordingly: If you are alone, you'd better make some friends, otherwise you will lose your precious brain cells and cause memory loss.

Hypothesis: Many lonely people have very good memories can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: The most common amphibian in the Tropicalico jungle is a unique variety of tree frog, but this variety is almost never seen, even by trained researchers studying the amphibian. Surprisingly, this frog is seen even less than tinier and less populous amphibian varieties, possibly less than any other amphibian type within the jungle.

Hypothesis: The tree frog's croak is high-pitched and clearly identifiable while the croaks of most other frogs are low-pitched and indistinguishable helps to reconcile the statements above EXCEPT.


Premise: All business managers are people who actively oppose corporate tax, because all those who actively oppose corporate tax are members of the chamber of commerce, so all members of the chamber of commerce are business managers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some buildings with special insurance premiums are not wooden houses, because no wooden houses are fire-resistant houses, so all fire-resistant houses are buildings with special insurance premiums' is most similar to the above reasoning method.


Premise: Michelangelo' s sixteenth-century Sistine Chapel paintings are currently being restored. A goal of the restorers is to uncover Michelangelo' s original work, and so additions made to Michelangelo' s paintings by later artists are being removed. However, the restorers have decided to make one exception: to leave intact additions that were painted by da Volterra.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The restorers believe that da Volterra stripped away all previous layers of paint before he painted his own additions to the Sistine Chapel' most helps to reconcile the restorers' decision with the goal stated in the passage.


Premise: In people's impression, bio-fuel is a renewable green energy. The latest research results overturn people's traditional impression. Researchers found that bio-fuel may be converted into acetaldehyde due to incomplete combustion, which will pollute the air. This pollution will lead to 1400 early deaths in country M every year. Therefore, some medical institution personnel in country M believe that the promotion of bio-fuels should be suspended and its use should be limited at this stage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Scientists predict that as research progresses, acetaldehyde will no longer be produced by new biofuels in five years' would most effectively question the views of medical institution personnel.


Premise: Columnist: A recent research report suggests that by exercising vigorously, one significantly lowers one' s chances of developing certain cardiorespiratory illnesses. But exercise has this effect, the report concludes, only if the exercise is vigorous. Thus, one should not heed older studies purporting to show that nonstrenuous walking yields the same benefits.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider the possibility that those who engage in vigorous physical exercise are more likely than others to perceive themselves as healthy.


Premise: Only an expert in some branch of psychology could understand why Patrick is behaving irrationally. But no expert is certain of being able to solve someone else' s problem. Patrick wants to devise a solution to his own behavioral problem.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that Patrick is not an expert in psychology can be validly drawn from the passage.


Premise: Consumption lag refers to the average consumption level that personal consumption lags behind the national economic development and personal household income. Consumption ahead means that the current income level is not enough to buy the products or services needed now, in the form of loans, installments, advances and other forms of consumption.

Hypothesis: Liu's purchase of a car through borrowing money belongs to consumption ahead according to the above definition.


Premise: In the process of interpersonal communication, appearance is the easiest attribute to observe. Compared with ordinary people, attractive individuals are often considered to have higher abilities, more positive personality characteristics and better Interpersonal relationships, even income levels and personal happiness index will be relatively high. At work, when the same task is completed by different people, customers usually give a relatively high evaluation of the service quality of good-looking employees.

Hypothesis: Companies should choose good-looking people as employees to improve customer service satisfaction can be inferred.


Premise: Small animals suitable for experimental use must reproduce fast and their genes should be as similar to humans as possible. Some small animals reproduce fast but have few genes similar to humans. Therefore, some fast-breeding small animals are not suitable for experiments.

Hypothesis: The statement "Generally speaking, computers that do not undergo system maintenance every week must be repaired in specialty stores after one year of use" has the most similar logical structure to the question.


Premise: Structural unemployment refers to the unemployment caused by changes in economic structure, system and growth mode, which makes the supply structure of labor force inconsistent with the demand structure in terms of skills, experience, types of work, knowledge, age, gender, subjective will and region.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li has worked in a company for two years and feels that there is no room for further development. He quit his job this year and intends to find another job is not structural unemployment according to the above definition.


Premise: Crowdsourcing refers to the practice of a company or organization to delegate tasks traditionally performed by employees to the general public.

Hypothesis: In the past three years, a real estate company has handed over all the daily maintenance of computers, networks and peripherals to a computer company is not crowdsourcing.


Premise: The survey shows that 59.4% of the public feel that the current social Reverse Elimination phenomenon is common, of which 18.8% feel very much. The so-called Reverse Elimination, in short, refers to the elimination of the bad, the elimination of the good, the inferior, the elimination of the high-quality, the mediocre, the elimination of the outstanding and so on.

Hypothesis: Many companies have people who complain about their jobs. As a result, those who complain about their jobs in the company must be much more successful than those without such people is reverse elimination phenomena according to the above definition.


Premise: Why are violins made by Stradivarius in the early 1700s far superior to most other violins? Some experts suggest secret varnishes, but there is no evidence for this. However, climatologists have found that in the 1600s and early 1700s weather patterns in the region of Italy where Stradivarius worked affected tree growth to produce wood with special acoustic properties. Ttherefore, it is likely that__.

Hypothesis: The special qualities of Stradivarius violins are due in part to the wood used to make them most logically completes the argument.


Premise: There are two factors that have a great adverse impact on the results of scientific research: one is the prevailing atmosphere of secrecy in scientific research and the other is the lack of personal freedom of researchers.

Hypothesis: The wrong understanding of this passage is that a lot of scientific research is carried out in an atmosphere of secrecy.


Premise: The first cognition effect refers to that in the process of social cognition, the information first input through the first impression has a significant impact on the object's subsequent cognition. The first impression has the strongest effect and lasts for a long time, which is stronger than the later information for the whole impression of things.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang's performance in the interview and subsequent cancellation of his employment plan by the human resources department does not relate to the first cognition effect.


Premise: For a long time, we regard overtime as the embodiment of employees' love for their jobs and dedication to their work. It is certainly commendable that a comrade works overtime, overfulfills the task, or even does the work of three people alone. His spirit and enthusiasm cannot be read by himself. Our country's rapid development and rapid economic growth are inseparable from overtime work in various industries. It is not too much to say that China's development achievements are the result of hard work and hard work of the Chinese people. This should be the beneficial side of working overtime.

Hypothesis: Overtime has become a common trend in all kinds of industries is not the author's view of overtime according to the above paragraph.


Premise: There are many structural and thematic similarities between Piers Plowman by Langland (1330-1400) and House of Fame by Chaucer (1342-1400), two Middle English poems relating dream visions. Some critics have argued that because a number of the shared elements are uncommon in Middle English poetry, and because Langland' s poem probably predates Chaucer' s by a few years, Chaucer was most likely influenced by Piers Plowman when writing House of Fame.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many of the themes and structures of Piers Plowman are also found in Latin, Italian, French works with which Chaucer could well have been familiar' most seriously weakens the critics' argument.


Premise: At present, the integration model represented by cultural science and technology, cultural finance and cultural creativity has been widely used. The main purpose of culture science and technology is to promote the transformation and application of high-tech achievements into the cultural field, and to strengthen the content support and creative promotion of culture to the information industry. Cultural finance focuses on guiding all kinds of social capital to invest in the field of culture, making use of the Internet financial model, and giving full play to the stimulating effect of financial innovation on cultural consumption. Cultural creativity takes culture as resources, creativity as the means, industry as the purpose, to develop cultural and creative industries, and to achieve deep integration with other industries at the same time.

Hypothesis: The above three contents all belong to the form of culture-integration trend known as cross-factor fusion.


Premise: The key to being in power lies in the proper use of personnel. The grass-roots front line is at the forefront of serving the masses, and the masses' pursuit and expectations for a better life are rich and diverse, and a sufficient number of professional counterparts are needed to promote the governance of a highly effective. At present, great changes have taken place in the type of community in our country, the function carried by the community is more and more, and the situation of the community is complex and changeable. Convenient services for the people, such as supporting the army and families, providing for the aged and helping the disabled, epidemic prevention and control, charity and education, etc., all need the professional response ability of the relevant parties of community governance, such as community party organizations, neighborhood committees, community service stations, property service enterprises and so on.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of the passage is that the governance of a highly effective community requires the cooperation of many parties.


Premise: Xiao Liu is a member of the environmental protection volunteer organization save the earth. Due to his serious illness, he can't volunteer for the World Expo in Shanghai, while other members of the organization have obtained the qualification of volunteers for the World Expo in Shanghai

Hypothesis: If someone is a member of save the earth, but not a volunteer of Shanghai World Expo, he must be Xiao Liu can be inferred.


Premise: Since the 1980s, the market-oriented reform has realized the market value of human capital, and the rate of return on Residents' education has increased from a low level to about 10%, which is also an important reason for the widening income gap between workers with different levels of education. With the improvement of education, highly educated workers are no longer scarce, and the income from education is gradually stable, The wage ratio of workers with high and low educational background is no longer rising. In recent years, there has been a phenomenon of wage convergence, and the income gap between different educational background is narrowing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the continuous adjustment of human capital market, the impact of educational factors on income is gradually reduced' is in line with this paragraph.


Premise: Although the pricing of operating pension institutions is liberalized and the government cannot intervene, from the point of view of protecting the rights and interests of buyers, stabilizing the price of old-age beds and standardizing market order, the parties concerned need to be highly vigilant of the problems brought about by this business model of selling beds. For example, if beds can be speculated, it may deviate from the nature of beds in pension institutions-turning pension services into a form of investment, and it may also coax up the price of beds in pension institutions, making it impossible for the elderly to afford or live in. In addition, there is likely to be idle waste after the bed price is high. In short, if not regulated, it is possible to repeat the mistakes of property speculation in China's property market.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the speculation of beds by pension institutions may be a disguised form of real estate speculation.


Premise: Bookstore owner: Consumers should buy books only from an independent bookstore, not from a bookstore that belongs to a bookstore chain. An independent bookstore tends to carry a much wider variety of books than does a chain bookstore, so because chains often threaten the existence of independent bookstores, they tend to reduce the variety of books available to consumers.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Consumers should buy books from only those bookstores whose existence does not tend to reduce the variety of books available to consumers' most helps to justify the bookstore owner's argumentation.


Premise: Reducing speed limits neither saves lives nor protects the environment. This is because the more slowly a car is driven, the more time it spends on the road spewing exhaust into the air and running the risk of colliding with other vehicles.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it presumes, without providing justification, that drivers run a significant risk of collision only if they spend a lot of time on the road.


Premise: People who buy commercial health insurance, because they can reimburse medical expenses, will allow bad behaviors and hobbies that can lead to illness, such as alcoholism, inaction, etc.

Hypothesis: People with bad behaviors and hobbies rarely buy commercial medical insurance best constitutes a challenge to the above conclusions.


Premise: Students in key middle schools generally do better than those in non key middle schools. Li Ming ranked the first of the class in college, so he studied in key middle schools in high school.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li has excellent grades, so he is very good at learning is most similar to the above sentence.


Premise: The Internet is of great significance to solve the problems of lack of high-quality medical services, insufficient total resources of doctors, uneven distribution, great differences in ability among doctors and so on. On the one hand, the Internet medical platform provides doctors with mobile application software that allows them to provide services to patients in their spare time and spare time; on the other hand, the Internet medical platform also establishes a patient payment mechanism, which makes doctors get a reasonable return for their efforts, stimulate doctors' motivation, and make them willing to contribute their private time to society.

Hypothesis: The advantage of the Internet medical platform that is not mentioned in this paragraph is effectively reducing doctor-patient conflicts.


Premise: Counterfactual thinking is usually the negation of events that have occurred in the mind, and then it is characterized as a mental activity that may have occurred but did not occur in reality. According to the direction of occurrence, counterfactual thinking can be divided into upward counterfactual thinking and downward counterfactual thinking, upward counterfactual thinking refers to events that have occurred in the past, and imagine that if certain conditions are met, there may be better results than real results; downward counterfactual thinking refers to events that have occurred in the past, imagine If certain conditions are met, there may be a result that is worse than the real result.

Hypothesis: Downward counterfactual thinking includes thinking such as 'If I play a little bit worse, I will miss the medal.'


Premise: Yuriko: Our city' s campaign to persuade parents to have their children vaccinated ought to be imitated by your city. In the 16 months since the enactment of legislation authorizing the campaign, vaccinations in our city have increased by 30 percent. Susan: But the major part of that increase occurred in the first 6 months after that legislation was enacted, right after your city' s free neighborhood health clinics opened, and before the vaccination campaign really got going.

Hypothesis: In responding to Yuriko, Susan cites facts that tend to weaken the force of the evidence with which Yuriko supports her recommendation.


Premise: The World Heritage Convention stipulates that the country where the world heritage is located must ensure the authenticity and integrity of the heritage. The first level of the world heritage function is scientific research, the second level is the education function, and the last is the tourism function. At present, many places are gradually Corrected, but there are still many unsatisfactory places.

Hypothesis: All countries where World Heritage Sites are located are overly focused on their tourist functions cannot be inferred from this text.


Premise: When species are extensively hunted, individuals that reach reproductive maturity early make up a larger proportion of the population, because they have a better chance of reproducing. When species face diminished food resources, on the other hand, individuals tend to take longer to reach reproductive maturity. These considerations may help settle whether the primary cause of the gradual disappearance of North America' s mastodons, prehistoric animals related to elephants, was diminished food resources or human hunting, since __.

Hypothesis: From the remains of mastodons already discovered, it can be accurately estimated when mastodons became extinct most logically completes the reasoning.


Premise: Researcher: Dinosaurs lack turbinates -- nasal cavity bone structures in warm-blooded species that minimize water loss during breathing. According to some paleobiologists, this implies that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded. These paleobiologists must be mistaken, however, for fossil records show that some dinosaur species lived in Australia and Alaska, where temperatures drop below freezing. Only warm-blooded animals could survive such temperatures.

Hypothesis: The claim that only warm-blooded animals could survive temperatures below freezing most accurately describes the role played in the researcher's argument as a premise offered in support of the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: Ireland has a large area of peat, rich wetland environmentalists have been opposed to coal mining in wetland areas.Their argument is that mining peat can damage the ecological balance of Ireland's wetlands, with immediate and serious consequences for polluting water sources. However, this fear is untenable. In the last 50 years of statistics, there have never been any reports of contaminated water sources due to coal mining.

Hypothesis: Ireland has the technological know-how and financial support to control pollution and protect the ecology best reinforces the argument.


Premise: The world's top film actors make no more than three films a year. Therefore, if Zuo Yuan takes about 4 films a year, he is not a world's top film actors.

Hypothesis: The reasoning method that is the same as above is that if the cost of a mobile phone is generally more expensive than an ordinary phone, and if mobile phones and ordinary phones are around, then using ordinary phones first is the practice of saving.


Premise: Lawyer's legal responsibility: refers to the lawyer's deliberate or negligent violation of relevant laws and regulations and the lawyer's practice discipline, which damages the legal rights of the parties, disrupts the normal judicial order, and affects the image of the lawyer's profession. Consequences that cause lawyers to bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: The statement "When the evidence should be collected, the evidence was obliterated because it was not collected in time due to the lawyer" does not belong to the legal responsibility of a lawyer.


Premise: Mary Ann: Our country should, above all, be strong. Strength gains the respect of other countries and makes a country admirable. Inez: There are many examples in history of countries that were strong but used their strength to commit atrocities. We should judge a country by the morality of its actions, not by its strength. If the actions are morally good, the country is admirable.

Hypothesis: It is possible to assign moral weight to the actions of countries is a presupposition that underlies Inez' argument.


Premise: The vast majority of elite athletes have good psychological qualities, most of them have achieved good results in competitions, and all athletes who have achieved good results in competitions have trained hard.

Hypothesis: Certain athletes with good mental qualities train hard can be properly deduced from the statements above.


Premise: Certain methods of creating high-quality counterfeit banknotes involve making accurate measurements of the images printed on genuine banknotes. Hence, if the production of high-quality counterfeit banknotes is to be prevented, some of the images on banknotes must be made very difficult or impossible to measure accurately.

Hypothesis: The argument's conclusion can be properly drawn if the assumption that few countries produce banknotes with images that are difficult for counterfeiters to measure accurately is true.


Premise: Ecologist: Without the intervention of conservationists, squirrel monkeys will become extinct. But they will survive if large tracts of second-growth forest habitat are preserved for them. Squirrel monkeys flourish in second-growth forest because of the plentiful supply of their favorite insects and fruit.

Hypothesis: No habitat other than second-growth forest contains plentiful supplies of squirrel monkeys' favorite insects and fruit can be properly inferred from the ecologist's statements.


Premise: There are 42 employees in a college. They either do teaching and research work or do administrative work. In the college, professors do not perform administrative work, and young doctors under the age of 30 are doing administrative work. Many people in the college are They are recruited from overseas, and they all have doctoral degrees.Li Ming is the youngest professor of the college.He is only 29 years old.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be derived that most of the professors of the college are overseas doctors over 30 years old.


Premise: Personal company refers to a company based on the personal credit of its shareholders; joint-investment company refers to a company whose assets are formed by the respective capital contributions of the company's shareholders as the basis for its credit; a joint-personal joint venture is a company with both of the above properties,credit basis.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a company whose capital chain was broken due to poor management, and whose entire registered capital was counted when filing for bankruptcy, and whose shareholders' personal property was not affected, is a Personal company.


Premise: Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil. Ttherefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations' most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: Compared with Mars, the earth has many common attributes, just like belonging to the solar system, both are relatively regular spheres, with revolutions and rotations. Since there is life on the earth, Mars is also very likely to have life.

Hypothesis: No liquid water has been found on Mars is most likely to undermine the reliability of the above judgment.


Premise: The last two sentences of Li Bai's Singing on the river said: Fame and wealth exist for a long time, and the Han Water should also flow to the northwest. The Han Water, also known as the Han River, originated in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, flowing southeast through Xiangyang, Hubei Province, to Hankou and into the Yangtze River.

Hypothesis: If the Han River can flow to the northwest, then fame and wealth will always be there is most in line with Li Bai's point of view according to the above information.


Premise: On the surface, college graduates in 1982 are similar to college graduates in 1964. They are quite conservative: they are well dressed and interested in tradition and respect their parents. But there is a deep-rooted difference: most of the 1982 surveyed college graduates declared that getting a good income in their freshman year was an important reason for their decision to go to college.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that comparing the college graduates in 1964 with the college graduates in 1982, their concern about finances is superficial is most supported by the above text.


Premise: Some managers think that the best way to maximize employee performance is to institute stiff competition among employees. However, in situations where one competitor is perceived to be clearly superior, other competitors become anxious and doubt their own ability to perform. Thus, stiff competition can undermine the result it was intended to achieve.

Hypothesis: The assumption that those who are perceived to be clearly superior almost always win is required for the conclusion of the argument to be properly drawn.


Premise: Outsourcing is the practice of obtaining from an independent supplier a product or service that a company has previously provided for itself. Since a company's chief objective is to realize the highest possible year-end profits, any product or service that can be obtained from an independent supplier for less than it would cost the company to provide the product or service on its own should be outsourced.

Hypothesis: Successful outsourcing requires a company to provide its suppliers with information about its products and plans that can fall into the hands of its competitors and give them a business advantage most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Philosopher: People are not intellectually well suited to live in large bureaucratic societies. Ttherefore, people can find happiness, if at all, only in smaller political units such as villages.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the philosopher's argument is flawed because the argument takes for granted that anyone who lives in a village or other small political unit that is not excessively bureaucratic can find happiness.


Premise: Mr. Nance: Ms. Chan said that she retired from Quad Cities Corporation, and had received a watch and a wonderful party as thanks for her 40 years of loyal service. But I overheard a colleague of hers say that Ms. Chan will be gone for much of the next year on business trips and is now working harder than she ever did before; that does not sound like retirement to me. At least one of them is not telling the truth.

Hypothesis: Mr. Nance's reasoning is flawed because it draws a conclusion based on equivocal language.


Premise: As people's life and work gradually enter high-rise buildings, people have less exposure to daylight. It is found that sunlight is a necessary condition for the synthesis of vitamin D, and vitamin D is a key factor to promote calcium absorption. Therefore, some people have come to the conclusion that modern people are more likely to suffer from diseases such as osteoporosis caused by calcium deficiency.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The calcium-containing food in the diet of modern people is much richer than before' can most question the above conclusion.


Premise: Press release: A comprehensive review evaluating the medical studies done up to the present time has found no reason to think that drinking coffee in normal amounts harms the coffee-drinker' s heart. So coffee drinkers can relax and enjoy their beverage -- it is safe to drink coffee.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The health of the heart is not identical with the general health of the body' points to a weakness in the reasoning in the press release's argument.


Premise: Curator: A magazine recently ran a very misleading story on the reaction of local residents to our controversial art exhibit. They quoted the responses of three residents, all of whom expressed a sense of moral outrage. These quotations were intended to suggest that most local residents oppose the exhibit; the story failed to mention, however, the fact that the three residents are all close friends.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'it is misleading to present the opinions of a potentially nonrepresentative sample of people as if they represent public opinion' most helps to justify the curator's argumentation.


Premise: MetroBank made loans to ten small companies, in amounts ranging from $1, 000 to $100, 000. These ten loans all had graduated payment plans, i. e. , the scheduled monthly loan payment increased slightly each month over the five-year term of the loan. Nonetheless, the average payment received by MetroBank for these ten loans had decreased by the end of the five-year term.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most banks offer a greater number of loans for under $100, 000 than for over $100, 000' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the statements above.


Premise: Because of the popularity of e-books, customers have changed their consumption habits and many bookstores have difficulties in operating. But bookstores can also make money by selling books, because bookstores are not only a place to sell books, but also provide face-to-face communication. Only face-to-face communication is the real communication and can constantly improve human feelings.

Hypothesis: In addition to selling books, the bookstore is also engaged in other business does not match the meaning of the above text.


Premise: Psychologist: A study of 436 university students found that those who took short naps throughout the day suffered from insomnia more frequently than those who did not. Moreover, people who work on commercial fishing vessels often have irregular sleep patterns that include frequent napping, and they also suffer from insomnia. So it is very likely that napping tends to cause insomnia.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the psychologist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider the possibility that frequent daytime napping is an effect rather than a cause of insomnia.


Premise: Navigation satellites are located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals throughout their coverage area. Beyond 20,000 kilometers, a whole new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, the most talked about being pulsar navigation. Pulsars are neutron stars that emit radio or X-ray radiation in the direction of their magnetic poles. They pulse when the axis of rotation does not coincide with the magnetic poles and sweeps across the Earth. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they are comparable to the best atomic clocks on Earth that they are also known as the atomic clocks of the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know where they are, you can use them for interstellar voyages.

Hypothesis: Factors affecting rotational stability of pulsars is most likely to be introduced next.


Premise: A plausible explanation of the disappearance of the dinosaurs is what is known as the comet theory. A large enough comet colliding with Earth could have caused a cloud of dust that enshrouded the planet and cooled the climate long enough to result in the dinosaurs' demise.

Hypothesis: The consequences for vegetation and animals of a comet colliding with Earth are not fully understood most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In his new book on his complex scientific research, R frequently imputes bad faith to researchers disagreeing with him. A troubling aspect of R' s book is his stated conviction that other investigators' funding sources often determine what findings those investigators report. Add to this that R has often shown himself to be arrogant, overly ambitious, and sometimes plain nasty, and it becomes clear that R' s book does not merit attention from serious professionals.

Hypothesis: The author of the book review commits the reasoning error of dismissing a scientific theory by giving a biased account of it.


Premise: From the perspective of social governance, the occupation of fire passageways is prohibited for many times but still occurs, in addition to such factors as the lack of concept of public safety, lack of awe of life and law of the lawbreaker, inadequate supervision and so on, there are also deep-seated reasons for the difficulty of parking.With the continuous rise of car ownership in China, some residential areas are facing the problem of shortage of parking spaces. This is also the fundamental reason why some places occupy the fire passage repeatedly, and the governance measures can be managed for a while, but can not be managed for a long time. In this regard, to maintain the smooth flow of fire access and effectively solve the parking problem, we should not only manage to prevent, but also guide, which tests the effectiveness and accuracy of grass-roots social governance.

Hypothesis: The statement 'To explore the deep-seated causes of parking difficulties' is most likely to be discussed in this passage next.


Premise: Psychologist: Doctors should never prescribe sedatives for people with insomnia. Most cases of insomnia that psychologists treat are known to be caused by psychological stress. This suggests that insomniacs do not need drugs that alter their biochemistry, but rather need psychotherapy to help them alleviate the stress causing their insomnia.

Hypothesis: It fails to consider the possibility that sedatives are the only treatment known to be effective for cases of insomnia not caused by stress does not describe a flaw in the psychologist's reasoning.


Premise: Reducing stress lessens a person' s sensitivity to pain. This is the conclusion reached by researchers who played extended audiotapes to patients before they underwent surgery and afterward while they were recovering. One tape consisted of conversation; the other consisted of music. Those who listened only to the latter tape required less anesthesia during surgery and fewer painkillers afterward than those who listened only to the former tape.

Hypothesis: The psychological effects of music are not changed by anesthesia or painkillers is an assumption on which the researchers' reasoning depends.


Premise: The duty of the media is to promote the main theme of society and actively promote events that are in harmony with social development and civilization progress, rather than blindly fiddling with some online celebrities. Stars' tidbits are needlessly hyped. For the media, it is most important to adhere to professional ethics and spiritual home.

Hypothesis: The passage reflects that it is necessary for some media to wake up and clarify their responsibilities.


Premise: Travaillier Corporation has recently hired employees with experience in the bus tour industry, and its executives have also been negotiating with charter bus companies that subcontract with bus tour companies. But Travaillier has traditionally focused on serving consumers who travel primarily by air, and marketing surveys show that Travaillier' s traditional consumers have not changed their vacation preferences. Ttherefore, Travaillier must be attempting to enlarge its consumer base by attracting new customers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'At least one of Travaillier's new employees not only has experience in the bus tour industry but has also designed air travel vacation packages' would most weaken the argument.


Premise: Coherent solutions for the problem of reducing health-care costs cannot be found within the current piecemeal system of paying these costs. The reason is that this system gives health-care providers and insurers every incentive to shift, wherever possible, the costs of treating illness onto each other or any other party, including the patient. That clearly is the lesson of the various reforms of the 1980s: push in on one part of this pliable spending balloon and an equally expensive bulge pops up elsewhere. For example, when the government health-care insurance program for the poor cut costs by disallowing payments for some visits to physicians, patients with advanced illness later presented themselves at hospital emergency rooms in increased numbers.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by employing an analogy to characterize interrelationships.


Premise: A, B, and C sell their products. Among the three products, one is counterfeit, and the other two are genuine. A said: My product is genuine, and B's product is counterfeit; B said: My product is genuine, and C's product is counterfeit; C said: B's product is genuine, A's product is counterfeit. It is known that one of A, B, and C told all turth, one half turth, half lie, and the other told all lies

Hypothesis: The correct answer to the question of who sells counterfeit goods is not known.


Premise: The results of experiments that some volunteers took part in to assess the sweetness of drinks showed that those who regularly drank sugary drinks and were fatter rated the sweetness of the same drink lower than those of normal size. This shows that their taste buds are less sensitive to sweetness. The results also show that people who are fatter tend to choose sweeter foods subconsciously. This suggests that eating too much sugar may form a vicious circle, that is, eating sugar regularly will lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of taste buds to sweetness, and a decrease in satisfaction caused by eating the same amount of sugar, which will subconsciously ask for more sugar. The result is that eating too much sugar leads to obesity.

Hypothesis: People who like sweets often can't resist the temptation of sweetness does not support the above argument.


Premise: A Beijing newspaper, entitled 15% of fathers raise children for others, released statistics from a judicial material evidence appraisal center in Beijing: of the nearly 600 people who conducted paternity tests in Beijing within a year, 15% of the test results excluded paternity.

Hypothesis: The cost of paternity testing is too high does not question the reliability of statistical inference.


Premise: Affected by the film and television capital Winter and policy tightening, the overall size of the original series shrank in 2019. Film and television data show that the overall number of shows dropped by 6% in 2019, from 452 to 377, but the average score of the top 30 shows rose from 5.96 in 2018 to 6.51 in 2019, according to an authoritative film and television website. To a certain extent, this shows that after the number of episodes has been greatly reduced, the top boutique dramas have not been greatly affected, and the market has eliminated a number of non-boutique dramas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'From 2018 to 2019, the grading process and standards of this authoritative film and television website are consistent' will best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Flexible leadership refers to the leadership behavior that relies on the leader's non-power influence and adopts the way of non-compulsory command to produce a potential persuasion in people's minds to make them obey and identify consciously, so as to turn the will of the organization into people's conscious action.

Hypothesis: The senior teacher, Mr. Zhang, is very convincing is a flexible leader according to the above definition.


Premise: Career development refers to the process of promoting qualified employees within the organization from a lower-level position to a higher-level position when some of the more important positions in the organization need to recruit personnel.

Hypothesis: The option of promoting an accountant in the department does not belong to career development.


Premise: A major health insurance company in Lagolia pays for special procedures prescribed by physicians only if the procedure is first approved as medically necessary by a company-appointed review panel. The rule is intended to save the company the money it might otherwise spend on medically unnecessary procedures. The company has recently announced that in order to reduce its costs, it will abandon this rule.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The review process is expensive and practically always results in approval of the prescribed procedure' provides the strongest justification for the company's decision.


Premise: The development of the Internet of things, an emerging industry, is strong. In only a few years, the industrial scale of the Internet of things has shown a compound growth rate of more than 30% a year. Intellectual property rights such as patents provide strong support for the rapid rise of this sunrise industry. It is predicted that in the next few years, the global Internet of things market will grow rapidly. China's Internet of things market will reach 750 billion yuan in 2015, and the market prospect will far exceed the computer, Internet, mobile communications and other markets. From the current situation of patent applications in China, the number of core technology patents and international patent applications submitted through the Patent Cooperation Treaty is obviously insufficient. Therefore, industry experts point out that it is necessary to accelerate the patent layout of the Internet of things industry in China.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The development of Internet of things industry in China needs the support of independent intellectual property rights' does not match the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Geologists recently discovered marks that closely resemble worm tracks in a piece of sandstone. These marks were made more than half a billion years earlier than the earliest known traces of multicellular animal life. Ttherefore, the marks are probably the traces of geological processes rather than of worms.

Hypothesis: At the place where the sandstone was found, the only geological processes that are likely to mark sandstone in ways that resemble worm tracks could not have occurred at the time the marks were made, which most weakens the argument.


Premise: Chili peppers relieve indigestion. People who suffer from indigestion after a spicy meal may be shocked and can't believe it. However, this is the conclusion drawn by Italian experts through experiments. They gave the subjects with indigestion a pill containing chili ingredients before meals, and after five weeks, 60% of the subjects' discomfort symptoms were relieved.

Hypothesis: If true, after paying attention to a healthy diet, people with dyspepsia usually relieve their discomfort within a month can best refute the above experimental conclusions.


Premise: The crime of intentional damage to property refers to a natural person who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and has the capacity of criminal responsibility. Intentionally damaging or damaging public or private property, a large amount of money or other serious circumstances. The purpose of the crime is only to damage public and private property, not to have the purpose of illegal possession.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang's over-renovation of his new house has led to cracks in residential buildings is the crime of wilful damage to property.


Premise: A community of shared destiny for mankind means taking into account the reasonable concerns of other countries in the pursuit of national interests and promoting the common development of all countries in the pursuit of national development. Mankind has only one earth and all countries live in one world. We should advocate the consciousness of a community of shared human destiny.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The community of shared destiny for mankind has not transcended the differences of social systems, ideology and values' is not in line with the concept of a community of shared destiny for mankind according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, researchers have found that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the infected site. This is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, which binds to integrins and promotes T lymphocytes to adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate migration to the site of infection, they explained.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When Hsp90 binds to integrin, it can activate the signal pathway that promotes T lymphocyte migration' does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: Tao Xingzhi once told Cheng you have watt under your whip, Newton in your cold eyes, Edison in your ridicule. A cold look, a mean word, and an unfair treatment may affect a child's life. If there is no benevolence, tireless patience, and public interest in teaching. Then such education has no temperature. Just as some people in the educational circles cry out, many teachers do not lack knowledge, methods, love and sense of responsibility. Today's education needs to return to people themselves and concern people's growth more than ever before.

Hypothesis: The main problem in current education, according to the author, is lack of fairness.


Premise: Paleontologist: It is widely, but falsely, held that life began in the ocean and did not exist on land until half a billion years ago. Traces of carbon 14 have been found throughout certain 1. 2-billion-year-old rock in North America. Carbon 14 is extracted by plants and microbes from the atmosphere to fuel their chemical reactions, and is then released when the plants and microbes die.

Hypothesis: The statement "The 1.2-billion-year-old rocks were formed from soil containing very small amounts of carbon 14 that entered the soil directly from the atmosphere" does not provide additional support for the paleontologist's conclusion.


Premise: A netizen: few people will support proposals that harm their interests. However, according to the Beijing Times,during the 17-day of the I offer suggestions for Public Transport Price Reform campaign, most of the tens of thousands of people who participated in the event were in favor of raising the fares of subway and bus. Let everyone pay more and like it, the result must be fake.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some people who commute by subway and bus think that raising fares can relieve congestion during rush hours' cannot question the netizen's judgment.


Premise: Relative Deprivation refers to a kind of psychological state produced by the inconsistent cognition of value expectation and value ability when people compare with those who are close to their own status and not completely equal to themselves.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang often completes all kinds of work excellently. Others in the project team think Xiao Zhang just likes to show himself is Relative Deprivation.


Premise: The formation of technological innovation capability is a process and requires a certain environment. If people consciously and wisely shape an environment conducive to technological innovation, they can stimulate the social potential of technological innovation and reduce the time course from technological innovation to industrial application.

Hypothesis: The environment determines the process of technological innovation is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: The Interpol team needs to strengthen the anti-drug team. Regarding who in the team will participate in the team, the following opinions have been agreed: (1) If A participates, then B will also participate; (2) If C does not participate, then D will participate; (3) If A does not participate and C participates, then Captain E will participate; (4) Captain E and Deputy Captain B cannot both participate; (5) The superior decides that the deputy captain will participate.

Hypothesis: Based on the above comments, A, B, D have participated is completely correct.


Premise: Object teaching refers to a teaching method that uses teaching aids as sensory transmitters to show students relevant content in order to improve learning efficiency or effect. Object teaching includes material object, demonstration and analogue image. Material object is through direct perception of actual things;  demonstration is directly perceived through the simulated image of practice; analogue image is carried out through the perception of the material form of language (phonetic, glyph) and the understanding of semantics under the action of visualized language.

Hypothesis: In the art appreciation class, slides are used to show students the classic works of Western oil painting does not belong to the above three types of object teaching according to the definition.


Premise: A certain unit organizes employees to perform physical examinations and employees can sign up voluntarily.Lao Wang met a newcomer Xiao Li and talked about it. Lao Wang reminded Xiao Li: The unit organizes a physical examination. Hurry up and sign up. Xiao Li said : I am in good health and I don't need to report it.

Hypothesis: If you are not in good health, you should register for a physical examination can be used as a hypothesis in Xiao Li's answer.


Premise: Parents, students and employers do not have the right to participate in the management of colleges and universities, but they have the right to be accountable for the social responsibility of colleges and universities. Higher education is popular and university funding sources are diversified. As a result, parents, students and employers have become stakeholders in colleges and universities. For parents and students, their accountability for the responsibility of colleges and universities depends more on whether students can get good learning experience and learning experience, whether the school can train graduates who meet the needs of society, and can be aimed at the needs of enterprises and society,conduct applied research that directly puts into production and increases efficiency.

Hypothesis: The development of colleges and universities should take into account the interests of parents, students, and employers is correct.


Premise: The virtuous circle of economy means that it does not rely too much on government investment, but relies on its own strength to achieve the basic balance between total social supply and total social demand, and to achieve economic growth. In recent years, the reason why there has been a trend of stable economic growth in China is due to the increase of government investment.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, China's economic growth rate has been maintained at more than 7% can be best supported.


Premise: Salmonella is a food-borne microorganism that can cause intestinal illness. The illness is sometimes fatal, especially if not identified quickly and treated. Conventional Salmonella tests on food samples are slow and can miss unusual strains of the microorganism. A new test identifies the presence or absence of Salmonella by the one piece of genetic material common to all strains. Clearly, public health officials would be well advised to replace the previous Salmonella tests with the new test.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The new test returns results very soon after food samples are submitted for testing' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: On a clear night, we can see a sky full of stars, some of which are their own glowing stars, and some of which are planets that don't glow but reflect light from nearby stars. Stars may be distant, but some can be seen by existing optical telescopes. Unlike stars, most extrasolar planets cannot be seen with existing optical telescopes because they emit no light and are much smaller than stars.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Extrasolar planets are so far away that they rarely reflect light from their stars back to Earth' best explains this phenomenon if true.


Premise: With the increasing prominence of global energy, environment, climate change and other issues, space solar energy has aroused the interest of the United States and other countries.In the long run, space solar energy can not only reduce human dependence on limited fossil energy, but also a way to replace the large-scale diffusion of nuclear energy and space solar energy can also bring a new era of space utilization and exploration.

Hypothesis: The development and utilization of space solar energy is of great significance according to the above conclusion.


Premise: The Internet is of great significance to solve the problems of lack of high-quality medical services, insufficient total resources of doctors, uneven distribution, great differences in ability among doctors and so on. On the one hand, the Internet medical platform provides doctors with mobile application software that allows them to provide services to patients in their spare time and spare time; on the other hand, the Internet medical platform also establishes a patient payment mechanism, which makes doctors get a reasonable return for their efforts, stimulate doctors' motivation, and make them willing to contribute their private time to society.

Hypothesis: The advantage of the Internet medical platform that is not mentioned in this paragraph is making effective use of doctor's time.


Premise: No occupation should be subject to a licensing requirement unless incompetence in the performance of tasks normally carried out within that occupation poses a plausible threat to human health or safety.

Hypothesis: The principle stated above most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument that hair stylists should be subject to a licensing requirement because they regularly use substances that can pose a threat to human health if handled improperly.


Premise: The similarity between ichthyosaurs and fish is an example of convergence, a process by which different classes of organisms adapt to the same environment by independently developing one or more similar external body features. Ichthyosaurs were marine reptiles and thus do not belong to the same class of organisms as fish. However, ichthyosaurs adapted to their marine environment by converging on external body features similar to those of fish. Most strikingly, ichthyosaurs, like fish, had fins.

Hypothesis: The inference that can be properly drawn on the basis of the statements above is that the members of a single class of organisms must exhibit one or more similar external body features that differentiate that class from all other classes of organisms.


Premise: Experiments have shown that plants contain a light-sensing protein that can distinguish the intensity of light. This ability is likely to enable plants to see wavelengths that cannot be seen by human vision and have high sensitivity. Plants can feel the direction in which the light is shining. Light makes plants know when to wake up in the morning and can also promote the extra secretion of two colorless pigments, quercetin and clenbuterol, which can filter intense sunlight and give full play to the role of sunscreen, thus protecting plants from the intense exposure of ultraviolet rays.

Hypothesis: The importance of perceiving sunlight to plant growth is mainly introduced in this passage.


Premise: Many medical experts have suggested that excessive coffee drinking is harmful to health. In order to verify the impact of excessive coffee drinking on the heart, researchers selected two groups of subjects. The first group of subjects drank five or more cups of coffee a day, and the second group of subjects never drank coffee. After a period of time, it was found that the proportion of heart disease in the first group of subjects was significantly higher than that in the second group. Therefore, The researchers concluded that drinking too much coffee increased the risk of heart disease.

Hypothesis: During the study period, the daily amount of exercise of the first group of subjects was much less than that of the second group of subjects, if true, questions the above argument most.


Premise: Xiao Quesang is a popular word on the Internet, which refers to small and definite depression, a small worry that continues to occur in daily life but cannot get rid of. Some experts have proposed that in the face of Xiao Quesang, people should not accept or endure it helplessly, but should make efforts to turn it into Xiao Quexing. Xiao Quexing is the tiny and real sense of luck and happiness that happens to happen in one's own life that people vaguely expect in their hearts.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li doesn't like to clean his home, and he feels headache and helplessness at the thought of going back to the messy rental house after work every day belongs to Xiaoquexing according to the above definition.


Premise: Youth A, B, C, D and E from a village applied for employment in a housing maintenance company. According to their respective expertise, five of them were employed as welders, bricklayers, electricians, carpenters and plumbers. It is known that each of them does only one type of work, and one of their five people does each type of work, and it is also known that: (1) if A works as a welder, C works as a carpenter; (2) if one of B and D works as a plumber, then A works as a welder; (3) C or works as a bricklayer, or an electrician.

Hypothesis: A works as a plumber can be inferred if E works as a bricklayer.


Premise: House economy, also called idler economy, refers to the phenomenon that people allocate holiday time to family life and reduce consumption and bring business opportunities.

Hypothesis: During the National Day holiday, a courier company's orders fell sharply because many people went to travel is considered as house economy according to the above definition.


Premise: When species are extensively hunted, individuals that reach reproductive maturity early make up a larger proportion of the population, because they have a better chance of reproducing. When species face diminished food resources, on the other hand, individuals tend to take longer to reach reproductive maturity. These considerations may help settle whether the primary cause of the gradual disappearance of North America' s mastodons, prehistoric animals related to elephants, was diminished food resources or human hunting, since __.

Hypothesis: The average age at which mastodons reached reproductive maturity can be established from mastodon tusks, of which there are many fossils dating from different periods.


Premise: In today's economic globalization, western cultural classics and traditions are still surviving and continuing. In the United States, the president is sworn in according to the Bible, and pupils recite the oath of a nation under the protection of God every week. In China, primary school students no longer study the classics, and there are no people to take the oath of office according to the Analects of Confucius. China has become a country that has almost lost all its cultural classics and traditions.

Hypothesis: The cultural classics and traditions of a country and a nation play an irreplaceable role in science is the hypothesis on which the above argument depends.


Premise: Fragments of charred antelope bone have recently been found at a million-year-old settlement of Homo erectus, an early human species. This discovery demonstrates that humans were making controlled use of fire to cook meat at a very early stage of their development.

Hypothesis: The assumption made by the argument above is that the antelope bones were charred in a fire controlled by humans.


Premise: Although it has been suggested that Arton' s plays have a strong patriotic flavor, we must recall that, at the time of their composition, her country was in anything but a patriotic mood. Unemployment was high, food was costly, and crime rates were soaring. As a result, the general morale of her nation was at an especially low point. Realizing this, we see clearly that any apparent patriotism in Arton' s work must have been intended ironically.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is questionable because it takes for granted that Arton was attuned to the predominant national attitude of her time.


Premise: Twenty years ago, Balzania put in place regulations requiring operators of surface mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being reclaimed today is only four dollars per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half what it cost to reclaim surface mines in the years immediately after the regulations took effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Even after Balzania began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs, surface mines continued to produce coal at a lower total cost than underground mines' most helps to account for the drop in reclamation costs described.


Premise: In the current society, the fierce competition between people is inevitable, but because of the heavy trade-offs and consequences, many people do not hesitate to violate the ethics and rules and order of public morality. In the end, it is not only difficult to take advantage, but sometimes do harm to themselves. As the system becomes more and more sound, the act of overstepping the rules with too much gain and loss can only lift a stone and drop it on one's own feet. For example, athletes train hard every day to win medals in the competition. When the game they have been waiting for for a long time comes, some athletes will be very nervous, even intentionally or unintentionally to do some illegal things.

Hypothesis: The intended explanation in this paragraph is that you can't do anything illegal because you put too much emphasis on gains and losses.


Premise: Novelists cannot become great as long as they remain in academia. Powers of observation and analysis, which schools successfully hone, are useful to the novelist, but an intuitive grasp of the emotions of everyday life can be obtained only by the kind of immersion in everyday life that is precluded by being an academic.

Hypothesis: No great novelist lacks powers of observation and analysis is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: A large survey of scientists found that almost all accept Wang' s Law, and almost all know the results of the Brown-Eisler Experiment. But those results together with Wang' s Law contradict the Minsk Hypothesis. Ttherefore, most of the scientists surveyed reject the Minsk Hypothesis.

Hypothesis: The argument requires assuming that almost all of the scientists surveyed are familiar with the way in which the results of the Brown-Eisler Experiment were obtained.


Premise: Statistics are divided into qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data includes categorical and ordinal data. Categorical data refers to non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain category, which is the result of classifying things and expressed in words; sequential data refers to non-numeric data that can be assigned to an ordered category. Quantitative data are data that represent specific numerical observations. ①Cities can be divided into megacities, large cities, medium cities and small cities according to the size of the city; ②Marital status: 1-unmarried, 2-married, 3-divorced, 4-widowed; ③The distance from place A to place B is 200 kilometers, 320 kilometers to C and 100 kilometers to D; ④ A hospital has a construction area of 50,000 square meters, 3,182 open beds and 687 clinicians.

Hypothesis: Only ② is classified data, based on the above definition.


Premise: The TJ-700 and the Beta Turbomax are two models of cars of different manufacturers. These two models have almost identical specifications and features, and they sell for almost the same price. Both were introduced on the market five years ago, and each year, the respective manufacturers spend about the same amount in advertising. In the past five year, the total number of TJ-700' s sold is about 80% greater than the total number of Beta Turbomax' s sold. Clearly, the advertising firm that created TJ-700 ads created much more effective ads than the firm that created Beta Turbomax ads.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to know whether buyers of the TJ-700 and the Beta Turbomax reported being familiar with the ads of these cars.


Premise: Loss of inheritance rights refers to the heir's disqualification of inheritance due to certain crimes or other illegal acts against the decedent or other heirs.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, poisoning and assassinating one's stepfather will not lead to the loss of inheritance rights.


Premise: Philosophy is not just a spiritual treasure for people to appreciate, nor is it a thought game for people to pass the time. The values of philosophers are ultimately influenced by the most fundamental problem of survival faced by human beings. If philosophy leaves the era that adapts to it, it will be homeless; and if an era leaves the philosophy that adapts to it, it will have no soul. Therefore, although the study of the history of philosophy is very important, it is always the unavoidable social responsibility of philosophy to find the spiritual home of the times, that is, to find the core values of the times. The study of philosophy lags behind the development of the times, which will affect the development of the whole social science and all spiritual culture, as well as the reasonable development of human practice.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that the main purpose of philosophy is to find the core value of the times.


Premise: The so-called overall understanding and grasp is to take into account the overall situation and the relationship between the overall situation and its various parts.

Hypothesis: The overall understanding and grasp means to consider the whole and the relationship between the whole and its parts.


Premise: Ecologists predict that the incidence of malaria will increase if global warming continues or if the use of pesticides is not expanded. But the use of pesticides is known to contribute to global warming, so it is inevitable that we will see an increase in malaria in the years to come.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the statement "If interest rates increase or demand for consumer goods does not decline, inflation will rise. But if there is a decline in the demand for consumer goods, that will lead to higher interest rates. Therefore, inflation will rise."


Premise: Editorialist: In all cultures, it is almost universally accepted that one has a moral duty to prevent members of one' s family from being harmed. Thus, few would deny that if a person is known by the person' s parents to be falsely accused of a crime, it would be morally right for the parents to hide the accused from the police. Hence, it is also likely to be widely accepted that it is sometimes morally right to obstruct the police in their work.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the editorialist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider the possibility that other moral principles would be widely recognized as overriding any obligation to protect a family member from harm.


Premise: A study of kindergarten students has shown that children from households that own many books, an average of 54 books, show average or high reading achievement levels, while the households of children with lower reading achievement levels tend to own fewer books, 5 books on average.

Hypothesis: The additional information that many of the books in the homes of the high achieving readers from the study were advanced science textbooks that were stored out of reach of the children would strengthen the assertion that parents who don't buy children's books to keep in the home cause their children to fall behind their peers in reading skills.


Premise: Circular economy is an ecological economy. It requires the use of ecological laws instead of mechanistic laws to guide the economic activities of human society. It is an economic form of low mining, low emissions and high utilization.

Hypothesis: Changing a reserve economy into a growth economy is not a circular economy.


Premise: Many elderly Beijings have never forgotten the unique skills they saw at temple fairs when they were young. Today, these unique skills have more formal names-folk art. However, as the modernization of society accelerates, Chinese folk culture is facing unprecedented crisis. The survival crisis of the city, the continuous change of the urban environment, the rapid diversion and transfer of people's interests and hobbies, and the gradual loss of folk art talents, all of which make the development of folk art face difficulties.

Hypothesis: Folk culture needs rescue protection can be derived from this text.


Premise: Positive social deviance refers to deviant behaviors that members of society deviate from or violate existing social norms and play a positive and progressive role in social development.

Hypothesis: A hippie who opposes cultural goals and the means of achieving them, but cannot change them, and then becomes passive belongs to positive social deviance.


Premise: Among the thousands of World Heritage sites, there are more than 30 rock painting sites. At present, rock paintings have been found in more than 150 countries and regions on five continents in the world. According to textual research, these images left in caves on the rocks have a history of at least 30,000 to 40,000 years. From today's point of view, they are more like children's works, emitting all the romantic observations and thoughts of human beings in childhood, and they are the most authentic writing of human beings before there are no words. China is one of the regions with the richest rock painting relics in the world, but it has not become a World Heritage site before. Zuojiang Huashan Rock painting Cultural Landscape makes up for this deficiency.

Hypothesis: The author's intention is that Zuojiang Huashan Rock Painting Cultural Landscape is China's first rock painting world Heritage.


Premise: The paddy field is not only a rice planting area, but also a farm where the rice is perfumed and the fish is fat and shrimp is strong. Traditional dwarf rice is densely planted because of the pursuit of maximum yield. In addition, the plant stalk is short and the space in the paddy field is narrow, resulting in poor air circulation and reduced effective oxygen content in the water. The high-stalk rice has a tall plant type, luxuriant leaves and a high canopy, and the plant spacing is relatively sparse, which can provide a good habitat for rice field animals such as frogs, fish and loach, and has the advantage of being suitable for the combination of planting and breeding. The problem of insufficient air convection and insufficient space above the paddy field caused by too dense plants. Compared with the current common paddy field comprehensive planting and breeding model, the economic benefits of this model are significantly improved, which will greatly enhance the enthusiasm of farmers for planting.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to illustrate the cultivation of high stalk rice.


Premise: Altruistic punishment means that people sacrifice their own interests to punish those who violate social norms. Third party punishment is a kind of altruistic punishment. Although the third party is not directly harmed by the violation, it is willing to pay the price to punish those who violate social norms.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Do boldly what is righteous is third party punishment.


Premise: The orange-bellied prairie vole practices monogamy, which is extremely rare in the animal world. The researchers first examined the communication between the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in female voles (the two regions are anatomically connected, and the nucleus accumbens plays a key role in the brain's reward system). The female voles were then asked to meet with male voles, and the intensity of communication between the two brain regions was continuously measured during the meeting. They found that voles with higher levels of communication in their brain regions were more likely to quickly establish intimate relationships with their partners. As a result, they believe that the activation of the loop between the two brain regions can directly affect the production of animal love.

Hypothesis: The researchers asked male and female voles to get close but not in direct contact, giving specific wavelengths of light to activate this neural pathway. The next day, female voles were more likely to be intimate with the male voles they had seen yesterday than to face strange male voles can best support the views of the above researchers.


Premise: A university has introduced a group of young teachers, some of whom have doctoral degrees. The physics teachers who have obtained doctoral degrees have more than three years of teaching experience. Some female teachers also have more than three years of teaching experience. All female teachers have been married.

Hypothesis: According to the above words, it must be correct that there may be male teachers who are not married.


Premise: In people's impression, bio-fuel is a renewable green energy. The latest research results overturn people's traditional impression. Researchers found that bio-fuel may be converted into acetaldehyde due to incomplete combustion, which will pollute the air. This pollution will lead to 1400 early deaths in country M every year. Therefore, some medical institution personnel in country M believe that the promotion of bio-fuels should be suspended and its use should be limited at this stage.

Hypothesis: At present, the country's scientists have developed a new technology to fully burn biofuels would most effectively question the views of medical institution personnel.


Premise: Using new detection techniques, researchers have found trace amounts of various medicinal substances in lakes and rivers. Taken in large quantities, these substances could have serious health effects, but they are present in quantities far too low to cause any physiological response in people who drink the water or bathe in it. Nevertheless, medical experts contend that eliminating these trace amounts from the water will have public health benefits, since __.

Hypothesis: Some of the medicinal substances found in lakes and rivers can counteract possible harmful effects of other such substances found there most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country' most helps to explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairs described.


Premise: The statistics department pointed out that although the educational burden of rural families has been greatly reduced with the popularization of rural compulsory education, with the change of Contemporary Farmers' concept, their understanding and consumption level of education have been continuously improved. It is expected that the proportion of education expenditure in the total expenditure of rural families will be further improved in the future.

Hypothesis: Contemporary farmers are willing to pay more for their children to enjoy high-quality education supports the above view.


Premise: Studies suggest that, for the vast majority of people who have normal blood pressure, any amount of sodium greater than that required by the body is simply excreted and does not significantly raise blood pressure. So only persons who have high blood pressure and whose bodies are incapable of safely processing excess sodium need to restrict their sodium intake.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that 'excess sodium intake over time often destroys the body's ability to process excess sodium' would most seriously weaken the argument.


Premise: In order to expand the sales revenue of its online store, a company has adopted various advertising and promotion methods, but the effect is not obvious. The company has hired a lot of professionals to conduct market analysis, and professionals believe that the population who has opened online banking This is the real potential customer base of online stores. So the company decided to cooperate with commercial banks to carry out publicity and promotion activities among the newly opened online banking business. But after a month, the effect was not satisfactory.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'Recently, there have been frequent cases of online banking users being stolen, which has reduced the number of people who have opened online banking' is true and can best explains the above result.


Premise: The one-third effect means that when human beings make decisions and choices, when there are 3 or more options, they will make wrong judgments due to the limitations of traditional thinking. The limitation of thinking is that when people face many equal probabilities,Although you know that the chances of each choice are the same, you will always resist the first and last options psychologically, so you usually make a choice on one of the middle options.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang choosing the last option for all the multiple choice questions in the English exam belongs to the one-third effect according to the above definition.


Premise: At present, the problem of relative poverty in some areas is due to the lack of information and resources. In the modern information society, people who have more information and resources can get more opportunities to get rich; on the contrary, some people who lack information and resources will be gradually divided into relatively poor people. In view of the root causes and main characteristics of relative poverty, while further increasing policy support and capital investment, and speeding up infrastructure construction, we will form the support and guarantee of multi-level resources to solve relative poverty, such as industrial poverty alleviation, financial poverty alleviation, technological poverty alleviation, information poverty alleviation, education poverty alleviation, employment poverty alleviation, cultural poverty alleviation, disaster reduction poverty alleviation, medical poverty alleviation, and so on.

Hypothesis: The intended description of the passage is that information and resources are the main factors leading to relative poverty.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If H is the chairman in the first year, I can be the chairman in the second year.