Premise: Attorney for Ziegler: My client continued to do consulting work between the time of his arrest for attempted murder and the start of this trial. But I contend that Ziegler was insane at the time that he fired the shot. This is the only reasonable conclusion to draw from the fact that the accusers have submitted no evidence that he was sane at the time he pulled the trigger, only that he was sane some time after he did so.

Hypothesis: It concludes on the basis of evidence against Ziegler's being sane that there is a lack of evidence for Ziegler's being sane most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning of Ziegler's attorney.


Premise: In the past the country of Malvernia has relied heavily on imported oil. Malvernia recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Malvernia currently produces more natural gas each year than it uses, and oil production in Malvernian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, ttherefore, Malvernian reliance on foreign sources for fuel is likely to decline soon.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to establish when, if ever, production of oil in Malvernia will outstrip production of natural gas in evaluating the argument.


Premise: Recently, there has been a discussion on whether to gradually extend the retirement age on the Internet. According to a month-long blog statistics of a website's discussion column on this issue, about half of the blog posts with more than 200 words of reasons agreed to gradually extend the retirement age in order to reduce the social security pressure brought about by an aging population; however, about 80% of all blog posts oppose the extension of the retirement age, mainly because they are worried about the negative impact on youth employment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Now many people have found a second job after going through the retirement formalities' can best support the idea of gradually extending the retirement age.


Premise: Maria: Calling any state totalitarian is misleading: it implies total state control of all aspects of life. The real world contains no political entity exercising literally total control over even one such aspect. This is because any system of control is inefficient, and, ttherefore, its degree of control is partial. James: A one-party state that has tried to exercise control over most aspects of a society and that has, broadly speaking, managed to do so is totalitarian. Such a system' s practical inefficiencies do not limit the aptness of the term, which does not describe a state s actual degree of control as much as it describes the nature of a state' s ambitions.

Hypothesis: Maria's main conclusion is that to be totalitarian, a state must totally control society.


Premise: Teacher Wu, Teacher Zhang, Teacher Sun, and Teacher Su are all teachers in a certain school, and each only teaches one course in Chinese, biology, physics, and chemistry. Known: ①If Mr. Wu teaches Chinese, then Mr. Zhang does not teach students ②Or Mr. Sun teaches Chinese, or Mr. Wu teaches Chinese ③If Mr. Zhang does not teach biology, then Mrs. Su also does not teach physics ④Or Mrs. Wu does not teach chemistry, Or Mr. Su teaches physics

Hypothesis: If Teacher Su does not teach physics, then it can be deduced that Teacher Sun teaches Chinese.


Premise: When birds face survival pressures such as habitat destruction, threat of natural enemies and environmental pollution, they will secrete a hormone called cortisol. Therefore, birds often under survival pressure will have sparse feathers.

Hypothesis: If birds' feathers become sparse, they must be under long-term stress can support the above argument.


Premise: Concept is a thinking form that reflects the essential attributes of objects. The extension of concept refers to all objects with the essential attributes reflected by the concept. According to whether there are overlapping parts between concept extensions, the relationship between concepts can be divided into compatible relationship and incompatible relationship. The compatible relationship between concepts refers to the relationship that two concept extensions at least partially overlap.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the concept 'conductor-semiconductor' is not compatible.


Premise: Rossi: It is undemocratic for people to live under a government in which their interests are not represented. So children should have the right to vote, since sometimes the interests of children are different from those of their parents. Smith: Granted, children' s interests are not always the same as their parents' ; governmental deficits incurred by their parents' generation will later affect their own generation' s standard of living. But even if children are told about the issues affecting them, which is not generally the case, their conceptions of what can or should be done are too simple, and their time horizons are radically different from those of adults, so we cannot give them the responsibility of voting.

Hypothesis: Rossi's argument substitutes description for giving a rationale for a policy.


Premise: Linguist: In English, the past is described as behind and the future ahead,  whereas in Aymara the past is ahead and the future behind.  Research indicates that English speakers sway backward when discussing the past and forward when discussing the future. Conversely, Aymara speakers gesture forward with their hands when discussing the past and backward when discussing the future. These bodily movements, ttherefore, suggest that the language one speaks affects how one mentally visualizes time.

Hypothesis: The linguist's reasoning depends on assuming that most people mentally visualize time as running either forward or backward.


Premise: Since the 1990s, the global annual consumption of rare earth has increased from 33000 tons to more than 10 tons. Rare earth is not only an important raw material for traditional industries such as steel, nonferrous metals and oil, but also plays an irreplaceable role in the fields of photoelectric information, catalytic equivalent technology and new materials. In today's world, a new use of rare earth is found almost every three to five years, One of every four new technologies is related to rare earth. China is the largest resource country of rare earth, so it is urgent to protect rare earth resources.

Hypothesis: The development and utilization of rare earth restricts the application of high and new technology is mainly explained in this paragraph.


Premise: It is necessary for breeders to provide full and complete information for effective detection of transgenic components in plants. If the testing subject and the breeder are within the jurisdiction of a state, the breeder can provide full and complete information to the testing subject, which is a controllable operation process within the sovereignty of the state. But if the breeder and the tester belong to different countries, especially when the technical ability of the breeder is ahead of the tester, it is difficult for the tester to ask the breeder to provide full and complete information of the seed.

Hypothesis: The breeder has provided full and complete information to the testing subject if the transgenic component can be detected effectively can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: A tiny, tree-living thrips is the first species identified that can reproduce both by laying eggs and by bearing live young, although for any one instance of reproduction, a given female will use only one of the two methods. Interestingly, biologists have observed that all of the offspring of this insect that are hatched from eggs are females, and all of the offspring that are live-born are males. It has also been noted that any particular live-born brood will comprise fewer individuals than any particular brood hatched from eggs. However, a much larger proportion of male offspring than of female offspring survives to adulthood, and among thrips reaching adulthood the ratio of males to females is about even.

Hypothesis: On average, across the species, there are, over time, about as many instances of live-born broods as there are broods hatched from eggs. This can be properly inferred about the species of thrips described in the passage.


Premise: The principal of School X has proposed a plan that would add an hour-long study period to the end of the school day. She claims that the extension would improve the school's average score on the math section of the state assessment by allowing students more time to complete math homework that they wouldn't otherwise have time to complete.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Administrators from neighboring School Y recently implemented a school day extension and have seen no significant improvement in student test scores on the state assessment' would most weaken the argument presented above.


Premise: Microwave oven meets the needs of modern urbanized workers' life and has become a new favorite of the kitchen because of its fast, convenient and clean characteristics. It not only has the functions of steaming, boiling, stewing and stewing, but also maintains the smell of food. In particular, heating leftovers is more suitable for the habits of Chinese people, although some people think it is a waste.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that microwave ovens are a convenient kitchen appliance for people with busy lives in cities.


Premise: If we do not try to raise the income of the low-income people, the society will be unstable; if the private economy is not allowed to get a return, the economy will not go up. In the face of the dilemma of income and distribution, it is correct to advocate that efficiency is priority and giving consideration to fairness. If we listen to the proposition that fairness is priority and give consideration to efficiency, China's economy will return to the era of neither efficiency nor fairness.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the equal emphasis on efficiency and fairness is superior to the concepts of efficiency is priority and giving consideration to fairness and fairness is priority and giving consideration to efficiency.


Premise: In our country, traffic compulsory insurance is the kind of insurance that insurance companies choose independently. Since its launch in 2006, only a small profit has been made in 2008, and losses have been recorded in other years, and the losses have increased year by year. In 2011, the actual operating loss of the national traffic insurance reached 9.2 billion yuan. Oddly enough, the current compulsory traffic insurance under huge losses is still the business that insurance companies compete for.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Commercial car insurance is very profitable, and car owners usually do not cover compulsory insurance and commercial car insurance separately' best explains the strange phenomenon of insurance companies competing for compulsory insurance business.


Premise: There are three chess grandmasters and three chess masters in a round robin, that is, each player has to compete with five other players. The scoring rules are as follows: 2 points for defeating a chess grandmaster and 1 point for defeating a chess master; a chess grandmaster loses 2 points and a chess master loses 1 point. If:

Hypothesis: The highest score that the chess grandmaster can get is 3 marks.


Premise: Eating garlic reduces the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and so helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Evidence that eating garlic reduces these levels is that a group of patients taking a garlic tablet each day for four months showed a 12 percent reduction in cholesterol and a 17 percent reduction in triglycerides; over the same period, a group of similar patients taking a medically inert tablet showed only a 2 percent reduction in triglycerides and a 3 percent reduction in cholesterol.

Hypothesis: Determining what the diets of the two groups were during the period would be most important in evaluating the argument.


Premise: Currently, warm-blooded pets are allowed to enter the country only if they have a certificate showing that they have been vaccinated against rabies. This policy is flawed because vaccinations sometimes fail to take effect. If the vaccination is successful, the animal has a high level of rabies antibodies in its blood. Ttherefore, a more effective means of preventing pets with rabies from entering the country would be to administer blood tests and refuse entry to any pets whose blood did not contain a high level of rabies antibodies.

Hypothesis: A significantly larger percentage of rabies vaccinations than of vaccinations against other animal diseases fail to produce immunity most substantially weakens the argument.


Premise: This summer, Lao Li's three children took part in three sports competitions held in Hangzhou, Kunming and Harbin. Men's gymnastics, pole vault and marathon. What is known is that the eldest did not go to Harbin to participate in the marathon; the third did not participate in the events held in Hangzhou; and the child who won the national championship in gymnastics did not go to Kunming, the winner of the marathon was not his third.

Hypothesis: The national champion of men's gymnastics is the eldest.


Premise: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella and other bacteria can cause a variety of diseases and infections. At the same time, various antibiotics often have nothing to do with them, so these discolored bacteria are called superbacteria. In recent years, researchers can track not only the source of bacteria, but also the source of other drug-resistant bacteria through microbial whole genome sequencing technology. Therefore, Whole genome sequencing technology can solve the disease problems caused by superbacteria such as MRSA.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Whole genome technology can provide clues for finding drugs to inhibit superbacteria' weakens the above argument.


Premise: The great development of a philosophy is not or mainly not that it gives a new explanation or explanation to the existing problems, but that it changes the way it asks philosophical questions in the face of the requirements of the times. In the face of the new development of the times, it puts forward new problems and condenses new categories and theories.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that the great development in philosophy is that it has changed the way it asks questions in the face of the requirements of the times.


Premise: In recent years, the music curriculum in primary and secondary schools in China has not received enough attention in many areas, and the content of teaching materials can not keep pace with the times. Some music teachers only pay attention to skill training and ignore the main purpose of music education. The first thing should be Building Morality and determination. Before teaching students a music work, teachers should first understand the moral thought expressed in it, Then we should carry out positive education on students' body and mind in various forms. As music teachers, we should take this as our own responsibility to make children really love music and plant a healthy seed of truth, goodness and beauty in their hearts.

Hypothesis: The content and theme of music education need to be changed is intended to be emphasized in the paragraph.


Premise: Editorialist: Some people argue that ramps and other accommodations for people using wheelchairs are unnecessary in certain business areas because those areas are not frequented by wheelchair users. What happens, however, is that once ramps and other accommodations are installed in these business areas, people who use wheelchairs come there to shop and work.

Hypothesis: Some business areas are not frequented by wheelchair users because the areas lack proper accommodations is most strongly supported by the editorialist's statements.


Premise: A convenience store manager noticed that a cooler which had been stocked with only a cola product and an iced-tea product had 15 colas left at the end of the day but only 3 iced-tea beverages. As a result, the manager reasoned that he should increase the amount of iced tea and decrease the amount of cola he ordered from the distributor.

Hypothesis: The statement "During that week, a special buy one, get one free sale was in effect for the cola beverage" would most strengthen the manager's rationale for ordering more iced tea and less cola.


Premise: Recently, many traffic lights and street markings were temporarily removed from a heavily traveled street in a major metropolitan area. Given that this street experiences significant volumes of automobile traffic, the number of accidents on the street was expected to increase. However, even though the street experienced no reduction in traffic, the number of accidents was greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Drivers were given advance notice that the traffic lights and street markings would be removed' most helps to resolve the apparent conflict described above.


Premise: The constitution of a university stipulates that the General Council of the university is composed of all living alumni of the University, and it has the power to deal with matters related to the constitution; The 20 Member Council manages day-to-day affairs by a majority vote. A new proposal suggests that the University constitution can be amended by a unanimous vote of all the members of the Council.

Hypothesis: The adoption of this new proposal will increase the voting power of the University's living alumni in managing university affairs is a conclusion that can be drawn if the above discussion is correct.


Premise: The study found that a human face can be distinguished from other images a few hours after the baby is born. Because babies stare at faces for longer than they stare at expressionless oval paintings.

Hypothesis: The statement "The longer a baby stares at an object, the more interested he is in that object" is most helpful in explaining the abilities of the babies described above.


Premise: Most of Earth' s surface is ocean. The ocean floor is inaccessible for extensive research without equipment of greater technological sophistication than is currently available. It must ttherefore be true that scientists know less about the ocean floor environment than about almost any other environment on Earth.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Strong water currents circulate on the ocean floor, but the general pattern of their movement is not so well understood as is the pattern of air currents that circulate over land' provides the most support for the conclusion.


Premise: Advertisement: Seventy-five percent of dermatologists surveyed prefer Dermactin to all other brands of skin cream. Why? We consulted dermatologists during the development of Dermactin to ensure that you have the best skin cream on the market. So if you need a skin cream, use Dermactin.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the advertisement is questionable because the advertisement fails to state the number of dermatologists surveyed, which leaves open the possibility that the sample of doctors is too small to be reliable.


Premise: The basic attribution error is that people often attribute other people's behavior to personality or attitude, but ignore the importance of their situation.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang attributing Xiao Li's poor examination performance to lack of effort rather than to something that happened at home and impacted his emotions is an example of basic attribution error.


Premise: Cats spend much of their time sleeping; they seem to awaken only to stretch and yawn. Yet they have a strong, agile musculature that most animals would have to exercise strenuously to acquire.

Hypothesis: The statement "Cats have a greater physiological need for sleep than other animals" most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: Living gifts refer to the donation of money to children, grandchildren and other relatives when the donor decides to live, or to use it for vacations and the establishment of trust funds.

Hypothesis: Among the options given, Mr. Li appearing at home two years after he disappeared and his son inheriting his property is a living gift.


Premise: Even though apes are the only nonhuman creatures able to learn human language, no ape has ever used its human language skills to ask such philosophical questions as, How am I different from all other creatures?  Ttherefore, philosophical thought is unique to humans.

Hypothesis: The conclusion in the passage above relies on the assumption that speaking in human language is easier than thinking in human language.


Premise: What is nucleic acid? Both nucleic acid and protein are important biomolecules. Nucleic acid is not only the basic component of all living cells, but also plays a dominant role in the growth, development, reproduction, heredity and variation of living organisms.It is divided into DNA and RNA,which are formed by connecting the nucleotide 3 - bit and 5 digits of phosphoric acid.

Hypothesis: Nucleic acids are mixtures of nucleotides, nucleotides, and bases is a wrong statement about nucleic acid.


Premise: Over the last five years, every new major alternative-energy initiative that initially was promised government funding has since seen that funding severely curtailed. In no such case has the government come even close to providing the level of funds initially earmarked for these projects. Since large corporations have made it a point to discourage alternative-energy projects, it is likely that the corporations' actions influenced the government' s funding decisions.

Hypothesis: The statement "The only research projects whose government funding has been severely curtailed are those that large corporations have made it a point to discourage" most strengthens the reasoning above.


Premise: A new type of shaving cream has gotten excellent reviews, but there is a worry that an ingredient in the cream can cause a severe allergic reaction. If consumers test the product on a small area of skin before using it, however, a painful allergic reaction can certainly be prevented. Ttherefore, the fear of the cream causing allergic reactions is completely unfounded.

Hypothesis: The assumption that 'all consumers of the shaving cream will test the product on a small area of skin before using it' is required by the argument.


Premise: Weddings can be seen, but love can't be seen; love letters can be seen, misses can't be seen, flowers can be seen, spring can't be seen; fruits can be seen, nutrition can't be seen; the action of help can be seen, caring can't be seen; blowing wind can be felt, the air is invisible; the diploma is visible, but the level is invisible. Some people have come to the conclusion that the invisible is more valuable than the visible.

Hypothesis: Roses are beautiful because all words are beautiful uses the same reasoning method as the above.


Premise: Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) is potentially fatal; consequently, patients with symptoms strongly suggesting appendicitis almost always have their appendix removed. The appropriate surgery is low-risk but performed unnecessarily in about 20 percent of all cases. A newly developed internal scan for appendicitis is highly accurate, producing two misdiagnoses for every 98 correct diagnoses. Clearly, using this test, doctors can largely avoid unnecessary removals of the appendix without, however, performing any fewer necessary ones than before, since __.

Hypothesis: The only patients who are misdiagnosed using this test are patients who lack one or more of the symptoms that are generally associated with appendicitis most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Time perception distortion the incorrect perception of time. In life, affected by various factors, people's perception of time is often not in line with reality. Sometimes they feel that time is too long, sometimes that time is too short. Many reasons are It can cause distortion of time perception.A bad performance in reality will make people feel like the end is far away.On the contrary, people always think that the good and happy time is too short.

Hypothesis: It's only been seven days since the spring, and it's been two years since I left home does not meet the time perception distortion according to the above definition.


Premise: Scientists conducted a study on 76 heart disease patients. They used three methods: a volunteer to bring a dog to visit the patient, a volunteer to visit the patient and no volunteer to test separately the response of these patients. It was found that in the first case, the patient's anxiety level dropped by 24%, in the second case, the patient's anxiety level only dropped by 10%, and in the third case, the patient's anxiety level remained at the original level. Therefore, scientists believe that dogs can help people with heart disease to reduce anxiety.

Hypothesis: Among the patients visited, the vast majority like and raise their own pet dogs can weaken the scientists' argument most.


Premise: Studies have found that sprinkling salt to remove ice on roads in winter can turn frogs that are supposed to be female into males because the sodium in these road salts can affect frog receptor cells and change the sex of would-be female frogs. Some experts believe that this will lead to a decline in the number of frogs in the relevant areas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ratio of male to female affects the size of an animal population, and the number of females is very important for the reproduction of the species' best supports the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Hypothesis: The statement 'Babies rarely stare at an object for a long time' is most helpful in explaining the abilities of the babies described above.


Premise: Crowdsourcing refers to the practice of a company or organization to delegate tasks traditionally performed by employees to the general public.

Hypothesis: A gallery invites visitors to write instructions for the exhibits in the museum and select some of them as labels to display together is not crowdsourcing.


Premise: The parliament of a certain country is going to spend four days discussing seven bills. The discussion arrangement must meet the following conditions: a maximum of three bills per day; Motion No. 4 must be put on the next day; Motion No. 1 and motion No. 5 were discussed on the same day; Motion No.4 was discussed after motion No.2 and before motion No.3; Motion No. 3 is discussed before motion No. 1 and after motion No. 6.

Hypothesis: Motion No. 5 and motion No. 7 can be discussed on the first day.


Premise: China is in a period of economic and industrial transformation, with a shortage of skilled workers, especially senior skilled workers and skilled talents. it is not only a bottleneck restricting the adjustment of China's economic structure and realizing the transformation of the mode of economic growth, but also an important reason why there are a large number of new jobs in China's economy. Local governments should organize and mobilize all kinds of resources to guide suitable urban and rural young people to choose to receive vocational education and make use of the employment opportunities in China's economic transformation. Vocational education is not only an education for young students, but also a core part of continuing education, especially for migrant workers.

Hypothesis: The option 'Promote vocational education and enhance human capital' is an accurate summary of the gist of this passage.


Premise: To be mentally healthy, people must have self-esteem. People must maintain their self-esteem by constantly earning the respect of others, and they must earn this respect only by treating these people ethically.

Hypothesis: Self-respecting people rarely treat those whom they respect ethically can be drawn as a conclusion from the above information.


Premise: The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier. In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word VOID appears on the check.

Hypothesis: The questionable assumption of the plan is that the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future.


Premise: Gartland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gartland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Ttherefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gartland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.

Hypothesis: In Gartland, neither meat nor grain is subject to government price controls is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Travaillier Corporation has recently hired employees with experience in the bus tour industry, and its executives have also been negotiating with charter bus companies that subcontract with bus tour companies. But Travaillier has traditionally focused on serving consumers who travel primarily by air, and marketing surveys show that Travaillier' s traditional consumers have not changed their vacation preferences. Ttherefore, Travaillier must be attempting to enlarge its consumer base by attracting new customers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The industry consultants employed by Travaillier typically recommend that companies expand by introducing their current customers to new products and services' would most weaken the argument.


Premise: Ethicist: Every moral action is the keeping of an agreement, and keeping an agreement is nothing more than an act of securing mutual benefit. Clearly, however, not all instances of agreement-keeping are moral actions. Ttherefore, some acts of securing mutual benefit are not moral actions.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument "All architecture is design and all design is art. However, not all design is architecture. Therefore, some art is not design" is most similar to that in the ethicist's argument.


Premise: The fact that tobacco smoke inhaled by smokers harms the smokers does not prove that the much smaller amount of tobacco smoke inhaled by nonsmokers who share living space with smokers harms the nonsmokers to some degree. Many substances, such as vitamin A, are toxic in large quantities but beneficial in small quantities.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument is most similar to the statement 'Although a healthful diet should include a certain amount of fiber, it does not follow that a diet that includes large amounts of fiber is more healthful than one that includes smaller amounts of fiber. Too much fiber can interfere with proper digestion.'


Premise: Experiments have shown that plants contain a light-sensing protein that can distinguish the intensity of light. This ability is likely to enable plants to see wavelengths that cannot be seen by human vision and have high sensitivity. Plants can feel the direction in which the light is shining. Light makes plants know when to wake up in the morning and can also promote the extra secretion of two colorless pigments, quercetin and clenbuterol, which can filter intense sunlight and give full play to the role of sunscreen, thus protecting plants from the intense exposure of ultraviolet rays.

Hypothesis: The main focus of this passage is that plants have vision in a certain sense.


Premise: Scientists have found that the immune regulation of mesenchymal stem cells has such a plasticity, that is, it is like a moderator of the inflammatory environment: when the inflammatory response increases, mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the immune response; when the inflammatory response weakens, mesenchymal stem cells may promote the immune response. This characteristic needs to be paid great attention in the process of treating diseases. For example, scientists have found that mesenchymal stem cells entering the human body can significantly alleviate the condition of patients with liver cirrhosis, reduce the inflammatory reaction in the liver, and improve liver function indexes such as bilirubin and albumin. However, dexamethasone can counteract the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on liver cirrhosis to a considerable extent. The reason is that when patients receive the combined treatment of dexamethasone and mesenchymal stem cells, the inflammation in the focus of patients with liver cirrhosis will be reduced, resulting in the weakening of the immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells and the complete disappearance of the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells. it may even aggravate the disease.

Hypothesis: The combined use of mesenchymal stem cells and some drugs may undermine their therapeutic effect on inflammatory diseases is correct according to this text.


Premise: Township sages mediation refers to the civil mediation method in which rural dignitaries with high prestige and influence come forward to resolve disputes after disputes occur among villagers.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang and his neighbor Lao Li clashed and blocked the road in front of their home. The old branch secretary at the head of the village used to mediate. As soon as they saw him, they lost more than half of their anger, shook hands and opened the road does not belong to the township sages mediation.


Premise: Yang: Yeast has long been known to be a leaven, that is, a substance used in baking to make breads rise. Since biblical evidence ties the use of leavens to events dating back to 1200 B. C. , we can infer that yeast was already known to be a leaven at that time. Campisi: I find your inference unconvincing; several leavens other than yeast could have been known in 1200 B. C.

Hypothesis: Campisi counters Yang's argument by questioning the truth of a presumption underlying Yang's argument.


Premise: The students in a certain class are all football fans. During the 2014 World Cup, all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the German team, and all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the Brazilian team. Some students who support the American team support the German team, and some students who support the American team support the Brazilian team.

Hypothesis: So the students who support the United States either support Argentina, Germany or Brazil must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: It was learned from the Ministry of Supervision of the Central Economic Commission that in 2004, the university's charging standards will continue to remain stable and no new projects will be established. However, the Qilu Evening News reported on the same day that the Shandong Education Department announced that the popular majors charge of ordinary universities will rise by 10%. Previously, Changsha The Evening News reported that the tuition fees for popular majors in universities in Hunan can be increased by no more than 30% on the basis of the unified provincial fee standard.

Hypothesis: From this text, we can know that popular majors charge higher than ordinary majors.


Premise: The crime of assembling a crowd to robbery refers to the act of gathering a crowd to rob public and private property for the purpose of illegal possession, in a large amount or with other serious circumstances.

Hypothesis: It has to be a large amount is not a conviction element.


Premise: Virtual museums are interested in the 90s of the last century. Compared with physical museums, virtual museums can display all the collections. The audience does not need to keep a distance from the collections. You can see the works from different directions with a single click of the mouse, and realize human-computer interaction. Many people worry that physical museums will gradually promote the charm. But the fact is that through the influence of digitalization, people learn about the original works, and they want to enter the physical museum to contact them.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that there is no conflict between the virtual museum and the real museum.


Premise: Social justice is not an abstract concept that arises out of thin air in people's minds, but the development of social development that comes into being with the emergence of society.Under different historical conditions, people's understanding of social justice is different. Engels once pointed out that the fairness of the Greeks and Romans believed that slavery was fair.The fairness of the bourgeoisie in 1789 demanded the abolition of feudalism because it was said to be unfair, so the concept of permanent fairness varied not only according to local conditions, but even from person to person.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that social justice is historical.


Premise: In the early Qing Dynasty, the dramatist Li Yu was seriously ill. He did not agree to see a doctor who could prescribe a doctor to cure a disease, but a doctor who had prescribed a prescription to treat people who had died. This puzzled his wife and mother. Afterwards, Li Yu said, every doctor who can cure a disease must push it when he sees a critically ill patient. There is no ability to treat critically ill patients, and doctors who have killed people are not afraid of severe death. Although they have treated the dead, they have also gained experience.

Hypothesis: Every doctor who can cure a disease is a quack is not the truth of this story.


Premise: A fuel-efficient car of a certain brand is priced at 270,000 yuan, while another is priced at 170,000 yuan. According to the current gasoline price and the test data of the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of the two cars, people who buy this fuel-efficient car need to complete 300,000 kilometers to make up the price difference higher than that of buying a normal car. If the oil price rises in the future, the mileage required to make up the purchase price of the car will also increase accordingly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Arguments and conclusions are contradictory' most points out the flaw in the above argument.


Premise: Four brothers and sisters, A, B, C, D. A said: D is the youngest sister. B said: among the brothers and sisters, there is only one boy. C said: I am A's sister.

Hypothesis: If all of the above are true, A is the second, it is a girl, and C is the first, it is a girl.


Premise: In one election, statistics showed that someone voted in favour of all the candidates.

Hypothesis: If the statistics are true, it is impossible for all the candidates to be elected.


Premise: Researchers believe that obesity is related to the parasitism of some microorganisms that can produce specific gases in the human body. These microorganisms make their exhaled gases smell worse. CS Medical Center in Los Angeles analyzed the exhalations of 792 physical examinees and found that the body height and body mass index (BM2) of people with high exhaled methane and hydrogen is 2.4 points higher than that of normal people, that means, they belong to the category of obese people.

Hypothesis: It cannot be inferred that it can be determined whether a person exhaling is obese by whether the expired gas smells bad.


Premise: The legal liability of a lawyer refers to the lawyer's intentional or gross negligence, violation of the relevant laws and regulations and the lawyer's professional discipline, damages the legal rights and interests of the parties, disrupts the normal judicial procedures, and affects the lawyer's career. The image has led to the consequences that lawyers should bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When evidence should be collected, the evidence is obliterated because of the lawyer's failure to collect it in time' is not the legal liability of a lawyer.


Premise: The same number of cucumber seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses. Magnesium salt was applied in the first greenhouse, but not in the second. The first one produced 10kg cucumber and the second one produced 5kg. Since nothing was applied to the greenhouse except water, the higher yield of the first greenhouse must be due to magnesium salt.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The soil quality and sunshine amount of the two experimental greenhouses are different' weakens the above argument most.


Hypothesis: According to the above description, it cannot be inferred that the mixture of methane and hydrogen smells bad.


Premise: Muscular strength is a limited resource, and athletic techniques help to use this resource efficiently. Since top athletes do not differ greatly from each other in muscular strength, it follows that a requirement for an athlete to become a champion is a superior mastery of athletic techniques.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that superior muscular strength is a requirement for an athlete to become a champion.


Premise: Linguist: Regional dialects, many of which eventually become distinct languages, are responses by local populations to their own particular communicative needs. So even when the unification of the world economy forces the adoption of a universal language for use in international trade, this language itself will inevitably develop many regional dialects.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the linguist's argument requires is that when the unification of the world economy forces the adoption of a universal language for use in international trade, many regional dialects of other languages will be eradicated.


Premise: Internet music downloading websites allow consumers to download music onto their home computers. Patrons of these music downloading websites purchase more albums from retail stores than people who do not download music through these websites. Ttherefore, downloading music on these websites actually encourages consumers to purchase more albums than they otherwise would.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism because it fails to consider that the concurrent existence of two states of affairs does not imply that one caused the other.


Premise: In a study, pairs of trained dogs were placed side by side and given a command such as sit.  After both obeyed the command, one dog was given a treat while its partner was given no reward at all. Over time, the dogs who went unrewarded began to disobey the command. This shows that dogs have an aversion to being treated unfairly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Were dogs who received treats in one trial ever used as dogs that did not receive treats in other trials?' would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: The gun violence tragedy in the United States has reignited the discussion of gun control. Opponents of gun control say gun violence in the United States soared in the 1980s, and some states imposed strict gun controls in 1986. But the average violent crime rate in these states is 1.5 times higher than in other states. It can be seen that strict gun control does not help to reduce violent crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since 1986, the annual number of violent crimes in these states with strict gun control has continued to decline' weakens the above argument most strongly if it is true.


Premise: In the country of Marut, the Foreign Trade Agency' s records were reviewed in 1994 in light of information then newly available about neighboring Goro. The review revealed that in every year since 1963, the agency' s projection of what Goro' s gross national product(GNP) would be five years later was a serious underestimate. The review also revealed that in every year since 1963, the agency estimated Goro' s GNP for the previous year--a Goro state secret--very accurately.

Hypothesis: The claim that 'The agency's five-year projections of Goro's GNP had no impact on economic planning in Marut' is most strongly supported by the statement given.


Premise: A tour group went to the Mulan paddock for a trip. The group members rode horses, shot arrows, ate barbecued meat, and finally went to the store to buy souvenirs. Known: (1) Someone bought a Mongolian knife. (2) Someone did not buy a Mongolian knife. (3) Both Mr. Zhang and Ms. Wang from the group bought Mongolian knives.

Hypothesis: If only one of the three sentences above is true, then neither Mr. Zhang nor Ms. Wang bought Mongolian knives must be true.


Premise: Editorial: A proposed new law would limit elementary school class sizes to a maximum of 20 students. Most parents support this measure and argue that making classes smaller allows teachers to devote more time to each student, with the result that students become more engaged in the learning process. However, researchers who conducted a recent study conclude from their results that this reasoning is questionable. The researchers studied schools that had undergone recent reductions in class size, and found that despite an increase in the amount of time teachers spent individually with students, the students' average grades were unchanged.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the researchers' argument is that parental support for the proposed law rests solely on expectations of increased student engagement in the learning process.


Premise: The notion that one might be justified in behaving irrationally in the service of a sufficiently worthy end is incoherent. For if such an action is justified, then one would be behaving rationally, not irrationally.

Hypothesis: One ought not to have both a cat and a goldfish is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above. The goldfish is the natural prey of the cat, so it is unethical to place it at the cat's disposal.


Hypothesis: A is the second, it is a boy, and B is the third, it is a girl is the correct inference if all of the above statements are true.


Premise: The constitution of a university stipulates that the General Council of the university is composed of all living alumni of the University, and it has the power to deal with matters related to the constitution; The 20 Member Council manages day-to-day affairs by a majority vote. A new proposal suggests that the University constitution can be amended by a unanimous vote of all the members of the Council.

Hypothesis: This proposal will come into effect only if all the members of the Council unanimously support it can be drawn as a conclusion if the above discussion is correct.


Premise: Sociologist: Many rural residents claim to only approve of modest lifestyles; yet, many of these same rural residents often buy magazines focused on the lives of celebrities. However, it is proven that humans are often fascinated by the very things they condemn. Ttherefore, it is predictable that these celebrity magazines would be popular with these rural residents.

Hypothesis: The sociologist's argument depends on the assumption that most rural residents who buy magazines focused on celebrities do not regard the celebrity lifestyles as modest.


Premise: China is in the transition period of per capita GDP from US $100 to US $3000. In the process of accelerating industrialization, people's demand for material culture is increasing. However, at present, the government is insufficient to provide public goods and public services, which is not suitable for the growing social public demand of the people.

Hypothesis: In 2004, the proportion of public health care expenditure in GDP was 2.6% in middle and low-income countries, compared with 1.9% in China cannot strengthen the above discussion.


Premise: The subject matter of the lawsuit refers to a civil legal relationship or right that the people's court is required to grant to settle through trial if the parties have a dispute.

Hypothesis: The relationship between robbery between the plaintiff and the defendant and the victim of robbery is the subject matter of the lawsuit according to the above definition.


Premise: Professor Edwards must have revealed information that was embarrassing to the university. After all, to have been publicly censured by the head of the university, as Edwards was, a professor must either have revealed information that embarrassed the university or have been guilty of gross professional negligence, and Edwards' professional behavior is impeccable.

Hypothesis: Any employee of Wilkins, Waddel, and Sloan who discusses a client with a member of the press will be either fired or demoted, but since Wilkins employees never discuss their clients at all, no Wilkins employee will ever be demoted is an argument that exhibits a pattern of reasoning similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Tao Xingzhi once told Cheng you have watt under your whip, Newton in your cold eyes, Edison in your ridicule. A cold look, a mean word, and an unfair treatment may affect a child's life. If there is no benevolence, tireless patience, and public interest in teaching. Then such education has no temperature. Just as some people in the educational circles cry out, many teachers do not lack knowledge, methods, love and sense of responsibility. Today's education needs to return to people themselves and concern people's growth more than ever before.

Hypothesis: The main problem in current education is not people-oriented, according to the author.


Premise: Septicemia can cause multiple organ failure in the body and can be fatal. A new approach to treating septicemia uses micron-sized magnetic beads to filter 80 percent of the pathogen from the blood of patients with septicemia, allowing antibiotics to work more effectively.

Hypothesis: The size of magnetic beads is 1/8 of the diameter of red blood cells, which can ensure the smooth flow of salt solution containing magnetic beads is necessary for the new treatment to work.


Premise: Foil is to highlight the main things, with similar things or negative, different things as a foil to a rhetorical method. Contrast refers to a rhetorical method in which two opposite or similar things are compared with each other to express a certain thought or artistic conception together. The difference between the two lies in that the foil takes the secondary things as the foil to highlight the main things, while the two things reflected in the contrast do not distinguish between primary and secondary.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the use of both of the above rhetorical devices can be found in the statement "The noise of cicadas makes the forest quieter, and birdsong makes the mountains quieter."


Premise: The transformation of explicit information into secret information is called encryption, and the transformation of secret information into explicit information is called decryption.

Hypothesis: Encryption is when Xiao Zhu said to Xiao Li, when I get to the top of the mountain, if I wave a magazine in my left hand, it means that the wind is strong. You don't go up.


Premise: Radiation adaptation refers to the phenomenon of biologically related organisms that have completely different adaptations in form and living habits due to living in different environments.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the flying albatross having a wingspan of more than 3.4 meters and the ostrich having weakened wings, strong legs, and hoof-like feet suitable for running on sand belong to radiation adaptation.


Premise: The fair world fallacy refers to people's tendency to think that the world we live in is fair. A person achieves something because he must have done something right, so this achievement is what he deserves; if a person encounters misfortune, he himself is also responsible or even take the blame.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Man proposes, God disposes' does not reflect the fair world fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: Physician: In itself, exercise does not cause heart attacks; rather, a sudden increase in an exercise regimen can be a cause. When people of any physical condition suddenly increase their amount of exercise, they also increase their risk of heart attack. As a result, there will be an increased risk of heart attack among employees of this company due to the new health program.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the physician follows logically if it is assumed that all employees, no matter what their physical condition, will participate in the new health program.


Premise: Recently, the price of international agricultural products has risen and the domestic grain price has also been impacted, but the domestic agricultural product market is relatively closed and its supply and demand is still strongly controllable. The stability of agricultural product prices determines the relative stability of C.PI. However, vigilance cannot be relaxed and once domestic agricultural prices rise, setting off a chain reaction, inflation triggered by rising agricultural prices in previous years could be repeated.

Hypothesis: Inflation caused by the rise in agricultural products prices in previous years may reappear is mainly emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Many elderly Beijings have never forgotten the unique skills they saw at temple fairs when they were young. Today, these unique skills have more formal names-folk art. However, as the modernization of society accelerates, Chinese folk culture is facing unprecedented crisis. The survival crisis of the city, the continuous change of the urban environment, the rapid diversion and transfer of people's interests and hobbies, and the gradual loss of folk art talents, all of which make the development of folk art face difficulties.

Hypothesis: The social status of folk art talents should be improved can be derived from this text.


Premise: An economic theory points out that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental quality, that is, deterioration first and then improvement. At the beginning, with economic growth, residents' income continues to increase and the environment begins to deteriorate; However, when the economy grows to a certain extent, the environmental quality begins to reverse and continues to improve.

Hypothesis: Due to the deterioration of the international economic situation, the national income of country D has been declining in recent years, but the environmental quality has not improved can verify the validity of this theory.


Premise: When Mr. Chen encouraged his children, he said, Don't be afraid of temporary difficulties and setbacks. How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain? His child said unconvincingly, what you said is wrong. I've been through so much wind and rain, why didn't I see the rainbow?

Hypothesis: Even if you go through the wind and rain, you may not see the rainbow is most appropriate to refute the answer of Mr. Chen's child.


Premise: Certain methods of creating high-quality counterfeit banknotes involve making accurate measurements of the images printed on genuine banknotes. Hence, if the production of high-quality counterfeit banknotes is to be prevented, some of the images on banknotes must be made very difficult or impossible to measure accurately.

Hypothesis: Once the images printed on a banknote have been measured accurately, there is no further impediment to the banknote's being exactly replicated is an assumption required by the argument's conclusion.


Premise: In a group,  thumb a lift refers to the phenomenon that individuals benefit from other members of the group without doing anything. The sucker effect refers to the phenomenon that when individuals find that some members of the group enjoy free riding, individuals will reduce their efforts, that is, individuals prefer to reduce their efforts and bear the consequences of reduced returns, rather than become a sucker and be thumb a lift by others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang's experience of liking cleanliness, taking initiative to clean the dormitory, and finding that his roommates no longer cleaned the dormitory, resulting in his own lack of cleaning even when the sanitary condition of the dormitory made him uncomfortable, belongs to the straw effect.


Premise: Analogical reasoning refers to the conclusion that two objects are the same in a series, and one of them is known to have other attributes, so it is inferred that the other object also has the same other attributes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, analogical reasoning belongs to the statement "We oppose all unhealthy tendencies, and it is an unhealthy trend to abuse power for personal gains. Therefore, we oppose abusing power for personal gains."


Premise: A country loses excessive topsoil and needs to import more food, which increases the pressure on the soil of other countries; a country's air pollution has caused neighboring countries to be harmed by acid rain; excessive carbon dioxide emissions have caused global warming and sea level rising. It can endanger all countries and regions.

Hypothesis: The option that can best summarize the main points of the above is 'In terms of pollution control, developed countries are willing to assume more responsibilities and obligations.'


Premise: In a study on how social relationships affect human mortality, the researchers were surprised to find that, regardless of race, income, physical exercise and other factors, a person who is willing to help others and get along well with others, the average life expectancy is longer than the average person, especially among men. On the contrary, people who are malicious, benefit themselves at the expense of others, and do not get along well with others are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to die before the age of 70 than normal people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people with good intentions and open-minded minds are mentally happy and healthy' can best explain the above findings.


Premise: In modern deep-diving marine mammals, such as whales, the outer shell of the bones is porous. This has the effect of making the bones light enough so that it is easy for the animals to swim back to the surface after a deep dive. The outer shell of the bones was also porous in the ichthyosaur, an extinct prehistoric marine reptile. We can conclude from this that ichthyosaurs were deep divers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is evidence that the bones of ichthyosaurs would have been light enough to allow surfacing even if the outer shells were not porous' most weakens the argument.


Premise: The travel agency has just booked a flight for three passengers. The three passengers are Bill from the Netherlands, Berteau from Canada and Pewter from Britain. Three of them went to Holland, one to Canada and one to England. It is reported that Bill does not intend to go to Holland and that Dombey does not intend to go to England. Berteau is not going to Canada or England.

Hypothesis: Berto goes to Canada, Dampy goes to England, and Bill goes to Holland can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: A province has made great efforts to develop the tourism industry. At present, three famous scenic spots have been formed: East Lake, West Island and Nanshan. Each scenic spot has three routes: two-day tour, three-day tour and four-day tour. Li Ming, Wang Gang and Zhang Bo plan to go to the above three places for a 9-day tour. Everyone has designed their own tourism plan. Later, it was found that the three of them chose different routes for each scenic spot: Li Ming's planned number of days to the East Lake was the same as Wang Gang's planned number of days to the West Island, Li Ming's plan to Nanshan was a three-day tour, and Wang Gang's plan to Nanshan was a four-day tour.

Hypothesis: Zhang Bo plans a three-day tour of the East Lake and Li Ming plans a four-day tour of the West Island is correct according to the above statement.


Premise: In the development of society and daily life, the decisions of enterprises and families are not only affected by visible costs, but also restricted by a variety of accounting books, but actually occupy the hidden costs of relevant manpower and material resources. Invisible cost, like dark matter, is difficult to observe, but its size and trend can be inferred from its impact on related economic activities. From the perspective of social development, if policy makers want to comprehensively reduce the cost of economic activities and reduce the burden on enterprises and families, in addition to giving concessions in visible costs such as taxes and fees, reducing hidden costs is also a very important part.

Hypothesis: The hidden cost that cannot be ignored is the most suitable for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated' would weaken the argument.


Premise: The cricket is a very interesting little animal. On a quiet summer night, there were bursts of clear and melodious calls in the grass. It was the cricket singing. The beautiful song of the cricket came not from its good voice, but from its wings. When the left and right wings open and close and rub against each other, they can make a pleasant sound. The cricket is also an expert in architecture. Compared with its soft digging tools, the cricket's house is a great project. At the door of his house, there is a very comfortable platform. On summer nights, crickets are sure to sing on this platform unless it rains or it's windy.

Hypothesis: On a rainless summer night, crickets sing on the platform according to the statement above.


Premise: In a town containing a tourist attraction, hotel and restaurant revenues each increased more rapidly over the past year than did revenue from the sale of passes to the attraction, which are valid for a full year. This led those in charge of the attraction to hypothesize that visitors were illicitly selling or sharing the passes.

Hypothesis: The local board of tourism reports that the average length of stay for tourists remained unchanged over the past year helps to undermine the hypothesis of those in charge of the tourist attraction.


Premise: Sincerity is always like a mirror. When you sincerely face the public, the public will certainly read your sincerity. Even if you have mistakes and mistakes you don't find, it may be an intellectual problem, or the existing behavior mode and intellectual structure can't be avoided, and the public will forgive you.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this sentence is that whether right or wrong, we should sincerely face the public.


Premise: Non-taxable income is income that is devoted to a specific purpose the economic benefits derived from activities that are not for-profit in nature or origin  income that is not taxable and is not part of the taxable income amount.Such as financial allocation, administrative charges and so on.Tax-exempt income is an important part of taxpayers' income, but the tax benefits that the state gives to the economic benefits of certain projects in order to achieve some economic and social goals,but it is possible to restore taxed income over a period of time.

Hypothesis: In order to encourage taxpayers to actively buy government bonds, the state stipulates that interest income from government bonds is not included in taxable income for the time being,no corporate income tax is levied,therefore, interest income on government bonds is a non-taxable income is incorrect according to the above statement.


Premise: Collective behavior is a spontaneous and unorganized behavior with a large number of people. In collective behavior, individuals do not act independently, but rely on and influence each other with others

Hypothesis: Brightly colored dresses have become popular this summer is not collective behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: Journal editor: Our treasurer advises that because of our precarious financial situation, we should change from a paper version to an online version only if doing so will not increase the cost of publication. The cost of converting from a paper version to an online version is high; however, once the conversion is made, the cost per issue is much lower for an online version. Since a benefactor has agreed to cover the costs of conversion, and since we can safely assume that our treasurer is right, we should change to an online version.

Hypothesis: The journal editor's argument is flawed in that it overlooks the possibility that an online version would have other advantages over a paper version than cost.


Premise: Lawyer's legal responsibility: refers to the lawyer's deliberate or negligent violation of relevant laws and regulations and the lawyer's practice discipline, which damages the legal rights of the parties, disrupts the normal judicial order, and affects the image of the lawyer's profession. Consequences that cause lawyers to bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The judge didn't judge the case strictly, so that he judged the wrong case' does not belong to the legal responsibility of a lawyer.


Premise: To build a conservation-oriented society in an all-round way is to promote conservation through development and ensure development through conservation. If the level of resource-saving technology and management is further improved and the relevant policies and regulations for a conservation-oriented society are further improved, then environmental protection can be more powerful guarantee. Only by strengthening the consciousness of resource conservation can the efficiency of resource utilization be fully improved.

Hypothesis: If the efficiency of resource utilization is fully improved, then the whole society's consciousness of resource conservation is improved.


Premise: Customs is a state organ that supervises, checks and collects customs duties on all goods and articles entering and leaving the country.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when on duty, customs officers can check other people's luggage.


Premise: In a recent study, one group of participants watched video recordings of themselves running on treadmills, and a second group watched recordings of other people running on treadmills. When contacted later, participants in the first group reported exercising, on average, 1 hour longer each day than did the other participants. This shows that watching a recording of yourself exercising can motivate you to exercise more.

Hypothesis: The statement "In studies of identical twins, participants who observed their twin reading overreported by a significant amount how much time they themselves spent reading in the days that followed" most weakens the argument.


Premise: People ought to take into account a discipline' s blemished origins when assessing the scientific value of that discipline. Take, for example, chemistry. It must be considered that many of its landmark results were obtained by alchemists -- a group whose superstitions and appeals to magic dominated the early development of chemical theory.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most susceptible to criticism because the author fails to establish that disciplines with unblemished origins are scientifically valuable.


Premise: Experts hired to testify in court need to know how to make convincing presentations. Such experts are evaluated by juries in terms of their ability to present the steps by which they arrived at their conclusions clearly and confidently. As a result, some less expert authorities who are skilled at producing convincing testimony are asked to testify rather than highly knowledgeable but less persuasive experts.

Hypothesis: Successful politicians are not always the ones who best understand how to help their country. Some lack insight into important political issues but are highly skilled at conducting an election campaign most closely conforms to the principle illustrated by the passage above.


Premise: Recently, the State Press and publication Administration and other eight major ministries and commissions jointly announced that online game anti-addiction system 'and the matching scheme of real-name authentication of online game anti-addiction systemwill be formally implemented this year. If minors play online games for more than 5 hours, the experience value and income will be counted as 0. The implementation of this scheme will effectively prevent minors from indulging in online games.

Hypothesis: In addition to online games, there are stand-alone games, PS games played on TV and so on. Online game anti-addiction system may cause many underage players to turn to these games is an option that, if correct, will most effectively weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Any museum that owns the rare stamp that features an airplane printed upside down should not display it. Ultraviolet light causes red ink to fade, and a substantial portion of the stamp is red. If the stamp is displayed, it will be damaged. It should be kept safely locked away, even though this will deny the public the chance to see it.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above most closely conforms to the principle that the public should judge the quality of a museum by the rarity of the objects in its collection.


Premise: Database is a collection of related data organized according to certain structure and rules. It is a data collection formed by integrating user data and a warehouse for storing data. Network is a system that uses communication equipment and lines to connect multiple computers in different places and spatial locations with relatively independent operation, and configures certain systems and application software to realize software and hardware resource sharing and information transmission between originally independent computers. Network database is a system based on background database, plus certain foreground program, which completes data storage, query and other operations through browser.

Hypothesis: The Wanfang Electronic Journal Library that is widely used in colleges, universities and scientific research institutes does not belong to the network database according to the above definition.


Premise: Humanitarian considerations aside, sheer economics dictates that country X should institute, as country Y has done, a nationwide system of air and ground transportation for conveying seriously injured persons to specialized trauma centers. Timely access to the kind of medical care that only specialized centers can provide could save the lives of many people. The earnings of these people would result in a substantial increase in country X' s gross national product, and the taxes paid on those earnings would substantially augment government revenues.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that most people seriously injured in automobile accidents in country X do not now receive treatment in specialized trauma centers.


Premise: Three-year-old Sara and her playmate Michael are both ill and have the same symptoms. Since they play together every afternoon, Sara probably has the same illness as Michael does. Since Michael definitely does not have a streptococcal infection, despite his having some symptoms of one, the illness that Sara has is definitely not a streptococcal infection either.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument mistakes the cause of a particular phenomenon for the effect of that phenomenon.


Premise: Acronyms refer to the different names of the same thing in different social groups, different regions or different times.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "What Sichuan people say about hongshao is actually what Henan people say about sweet potato" is not an acronym.


Premise: Seawater can be changed into fresh water by desalination technology, and the amount of seawater is extremely huge. Therefore, there is no need to save fresh water resources.

Hypothesis: Glacial water reserves are huge and can replace seawater desalination best challenges the above conclusions.


Premise: Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.

Hypothesis: The cost of providing child-care services will increase can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: One of the effects of lead poisoning is an inflammation of the optic nerve, which causes those who have it to see bright haloes around light sources. In order to produce the striking yellow effects in his Sunflowers paintings, Van Gogh used Naples yellow, a pigment containing lead. Since in his later paintings, Van Gogh painted bright haloes around the stars and sun, it is likely that he was suffering from lead poisoning caused by ingesting the pigments he used.

Hypothesis: Van Gogh did not have symptoms of lead poisoning aside from seeing bright haloes around light sources is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: A joint venture refers to an economic organization formed by two or more corporate legal persons or public institution legal persons with the same or different ownership properties, based on the principles of voluntariness, equality, and mutual benefit.

Hypothesis: Company A is a joint venture between company B and company C, and company A and company B have jointly invested to form a foreign trade enterprise.


Premise: It should be noted that a few people rely on consciousness and most people rely on policy. If various social problems are attributed to the lack of conscience, there is a suspicion of logic inversion and cognitive dislocation. Many problems are the lack of law leading to the lack of morality, not the opposite. If the supervision and punishment mechanism can be strictly implemented, the poisoning impulse of food producers can be effectively restrained: if the system is sound, good people will bleed and no longer cry, The innate conscience hidden in the hearts of the people can be transformed into practical acts of bravery.

Hypothesis: If conscience cannot be turned into action, it shows that the system still needs to be improved can be inferred.


Premise: Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn each other of nearby predators, depending on whether the danger comes from land or from the air.

Hypothesis: No predators that pose a danger to vervet monkeys can attack both from land and from the air contributes most to an explanation of the behavior of vervet monkeys described above.


Premise: Over-definition refers to a logical error in the process of defining a concept due to insufficient restrictions on the connotation of the concept.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, people are animals that live in groups is over-definition.


Premise: Whether a person does good behavior or bad behavior depends on the length of his life. If he only had one day to live, it would be best for him to steal people's things, because he would not suffer the pain of fear of being caught. Stealing is not the best thing for someone who has 20 years left to live because he will suffer from the fear of being caught.

Hypothesis: A man who knows he won't have a few days to live usually chooses to do something good over something bad is the assumption on which the above argument rests.


Premise: Among the pilots who joined the state-run airlines more than a decade ago, those who later transferred to private airlines now usually earn more than one million yuan a year, while those who remain in state-run airlines generally earn no more than 600000 yuan a year. These figures show that pilots at state-run airlines are underpaid.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis required by the above conclusion is that if the pilots who still stay in the state-run airlines also choose to go to private airlines, their annual salary will be more than 1 million yuan.


Premise: In the increasingly modern era, digital all-intelligent industry and the current large industry are the productive forces most dependent on social development. Handicraft, as an ancient human production, life style can also play its economic auxiliary role, but its cultural function significance will become increasingly prominent. Similar to the indispensability of spiritual Utopia, the existence of handicrafts will provide modern people with the opportunity to return to simple human nature and look back on human childhood, and the revitalization of traditional crafts will also open up a new realm of modern life and cultural creation.

Hypothesis: The existence of handicrafts lies in its cultural function is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Only in the process of multiple circulation can general commodities continue to increase in value, but as a special commodity, works of art reflect different characteristics from general commodities. In the auction market, the transaction prices of some antiques, calligraphy and painting are very random, which are often directly affected by accidental factors such as the atmosphere of the auction site, the intensity of bidding and the psychological changes of buyers. Sometimes the transaction price is dozens or even hundreds of times higher than the reserve price, so that the art products can realize significant value-added in a Circulation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although a large number of fakes flooded the market, they had little impact on the trading price of works of art' does not explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Jiu Shang Station is to the west of Fu Yi Station can be inferred if Hao Yun Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.


Premise: Vitamin XYZ has long been a favorite among health food enthusiasts. In a recent large study, those who took large amounts of vitamin XYZ daily for two years showed on average a 40 percent lower risk of heart disease than did members of a control group. Researchers corrected for differences in relevant health habits such as diet.

Hypothesis: The inference that those who take large doses of vitamin XYZ daily for the next two years will exhibit on average an increase in the likelihood of avoiding heart disease is most supported by the passage.


Premise: In August 2014, more than 200 Russian trucks carrying relief supplies entered eastern Ukraine, and if the Ukrainian government's military operations in the east directly or indirectly attacked the Russian convoy, it may trigger strong measures by the Russian side; if Ukrainian government forces temporarily suspend military operations in the east to ensure the safety of the Russian convoy, it will give the civilian armed forces at a disadvantage a chance to catch their breath.

Hypothesis: If the Ukrainian government forces do not give the civilian armed forces a chance to catch their breath, it may trigger the Russian side to take strong measures must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Our computer experts are asked from time to time to allocate funds for new hardware and software for our company. Unfortunately, these experts favor cutting-edge technologies, because that is what excites them, despite the fact that such experimental technologies are highly expensive, full of undiscovered bugs, and thus are not the most profitable investments.

Hypothesis: When librarians choose books for the library, they choose the kinds that they enjoy reading, not the kinds of books that serve the interests of the community conforms most closely to the principle illustrated by the situation described above.


Premise: In the past 20 years, one of the important advances in the study of life in the deep earth has been the discovery of the oceanic crust biosphere. The volume of the oceanic crust is huge, which is about five times the total volume of the global marine sediments. The scale of microorganisms inhabiting here is huge and cannot be ignored. They have important potential impacts on the global cycle of biogeochemical elements and the weathering of seabed landforms. However, limited by sampling techniques and conditions, the current research and understanding of the oceanic crust lithosphere is still very limited. Previously, limited research has focused almost exclusively on the shoaloids on the surface of the oceanic crust, while the lower oceanic crust, which accounts for nearly two-thirds of the volume of the oceanic crust, is considered to be one of the habitats for deep microbes, but there is still no direct However, there is still a lack of research on the microorganisms that inhabit here and their coping strategies for extreme environments.

Hypothesis: The article is likely to introduce the effects of seafloor landform weathering on microbial survival.


Premise: City slogans should be expressed in the most concise, accurate, infectious and understanding language to dig out the unique spiritual connotation and local characteristics of the city. In other words, conciseness, incisiveness, generalization and profundity should be the most basic characteristics and requirements of drawing up a city slogan in terms of language expression. On the other hand, the city slogans drawn up by some cities in our country are too redundant and far-fetched, either in the language expression, in the characteristic orientation, or in the quality excavation, so as to give people a sense of deliberate, blind or even impetuous.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that city slogans should highlight urban characteristics.


Premise: A network refers to a system composed of many interleaved branches.

Hypothesis: Jiangnan drainage system does not match the definition.


Premise: Living gifts refer to the donation of money to children, grandchildren and other relatives when the donor decides to live, or to use it for vacations and the establishment of trust funds.

Hypothesis: Among the options given, Chairman Li handing over 80% of his property and the entire group to his daughter, and then living in the mountain village by himself is a living gift.


Premise: Why do dogs hide their mouths under their forelimbs while cats squeeze their ears under their forelegs? Animals use sensory organs to detect changes in the surrounding environment and react differently to different changes. The dog's sense of smell is particularly sensitive, it relies on the sense of smell to identify some objects, military dogs also rely on the sense of smell to judge the enemy situation and identify the path. For a dog, his nose is the most precious, so when he sleeps, hide his mouth and nose with his forelimbs to protect him, and use his nose to keep an eye on the surrounding movement. if anything happens, he can immediately identify it with his nose, or demonstrate by barking. The cat has a very sensitive sense of hearing. It uses its hearing to detect changes around it. When it catches mice, it uses its hearing to find out where the mice are. For a cat, its ears are the most precious, so when it sleeps, it squeezes its ears under its forelimbs, protects them on the one hand, and puts them on the ground on the other. As soon as it hears a sound, it can take immediate action. After entering the human family, cats and dogs still maintain this sleeping position.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this passage is that although cats and dogs do not need to be vigilant all the time, they still maintain a special sleeping position after entering the human family.


Premise: Unlike Italy, Germany and other European countries, the United States is known as the Football desert by some fans, who believe that in the United States, football has always been seen as a marginal sport.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Soccer has become the second sport for 12-24-year-olds in the United States. The absolute number of youth soccer players in the United States is the largest in the world' would most refute this view.


Premise: Xiao Ming goes to an English cram school outside school every weekend. Xiao Qiang has never attended an English cram school. As a result, Xiao Ming and Xiao Qiang scored 95 and 55 respectively in the final exam. Therefore, the reason why Xiaoming's English is better than Xiaoqiang is that he went to an out-of-school cram school.

Hypothesis: In the last English exam, Ming and Qiang scored 99 and 39 respectively is the most difficult to weaken the above assertion.


Premise: There is a corruption case in a company. After investigating all the people who may be involved in the case, the four auditors each have the following conclusions: A: no one is corrupt. B: manager Zhang is not corrupt. C: not all of these people involved in the case are free from corruption. D: some people do not have corruption.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four auditors is sure to be true, D is true, Manager Zhang did not embezzle.


Premise: Scientists: it has been shown that the adoption of new farming methods can enable some well-managed farms to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and antibiotics without significantly reducing or even increasing yields. Critic: that's not true. The farm you have chosen is the one that is most likely to succeed with these new methods. Why not mention farms that tried new methods but failed?

Hypothesis: The critic's rebuttal is beside the point, because scientists aim to show that something can happen, but it has nothing to do with whether the subject is representative or not properly evaluates the critic's rebuttal.


Premise: Elementary particles are studied with the aid of extremely high energies. To understand the microscopic structure of matter, we must first transform the microscopic matter, that is, we must find ways to break atoms, nuclei, protons, neutrons and other small particles, and expose their internal structure and various properties.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, both the microscopic structure of matter and microscopic matter refer to the molecules, atoms, protons, and neutrons that make up matter.


Premise: A scholar discovered an unlabeled nineteenth-century recording of someone reciting a poem written by Walt Whitman. During the nineteenth century, recordings of poetry were not made for wide commercial sale. Rather, they were made either as rare private souvenirs of the voices of famous poets or else as publicity stunts, in which actors recorded poems that were familiar to the public. Since the Whitman poem in the recording was never even published, it is likely that the voice in the recording is actually Whitman' s.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by distinguishing a phenomenon into two subtypes and then for a particular case eliminating one of those subtypes.


Premise: In many languages other than English there is a word for mother' s brotherwhich is different from the word for father' s brother,  whereas English uses the word uncle for both. Thus, speakers of these languages evidence a more finely discriminated kinship system than English speakers do. The number of basic words for colors also varies widely from language to language. Ttherefore, speakers of languages that have fewer basic words for colors than English has must be perceptually unable to distinguish as many colors as speakers of English can distinguish.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "almost every language distinguishes red from the other colors" undermines the conclusion concerning words for colors.


Premise: At present, college students generally lack the literacy of Chinese classical literature. According to the survey, only about 5% of college students like Yuanqu

Hypothesis: The study of Chinese classical literature is a long-term process weakens the above view most.


Premise: Excavations of the Roman city of Sepphoris have uncovered numerous detailed mosaics depicting several readily identifiable animal species: a hare, a partridge, and various Mediterranean fish. Oddly, most of the species represented did not live in the Sepphoris region when these mosaics were created. Since identical motifs appear in mosaics found in other Roman cities, however, the mosaics of Sepphoris were very likely created by traveling artisans from some other part of the Roman Empire.

Hypothesis: There is no single region to which all the species depicted in the Sepphoris mosaics are native is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Property fees: refers to the fees charged by the property management unit for the daily maintenance, repair, remediation and provision of other services related to the lives of residents in the residential area and its equipment, public equipment, materials and environment.

Hypothesis: The utility bill of the guard room of the community is 80 yuan is property fees.


Premise: People generally think that left-handed people are more likely to have operational accidents than right-handed people, which is a misunderstanding.In fact, most household chores range from fire burns to cut fingers from right-handed people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The proportion of domestic accidents in the whole operation accidents is not considered' best summarizes the loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: The media now devote more coverage to crime than they did ten years ago. Yet this is not because the crime rate has increased, but rather because the public is now more interested in reading and hearing about crime. After all, a crucial factor in the media' s decisions about what issues to cover and to what extent to cover them is the interests of their audiences.

Hypothesis: The proposition that the public is now more interested in reading and hearing about crime is offered as an alternative explanation of why the media devote more coverage to crime now than they did ten years ago.


Premise: A study shows that in the general population, people who sleep less than 4 hours a night have a higher risk of obesity than those who sleep 7 to 9 hours a night, while those who sleep only 5 hours a day have a 50% higher risk. Therefore, the researchers conclude that lack of sleep is easy to make people obese.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that lack of sleep can lead to a decrease in the concentration of lipoprotein, which has the function of inhibiting appetite, best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The so-called area source pollution refers to the dissolved or solid pollutants flowing into the receiving water body (including rivers, lakes, reservoirs and bays) through the runoff process from non-specific places under the scouring action of precipitation (or snow melting), and causing water eutrophication or other forms of pollution. It is a type of water environment pollution relative to point source pollution.

Hypothesis: The garbage scattered everywhere in the countryside polluting the water body through the precipitation process belongs to area source pollution according to the above definition.


Premise: Some people believe that good health is due to luck. However, studies from many countries indicate a strong correlation between good health and high educational levels. Thus research supports the view that good health is largely the result of making informed lifestyle choices.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that the same thing may causally contribute both to education and to good health.


Premise: One seminar had 18 participants. It is known that :(1) At least 5 young teachers are female; (2) At least 6 female teachers are over middle age; (3) At least seven young women are teachers;

Hypothesis: According to the above information, there are at least 11 young teachers can be concluded about the participants.


Premise: Brain-like computing technology is generally divided into three levels: the structure level imitates the brain, the device level approaches the brain, and the intelligence level surpasses the brain. Among them, the structure level imitates the brain refers to the analysis of the brain as a material and physiological object to obtain the basic unit (Various types of neurons and nerve synapses, etc.) each The function and connection relationship network structure; device-level approach to the brain refers to the development of devices that can simulate the functions of neurons and nerve synapses, so as to construct a human brain-scale neural network system under limited physical space and power consumption;the intelligence level beyond the brain refers to the information stimulation, training and learning of the brain-like computer to make it produce intelligence similar to the human brain.

Hypothesis: Capture the non-linear dynamics of the subtle firing of a single neuron belongs to the intelligence level surpasses the brain according to the above definition.


Premise: Enterprise competition is based on efficiency, and efficiency is based on family affection. The various systems of our country are not to destroy family affection, but to bring out family affection to the highest point.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The main function of the system is to dilute family affection and prevent people from using family affection to do bad things' would most seriously weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: In Stenland, many workers have been complaining that they cannot survive on minimum wage, the lowest wage an employer is permitted to pay. The government is proposing to raise the minimum wage. Many employers who pay their workers the current minimum wage argue that if it is raised, unemployment will increase because they will no longer be able to afford to employ as many workers.

Hypothesis: If inflation is taken into account, the proposed new minimum wage is not as high as the current one was when it was introduced, which most strongly supports the claim that raising the minimum wage in Stenland will not have the effects that the employers predict.


Premise: After a major toll highway introduced a system of electronic toll paying, delays at all of its interchanges declined significantly. Travel time per car trip decreased by an average of 10 percent. Tailpipe pollution for each trip decreased commensurately. Despite this, the total air pollution from vehicles on that highway did not decrease measurably.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The prospect of faster, more convenient travel induced more drivers to use the highway' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Hypothesis: The statement 'For any position with wages below a living wage, the difficulty of finding and retaining employees adds as much to employment costs as would raising wages' most strongly supports the claim that raising the minimum wage in Stenland will not have the effects that the employers predict.


Premise: Principle: If an insurance policy is written in such a way that a reasonable person seeking insurance would not read it thoroughly before signing it, then the reasonable expectations of the policyholder concerning the policy' s coverage should take legal precedence over specific language in the written policy itself. Application: The insurance company should be required to cover the hail damage to Celia' s car, even though specific language in the written policy Celia signed excluded coverage for hail damage.

Hypothesis: Given the way it was written, a reasonable person would not have read Celia's insurance policy thoroughly before signing it, and Celia reasonably expected the policy to cover hail damage most justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: A development company has proposed building an airport near the city of Dalton. If the majority of Dalton' s residents favor the proposal, the airport will be built. However, it is unlikely that a majority of Dalton' s residents would favor the proposal, for most of them believe that the airport would create noise problems. Thus, it is unlikely that the airport will be built.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The argument concludes, on the basis that a certain event is unlikely to occur, that the event will not occur' is flawed in the reasoning of the argument.


Premise: Recently, there has been a discussion on whether to gradually extend the retirement age on the Internet. According to a month-long blog statistics of a website's discussion column on this issue, about half of the blog posts with more than 200 words of reasons agreed to gradually extend the retirement age in order to reduce the social security pressure brought about by an aging population; however, about 80% of all blog posts oppose the extension of the retirement age, mainly because they are worried about the negative impact on youth employment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Due to the implementation of the one-child policy for many years, the aging problem in China will be more acute than that in many western developed countries' can best support the idea of gradually extending the retirement age.


Premise: Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Hypothesis: The assumption that adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza is on which the argument depends.