Premise: The media now devote more coverage to crime than they did ten years ago. Yet this is not because the crime rate has increased, but rather because the public is now more interested in reading and hearing about crime. After all, a crucial factor in the media' s decisions about what issues to cover and to what extent to cover them is the interests of their audiences.

Hypothesis: The proposition that the public is now more interested in reading and hearing about crime supports the conclusion that the media now devote more coverage to crime than the crime rate alone justifies.


Premise: Administrative mediation refers to the activities under the auspices of the state administrative organs, based on the voluntary basis of the parties, on the basis of the laws and regulations and policies of the state, and on the principle of voluntary, through the persuasion and persuasion of the parties to the dispute, to urge the parties to forgive each other, negotiate on an equal footing, and reach an agreement, which is used to resolve the dispute and reach a settlement agreement.

Hypothesis: A municipal economic arbitration committee mediating disputes over economic contracts between enterprises is an administrative conciliation act.


Premise: Dolphins are relatively small cetaceans, with a total of 62 species. Dolphins are generally 1.2 to 10 meters long and weigh 45 to 9,000 kilograms in the major oceans of the world. They mainly feed on small fish, squid, shrimp and crabs.They like to live as a group, as few as a few or hundreds. The dolphin is an excellent and clever marine mammal.

Hypothesis: Dolphins are considerate and can imitate human actions is true according to the above statement.


Premise: The government should perform the functions of economic regulation and market supervision, strive to separate government from enterprises, government from capital, government from affairs, and government from market intermediary organizations, and mainly use economic and legal means to manage economic activities. The main responsibilities of government departments are to provide basic public services, maintain social equity, create and maintain a good market environment and promote the stable operation of market economy.

Hypothesis: The statement "To carry out the reform of the administrative system is to accelerate the formation of an administrative system with standardized behavior, coordinated operation, fairness, transparency, integrity and efficiency" best supports the above statements.


Premise: Some people think that only by establishing a good institutional mechanism can corruption be fundamentally put an end to. However, in Chinese society, once an atmosphere is formed, even a powerful system will be torn apart by it. righting the hearts of the people and then the world. If we want to solve the problem fundamentally, we must take rectifying the hearts of the people as the foundation. Only when the hearts of the people are upright can the wind of corruption and utilitarianism be eliminated, and can the anti-corruption system be truly established and effectively implemented.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The system is the foundation of straightening the hearts of the people. With the anti-corruption system and strict implementation, the atmosphere will change' is the hypothesis on which the above argument depends.


Premise: Clinical trials have shown that for people who occasionally eat a certain amount of beef jerky, the additives of most brands of beef jerky do not cause arteriosclerosis, so people can safely eat beef jerky without worrying about the health effects.

Hypothesis: The statement "Arterial health does not mean physical health" will most weaken the above argument.


Premise: Geologists recently discovered marks that closely resemble worm tracks in a piece of sandstone. These marks were made more than half a billion years earlier than the earliest known traces of multicellular animal life. Ttherefore, the marks are probably the traces of geological processes rather than of worms.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is sometimes difficult to estimate the precise age of a piece of sandstone' most weakens the argument.


Premise: A new device uses the global positioning system to determine a cow' s location and, when a cow strays outside of its pasture, makes noises in the cow' s ears to steer it back to its home range. Outfitting all of the cattle in a herd with this device is far more expensive than other means of keeping cattle in their pastures, such as fences. The device' s maker nevertheless predicts that ranchers will purchase the device at its current price.

Hypothesis: The statement 'As they graze, cattle in a herd follow the lead of the same few members of the herd' does the most to support the prediction made by the device's maker.


Premise: The government' s proposed 8 percent cut in all subsidies to arts groups will be difficult for those groups to absorb. As can be seen, however, from their response to last year' s cut, it will not put them out of existence. Last year there was also an 8 percent cut, and though private fund-raising was very difficult for the arts groups in the current recessionary economy, they did survive.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument does not take into account that the dollar amount of the proposed cut is lower than the dollar amount of last year's cut.


Premise: An aircraft engine manufacturer has developed a new engine with safety features that early models lack, while early models are still in production. In the first year when both models were sold at the same time, sales of the early models exceeded those of the new models, and the manufacturer concluded that safety was not the customer's top priority.

Hypothesis: Many customers believe that the early models are less risky in terms of safety than the new models will most seriously weaken the manufacturer's conclusion.


Premise: Drivers in the country of Holston want highway tolls eliminated. The cost of maintaining the highways is paid entirely out of revenue from the highway tolls. Holston must maintain its highways. Thus, it follows that if the tolls are eliminated, then the entire cost of maintaining the highways will have to be paid for by an increase in general taxes.

Hypothesis: If the highway tolls are eliminated and the general taxes are increased to pay for maintaining the highways, there will be less emphasis on preventive maintenance is an assumption made by the argument.


Premise: A recently completed study of several hundred subjects, all of approximately the same age, showed that those who exercised regularly during the study were much less likely to die during the study. This indicates that exercise can actually increase one' s life span. .

Hypothesis: A large number of the deaths recorded were attributable to preexisting conditions or illnesses strengthens the argument.


Premise: A certain city music festival set up seven categories of awards: pop, folk, rock, ethnic, electronic music, rap, and jazz. In the nomination of shortlisted names, it is known that: (1) At least 6 categories are shortlisted: (2) At least 2 categories are shortlisted among pop, folk and rock: (3) If both rock and ethnic categories are shortlisted, then electronic music and rap At least one category is not shortlisted.

Hypothesis: The Jazz category was not shortlisted can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: Between 1971 and 1975, the government office that monitors drug companies issued an average of 60 citations a year for serious violations of drug-promotion laws. Between 1976 and 1980, the annual average for issuance of suchs citations was only 5. This decrease indicates that the government office was, on average, considerably more lax in enforcing drug-promotion laws between 1976 and 1980 than it was between 1971 and 1975.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that the decrease in the number of citations was not caused by a decrease in drug companies' violations of drug-promotion laws.


Premise: Xiao Ming goes to an English cram school outside school every weekend. Xiao Qiang has never attended an English cram school. As a result, Xiao Ming and Xiao Qiang scored 95 and 55 respectively in the final exam. Therefore, the reason why Xiaoming's English is better than Xiaoqiang is that he went to an out-of-school cram school.

Hypothesis: Gang has never been to an English cram school, and he got 80 points in the English exam this time is the most difficult to weaken the above assertion.


Premise: Huishan fine clay figurines, mainly refers to the the hand-pinched drama, more away from the appearance of playing tricks, and become a pure decoration. The fine clay are heavy by hand, and there are about 15 processes, such as mud beating, mud kneading, foot kneading, body kneading, head loading, phase opening, luan loading and so on. Shaping very fine fingers without cracking and breaking depends on the excellent strength and hardness of the black clay in Huishan area. The hand-pinched drama mainly shows the drama scenes of Beijing and Kunming and some images of Buddhism and Taoism, mostly in groups of two or three people. The works offered by Wang Chunlin and Zhou Asheng mentioned above should fall into this category. Due to the accurate proportion of the characters, the typical movements of the characters are grasped when the most wonderful part of the play is grasped, and the painting is vivid and looks forward to life, just like the theatre.

Hypothesis: The content of the Huishan fine clay figurines mentioned above is the technological process.


Premise: Reformer: A survey of police departments keeps track of the national crime rate, which is the annual number of crimes per 100, 000 people. The survey shows no significant reduction in the crime rate in the past 20 years, but the percentage of the population in prison has increased substantially, and public expenditure on prisons has grown at an alarming rate. This demonstrates that putting more people in prison cannot help to reduce crime.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the reformer's argument is that it presumes, without providing warrant, that alternative measures for reducing crime would be more effective than imprisonment.


Premise: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B. C. , <b> the fact that the text of these Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right </b> indicates that the Greeks adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries before these inscriptions were produced. After all, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and presumably, along with the alphabet, they also adopted the then-current Phoenician practice with respect to the direction of text. <b> And although Phoenician writing was originally inconsistent in direction, by the eighth century B. C. Phoenician was consistently written from right to left and had been for about two centuries </b>.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The first and the second each provide evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish' describes the role of the two portions in boldface in the argument given.


Premise: Editorialist: Some people argue that ramps and other accommodations for people using wheelchairs are unnecessary in certain business areas because those areas are not frequented by wheelchair users. What happens, however, is that once ramps and other accommodations are installed in these business areas, people who use wheelchairs come there to shop and work.

Hypothesis: Owners of business areas not frequented by wheelchair users generally are reluctant to make modifications is most strongly supported by the editorialist's statements.


Premise: Opportunity distribution can not only have an important impact on the results of income distribution, but also directly affect the efficiency of social economic development. Under the unfair distribution of opportunities, some people will get development opportunities for some special reasons, but those who get the opportunities are likely to lack the ability to take advantage of development opportunities to engage in social labor and creativity. This will inevitably lead to a decline in the production efficiency of the labor or business projects they are engaged in, and then affect the economic development efficiency of the whole society. Giving opportunities to truly talented people and putting the right people in the right positions is the basis for the healthy operation of the economic system. Only by achieving equality of opportunity can we maximize social vitality and people's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and improve social labor productivity and the development level of productive forces.

Hypothesis: The distribution of opportunities is an indispensable part of maintaining social fairness and justice is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Chinese word measure has the function of representation and rhetoric. For example, a shoe and a pair of shoes, a sheep and a flock of sheep. Here, only and two, the head and the flock serve to define and distinguish the number of sheep. Rhetorical functions such as an elephant and an elephant, a Buddha statue and a Buddha Statue, a picture and a picture. Here, there is no difference between head and only in quantity, but only in image. In the same way, there is no difference in quantity but only in feeling and style.

Hypothesis: Quantifying function and rhetorical function are the basic characteristics of quantifiers is accurate in understanding this passage.


Premise: One scientist criticized the fear of chemical additives. Food labels can be scary if they have too many additives. But additives and preservatives are strictly controlled and measured. The real concern is the sugar and fat content of the food. Preservatives are beneficial. Obviously, we'd all rather eat a well-preserved can than die from botulism.

Hypothesis: Many drugs are also chemical agents. As long as it's a drug, it's three parts poison, so be careful when you use it does not support the scientist's view.


Premise: People who take part in taekwondo are healthier than those who don't usually take part in taekwondo, so taekwondo helps to improve their health.

Hypothesis: Only healthy people take part in Taekwondo is the most likely to challenge the above conclusion.


Premise: Unfair competition refers to an enterprise that uses improper or unfair methods to increase the market share of its products, creating an unfair market environment for competitors that produce similar products, and seriously harming the interests of its competitors.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, In the 1980s, IBM investing a lot of money in the development of key technologies for supercomputers, applying for patents after success, and then being completely overwhelmed in the field of supercomputers is not considered unfair competition.


Premise: Due to the rise in oil prices, the state has raised the sales prices of gasoline and other oil products, which has led to an increase in taxi operating costs and a reduction in drivers' income. According to the survey, more than 95% of taxi drivers in Beijing oppose a taxi fare increase because it will lead to fewer passengers, but opposing a fare increase does not mean they are willing to reduce their income.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that taxi drivers hope to reduce the monthly rent paid to taxi companies can explain the seemingly contradictory attitude of taxi drivers in Beijing.


Premise: Food company engineer: I stand by my decision to order the dumping of small amounts of chemicals into the local river even though there is some evidence that this material may pose health problems. 1 fish in the river myself and will continue to do so. Furthermore, I will have no problem if other food manufacturers do what our company does.

Hypothesis: The engineer's reasoning most closely conforms to the principle that one should never perform an act until one has fully analyzed all the ways in which that act could impact others.


Premise: The subject matter of the lawsuit refers to a civil legal relationship or right that the people's court is required to grant to settle through trial if the parties have a dispute.

Hypothesis: The relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant in which the prosecution took place is the subject matter of the lawsuit.


Premise: Synaesthesia is the wonderful mixing of organs and communication between often disparate sensory areas of the brain.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang Li turning on the FM radio, but feeling uncomfortable in his left thigh, shoulder, and ear when he hears the host speak, so he has to turn off the radio is synesthesia.


Premise: Nutrition bowl is generally used to grow cotton seedlings in southern China. However, the use of nutrient bowl to raise cotton seedlings often encounters the problem of grass damage, which seriously inhibits the growth and development of cotton seedlings. Grass damage is only caused by one of the following two reasons: first, the newly selected seedling bed is too late to plough, leaving the residual weeds to reproduce; Second, the fertilizer that is not completely decomposed is applied, and the weed seeds are brought into the seedbed to make them reproduce rapidly. Therefore, to apply herbicides after cotton sowing and before emergence, you can choose lasso emulsion or dur emulsion, which can effectively prevent the harm of weeds.

Hypothesis: The growth and development of cotton seedlings raised in cotton nutrition bowl is not good, indicating that the problem of grass damage has been encountered can be inferred.


Premise: In ground equipment, lithium-ion batteries are mainly used in military unmanned ground vehicles, robots, hybrid electric combat vehicles, etc. For ground combat vehicles driven by oil and electricity, using lithium-ion batteries as power source can not only reduce fuel consumption and logistics burden, but also improve the mobility and survivability of tactical vehicles. At present, multinational armies have increased hybrid electric driven combat vehicles. The research and development of lithium-ion battery modules for unmanned ground vehicles and ground robots. However, for large ground equipment, the weak power of lithium-ion battery is the main factor restricting its further application. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to develop lithium-ion batteries with high specific power and low cost in the future to meet the mission requirements of ground equipment.

Hypothesis: According to the above words, it has been vigorously developed as a new battery by various countries is a correct statement about lithium-ion batteries.


Premise: Despite a steady decrease in the average number of hours worked per person per week, the share of the population that reads a daily newspaper has declined greatly in the past 20 years. But the percentage of the population that watches television daily has shown a similarly dramatic increase over the same period. Clearly, increased television viewing has caused a simultaneous decline in newspaper reading.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that a typical television set is on 6 hours a day, down from an average of 6 1/2 hours a day 5 years ago would be most damaging to the explanation given above for the decline in newspaper reading.


Premise: The trolley management method refers to an innovative management model that integrates service objects into the service system and taps the potential resources of the service objects to jointly improve the management service level with service providers. This mode is for service providers and service recipients. It is a win-win strategy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A bookstore encourages customers who come to buy and read books to bring their own folding stools. Customers feel very caring, and the sales performance of the bookstore has greatly improved' belongs to the trolley management method according to the above definition.


Premise: Stimulus generalization means that the conditioned organism learns the behavior of making a specific response to a certain stimulus, so it can make the same behavioral response to similar stimuli. Stimulus differentiation is to enable the organism to learn to make different behavioral responses to conditioned stimuli and similar stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, looking at Mount Lushan from the front and side, the mountains are undulating and the peaks are towering. When you look at Mount Lushan from a distance, near, high and low, Lushan shows a variety of different looks. It belongs to stimulus differentiation is not true.


Premise: In the Centerville Botanical Gardens, all tulip trees are older than any maples. A majority, but not all, of the garden' s sycamores are older than any of its maples. All the garden' s maples are older than any of its dogwoods.

Hypothesis: Some sycamores are not as old as the youngest tulip trees must also be true of trees in the Centerville Botanical Gardens if the statements above are true.


Premise: With the improvement of the information degree of equipment, different from the original blind technology stacking, it seems that the installation of phased array radar for aircraft carriers has become a necessary retro wind. But unlike Britain and Russia, which deployed phased array radar on the bridge, whether it was the original US Enterprise or the latest Ford-class aircraft carrier. They all arranged the phased array radar under the bridge to ensure that the bridge was high enough. Although this configuration of the US aircraft carrier bridge will limit the detection range of the phased array radar, the United States, as the largest aircraft carrier in the world, knows which is more important, the phased array radar or the bridge.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Phased array radar is more reasonable under the bridge than above' is incorrect according to the passage.


Premise: In the development of society and daily life, the decisions of enterprises and families are not only affected by visible costs, but also restricted by a variety of accounting books, but actually occupy the hidden costs of relevant manpower and material resources. Invisible cost, like dark matter, is difficult to observe, but its size and trend can be inferred from its impact on related economic activities. From the perspective of social development, if policy makers want to comprehensively reduce the cost of economic activities and reduce the burden on enterprises and families, in addition to giving concessions in visible costs such as taxes and fees, reducing hidden costs is also a very important part.

Hypothesis: The hidden cost that can not be ignored is the most suitable for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: It is generally accepted that symphony is elegant music. Understanding Symphony writers helps to understand symphony. But if you can't really resonate with it, you will feel boring. If you go on like this, of course, you won't know a writer deeply.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The more you like symphony, the more you like that writer' can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: The latest figures show there are now around 13,000 new cases of malignant melanoma a year in the UK, up from 1,800 in 1975. In terms of prevalence, it affects 17 in every 10,000 Britons today, up from three in every 10,000 40 years ago. Malignant melanoma, which causes more than 2,000 deaths in the UK each year, is the fifth leading cancer killer. Cancer Research UK has linked the rise to lifestyle habits such as poor sun protection, the rise in sunbathing and the rise of 'artificial tanning'. Sunburn is itself a sign of damage to DNA in skin cells, which can build up over time and increase the risk of skin cancer.

Hypothesis: The text says that long-term sunburn increases the risk of skin cancer.


Premise: In response to high mortality in area hospitals, surgery was restricted to emergency procedures during a five-week period. Mortality in these hospitals was found to have fallen by nearly one-third during the period. The number of deaths rose again when elective surgery (surgery that can be postponed) was resumed. It can be concluded that, before the five-week period, the risks of elective surgery had been incurred unnecessarily often in the area.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The conditions for which elective surgery was performed would in the long run have been life-threatening, and surgery for them would have become riskier with time' most seriously undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: Television commercial: Compared to other television cable services, Acme is clearly superior. Around the nation, thousands of satisfied Acme customers have testified on Acme' s website that they have had uninterrupted cable service for two or more years. Some of these Acme customers even testify that they have had uninterrupted cable service for five years! Obviously, if you sign up for Acme television cable service, you can be assured that you will have uninterrupted cable service for years at a time.

Hypothesis: The television commercial's reasoning is most susceptible to criticism on the grounds that the commercial bases its argument on premises that are inherently self-contradictory.


Premise: In the past 20 years, one of the important advances in the study of life in the deep earth has been the discovery of the oceanic crust biosphere. The volume of the oceanic crust is huge, which is about five times the total volume of the global marine sediments. The scale of microorganisms inhabiting here is huge and cannot be ignored. They have important potential impacts on the global cycle of biogeochemical elements and the weathering of seabed landforms. However, limited by sampling techniques and conditions, the current research and understanding of the oceanic crust lithosphere is still very limited. Previously, limited research has focused almost exclusively on the shoaloids on the surface of the oceanic crust, while the lower oceanic crust, which accounts for nearly two-thirds of the volume of the oceanic crust, is considered to be one of the habitats for deep microbes, but there is still no direct However, there is still a lack of research on the microorganisms that inhabit here and their coping strategies for extreme environments.

Hypothesis: The topic of the article is most likely to be the deep microbes in the lower oceanic crust and their survival strategies.


Premise: Involuntary behavior refers to behavior that occurs due to force majeure or contrary to the subjective will of the actor.

Hypothesis: The statement "In the storm, in order to ensure the safety of the people on board, the captain ordered the commercial cargo to be pushed into the sea" is most consistent with involuntary behavior.


Premise: When demand for a factory's products is high, more money is spent at the factory for safety precautions and machinery maintenance than when demand is low. Thus the average number of on-the-job accidents per employee each month should be lower during periods when demand is high than when demand is low and less money is available for safety precautions and machinery maintenance.

Hypothesis: If the factory's management hires new workers but lacks the time to train them properly, it casts serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above when demand for its products is high.


Premise: Function is the inherent efficiency of things, it is determined by the structure of internal elements of things, and it is a kind of internal mechanism which is relatively stable and independent from the interior of things. Function is the external effect produced by the relationship between things and the external environment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Law has the function of promoting the progress of scientific, technological and cultural undertakings' is true.


Premise: Nowadays, children's homework is not only their own business, the parents of most primary and middle school students are faced with the task of doing homework with their children, including dictation, checking homework, signing and so on. According to a survey of more than 3000 parents, 84 percent of parents accompany their children to do their homework every day, while 67 percent of the parents surveyed worry about doing homework with their children. Some experts pointed out that parents accompany their children to do their homework, which is equivalent to acting as an assistant to school teachers, allowing the family to become an extension of the classroom, which will adversely affect the growth of children.

Hypothesis: The statement "Parents are the best teachers, parents help their children to acquire all kinds of knowledge, which is the proper meaning of family education, for middle and lower grade children, the companionship of parents in the learning process is particularly important" can best support the above expert's argument.


Premise: Organization president: The stationery and envelopes used in all of the mailings from our national headquarters are made from recycled paper, and we never put anything but letters in the envelopes. When the envelopes have windows, these windows are also made from recycled material. Ttherefore the envelopes, and thus these mailings, are completely recyclable.

Hypothesis: The organization president's argument depends on the assumption that the organization sends mailings only from its national headquarters.


Premise: Space programs have recently suffered several setbacks with respect to their large projects, and much money has been lost. Consequently, these grand projects should be abandoned in favor of several small ones.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cost of starting a space project increases every year' provides the most support for the reasoning above.


Premise: If the public policy of a certain place is formulated correctly and implemented effectively, there will be no large-scale petitions. Only when the relevant decision-makers do not care about the masses will large-scale petitions occur. The public policy formulation of a certain place is correct, and the relevant decision-makers are also concerned. Relying on the masses and conducting in-depth actual investigations and studies, the local masses are satisfied with this.

Hypothesis: If there is no large-scale petition in a certain place, then the public policy implementation of that place is strong cannot be obtained based on the above information.


Premise: Citizen: Our government has a large budget surplus, which our leaders wish to use to pay down the national debt. This makes no sense. Because of underfunding, our military is inadequate, the infrastructures of our cities are decaying, and our highways are in disrepair. If homeowners used all their money to pay off their mortgages early, while refusing to pay for upkeep of their homes, this would not make them better off financially. The same goes for the country as a whole.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the citizen's argument is that homeowners should not pay off their mortgages early if they must neglect upkeep of their homes in order to do so.


Premise: In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years. Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In an experiment, volunteers witnessed a simulated crime. After they witnessed the simulation the volunteers were first questioned by a lawyer whose goal was to get them to testify inaccurately about the event. They were then cross-examined by another lawyer whose goal was to cause them to correct the inaccuracies in their testimony. The witnesses who gave testimony containing fewer inaccurate details than most of the other witnesses during the first lawyer' s questioning also gave testimony containing a greater number of inaccurate details than most of the other witnesses during cross-examination.

Hypothesis: The statement 'These witnesses were less inclined than most of the other witnesses to be influenced in their testimony by the nature of the questioning' most helps to resolve the apparent conflict in the results concerning the witnesses who gave testimony containing fewer inaccurate details during the first lawyer's questioning.


Premise: Since anyone who supports the new tax plan has no chance of being elected, and anyone who truly understands economics would not support the tax plan, only someone who truly understands economics would have any chance of being elected.

Hypothesis: The statement 'some people who do not support the tax plan have no chance of being elected' is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Dolphins are relatively small cetaceans, with a total of 62 species. Dolphins are generally 1.2 to 10 meters long and weigh 45 to 9,000 kilograms in the major oceans of the world. They mainly feed on small fish, squid, shrimp and crabs.They like to live as a group, as few as a few or hundreds. The dolphin is an excellent and clever marine mammal.

Hypothesis: According to the statement, some intelligent mammals live in the sea.


Premise: Reverse service is the service that enterprises provide to customers to realize the use value of products (services) after products (services) are sold.

Hypothesis: A telecom operator launched a preferential activity of topping up the telephone bill and you may get mobile phones is not a reverse service according to the above definition.


Premise: There are some extreme examples, in any era, in any system, but in terms of People's Daily lives, how they treat life, other people, pain, fear, dignity, or the achievements of others, is the most revealing of the universal values that govern the daily behavior of people in a country. Turn a blind eye to car killed people, not to hand down the old man, there are all sorts of multifarious fraud and cheating, everything, displayed on the values of the abuses than battlefield deserters, protest marches in conflict and more gruesome death, just because it's so homely, really has been used by us.

Hypothesis: The lack of values is an important problem faced by some social groups is the most appropriate topic sentence for the above text.


Premise: A Beijing newspaper, entitled 15% of fathers raise children for others, released statistics from a judicial material evidence appraisal center in Beijing: of the nearly 600 people who conducted paternity tests in Beijing within a year, 15% of the test results excluded paternity.

Hypothesis: Can modern science and technology really accurately identify paternity does not question the reliability of statistical inference.


Premise: Art historian: Successful forgeries tend to be those most recently painted. While such a phenomenon may sound counterintuitive, a forger is able to exploit current modes of aesthetics to create paintings that appeal to the eye of his or her contemporaries. This very quality, however, is what makes those paintings seem amateurish to subsequent generations. As a result, a majority of forgeries are identified as such roughly twenty-five years after their creation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those who expose the majority of paintings as forgeries are guided by aesthetic considerations' is an assumption upon which the argument rests.


Premise: Poor nutrition is at the root of the violent behavior of many young offenders. Researchers observed that in a certain institution for young offenders, the violent inmates among them consistently chose, from the food available, those items that were low in nutrients. In a subsequent experiment, some of the violent inmates were placed on a diet high in nutrients. There was a steady improvement in their behavior over the four months of the experiment. These results confirm the link between poor nutrition and violent behavior.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Dietary changes are easier and cheaper to implement than any other type of reform program in institutions for young offenders' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Bacteria that benefit human beings when they are present in the body are called commensals. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori plays a primary role in the development of stomach ulcers. But since stomach ulcers occur in less than 10 percent of those harboring H. pylori, and since it allegedly strengthens immune response, many scientists now consider it a commensal. But this is surely misguided. Only about 10 percent of the people who harbor Mycobacter tuberculosis -- a bacterium that can cause tuberculosis -- get sick from it, yet no one would call M. tuberculosis a commensal.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Cases of tuberculosis usually last longer than ulcers caused by H. pylori' most seriously undermines the argument's reasoning.


Premise: The virtuous circle of economy means that it does not rely too much on government investment, but relies on its own strength to achieve the basic balance between total social supply and total social demand, and to achieve economic growth. In recent years, the reason why there has been a trend of stable economic growth in China is due to the increase of government investment.

Hypothesis: The steady economic growth of a certain period does not mean that the economy of this period has turned into a virtuous circle can be best supported if the above statement is true.


Premise: Social insurance means that the state passes legislation and raises funds through multiple channels. When workers temporarily or permanently lose their labor force and interrupt their work for other reasons, there is no economic income or their labor income is reduced, the social security system provides an economic subsidy given to enable them to enjoy basic living conditions.

Hypothesis: Minimum living allowance, five guarantees in rural areas, assistance for extremely poor households, and assistance for disaster victims is social insurance according to the above definition.


Premise: In the face of the chronic social and psychological illness of teenagers' Internet addiction, people from all walks of life have been trying to find countermeasures. Relevant scientific research has explained the mechanism of game addiction from different angles such as biomedicine, psychology and sociology, and sought the corresponding mechanism of intervention and governance. From the point of view of biomedicine, biochemical scientists have found that game addiction should be treated as a disease of the cerebral neurodopamine system; psychologists have revealed from a large number of case studies that game addiction mostly comes from defective personality, cognitive deviation, and specific defense mechanisms that balance the inner world with the impact of external reality. Sociological research focuses on the environmental factors of life events such as national policy, social environment, family education, parent-child relationship, school teaching, social communication style and so on.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to describe next how sociologists analyze the causes of teenagers' Internet addiction.


Premise: Recent surveys show that many people who seek medical help are under great pressure. Medical research also shows that stress can adversely affect a person's immune system against infection. Therefore, when a person is under pressure, he is more likely to get sick.

Hypothesis: Many companies that provide health insurance for employees also offer stress management workshops support the above conclusion best.


Premise: Since the first permanent pacemaker was implanted in the human body in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have been continuously researching various methods to provide electrical energy to their products. Non-rechargeable lithium batteries are currently more common. In transplantation equipment for heart disease and neurogenic diseases, non-rechargeable lithium batteries can generally be used for 7 to 10 years, and they are already relatively longevity. Researchers believe that unless breakthroughs are made in the field of bio-batteries, implantable devices will never work permanently and reliably.

Hypothesis: This text is meant to explain that power supply capacity is currently the bottleneck of implantable devices.


Premise: As temperatures rise, so does the chance that tropical rainforests will be struck by lightning and start fires. However, current monitoring shows that although the American rainforest is hit by lightning more frequently, it does not cause more forest fires. The researchers believe that this may have something to do with the large increase in the number of vines in the rainforest in recent years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lightning strikes such a large-scale and extremely fast discharge, first destroying the external vines, and the trees in the middle are protected' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Mario: The field of cognitive science is not a genuinely autonomous discipline since it addresses issues also addressed by the disciplines of computer science, linguistics, and psychology. A genuinely autonomous discipline has a domain of inquiry all its own. Lucy: Nonsense. You' ve always acknowledged that philosophy is a genuinely autonomous discipline and that, like most people, you think of philosophy as addressing issues also addressed by the disciplines of linguistics, mathematics, and psychology. A field of study is a genuinely autonomous discipline by virtue of its having a unique methodology rather than by virtue of its addressing issues that no other field of study addresses.

Hypothesis: Lucy demonstrates that Mario confuses the notion of a field of study with that of a genuinely autonomous discipline in her response to him.


Premise: The western Pacific Ocean is the area with the most concentrated seamount system in the world, but the understanding of seamounts here is very limited. The Mariana trench in the western Pacific Ocean is a plate subduction zone, and the seafloor geological movement is very active. The material composition and genesis of seamount volcanic rocks are of interest to marine geologists. The warm pool and the northern equatorial current in the western Pacific Ocean have an important impact on China's climate and are the focus of physical marine scientists. There is also the coral reef triangle with the highest marine biodiversity in the world, which is a hot area for the study of the origin and evolution of marine life. Therefore, marine scientists can carry out multi-disciplinary cooperative exploration and research of seamounts, such as hydrophysics, chemistry and biogenic elements, topography and geomorphology, geological environment and biological ecology.

Hypothesis: Marine resources in the western Pacific region are mainly introduced in this passage.


Premise: Competitive decision - making refers to decisions made not according to objective natural state, but based on the strategy of competitors, where there is competition for the existence of competitors.

Hypothesis: The Board of directors of Company A unanimously agreed to hire the deputy general manager of Company B, who has every relationship with Company A, as the general manager of the company is a competitive decision-making based on the above definition.


Premise: A major breakthrough is brewing in biotechnology. In the field of agricultural genetically modified biotechnology, we have made continuous success in the use of transgenic technology, genetically modified grains, soybeans, hybrid rice and other stress-resistant, disease-resistant and high-yielding crops, and genetically modified animals. This is a major technological revolution for traditional agriculture. In the field of medical biotechnology, asexual reproduction techniques such as gene cloning, cell cloning and individual level cloning are developing rapidly. The research on stem cell cloning based on organ repair and transplantation has made positive progress, which has laid a solid foundation for the historic transformation of human beings from disease treatment to disease prevention. In the aspect of biochip, DNA chip becomes the product of the combination of biotechnology and microelectronic technology. Its application will greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection and bring hope for the faster detection of some difficult diseases.

Hypothesis: After the doubts in life science are deciphered and answered by human beings one by one, a huge and dynamic biological industry will be formed, which will have a great impact on the development of environment, agriculture and other industries, based on the above conclusions.


Premise: British scientists point out that over Antarctica, the top of the escape layer in the atmosphere has fallen by about 8 kilometers in the past 40 years. Over Europe, similar observations have been made. Scientists believe that the atmosphere may continue to contract because of Greenhouse Effect. In the 21 st century. The concentration of carbon dioxide is expected to increase several times, which will reduce the space boundary by 20 kilometers, so that the density of the thermo-ionosphere above the escape layer will continue to decrease, and the shrinking atmosphere will at least have an unpredictable effect on the satellite.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that the impact of the shrinking atmosphere on the satellite is unpredictable.


Premise: Different from the traditional sweat-based economy, innovation is a kind of creative work that mainly relies on human wisdom. Due to the large investment, high risk, long cycle, and slow results, innovation is not everyone's conscious action, it needs strong motivation support If someone can use resources to speculate to get rich, or can borrow money to trade corruption to make a fortune, then people will not have a real incentive to innovate.

Hypothesis: Based on the above overview, it can be derived that if people have real motivation to innovate, then no one can make a fortune by trading power and money with corruption.


Premise: At present, some heart patients are still unable to get rid of the pain, even if the heart transplant, the body may reject. New research has found heart cells can be made from human skin cells. So the researchers say the study could be a good news for heart patients.

Hypothesis: Animal studies have shown that skin cells implanted in the heart muscle do not reject them compared to other cells, and causing fewer arrhythmias does not undermine the conclusion.


Premise: Economic considerations color every aspect of international dealings, and nations are just like individuals in that the lender sets the terms of its dealings with the borrower. That is why a nation that owes money to another nation cannot be a world leader.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the passage assumes that a nation that has the terms of its dealings with another nation set by that nation cannot be a world leader.


Premise: Physician: In itself, exercise does not cause heart attacks; rather, a sudden increase in an exercise regimen can be a cause. When people of any physical condition suddenly increase their amount of exercise, they also increase their risk of heart attack. As a result, there will be an increased risk of heart attack among employees of this company due to the new health program.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the physician follows logically if the assumption that employees will abruptly increase their amount of exercise as a result of the new health program is made.


Premise: Organizational commitment refers to the employee's identification with the organization and its goals, including trust and acceptance of the organization's goals and values, willingness to contribute to the organization and desire to maintain the organization's membership.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li, a shop assistant, believes that what is good for work is also good for oneself; not valuing one's work is not respecting oneself and it is impossible to do a good job is not an organizational commitment.


Premise: Cultural and creative industry is a kind of new business type that integrates culture, creativity, science and technology, capital, manufacturing and other elements. Americans have made big creative industries with a glass of water (Coca-Cola), a bread (McDonald's), a chip (Intel) and a mouse (Disney), which generate far more profits and impact than their cars, steel and other industries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The automobile and steel industry in the United States are in decline' conforms to the original meaning.


Premise: With the popularity of mobile devices, mobile phones and tablets (PAD) have gradually penetrated into people's lives. Many people have also changed from cannot do without TV to cannot do without mobile phones and PAD. Some people think that more use of computers will reduce the time people spend on TV. After all, time is limited, but surveys have shown that people who spend more time on computer do not reduce their time watching TV.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among the participants in the survey, whether the types of TV programs they watched will change with the increase in computer time' should be considered most in order to verify the accuracy of the above survey results.


Premise: Historian: The revolutionary party has been accused of having many overambitious goals and of having caused great suffering. However, most of the party' s goals were quickly achieved and the party did not have enough power to cause the suffering the critics claim it caused. So it is clear that the party was not overambitious and caused no suffering.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the historian's argument is flawed because the argument gives mutually inconsistent responses to the two criticisms.


Premise: Legislator: My staff conducted a poll in which my constituents were asked whether they favor high taxes. More than 97 percent answered no.  Clearly, then, my constituents would support the bill I recently introduced, which reduces the corporate income tax.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the legislator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider whether the legislator's constituents consider the current corporate income tax a high tax.


Premise: If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,  said the biologist. So all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,  said the politician.

Hypothesis: Deforestation continues and the koala becomes extinct is consistent with the biologist's claim but not with the politician's claim.


Premise: The cut-off method is popular in Japan, Taiwan and other parts of Asia, and is a three-meal-a-day approach that replaces solid foods with low-calorie diets such as fruit juice, vegetable soup and water. with a duration of 3 to 10 days, in order to achieve detox, fat burning and weight loss and other effects.

Hypothesis: The option "Obese people consume too few calories, which accelerates fat burning and positive changes in kidney function" is the least likely to undercut the above view, if correct.


Premise: Environmentalist: Snowmobiles in the park north of Milville create unacceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned. Milville Business Spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in the winter months, to the great direct financial benefit of many local residents. In addition, the money the town collects in fees for the recreational use of the park indirectly benefits all Milville residents. So, it is basic economics for us to put up with the pollution.

Hypothesis: Snowmobiles, because they run on two-cycle engines, emit greater amounts of hydrocarbons and particulate matter than cars do could best be used by the environmentalist to counter the business spokesperson's argument.


Premise: The latest report by an international paleontology research team stated that the southern tortoises that lived in South Africa 280 million years ago are the ancestors of modern tortoises, and they survived large-scale species extinction events from the Permian to Triassic. At that time, In order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they work hard to digging holes. At the same time, to ensure that the forelimb digging action is strong enough, the body needs a stable support, which leads to the continuous widening of the ribs. It can be seen that the tortoise has a shell to adapt to the environment, not for protection, but to digging holes in the ground.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that the forelimbs of the southern tortoise are strong enough that they do not need tortoise shell protection.


Premise: There are two motivations for help seeking: executive help seeking and instrumental help seeking. The former is that they don't make any attempt or effort, just want to know the answer or let others complete the task on their behalf; The latter is to use the power of others to solve problems or achieve goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, formulating a study abroad plan based on the opinions provided by a number of consulting institutions that meets one's own conditions belongs to instrumental help seeking.


Premise: Some people see no harm in promoting a folk remedy that in fact has no effect. But there is indeed harm: many people who are convinced to use an ineffective remedy continue with it for years rather than pursuing conventional treatments that would almost certainly help them.

Hypothesis: One should not promote a remedy if one believes that using that remedy will cause harm is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Radiation adaptation refers to the phenomenon of biologically related organisms that have completely different adaptations in form and living habits due to living in different environments.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Thunderbirds living in the frigid zone and having a pure white body color in winter and tan feathers similar to the mottled color of the summer tundra in summer belong to radiation adaptation.


Premise: Insomnia or poor sleep quality can seriously affect people's physical and mental health. The survey found that many people with poor sleep have a habit of drinking coffee before going to bed. Therefore, drinking coffee helps to improve the quality of sleep. Is the auxiliary means that treats insomnia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is evidence that coffee has a refreshing effect, which may be the cause of their poor sleep' is the strongest rebuttal to the conclusion of the question.


Premise: Principle: If an insurance policy is written in such a way that a reasonable person seeking insurance would not read it thoroughly before signing it, then the reasonable expectations of the policyholder concerning the policy' s coverage should take legal precedence over specific language in the written policy itself. Application: The insurance company should be required to cover the hail damage to Celia' s car, even though specific language in the written policy Celia signed excluded coverage for hail damage.

Hypothesis: The insurance policy that Celia signed was written in such a way that a reasonable person would not read it thoroughly before signing it, but Celia did read the policy thoroughly before signing it most justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: Twenty years ago, Balzania put in place regulations requiring operators of surface mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being reclaimed today is only four dollars per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half what it cost to reclaim surface mines in the years immediately after the regulations took effect.

Hypothesis: The statement "Even after Balzania began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs, surface mines continued to produce coal at a lower total cost than underground mines" most helps to account for the drop in reclamation costs described.


Premise: Thousands of years ago, in the humid and hot virgin forests of Africa, indigenous people danced and sang freely and enthusiastically with fire piles and following various complex rhythms. This kind of song may not be music in the eyes of some civilized people. However, this kind of sound is the most primitive. It is the sound of life issued by tenacious instinct in a bad environment. If blues music is the root of many music, then, The above is the root of this root.

Hypothesis: The relationship between natural environment and music style should be told next in the article after the introduction paragraph.


Premise: A poverty alleviation industrial base plans to grow four kinds of crops: purple potato, sweet potato, pumpkin and corn. The planting area of the four crops varies, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) either the planting area of purple potato is the largest, or the planting area of pumpkin is the largest; (2) if the planting area of purple potato is the largest, the planting area of sweet potato is the smallest.

Hypothesis: The planting area of corn is larger than that of pumpkin can be inferred if the planting area of sweet potato is larger than that of corn.


Premise: Tao Xingzhi once told Cheng you have watt under your whip, Newton in your cold eyes, Edison in your ridicule. A cold look, a mean word, and an unfair treatment may affect a child's life. If there is no benevolence, tireless patience, and public interest in teaching. Then such education has no temperature. Just as some people in the educational circles cry out, many teachers do not lack knowledge, methods, love and sense of responsibility. Today's education needs to return to people themselves and concern people's growth more than ever before.

Hypothesis: Lack of fairness is considered by the author to be the main problem in current education.


Premise: Safety consultant: Judged by the number of injuries per licensed vehicle, minivans are the safest vehicles on the road. However, in carefully designed crash tests, minivans show no greater ability to protect their occupants than other vehicles of similar size do. Thus, the reason minivans have such a good safety record is probably not that they are inherently safer than other vehicles, but rather that they are driven primarily by low-risk drivers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Minivans tend to carry more passengers at any given time than do most other vehicles' most strengthens the safety consultant's argument.


Premise: Sixty percent of America's wind farms are located along a narrow corridor that stretches from Texas to the Great Lakes.Studies have shown that most of the areas where wind power has dropped the most in the past year coincide with this corridor.As a result, U.S. wind power output in the past year was significantly lower than the previous year.

Hypothesis: The output power of a wind turbine varies significantly with the wind is required for the inference to be valid.


Premise: There is a method that can be used to calculate the distance of the universe called parallax. The meaning of the word parallax is not difficult. If you put a finger about 8 centimeters in front of your eyes, first look with your left eye, and then look with your right eye, you will feel that your fingers have moved toward the distant scene, because when you look at it twice, the angle is different. Now you put your finger away, for example, straighten your arm, and if you look at it last time, you will feel that your finger is moving relative to the background, but not so much. Therefore, the distance of the finger moving relative to the background can be used to determine the distance from the finger to the eye.

Hypothesis: The correct definition of parallax according to the article is the disparity caused by objects from different angles.


Premise: If there is no lightning, human beings will lose a hard-working cleaner. When lightning works, part of the oxygen in the atmosphere is excited into ozone. The thin ozone not only does not smell, but also absorbs most of the cosmic rays, so as to protect the organisms on the earth's surface from excessive ultraviolet radiation. The high temperature generated in the process of lightning can kill more than 90% of the bacteria and microorganisms in the atmosphere, This makes the air more pure, fresh and pleasant.

Hypothesis: The protective effect of lightning on the earth is mainly introduced in this paragraph.


Premise: Every city has an optimal size, which depends on the contrast between the positive and negative effects of city size. In reality, the positive effects are mainly the agglomeration effects of urban economy, while the negative effects include traffic congestion, environmental pollution, high house prices, inadequate infrastructure and so on. Economic agglomeration will not only improve labor productivity, but also make urban land and housing prices rise. At this time, the production costs of enterprises and the living costs of residents will rise. Urban overcrowding, pollution and crime will also offset the benefits of urban expansion. Only when the positive effects of a city exceed its production or living costs will enterprises and residents stay in the city.

Hypothesis: The negative effects of big cities are often greater than their positive effects is not matching the meaning of the text.


Premise: Professor Zhang is a member of the Committee on Academic Ethics and Academic Integrity, so online criticism of his academic misconduct cannot be true.

Hypothesis: Members of the committee have never been accused of academic misconduct is correct and the above conclusion is correct.


Premise: More women than men suffer from Alzheimer' s disease -- a disease that is most commonly contracted by elderly persons. This discrepancy has often been attributed to women' s longer life span, but this theory may be wrong. A recent study has shown that prescribing estrogen to women after menopause, when estrogen production in the body decreases, may prevent them from developing the disease. Men' s supply of testosterone may help safeguard them against Alzheimer' s disease because much of it is converted by the body to estrogen, and testosterone levels stay relatively stable into old age.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that testosterone is necessary for preventing Alzheimer's disease in older men.


Premise: Merger refers to the behavior of one enterprise acquiring another enterprise, usually in the form of one enterprise acquiring the shares of another enterprise. The main forms include: (1) vertical merger, which occurs when two enterprises are at different stages of the production process; (2) Horizontal merger. occurs when two enterprises are in the same market; (3) Mixed merger occurs when two enterprises operate separately in two unrelated markets

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, fruit juice company A acquiring Cola company B is a horizontal merger.


Premise: Premeditated intention refers to the psychological attitude that the actor commits the crime after a period of preparation.

Hypothesis: A young man released from prison found a young woman on the road at night and raped her in a bad mood is not premeditated intention.


Premise: Non-loving behavior refers to the non-loving plundering of the people close to you in the name of love, that is, against the subjective will of others, forcibly control their spirits and behaviors, and force them to act and do things according to the will of the controller. This behavior often occurs between the closest people such as husband and wife, lovers, parents and children.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, non-loving behavior is when Li asked his son to go to the hospital to accompany his seriously ill mother according to the rotating escort agreement.


Premise: Willett: Lopez and Simmons, a married couple, have both been offered jobs at Evritech Corporation. Because Evritech has a rule against hiring more than one member of the same family, Lopez and Simmons have decided to reveal their marriage to Evritech. Their decision is foolish, however, since it will mean that one of them will have a job offer withdrawn. After all, they could easily keep their marriage secret initially and, if they want, later claim to have married after they were hired: Evritech has no policy of terminating one of two employees who marry each other.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of Willett's argument is that Evritech Corporation is not likely to discover the marital status of Lopez and Simmons if they do not volunteer the information.


Premise: Compared with the desolation of crosstalk in the media, the popularity of the weekend crosstalk club is quite intriguing. The art that was born and grew up among the people can gain new vitality only by returning to the masses and life. If there is no face-to-face communication and discussion with the audience, without the practice and training of the stage, without the audience's belly laughter and heart-to-heart understanding and communication, this kind of return will not be achieved.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this passage is that returning to the audience is the reason for the popularity of crosstalk clubs.


Premise: The guarantee of joint and several liability is a kind of guarantee of debt, which refers to the agreement between the guarantor and the creditor that if the debtor fails to perform the debt at the expiration of the time limit for the performance of the debt, the creditor may not only require the debtor to perform the debt, but also require the guarantor to bear the debt within the scope of its guarantee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A owes B 1 million yuan, A calls C, and the three parties agree that if A fails to repay the payment within three months, B has the right to ask C to repay the full payment belongs to the guarantee of joint and several liability.


Hypothesis: The main problem in current education is considered by the author to be "Not people-oriented".


Premise: Some biologists believe that the capacity for flight first developed in marine reptiles, claiming that feathers are clearly developed from scales. Other biologists rightly reject this suggestion, pointing out that bats have no scales and that nonmarine reptiles also have scales. Those who believe that flight first developed in tree-dwelling reptiles reject the claim that the limbs of land-dwelling reptiles might have developed into wings. They insist that it is more likely that tree-dwelling reptiles developed wings to assist their leaps from branch to branch.

Hypothesis: The claim that nonmarine reptiles have scales is cited as evidence against the claim that the capacity for flight first developed in land-dwelling animals in the passage.


Premise: People generally think that left-handed people are more likely to have operational accidents than right-handed people, which is a misunderstanding.In fact, most household chores range from fire burns to cut fingers from right-handed people.

Hypothesis: The proportion of left-handed people in all people is not considered best summarizes the loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: People who switch to a low-calorie diet generally do not lose any weight. This is surprising since it is understood that decreasing the calories in one' s diet, while maintaining the same level of activity, causes one to lose weight.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Foods that are low in calories generally taste worse than high-calorie foods' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: Generally speaking, the large jadeite gravel produced in Myanmar that has been weathered or transported to river valleys and riverbeds is called Laokeng jade. Laokeng jade is characterized by good water head, strong quality and high transparency, and its top grade is as transparent as glass, so it is called glass or ice. The same old pit jade, its quality is also relatively high and low, some transparency is higher, some transparency is slightly worse, so the value is also different. Other things being equal, the value of Laokeng jade with high transparency is higher than that of its lower unit value, but the practice of mining tells people that there is no Laokeng jade with the highest unit value.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the unit value of Laokeng jade also depends on the quality of its processing can be drawn if the above statement is true.


Premise: If the weather is fine, Xiao Liu will go on an outing. If his wife does not go with him, Xiao Liu will not go on an outing; if there is an emergency in the unit, Xiao Liu will not go on an outing; if today is not Saturday, Xiao Liu will not go on an outing.

Hypothesis: Assuming that the above statement is correct, then, if Xiao Liu goes on an outing, he cannot determine that sunny weather is correct.


Premise: Accumulation fund refers to the part of national income used for additional production funds, mainly including: expanding reproduction fund, such as building factories, building railways, reclaiming land, building water conservancy, etc., non productive capital construction funds, such as the construction of schools, hospitals, stadiums and gymnasiums, as well as the capital construction of State Administration and national defense departments, social reserve funds, such as material reserves for dealing with emergencies like war and natural disasters.

Hypothesis: Military exercise cost is not an accumulation fund according to the definition of the appeal.


Premise: Artificial intelligence can imitate human intelligence and behavior, perceive the environment and make decisions in a complex and changeable unknown environment, so as to actively perform tasks or complete set goals.

Hypothesis: The robot dog newly developed by Sony Corporation of Japan, which can identify men and women based on the characteristics of people's clothes and appearance and use "Hello Mr." or "Hello Miss" to greet different people, belongs to artificial intelligence according to the definition.


Premise: Today, with multiple interests and highly developed information network, government administration is inseparable from public participation. Working behind closed doors and going one's own way, it is easy to disagree with the public and have to face pressure from public opinion, stability considerations and even higher authorities. The public often mistrust the government because of their lack of foresight and understanding of decision-making, which affects the credibility of the government. In this sense, the introduction of public participation is a necessary choice for the government in the process of administration.

Hypothesis: The necessity of public participation in government administration is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: A survey of congenital heart defect patients in a northern county showed that most were born in winter. Experts say the likely cause is malnutrition among pregnant women in labor. It is difficult to buy fresh food in the coldest season of the year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The nutrients in fresh foods and pickled foods have the same effect on cardiovascular development' supports the expert's conclusion.


Premise: Ethicist: Every moral action is the keeping of an agreement, and keeping an agreement is nothing more than an act of securing mutual benefit. Clearly, however, not all instances of agreement-keeping are moral actions. Ttherefore, some acts of securing mutual benefit are not moral actions.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument 'All books are texts, and all texts are documents. However, not all texts are books. Therefore, some documents are not books' is most similar to that in the ethicist's argument.


Premise: New types of washing machines designed to consume less energy also extract less water from laundry during their final spin cycles than do washing machines that consume somewhat more energy. The wetter the laundry, the more energy required to dry it in an automatic dryer. Thus using these new types of washing machines could result in an overall increase in the energy needed to wash and dry a load of laundry.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument is most parallel to the statement: "The more people who work in the library's reading room, the noisier the room becomes; and the noisier the working environment, the less efficiently people work. Therefore, when many people are working in the reading room, those people are working less efficiently."


Premise: A and B debated based on the birth rate of boys. A: demography has found a pattern: among newborns, the male birth rate fluctuates around 22 out of 43, not 1 out of 2. B: no, most countries and regions, such as Japan, the United States, Germany and our Taiwan Province have more women than men. It can be seen that it is not true to think that the birth rate of male  fluctuates around 22 out of 43.

Hypothesis: B confused the concept indicates a logic error.


Premise: Magazine article: Punishment for crimes is justified if it actually deters people from committing them. But a great deal of carefully assembled and analyzed empirical data show clearly that punishment is not a deterrent. So punishment is never justified.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the magazine article's argument is flawed because the argument mistakenly allows the key term punishment to shift in meaning.


Premise: Naturalist: Different nonhuman primate species exhibit many contrasts in behavior. If a zookeeper leaves a screwdriver within reach of a chimpanzee, the animal is likely to examine and play with it for a time, and then move on to something else. In the same circumstances, an orangutan is likely to pretend to ignore the tool at first; later, in the zookeeper ' s absence, the orangutan may use the screwdriver to try to dismantle its cage.

Hypothesis: Some nonhuman primates are capable of deception is most strongly supported by the naturalist's statements.


Premise: Micro-innovation, this concept is becoming a new direction for Chinese companies to try. Today's technological innovation is no longer a subversive update in many cases. Any small change to the user experience may detonate the entire market. Weibo can be regarded as a micro-innovation on the basis of blogs, lowering the user threshold with 140 characters, and quickly triggering a wave of microblogs for all people. For companies that are accustomed to imitation, how to prevent micro-innovation from becoming a synonym for cottage is the key to the problem.Especially in the Internet field, a lot of phenomenon such as group buying is not uncommon, but it is difficult to see micro-innovation playing a role in it.

Hypothesis: The act of collective procurement can be described by group buying in this text.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: In the subcommittee where P serves, there is I may be true if there is an I in the subcommittee where M serves.


Premise: Harmonious economics refers to the structure and function of the social and economic system as the research object, in order to improve the productivity of this system, see the coordination between man and nature and sustainable development.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when a city reviewed foreign investment, a large chemical plant enterprise equipment is old, high consumption, wastewater treatment system is also very backward, so decided to stop the introduction of the enterprise is to develop a harmonious economy.


Premise: The formation of technological innovation capability is a process and requires a certain environment. If people consciously and wisely shape an environment conducive to technological innovation, they can stimulate the social potential of technological innovation and reduce the time course from technological innovation to industrial application.

Hypothesis: Technological innovation requires adequate financial support according to the above definition.


Hypothesis: F and M are members of the same subcommittee is a possibility if there is an I in the subcommittee where M serves.


Premise: Mary Ann: Our country should, above all, be strong. Strength gains the respect of other countries and makes a country admirable. Inez: There are many examples in history of countries that were strong but used their strength to commit atrocities. We should judge a country by the morality of its actions, not by its strength. If the actions are morally good, the country is admirable.

Hypothesis: The presupposition that at least one country is admirable underlies Inez' argument.


Premise: Fan filter effect: Refers to the psychological phenomenon in which young people automatically filter out the shortcomings and over-magnify the advantages of the objects they admire.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A certain teacher has given many lectures in lecture Room, and his classes are always full of students from various colleges' is an example of the fan filter effect.


Premise: Scientists have modified feed corn genetically, increasing its resistance to insect pests. Farmers who tried out the genetically modified corn last season applied less insecticide to their corn fields and still got yields comparable to those they would have gotten with ordinary corn. Ordinary corn seed, however, costs less, and what these farmers saved on insecticide rarely exceeded their extra costs for seed. Ttherefore, for most feed-corn farmers, switching to genetically modified seed would be unlikely to increase profits.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to know whether the insecticides typically used on feed corn tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella and other bacteria can cause a variety of diseases and infections. At the same time, various antibiotics often have nothing to do with them, so these discolored bacteria are called superbacteria. In recent years, researchers can track not only the source of bacteria, but also the source of other drug-resistant bacteria through microbial whole genome sequencing technology. Therefore, Whole genome sequencing technology can solve the disease problems caused by superbacteria such as MRSA.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Whole genome sequencing technology cannot kill superbacteria' weakens the above argument.


Premise: Technical standards refer to the technical provisions on the quality, specifications and inspection methods of industrial and agricultural products and engineering construction, as well as the commonly used figures and symbols on technical documents. Is engaged in production, construction of a common basis.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Provisions of the State on the quality standard of infant milk powder is a technical standard.


Premise: Time perception distortion the incorrect perception of time. In life, affected by various factors, people's perception of time is often not in line with reality. Sometimes they feel that time is too long, sometimes that time is too short. Many reasons are It can cause distortion of time perception.A bad performance in reality will make people feel like the end is far away.On the contrary, people always think that the good and happy time is too short.

Hypothesis: In the post house alone, one day will be as long as a year, and the autumn wind and dew will start to become cold does not meet the time perception distortion according to the above definition.


Premise: Studies have found that sprinkling salt to remove ice on roads in winter can turn frogs that are supposed to be female into males because the sodium in these road salts can affect frog receptor cells and change the sex of would-be female frogs. Some experts believe that this will lead to a decline in the number of frogs in the relevant areas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Raise frogs in multiple pools with different salt content. As the salt content in the pool increases, the number of female frogs continues to decrease' best supports the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: The new type of rural sage refers to the rural people who take root in the countryside for a long time, make use of their knowledge, technology and wealth to serve the villagers enthusiastically and make outstanding contributions, and have high prestige and influence in the local social life and the minds of the people.

Hypothesis: After retiring, Cheng, the headmaster of a rural primary school, took advantage of his large number of students and wide connections to actively plan to tap the historical and cultural resources of his hometown and develop rural cultural tourism belongs to the new type of rural sage.


Premise: Li Qiang said: I know 100 people. None of the people I know are unemployed, so China's unemployment rate must be very low.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Due to the existence of floating population, it is difficult to calculate the unemployment rate' best refutes Li Qiang's reasoning.


Premise: n order to improve the quality of students, the school offers two kinds of elective courses: arts and science. Statistics show that some students have taken all liberal arts elective courses, while others have taken all science elective courses,

Hypothesis: Every elective course has students must be true.


Premise: Both globally and in China, human civilization has reached such a stage that protecting the ecological environment and ensuring the harmony between man and nature are necessary preconditions for sustainable economic development and guarantees the continuation of human civilization.

Hypothesis: Only by doing well in environmental protection can we achieve sustainable economic development can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: The realization of great dreams has never proceeded smoothly. It is bound to be difficult to forge ahead in coping with challenges and resolving risks. Only by enhancing the sense of anxiety and deeply understanding that the problems after development are not less than when there is no development, and the reform of entering the deep water area is no easier than the beginning of the initial reform, can we calmly deal with a series of complex contradictions and problems to ensure the smooth realization of great dreams.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then if you can't increase your sense of anxiety, you can't calmly deal with a series of complex contradictions and problems must also be true.


Premise: Anti-political politics refers to a political attitude and a denial of totalitarian politics. The basic idea is not to regard politics as a technology of power and manipulation, nor to regard politics as a rule about controlling humans. Or useful art, but regard politics as a way to seek and realize a meaningful life.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the fundamental purpose of politics is to pursue human harmony and comprehensive development is most suitable for anti-political politics.


Premise: At the beginning of this century, Wigner put forward the theory of continental drift, which met with strong opposition because his theory was based on the assumption of unidentified forces sufficient to cause continental drift. We can now accept Wigner's theory. This is not because we have identified the power to cause the continent to drift, but because the new instruments eventually enable us to confirm the movement of the continent through observation.

Hypothesis: With the help of probability theory and mathematical statistics, science has shifted from the description of a single phenomenon to the study of things as a whole is best illustrated by the above examples.


Premise: Here are the introduction of the wooden chair effect. Two groups of students with equal grades are arranged to sit on comfortable sofa chairs and very uncomfortable wooden chairs to study. After a while, the academic performance of the students sitting on the wooden chairs is much higher than that of the students sitting on the sofa chairs. The reason is that students sitting on wooden chairs constantly adjust their sitting posture because they are uncomfortable. On the face of it, they seem to be restless, but in fact, they supply more blood and nutrition to their brains; while students sitting on sofa chairs keep still because of comfort, resulting in a relatively slow down of blood circulation, and relatively less blood and nutrients to their brains, so their learning effect becomes worse.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'A month after moving into the new study room, Xiao Ming's grades and ranking rose greatly' best reflects the wooden chair effect.


Premise: The theory believes that antimatter is the anti-state of normal matter. When positive and negative matter meet, the two sides will annihilate and offset each other, explode and produce huge energy. Some people believe that antimatter exists, because so far there is no evidence to prove that antimatter does not exist.

Hypothesis: The argument method in the above question is the same as the statement 'Since it cannot be proved that the parallel world does not exist, the parallel world exists.'


Premise: Invalid civil act: refers to a civil act that has no legal binding force from the beginning. The following civil acts are invalid: (1) performed by a person without civil capacity; (2) a person with limited civil capacity cannot be independent in accordance with the law Implemented; (3) One party uses fraud, coercion or taking advantage of the danger to make the other party act contrary to the true meaning; (4) Malicious collusion, harming the interests of the state, collective or third party; (5) Violation Laws or social public interest; (6) Cover up illegal purposes in a legal form.

Hypothesis: After living with his wife for five years, a citizen found that they could no longer live any longer, so he filed for divorce in the court is an invalid civil act according to the above definition.


Premise: Goswami: I support the striking workers at Ergon Foods. They are underpaid. The majority of them make less that $20, 000 per year. Nordecki: If pay is the issue, I must disagree. The average annual salary of the striking workers at Ergon Foods is over $29, 000.

Hypothesis: Goswmi and Nordecki disagree over the truth of the statement "It is reasonable to support striking workers who are underpaid."


Premise: Because the Bird's Nest is different from other buildings, the rickety column structure, the intersection line is very complex, and the requirement and difficulty of welding technology are very high. The welders who have been trained to select the best not only completed the task on time and efficiently, but also engraved their names on the edge of each weld in the Bird's Nest. In the words of managers, let countless ordinary welders leave their own trace in this high-profile Olympic project-the public may not have a chance to see it, but it will never go away.

Hypothesis: The builder's signature is not only responsible for history, but also responsible for his own life is the most appropriate understanding of this passage.


Premise: Theorist: To be capable of planned locomotion, an organism must be able both to form an internal representation of its environment and to send messages to its muscles to control movements. Such an organism must ttherefore have a central nervous system. Thus, an organism incapable of planned locomotion does not have a central nervous system.

Hypothesis: The theorist's argument is flawed because it presumes, without providing justification, that planned locomotion is the only biologically useful purpose for an organism's forming an internal representation of its environment.


Premise: Human beings have been proud of their evolution away from nature, and they are proud to conquer nature with rational iron hoofs. However, take a look at the historical books of mankind that are full of gold and iron horses, think about the nuclear arsenal that can destroy the earth dozens of times, and count the species that are dying out every day because of ecological deterioration. Our human existence as a species, as a link in the earth's biosphere, how much better than other creatures in nature?

Hypothesis: The original intention of the author to write this passage is to point out that human beings should feel ashamed in front of nature.


Premise: In translation, literal translation focuses on the faithfulness to the original text, while free translation focuses on the smoothness of the tone of the translation. People hold their own opinions on which translation method is the most appropriate. In my opinion, the difference between literal translation and free translation should not exist at all. A faithful translation must be able to express the meaning of the original text as much as possible. Thoughts, feelings and language are consistent and change with each other. There is only one accurate statement for a meaning, another statement, Therefore, if you want to express the meaning of the original text as much as possible, you must try to maintain the sentence organization of the original text. Therefore, literal translation cannot be free translation, and free translation cannot be literal translation.

Hypothesis: In this passage, the author believes that faithfulness to the original idea is the highest art of translation.


Premise: The main culprit for the serious impact of air pollutants on the brain is fine particles, that is, air pollutants less than 2.5 microns in diameter. Once inhaled, they can reach deep into the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and then enter the brain. The fine particles are small enough to cross the blood-brain barrier that blocks large toxic molecules. If fine particles are inhaled through the nose, they can also enter the brain through the olfactory nerves in the nasal cavity. These particles may trigger an inflammatory response, leading to severe brain disease and affecting cognitive ability.

Hypothesis: Fine particles in air pollutants are harmful to human health is the main description of this passage.


Premise: The opposite theory of investment market means that the investment market itself does not create new value, does not increase in value, or even impairment. If an investor is the same as most investors in investment action, he must not be the one who makes the most profits, because it is impossible for most people to make profits. To get the best benefit, we must be inconsistent with the actions of the majority.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'The price has fallen so much that it's time to fall to the bottom' does not accord with the opposite theory of investment market.


Premise: One might expect that within a particular species, any individuals that managed to slow down the aging process would leave more offspring. Natural selection should ttherefore favor extreme longevity-but this does not seem to be the case. A possible explanation is that aging is a product of the inevitable wear and tear of living, similar to how household appliances generally accumulate faults that lead to their eventual demise. However, most researchers do not find this analogy satisfactory as an explanation.

Hypothesis: Organisms are capable of maintenance and self-repair and can remedy much of the damage that they accumulate would, if true, provide the strongest explanation for the researchers' reaction.


Premise: Today, we almost live in a highly formatted era. When traveling, we should pursue various strategies, and when shopping, we should refer to various lists. Originally, we have a very humanized life, and the way of reading is also influenced by various labels. Everyone is similar in personality and chicken soup at a glance. This is also a common disease of our era. Find yourself in repetition and forwarding, Instead of using their own feelings, senses, thoughts and actions to connect the world and intervene in real life. They lose their real proximity and unique feelings, simplicity and sincerity, and their hearts are thin like pieces of paper. Their thoughts are blank, so readers will not like them. Good prose is difficult to find, but it is still the problem of the writer after all

Hypothesis: The statement 'The lack of good prose is because the writer's heart is not full enough' is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Some people believe that good health is due to luck. However, studies from many countries indicate a strong correlation between good health and high educational levels. Thus research supports the view that good health is largely the result of making informed lifestyle choices.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument does not acknowledge that some people who fail to make informed lifestyle choices are in good health.


Premise: Moore: Sunscreen lotions, which are designed to block skin-cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation, do not do so effectively. Many scientific studies have shown that people who have consistently used these lotions develop, on average, as many skin cancers as those who have rarely, if ever, used them.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Moore's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to distinguish between the relative number of cases of skin cancer and the severity of those cases in measuring effectiveness at skin cancer prevention.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Hu Yao is on the easternmost side can be inferred if Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Hao Yun Station and is in the east of Hao Yun Station.


Premise: Ms. Zhang especially loves beauty. For many years, she likes to wear skirts in winter to show her graceful figure. Since last winter, she has felt knee pain in cold and overcast days. Later, the doctor diagnosed that she had arthritis. Therefore, Ms. Zhang believes that wearing less in cold and overcast days is the cause of arthritis.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many people who wear more clothes in cloudy and cold days also get arthritis, and most of them are middle-aged and elderly people' questions Ms. Zhang's point of view most.


Premise: Every evil has a reason, but all evil has no excuse. I can't be obliged to be evil just because evil comes from above; I can't be worthy to be evil just because everyone else is so evil: I can't even have the right to be evil to others just because someone is evil to me. Therefore, every specific evil must be condemned. If respect for life must be in the single digits, so must the condemnation of sin.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No life can be harmed innocently, even if you hold high the banner of justice' conflicts with the ideas expressed above, except.


Premise: F. G, J, K, l and M apply for a position. Only the interviewee can be employed. The following conditions must be met: if interview g, interview J. If interview J, interview L. F was interviewed. F will not be hired unless K is interviewed. K will not be hired unless m is interviewed.

Hypothesis: Only G and another candidate were interviewed might be true.


Premise: The development and competition of contemporary economy no longer rely mainly on intensive labor. For example, in the United States, the whole information superhighway project will take 20 years, with a total investment of 400 billion US dollars. It will cost $200 billion to install high-capacity fiber-optic lines for 95 million homes across the country.

Hypothesis: The future economic development process is a capital intensive process is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: For a television program about astrology, investigators went into the street and found twenty volunteers born under the sign of Gemini who were willing to be interviewed on the program and to take a personality test. The test confirmed the investigators' personal impressions that each of the volunteers was more sociable and extroverted than people are on average. This modest investigation thus supports the claim that one' s astrological birth sign influences one' s personality.

Hypothesis: The personal impressions the investigators first formed of other people have tended to be confirmed by the investigators' later experience of those people indicates the most serious flaw in the method used by the investigators.


Premise: With the gradual improvement of social adaptability and the ability to distinguish between external self and internal self, children are gradually able to judge the social communication situation realistically and show complex social self according to these judgments. At the same time, the increasing stability of children's self-structure enables children to adjust their behavior according to their own internal value standards and belief system, as well as the needs of external situations.

Hypothesis: Children's self-structure and their ability to judge social situations develop almost at the same time is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Without rapid economic development, there will be no progress in social undertakings. Now the economic development is fast, So the construction of social undertakings will also achieve remarkable results.

Hypothesis: Benefit and fairness are a contradictory unity. Without fairness, it is difficult to achieve greater benefits. A company's benefits have increased, so the company has also achieved distribution fairness is the same as the above textual reasoning.


Premise: Wild kiwifruit, originally grown in the three Gorges area, was brought to New Zealand for cultivation in the last century. Today, the fruit, named kiwi, earns New Zealand $300 million a year. After export to China, the price is 50 yuan per kilogram.

Hypothesis: The value of wild kiwifruit is not well developed in China is what this passage mainly tells us.