Premise: In the face of the increasingly fierce international competition in the development of science and technology in the world, only by putting science and technology on the strategic position of giving priority to development, doing solid work and catching up with others can we grasp the opportunity and win the initiative of development.

Hypothesis: The statement "We urgently need a solid scientific foundation and strong technical support" can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: The similarity between ichthyosaurs and fish is an example of convergence, a process by which different classes of organisms adapt to the same environment by independently developing one or more similar external body features. Ichthyosaurs were marine reptiles and thus do not belong to the same class of organisms as fish. However, ichthyosaurs adapted to their marine environment by converging on external body features similar to those of fish. Most strikingly, ichthyosaurs, like fish, had fins.

Hypothesis: An inference that can be properly drawn on the basis of the statements above is that an organism does not necessarily belong to a class simply because the organism has one or more external body features similar to those of members of that class.


Premise: Archaeologists from the University of York and the University of Manchester in England have found the remains of a human house with a history of more than 10,000 years in Starka, North Yorkshire. Dating results show that it is a round wooden hut about 3.5 meters high, which existed in 8500 BC and is at least 500 years earlier than the oldest house previously found in Britain. Archaeologists also found a wooden platform and the trunk of a well-preserved tree nearby. In addition, they also found ornaments of processed antlers, indicating that people at that time already had some ceremonial activities.

Hypothesis: Only when ceremonial activities are held will the ornaments of processed antlers appear, if true, can best support the above point of view.


Premise: Benign conflict refers to the management strategy that managers try to turn minor conflicts within the enterprise into cohesion and promote the development of the enterprise.

Hypothesis: Mr. Xu and Mr. Jing are a pair of old partners in a certain company who often disagree and do not give way to each other on some major decision-making issues, but they can always reach an agreement in the end. Under their leadership, the company's performance has improved steadily is the benign conflict.


Premise: A public service advertisement advises people not to drive after drinking until you feel safe to drive. However, in a study conducted in a hospital, subjects who were questioned immediately after drinking often underestimated what they need to regain their driving ability.  This result shows that it is difficult for people who drink before driving to follow the advice of this ad.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ordinary people are more alert to public service advertisements than hospital research subjects' can most strongly support the above conclusion.


Premise: Police captain: The chief of police has indicated that gifts of cash or objects valued at more than $100 count as graft. However, I know with certainty that no officer in my precinct has ever taken such gifts, so the recent accusations of graft in my precinct are unfounded.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the police captain's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument takes for granted that if the accusations of graft are unfounded, so is any accusation of corruption.


Premise: In recent years, with the rapid development of Microblog, Wechat and other online social media, rumors about food have become rampant, which has brought great trouble to people's daily life. It is expected to crack the current situation of food rumors flying all over the world, improve and improve the platform and mechanism of food safety reporting, and incorporate the reporting mechanism into the intelligent early warning processing platform of food rumors, so as to carry out closed-loop management on the governance of food rumors, so as to truly establish consumers' confidence in food safety.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis is on the importance of paying attention to the reporting platform and corresponding mechanism in order to control food safety rumors.


Premise: At many electronics retail stores, the consumer has the option of purchasing product warranties that extend beyond the manufacturer' s warranty. However, consumers are generally better off not buying extended warranties. Most problems with electronic goods occur within the period covered by the manufacturer' s warranty.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Problems with electronic goods that occur after the manufacturer's warranty expires are generally inexpensive to fix in comparison with the cost of an extended warranty' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Scientists have found that birds' wings, while not as rigid as those of airplanes, are better able to adapt to different weather conditions, especially harsh ones, because they are able to stretch freely and adapt to changes in airflow. Taking a cue from nature, NASA scientists are working on wings that can bend and deform. The idea is that at high speeds, the plane's deformed wings are tucked back slightly to reduce drag and turbulence. As the plane slows down, the wings automatically extend forward to help it land faster and more smoothly. But deforming a wing is no easy task. The key is to create a deformable wing using special smart materials that flex and stretch automatically when exposed to external air pressure and stimulation. Among them, the wing material made of memory alloy can make the airplane wing change into a special shape in a certain air environment; Another important smart material is piezoelectric ceramics, which can respond sensitively to changes in voltage, temperature and other environmental factors. Scientists say such planes with flexible wings are at least 20 years away. At that time, our planes will become more intelligent, comfortable and safe, like all kinds of birds to adapt to various environments and fly freely.

Hypothesis: In the future, airplanes will fly freely like birds adapted to various environments can most accurately repeat the above passage.


Premise: The Matthew effect refers to a phenomenon in which the good is better, the bad is worse, the more is more, and the less is less.

Hypothesis: The more talents a place has, the more attractive it is to talents; conversely, the scarcer the recognized talents are does not belong to the Matthew Effect.


Premise: The separation of government and enterprises refers to the distinction between ownership and the right of management, and the return to enterprises of many functions and powers of the competent government departments at all levels in direct management of the production and operation of enterprises, so that the government's economic management focus has changed from micro to macro economic system reform.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The government mainly does a good job in overall planning, providing services, inspection and supervision, and enterprises operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses' is in line with the separation of government and enterprises.


Premise: I picked up the book the urchin at the Crossroads several times and put it down again and again, because every now and then there were pictures of urchins I met during my 18 years of teaching. Interestingly, what other students solidify in my memory is picture-image, while they are video-story. The memory of their teachers is much larger than that of other children.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that naughty students left a more vivid impression on me.


Premise: The first cognition effect refers to that in the process of social cognition, the information first input through the first impression has a significant impact on the object's subsequent cognition. The first impression has the strongest effect and lasts for a long time, which is stronger than the later information for the whole impression of things.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang, who had just graduated, encountered many obstacles in the process of looking for a job. After consulting professionals, she learned that she was not mature enough because she dyed red hair does not relate to the first cognition effect.


Premise: There are four people, they are thieves, robbers, judges and policemen. The first man said, the second man is not a thief. the second man said, the third man is a policeman. the third man said, the fourth man is not a judge. the fourth man said, I am not a policeman, and only the police will tell the truth except me.

Hypothesis: If the fourth person is telling the truth, the second man is a robber and the third man is a thief.


Premise: Since 1993, sandstorms have frequently occurred in Inner Mongolia, causing great economic losses. Some people think that sandstorm is caused by grassland degradation and desertification due to climate drought. It is a natural disaster, so it is inevitable.

Hypothesis: The increase in sandstorms is mainly caused by human factors such as overgrazing and predatory management of grasslands would challenge the above statement, except if it is true.


Premise: Five of A, B, C, D and E of a company like to travel abroad. Last year, in Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom and France, each of them traveled to two of these countries, and there were always 2-3 of them in each country. It is known that: (1) if A goes to Korea, D will not go to England. (2) C and E always travel abroad together last year. (3)  and B only travel to European countries.

Hypothesis: A went to Japan can be inferred if the total number of trips by five people to European countries is as large as that to Asian countries.


Premise: There are four assertions about a criminal case: (1) there is evidence that Chen Hu did not commit the crime; (2) the perpetrator is either Wang Guang, Chen Hu, or Zhu Tong; (3) there is also evidence that Wang Guang didn't commit to crime; (4) The TV screen showed that at the time of the crime, Zhu Tong was in the audience of a football game far away from the crime scene.

Hypothesis: At least one of the above assertions is false is a correct description of the four assertions in the above.


Premise: Professor Zhang is a member of the Committee on Academic Ethics and Academic Integrity, so online criticism of his academic misconduct cannot be true.

Hypothesis: There will be no academic misconduct on the part of any member of the Committee on Academic Ethics and Academic Integrity is correct, and the above conclusion is correct.


Premise: All of Mr. Sun's friends claimed that they knew that someone had smoked at least two packs of cigarettes a day for 40 years, but he had been in good health, but what is certain is that Mr. Sun did not know that there was such a person among his friends. There are also people who don't know like Mr. Sun.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it is most likely that some of Mr. Sun's friends didn't tell the truth.


Premise: The tendency of mediocrity in spiritual life is a prominent phenomenon in our real life, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: lack of spiritual goal, neither traditional support nor ideal guidance; the expansion of utilitarian consciousness leads to the lack of true feelings between people; the mass consumption culture that resorts to the senses is rampant, and the serious culture of the soul is in a dilemma.

Hypothesis: As the spiritual life tends to be mediocre, it is easy for people to have a sense of loss is correct.


Premise: Text is the soul of calligraphy. The bookish style and artistic style of calligraphy are closely related to the humanistic spirit behind the text. Calligraphy with the absence of text is incomplete calligraphy. As for the judgment of the value of calligraphy, although it has been adjusted to a certain extent in traditional culture and modern culture, the culture of calligraphy has not been shaken at all. The art of calligraphy has always assumed the function of carrying Tao. The calligraphy classics represented by the Preface to the Collection of Orchid Pavilion and manuscripts for nephews are the products of pen and ink and rhetoric, which contain national feelings, national character and humanistic spirit, and embody the calligrapher's cultural accomplishment and artistic accomplishment.

Hypothesis: Almost all the excellent calligraphy works are legal posts of excellent texts does not match the meaning of the above.


Premise: From the Achilles Monkey, the researchers found many characteristics of the great ape. For example, a bone on its heel is short and wide. In addition, the Achilles monkey has a small eye socket, which scientists speculate that it, like the ancestors of early apes, was active during the day.

Hypothesis: Animals that are mainly nocturnal have larger eyes can best support the above scientists' conjecture if true.


Premise: As temperatures rise, so does the chance that tropical rainforests will be struck by lightning and start fires. However, current monitoring shows that although the American rainforest is hit by lightning more frequently, it does not cause more forest fires. The researchers believe that this may have something to do with the large increase in the number of vines in the rainforest in recent years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The stem of the vine has less resistance relative to the branch and can conduct lightning like a lightning rod on a building, allowing most of the current to flow from its own stem' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: I was a member of the committee for two years must be true.


Premise: Harbin people are all northerners, and some Harbin people are not workers.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is correct, then some workers must also be northerners.


Premise: Among the pilots who joined the state-run airlines more than a decade ago, those who later transferred to private airlines now usually earn more than one million yuan a year, while those who remain in state-run airlines generally earn no more than 600000 yuan a year. These figures show that pilots at state-run airlines are underpaid.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis 'If the pilots who still stay in the state-run airlines also choose to go to private airlines, their annual salary will be more than 1 million yuan' is required by the above conclusion.


Premise: In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface. Mice infected with the herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye. Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to the herpesvirus.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mice infected with a new strain of the herpesvirus that has different surface proteins did not develop keratitis' most helps to support the scientists' reasoning.


Premise: When the local government stipulates that the minimum wage standard in the region is not less than 800 yuan per month. Some people think that the minimum wage standard of 800 yuan is easy to achieve, but the labor department believes that the minimum wage standard of 800 yuan is not too high, but it is implemented It is not that easy to get up, so this view that it can meet the standard is wrong.

Hypothesis: Certainly some workers' wages do not reach the minimum wage of 800 yuan must be a fact if the labor department's comment is true.


Premise: Xiao Liu is a member of the environmental protection volunteer organization save the earth. Due to his serious illness, he can't volunteer for the World Expo in Shanghai, while other members of the organization have obtained the qualification of volunteers for the World Expo in Shanghai

Hypothesis: If someone is a volunteer of Shanghai World Expo news and a member of save the earth, he must not be Xiao Liu can be inferred.


Premise: Neutrino is a kind of basic particle, which plays a very important role in the macro origin and evolution of the universe. Because it has no mass and no charge, and the interaction with other substances is extremely weak, the motion trajectory of neutrino will not change. Those neutrinos from the distant universe, from the edge of black holes or from the birthplace of cosmic rays can tell human beings where sources are and can even help us explore the black hole.

Hypothesis: The best title for this paragraph is Neutrinos: messengers of the universe.


Premise: In a recent study, a group of subjects had their normal daily caloric intake increased by 25 percent. This increase was entirely in the form of alcohol. Another group of similar subjects had alcohol replace nonalcoholic sources of 25 percent of their normal daily caloric intake. All subjects gained body fat over the course of the study, and the amount of body fat gained was the same for both groups.

Hypothesis: Body fat gain is not dependent solely on the number of calories one consumes is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Certain minor peculiarities of language are used unconsciously by poets. If such peculiarities appear in the works of more than one poet, they are likely to reflect the language in common use during the poets' time. However, if they appear in the work of only one poet, they are likely to be personal idiosyncrasies. As such, they can provide a kind of fingerprint that allows scholars, by comparing a poem of previously unknown authorship to the work of a particular known poet, to identify the poem as the work of that poet.

Hypothesis: A peculiarity of language in a poem of unknown authorship could be evidence either that the poem was written by the one author known to use that peculiarity or that the peculiarity was not unique to that author is the reason why the test described above can never provide conclusive proof of the authorship of any poem.


Premise: One scientist criticized the fear of chemical additives. Food labels can be scary if they have too many additives. But additives and preservatives are strictly controlled and measured. The real concern is the sugar and fat content of the food. Preservatives are beneficial. Obviously, we'd all rather eat a well-preserved can than die from botulism.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The key of food safety lies in the strict control of the kind and quantity of food additives' does not support the scientist's view.


Premise: A person summed up the legendary experience of Bill Gates and Dale and found that the secret to their success was dropping out of college.

Hypothesis: The relationship between dropping out of college and success that is believed by that person is that dropping out of college leads to the success of a person.


Premise: Alcohol advertisements often tell people that it's OK to drink less alcohol. Controlling the amount of alcohol may also be good for the heart.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The content of resveratrol and antioxidants in red wine is limited' weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: If sponsors of the Olympic Games want to achieve commercial success through the Olympics, it is not enough to simply add five rings on their business cards or set up tents to attract tourists. For the past 15 years, as a global sponsor of the Olympic Games, VISA International Organizations believe that in order to effectively use this world's largest sports and cultural event, it is not just an event that simply throws money into the Olympic flame.

Hypothesis: To achieve commercial success through sponsorship of the Olympic Games, effective marketing is also required can be derived.


Premise: According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. A brochure from the largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel in Springfield. If both of these sources are accurate, however, the Report on Tourism for the region must be in error in stating that __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'More tourists stay in hotels in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel' most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: In translation, literal translation focuses on the faithfulness to the original text, while free translation focuses on the smoothness of the tone of the translation. People hold their own opinions on which translation method is the most appropriate. In my opinion, the difference between literal translation and free translation should not exist at all. A faithful translation must be able to express the meaning of the original text as much as possible. Thoughts, feelings and language are consistent and change with each other. There is only one accurate statement for a meaning, another statement, Therefore, if you want to express the meaning of the original text as much as possible, you must try to maintain the sentence organization of the original text. Therefore, literal translation cannot be free translation, and free translation cannot be literal translation.

Hypothesis: In this passage, the author believes that in translation, the influence of the translator's personal style should be minimized.


Premise: Industrial structure policy: refers to the policy formulated by the government to promote the adjustment, optimization and upgrading of the country's industrial structure within a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, implementing 3C certification for certain industrial products is not an industrial structure policy.


Premise: Producer: It has been argued that, while the government should not censor television shows, the public should boycott the advertisers of shows that promote violence and erode our country' s values. But this would be censorship nonetheless, for if the public boycotted the advertisers, then they would cancel their advertisements, causing some shows to go off the air; the result would be a restriction of the shows that the public can watch.

Hypothesis: The assumption that 'Any action that leads to a restriction of what the public can view is censorship' is necessary to properly infer the producer's conclusion.


Premise: Employee green behavior refers to a series of behaviors shown by employees in an organization aimed at protecting the ecological environment and reducing the negative impact of personal activities on the natural environment. These behaviors are an important supplement to the formal green management plan of the organization, can improve the efficiency of the green management measures of the organization, and are ultimately conducive to the sustainable development of the environment.

Hypothesis: The department manager often using waste paper to print some informal documents belongs to employee green behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: When permits for the discharge of chemicals into a waterway are issued, they are issued in terms of the number of pounds of each chemical that can be discharged into the waterway per day. These figures, calculated separately for each chemical for which a permit is issued, are based on an estimate of the effect of the dilution of the chemical by the amount of water flowing through the waterway. The waterway is ttherefore protected against being adversely affected by chemicals discharged under the permits.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there are no chemicals for which discharge into waterways is entirely prohibited is required by the argument.


Premise: Manager: Xiao Zhang, why are you always late for work this week? Xiao Zhang: manager, don;t just stare at me! Xiao Li sometimes arrives later than I do!

Hypothesis: The statement 'Passenger: master, why are you still talking on your cell phone while driving? Driver: What are you shouting about! It pissed me off. Are you responsible for the safety of a busload of people?' is the most different from the above.


Premise: Many ethnic groups in the world are facing the loss of the right to speak their mother tongue on the world stage and have to rely on the West to make up for the spoken and written language, so that their own culture is gradually weakened.

Hypothesis: The point that we cannot be attached to the West in terms of language and words can be demonstrated by this passage.


Premise: Underwater cultural heritage refers to all cultural, historical or archaeological remains of human existence partially or wholly located underwater, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years.

Hypothesis: The archaeological remains of a Neolithic culture found on the Greek island of Crete between 10,000 and 3300 BC belongs to underwater cultural heritage according to the above definition.


Premise: Columnist: Donating items to charity may be a sign of generosity, but any generosity it may demonstrate is rarely a permanent virtue, since most donors make donations only intermittently.

Hypothesis: The argument generalizes from too small a sample of cases accurately describes a flaw in the columnist's argument.


Premise: In a recent study, one group of participants watched video recordings of themselves running on treadmills, and a second group watched recordings of other people running on treadmills. When contacted later, participants in the first group reported exercising, on average, 1 hour longer each day than did the other participants. This shows that watching a recording of yourself exercising can motivate you to exercise more.

Hypothesis: In another study, people who watched recordings of themselves lifting weights exercised for more time each day than did people who watched recordings of themselves running most weakens the argument.


Premise: Trees can grow to towering clouds but still green, relying on xylem ducts to transport water absorbed by the roots all the way to the treetops. According to the latest research results, botanists warn that drought in some areas caused by climate change will not only threaten the supply of groundwater, but also damage the ability of xylem to transport water, thus putting forests at risk. Under dry conditions, trees try to suck water out of the ground, and in the process, too many bubbles are sucked into the xylem, the researchers said. When these bubbles are clogged in the ducts, they block the water supply and kill the trees for lack of water.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the latest research result is that humid climate conditions are more conducive to the growth of towering trees.


Premise: Harmony is the unity of diversity and the organic combination of opposing elements, whether it is seen from its etymological meaning or from its philosophical ontology.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Six Laws can form pleasant music only by harmony according to the law' does not belong to the expression of the meaning of harmony in philosophy according to the above definition.


Premise: Psychological contract refers to the implicit unspecified responsibilities and expectations of each other between the individual and the organization.

Hypothesis: Combined with the development blueprint of the enterprise, providing employees with career design is a measure to establish a psychological contract.


Premise: In the process of interpersonal communication, appearance is the easiest attribute to observe. Compared with ordinary people, attractive individuals are often considered to have higher abilities, more positive personality characteristics and better Interpersonal relationships, even income levels and personal happiness index will be relatively high. At work, when the same task is completed by different people, customers usually give a relatively high evaluation of the service quality of good-looking employees.

Hypothesis: Providing the author's photo when publishing an article can improve readers' evaluation of the quality of the article can be inferred.


Premise: Intentional attribution bias means that when the situation is unknown, aggressive people often predict that others are hostile to themselves and always interpret the actions of others as intentional and hostile.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao's belief that Lao Li was deliberately sarcastic when he encouraged him to run for community secretary belongs to intentional attribution bias according to the above definition.


Premise: China has implemented the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname since the Zhou Dynasty. Qu Li said: the same surname is the clan, and there is the meaning of gathering people of the whole clan, so it is based on the surname.... Even though it has been a hundred generations since their ancestors, they are still not allowed to intermarry.  Guoyu said, when you take a wife, you should avoid her with the same surname. He also said, if you don't marry with the same surname, evil doesn't come into being. From this point of view, the ancients of our country have long understood the principle of eugenics in modern genetics, otherwise they would not have realized the harmfulness of next-of-kin marriage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The etiquette of not marrying with the same surname encourages the intermarriage of different clans, and the intermarriage of different clans promotes the integration of different ethnic groups' weakens the author's explanation of unmarried with the same surname.


Premise: In adolescence, we express our happiness, anger, sorrow, and happiness through our interactions with our peers, and promote emotional communication, so that we can be accepted, understood, cared, and loved by others, especially in intimate communication, and make people feel ourselves. There are friends and people who can be attached to.

Hypothesis: The important role of interpersonal communication on youth psychology is mainly described.


Premise: Consumer advocate: A recent study concluded that top-loading washing machines are superior overall to front-loaders. But front-loaders have the controls and access in front. This is more convenient for wheelchair users, some of whom find it highly inconvenient to remove laundry from top-loaders. So for some consumers front-loaders are superior.

Hypothesis: An assumption upon which the consumer advocate's argument depends is that for some consumers the convenience of front-loaders outweighs the advantages of top-loaders in assessing which is superior.


Premise: Temporary assistance refers to emergency and transitional assistance provided by relevant government departments when families or individuals encounter emergencies, accidental injuries, major diseases and other changes, and their basic lives are in trouble.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang's temporary living arrangement in a small house rented for him by the street office is an example of temporary assistance.


Premise: Sonya: Anyone who lives without constant awareness of the fragility and precariousness of human life has a mind clouded by illusion. Yet those people who are perpetually cognizant of the fragility and precariousness of human life surely taint their emotional outlook on existence.

Hypothesis: Sonya's statements, if true, most strongly support the statement that either no one has a tainted emotional outlook on existence, or no one has a mind clouded by illusion.


Premise: Koreans love sauerkraut, and Cuihua loves sauerkraut, so Cuihua is Korean.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All walking animals have legs, and tables have legs, so tables are walking animals' most clearly reveals the absurdity of the above reasoning.


Premise: One way to judge the performance of a company is to compare it with other companies. This technique, commonly called benchmarking,  permits the manager of a company to discover better industrial practices and can provide a justification for the adoption of good practices.

Hypothesis: Any of the following, if true, is a valid reason for benchmarking the performance of a company against companies with which it is not in competition rather than against competitors EXCEPT: Much of the success of good companies is due to their adoption of practices that take advantage of the special circumstances of their products or markets.


Premise: A society can achieve a fair distribution of resources only under conditions of economic growth. There can be no economic growth unless the society guarantees equality of economic opportunity to all of its citizens. Equality of economic opportunity cannot be guaranteed unless a society' s government actively works to bring it about.

Hypothesis: If the statements given are true, it can be properly concluded from them that some societies that experience economic growth fail to guarantee equality of opportunity to all of their citizens.


Premise: Journal editor: Our treasurer advises that because of our precarious financial situation, we should change from a paper version to an online version only if doing so will not increase the cost of publication. The cost of converting from a paper version to an online version is high; however, once the conversion is made, the cost per issue is much lower for an online version. Since a benefactor has agreed to cover the costs of conversion, and since we can safely assume that our treasurer is right, we should change to an online version.

Hypothesis: The journal editor's argument is flawed in that it treats meeting a necessary condition for changing from a paper to an online version as a sufficient reason for changing.


Premise: Linguist: In English, the past is described as behind and the future ahead,  whereas in Aymara the past is ahead and the future behind.  Research indicates that English speakers sway backward when discussing the past and forward when discussing the future. Conversely, Aymara speakers gesture forward with their hands when discussing the past and backward when discussing the future. These bodily movements, ttherefore, suggest that the language one speaks affects how one mentally visualizes time.

Hypothesis: The linguist's reasoning depends on assuming that how people move when discussing the future correlates to some extent with how they mentally visualize time.


Premise: Reading is a purely personal and very conscious thing. Reading itself is a very beautiful thing. In reading, the mind can consciously gallop in all kinds of time and space. By reading, people can think about the times and life. However, it pays too much attention to material life and despises spiritual life. It only stays in obtaining information without causing thinking, and its mentality is impetuous or thought collision in books, but now few people are really immersed in reading. They only read fragmented and superficial information from the network, and only stay in obtaining information without causing thinking. Nowadays, many books pay too much attention to pragmatism and emphasize the reading effect, such as if you practice XX in three months, you can be XX in 10 days.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is that pragmatism overemphasizes the effect of reading.


Premise: According to a recent survey, in recent years, among the high-income groups of foreign enterprises in the city (referring to the legal income of more than 120,000 annual salary), the number of returnees from foreign countries (referred to as returnees) accounted for 60%, which fully shows that the domestic It is extremely difficult for university graduates (referred to as local factions) to obtain high wages in foreign enterprises in the city.

Hypothesis: The statement "Among the employed population in the city, the ratio of the number of returnees to local factions is about 6:4" can best reinforce the above conclusion.


Premise: Occupational gene refers to each person's career direction, all because of their own temperament to match, this temperament is in interpersonal communication and the formation of a strong personal color of psychological cultivation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li becoming slow and orderly after two years as a doctor after graduation belongs to the theory of occupational gene.


Premise: The Interpol team needs to strengthen the anti-drug team. Regarding who in the team will participate in the team, the following opinions have been agreed: (1) If A participates, then B will also participate; (2) If C does not participate, then D will participate; (3) If A does not participate and C participates, then Captain E will participate; (4) Captain E and Deputy Captain B cannot both participate; (5) The superior decides that the deputy captain will participate.

Hypothesis: Based on the above comments, A and B have participated.


Premise: Scientists attempting to replicate certain controversial results reported by a group of experienced researchers failed to get the same results as those reported. The conclusion drawn from this by the scientists who conducted the replication experiments was that the originally reported results had been due to faulty measurements.

Hypothesis: The argument of the scientists who conducted the replication experiments assumes that the replication experiments were not so likely as the original experiments to be marred by faulty measurements.


Premise: A scholar discovered an unlabeled nineteenth-century recording of someone reciting a poem written by Walt Whitman. During the nineteenth century, recordings of poetry were not made for wide commercial sale. Rather, they were made either as rare private souvenirs of the voices of famous poets or else as publicity stunts, in which actors recorded poems that were familiar to the public. Since the Whitman poem in the recording was never even published, it is likely that the voice in the recording is actually Whitman' s.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by offering a general principle and then demonstrating that the general principle is violated in a particular case.


Premise: The law of diminishing marginal utility refers to the phenomenon that consumers gradually reduce their evaluation of goods with the increase of consumption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhang ate 12 steamed stuffed buns in a row. When he ate the 13th steamed stuffed bun, he not only didn't feel hungry, but felt sick is in line with the law of diminishing marginal utility.


Premise: Whether it is Douyin's slogan record the good Life or Kuaishou's slogan record the World record you, all emphasize the recording function of short videos. In this sense, short videos have similar functions to documentaries. From a micro point of view, short video records only some fragmented content, but from a macro point of view, short video records the overall style of an era. Different from documentaries, the recording of short videos is a kind of jigsaw recording, which collages the fragmented records of ordinary individuals' moments of life, and records the overall style of an era from its rich and diverse perspectives.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis of this passage is that short videos record the overall style and features of an era.


Premise: A mathematical theorem proved by one mathematician should not be accepted until each step in its proof has been independently verified. Computer-assisted proofs generally proceed by conducting a vast number of calculations -- surveying all the possible types of instances in which the theorem could apply and proving that the theorem holds for each type. In most computer-assisted proofs there are astronomically many types of instances to survey, and no human being could review every step in the proof. Hence, computer-assisted proofs involving astronomically many types of instances should not be accepted.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument relies is that the use of the computer to assist in the proof of mathematical theorems has greatly simplified the mathematician's task.


Premise: Ambiguity inspires interpretation. The saying, We are the measure of all things,  for instance, has been interpreted by some people to imply that humans are centrally important in the universe, while others have interpreted it to mean simply that, since all knowledge is human knowledge, humans must rely on themselves to find the truth.

Hypothesis: The claim that ambiguity inspires interpretation is compatible with either accepting or rejecting the argument's conclusion.


Premise: The only way that bookstores can profitably sell books at below-market prices is to get the books at a discount from publishers. Unless bookstores generate a high sales volume, however, they cannot get discounts from publishers. To generate such volume, bookstores must either cater to mass tastes or have exclusive access to a large specialized market, such as medical textbooks, or both.

Hypothesis: A bookstore that profitably sells books at below-market prices gets discounts from publishers can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Predictive intervention means that people are influenced by predicted information to take a certain behavior, resulting in a multi-possible outcome that actually develops in the direction indicated by the prediction.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the act of hostile country B media hyping up the general election in country A, believing that the M party's presidential candidate would be elected and resulting in many voters turning to support the N party's presidential candidate, is a predictive intervention.


Premise: I. Room air conditioners produced by Japanese manufacturers tend to be more reliable than those produced by United States manufacturers. II. The average lifetime of room air conditioners produced by United States manufacturers is about fifteen years, the same as that of room air conditioners produced by Japanese manufacturers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Reliability is a measure of how long a product functions without needing repair' would best reconcile the two statements above.


Premise: Languages distributed in different places are used, and in the long-term development process, they have accumulated common or unique experiences in production and life. These experiences or knowledge systems are all condensed in the language. And each language group has a different understanding of the natural world. The aspects of human beings have reached different depths, forming a complementary distribution of cognitive structures. Together they constitute a broad and profound knowledge system of mankind.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate the experiences and knowledge systems of human groups vary in depth and breadth.


Premise: With the popularity of mobile devices, mobile phones and tablets (PAD) have gradually penetrated into people's lives. Many people have also changed from cannot do without TV to cannot do without mobile phones and PAD. Some people think that more use of computers will reduce the time people spend on TV. After all, time is limited, but surveys have shown that people who spend more time on computer do not reduce their time watching TV.

Hypothesis: In order to verify the accuracy of the above survey results, the participants' so-called computer time including the time they use the computer at work should be considered most.


Premise: Seeing a round of old spinning wagons in the corner of the room, the humming sound of sleepless night sounded in my ears; seeing the old loom, the past seemed to come to mind in the rhythm of weaving. Home textiles belong to The ancient traditional techniques, men farming and women weaving, are justified. Home-made cloth is often used as a dowry for rural girls and a testimony of their ingenuity. Peasant women sit by the loom and weave their colorful lives and dreams in earthen cloth as white as snow or flowers.

Hypothesis: The main expression of this text is "old things and folk customs, seeing things and feelings."


Premise: In the past the country of Malvernia has relied heavily on imported oil. Malvernia recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Malvernia currently produces more natural gas each year than it uses, and oil production in Malvernian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, ttherefore, Malvernian reliance on foreign sources for fuel is likely to decline soon.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to establish if the amount of oil used each year in Malvernia for generating electricity and fuel for transportation is increasing in evaluating the argument.


Premise: The arrival of man has brought many challenges to certain natural laws of the world. For example, the fruit of a plant is delicious because it needs to attract animals to bring the seeds that are provided by its fruit to further places, it also rewards the animals that spread the seeds with nutrient-rich fruit. It's a perfect square deal. But the seeds in the fruit are either disposed of in a concentrated way or planted in orchards by human.

Hypothesis: Man sometimes destroys the perfect square deal of nature can be inferred.


Premise: Announcement for a television program: Are female physicians more sensitive than male physicians to the needs of women patients? To get the answer, we' ll ask physicians of both sexes this question. Tune in tomorrow.

Hypothesis: Those who are best able to provide answers to the question are patients, rather than physicians identifies a flaw in the plan for the program.


Premise: Some people see no harm in promoting a folk remedy that in fact has no effect. But there is indeed harm: many people who are convinced to use an ineffective remedy continue with it for years rather than pursuing conventional treatments that would almost certainly help them.

Hypothesis: The principle 'It is harmful to interfere with someone doing something that is likely to benefit that person' most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: A newly opened north-south highway with six tunnels in the middle: Changchuan Tunnel, Damei Tunnel, Qingshan Peak Tunnel, Green Water Tunnel, Caishi Tunnel and Baiyu Tunnel. It is known that: (1) Baiyu Tunnel is in the north of Caishi Tunnel and is adjacent to Caishi Tunnel. Baiyu Tunnel is located in the south of Damei Tunnel but not adjacent to it. (2) there is a tunnel between Changchuan Tunnel and Qingshan Tunnel.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it is not possible that there is a tunnel between Baiyu Tunnel and Damei Tunnel.


Premise: The communication media have irresistible power. The information they convey is like a bullet hitting the body and the medicine is injected into the skin. The audience is completely in a passive position, passively waiting for and accepting all kinds of ideas, feelings and knowledge instilled by the media. The response of the audience's personality differences to the information provided by the mass media can be ignored.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The public is generally worried about the vulgarization of TV programs' would weaken the above view most.


Premise: Frank: The Internet has allowed everyone to obtain a vast amount of information on every topic imaginable. Jerry: That is not true. Much of the information available online is false.

Hypothesis: Jerry's response shows that he interprets Frank's statement to imply that all the information available on the Internet is true.


Premise: At present, there are many books such as Ten Keys to Success in the book market. Publishers marketed these books as books that would actually help readers achieve great success. In fact, almost everyone knows that great success is destined to belong to a minority, and people cannot all become one of the minority through books. In this regard, the exaggerated and even false claims made by publishers cannot be considered unethical. To say the least, even if one believes the publisher's false claims, it is not immoral to make such claims as long as reading such books does more good than harm to one's success.

Hypothesis: Deliberate propaganda of this kind is only immoral if people are deceived and suffer from it is the conclusion that best fits the above argument.


Premise: The tilted Phoenix eyes of yellow people may be related to the windy sand in central Asia, because this structure can protect the eyes. Just like white people's hair is flaxen and a little transparent, it is easy to make the scalp absorb the heat of the sun, thus adapting to the cold at high latitudes.While black hair is darker and more curly, which helps block the heat from the sun and protect the brain.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that human appearance is the product of human adaptation to the natural environment.


Premise: Journalist: A free marketplace of ideas ensures that all ideas get a fair hearing. Even ideas tainted with prejudice and malice can prompt beneficial outcomes. In most countries, however, the government is responsible for over half the information released to the public through all media. For this reason, the power of governments over information needs to be curtailed. Everyone grants that governments should not suppress free expression, yet governments continue to construct near monopolies on the publication and dissemination of enormous amounts of information.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the journalist's argument is that the control that governments have over information needs to be reduced.


Premise: Most people who have taken a seminar for building organizational skills in the workplace have indeed become more organized as a result; however, despite having become more organized, few have become any more efficient.

Hypothesis: The statement that most people who have taken a seminar for building organizational skills in the workplace consequently expend a great amount of time organizing their activities would most help to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Mark Twain once listened to a pastor's speech in a church. At first he felt that the pastor was touching and prepared to donate. After ten minutes, the pastor had not finished speaking, and he became a little impatient, so he decided to donate only some change. After another ten minutes, the pastor hadn't finished speaking, so he decided not to donate a penny. In psychology, this phenomenon of excessive stimulation and long-lasting action that caused extreme psychological impatientness or resistance is called over-limit effect. The current Ice Bucket Challenge project aimed at helping patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should also be alert to this effect due to excessive entertainment. Start with the show, but do not end with the show, stay With the true spirit of charity, not just the star video collection, this transnational relay can be considered complete.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this passage is that over-limit effect should be prevented in due course.


Premise: Michelangelo' s sixteenth-century Sistine Chapel paintings are currently being restored. A goal of the restorers is to uncover Michelangelo' s original work, and so additions made to Michelangelo' s paintings by later artists are being removed. However, the restorers have decided to make one exception: to leave intact additions that were painted by da Volterra.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because da Volterra used a type of pigment that is especially sensitive to light, the additions to the Sistine Chapel that da Volterra painted have relatively muted colors' most helps to reconcile the restorers'decision with the goal stated in the passage.


Premise: Proposal: Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space. So emission of these greenhouse gases contributes to global warming. In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced. Ttherefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity. Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air' most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal.


Premise: Competitive decision - making refers to decisions made not according to objective natural state, but based on the strategy of competitors, where there is competition for the existence of competitors.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, in order to attract high-quality students, the scholarship amount of school A being always 10% higher than that of School B is a competitive decision-making.


Premise: In an experiment, volunteers witnessed a simulated crime. After they witnessed the simulation the volunteers were first questioned by a lawyer whose goal was to get them to testify inaccurately about the event. They were then cross-examined by another lawyer whose goal was to cause them to correct the inaccuracies in their testimony. The witnesses who gave testimony containing fewer inaccurate details than most of the other witnesses during the first lawyer' s questioning also gave testimony containing a greater number of inaccurate details than most of the other witnesses during cross-examination.

Hypothesis: These witnesses were more observant about details than were most of the other witnesses if true, most helps to resolve the apparent conflict in the results concerning the witnesses who gave testimony containing fewer inaccurate details during the first lawyer's questioning.


Premise: As a modern agricultural technological revolution, the Blue Revolution refers to the general term for a major technological revolution in which humans ask for food from the waters.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Reclamation of land from the sea, vigorously develop livestock feed industry' is inconsistent with the Blue Revolution.


Premise: In modern society, many people get fat, have beer bellies and are seriously overweight because they often drink beer.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question "Many fat people also smoke at the same time. Can you say smoking causes weight gain?" is impossible to question the above argument.


Premise: Possession modification refers to the transfer of the right to the movable property, the two parties also agreed that the transferee to continue to occupy the movable property, the property right from the transfer agreement when the effective effect.

Hypothesis: A sold his house to tenant B, and went through the transfer procedures, B because back home to deal with things temporarily did not stay, A then continued to live in the house is a possession modification according to the above definition.


Premise: Speaker: Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power. This is Davis and Blomstrom' s Iron Law of Responsibility: In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.  The law' s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history. Though the long run may require decades or even centuries in some instances, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly. Ttherefore, a business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Public relations programs can cause society to consider an institution socially responsible even when it is not' most weakens the speaker's argument.


Premise: The national economy is an organic whole, like a machine, each part has its own function, its normal operation is determined by the components and overall performance, whether it can be fast or not will waste the machine, and blindly ask for speed will damage the machine.

Hypothesis: The establishment of a harmonious society depends on economic development best supports this view.


Premise: A college recently conducted a survey on whether scholarships can promote learning efficiency. The survey content includes three indicators: attendance rate of self-study, average time required to complete homework, and average daily reading volume. The results show that scholarship students The learning efficiency is 25% higher than those of the students who have not received the scholarship. It is concluded that the role of the scholarship in helping students to improve the learning efficiency is very obvious.

Hypothesis: Those students who receive scholarships usually have good study habits and high learning efficiency can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The principle of unity of command means that in a formal organization, at all times, a subordinate should accept and only accept orders from a superior and report to that superior.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the principle of unified command is contrary to the general manager assigning the responsibility for product sales to a deputy general manager in charge of marketing, who is responsible for the distribution office in his area, at the same time, the general manager requests the managers of the regional distribution offices to report the daily sales volume directly to the chief accountant.


Premise: In order to prevent forest fires, forest experts in the United States have come up with a good method of fire prevention by fire: forest managers are required to regularly select the weather with low wind speed, low temperature and high temperature, and artificially burn the small trees, shrubs, dry branches and dead leaves under the trees, so as to prevent natural fires and help put out forest fires.

Hypothesis: The statement "Forest managers can prevent forest fires if they regularly remove dry branches, dead leaves, weeds, small trees and shrubs in the forest" cannot be inferred.


Premise: Corn is an important food crop and a high-yield and high-quality feed. It has now become the main raw material of the feed industry. At present, there are more than 500 processed products made from corn. Corn starch can be directly eaten or processed into Sugars, alcohol, acetic acid, acetone, butanol and other chemical products can also be used in textile, paper, medicine, wine and other industries. The fat in the embryo accounts for more than 85% of the oil content of the grain, and it is extracted from the embryo. Corn oil becomes a high-quality edible oil and can be made into margarine.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that corn has gradually been developed for a variety of economic uses as a food crop.


Premise: A community with a shared future for mankind means to take into account the reasonable concerns of other countries when pursuing its own interests, and to promote the common development of all countries in the pursuit of its own development. Mankind has only one earth, and all countries coexist in the same world. It is necessary to advocate the consciousness of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the community with a shared future for mankind does not transcend differences in social systems, ideologies and values" is not in line with the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.


Premise: In order to built economic zone on the west side of the straits, we must, in accordance with the requirements of sound and rapid development put forward by the central authorities, put the word good in a prominent position, pay more attention to good, and accurately understand good. Coordination is good, such as the coordination of speed, quality and efficiency; the coordination of consumption, investment and export; the coordination of population, resources and environment; and the grasp of quality, quantity and degree. In terms of economic development, without quality, there is no quantity, without quantity, there is no quality, without good, there is no fast, without fast there is no good, it is a unified whole.

Hypothesis: The central meaning of the above passage is that the construction of the economic zone on the west side of the straits must implement the principle of coordinated development of good and fast.


Premise: Here are the introduction of the wooden chair effect. Two groups of students with equal grades are arranged to sit on comfortable sofa chairs and very uncomfortable wooden chairs to study. After a while, the academic performance of the students sitting on the wooden chairs is much higher than that of the students sitting on the sofa chairs. The reason is that students sitting on wooden chairs constantly adjust their sitting posture because they are uncomfortable. On the face of it, they seem to be restless, but in fact, they supply more blood and nutrition to their brains; while students sitting on sofa chairs keep still because of comfort, resulting in a relatively slow down of blood circulation, and relatively less blood and nutrients to their brains, so their learning effect becomes worse.

Hypothesis: The wooden chair effect is reflected in Xiao Gang walking to school and going home every day, whether it is rainy or windy, but still having a good academic performance.


Premise: A public service advertisement advises people not to drive after drinking until you feel safe to drive. However, in a study conducted in a hospital, subjects who were questioned immediately after drinking often underestimated what they need to regain their driving ability.  This result shows that it is difficult for people who drink before driving to follow the advice of this ad.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The subjects studied in the hospital estimate that their ability to regain driving is generally more conservative than others' can most strongly support the above conclusion.


Premise: At present, the way of communication in China has changed greatly, people use the internet to communicate thoughts and feelings. This is because a recent survey conducted by the relevant authorities at a university showed that 95 percent of the students surveyed regularly use the internet to communicate their thoughts and feelings.

Hypothesis: The scope of the investigation is too small to reflect the real situation of all Chinese people at present most weakens this view.


Premise: The fact that tobacco smoke inhaled by smokers harms the smokers does not prove that the much smaller amount of tobacco smoke inhaled by nonsmokers who share living space with smokers harms the nonsmokers to some degree. Many substances, such as vitamin A, are toxic in large quantities but beneficial in small quantities.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument is most similar to the following statement: "Although watching television for half of every day would be a waste of time, watching television briefly every day is not necessarily even a small waste of time. After all, it would be a waste to sleep half of every day, but some sleep every day is necessary."


Premise: Political Advertisement: Mayor Delmont' s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont' s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office. So there can be no question that throughout Delmont' s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont's tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide' most strengthens the argument in the advertisement.


Premise: The content of r-globulin in the blood of tropical residents is higher, while the content of protein is lower. The content of protein in the blood of residents in the cold zone is higher, while the content of r-globulin is lower, which is related to the fact that residents in the cold zone are mainly meat, while tropical residents are mainly vegetarian.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the above paragraph is that vegetarians are healthier and live longer.


Premise: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Hypothesis: Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Sensation: Refers to the reflection of the individual attributes of the human brain on the objective things that directly act on the sensory organs.

Hypothesis: Wang Li's brother brought back a kind of fruit she hadn't seen before from other places, so she didn't know its name, but she thought it was very red and cute is a sensation.


Premise: Because the photo is light, the object is imprinted on the film. So, in a sense, every picture is real. However, the use of photos to show things is always different from things themselves, photos can not show complete authenticity, in this sense, it is false. So, just one photo can't finally prove anything

Hypothesis: The hypothesis that leads to the above conclusion is 'The photos of the South China tiger taken by Zhou cannot be used as evidence of the existence of the South China tiger in Shaanxi.'


Premise: One day five friends got together and one of them enumerated the dangers of drinking and urged everyone to stop drinking. Are you quit drinking now?He asked one by one. The four men answered in different ways.

Hypothesis: According to their answers, trying to quit drinking does not violate the implied premise of this reasoning.


Premise: Housing endowment refers to the old man mortgaged his own property to a financial institution, according to the agreed conditions of regular pension and access to the corresponding services of the old - age way. After the old man's death, financial institutions can dispose of the property as agreed and pay the expenses already incurred.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mr. Zhang and his wife, who are in their 70s, signed an agreement with the bank. Before their death, they received a monthly pension of 13,000 yuan from the bank; after their death, their property was disposed of by the bank' belongs to the housing endowment.


Premise: The psychological pressure of lying can lead to some physical changes, according to an expert from the Ministry of Public Security. With the help of the lie detector, the physiological representation of the liar can be measured, so that the lie detection result is reliable.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "For some people, lying can only lead to less psychological stress" weakens the argument presented above the most.


Premise: For a long time, we regard overtime as the embodiment of employees' love for their jobs and dedication to their work. It is certainly commendable that a comrade works overtime, overfulfills the task, or even does the work of three people alone. His spirit and enthusiasm cannot be read by himself. Our country's rapid development and rapid economic growth are inseparable from overtime work in various industries. It is not too much to say that China's development achievements are the result of hard work and hard work of the Chinese people. This should be the beneficial side of working overtime.

Hypothesis: Overtime is the embodiment of employees' love for their jobs and dedication to their work, which should be vigorously advocated is not the author's view of overtime according to the above paragraph.


Premise: The excuse is to admit that the activity itself is wrong, but the party denies that he should bear the responsibility. The defense is to admit that should be responsible for the activity, but the party denies that the activity is wrong. In the face of failed events, people use excuses to minimize their responsibilities, while  use defense  to try to redefine controversial actions so that they do not look too bad.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that a company's product has a quality problem and was caused by the use of substandard parts produced by other companies is an defense.


Premise: Over the past 100 years, the debate over the correctness of Darwin's theory of evolution has never stopped. The emerging scientific facts not only make up for the missing links that Darwin did not find in those years, but also test the prediction ability of Darwin's theory of evolution. For example, the fossil tiktalik fish found in Canada in 2004 reveals the evolution from fish (fins) to terrestrial animals (legs). The transition state between is recognized as an excellent example of germline gradual change theory. Of course, Darwin's theory of evolution is not perfect, and it does have falsifiability. Taking the theory of natural selection as an example, it was strongly challenged at the beginning of the establishment of Mendelian genetics. However, all kinds of new evidence that cannot be simply explained by the theory of natural selection eventually expanded people's understanding of the dynamics and mechanism of evolution, rather than abandoning the theory.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above text is to deepen people's understanding of the biological evolution mechanism.


Premise: Dante said: morality can often fill the defects of people's wisdom, but wisdom can't fill the defects of morality.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the above sentence is that moral defects often bring irreparable defects in wisdom.


Premise: Relative Deprivation refers to a kind of psychological state produced by the inconsistent cognition of value expectation and value ability when people compare with those who are close to their own status and not completely equal to themselves.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Yang thought his job was good, but after attending the classmate party, he felt that he had no future compared with his classmates is Relative Deprivation.


Premise: Synaesthesia is the wonderful mixing of organs and communication between often disparate sensory areas of the brain.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Huang Dawei, a deaf-mute teenager, communicates with his family by writing every time, so his speed is slow is synesthesia.


Premise: Halo effect, also known as prejudice effect, refers to that the observer makes a biased (positive or negative) evaluation of a person according to the characteristics of that person, and extends this evaluation to other aspects.

Hypothesis: Teacher Yang hates male students who are disheveled and unkempt, because she always thinks such students have intellectual problems is not halo effect.


Premise: Byrne: One of our club' s bylaws specifies that any officer who fails to appear on time for any one of the quarterly board meetings, or who misses two of our monthly general meetings, must be suspended. Thibodeaux, an officer, was recently suspended. But Thibodeaux has never missed a monthly general meeting. Ttherefore, Thibodeaux must have failed to appear on time for a quarterly board meeting.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Byrne's argument is flawed in that the argument does not specify how long Thibodeaux has been an officer.


Premise: The Champions League has entered the semi-final stage: the Bei team of Spain's first-class Football League is against the Qi team of the British Premier League, and the Ba team of Spain's first-class Football League is against the Qie team of Germany's first-class Football League. Before the game, Joe predicted that the champion can only be produced in the two teams of Spain's first-class Football League; Xiao Zhou predicted that Bei and Qi could only win the runner up at most. After the game, it proved that their predictions were incorrect.

Hypothesis: Qi team won the championship.


Premise: A study found that the nitrite content of fresh vegetables will increase at room temperature and refrigerated for two days, and will be higher than the national standard limit to varying degrees, causing mild to severe poisoning to human body. In this regard, a study found that the nitrite content of fresh vegetables will increase at room temperature and refrigerated for two days, and will be higher than the national standard b value to varying degrees, The results showed that the content of nitrite in vegetables decreased significantly and soon decreased to a safe value. Therefore, the researchers believe that long-term vegetables can be used safely after being washed with fruit and vegetable detergent.

Hypothesis: In the experiment, the nitrite content decreased only in a short time and soon returned to the state of exceeding the standard weakens the researchers' experimental conclusions most.


Premise: When using antibacterial drugs in the clinic, if choosing the type of drug according to the patient's personal situation, strictly requiring the dose and concentration of the first medication, and following strict regulations in the frequency of drug use and drug compatibility, the spread and deterioration of drug resistance can be controlled, although it cannot completely prevent drug-resistant strains.

Hypothesis: The author's view on whether drug resistance will occur after the use of antibacterial drugs is undetermined.


Premise: Over the last 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people over the age of 65 living in this region. This is evident from the fact that during this time the average age of people living in this region has increased from approximately 52 to 57 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The average age for people in the region is higher than that for people in surrounding regions' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: Languages distributed in different places are used, and in the long-term development process, they have accumulated common or unique experiences in production and life. These experiences or knowledge systems are all condensed in the language. And each language group has a different understanding of the natural world. The aspects of human beings have reached different depths, forming a complementary distribution of cognitive structures. Together they constitute a broad and profound knowledge system of mankind.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that language promotes the differentiation of knowledge systems of various groups.


Premise: Scientists: it has been shown that the adoption of new farming methods can enable some well-managed farms to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and antibiotics without significantly reducing or even increasing yields. Critic: that's not true. The farm you have chosen is the one that is most likely to succeed with these new methods. Why not mention farms that tried new methods but failed?

Hypothesis: Critics have no reason to assume that the failure of some farms is not caused by the quality of their soil properly evaluates the critic's rebuttal.


Premise: According to the statistics of the actual expenditures of the two existing schools in the previous year, if only comparing the expenditure per capita of undergraduate students in the school, school A is higher than 86% of school B; but if you compare all students (undergraduates plus The per capita investment of graduate students), School A is 118% of School B. The per capita funding for graduate students in each school is higher than that of undergraduates.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it is most likely that the proportion of postgraduate students in school A was higher than that in school B, or the per capita expenditure for postgraduate students in school A was higher than that in school B.


Premise: Vitamin XYZ has long been a favorite among health food enthusiasts. In a recent large study, those who took large amounts of vitamin XYZ daily for two years showed on average a 40 percent lower risk of heart disease than did members of a control group. Researchers corrected for differences in relevant health habits such as diet.

Hypothesis: The inference that taking large amounts of vitamins is probably worth risking the side effects is most supported by the passage.


Premise: Bio-fuel generally refers to the solid, liquid or gaseous fuel extracted from biomass. Biomass refers to various organisms produced by photosynthesis through the use of atmosphere, water and land, that is, all living organic substances that can grow. It includes plants, animals and microorganisms.

Hypothesis: Soybeans that can extract bio-diesel does not belong to bio-fuels according to the above definition.


Premise: During the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases disappeared in heavily polluted British industrial cities: black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore. Biologists believe that air pollution may have eliminated these two diseases.

Hypothesis: Black spot disease and tar spot disease recur when urban air pollution is reduced will most strongly support the above argument.


Premise: Cultural Consciousness means that people living in a certain culture have self-knowledge of their own culture, that is, understand its origin, formation process, characteristics and development trend, so as to enhance their ability of cultural transformation and obtain the ability and status of cultural choice under the conditions of the new era. In addition, cultural consciousness should have a world vision and be able to understand the culture of other nations, Enhance the ability to contact, dialogue and get along with different cultures.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, both Xiangfan City in Hubei Province and Nanyang City in Henan Province call themselves hometown of Zhuge Liang belongs to Cultural Consciousness.


Premise: Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages. Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement. During the half hour the advertisement was aired, a substantial portion of the viewing public tuned into the advertisement. Clearly, then, many more people are interested in watching lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which the argument depends is that most of the viewers who tuned in to the candidate's half-hour-long advertisement last year did not change channels after the first few minutes.


Premise: The development of digital technology provides a new high-tech means for the protection of cultural heritage and every country has launched relevant measures and plans.However, after all, digital technology is only a technical means, and ultimately irreplaceable, human wisdom and spirit, if there is no correct idea to guide it, it may degenerate into a digital trap.Virtual nature may turn culture into a real illusion, and at the same time, it will also squeeze those cultural styles that are not afraid of spreading strong from cultural unipolarization, so that they will die out more quickly in the Matthew effect.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, the option that conforms to the author's point of view is that digital technology will lead to the emergence of the Matthew effect in the field of cultural heritage protection.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E travel on high-speed rail and they happen to be sitting in the same row of A.B.C.D.F seats. It is known that: (1) if one of A or B sits in seat C, C sits in seat B; (2) if E sits in seat C, D sits in seat F.

Hypothesis: If D is sitting in seat B, C is sitting in seat C can be determined.


Premise: The so-called national media literacy refers to the national literacy to correctly judge the value, significance and function of media information and to effectively use and disseminate information. In the information age, national media literacy has become an important part of national comprehensive literacy. As a media audience, if citizens have higher media literacy, they can distinguish all kinds of ideology and values behind the mass media, distinguish false things from the received information, retain the real things, and refine them. Thus, we can adhere to and carry forward healthy and progressive concepts and cultures, and resist and criticize negative and decadent concepts and cultures.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the significance of improving national media literacy.


Premise: The nature of capital is the pursuit of profit. In the first half of 2004, my country's price rise exceeded the interest rate of bank deposits. From January to July, residents' income continued to increase, but the growth rate of residents' savings deposits continued to decline. In July, the outflow of deposits reached about 100 billion yuan, while the proportion of time deposits in total deposits continued to decline.

Hypothesis: Due to the state's control over the scale of loans, the vast number of private enterprises are short of funds, and private lending is active, and the loan interest has been much higher than the bank deposit interest rate best explains the flow of most of the 100 billion yuan in savings.


Premise: It is incorrect to say that the elderly over 60 are not interested in the entertainment program super girls. A recent survey report of a college shows that 83% of the 3500 elderly who sent back the questionnaire say they like watching super girls very much.

Hypothesis: The elderly who filled out and sent back the questionnaire were actually under the age of 60 weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: All leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people will be respected by everyone; and leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people pay special attention to how to solve livelihood problems such as housing, medical treatment, education and pensions. Therefore, those leading cadres who do not pay attention to how to solve the problems of people's livelihood will not be respected by everyone.

Hypothesis: In order to ensure that the above argument is established, the premise that people's livelihood issues such as housing, medical treatment, education and pension are the most prominent issues concerning the interests of the common people must be added.


Premise: The foreign minister of Zeria announced today that her country was severing diplomatic relations with Nandalo because of Nandalo' s flagrant violations of human rights. But Zeria continues to maintain diplomatic relations with many countries that the minister knows to have far worse human-rights records than Nandalo does. Ttherefore, despite the foreign minister' s claim, this latest diplomatic move cannot be explained exclusively by Zeria' s commitment to upholding human rights.

Hypothesis: The statement 'More countries have expressed concern over reported human-rights violations in Nandalo than have expressed concern over human-rights violations in Zeria' provides the most support for the argument in the passage.


Premise: People who switch to a low-calorie diet generally do not lose any weight. This is surprising since it is understood that decreasing the calories in one' s diet, while maintaining the same level of activity, causes one to lose weight.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who switch to low-calorie diets also tend to decrease their level of activity' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: Susan: Many rare plants have provided cures for various diseases. Since many plants have been lost to extinction, it is likely that there could have been cures for many more diseases. That is why it is important for us to manage our resources responsibly and prevent plant extinction. Robert: But plants are not our resources, they are part of the same environment we inhabit, and we are not superior to them. We must treat plants as the co-equal inhabitants of this planet that they are.

Hypothesis: Susan and Robert disagree on whether humans should exploit plants for human benefit.


Premise: Reference dependence means that an individual judges the value of gains and losses based on a reference point. Above the reference point, the individual feels the gain, and vice versa. The perception of loss and gain depends on the choice of the reference point.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the researcher designed an experiment: Inform the subjects that their neighbors' monthly water and electricity expenditures are lower than theirs, and found that the subjects' household energy consumption will be significantly reduced next month is not reference dependency.


Premise: Essayist: One of the claims of laissez-faire economics is that increasing the minimum wage reduces the total number of minimum-wage jobs available. In a recent study, however, it was found that after an increase in the minimum wage, fast-food restaurants kept on roughly the same number of minimum-wage employees as before the increase. Ttherefore, laissez-faire economics is not entirely accurate.

Hypothesis: The essayist's argument depends on assuming that minimum-wage job availability at fast-food restaurants included in the study was representative of minimum-wage job availability in general.


Premise: High schools should only teach abstinence. Students who practice abstinence will never experience an unplanned pregnancy or contract a sexually-transmitted disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The percentage of students engaging in abstinence is lowest in school districts that only teach abstinence' does not weaken the argument.


Premise: The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens. This is clear from the fact that unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations, it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry, and it should be obvious that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.

Hypothesis: The claim that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens is the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: New research has found that a gene in the brain called SIRT1 directs the synthesis of proteins in the thalamus. The SIRT1 gene weakens with age and the protein it directs synthesis decreases gradually. So the researchers speculate that the gene leads to weight gain in middle age.

Hypothesis: The SIRT1 gene is present in many tissue organs and only genes in the brain can affect the synthesis of body proteins is a prerequisite for this conclusion.


Premise: The traditional culture of ethnic minorities should be developed as an industry, and the cultural resources should be comprehensively promoted to the market, so that the traditional culture of ethnic minorities has become an effective part of the market operation. Traditional national sports, traditional art performances and traditional cultural landscapes will all become good places for enterprise marketing. Because the economic development of ethnic minority areas not only depends on the introduction of foreign capital, the improvement of the technical content of products, the establishment of efficient incentive mechanism and so on, but also needs a good image of an enterprise. The image effect of an enterprise and the marketing strategy of its products are not only important, but also culture and economy will effectively complement each other and prosper together.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that under the condition of market economy, the traditional cultural resources of ethnic minorities can be transformed into great economic value.


Premise: The tendency of mediocrity in spiritual life is a prominent phenomenon in our real life, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: lack of spiritual goal, neither traditional support nor ideal guidance; the expansion of utilitarian consciousness leads to the lack of true feelings between people; the mass consumption culture that resorts to the senses is rampant, and the serious culture of the soul is in a dilemma.

Hypothesis: The trend of mediocrity in spiritual life is mainly manifested in the loss of faith, lack of truth and cultural dislocation is correct.


Premise: Relevant departments of Dongpo City have planned a selection activity for the ranking of ideal living quarters in the city. The method is to select ten indicators, which involve community hardware facilities (housing quality, supporting facilities, etc.), environmental sanitation, degree of greening, and public security status, transportation convenience, etc. Each index is evaluated according to the actual quality or quantity, and a score between 1 and 10 points is evaluated, and then the average of these ten scores is obtained, and the ranking is ranked according to its level.

Hypothesis: If the content of the index is modified accordingly, this selection method is general, for example, it can be used to evaluate the ranking of key middle schools in the city is not a necessary assumption for the feasibility of the above planning.


Premise: The worship of natural gods such as the sun, moon, stars, famous mountains and rivers in ancient China. The worship of the supreme god in ancient Chinese religions-the emperor of heaven. The appearance of the supreme god in ancient Chinese religions corresponds to the emergence of emperors in the secular society. Due to secularity Classes appeared in the society, the country and the emperor who was the supreme ruler of the country appeared. Therefore, the heavenly kingdom also appeared in the heavenly kingdom, which is superior to the gods.

Hypothesis: Humans' worship of the emperor began in response to the emergence of emperors in the class differentiation of human society accurately retells of the main meaning of this passage.


Premise: These people are as humble as dust, their figure appears in my line of sight, their spirit precipitates in my heart, they often make me feel that this ordinary world is so lovely, this scattered world is actually so tacit understanding and the life seed that looks like dirt is actually so tenacious and beautiful.

Hypothesis: The central idea of the passage is that life is both ordinary and beautiful.


Premise: The sequelae of digital technology refers to the decline of memory or cognitive ability caused by overuse and dependence on digital products.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhu has a good sense of orientation. He never used a navigator when he was driving. Since the navigator was installed, he can't live without it for a day. There was something wrong with the navigator last night. He had to drive for two hours after a 15-minute drive is a legacy of the sequelae of digital technology.


Premise: Differential pricing means that enterprises adopt different pricing for the same product according to different markets and customers.

Hypothesis: Memory 8 GB'price of  brand of mobile phone is 4,888 yuan, 16 GB of  brand of mobile phone is 5,388 yuan, 32 GB of  brand of mobile phone is 6,288 yuan is not differential pricing.


Premise: In rheumatoid arthritis, the body' s immune system misfunctions by attacking healthy cells in the joints causing the release of a hormone that in turn causes pain and swelling. This hormone is normally activated only in reaction to injury or infection. A new arthritis medication will contain a protein that inhibits the functioning of the hormone that causes pain and swelling in the joints.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A patient treated with the new medication for rheumatoid arthritis could sustain a joint injury without becoming aware of it' is the conclusion that is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Compared with the desolation of crosstalk in the media, the popularity of the weekend crosstalk club is quite intriguing. The art that was born and grew up among the people can gain new vitality only by returning to the masses and life. If there is no face-to-face communication and discussion with the audience, without the practice and training of the stage, without the audience's belly laughter and heart-to-heart understanding and communication, this kind of return will not be achieved.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this passage is that Crosstalk can be reborn only when it returns to the folk stage.


Premise: Congressman Jones experienced a drop in his approval numbers after announcing that taxes in his district would increase the following year. His office also received a significant number of phone calls decrying this tax raise. Nevertheless, he claims that reactions to the tax increase were unrelated to his drop in voters' approval of him.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The citizens who called in to Congressman Jones's office had all voted for him in the previous election' most strongly supports Congressman Jones's position.


Premise: A wise man once said, you must be tolerant three times. You must forgive yourself, because you cannot be perfect; you must forgive your enemies, because the fire of your anger will only affect yourself and your family; and perhaps the hardest thing to do in the search for happiness is that you must forgive your friends, because the closer your friends are, the more they will inadvertently slander you.  We are often too hard on others. Everyone is trying to prove that I am right and you are wrong. Only when you can hold the shortcomings of others or yourself can you hold the wind and rain of the whole world. Our forgiveness of others is also a blessing of ourselves.

Hypothesis: Tolerance is the blessing of the self is mainly discussed in this passage.


Premise: Manager: Xiao Zhang, why are you always late for work this week? Xiao Zhang: manager, don;t just stare at me! Xiao Li sometimes arrives later than I do!

Hypothesis: The statement "Customer: boss, why does the Wondo you sell have a strange smell in it? Boss: What are your intentions! Who the hell are you from?" is the most different from the above.


Premise: From the perspective of combing the relationship between technology and knowledge and the trend of Internet technological autonomy, we should pay attention to a core problem in the future news and communication discipline reconstruction: how to balance the relationship between human and technology, make researchers jump out of the technological system immersed in it, treat the technological system critically, and avoid becoming the driving force of social disorder caused by the autonomy of the Internet. In this regard, Tang Yide pointed out, it is precisely because we are so familiar that we not only ignore the need for critical reflection by the technology system, but also ignore the results obtained from this critical reflection. Therefore, we need to deal with the technological society that besieges us from a transcendental point of view.

Hypothesis: The reconstruction of journalism and communication should pay attention to the autonomy of the internet is the content that this text is meant to emphasize.


Premise: One of the truths of the advertising industry is that it is rarely necessary to use words and phrases with content in advertising. All advertising needs to do is to attract the attention of potential customers, because memory will contribute to everything. In terms of product sales, customers are The memory of a product is more important than the understanding of certain characteristics of the product.

Hypothesis: The author's view is that ads that only attract the attention of potential customers lack authenticity.


Premise: Chili peppers relieve indigestion. People who suffer from indigestion after a spicy meal may be shocked and can't believe it. However, this is the conclusion drawn by Italian experts through experiments. They gave the subjects with indigestion a pill containing chili ingredients before meals, and after five weeks, 60% of the subjects' discomfort symptoms were relieved.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Capsaicin in chili peppers can block the secretion of a neurotransmitter to some extent' can best refute the above experimental conclusions.


Premise: All historians are able to spot trends. But anyone able to spot trends is able to distinguish the significant from the insignificant. Thus anyone who can distinguish the significant from the insignificant is a historian.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely resembles that in the argument where all expressions used for emotional impact are expressions used by poets, all figures of speech are expressions used for emotional impact, and any expression used by poets is a figure of speech.


Premise: Restaurant manager: In response to requests from our customers for a children' s menu, we recently introduced three different options designed for kids: a grilled cheese sandwich with fries, chicken tenders with onion rings, and a hot dog with potato chips. The first two are frequently ordered, but no one orders the hot dog, although it costs less than the other two. Clearly, then, the children who eat here prefer not to eat hot dogs.

Hypothesis: The error of reasoning in the restaurant manager's argument is ignoring possible differences between what people say they want and what they actually choose.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: The complete and accurate list of students going to England is H, M, Z.