Premise: All parrots can learn to speak a few words and phrases. Not all parrots have equally pleasant dispositions, though some of those native to Australia can be counted on for a sweet temper. Almost any parrot, however, will show tremendous affection for an owner who raised the bird from a chick by hand-feeding it.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then the sweetest-tempered parrots must be those native to Australia.


Premise: People often use microwave ovens to heat food. Some people think that heating in a microwave oven changes the molecular structure of food and produces molecules that the human body cannot recognize. These strange formulas are unacceptable to the human body, and some are toxic and may even cause cancer. Therefore, people or animals who often eat microwave food will have serious physiological changes in their bodies, resulting in serious health problems.

Hypothesis: Microwave only heats the water molecules in food, and there is no chemical change in food best questions the above point of view.


Premise: Stereotype refers to a society for a certain kind of things to produce a more fixed view, but also a general and general view.

Hypothesis: In people's minds, mothers are a great image. They are loving, gentle, virtuous and do their best for the family does not have a stereotype.


Premise: The level of governance of a city is often measured not by how many high-rise buildings it has built, but also by how much dignity the vulnerable groups have and whether their lives can be basically guaranteed. This is usually the case, and the same is true during the prevention and control of the epidemic. The task of prevention and control is arduous, and it is not easy to take care of all aspects and every group. But the more under these conditions, the more we should pay attention to the people who need the most attention: the more the public's life is pressed the pause button, the more we should pay attention to those who do not have a sustainable life, and provide them with warmth and confidence.

Hypothesis: Through this passage, the author intends to emphasize that more attention should be paid to the vulnerable groups in the society during the prevention and control of the epidemic.


Premise: Parallel bidding refers to the competition between different manufacturers to provide different products to meet the same demand.

Hypothesis: Parallel bidding is when Xiao Li is deciding between traveling abroad, buying a laptop and buying gold jewelry after getting more than 10,000 yuan year-end bonus.


Premise: Recently, the images taken by the Mars rover in the Galle crater found that there were soil samples similar to the earth's soil crack profile in the ancient soil in the Martian crater. Usually, such soil exists in the Antarctic Dry Valley and the Atacama Desert in Chile, suggesting that there may be life on Mars in ancient times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'These ancient Martian soil samples only show that Mars may have been warm and humid in the early days, when the environment was more livable than today' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Compared with international oil prices, domestic oil prices have always been rising fast and falling slowly, one of the reasons is that China's refined oil price adjustment is based on the boundary condition that crude oil prices in the three regions change more than 4%. For example, when we went from $100 a barrel to $104, we followed suit. However, a 4% pullback from $104 would take the price back down to $99,.84.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The above argument fails to show that the higher the oil price, the slower the domestic response, with 4% as the boundary condition' best points out the flaws in the above argument.


Premise: Political strategist: Clearly, attacking an opposing candidate on philosophical grounds is generally more effective than attacking the details of the opponent' s policy proposals. A philosophical attack links an opponent' s policy proposals to an overarching ideological scheme, thereby telling a story and providing context. This makes the attack emotionally compelling.

Hypothesis: Voters being uninterested in the details of candidates' policy proposals is an assumption required by the political strategist's argument.


Premise: There are two motivations for help seeking: executive help seeking and instrumental help seeking. The former is that they don't make any attempt or effort, just want to know the answer or let others complete the task on their behalf; The latter is to use the power of others to solve problems or achieve goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, consulting the electronic dictionary to master the pronunciation and meaning of new words every time Xiao Wen reads an English article and encounters a new word belongs to instrumental help seeking.


Premise: Opportunity cost refers to the income that can be generated when people give up for other purposes when they fix a resource for a certain purpose.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhao inspecting whether a project could be invested, spending 40,000 yuan and giving up the investment is not an opportunity cost.


Premise: Virtual museums are interested in the 90s of the last century. Compared with physical museums, virtual museums can display all the collections. The audience does not need to keep a distance from the collections. You can see the works from different directions with a single click of the mouse, and realize human-computer interaction. Many people worry that physical museums will gradually promote the charm. But the fact is that through the influence of digitalization, people learn about the original works, and they want to enter the physical museum to contact them.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that museum virtualization can greatly realize the function of art education.


Premise: Element refers to more than 100 basic metallic and non-metallic substances in nature. They are composed of one atom. Each nucleus in its atom has the same number of protons, which cannot be decomposed by general chemical methods, and can form all substances. Atom is an inseparable basic particle in chemical reaction. Atom is inseparable in chemical reaction, but in physical state, it is composed of atomic nucleus and electrons moving around the nucleus. Molecules are composed of atoms. It is the name of a basic particle that constitutes matter. It is a particle that exists alone and maintains the smallest chemical properties.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a carbon monoxide molecule (CO) consists of an oxygen element and a carbon element.


Premise: FastMart, a convenience store chain, is planning to add pancake syrup to the items it sells. FastMart stores do not have shelf space to stock more than one variety of syrup. Surveys of FastMart customers indicate that one-fourth of them prefer low-calorie syrup, while three-fourths prefer regular syrup. Since FastMart' s highest priority is to maximize sales, the obvious strategy for it is to stock regular syrup.

Hypothesis: Sales of syrup are not expected to account for a large proportion of total dollar sales at the average FastMart store most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Human influenza virus mainly acts on the receptor subtype alpha 2.6 in the nose and throat, while H5N1 virus usually affects the receptor subtype alpha 2.3 in the lower respiratory tract. This difference determines that avian influenza virus is not easy to spread through salivary droplets. However, the latest gene sequencing results show that Turkish avian influenza virus is more likely to bind to receptor subtype alpha 2.6.

Hypothesis: The purpose of this paragraph is increased infectivity of avian influenza virus.


Premise: From the perspective of population spatial layout, urbanization is the transfer of rural population to cities and towns and the transformation from farmers to citizens. The process of transformation from farmers to citizens is the modernization process of human quality. The modernization of human quality is inseparable from receiving modern education. The modernization of human education is the foundation and support of urbanization. Urbanization also means the transfer of employment and production from agriculture to industry and services. The modernization of human mode of production is not only the essential characteristic of urbanization, but also the essential embodiment of human modernization. The foundation of supporting the modernization of human mode of production is the popularization of modern vocational education.

Hypothesis: The option 'Urbanization is the citizenization of the identity of farmers in cities' is intended to be emphasized in this paragraph.


Premise: Psychological science education is a systematic project, which requires the cooperation of all aspects. A certain district has carried out various kinds of special psychological science education activities. Sub-districts and communities are the main positions of psychological science education, and all sub-districts also list this work as the focus of community education. The District Party Committee Organization Department, District Human Resources and Social Security Department, District Education Department, District Women's Federation and other related units carried out targeted psychological science education based on actual conditions, which played a positive role in stabilizing the workforce.

Hypothesis: The most suitable text title for this paragraph is "Jointly promote psychological science education and form a good working atmosphere."


Premise: In the four rooms with room numbers one, two, three, and four on the same side, four experts from South Korea, France, Britain and Germany lived respectively. A reporter came to interview them,and the Korean said my room number is larger than the German,and I can't speak foreign languages,nor can I communicate with my neighbors.The French saidi can speak German,but I can't communicate with my neighbors.The British saidi can speak Korean,but I can only communicate with one of my neighbors.The German saidi can speak the languages of our four countries.

Hypothesis: According to the order of the room number from smallest to largest, Germany, Britain, South Korea, France is correct.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E travel on high-speed rail and they happen to be sitting in the same row of A.B.C.D.F seats. It is known that: (1) if one of A or B sits in seat C, C sits in seat B; (2) if E sits in seat C, D sits in seat F.

Hypothesis: If D is sitting in seat B, then F is sitting in seat F can be determined.


Premise: On an island, there are three kinds of seabirds: puffins, eels and Arctic terns. Among them, eel is the main food for Arctic terns and puffins. In the decade from 1980 to 1990, the eel population dropped from 1 million to 500000. Strangely, in this decade, the number of puffins has dropped from 1 million to 600000, while the number of Arctic terns has dropped from 1 million to about 250000.

Hypothesis: The difference in the proportion of decline between puffins and Arctic terns between 1980 and 1990 is explained by the fact that puffins eat less eels and eat stony fish or other fish instead, but Arctic terns do not do so.


Premise: Some scientists believe that the relationship between mice and humans has, over time, diminished the ability of mice to survive in nature, so that now they must depend upon human civilization for their continued existence. This opinion, however, ignores significant facts. Despite numerous predators and humanity' s enmity, mice have distributed themselves more widely across the planet than any other mammal except humans. Mice reproduce rapidly and, more important to their survival, they have the ability to adapt to an extraordinary range of habitats. Should the environment ever become too extreme to support human life, naturalists predict that mice would be able to adapt and survive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The size of the mouse population is limited by the availability of food' would most support the naturalists' prediction.


Premise: Human value does not depend on whether to master the truth, or to think that the truth is in hand. What determines human value is the tireless spirit of pursuing truth.

Hypothesis: The most accurate paraphrase of the value of life in this passage is that the value of life is grasped by oneself.


Premise: Columnist: Contrary to what many people believe, the number of species on Earth is probably not dwindling. Extinction is a natural process, and about as many species are likely to go extinct this year as went extinct in 1970. But the emergence of new species is also a natural process; there is no reason to doubt that new species are emerging at about the same rate as they have been for the last several centuries.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that in 1970 fewer new species emerged than went extinct most weakens the columnist's argument.


Premise: Forestry official: Many people think that if forest fires are not extinguished as quickly as possible, the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly. But relatively frequent, small fires clear out small trees and forest debris, which, if allowed to accumulate, would create the conditions for large, devastating fires.

Hypothesis: The statement that relatively frequent, small fires clear out small trees and forest debris is used as evidence against the contention that the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly if it does not extinguish forest fires as quickly as possible.


Premise: Sonya: Anyone who lives without constant awareness of the fragility and precariousness of human life has a mind clouded by illusion. Yet those people who are perpetually cognizant of the fragility and precariousness of human life surely taint their emotional outlook on existence.

Hypothesis: Sonya's statements, if true, most strongly support the statement that everyone whose emotional outlook on existence is untainted has a mind clouded by illusion.


Premise: Five business backbones in a unit, Zhang, Wang, Zhao, Ding and Li, participated in a skill test. Their test results showed that Zhao did not have Li Gao, Zhang did not have Wang Gao, Ding was no lower than Li, and Wang was not as high as Zhao.

Hypothesis: Zhang scored the highest in the test of the five people.


Premise: Generally speaking, plastic is extremely difficult to decompose, and even small fragments are difficult to be degraded by the ecosystem, so the environmental damage it causes is very serious. Recently, scientists have discovered that an insect called wax worm can degrade polyethylene , And the speed is extremely fast. If we use biotechnology to replicate wax worms to degrade polyethylene, it will be able to help us effectively clean up plastic waste accumulated in landfill plants and the ocean.

Hypothesis: If true, technology being available to purify the enzyme used by wax worms to degrade polyethylene cannot support the above discussion.


Premise: National S of country A opened a candy store.One day, S decided to increase the unit prices of nougat and milk sugar by 2.9 yuan and 1.8 yuan respectively; On the same day, an f-222 fighter of the air force of country B crashed. A month later, S doubled the unit price of milk sugar; At 14:00 on the same day, a passenger plane from country C was killed shortly after taking off.Two months later, S issued a statement on the price of candy, saying that the price had not been adjusted in place, and increased the unit price of nougat by 1.2 yuan; On the same day, a passenger plane of an airline in country D crashed near the northwest of the country. It can be seen that S used candy prices as a weapon to attack foreign spacecraft

Hypothesis: During aircraft manufacturing, the internal program was set to actively receive S's candy pricing information and crash when encountering a specific price can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: A new device uses the global positioning system to determine a cow' s location and, when a cow strays outside of its pasture, makes noises in the cow' s ears to steer it back to its home range. Outfitting all of the cattle in a herd with this device is far more expensive than other means of keeping cattle in their pastures, such as fences. The device' s maker nevertheless predicts that ranchers will purchase the device at its current price.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The device has been shown not to cause significant stress to cattle' does the most to support the prediction made by the device's maker.


Premise: A certain city music festival set up seven categories of awards: pop, folk, rock, ethnic, electronic music, rap, and jazz. In the nomination of shortlisted names, it is known that: (1) At least 6 categories are shortlisted: (2) At least 2 categories are shortlisted among pop, folk and rock: (3) If both rock and ethnic categories are shortlisted, then electronic music and rap At least one category is not shortlisted.

Hypothesis: The rock category was not shortlisted based on the above information.


Premise: Customs is a state organ that supervises, checks and collects customs duties on all goods and articles entering and leaving the country.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when on duty, customs officer can detain others for one day.


Premise: The primary task of a university is to educate. But to teach well, professors must be informed about new developments in their disciplines, and that requires research. Yet many universities cannot afford to support faculty research adequately. So a lack of funds for research adversely affects the degree to which a university can fulfill its central mission.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that effective teaching is the primary mission of a university.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: The acceptable membership choices for the printing group are F, H, and J, and for the bookbinding group are G, H, L, and M.


Premise: Seeking superiority: Refers to a person's effort to get rid of inferiority complex.

Hypothesis: When buying things, Xiao Ning always weighs in to see if it has practical value does not belong to seeking superiority.


Premise: Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land. County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y. Ttherefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Nearly all of County X's population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y's population is spread evenly throughout the country' most seriously weakens the planner's argument.


Premise: Public policy is an action plan or action rule formulated by a social public authority in a specific situation to achieve a certain goal.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, public authorities and non-governmental public organizations is not a public policy.


Premise: Almost all mathematicians are like this: they can identify correct proofs and the invalidity of incorrect proofs, although they cannot define the exact meaning of a proof.

Hypothesis: Thus, we can infer that people who can identify correct proof and incorrect proof may not be able to define the exact meaning of proof must be true.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: Z was a member of the committee in the second year must be true.


Premise: In order to prevent forest fires, forest experts in the United States have come up with a good method of fire prevention by fire: forest managers are required to regularly select the weather with low wind speed, low temperature and high temperature, and artificially burn the small trees, shrubs, dry branches and dead leaves under the trees, so as to prevent natural fires and help put out forest fires.

Hypothesis: Forest managers can prevent forest fires if they regularly remove dry branches, dead leaves, weeds, small trees, and shrubs in the forest cannot be inferred.


Premise: Psychologist: A study of 436 university students found that those who took short naps throughout the day suffered from insomnia more frequently than those who did not. Moreover, people who work on commercial fishing vessels often have irregular sleep patterns that include frequent napping, and they also suffer from insomnia. So it is very likely that napping tends to cause insomnia.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the psychologist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presumes that all instances of insomnia have the same cause.


Premise: Attention is a psychological state that selectively points to and focuses on a certain object or activity. attention can be divided into intentional attention and unintentional attention according to whether it is generated and maintained out of conscious intention and effort.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the description of the students' states 'Professor Huang kept talking on the stage for nearly an hour and a half. He was still not tired. Suddenly, the power was cut off and the microphone was silent. Instead, thousands of students who had been whispering under the stage suddenly quieted down' belongs to intentional attention.


Premise: Recent surveys show that many people who seek medical help are under great pressure. Medical research also shows that stress can adversely affect a person's immune system against infection. Therefore, when a person is under pressure, he is more likely to get sick.

Hypothesis: Many companies report that absenteeism is reduced when employees feel pressure supports the above conclusion best.


Premise: The world's per capita amount of fresh water is about 8,300 cubic meters, but two-thirds of it is lost in the form of floods every year, and the remaining one-third is drinking water and irrigation water. Due to industrialization and the increase in human water consumption, the current world water consumption has increased compared with 1990 It is nearly 10 times higher. The lack of fresh water in the future is one of the restrictive factors that constitute economic development and food production.

Hypothesis: It is correct that on the one hand, water should be saved, and on the other hand, new fresh water resources should be developed and utilized to solve the problem of water shortage.


Premise: According to the data of the National Health Commission, about 1/3 of primary and secondary school students spend less than an hour a day exercising outdoors, and more than 70 percent of primary and secondary school students do not get enough sleep. At the same time, stress also has an impact on the health of teenagers, and the rate of myopia is on the rise, mainly because homework takes too long. For this reason, some education departments believe that a good night's sleep may be more important for children. With the consent of the parents, the child may not do the unfinished homework after the specified sleep time. But parents are not happy because they worry that their children will eventually have to go to low-quality schools.

Hypothesis: The statement "The admission mechanism of colleges and universities will be reformed. While paying attention to students' achievements, they will also pay more attention to their comprehensive quality" is most helpful to explain parents' concerns.


Premise: Goethe commented that Paganini showed a fiery soul on the strings. Parisians were so intoxicated by the sound of his piano that they forgot the cholera epidemic at that time. In Vienna, a blind man heard the sound of his piano and thought it was a band playing. When he learned that it was only the sound played by an Italian named Paganini on a violin, the blind man shouted, this is a devil!

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to emphasize Paganini's superb performance.


Premise: Relevant departments of Dongpo City have planned a selection activity for the ranking of ideal living quarters in the city. The method is to select ten indicators, which involve community hardware facilities (housing quality, supporting facilities, etc.), environmental sanitation, degree of greening, and public security status, transportation convenience, etc. Each index is evaluated according to the actual quality or quantity, and a score between 1 and 10 points is evaluated, and then the average of these ten scores is obtained, and the ranking is ranked according to its level.

Hypothesis: The condition of long-term stability of the measurement data of various indicators is not a necessary assumption for the feasibility of the above planning.


Premise: In the fight against child trafficking, the police rescued a boy, in order to identify his hometown, the police conducted an investigation: Insider A said he may be from Sichuan, may also be from Guizhou; Insider B said he can't be from Sichuan; Insider C said he's definitely from Sichuan; insider D said he's not from Guizhou. The police determined that there was only one person whose story could not be trusted.

Hypothesis: It is impossible to judge which of the following options can be identified by the police as the boy's hometown according to the information above.


Premise: In today's international system, when the nation-state is no longer the only international actor, it is necessary to shape new identity, instead of using old bottles of new wine to advocate moderate, rational and open new nationalism, but should transcend nationalism itself. Nowadays, when sovereign states rather than nation-states are the basic unit of the international community, patriotism should be used instead of nationalism, so as to be proud of the country and inspire the future.

Hypothesis: Patriotism is a kind of transcendence to nationalism is the opinion of the passage.


Premise: Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi' s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi' s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi' s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi' s air-quality problem.

Hypothesis: If automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age, it would most strongly support the experts' contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi's air-quality problem.


Premise: In the current society, the fierce competition between people is inevitable, but because of the heavy trade-offs and consequences, many people do not hesitate to violate the ethics and rules and order of public morality. In the end, it is not only difficult to take advantage, but sometimes do harm to themselves. As the system becomes more and more sound, the act of overstepping the rules with too much gain and loss can only lift a stone and drop it on one's own feet. For example, athletes train hard every day to win medals in the competition. When the game they have been waiting for for a long time comes, some athletes will be very nervous, even intentionally or unintentionally to do some illegal things.

Hypothesis: Athletes should establish a correct concept of competition is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Hunger marketing means that commodity suppliers deliberately reduce their output in order to regulate the relationship between supply and demand, create the illusion of short supply, and maintain a high selling price and profit margin of commodities. Hunger marketing is more suitable for industries with high unit price and difficult to form repeated purchase of single commodities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when an automobile brand launched a new model, many people lined up and even were willing to increase the price. The manufacturer claimed that the output of the car was limited and had been limited to sales in order to expand the impact of hot sales belongs to hunger marketing.


Premise: In today's era, our labor can be divided into two parts, one is the labor paid in order to obtain the necessary means of livelihood for today's survival, and the other is the labor paid in advance for development.When the ratio of the former is greater than the latter, it shows that our labor is still in a lower stage, while the latter is much larger than the former, it means that our labor level has been greatly improved.Therefore, only through social development and progress and improving people's efficiency and level can we truly realize the complete liberation of human beings.

Hypothesis: An important sign of the development of human society is the improvement of labor level is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: To treat a person justly is to treat that person with perfect impartiality. But our friends naturally expect us to attach more importance to their interests than to the interests of others. Hence, given that we try to maintain our friendships, we cannot succeed in being just to our friends.

Hypothesis: One cannot both treat someone impartially and value that person's interests above the interests of others must be assumed in order for the conclusion of the argument above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Never pretend that children can be replaced by other things, just as never pretend that what you don't get is not worth it or missing.

Hypothesis: It's worth to get what you don't get.


Premise: According to the World Bank's World Development report 1990, secondary school students account for 93% of the population aged between 12 and 17 in high-income countries, 67% in upper-middle-income countries, 49% in lower-middle-income countries, 26% in low-income countries and 12% in lowest-income countries. The proportion of college students aged 20 to 24 years old is 39% in high-income countries, 20% in upper middle-income countries, 16% in lower-middle-income countries, 3% in low-income countries and 2% in lowest-income countries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The level of national quality determines the development of a country's economy' directly addresses the point of this passage.


Premise: Trying to control the formation of others' impressions of themselves is called impression management.

Hypothesis: Lao Sun worked hard in his work, first suffering, and then enjoy life does not belong to impression management according to the above definition.


Premise: The vast majority of elite athletes have good psychological qualities, most of them have achieved good results in competitions, and all athletes who have achieved good results in competitions have trained hard.

Hypothesis: Some athletes who do not have good mental qualities have achieved good results in competitions can be properly deduced from the statements above.


Premise: If he doesn't study Erhu performance, Xu Ping can't do theoretical research on folk music. If he likes national musical instruments, he will choose to study Erhu performance as his major. If he doesn't like national musical instruments, he will do theoretical research on folk music.

Hypothesis: From this, we can deduce that Xu Ping will not study of folk music theory.


Premise: Xiao Liu is a member of the environmental protection volunteer organization save the earth. Due to his serious illness, he can't volunteer for the World Expo in Shanghai, while other members of the organization have obtained the qualification of volunteers for the World Expo in Shanghai

Hypothesis: If someone is a member of save the earth, but not a volunteer of Shanghai World Expo, he must be Xiao Liu can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: At present, many colleges and universities stipulate that graduate students must publish a certain number of academic articles before graduation, which are linked to the qualifications for obtaining a degree. The university believes that the publication of papers by graduate students during their study will help to improve their academic level and enhance their academic ability, which can not only achieve the goal of personnel training, but also expand the popularity of the school. However, recently, a university has cancelled the requirement that the publication of graduate papers is linked to the qualification of degrees, which has been recognized by many graduate mentors. They believe that this rule is more conducive to the cultivation of the academic ability of graduate students in the university.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past, the school used the requirements of the publication of papers to replace the supervision of the training process, making it difficult for students to settle down to study knowledge' can best support the views of the above graduate mentors if it is true.


Premise: China's scientific research environment continues to improve. Data show that in 2016, China's total research and development investment was 1.57 trillion yuan, making it the second largest research and development investment country in the world after the United States. With a series of national key innovation projects, the focus is Disciplines and key laboratories have been established one after another. Today, China has the ability to provide researchers with scientific research conditions that are not inferior to Western countries.

Hypothesis: Scientific research funds can be implemented, and various 'key' measures enable scientific researchers to make the best use of their talents can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: M and P jointly serve as members of a sub-committee must be true.


Premise: Place names are the product of human activities in various historical times. They have rich scientific connotations such as history, geography, language, economy, nationality and society. They are a special cultural phenomenon and a living fossil of human history. According to statistics, there are more than 22000 surnames in ancient and modern China. It can be inferred that there are not few words involving surnames in place names.

Hypothesis: According to statistics, people surnamed Chen are more in the South and less in the north best supports the above conjecture.


Premise: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert ttherefore recommends that the <b> watch commander' s approval should no longer be required </b> since the officers' time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. <b> This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous </b>, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders' standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion in the editorial is a proposal against which the editorial is directed, and the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.


Premise: Internationally, the median survival time of general pancreatic cancer patients is 4 to 6 months. The National Institutes of Health reports that the one-year survival rate for this type of cancer is 8%, and the five-year survival rate is 3%, and the median survival time is only 2 to 3. Months. Among the more than 100 patients with pancreatic cancer in Shanghai who have been diagnosed and treated by Traditional Chinese medicine, nearly 20 have escaped for 3 to 5 years.The vast majority of these patients are inoperable and have not undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and most of them are now very happy.

Hypothesis: Traditional Chinese medicine is a kind of real existence, and it is very valuable for billions of people for many years cannot be introduced.


Premise: In the struggle against natural disasters, mankind still has a long way to go. The reality must be faced up to, but can ordinary people do nothing? In today's disaster prediction can not be completely accurate, how should everyone protect the precious life given to us by God, how to make the most timely and wise choice at the moment of disaster, and how to save themselves, save people, and avoid or reduce the occurrence of tragedy? In fact, these things can be accomplished through social education and self - education.

Hypothesis: The statement "Timely and wise choice when disaster strikes is very important" is intended to emphasize that this paragraph.


Premise: Archaeologists from the University of York and the University of Manchester in England have found the remains of a human house with a history of more than 10,000 years in Starka, North Yorkshire. Dating results show that it is a round wooden hut about 3.5 meters high, which existed in 8500 BC and is at least 500 years earlier than the oldest house previously found in Britain. Archaeologists also found a wooden platform and the trunk of a well-preserved tree nearby. In addition, they also found ornaments of processed antlers, indicating that people at that time already had some ceremonial activities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Humans are gregarious animals, and there are more wooden houses waiting to be discovered nearby' can best support the above point of view.


Premise: The administrative reconsideration law stipulates that if citizens, legal persons or other organizations believe that a specific administrative act infringes upon their legitimate rights and interests, they may apply to the administrative organ at the next higher level or the administrative organ specified in laws and regulations for reconsideration. The administrative procedure law stipulates that citizens, legal persons and other organizations may first apply to the administrative organ at the next higher level for reconsideration of administrative cases that fall within the scope of cases accepted by the people's court. If the applicant refuses to accept the reconsideration, he may bring a lawsuit in the people's court within 15 days from the date of receiving the reconsideration decision; he may also directly bring a lawsuit in the people's court.

Hypothesis: If a citizen, legal person or other organization is not satisfied with a specific administrative act, it shall not directly bring an administrative lawsuit is the statement that can be deduced from the above discussion.


Premise: The so-called beauty of small things is the sensitivity to such small things. Although they are small, they are willing to stay. Sometimes, villages, mountains and rivers, time-honored small town culture, old traditions and their existence are a reminder to urban people, reminding them not to go too fast. Being busy is death. Sun Li has a saying: The article is at the extreme, there is no other wonder, but just right; the character is at the extreme, there is no other difference, just natural. this is just the same as the original intention. Isn't it also a reminder for busy urban people who have lost their natural patience?

Hypothesis: The coincidence and original intention is a reminder to urban people who are busy and lose their natural patience is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: The trolley management method refers to an innovative management model that integrates service objects into the service system and taps the potential resources of the service objects to jointly improve the management service level with service providers. This mode is for service providers and service recipients. It is a win-win strategy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the supermarket distributing electronic red envelopes to consumers who bring their own environmentally friendly packaging bags belongs to the trolley management method.


Premise: A company has six general manager assistants F, G, H, I, M and P, and three departments. Each department is just under the charge of three general manager assistants. Each general manager assistant is in charge of at least one department. The following conditions must be met: (1) there is and only one general manager assistant in charge of three departments at the same time. (2) F and G are not in charge of the same department. (3) H and I are not in charge of the same department.

Hypothesis: If F and M are not in charge of the same department, M and G must be in charge of the same department.


Premise: False empathy bias, also known as false consistency deviation, means that people often overestimate or exaggerate the universality of their beliefs, judgments and behaviors. When knowing others, they always like to give their own characteristics to others, assuming that they are the same as themselves, and when they encounter conflicting information, they will firmly believe in the correctness of their beliefs and judgments.

Hypothesis: Some college students who hang billboards around the campus to get paid think that those who do not agree to hang up are arrogant cowards, while those who do not agree to hang billboards will think that those who agree to hang up are pretending to be crazy and foolish does not belong to false empathy bias according to the above definition.


Premise: During the Spring Festival, the school security office plans to provide work-study opportunities for all students who do not return home during the festival. On the one hand, they want to relieve the pressure of understaffed security forces during the spring festival. On the other hand, they want to ease the economic pressure on these impoverished college students.

Hypothesis: Most students who don't go home have signed up for winter vacation English tuition classes cannot question this plan of the school security office.


Premise: Alan: Government subsidies have been proposed in Cariana to encourage farmers in Rochelle, the country' s principal agricultural region, to implement certain new farming techniques. Unless these techniques are implemented, erosion of productive topsoil cannot be controlled. Unfortunately, farmers cannot afford to shoulder the entire cost of the new techniques, which are more expensive than those currently used. Ttherefore, without subsidies, agricultural output in Rochelle will inevitably decline. Betty: But erosion in Rochelle is caused by recurring floods, which will end next year once Cariana completes the hydroelectric dam it is building across the region' s major river. Ttherefore, Rochelle' s total agricultural output will stabilize at its present level even without subsidies.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which Betty's argument depends is that the current yearly output, if any, from Rochelle's land that will be permanently under water once the dam is completed will at least be matched by additional yearly output from Rochelle's remaining land.


Premise: At the academic exchange meeting, a foreign scholar denied the existence of the Xia dynasty on the grounds that there were no relics and no written records of the corresponding ages.

Hypothesis: The statement that "The Historical Records also has accurate records about the titles of the Xia Tribe (king of the Xia dynasty)" would most refute the foreign scholar's argument.


Premise: Ocean is a natural extension of land through watersheds. In marine development activities, production links such as marine fishing, marine transportation, marine mineral development and marine aquaculture are jointly completed in the sea and watersheds; while the sea salt industry and seawater utilization are completed on the land. In addition, the development of modern science and technology promotes the progress of marine science and technology and the development of marine industries. At the same time, the development of marine high-tech and the emergence of new products have also promoted the scientific and technological progress of the basin and the development of related industries. Products are interactively developed through this technological extension.

Hypothesis: The dependence of the marine economy on the spatial layout of the basin economy is meant to illustrate.


Premise: Confucius knows the truth of diet and health very well. The Analects of Confucius Hsiang-tang lists many propositions of eating and not eating, such as not eating from time to time, which means not to eat out-of-season vegetables.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the above explanation must rely on is that we can choose to eat seasonal vegetables or out-of-season vegetables.


Premise: One of the effects of lead poisoning is an inflammation of the optic nerve, which causes those who have it to see bright haloes around light sources. In order to produce the striking yellow effects in his Sunflowers paintings, Van Gogh used Naples yellow, a pigment containing lead. Since in his later paintings, Van Gogh painted bright haloes around the stars and sun, it is likely that he was suffering from lead poisoning caused by ingesting the pigments he used.

Hypothesis: In Van Gogh's later paintings he painted some things as he saw them is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Legislator: Your agency is responsible for regulating an industry shaken by severe scandals. You were given funds to hire 500 investigators to examine the scandals, but you hired no more than 400. I am forced to conclude that you purposely limited hiring in an attempt to prevent the full extent of the scandals from being revealed. Regulator: We tried to hire the 500 investigators but the starting salaries for these positions had been frozen so low by the legislature that it was impossible to attract enough qualified applicants.

Hypothesis: The regulator responds to the legislator's criticism by reph


Premise: Even though apes are the only nonhuman creatures able to learn human language, no ape has ever used its human language skills to ask such philosophical questions as, How am I different from all other creatures?  Ttherefore, philosophical thought is unique to humans.

Hypothesis: The conclusion in the passage above relies on the assumption that philosophical thought can be expressed only in human language.


Premise: People's fear of flying by plane is actually unreasonable. According to statistics, in 1995, the number of people who died in ground traffic accidents in the world exceeded 800,000. During the 10 years from 1990 to 1999, the world died in an average of air crashes every year. There are less than 500 people, and during these 10 years, my country has suffered an average of less than 25 people in air crashes every year.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the correctness of the above argument, the most important question to answer is whether the number of deaths from ground traffic accidents in the world was the highest in 1995.


Premise: Different from the traditional sweat-based economy, innovation is a kind of creative work that mainly relies on human wisdom. Due to the large investment, high risk, long cycle, and slow results, innovation is not everyone's conscious action, it needs strong motivation support If someone can use resources to speculate to get rich, or can borrow money to trade corruption to make a fortune, then people will not have a real incentive to innovate.

Hypothesis: If people have no real motivation to innovate, then some people can use land resources to speculate and get rich can be derived based on the above overview.


Premise: At the beginning of the 5 th century, the phonetic characters of borrowed Chinese characters called Kana appeared in Japan. In the eighth century, the use of marking Japanese pronunciation with Chinese characters has been relatively fixed and its mark is the compilation of Wanya set, so it is called Wanya Kana. It is the basis for pure Japanese phonetic character. The final creation of Japanese characters was completed by Ji Bei and Hirodhara Master (Konghai). Both of them lived in Tang Dynasty for a long time and studied Chinese characters deeply. The former creates Japanese katakana according to the italic side of phonetic Chinese characters, while the latter uses Kanji cursive to create Japanese Hiragana. Today, Japanese characters, which have occupied an important position in the world, still retain more than 1000 simplified Chinese characters.

Hypothesis: The relationship between Japanese characters and Chinese characters is intended to be described in this paragraph.


Premise: When demand for a factory's products is high, more money is spent at the factory for safety precautions and machinery maintenance than when demand is low. Thus the average number of on-the-job accidents per employee each month should be lower during periods when demand is high than when demand is low and less money is available for safety precautions and machinery maintenance.

Hypothesis: The statement "Its old machinery is replaced with modern, automated models" casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above when demand for the factory's products is high.


Premise: Colds are caused by viruses, bacteria, dust, etc., and are not the result of catching a cold. In fact, people don't catch a cold in a very cold place. Because the virus is easy to freeze to death in a very cold place, and stay in a warm stove. It is easy to activate the virus and invade our body.

Hypothesis: Letting the body catch cold is a reliable way to treat colds can be inferred from the given options.


Premise: Our cabbage soup provides good nutrition; a warm bowl of it contains more units of vitamin C than does a serving of mango or fresh broccoli!

Hypothesis: The advertisement is misleading if Mango and fresh broccoli are widely known to be nutritious, but their contribution consists primarily in providing a large amount of vitamin A, not a large amount of vitamin C.


Premise: During the Five Dynasties period, dynasties were frequently changed, and everything was simple and simple, and new construct was not considered. Therefore, before the next week, the scale of Kaifeng was about the same as that of the Tang Dynasty. In the week after Guo Wei was established, political and economic reforms were implemented, and the situation improved.

Hypothesis: The scale of Kaifeng in the Five Dynasties was similar to that of the Tang Dynasty is the most accurate retelling of the main meaning of this passage.


Premise: The existence of polluting industries near schools does not lead to a decrease in the air quality at those schools. Proof of this is shown at middle school X in southern California, where an oil well was built on middle school X' s campus. The air quality at middle school X is no worse than the air quality at other middle schools in the state, and the students at middle school X do not suffer more frequently from air pollution-related allergies than do students in other middle schools in the state.

Hypothesis: More animal and plant life thrive near middle school X than at other middle schools in the state does not weaken the argument.


Premise: Professor Zhang: the prehistoric essential tools found in South America existed 13,000 years ago. Some archaeologists believe that these tools were used by people whose ancestors migrated from Siberia to Alaska. This view is untenable. In order to reach South America, these people had to trek 13, 000 years ago, and 13, 000-year-old wooden tools were never found between Alaska and South America. Researcher Li: I'm afraid you've overlooked: these wooden tools are found in peat bogs, which are rarely found in North America. Wooden tools rot and dissolve in ordinary soil within a few years.

Hypothesis: The coping methods of researcher Li include pointing out that Professor Zhang misinterpreted the views of archaeologists.


Premise: The TJ-700 and the Beta Turbomax are two models of cars of different manufacturers. These two models have almost identical specifications and features, and they sell for almost the same price. Both were introduced on the market five years ago, and each year, the respective manufacturers spend about the same amount in advertising. In the past five year, the total number of TJ-700' s sold is about 80% greater than the total number of Beta Turbomax' s sold. Clearly, the advertising firm that created TJ-700 ads created much more effective ads than the firm that created Beta Turbomax ads.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to know whether buyers of cars of other manufacturers in the last five years are familiar with the ads for the TJ-700 and the Beta Turbomax.


Premise: In recent years, with the rapid development of Microblog, Wechat and other online social media, rumors about food have become rampant, which has brought great trouble to people's daily life. It is expected to crack the current situation of food rumors flying all over the world, improve and improve the platform and mechanism of food safety reporting, and incorporate the reporting mechanism into the intelligent early warning processing platform of food rumors, so as to carry out closed-loop management on the governance of food rumors, so as to truly establish consumers' confidence in food safety.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis is on the need for a multifaceted approach to managing food safety rumors, rather than relying solely on a rumor refutation and early warning platform.


Premise: Auto industry executive: Statistics show that cars that were built smaller after 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier, larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or serious injury' constitutes the strongest objection to the executive's argument.


Premise: Since the first permanent pacemaker was implanted in the human body in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have been continuously researching various methods to provide electrical energy to their products. Non-rechargeable lithium batteries are currently more common. In transplantation equipment for heart disease and neurogenic diseases, non-rechargeable lithium batteries can generally be used for 7 to 10 years, and they are already relatively longevity. Researchers believe that unless breakthroughs are made in the field of bio-batteries, implantable devices will never work permanently and reliably.

Hypothesis: This text is meant to explain that the development prospects of implantable medical devices are broad.


Premise: Tangible wear and intangible wear are concepts that describe the decline in the value of machinery and equipment. As a kind of resource, talents also face tangible and intangible wear and tear. The tangible wear and tear of talents refers to the decline of factors such as physical strength, initiative and cooperation related to the physical and psychological conditions of talents with the increase of age and working hours. The invisible wear and tear of talents refers to the decline in the use value of talents due to the relatively backward concepts, knowledge, and methods of talents.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Chen Li in the department is not interested in the newly introduced remote sensing equipment and is not an active learner is the intangible wear of talents.


Premise: After suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Zeng Guofan asked the court to demobilize the Hunan army in his book, but made no mention of his personal fate. Because he knew that if he asked to stay in the court in the memoir, he would be suspected of being greedy for power; if he asked for dismissal and return to his hometown in the memoir, it would give the court the impression that he was unwilling to continue to be loyal to the court.

Hypothesis: In dealing with a fraud case in the imperial court of the Yongzheng Dynasty, Zhang Tingyu's options were either to advocate killing Zhang Tinglu and making his family think he was unjust, or to advocate protecting Zhang Tinglu and making Yongzheng think he was unfaithful. Therefore, Zhang Tingyu chose to be ill at home and not play a role in the situation. This reasoning is most similar to the one above.


Premise: Human value does not depend on whether to master the truth, or to think that the truth is in hand. What determines human value is the tireless spirit of pursuing truth.

Hypothesis: The most accurate paraphrase of the value of life in this passage is that it is reflected in the unremitting pursuit of truth.


Premise: From dragonflies flying low to predict the weather to toads moving to predict earthquakes, ancient Chinese people have accumulated a lot of experience. These experiences have been passed down from generation to generation, and today, they still have a high degree of trust in people - including today's network. Modern earthquake research emphasizes data and concepts. The accurate prediction of an area in ancient times, with a horizontal comparison with today's information collection, is no longer of universal significance.

Hypothesis: The author's view on the experience of earthquake prediction accumulated by the people in ancient China is that it is accidental and cannot be used as the basis for earthquake prediction.


Premise: A company has six general manager assistants F, G, H, I, M and P, and three departments. Each department is just under the charge of three general manager assistants. Each general manager assistant is in charge of at least one department. The following conditions must be met: (1) there is and only one general manager assistant in charge of three departments at the same time. (2) F and G are not in charge of the same department. (3) H and I are not in charge of the same department.

Hypothesis: If F and M are not in charge of the same department, then I and P are in charge of the same department must be correct.


Premise: Public policy is an action plan or action rule formulated by a social public authority in a specific situation to achieve a certain goal.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, policies of village committee is not a public policy.


Premise: In an article published in Science magazine in January 2015, Fogelstein et al said that the difference in cancer risk in human tissue can be explained by mistakes made during stem cell division, that is, the so-called bad luck. 2/3 of cancer gene mutations are the result of bad luck and another 1/3 are attributed to genetic and environmental factors. a commentary issued by Science magazine said. The debate about the bad luck theory of cancer is expected to continue. Other experts say the study does not mean denying the importance of preventing cancer by improving the environment and lifestyle. Cancer Research UK believes that cancer cases can be prevented.

Hypothesis: Not all cancer cases are unpreventable is inconsistent with the meaning of the above words.


Premise: Youth phase refers to how adolescents perceive their level of youth development to be earlier, more timely or later than their peers.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Junior high school students C in the physical health class and other students like the opposite sex of the physiological structure is full of curiosity is timely in the phase of youth activation.


Premise: Vitamins are very important for the maintenance of human body function. As a selling point, a health care company to promote its production of nutrients. The company says its products contain 1.5 times more vitamins per serving than the body needs on a daily basis, enough to satisfy the body's needs for a variety of vitamins. However,________. Accordingly, this company undertook false propaganda.

Hypothesis: Vitamins that exceed the body's daily requirements are naturally excreted by the body and can not be absorbed is the best option underlined above.


Premise: I. Room air conditioners produced by Japanese manufacturers tend to be more reliable than those produced by United States manufacturers. II. The average lifetime of room air conditioners produced by United States manufacturers is about fifteen years, the same as that of room air conditioners produced by Japanese manufacturers.

Hypothesis: Japanese manufacturers often use more reliable components in their room air conditioners than do United States manufacturers would best reconcile the two statements above.


Premise: Only an expert in some branch of psychology could understand why Patrick is behaving irrationally. But no expert is certain of being able to solve someone else' s problem. Patrick wants to devise a solution to his own behavioral problem.

Hypothesis: If Charles is certain of being able to solve Patrick's behavioral problem, then Charles does not understand why Patrick is behaving in this way is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from the passage.


Premise: The experience of a certain company fully shows that a successful marketing operation not only depends on a special marketing department, but also requires excellent products, sophisticated market research, and professional business departments and public relations departments,good at analysis of the financial department and logistics and other departments of full cooperation and support. If the marketing department is strong and other departments are weak, or the marketing department is not in harmony with other departments, or the company is unable to integrate effectively, the marketing operation will not be carried out smoothly and effectively, and it will be difficult to exert its due power.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this text is that the marketing department can only play a better role in close cooperation with relevant departments.


Premise: A distinguished British judge, Justice Upton, said that whether some administrative decision by a government minister is reasonable is a question that judges, by their training and experience, should be well-equipped to answer, or else there would be something badly wrong with the legal system, and there is little reason to suppose that there is.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of Justice Upton's argument is that judges are qualified to decide upon the reasonableness of a government minister's administrative decision.


Premise: Yuriko: Our city' s campaign to persuade parents to have their children vaccinated ought to be imitated by your city. In the 16 months since the enactment of legislation authorizing the campaign, vaccinations in our city have increased by 30 percent. Susan: But the major part of that increase occurred in the first 6 months after that legislation was enacted, right after your city' s free neighborhood health clinics opened, and before the vaccination campaign really got going.

Hypothesis: In responding to Yuriko, Susan presents evidence to suggest that vaccination campaigns are usually ineffective.


Premise: One might expect that within a particular species, any individuals that managed to slow down the aging process would leave more offspring. Natural selection should ttherefore favor extreme longevity-but this does not seem to be the case. A possible explanation is that aging is a product of the inevitable wear and tear of living, similar to how household appliances generally accumulate faults that lead to their eventual demise. However, most researchers do not find this analogy satisfactory as an explanation.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that some organisms generate much more wear and tear on their bodies than others would provide the strongest explanation for the researchers' reaction.


Premise: To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of Country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that profit margins in Country Z's adversely affected export-dependent industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above is best supported by the passage.


Premise: Studies show that taking breaks can increase productivity. When completing a complex and arduous task, take a break and do something simpler. The boss of one company applied this to his company by giving employees more time off, but instead of increasing productivity, it dropped significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Company production is assembly line operations, employees are doing a single mechanical action' best explains the above contradiction.


Premise: Eva: A smart highway system should be installed, one that would monitor areawide traffic patterns and communicate with computers in vehicles or with programmable highway signs to give drivers information about traffic congestion and alternate routes. Such a system, we can infer, would result in improved traffic flow in and around cities that would do more than improve drivers' tempers; it would decrease the considerable loss of money and productivity that now results from traffic congestion. Louis: There are already traffic reports on the radio. Why would a smart highway system be any better? .

Hypothesis: The assumption that traffic flow in and around cities is not now so congested that significant improvement is impossible is required by Eva's argument.


Premise: The traditional theory believes that due to climate change, human ancestors were forced to leave the arboreal environment and chose to walk upright on the ground. A recent study believes that early humans walked upright in the rugged mountainous regions of eastern and southern Africa today. The terrain was formed by volcanic eruptions and tectonic plate movements during the Pliocene. Human ancestors were attracted by rocky terrain and canyons. They can provide a good sheltered habitat and give them the opportunity to trap prey. This environment required early humans to have the ability to walk and climb upright, so human ancestors eventually evolved to walk upright on two legs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Human ancestors chose to walk upright to better adapt to the terrain' is consistent with the conclusion of the latest research.


Premise: Everyone has a moment of autonomy, which may be fleeting. But a successful person can continue this autonomy for a long time. He occasionally gives in, or even fails; but even if he retreats, he can still stick to it. The most basic belief in yourself.

Hypothesis: A winner is not someone who has never failed can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Along with the deepening of reform and opening up, prices quickly highly marketable commodity and labor force, land price according to the auction market, even the price of the stock also highly marketable, but only the most broad laborer's main the savings deposit interest income from property market, the monopoly system of interest by artificially low public property income, which provides a cheap for the enterprise Capital, which also provides banks with juicy interest rates and low-risk customers, is the basis of institutional arrangements that allow savers to become victims of financial stability.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the text is that the institutional monopoly of interest on household savings deposits affects the distribution of income and wealth on a global scale.


Premise: Many scientists believe that bipedal locomotion (walking on two feet) evolved in early hominids in response to the move from life in dense forests to life in open grasslands. Bipedalism would have allowed early hominids to see over tall grasses, helping them to locate food and to detect and avoid predators. However, because bipedalism also would have conferred substantial advantages upon early hominids who never left the forest -- in gathering food found within standing reach of the forest floor, for example -- debate continues concerning its origins. It may even have evolved, like the upright threat displays of many large apes, because it bettered an individual' s odds of finding a mate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Bipedal locomotion would have helped early hominids gather food' is most supported by the information above.


Premise: Flow operation: it refers to that workers act on the labor objects in sequence according to the operation process to complete a certain amount of work at a certain stage in the production process, so that the production can be carried out in the frontier without interruption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, there are 10 people in the shoemaking workshop, each responsible for one process, and finally produce finished products belongs to flow operation.


Premise: In Mernia commercial fossil hunters often sell important fossils they have found, not to universities or museums, but to individual collectors, who pay much better but generally do not allow researchers access to their collections. To increase the number of fossils available for research, some legislators propose requiring all fossils that are found in Mernia to be sold only to universities or museums.

Hypothesis: The statement "Most fossils are found by commercial fossil hunters, and they would give up looking for fossils if they were no longer allowed to sell to individual collectors" most strongly indicates that the legislators' proposal will fail to achieve its goal.


Premise: Zhang Ming, Li Ying, Wang Jia and Chen Rui work in a team. They come from Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian and Shandong provinces. Each of them can speak only one dialect of their native place. It is known that Fujian people can speak Minnan dialect, Shandong people have the highest academic qualifications, and they can speak Central Plains Mandarin. Wang Jia is less educated than Fujian people. Li Ying speaks Huizhou dialect and works with classmates from Jiangsu. Chen Rui doesn't understand Minnan dialect.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be inferred that Wang Jia can speak Huizhou dialect.


Premise: The law of diminishing marginal utility refers to the phenomenon that consumers gradually reduce their evaluation of goods with the increase of consumption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, microwave oven was an expensive kitchen equipment in the 1990s. Now it has become cheap and popular is in line with the law of diminishing marginal utility.


Premise: The race schedule of the car rally is divided into two parts, the driving section and the special section (stage). The driving section refers to the part between the two special sections, and the driver only needs to arrive at the new special section before the specified time. There is a limit time for the special section. For example, if the distance between point A and point B is 50 kilometers, and if the car can arrive in 30 minutes at the fastest, the time limit of the car must be less than 30 minutes, such as 27 minutes. When the driver takes more than 27 minutes from point A to point B, there will be a penalty time, and the winner will be the one who has least penalty time.

Hypothesis: Every winner must have a penalty time can be inferred.


Premise: Movie Director: Movies come out the best, in terms of both critical and box office success, when a single person has full creative control over the final product. Studios providing notes to the director, writer, producer, or whomever controls that vision, stifle the creative process. Studio Head: At the end of the day, the film industry is a business. Movies will only be made if they are profitable. The most successful movies focus on subjects that the audience cares about, and the studios spend millions of dollars on test screenings to determine what audiences prefer. Whether the studio transmits its research by notes or informal discussion, the studio' s input must be considered.

Hypothesis: The main point in dispute is that more than one person should be involved in the creative process.


Premise: A person summed up the legendary experience of Bill Gates and Dale and found that the secret to their success was dropping out of college.

Hypothesis: The relationship between dropping out of college and success that is believed by that person is that one may succeed if he doesn't drop out of college.


Premise: Xiao Liu is a member of the environmental protection volunteer organization save the earth. Due to his serious illness, he can't volunteer for the World Expo in Shanghai, while other members of the organization have obtained the qualification of volunteers for the World Expo in Shanghai

Hypothesis: If someone is a member of save the earth, but not a volunteer of Shanghai World Expo, he must be Xiao Liu can be inferred.


Premise: If temperatures had dropped below freezing when I was gone last week, the impatiens in my garden would have died. If the impatiens had died, they obviously could not continue to bloom. However, since the impatiens in my garden are still in bloom today, temperatures did not drop below freezing last week.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument 'If a species is introduced into a new environment, it adversely affects some species already existing in that environment, but only if it adapts well to it. Therefore, if a species does not adapt well to a new environment, it will not adversely affect any species already existing in it' most closely parallels that of the argument above.


Premise: The arrangement of troops pays attention to shape and potential, which is described as the coordination of forces. The shape is a prepared proprietary medicine, which can be purchased and used directly in the drugstore; the potential is a prescription written by an experienced doctor for the patient, considering the dosage, increasing or decreasing the smell, and compatibility according to the severity of the illness.Dashing into battle also pays attention to shape and potential. Take boxing as an example, the shape is the boxer's height, weight and routines; the potential is Sanda and adapt according to the opponent's moves.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the characteristics of shape and potential mentioned above is that shape is like water in a mountain of thousands of feet, the deeper it is stored, the fiercer it is; the potential is like a boulder on the top of ten thousand feet, the more dangerous the mountain is, the faster the stone is.


Premise: Curator: A magazine recently ran a very misleading story on the reaction of local residents to our controversial art exhibit. They quoted the responses of three residents, all of whom expressed a sense of moral outrage. These quotations were intended to suggest that most local residents oppose the exhibit; the story failed to mention, however, the fact that the three residents are all close friends.

Hypothesis: The principle 'It is misleading to present the opinions of people on only one side of an issue when the population is likely to be evenly divided on that issue' most helps to justify the curator's argumentation.


Premise: Social risk refers to the risk of loss of social production and people's life due to the actions of individuals or groups.

Hypothesis: Frost disaster is not a social risk.


Premise: Ethicist: under normal circumstances, it is wrong to take some kind of experimental medical treatment without the patient's consent, because the patient has the right to know all the detailed medical options available and to accept or reject a certain treatment. However, in the case of emergency treatment, sometimes only beyond the patient's right of consent to experimental treatment can we know how to best deal with emergency patients. Therefore, some restricted experimental treatments without the patient's consent should be allowed.

Hypothesis: The assumption that when the best medical plan is still unknown, patients no longer have the right to know the medical plan and medical plan is required for this ethicist's argument.


Premise: Time is directional and always flows from the past to the future. This is the arrow of time. In the process of biological evolution, the past and the future of time are asymmetrical, which is an irreversible process. But the time arrow of biological evolution is related to entropy increase is different. Entropy increase means degradation, that is, the decomposition and decay of old things; while evolution is the production and development of new things, and its time arrow points to the decrease of entropy.

Hypothesis: The change of entropy is non-directional is correct.


Premise: A recent study examined the daytime and nighttime activity patterns of two populations of tree-dwelling lemurs -- the first living in a rain forest, where tree canopy cover is consistent year-round, and the second living in a deciduous forest, where many trees lose their leaves during the winter months. Both groups of lemurs were found to be more nocturnal during winter months than they were the rest of the year. However, the winter increase in nocturnal activity was significantly more pronounced for the population living in the deciduous forest than it was for the population living in the rain forest.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The lemur population in the rain forest eats both plants and insects whereas the population in the deciduous forest eats only plants' most helps to explain the difference between the two lemur populations with respect to winter activity patterns.


Premise: Flexible management: The organization takes people as the center and flexibly operates various management methods, which can produce good management effects by influencing people's psychology.

Hypothesis: The flexible management is the new employee, Xiao Wang, failing the training exam during the probation period, but the workshop director considering that she was a relative of the vice president and making an exception to get her to work.


Premise: Salesman: The picture tube is the core component of any TV. The P-brand TV and the T-brand TV use the picture tube of same quality. But the price of the P-brand TV is lower, so when you buy the P-brand TV not a T-brand, it is equivalent to paying a lower price but buying a TV with the same image quality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'P-brand TVs are sold more than T-brand TVs every day' will most strongly support the sales's conclusion.


Premise: Thoroughbred horse racing is an expensive commodity. A disease caused by genetic defects threatens thoroughbred horses, ranging from loss of racing ability to paralysis and even death. Therefore, horse breeders believe that once such defects are found, horse breeding should be stopped. This view is one-sided. Because generally speaking, this disease can be controlled through diet and medical treatment. In addition, horses with such genetic defects are often particularly beautiful, which is what equestrian performances pay special attention to.

Hypothesis: The diseases of some horses with genetic defects have not been controlled due to the lack of reasonable diet or necessary medical treatment most accurately summarizes the conclusion to be demonstrated by the title stem.


Premise: Lawyer: Juries are traditionally given their instructions in convoluted, legalistic language. The verbiage is intended to make the instructions more precise, but greater precision is of little use if most jurors have difficulty understanding the instructions. Since it is more important for jurors to have a basic but adequate understanding of their role than it is for the details of that role to be precisely specified, jury instructions should be formulated in simple, easily comprehensible language.

Hypothesis: The statement "The details of the role of the jurors cannot be specified with complete precision in simple, easily comprehensible language" does not strengthen the lawyer's argument.


Premise: Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription written by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Presorbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescriptions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex. It can be argued that the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for comparing the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement' s argument is absurd is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a prescription medicine years before Veltrex was.

Hypothesis: The first identifies an assumption made in an argument that the columnist's argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist's argument.


Premise: After a logic test, Lan Lan, Jingjing, and Lingling discussed the test results together. Lanlan said: If I can get 100 points, Jingjing can also get 100 points. Jingjing said: I see Lanlan can get 100 points, I can't get 100 points. Lingling said: If I can get 100 points, Jingjing won't get 100 points. In fact, after the test results came out, it proved that only one of the three of them told the truth.

Hypothesis: Lingling is telling the truth, Lanlan scored 100 points is correct.


Premise: The only way that bookstores can profitably sell books at below-market prices is to get the books at a discount from publishers. Unless bookstores generate a high sales volume, however, they cannot get discounts from publishers. To generate such volume, bookstores must either cater to mass tastes or have exclusive access to a large specialized market, such as medical textbooks, or both.

Hypothesis: A bookstore that not only caters to mass tastes but also has exclusive access to a large specialized market cannot profitably sell books at below-market prices can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Aluminum alloys have widely replaced steel in military equipment because they provide the same protection and are lighter. But an armored vehicle made of aluminum alloy costs twice as much as a armored vehicle made of steel. Therefore, from a financial point of view, it is not advisable to replace the armored vehicles made of steel with armored vehicles made of aluminum alloy with the same protective performance.

Hypothesis: The statement that the price of aluminum alloy is expected to remain stable, while the price of steel is likely to fall can raise greater doubts about the above conclusion.


Premise: The connotation of a concept is the common attribute of all elements of the object set reflected by the concept. It is formed with a high degree of contraction to reveal the connotation of a concept, just like drawing out a tape measure. The process of drawing out the tape measure can adopt a negative form under special circumstances.

Hypothesis: Children born out of wedlock are born to men and women who do not have a reasonable marriage relationship uses the negative form to reveal the connotation of different concepts according to the above definition.


Premise: Affected by the film and television capital Winter and policy tightening, the overall size of the original series shrank in 2019. Film and television data show that the overall number of shows dropped by 6% in 2019, from 452 to 377, but the average score of the top 30 shows rose from 5.96 in 2018 to 6.51 in 2019, according to an authoritative film and television website. To a certain extent, this shows that after the number of episodes has been greatly reduced, the top boutique dramas have not been greatly affected, and the market has eliminated a number of non-boutique dramas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'From 2018 to 2019, the grading process and standards of this authoritative film and television website are consistent' will best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: A study of young children' s ability to learn foreign languages found that those with parents who read them more than one book per week in their native language were 75% more proficient in the foreign languages that they learned than children whose parents read them one book per week or less. A secondary finding of the study was that children' s ability to remember new vocabulary in a second language drops off sharply after the age of 6, when it becomes 75% more difficult to retain new words learned in the second language.

Hypothesis: Proficient speakers of a second language are likely to have begun learning it before the age of 6 can be inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Urbanization is the historical process of the transformation of human production and life style from rural to urban, which is manifested in the process of the transformation of rural population to urban population and the continuous development and improvement of cities. The communique of the Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that by 2020, the integration mechanism of urban and rural economic and social development will be basically established.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A large number of farmers migrated to cities, from farmers to citizens has the correct understanding of urbanization.


Premise: Tangible wear and intangible wear are concepts that describe the decline in the value of machinery and equipment. As a kind of resource, talents also face tangible and intangible wear and tear. The tangible wear and tear of talents refers to the decline of factors such as physical strength, initiative and cooperation related to the physical and psychological conditions of talents with the increase of age and working hours. The invisible wear and tear of talents refers to the decline in the use value of talents due to the relatively backward concepts, knowledge, and methods of talents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The 45-year-old team leader Wang often feels that he is physically weak, and sighs that he has more than enough energy but not enough energy' is an example of the intangible wear of talents according to the above definition.


Premise: Spending the first year of a child's life in a nursery can cause anxiety. In our study, 464 children between the ages of 12 and 13 were tested with a situational test designed to test the relationship between children's 1-year-old status and their attachment to their mothers. The result: 41.5 percent of children who had been in day care and 25.7 percent of children who had been home care were rated as anxious and overly dependent on their mothers.

Hypothesis: The statement "The children in the study were not randomly selected for either day care or home care. As a result, there is likely to be a systematic difference between the families of the two groups of children" is the least likely to challenge the conclusions of the study.


Premise: The problem of population growth is a problem faced by countries in the world, especially developed countries. Developed countries generally face low fertility rates, slow population growth or even negative growth, which directly affects economic development and ethnic heritage. my country is implementing a family planning policy 30 Years later, we are also facing similar problems, so my country gradually liberalizes the second-child policy. However, the actual effect is not satisfactory. Some experts pointed out that the unsatisfactory effect of the second-child policy is mainly due to too much social pressure.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because the cost of raising children is too high, many couples are reluctant to have more children' is true and best supports the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Generally speaking, the large jadeite gravel produced in Myanmar that has been weathered or transported to river valleys and riverbeds is called Laokeng jade. Laokeng jade is characterized by good water head, strong quality and high transparency, and its top grade is as transparent as glass, so it is called glass or ice. The same old pit jade, its quality is also relatively high and low, some transparency is higher, some transparency is slightly worse, so the value is also different. Other things being equal, the value of Laokeng jade with high transparency is higher than that of its lower unit value, but the practice of mining tells people that there is no Laokeng jade with the highest unit value.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, it can be concluded that there is no Laokeng jade with the highest transparency.


Premise: Singing and dancing is a common phenomenon among all human nations and tribes. Its great advantage effect is to enable people to maintain unity, solve various internal disputes and defend their territory more effectively.

Hypothesis: Singing and dancing have the effect of psychological comfort and can make all participants forget the real problems is the premise of the above conclusion.


Premise: If there is an election, you can either vote or not. If you vote, you have the satisfaction of knowing you influenced the results of the election; if you do not vote, you have no right to complain about the results. So, following an election, either you will have the satisfaction of knowing you influenced its results or you will have no right to complain.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the statement 'If you use a computer, its messages are either easily readable or not. If the messages are easily readable, they are merely password protected. If they are not easily readable, they are electronically encrypted. So any message on the computer you use is either password protected or electronically encrypted' most closely resembles that in the argument above.


Premise: Pundit: The only airline providing service for our town announced that because the service is unprofitable it will discontinue this service next year. Town officials have urged the community to use the airline' s service more frequently so that the airline will change its decision. There is no reason to comply with their recommendation, however, for just last week these same officials drove to an out-of town conference instead of flying.

Hypothesis: The pundit's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it presumes, without providing justification, that if the town officials did not follow their own advice then that advice is not worth following.


Premise: Researchers have found that, hours after birth, infants are able to distinguish faces from other images. Infants stare at drawings of faces for longer periods of time than they do at blank ovals or drawings in which facial features are scrambled.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Certain abilities of facial pattern recognition are innate in humans, rather than learned' most helps to explain the ability of newborn infants described above.


Premise: Empathy refers to the ability to understand others' emotions and thoughts, understand others' positions and feelings, and think and deal with problems from the perspective of others in the process of interpersonal communication.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "Treat others as we expect to be treated" does not belong to empathy.


Premise: A, B, and C sell their products. Among the three products, one is counterfeit, and the other two are genuine. A said: My product is genuine, and B's product is counterfeit; B said: My product is genuine, and C's product is counterfeit; C said: B's product is genuine, A's product is counterfeit. It is known that one of A, B, and C told all turth, one half turth, half lie, and the other told all lies

Hypothesis: A sells counterfeit goods.


Premise: Advertisement: Seventy-five percent of dermatologists surveyed prefer Dermactin to all other brands of skin cream. Why? We consulted dermatologists during the development of Dermactin to ensure that you have the best skin cream on the market. So if you need a skin cream, use Dermactin.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The advertisement overlooks


Premise: State A has an alliance with state B, and state B has an alliance with state C. Therefore, state A has an alliance with state C.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Reasoning is illogical' is this reasoning system.


Premise: Umbilical cord blood refers to the blood left in the placenta and umbilical cord after the fetus is delivered and the umbilical cord is ligated and severed. The hematopoietic stem cells contained in umbilical cord blood have significant curative effect on leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, some malignant tumors and other diseases, which is no longer a valuable self-saving resource in life. Parents preserve umbilical cord blood for their newborns, which can provide protection for their children's health for the rest of their lives.

Hypothesis: The preservation of umbilical cord blood is usually 50 milliliters, and such a small amount has little effect on the treatment of most adults does not weaken the conclusion discussed above.


Hypothesis: Most of the children who are cared for at home in the first year after birth are cared for by grandparents or grandparents, and form a strong family relationship is the least likely to challenge the conclusions of the study.


Premise: The number of crocodiles in the North Atlantic decreased, but the number of leopards increased significantly almost at the same time. Some people say that seals are responsible for the decline of crocodiles, which is not true because seals rarely feed on crocodiles.

Hypothesis: The option "Before the increase in the number of seals, the number of crocodiles in the North Atlantic decreased" will most weaken the above argument.


Premise: Automobile-emission standards are enforced through annual inspection. At those inspections cars are tested while idling; that is, standing still with their engines running. Testing devices measure the levels of various pollutants as exhaust gases leave the tail pipe.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'When emission standards are set, no allowances are made for older cars' most strongly indicates that current enforcement of automobile emission standards might be ineffective in controlling overall pollutant levels.


Premise: A says B is fat, B says C is fat, and C and D both say they are not fat.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four statements is wrong, then only B and C must be fat.


Premise: At many electronics retail stores, the consumer has the option of purchasing product warranties that extend beyond the manufacturer' s warranty. However, consumers are generally better off not buying extended warranties. Most problems with electronic goods occur within the period covered by the manufacturer' s warranty.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some extended warranties on electronic goods cover the product for the period covered by the manufacturer's warranty as well as subsequent years' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Cornell University in the United States has studied the tongues of obese and normal mice and found that eating a diet high in fat can reduce the number of taste buds. Taste buds are structures on the tongue, including about 100 cells. After the mice gained weight, the rate of death of mature taste buds became faster, while the growth rate of new cells became slower. The loss of taste buds can lead to dull taste, which makes it difficult for obese people to eat a certain diet, because if they want to taste the same delicacy as normal people with 25% more taste buds than they do, they have to eat heavier food. This means eating more sugar, fat and calories.

Hypothesis: The intended description of this passage is the physiological factors that obese people are more likely to gain weight.


Premise: A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that <b> the company is mismanaged </b>, citing as evidence the company' s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor' s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, <b> but in this case it is clearly not justified </b>. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton' s case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

Hypothesis: The two boldfaced portions in the argument play the role of evidence that has been used to support a position that the argument as a whole opposes, and providing information to undermine the force of that evidence.


Premise: National heroes: who have made outstanding contributions in the struggle against foreign nations' aggression and oppression, including those who have defied brutal suppression and are not afraid of sacrifice in the struggle. in a nation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lei Feng is a national hero because he is a good soldier who serves the people wholeheartedly.


Premise: Studies show that taking breaks can increase productivity. When completing a complex and arduous task, take a break and do something simpler. The boss of one company applied this to his company by giving employees more time off, but instead of increasing productivity, it dropped significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement "Recently, the company's sales performance is not good, there is no obvious growth" best explains the above contradiction.