Premise: In today's economic globalization, western cultural classics and traditions are still surviving and continuing. In the United States, the president is sworn in according to the Bible, and pupils recite the oath of a nation under the protection of God every week. In China, primary school students no longer study the classics, and there are no people to take the oath of office according to the Analects of Confucius. China has become a country that has almost lost all its cultural classics and traditions.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is the statement "The reading of scriptures by primary school students is a symbol for a country and a nation to maintain its cultural classics and traditions."


Premise: Reading is a purely personal and very conscious thing. Reading itself is a very beautiful thing. In reading, the mind can consciously gallop in all kinds of time and space. By reading, people can think about the times and life. However, it pays too much attention to material life and despises spiritual life. It only stays in obtaining information without causing thinking, and its mentality is impetuous or thought collision in books, but now few people are really immersed in reading. They only read fragmented and superficial information from the network, and only stay in obtaining information without causing thinking. Nowadays, many books pay too much attention to pragmatism and emphasize the reading effect, such as if you practice XX in three months, you can be XX in 10 days.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is that reading should be a spiritual enjoyment.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: It is possible that I serve on the subcommittee, and there is P.


Premise: The threshold effect, also known as the inch-to-inch effect, means that once a person accepts a trivial request from others, he is likely to accept a larger request in order to avoid cognitive disharmony or to give others a consistent impression. This phenomenon is like climbing the doorsill step by step, so that you can climb the heights more easily and smoothly.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where an enterprise has successfully developed a kind of white toothpaste to remove smoke stains, which has been praised by the market because of its good effect in removing smoke stains, and then launched several kinds of white toothpaste with different tastes does not meet the threshold effect.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: A complete and accurate list of students going to England includes M, U, and W.


Premise: Modern psychological research believes that when a person feels upset, depressed, or anxious, his body's blood pressure and oxidation will decrease, and when he is in a happy mood, his entire metabolism will improve.

Hypothesis: Good or bad mood is closely related to one's physical health can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Professor Zhang: since the 1980s, the number of striped owls has decreased sharply. At present, they are in danger of extinction. Timber harvesting companies are responsible for this. The old forest areas they cut heavily are the habitat of owls. Researcher Li: the decline in the number of striped owls cannot be attributed to wood harvesting companies. In the past 30 years, a more fertile striped owl has entered the old forest area and competed with the Striped Owl for survival resources.

Hypothesis: Another explanation for the decline in the number of striped owls is proposed best summarizes researcher Li's Refutation of Professor Zhang's point of view.


Premise: The Biocarb Company wants to build a sterilization plant to treat contaminated medical waste in a city neighborhood where residents and environmental activists fear that such a facility will pollute the area. Biocarb' s president argues that the operation of the plant cannot cause pollution because the waste would be sterile after processing by the plant. He claims that after exposure for an hour to superheated steam in the autoclave, such refuse would be far cleaner than food prepared in the cleanest kitchen.

Hypothesis: The president's argument depends on the assumption that no others besides environmental activists are concerned about pollution hazards that can result from processing medical waste.


Premise: The realization of great dreams has never proceeded smoothly. It is bound to be difficult to forge ahead in coping with challenges and resolving risks. Only by enhancing the sense of anxiety and deeply understanding that the problems after development are not less than when there is no development, and the reform of entering the deep water area is no easier than the beginning of the initial reform, can we calmly deal with a series of complex contradictions and problems to ensure the smooth realization of great dreams.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it must be true that only in the smooth progress is it necessary to enhance the sense of anxiety.


Premise: In 1784, the famous astronomer William Herschel once wrote that the dark areas on the surface of Mars are oceans, and the brighter areas are land. Herschel speculated that there must be intelligent life on Mars, and they may be similar to us on Earth. Herschel's theory has been popular for more than a century, and even some other astronomers have echoed that vegetation can be observed in some brightly colored areas.

Hypothesis: If the followings are true, where vegetation can be observed, there may be intelligent life can best support Herschel's conjecture.


Premise: Xiao Li was admitted to Tsinghua University, or Xiao Sun was not admitted to Peking University. If Xiao Zhang is admitted to Peking University, Xiao Sun is also admitted to Peking University; If Xiao Zhang is not admitted to Peking University, Xiao Li is admitted to Tsinghua University.

Hypothesis: If the above determination is true, Xiao Zhang failed to enter Peking University.


Premise: Explicit learning is the learning of intentionally searching or applying rules to the field of stimuli. In the process of explicit learning, people's learning behavior is controlled by consciousness, has a clear purpose, needs to pay attention to resources, and needs to make certain efforts. Implicit learning refers to a kind of subconscious learning without will effort. The characteristic of this kind of learning is that people subconsciously acquire certain knowledge, and without the effort of will, the knowledge can be extracted and applied to the operation of specific tasks.

Hypothesis: Xiao Fang often accompanies his grandfather to play go, and before he knows it, he can also play go belongs to explicit learning according to the above definition.


Premise: The legislature is discussing a proposal to ban fishing in Huanglong Bay. Although the fishing ban will have a significant impact on the local economy, which is underpinned by the fishing industry, the proposal must also be implemented. Huanglong Bay is one of the areas with the highest level of water pollution. Recent studies have shown that 80% of the fish in Huanglong Bay contain toxins that exceed the national safety standards, and continued fishing will cause serious hazards to public health.

Hypothesis: The principle of choosing the lesser of two evils is adopted based on the foreseeable consequences most accurately expresses the underlying principles on which the above argument is based.


Premise: Only in the process of multiple circulation can general commodities continue to increase in value, but as a special commodity, works of art reflect different characteristics from general commodities. In the auction market, the transaction prices of some antiques, calligraphy and painting are very random, which are often directly affected by accidental factors such as the atmosphere of the auction site, the intensity of bidding and the psychological changes of buyers. Sometimes the transaction price is dozens or even hundreds of times higher than the reserve price, so that the art products can realize significant value-added in a Circulation.

Hypothesis: Some buyers just want to hype art in order to make high profits does not explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: There are four people, they are thieves, robbers, judges and policemen. The first man said, the second man is not a thief. the second man said, the third man is a policeman. the third man said, the fourth man is not a judge. the fourth man said, I am not a policeman, and only the police will tell the truth except me.

Hypothesis: If the fourth person is telling the truth, the third man is a policeman and the fourth man is a judge.


Premise: Substitution effect: When the price of an item rises, consumers tend to substitute other items for the item that has become expensive, so as to obtain satisfaction at the cheapest price.

Hypothesis: A certain stock appreciating and many people competing for it is not a substitution effect.


Premise: Goethe commented that Paganini showed a fiery soul on the strings. Parisians were so intoxicated by the sound of his piano that they forgot the cholera epidemic at that time. In Vienna, a blind man heard the sound of his piano and thought it was a band playing. When he learned that it was only the sound played by an Italian named Paganini on a violin, the blind man shouted, this is a devil!

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize the strong power of imitation of Paganini.


Premise: British cruise ships sold to Egypt were unpopular at first, while French-built cruise ships sold better. It turns out that there are many empty spaces for French cruise ships, but the rooms for British cruise ships are much larger than those built in France. Through analysis, the British come to the conclusion that psychologically, people care about the width of the outside far more than the need for the width of the room. As a result, the British shrank the size of the rooms on the cruise ship and widened the rest. As a result, British cruise ships became bestsellers.

Hypothesis: An inaccurate understanding of this passage is "People all compare the future with a broad, broad world, hoping that their tomorrow will be broad and bright and it will be the same in real life."


Premise: Some biologists believe that the capacity for flight first developed in marine reptiles, claiming that feathers are clearly developed from scales. Other biologists rightly reject this suggestion, pointing out that bats have no scales and that nonmarine reptiles also have scales. Those who believe that flight first developed in tree-dwelling reptiles reject the claim that the limbs of land-dwelling reptiles might have developed into wings. They insist that it is more likely that tree-dwelling reptiles developed wings to assist their leaps from branch to branch.

Hypothesis: The claim that nonmarine reptiles have scales is cited as evidence against the claim that the capacity for flight first developed in marine reptiles.


Premise: Teacher Wu, Teacher Zhang, Teacher Sun, and Teacher Su are all teachers in a certain school, and each only teaches one course in Chinese, biology, physics, and chemistry. Known: ①If Mr. Wu teaches Chinese, then Mr. Zhang does not teach students ②Or Mr. Sun teaches Chinese, or Mr. Wu teaches Chinese ③If Mr. Zhang does not teach biology, then Mrs. Su also does not teach physics ④Or Mrs. Wu does not teach chemistry, Or Mr. Su teaches physics

Hypothesis: If Teacher Wu teaches chemistry, it can be deduced that Teacher Sun teaches Chinese.


Premise: Space programs have recently suffered several setbacks with respect to their large projects, and much money has been lost. Consequently, these grand projects should be abandoned in favor of several small ones.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Large projects are intrinsically more likely to fail and so are more financially risky than small projects' provides the most support for the reasoning above.


Premise: Seven security guards, Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li, Wu, Zheng, and Wang, take turns on the night shift every week. In terms of duty hours, it is now known that Zhao is one day behind Sun; Li is two days behind Wu; Qian is three days ahead of Wang; Zheng is between Qian and Sun, on Thursday.

Hypothesis: Li is on Tuesday is a true statement regarding night shift based on the above question.


Premise: Mo Yan, a Chinese writer, won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his works such asBreast fat buttocks and frogs. He combined magical realism with folktales, history with contemporary society. After winning the award, his collection of works was snapped up in many domestic cities and became the best-selling book recently, and then began to go out of China and to the world, and was deeply sought after by foreign readers.

Hypothesis: Readers at home and abroad attach great importance to the evaluation results of the Nobel Prize can be derived from this.


Premise: An aircraft engine manufacturer has developed a new type of engine with better safety performance than the old engine. In the first year when the new and old engines were sold at the same time, the sales of the old engine exceeded the new engine, and the manufacturer concluded The conclusion is that safety is not the customer's primary consideration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Both private jet owners and airlines buy engines from this aircraft engine manufacturer' would weaken the manufacturer's conclusion most severely.


Premise: Roses always provide a stunning display of color, but only those flowers that smell sweet are worth growing in a garden. Some roses have no scent.

Hypothesis: Some flowers which provide a stunning display of color are not worth growing in a garden can be properly drawn from the passage.


Premise: A distinguished British judge, Justice Upton, said that whether some administrative decision by a government minister is reasonable is a question that judges, by their training and experience, should be well-equipped to answer, or else there would be something badly wrong with the legal system, and there is little reason to suppose that there is.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of Justice Upton's argument is that if something were badly wrong with the legal system, judges would be ill-equipped to determine whether a government minister's decisions are reasonable.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.

Hypothesis: Q must be on team 2 if G is on team 1 and K is on team 2.


Premise: The word Skyscraper was originally a special term for the crew, meaning a tall pole or sail on a sailboat, and then it evolved into a specific term in architecture. In 1883, skyscraper first appeared in the article American Architects and Architecture News written by an American fantasy writer, and the term was born. Since then, many skyscrapers have been built, one after another, towering in the skies of major cities around the world.

Hypothesis: According to this text, the crew and the writer incorrectly understood the term skyscraper.


Premise: Ambiguity inspires interpretation. The saying, We are the measure of all things,  for instance, has been interpreted by some people to imply that humans are centrally important in the universe, while others have interpreted it to mean simply that, since all knowledge is human knowledge, humans must rely on themselves to find the truth.

Hypothesis: The view that ambiguity inspires interpretation is a view that other statements in the argument are intended to support.


Premise: Act and omission together constitute a legal act. Action means that the subject should make a certain action. Omission is a legal act performed in a passive manner without external action.

Hypothesis: The act of Duan putting pesticides into Wang's chicken feed due to a quarrel is the act.


Premise: Mainstream economic theory holds that manufacturers, in deciding what kinds of products to manufacture and what form those products should have, simply respond to the needs and desires of consumers. However, most major manufacturers manipulate and even create consumer demand, as anyone who watches television knows. Since even mainstream economic theorists watch television, their motive in advancing this theory must be something other than disinterested concern for scientific truth.

Hypothesis: The claim that manufacturers manipulate and create consumer demand is the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Since its establishment in 1974, the Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC) has vigorously cracked down on corruption, investigating more than 2200 corruption and bribery cases and prosecuting 1355 unscrupulous government officials. In a small place in Hong Kong, there are so many investigations and so many people involved, but it has not hindered Hong Kong's economic development and prosperity.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement that Hong Kong's economic development and prosperity is largely due to its clean and efficient civil service.


Premise: Millions of irreplaceable exhibits in natural history museums are currently allowed to decay. Yet without analyses of eggs from museums, the studies linking pesticides with the decline of birds of prey would have been impossible. Ttherefore, funds must be raised to preserve at least those exhibits that will be most valuable to science in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement "if a museum exhibit is irreplaceable, its preservation is of an importance that overrides economic considerations" is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A research team from Celera Genomics reported in the journal Science that compared mouse chromosomes with human chromosomes, they found that the two have 95% similarity in terms of genes, gene content, and DNA sequence. Therefore, in fact, there is not much difference between mouse and human.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the main criterion for judging the difference between species is the similarity of species in genes relies on the above conclusion.


Premise: Market research shows that in the price war, the price of famous-brand computers is reduced by no more than 10%, so the price of Shenzhou computers is reduced by no more than 10%.

Hypothesis: Shenzhou computer is not a famous brand computer can best overturn the above argument.


Premise: Eva: A smart highway system should be installed, one that would monitor areawide traffic patterns and communicate with computers in vehicles or with programmable highway signs to give drivers information about traffic congestion and alternate routes. Such a system, we can infer, would result in improved traffic flow in and around cities that would do more than improve drivers' tempers; it would decrease the considerable loss of money and productivity that now results from traffic congestion. Louis: There are already traffic reports on the radio. Why would a smart highway system be any better? .

Hypothesis: The assumption that older vehicles could not be fitted with equipment to receive signals sent by a smart highway system is required by Eva's argument.


Premise: The formation of hurricanes that threaten the United States mainland is triggered by high atmospheric winds off the western coast of Africa. When abundant rain falls in sub-Saharan Africa, hurricanes afterward hit the United States mainland with particular frequency. Ttherefore, the abundant rains must somehow promote the ability of the winds to form hurricanes.

Hypothesis: The argument that the chicory plant's blossoms must open up in the dark contains a flaw that is similar to one in the argument above.


Premise: All dinosaurs stood on the ground with their legs upright, which is different from cold-blooded reptiles lying on the ground with their limbs; The bone structure of dinosaurs is similar to that of warm blooded mammals; The lung structure of dinosaurs is very similar to that of warm blooded animals; In modern ecosystems (such as African grasslands), the ratio between warm-blooded predators (such as lions) and predators (such as antelopes) is a constant. Statistics of dinosaur fauna in North America show that the ratio between predators and predators is similar to this constant. All these show that dinosaurs are not dull and slow-moving cold-blooded animals, It is a warm blooded animal with high metabolism and quick action.

Hypothesis: Marine mammals such as cetaceans are not upright, but warm blooded animals cannot refute the above reasoning.


Premise: t present, people love tourism more and more. Many tourists will travel to some famous cities. There is often such a phenomenon: on the way to visit scenic spots, the Miss tour guide will always stop in front of several handicraft processing plants and persuade everyone to visit the factory. She says that the products are cheap and it doesn't matter whether they buy or not. Therefore, some tourists often complain, but this behavior continues, Even one year is better than another

Hypothesis: The statement 'The manufacturer's products are sold directly, the quality is guaranteed, and the price is really cheap. Why not' is the least likely cause of the above phenomenon.


Premise: The Kiffer Forest Preserve, in the northernmost part of the Abbimac Valley, is where most of the bears in the valley reside. During the eight years that the main road through the preserve has been closed the preserve' s bear population has nearly doubled. Thus, the valley' s bear population will increase if the road is kept closed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bear population in the Abbimac Valley has remained about the same over the past eight years' most undermines the argument.


Premise: Recently, some netizens expressed such concern: I have money in Alipay and Wechat. If I die unexpectedly one day, what will I do with the money (my family doesn't know about the money)? It struck a chord for a moment. According to the regulations of Internet companies, if personal accounts are not used for a long time, Alipay will be cancelled and Wechat will be recycled. This also means that personal network property is likely to be confiscated. Such a situation also exists in brick-and-mortar banks. But physical banks generally have relief mechanisms. For example, for dormant accounts, the bank can contact the second contact, or the relatives and friends of the parties with bank cards to inquire. Inspired by this, the problem of dormant account on the network platform should be solved by legislation.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that it is suggested that there is a risk in the online bank account.


Premise: All leaders who care about the personal development of employees have been proven to be well-managed leaders; while leaders who really care about the personal development of employees first focus on the career development of employees. Therefore, those who do not first focus on Leaders who care about the career development of employees are not well-managed leaders.

Hypothesis: In order for the above argument to be true, all well-managed leaders must be leaders who care about the personal development of employees.


Premise: The most common amphibian in the Tropicalico jungle is a unique variety of tree frog, but this variety is almost never seen, even by trained researchers studying the amphibian. Surprisingly, this frog is seen even less than tinier and less populous amphibian varieties, possibly less than any other amphibian type within the jungle.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, helps to reconcile the statements above EXCEPT: Almost all of the trees within the Tropicalico jungle are covered in vines that bear a remarkable similarity to the patterns on the skin of the tree frog.


Premise: In China, all citizens are protected by the Constitution. On the contrary, it is dangerous and weird to talk about protecting the rich in the context of resources that the poor are not fully protected. It is likely to cause public opinion rupture and harm to the relationship between the rich and the poor. In a sense, on the stage of China's market economy, the profit-seeking nature of the rich groups represented by entrepreneurs seems to be more worthy of our vigilance than the struggling survival of the poor.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that the issue of rich and poor should be discussed on the premise of fairness.


Premise: As people live longer and retire faster, they have more and more time available. In Asian countries, the importance of enjoying a leisurely life is gaining new attention. As Asian countries move rapidly towards an aging society, they are trying to figure out how to prepare the rest of the population to embrace retirement. As baby boomers begin to retire, the problem becomes more urgent.

Hypothesis: The problem of prolonging life and postponing retirement is intended to be discussed.


Premise: Division is a logical method of dividing the objects reflected by a concept into several small categories to confirm the extension of the concept, or it can be said to be a logical method of dividing an extended generic concept into several juxtaposed species concepts. Decomposition is to divide an object into several parts in thinking, and there is not a species relationship between the concept that reflects the part and the concept that reflects the whole.

Hypothesis: Celestial bodies in the universe can be divided into natural and man-made celestial bodies is correctly divided according to the above definition.


Premise: Ostrich farming requires far less acreage than cattle ranching requires, and ostriches reproduce much faster than cattle. Starting out in cattle ranching requires a large herd of cows, one bull, and at least two acres per cow. By contrast, two pairs of yearling ostriches and one acre of similar land are enough to begin ostrich farming. The start-up costs for ostrich farming are greater, but it can eventually bring in as much as five times what cattle ranching does.

Hypothesis: Two pairs of yearling ostriches are more expensive than a herd of cows and a bull is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Due to the rise in oil prices, the state has raised the sales prices of gasoline and other oil products, which has led to an increase in taxi operating costs and a reduction in drivers' income. According to the survey, more than 95% of taxi drivers in Beijing oppose a taxi fare increase because it will lead to fewer passengers, but opposing a fare increase does not mean they are willing to reduce their income.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Taxi drivers hope to reduce the monthly rent paid to taxi companies, thereby eliminating the impact of rising oil prices' can explain the seemingly contradictory attitude of taxi drivers in Beijing.


Premise: Turkey has applied to join the EU since 1987, and the two sides are still engaged in difficult negotiations. For strategic reasons, the EU needs Turkey, and a categorical no to Turkey would deprive the EU of Turkish cooperation in security, justice, energy and other areas. However, if Turkey joins the EU, it will bring a series of problems to the EU, such as the disharmony of cultural and religious views, the heavy burden of economic subsidies, and the impact of the influx of immigrants on the job market.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that 'In the long run, the EU cannot both obtain Turkey's full cooperation and completely avoid the difficult problems of Turkish membership' can be inferred from the statement above.


Premise: In the past 15 years, there have been great innovations in world technology, especially in communications, information and electronics. Undoubtedly, technological progress has improved production, and strengthening technical forces is an important factor in promoting economic growth.

Hypothesis: Technological progress determines economic growth can be derived from the above.


Premise: Some anthropologists study modern-day societies of foragers in an effort to learn about our ancient ancestors who were also foragers. A flaw in this strategy is that forager societies are extremely varied. Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologists are familiar has had considerable contact with modern, non-forager societies.

Hypothesis: All forager societies throughout history have had a number of important features in common that are absent from other types of societies would most weaken the criticism made above of the anthropologists' strategy.


Premise: By testing a certain number of newborns, researchers found that newborns are born with the recognition of some graphics.

Hypothesis: If the above test results are correct, most of human's recognition ability of graphics is obtained through learning must be true.


Premise: Futurist: Artists in the next century will be supported largely by private patrons. Because these patrons will almost invariably be supporters of the social order -- whatever it happens to be at the time -- art in the next century will rarely express social and political doctrines that are perceived to be subversive of that social order.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Art patrons tend not to support artists whose art expresses social and political views that are in opposition to their own' provides the most support for the futurist's inference if it is valid.


Premise: Whether a person does good behavior or bad behavior depends on the length of his life. If he only had one day to live, it would be best for him to steal people's things, because he would not suffer the pain of fear of being caught. Stealing is not the best thing for someone who has 20 years left to live because he will suffer from the fear of being caught.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only if you suffer from the pain of being caught, will you not steal other people's things' would weaken the above argument if it is true.


Premise: Several students guessed the ranking of the physics competition. Zhong said, Hua is third and Ren is fifth. Hua said, Min is fifth and Gong is fourth. Ren said, Zhong is first and Min is fourth. Min said, Ren is first and Hua is second.Gong said, Zhong is third and Min is fourth. It is known that there is no parallel ranking in this competition, and there are talents for each ranking.

Hypothesis: Ren is first, Min is second, Zhong is third, Gong is fourth and Hua is fifth should be the ranking.


Premise: Scientist: Some colonies of bacteria produce antibiotic molecules called phenazines, which they use to fend off other bacteria. We hypothesize that phenazines also serve as molecular pipelines that give interior bacteria access to essential nutrients in the environment surrounding the colony.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The rate at which a bacteria colony produces phenazines is determined by the number of foreign bacteria in the environment immediately surrounding the colony' provides the most support for the scientist's hypothesis.


Premise: Cultivating the aesthetic taste of students majoring in design is very important, so the school should offer the course of Chinese and Western Art History for them.

Hypothesis: The statement "There is no significant difference in aesthetic taste between students who have taken the course of Chinese and Western Art History and students who have not taken this course" will weaken the above conclusion most.


Premise: Newspaper subscriber: Arnot' s editorial argues that by making certain fundamental changes in government we would virtually eliminate our most vexing social ills. But clearly this conclusion is false. After all, the argument Arnot makes for this claim depends on the dubious assumption that government can be trusted to act in the interest of the public.

Hypothesis: The argument uses the key term government in one sense in a premise and in another sense in the conclusion, which most accurately expresses a flaw in its reasoning.


Premise: According to four major studies conducted over the past decade, the number of obese children in Beijing's urban areas has been on the rise, with more than 85 percent of children of the same age being considered obese.

Hypothesis: Children in Beijing's urban areas are more likely to become obese as they get older can be drawn if the findings in the survey are correct.


Premise: The economic system belongs to the relations of production. At present, although the relations of production of public ownership is dominant in our country, but productivity is low,.The contradiction that causes productivity and Relations of production is very outstanding.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Relations of production determines productivity' can be inferred.


Premise: In today's international system, when the nation-state is no longer the only international actor, it is necessary to shape new identity, instead of using old bottles of new wine to advocate moderate, rational and open new nationalism, but should transcend nationalism itself. Nowadays, when sovereign states rather than nation-states are the basic unit of the international community, patriotism should be used instead of nationalism, so as to be proud of the country and inspire the future.

Hypothesis: The international system should develop in the direction of moderation, rationality and openness is the opinion of the passage.


Premise: If a court juror is too professional, he may lose the normal vision of an ordinary person due to a strong professional perspective. The law is formulated for ordinary people, and it needs ordinary people to obey it to be effective. Similarly, the judicial process also needs ordinary people. Institutionalized participation.

Hypothesis: The question that this text addresses is whether professionals serve as court jurors, as pointed out by the answer.


Premise: The government should prohibit liquor companies from deducting advertising expenses from their operating income. In this way, liquor enterprises will pay more taxes, and they will have to raise the price of liquor, which in turn can restrain liquor consumption and reduce the incidence of various diseases caused by excessive drinking.

Hypothesis: The hypothetical premise of the above discussion is likely to be that it is impossible for liquor enterprises to offset the overpaid tax by reducing the cost of other aspects.


Premise: The latest research shows that drinking green tea regularly is good for the cardiovascular system.The researchers followed and studied more than 100,000 participants for seven years.Participants were divided into two groups: those who drank green tea more than three times a week (those who drank green tea more than three times a week) and those who did not drink green tea (those who never drank green tea or drank green tea less than three times a week). The researchers found that those who drank green tea had a 20% lower risk of heart disease and stroke and a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke than those who did not drink green tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Participants in the green tea group were generally older than those in the non-green tea group' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: College professor: College students do not write nearly as well as they used to. Almost all of the papers that my students have done for me this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical.

Hypothesis: The most serious weakness in the argument made by the professor is that it does not take into account the possibility that the professor is a poor teacher.


Premise: A study comparing infant care revealed that the amount of stimulation babies receive affects their sleep. At six months of age, the babies in the study with a less stimulating daytime routine slept an average of two hours more per day than those with a more stimulating routine. Since sleep plays a very important role in a child' s development, parents would be wise to reduce the amount of stimulation their babies receive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Babies with less stimulating routines usually get extra sleep during the day' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: On average, the number of speeding tickets issued in County X every year is three times greater than the number of speeding tickets issued in County Y during the same period. Ttherefore, the number of people who exceed the speed limit must be higher in County X than in County Y.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to take into account that the number of tickets issued in County X may reflect a lower proportion of drivers overall in that county describes a flaw in the reasoning above.


Premise: Ethicist: An action is wrong if it violates a rule of the society in which the action is performed and that rule promotes the general welfare of people in the society. An action is right if it is required by a rule of the society in which the action is performed and the rule promotes the general welfare of the people in that society.

Hypothesis: Edward's taking care of his aged parents is the right thing for him to do because the rule requiring this action promotes the general welfare of people in the society most closely conforms to the principle cited by the ethicist.


Premise: No matter what the reason, the vulgarization of network language has caused harm to the construction of network civilization and even reduced the degree of civilization of the whole society.At present, the development path of the network language has been very clear, from the virtual space to the spoken language, after entering the written language, it may eventually precipitate into all aspects of the language application. If the network vulgar language is allowed to develop, over time, they will become idioms.

Hypothesis: The option 'We should be alert to the possibility of the transformation of network language into idioms' is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Ballet in China has been more than a century since it was performed at the court in the late Qing Dynasty, and it has been nearly 100 years since Russia began to teach in Shanghai in the 1920s. There is indeed a big gap between ballet and Chinese traditional aesthetics, but the Chinese can accept it smoothly for a hundred years. Even in the years of the Cultural Revolution, ballet was still popular on the stage and played an important role as a model. Ballet, once appreciated by the European court, has been Sinicized in China, and a number of Chinese players have stepped onto the podium in the international arena.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Ballet takes root and blossoms in China with its unique charm.


Premise: Concept confusion refers to the informal fallacy caused by the ambiguity and ambiguity of natural language. Configuration ambiguity refers to the ambiguity fallacy caused by the incorrect grammatical structure of a sentence.

Hypothesis: Configuration ambiguity, according to the above definition, is when one person went to the fortune teller and asked about the family, and the fortune teller said that his father died before his mother.


Premise: Scientists in a certain country recently stated that they have successfully used embryonic stem cells to artificially cultivate O type RH negative blood in the laboratory for the first time. Because O type RH negative blood is called universal blood type, it can match any other blood type, which makes humans will be no need to worry about blood source tension anymore.

Hypothesis: The production of O type RH negative blood requires A, B and AB blood type Rh negative type as raw materials, and these blood types are also scarce would weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Reference dependence means that an individual judges the value of gains and losses based on a reference point. Above the reference point, the individual feels the gain, and vice versa. The perception of loss and gain depends on the choice of the reference point.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'My sister got 99 points in the mid-term exam and 95 points in the final exam, and my mother criticized her; my younger brother got 75 points in the mid-term exam and 85 points in the final exam, and my mother rewarded him' is not reference dependency.


Premise: The two-dimensional code is to record the symbolic information of the data on the black-and-white graphics distributed in the plane according to a certain rule with a certain geometric figure. In the compilation of the code, the concept of 01 bit stream is used to represent the text numerical information with several geometric shapes corresponding to the binary system, and the information is automatically read by the image input device or the photoelectric scanning device to realize the automatic processing of the information. The number of bits that a QR code can represent is fixed. The more information it contains, the less redundancy it will have: conversely, the greater the redundancy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the text numerical information is converted into a geometric shape corresponding to the binary system, which can be read by the equipment does not match the meaning of the QR code.


Premise: Geoffrey never attends a movie without watching the trailer and generally tries to read the reviews prior to the show. At the theater, Geoffrey sometimes buys popcorn and always buys a bottle of water. Geoffrey recently saw the eighth installment of the Boy Wizard Chronicles.

Hypothesis: Geoff Geoffrey watched the Boy Wizard Chronicles' trailer and drank a bottle of water during the show must be true based on these true statements.


Premise: Rush-off anxiety refers to the phenomena that families or schools, worried about their children's lack of competitiveness, are eager to carry out advanced education, deepen teaching content and violate the basic laws of education and teaching.

Hypothesis: On the eve of the math competition for middle school students in the city, a certain school repeatedly hired university professors to take up the time of other courses to carry out intensive training for the contestants is not the Rush-off anxiety.


Premise: When there is inflation or economic overheating in a country, the government often adopts tight monetary policies such as tightening monetary policy, raising interest rates, raising the discount rate and so on. However, in 1990, in order to suppress the excessively high stock market and real estate bubbles, the Japanese government continued to increase the discount rate, which finally led to deflation, which led to the stagnation of the Japanese economy for more than a decade. From 1995 to 1996, in order to curb the asset price bubble, the Central Bank of Thailand continuously tightened monetary policy, continued to raise interest rates, curbed investment and consumption, and led to the Great Recession.Based on this, it can be concluded that

Hypothesis: Tight monetary policy is likely to lead to an economic downturn is the most appropriate statement as the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: A manager is hoping to reach a certain target for camera sales in his store, which sells between 10 and 20 cameras a week. Typically, most cameras sold in any week are the less expensive economy models, and his store has sold relatively fewer of the more expensive, high-end cameras. The manager realizes that if, on average, three more cameras sold each week were high-end instead of economy models, the store would reach its target in sales. The manager prepares a detailed information sheet for the sales associates, outlining the numerous advantages of the high-end cameras over the economy cameras, and provides each sales associate with a portfolio of contrasting photos of the same images, showing the clearly superior image quality of the high-end cameras.

Hypothesis: The high end cameras can generate photographs of profession quality, such as those a portrait photographer might produce would provide most support for the prediction that the detailed information sheet and photo portfolio given to sales associates will have its intended effect of allowing the store to reach its target in sales.


Premise: Psychological contract refers to the implied relationship between the individual and the organization that is not expressly stipulated in the respective responsibilities and expectations of each other.

Hypothesis: Combined with its own development blueprint, the enterprise provides career design for employees is a measure to establish a psychological contract according to the above definition.


Premise: Countries with a small highly educated population are destined to be economically and politically weak. However, countries with a large highly educated population have a serious financial commitment to public education. So any country with a government that can make such a commitment will get rid of economic and political weakness.

Hypothesis: If the climate changes suddenly, it will be more difficult for animals with a single type of food to survive. However, animals with a wide variety of foods will not, because sudden changes in climate will only eliminate certain kinds of food is the most similar option to the above argument.


Premise: Antibiotics are standard ingredients in animal feed because they keep animals healthy and increase meat yields. However, scientists have recommended phasing out this practice, believing it may make antibiotics less effective in humans. If meat yields are reduced, however, some farmers will go out of business.

Hypothesis: If the health of their animals declines, most farmers will not be able to stay in business is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Appeal to ignorance is a logical fallacy. It means that people specify a thing as correct only because it has not been proved wrong, or conclude that a thing is wrong only because it has not been proved to be correct.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'You lack evidence of alibi, so you must be there' belongs to appeal to ignorance.


Premise: In the development of society and daily life, the decisions of enterprises and families are not only affected by visible costs, but also restricted by a variety of accounting books, but actually occupy the hidden costs of relevant manpower and material resources. Invisible cost, like dark matter, is difficult to observe, but its size and trend can be inferred from its impact on related economic activities. From the perspective of social development, if policy makers want to comprehensively reduce the cost of economic activities and reduce the burden on enterprises and families, in addition to giving concessions in visible costs such as taxes and fees, reducing hidden costs is also a very important part.

Hypothesis: The key to decision-making is cost reduction is the most suitable for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: If we can understand the reality of us and the enemy in a comprehensive way, then how many battles will not be lost. This sentence also applies to interpersonal communication, a person only know themselves first, can understand others. Anyone can only trust someone who knows him well, including himself. Imagine how a person can be trusted if he doesn't know you at all.

Hypothesis: By fully understanding yourself, you can gain the trust of many people can be inferred based on the above definition.


Premise: The parliament of a certain country is going to spend four days discussing seven bills. The discussion arrangement must meet the following conditions: a maximum of three bills per day; Motion No. 4 must be put on the next day; Motion No. 1 and motion No. 5 were discussed on the same day; Motion No.4 was discussed after motion No.2 and before motion No.3; Motion No. 3 is discussed before motion No. 1 and after motion No. 6.

Hypothesis: Motion No. 6 and motion No. 7 can be discussed on the first day.


Premise: The necessary condition is a judgment relationship. That means, if there is no antecedent (condition), there will be no subsequent (result); and if there is antecedent (condition), there may be no subsequent (result). It is a condition opposite to sufficient conditions and sufficient and necessary conditions.

Hypothesis: If you want a horse to run well, you should ask the horse to eat enough grass is not a necessary condition.


Premise: People always seem to associate high prices of products with high quality. But price is not necessarily an indicator of quality. The best teas are often no more expensive than the lower-quality teas.

Hypothesis: Most people buy low-quality tea, thus keeping its price up does most to explain the apparent counterexample described above.


Premise: Cultivating the aesthetic taste of students majoring in design is very important, so the school should offer the course of Chinese and Western Art History for them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Not all students who have studied the course of Chinese and Western Art History can become outstanding designers' will weaken the above conclusion most.


Premise: Once consumers realize that inflation has begun, they will generally consume more. This increase can easily be explained by the phenomenon that consumers hope not to delay purchasing goods that are sure to increase in price. Even though consumers have prediced that prices will continue to rise as well as the wages. But during the long-term inflation period, consumers will eventually delay purchsing them and even daily goods.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because the increase in wages cannot keep up with the increase in prices, the purchasing power of consumers has declined during the long-term inflation period' can best help explain the obvious inconsistencies in consumer behavior described above.


Premise: Lu Xun's mastery of natural science knowledge is quite rich. This not only increases the critical power of his essays, but also greatly enhances the appeal. Lu Xun is very familiar with Entomology, so he can easily select appropriate insects to dissect them. Lu Xun pointed out in gossip at the end of spring This wasp is not only an ordinary murderer, but also a cruel murderer. It is also an anatomist with excellent knowledge and technology. It uses a poisonous needle to pincer the motor nerve ball of the green insect, anesthetizes it into a semi dead state, and then lays bee eggs on its coin to slowly hatch its children, which vividly reveals the high trick of the ruler to harm the people by fooling the people.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the quotation of Lu Xun's essays in the passage is to show that Lu Xun used natural science knowledge to make his essays more critical and infectious.


Premise: The level of governance of a city is often measured not by how many high-rise buildings it has built, but also by how much dignity the vulnerable groups have and whether their lives can be basically guaranteed. This is usually the case, and the same is true during the prevention and control of the epidemic. The task of prevention and control is arduous, and it is not easy to take care of all aspects and every group. But the more under these conditions, the more we should pay attention to the people who need the most attention: the more the public's life is pressed the pause button, the more we should pay attention to those who do not have a sustainable life, and provide them with warmth and confidence.

Hypothesis: It is particularly important to protect people's livelihood during the prevention and control of the epidemic is the option that is intended to be emphasized by the author in this passage.


Premise: The Renaissance is generally regarded as an ideological and artistic movement that originated in Italy in the 14th century and then spread throughout Europe. Colonialism is often associated with the historical development of Europe since the end of the 15th century, such as the opening of new routes, the discovery of new continents and the political enslavement, economic exploitation and military occupation of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the past, the studies of the two are far apart, but recently some scholars have keenly grasped that there is a covert superposition relationship between the two.

Hypothesis: The Renaissance paved the way for colonialism is most likely to be described in this passage next.


Premise: Small animals suitable for experimental use must reproduce fast and their genes should be as similar to humans as possible. Some small animals reproduce fast but have few genes similar to humans. Therefore, some fast-breeding small animals are not suitable for experiments.

Hypothesis: Some students who are interested in cognitive science cannot take the course The Philosophy of Cognitive Science because they have not taken Theory of Knowledge and the course requires that students have taken Theory of Knowledge and be interested in cognitive science.


Premise: Lawyer: In a risky surgical procedure that is performed only with the patient' s informed consent, doctors intentionally cause the patient' s heart and brain functions to stop by drastically reducing the patient' s body temperature. When the procedure is completed, body temperature is quickly restored. Because the doctors deliberately stop the patient' s life functions, if these functions do not resume following the procedure, the medical team is technically guilty of manslaughter.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'deliberately bringing about the cessation of a person's life functions is manslaughter if and only if the cessation is permanent' most helps to justify the lawyer's analysis.


Premise: There are three chess grandmasters and three chess masters in a round robin, that is, each player has to compete with five other players. The scoring rules are as follows: 2 points for defeating a chess grandmaster and 1 point for defeating a chess master; a chess grandmaster loses 2 points and a chess master loses 1 point. If:

Hypothesis: The highest score a chess grandmaster who has lost two games can get is 2 marks.


Premise: Goethe lived a rich life, and his understanding of life was derived from his experience of life. In his Conversation, you can find a diamond of statements. These words are scattered here and there, and do not want to control them, but their rays reflect each other.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Be thoughtful is diamond.


Premise: The latest figures show there are now around 13,000 new cases of malignant melanoma a year in the UK, up from 1,800 in 1975. In terms of prevalence, it affects 17 in every 10,000 Britons today, up from three in every 10,000 40 years ago. Malignant melanoma, which causes more than 2,000 deaths in the UK each year, is the fifth leading cancer killer. Cancer Research UK has linked the rise to lifestyle habits such as poor sun protection, the rise in sunbathing and the rise of 'artificial tanning'. Sunburn is itself a sign of damage to DNA in skin cells, which can build up over time and increase the risk of skin cancer.

Hypothesis: The rate of malignant melanoma in the UK is now more than 50 times what it was 40 years ago is what the text says.


Premise: Accidents involving drivers who do not wear seatbelts have been shown to cause higher rates of serious injury than accidents involving drivers who do wear seatbelts. Because drivers who do not wear seatbelts can end up costing taxpayers money in medical bills, Thoracic County should make it illegal to drive without a seatbelt.

Hypothesis: On particularly dangerous roads in Thoracic County, vehicular accidents of all kinds are common provides the most support for the argument above.


Premise: Yang: Yeast has long been known to be a leaven, that is, a substance used in baking to make breads rise. Since biblical evidence ties the use of leavens to events dating back to 1200 B. C. , we can infer that yeast was already known to be a leaven at that time. Campisi: I find your inference unconvincing; several leavens other than yeast could have been known in 1200 B. C.

Hypothesis: Campisi counters Yang's argument by questioning the truth of a presumption underlying Yang's argument.


Premise: In 1990 major engine repairs were performed on 10 percent of the cars that had been built by the National Motor Company in the 1970s and that were still registered. However, the corresponding figure for the cars that the National Motor Company had manufactured in the 1960s was only five percent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The older a car is, the more likely it is to be discarded for scrap rather than repaired when major engine work is needed to keep the car in operation' most helps to explain the discrepancy.


Premise: Historian: One traditional childrearing practice in the nineteenth century was to make a child who misbehaved sit alone outside. Anyone passing by would conclude that the child had misbehaved. Nowadays, many child psychologists would disapprove of this practice because they believe that such practices damage the child' s self-esteem and that damage to children' s self-esteem makes them less confident as adults. However, no one disagrees that adults raised under that traditional practice were, on average, as confident as adults not so raised.

Hypothesis: The most confident adults are those who developed the highest level of self-esteem in childhood can be properly inferred from the historian's statements.


Premise: Many scientists believe that bipedal locomotion (walking on two feet) evolved in early hominids in response to the move from life in dense forests to life in open grasslands. Bipedalism would have allowed early hominids to see over tall grasses, helping them to locate food and to detect and avoid predators. However, because bipedalism also would have conferred substantial advantages upon early hominids who never left the forest -- in gathering food found within standing reach of the forest floor, for example -- debate continues concerning its origins. It may even have evolved, like the upright threat displays of many large apes, because it bettered an individual' s odds of finding a mate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Bipedal locomotion actually would not be advantageous to hominids living in open grassland environments' is most supported by the information above.


Premise: The academy is a unique form of culture and education in Chinese history. In the more than one thousand years of history process of the development of the academy, it is not only a symbol of Chinese culture, but also a window for Chinese culture to spread abroad. The name of the academy began in the Tang Dynasty, and it gradually evolved from the earliest institution of repairing and collecting books to a place with the function of teaching and research. The system of the academy continued to develop, grow and mature in the Song Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of the development of the academy, no matter in the remote areas or in the border towns. Not only that, the academy went abroad with Confucianism, took root, sprouted and flourished on the Korean Peninsula, and played an irreplaceable role in the spread of Chinese culture.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is the influence of system of the academy spread all over our country and abroad.


Premise: Country A has produced a new type of fighter Su-30, but country B has two different voices on whether to introduce this fighter. Supporters believe that Su-34 has more powerful ground attack combat capability than the previously introduced Su-30

Hypothesis: The statement "At present, there are many frictions in bilateral trade between Party A and Party B, and there will be many practical difficulties in introducing Su-34" weakens the voice of supporters.


Premise: Employment discrimination refers to a phenomenon that the employer has no legal basis and makes various restrictive provisions on potential employees in the future, so as to exclude the equal employment right of personnel who should be in line with relevant positions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the recruitment of teachers in a university where the resettlement fee for newly recruited teachers with local accounts is 10000 yuan and only 5000 yuan if there is no local account is an example of employment discrimination.


Premise: The core of the corporate culture is the people-oriented values, specifically, respecting people, serving people, and developing people. Respecting people is equal, caring, understanding, and tolerant to people; serving people is to provide people with thoughtful and meticulous services and provide a variety of Measures to protect and guarantee; developing people is to fulfill people's various rights and interests in response to their actual needs and goals.

Hypothesis: The values of business managers, industry insiders, and ordinary employees are at the core of the corporate culture according to the above definition.


Premise: There are four assertions about a criminal case: (1) there is evidence that Chen Hu did not commit the crime; (2) the perpetrator is either Wang Guang, Chen Hu, or Zhu Tong; (3) there is also evidence that Wang Guang didn't commit to crime; (4) The TV screen showed that at the time of the crime, Zhu Tong was in the audience of a football game far away from the crime scene.

Hypothesis: Zhu Tong was definitely not in the audience at the football match is a correct description of the four assertions in the above.


Premise: Benchmarking effect: In a certain area, due to consumers' higher awareness of a certain brand, its price is often a lot higher than other similar products in the same area, and affects the price trend of similar products in the entire area.

Hypothesis: The benchmarking effects of Lao Xu's online shop is the fact that it has made tens of thousands of profits in just six months.


Premise: Some people have made such a reasoning: Lu Xun's works can not be read in one day, and Longxugou is Lu Xun's work, so Longxugou can not be read in one day.

Hypothesis: This reasoning is wrong because its conclusion is wrong is true for this reasoning.


Premise: In a mature economic policy system and economics education system, economic theory must be more realistic, and economic policies must also be based on theoretical logic. However, the combination of this theory and reality should rely on the expansion of the disciplines and theories The progress of China depends on the scientific division of labor and professional positioning, rather than on individual abilities or role changes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The combination of economic theory and reality should be based on the expansion of subject boundaries and the progress of theory' is not understood correctly.


Premise: Archimedes will be remembered forever, and the playwright Aeschylus will be forgotten, because language will die and mathematical ideas will not die.

Hypothesis: The premise 'Mathematical ideas are not language' may not be implied by this argument.


Premise: Confirmation Bias refers to paying too much attention to the information supporting our decision-making. When we subjectively believe that a certain view is correct, we tend to look for the information that can support this view and ignore the information that may overturn this view.

Hypothesis: Since Xiao Wang had the idea of resigning, he always felt that the manager made trouble with him everywhere and even looked down on him. Even the manager joked with him and thought it was a mockery of him belongs to Confirmation Bias according to the above definition.


Premise: There are four siblings A B C D. A said D is the youngest sister. B said there is only one boy among the siblings, and C said I am A's sister.

Hypothesis: If all of the above is true, A is second and it is a boy, B is third and it is a girl.


Premise: Youth A, B, C, D and E from a village applied for employment in a housing maintenance company. According to their respective expertise, five of them were employed as welders, bricklayers, electricians, carpenters and plumbers. It is known that each of them does only one type of work, and one of their five people does each type of work, and it is also known that: (1) if A works as a welder, C works as a carpenter; (2) if one of B and D works as a plumber, then A works as a welder; (3) C or works as a bricklayer, or an electrician.

Hypothesis: If E works as a bricklayer, B works as the welder can be inferred.


Premise: Journalist: A free marketplace of ideas ensures that all ideas get a fair hearing. Even ideas tainted with prejudice and malice can prompt beneficial outcomes. In most countries, however, the government is responsible for over half the information released to the public through all media. For this reason, the power of governments over information needs to be curtailed. Everyone grants that governments should not suppress free expression, yet governments continue to construct near monopolies on the publication and dissemination of enormous amounts of information.

Hypothesis: The freedom of the marketplace of ideas is in jeopardy is the most accurate expression of the journalist's argument.


Premise: A recent study found that the color of the water can change the direction of hurricanes, that is, if the water changes color, the moving path of hurricanes will also change direction. This means that scientists can judge which areas will be hit by hurricanes and which areas will survive according to the face of the sea water. It is noteworthy that global warming may have discolored the sea water.

Hypothesis: A relatively definite relationship between the color of the sea water and the moving path of the hurricane is most likely to be a prerequisite for scientists to make judgments.


Premise: Quoting an article in New Scientist magazine, Cleary said that the role of memory is not necessarily to remember the past, but to help us move into the future. Memory sometimes uses imagination and creation to let us know what to do next, or how to react in certain situations. Some people think that they have the ability to foresee the future, but they may be fragmented memories of the past. If the feeling of deja vu comes from an unremembered memory, it is easy to create the illusion that what happens next also comes from this memory and that you have psychic abilities.

Hypothesis: The statement "People's memories are not necessarily memories of the past" is inconsistent with the above point of view.


Premise: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because <b> aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity </b>. However, studies show that <b> a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual </b>. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.

Hypothesis: The first portion in boldface is an explanation that the argument challenges, and the second portion is a finding on which that challenge is based.


Premise: This summer, Lao Li's three children took part in three sports competitions held in Hangzhou, Kunming and Harbin. Men's gymnastics, pole vault and marathon. What is known is that the eldest did not go to Harbin to participate in the marathon; the third did not participate in the events held in Hangzhou; and the child who won the national championship in gymnastics did not go to Kunming, the winner of the marathon was not his third.

Hypothesis: It is not possible to judge who the national champion of men's gymnastics is based on the information provided.


Premise: The newspaper published a list of 20 major hospitals in China, ranking them according to the mortality rate of their patients in the past three years. Experts pointed out that the order of the list should not be used as a criterion to evaluate the medical level of these hospitals.

Hypothesis: Among the 20 hospitals, 5 have imported a number of advanced, large-scale and supporting medical equipment from abroad and the rest have none cannot be used as an argument to support the expert's conclusion.


Premise: About 3 billion years ago, the Sun was only 80 percent as luminous as it is currently. Such conditions today would result in the freezing of Earth' s oceans, but geological evidence shows that water rather than ice filled the oceans at that time. Heat is trapped within Earth' s atmosphere through the presence of carbon dioxide, which, like methane, is a greenhouse gas.  Only if the level of greenhouse gases were higher 3 billion years ago than it is today would Earth have retained enough heat to keep the oceans from freezing. It is likely, ttherefore, that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was significantly higher then than it is today.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Geological studies indicate that there is much less methane in Earth's atmosphere today than there was 3 billion years ago' weakens the argument.


Premise: The students in a certain class are all football fans. During the 2014 World Cup, all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the German team, and all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the Brazilian team. Some students who support the American team support the German team, and some students who support the American team support the Brazilian team.

Hypothesis: Some students who support the Brazilian team support the German team must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: The psychologists examined 450 middle-aged men and women, ranging from white-collar and blue-collar workers to skill-judgment and decision-makers. It turns out that executives in key positions are generally fatter than the average employee. The researchers believe that the stress of making many decisions is relieved by diet, which ultimately changes the eating habits of executives to a certain extent. If you are lucky enough to get promoted, you will find that it is not only salary changes. more, and his waistline is also getting thicker, along with the weight gain.

Hypothesis: The statement "Decision-making people increase their waist circumference by an average of 0.28 cm for each job level promoted" most casts doubt on the above conclusion.


Premise: The communication media have irresistible power. The information they convey is like a bullet hitting the body and the medicine is injected into the skin. The audience is completely in a passive position, passively waiting for and accepting all kinds of ideas, feelings and knowledge instilled by the media. The response of the audience's personality differences to the information provided by the mass media can be ignored.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cancellation of the film classification system did not affect the number and composition of its audience' would weaken the above view most.


Premise: As far as calligraphy is concerned, there is a difference between Han stele and Han bamboo slips. Han stele is later carved by Shudan and then extended into Motuo, while Han bamboo slips are written directly on bamboo slips with a brush. This leads to differences in writing attitude: the writing of the stele is formal, and its words, contents, fonts and even the process of writing and engraving are very rigorous, while the writing of Han bamboo slips is the embodiment of real writing, and the writer is often in a relaxed state. There is no pressure and burden that must be written well. Calligraphy has no intention to be good. The rectification of Han steles and the frankness of Han bamboo slips have different aesthetic interests. The inspiration of Han bamboo slips calligraphy to today is more of a frank and natural attitude. In the study of ancient calligraphy works, it is necessary to understand this difference, so as to better grasp their respective characteristics.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that calligraphy works are a combination of writing tools and writing behavior.


Premise: In international competitions, even excellent athletes, there are not necessarily not to make mistakes, of course, not all excellent athletes are likely to make mistakes.

Hypothesis: Some excellent athletes may make mistakes, while some excellent athletes can't make mistakes is closest to the above meaning.


Premise: Scientists have found that the immune regulation of mesenchymal stem cells has such a plasticity, that is, it is like a moderator of the inflammatory environment: when the inflammatory response increases, mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the immune response; when the inflammatory response weakens, mesenchymal stem cells may promote the immune response. This characteristic needs to be paid great attention in the process of treating diseases. For example, scientists have found that mesenchymal stem cells entering the human body can significantly alleviate the condition of patients with liver cirrhosis, reduce the inflammatory reaction in the liver, and improve liver function indexes such as bilirubin and albumin. However, dexamethasone can counteract the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on liver cirrhosis to a considerable extent. The reason is that when patients receive the combined treatment of dexamethasone and mesenchymal stem cells, the inflammation in the focus of patients with liver cirrhosis will be reduced, resulting in the weakening of the immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells and the complete disappearance of the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells. it may even aggravate the disease.

Hypothesis: According to this text, scientists can shape the immunomodulatory function of mesenchymal stem cells according to the characteristics of inflammatory environment.


Premise: The world is in a period of great development, change and adjustment, and peace and development are still the themes of the times. With the in-depth development of world multipolarization, economic globalization, social informatization and cultural diversity, the reform of the global governance system and international order has been accelerated, the interconnection and dependence of all countries have deepened day by day, and the balance of international power has become more balanced. the general trend of peaceful development is irreversible. At the same time, the instability and uncertainty facing the world is prominent, the momentum of world economic growth is insufficient, the gap between the rich and the poor is becoming increasingly serious, and regional hot issues are emerging one after another. non-traditional security threats such as terrorism, cyber security, major infectious diseases and climate change continue to spread, and mankind faces many common challenges.

Hypothesis: People of all countries should work together to deal with the risks and challenges we face is most likely to be described next.


Premise: Every evil has a reason, but all evil has no excuse. I can't be obliged to be evil just because evil comes from above; I can't be worthy to be evil just because everyone else is so evil: I can't even have the right to be evil to others just because someone is evil to me. Therefore, every specific evil must be condemned. If respect for life must be in the single digits, so must the condemnation of sin.

Hypothesis: During the Cultural Revolution, Huang Xiaomeng, a university student, criticized their university professors, beating one of them and maiming them. At that time, the whole of China was crazy, he was just wrapped into this crazy, and he was too young at the time conflicts with the ideas expressed above, except.


Premise: Because the photo is light, the object is imprinted on the film. So, in a sense, every picture is real. However, the use of photos to show things is always different from things themselves, photos can not show complete authenticity, in this sense, it is false. So, just one photo can't finally prove anything

Hypothesis: The hypothesis that leads to the above conclusion is that anything that does not show complete authenticity cannot constitute the final evidence.


Premise: Professor: Politicians should only be required to abide by the strict letter of the law -- not the spirit of the law -- since they need flexibility to govern. Trading political favors for a politician' s personal financial gain is illegal under an anti-corruption statute. A state governor awarded a contract to a local construction company outside of the usual bidding process. Only the local construction company made any personal financial gain, so. . .

Hypothesis: The most logical completion of the professor's argument is that the state governor is not guilty of violating the anti-corruption statute.


Premise: Climate insurance is a kind of for the assets, livelihood of the climate risk and loss of life support guarantee mechanism, it through in a larger space and time within the scope of insurance payments on a regular basis to determine the small premium to deal with uncertain climate risk loss, to ensure that losses during direct climate risk insurance is to obtain effectively and quickly.

Hypothesis: Flood discharge upstream caused dikes to burst in downstream areas, resulting in extensive damage to local crops is covered by climate insurance according to the above definition.


Premise: The distance that animals travel each day and the size of the groups in which they live are highly correlated with their diets. And diet itself depends in large part on the sizes and shapes of animals' teeth and faces.

Hypothesis: The statements above provide the most support for the idea that animals that have varied diets can be expected to be larger and more robust than animals that eat only one or two kinds of food.


Premise: In 1992, the average population density of the Three Gorges Reservoir area was 282 persons/square kilometers, which was higher than that of the whole country (122 persons/square kilometers) and Sichuan (192 persons/square kilometers) . The mountainous area of the reservoir area accounts for more than 90% of the total area. The population density of the area below 400 meters above sea level is 500 fo 600 people/km2. In addition, most of the cultivated land in the reservoir area is dry land. 46.5% of the dry land is cultivated land with slope of 15 to 25 degrees, and 25% is cultivated land with slope of more than 25 degrees.

Hypothesis: The average population density of Sichuan is also higher than the national average can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Statistician: A financial magazine claimed that its survey of its subscribers showed that North Americans are more concerned about their personal finances than about politics. One question was: Which do you think about more: politics or the joy of earning money?  This question is clearly biased. Also, the readers of the magazine are a self-selecting sample. Thus, there is reason to be skeptical about the conclusion drawn in the magazine' s survey.

Hypothesis: The credibility of the magazine has been called into question on a number of occasions would not strengthen the statistician's argument.


Premise: I remember that he once expressed his dissatisfaction to me because some writers were too rigid in grammar, thinking that it was too trivial, too rigid, and too pedantic.

Hypothesis: He adheres to grammatical norms most supports this view.


Premise: After China's accession to the world trade organization, the income of high-quality talents will increase rapidly with the competition for talents between foreign capital, foreign enterprises and domestic enterprises; A large number of rural labor force leave the land and flow into cities and towns, and the rise of urban unemployment rate makes it difficult for ordinary workers to improve their income level.

Hypothesis: That China has entered into WTO is not equal to China's rapid economic growth can be inferred.


Premise: Energy analyst: During this record-breaking heat wave, air conditioner use has overloaded the region' s electrical power grid, resulting in frequent power blackouts throughout the region. For this reason, residents have been asked to cut back voluntarily on air conditioner use in their homes. But even if this request is heeded, blackouts will probably occur unless the heat wave abates.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most air-conditioning in the region is used to cool businesses and factories' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Ms. Jia: in Britain, according to the law on the right of eldest son inheritance, the first son born to a man's first wife has the right to inherit family property first. Mr. Chen: you're wrong. The Duchess of brown legally inherited all her father's property.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mr. Chen's conclusion cannot constitute a rebuttal to Ms. Jia, because no law can be fully implemented' is the most appropriate evaluation of Mr. Chen's conclusion.


Premise: Zhu Hong: red squirrels make holes in the bark of sugar pines to absorb sap. Since the sap of sugar pine is mainly composed of water and a small amount of sugar, it is roughly certain that red squirrels are looking for water or sugar. Water is easily available in other ways where pine trees grow. Therefore, red pine trees are not trying to dig holes because they are looking for water, they may be looking for sugar. Lina: it must not be looking for sugar but something else, because the concentration of sugar in sugar pine sap is so low that red squirrels have to drink a lot of sap to get a little sugar.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the season when sap can be obtained from sugar pines, the weather is cold enough to stop the sap from seeping out of the tree' is the most serious one that shakes Lin Na's rebuttal to Zhu Hong.


Premise: There are seven brothers and sisters in the family, but only one of them is known as A, B, C, D, E, F,G:A has three sisters. B has a brother. C is a woman and she has two sisters. D has two younger brothers. E has two older sisters. F is also a woman, but she and G have no younger sisters.

Hypothesis: A, B, E, C are male, and D, E, F are female is the correct answer about gender.


Premise: A company has implemented a office supplies thrift plan since the beginning of last year. Each employee can only receive a limited amount of paper and pens and other office supplies for free every month. At the end of the year, it was found that the company's expenditure on various office supplies decreased by 30% compared with the previous year. In the past five years when the plan was not implemented, the company consumed 100000 yuan of office supplies per year. The general manager of the company concluded that the plan had saved a lot of money for the company last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Office supplies thrift plan is an important means to control expenditure, but it is said that the plan saves a lot of money for the company within one year without rigorous data analysis' is the best way to question the reasoning of the general manager, if correct.


Premise: The desire for praise is the desire to obtain, as a sign that one is good, the favorable opinions of others. But because people merit praise only for those actions motivated by a desire to help others, it follows that one who aids others primarily out of a desire for praise does not deserve praise for that aid.

Hypothesis: If it is assumed that no action is worthy of praise if it is motivated solely by a desire for praise, then the conclusion of the argument can be properly drawn.


Premise: Most people who ride bicycles for pleasure do not ride until the warm weather of spring and summery arrives. Yet it is probably more effective to advertise bicycles earlier in the year. Most bicycles are purchased in the spring, but once shoppers are ready to shop for a bicycle, they usually have already decided which brand and model of bicycle they will purchase. By then it is generally too late to induce them to change their minds.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that bicycle advertisements are probably more effective if they appear before the arrival of warm spring weather.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Tropical oils are high in saturated fats, which increase the risk of heart disease. Fortunately, in most prepared food tropical oils can be replaced by healthier alternatives without noticeably affecting taste. Ttherefore, intensive publicity about the disadvantage of tropical oils will be likely to result in dietary changes that will diminish many people' s risk of developing heart disease. Nutritionist: The major sources of saturated fat in the average North American diet are meat, poultry, and dairy products, not tropical oils. Thus, focusing attention on the health hazards of tropical oils would be counterproductive, because it would encourage people to believe that more substantial dietary changes are unnecessary.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether more people in North America would benefit from reducing the amount of meat they consume than would benefit from eliminating tropical oils from their diets' is a point at issue between the nutritionist and the consumer advocate.


Premise: How are odor molecules converted into olfactory signals transmitted to the brain? American scientists Richard Axel and Linda Barker found that when the odor molecule binds to the olfactory receptor, the odor molecule, as a chemical signal, belongs to CTP, the binding protein (commonly known as C. The complex role of the olfactory receptor, which is converted into an electrical signal, begins a relay run along the olfactory nerve. These signals first enter the skull from the nasal cavity, and then are transmitted to some fine areas of the olfactory cortex, where they are translated into specific olfactory information, that is, perceived by people. This is the complete olfactory signal pathway theory that Axel and Barker described for us.

Hypothesis: The wrong understanding of Axel and Buck's olfactory signaling pathway theory is that odor molecules as chemical signals arrive at some fine areas of the olfactory cortex and are translated into olfactory information.


Premise: In adolescence, we express our happiness, anger, sorrow, and happiness through our interactions with our peers, and promote emotional communication, so that we can be accepted, understood, cared, and loved by others, especially in intimate communication, and make people feel ourselves. There are friends and people who can be attached to.

Hypothesis: Interpersonal communication can promote the emotional exchange of young people is mainly described.


Premise: In a coordinated society, the society imposes restrictions on individual tendencies, so that everyone can vaguely feel the great restrictions on achieving personal aspirations. In this way, all members of society have a common goal, and the society can be stable and orderly. Disrupt the social order, the society's control of the individual's wishes will become invalid, and the society will let individuals do their own things. Durkheim calls this anomie.

Hypothesis: Anomie behaviors include women encountering domestic violence.


Premise: The students in our class have achieved excellent results in the past year. Some won awards in the Mathematical Olympiad, some won awards in the English oral competition, and some won awards in dancing. Many girls in our class... The head teacher said at the final summary meeting.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred from the above that more girls than boys achieved excellent results.


Premise: The concepts of physics are usually very standardized and rigorous, and the physical quantities represented by the terms of physics have a clear definition, the method of measurement and the relationship of conversion. Physicists and cosmologists still know nothing about dark energy. Dark energy refers to only one of the most profound problems in current cosmology.

Hypothesis: Dark energy is obviously not a clear physical concept is the most suitable option to follow the above as its conclusion.


Premise: Should our intellectuals, like Jacobs, come forward to teach the truth to power and bravely shoulder the social responsibility of intellectuals?

Hypothesis: The statement 'Our intellectuals cannot bear social responsibility' cannot be inferred from this passage.


Premise: There are two kinds of agricultural products A and B. A cannot grow in dry climate and B cannot grow in cold climate. In most parts of a country, either agricultural product Aor agricultural product B can be planted.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then half of the country having a dry and cold climate must be false.


Premise: Criticism that the press panders to public sentiment neglects to consider that the press is a profit-making institution. Like other private enterprises, it has to make money to survive. If the press were not profit-making, who would support it? The only alternative is subsidy and, with it, outside control. It is easy to get subsidies for propaganda, but no one will subsidize honest journalism.

Hypothesis: It can be properly inferred from the passage that if the press is to make a profit, it must produce honest journalism.


Premise: The accumulation standard refers to the actual allowable concentration of a specific chemical substance in the sediment that does not cause harm to the benthic organisms or the quality of the overlying water body.It is not only the improvement of water quality benchmarks, but also the basis for evaluating sediment pollution and ecological risks, and a basic element of lake ecological environmental quality evaluation. Foreign research on sediment benchmarks began in the 1980s, but has not yet formed a complete and comprehensive a unified sediment benchmark system. Due to the complexity of the migration, transformation, bioaccumulation and interface processes of pollutants in sediments, there is still a lack of key research methods. Many domestic scientists have done a lot of useful exploration, but research is still relatively fragmented, and no national authorities have issued benchmark standards for lake sediments.

Hypothesis: The statement "There is an urgent need to make up for the lack of the existing sediment benchmark system" is meant to illustrate something.


Premise: Buzz marketing is a sales method that directly provides enterprise products or services to potential consumers so that they can obtain product or service experience.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, allowing marketers to frequently appear in streets, cafes, bars, supermarkets and other places, and ask passersby to taste different flavors of drinks to promote their brand is not buzzer marketing.


Premise: Children's Day is coming, the kindergarten teacher for the class Xiao Ming, Xiao Lei, Xiao Gang, Xiao Fang, florets and other 5 children prepared red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple and other 7 gifts. It is known that all gifts are given, and each gift can only be received by one person, with a maximum of two gifts per person. In addition, the gift delivery also needs to meet the following requirements :(1) if Xiao Ming receives an orange gift, Xiao  Fang will receive a blue gift; (2) If Xiao Lei does not receive a red gift, Xiao Fang will not receive a blue gift; (3) If Xiao Gang does not receive a yellow gift, then Xiao Gang will not receive a purple gift; (4) No one can receive both yellow and green gifts. Xiao Ming only got orange presents, and Xiao Hua only got purple presents.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, if Xiao Gang received two gifts, Xiao Fang received green and blue presents can be concluded.


Premise: P: Because an elected official needs the support of a political party to be effective, the independent candidate for the legislature cannot possibly be an effective legislator is she wins. Q: I disagree. By your reasoning, our current legislator, who has the support of a political party, ought to have been effective, but he has not been.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It fails to prove a precise definition for a key term -- the word effective' is the best criticism of Q's statement.


Premise: Reducing stress lessens a person' s sensitivity to pain. This is the conclusion reached by researchers who played extended audiotapes to patients before they underwent surgery and afterward while they were recovering. One tape consisted of conversation; the other consisted of music. Those who listened only to the latter tape required less anesthesia during surgery and fewer painkillers afterward than those who listened only to the former tape.

Hypothesis: Listening to music reduces stress is an assumption on which the researchers' reasoning depends.


Premise: Linguists want to construct legal sentences based on non-meaningful words and meaningful words. It is known that: (1) non-meaningful words have a,b,c,d,e,f.There are meaningful words W,Z, X. (2) if two non-meaningful words are connected by a meaningful word, then they form a meaningful word: (3) if two meaningful words are directly connected, then they form a meaningful word: (4) if two meaningful words are connected by a non-meaningful word, then they form a legal sentence. (2) if two meaningful words are connected by a meaningful word, then they form a meaningful word; (3) if two meaningful words are directly connected, then they form a meaningful word: (4) if two meaningful words are connected by a non-meaningful word, then they form a legal sentence.

Hypothesis: aZdacdfX is not a legal statement.


Premise: Imprint learning refers to the learning behavior formed by direct impression in the early stage of animal life. Although imprint learning behavior occurs in the early stage, it also has a certain impact on the later stage.

Hypothesis: A newly born mallard following a moving object does not belong to imprint learning behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: The basic attribution error is that people often attribute other people's behavior to personality or attitude, but ignore the importance of their situation.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang attributing Xiao Li losing his wallet to environmental factors rather than to Xiao Li's carelessness is an example of basic attribution error.


Premise: Vitamins are very important for the maintenance of human body function. As a selling point, a health care company to promote its production of nutrients. The company says its products contain 1.5 times more vitamins per serving than the body needs on a daily basis, enough to satisfy the body's needs for a variety of vitamins. However,________. Accordingly, this company undertook false propaganda.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some vitamins can only be synthesized in contact with the sun and can not be taken directly from the outside' is the best option to be underlined above.


Premise: The more television children watch, the less competent they are in mathematical knowledge. More than a third of children in the United States watch television for more than five hours a day; in South Korea the figure is only 7 percent. But whereas less than 15 percent of children in the United States understand advanced measurement and geometric concepts, 40 percent of South Korean children are competent in these areas. Ttherefore, if United States children are to do well in mathematics, they must watch less television.

Hypothesis: The instruction in advanced measurement and geometric concepts available to children in the United States is not substantially worse than that available to South Korean children is an assumption upon which the argument depends.


Premise: In the 21st century, China's media events occur frequently. the degree and way of media attention to the events determine the public attitude and the development of the events. What people see is not the event itself, but the media event after being guarded by the media. With the rise of the network, media events are more concentrated in the form of network events. In network events, netizens are the main body of network public opinion and network supervision. Their tentacles can be found in every corner of society, monitoring the every move of the government and officials at all times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The media event may not be the event itself' is inconsistent with this text.


Premise: All those who came into contact with SARS patients were isolated. All the quarantined people have come into contact with Xiao Li.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, then it is true that all SARS patients have been in contact with Xiao Li.


Premise: Science columnist: It is clear why humans have so many diseases in common with cats. Many human diseases are genetically based, and cats are genetically closer to humans than are any other mammals except nonhuman primates. Each of the genes identified so far in cats has an exact counterpart in humans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most diseases that humans have in common with cats have no genetic basis' most weakens the science columnist's explanation for the claim that humans have so many diseases in common with cats.