Premise: Climatic geomorphology is a discipline that studies the formation process and evolution laws of geomorphology under different climatic conditions, and is an important branch of geomorphology. Climatic geomorphology mainly studies various physical, chemical, and biological factors that reflect the causes of climate and geomorphology, and studies the development process of various landforms under different climatic conditions.

Hypothesis: What are the characteristics of the process of landform shaping in mid-latitude forest areas does not belong to the research scope of climatic geomorphology according to the above definition.


Premise: The Arctic region is rich in oil. natural gas. Mineral and fishery resources, its oil and gas reserves account for a quarter of the world's undeveloped oil and gas resources. Global warming is causing the Arctic ice to melt at a rate of 9 percent every 10 years, and the route through the Arctic Ocean along Russia's northern coastline connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific can travel tens of thousands of kilometers from Asia to Europe than the Panama Canal. Therefore, the development and utilization of the Arctic will bring enormous benefits to mankind

Hypothesis: Exploring the Arctic would accelerate snow and ice melt, raise sea levels and flood coastal lowlands would weaken the above argument.


Premise: Rush-off anxiety refers to the phenomena that families or schools, worried about their children's lack of competitiveness, are eager to carry out advanced education, deepen teaching content and violate the basic laws of education and teaching.

Hypothesis: An education and training institution requiring teachers to appropriately increase the teaching content, increase the difficulty of learning, and attract more excellent students to attend remedial tutoring in all kinds of courses is not the Rush-off anxiety.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: G serves as a member of the three sub-committees may be true.


Premise: Journalist: Recent studies have demonstrated that a regular smoker who has just smoked a cigarette will typically display significantly better short-term memory skills than a nonsmoker, whether or not the nonsmoker has also just smoked a cigarette for the purposes of the study. Moreover, the majority of those smokers who exhibit this superiority in shortterm memory skills will do so for at least eight hours after having last smoked.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The short-term memory skills exhibited by a nonsmoker who has just smoked a cigarette are typically superior to those exhibited by a


Premise: At one time, many astronomers assumed that Earth remains motionless while the stars revolve around it. They concluded from this that the stars were not more than a few million miles from Earth. They reasoned that if the stars were farther away, they would have to move at tremendously great speeds in order to circle Earth during the day and reappear in roughly the same positions each night.

Hypothesis: If the stars do not revolve around Earth, it is possible for at least some stars to be more than a few million miles from Earth is an assumption required by the reasoning described above.


Premise: Division is a logical method of dividing the objects reflected by a concept into several small categories to confirm the extension of the concept, or it can be said to be a logical method of dividing an extended generic concept into several juxtaposed species concepts. Decomposition is to divide an object into several parts in thinking, and there is not a species relationship between the concept that reflects the part and the concept that reflects the whole.

Hypothesis: The penalty is divided into principal punishment, deprivation of political rights, confiscation of property, etc.


Premise: Mass media is mainly carried out through newspapers, television, radio and other platforms. Interpersonal communication refers to holding forums, public open days and other activities to achieve communication between people. New media combines the advantages of mass media and interpersonal communication and has both extensiveness and accuracy. It can not only face millions or even tens of millions of audiences at the same time, but also realize one-to-one communication between communicators and audiences. The audience is not only the target object of communication, but also the main body of communication, which can help us to achieve secondary or even multiple re-communication.

Hypothesis: The two-way interaction of new media reflects its differences and advantages from traditional media has an inaccurate understanding of new media according to the above text.


Premise: The study of Management localization research in China should use the method of property research. Because the study of nature does not have a clear procedure and path to follow as quantitative research, it is complicated and time-consuming to do at the beginning, which is even more difficult for researchers who are used to quantitative research and logical empirical research.This is why some researchers give up the real study of Management localization research to do some research with a fixed research paradigm and a clearer paradigm, and publish papers more quickly. At the same time, it is a research topic that is more favored by international prison editors.

Hypothesis: The main explanation of Management localization research in China is that we should pay more attention to qualitative research.


Premise: Mario: The field of cognitive science is not a genuinely autonomous discipline since it addresses issues also addressed by the disciplines of computer science, linguistics, and psychology. A genuinely autonomous discipline has a domain of inquiry all its own. Lucy: Nonsense. You' ve always acknowledged that philosophy is a genuinely autonomous discipline and that, like most people, you think of philosophy as addressing issues also addressed by the disciplines of linguistics, mathematics, and psychology. A field of study is a genuinely autonomous discipline by virtue of its having a unique methodology rather than by virtue of its addressing issues that no other field of study addresses.

Hypothesis: Lucy responds to Mario by showing that some of Mario's beliefs are not compatible with the principle on which he bases his conclusion.


Premise: Many medical experts have suggested that excessive coffee drinking is harmful to health. In order to verify the impact of excessive coffee drinking on the heart, researchers selected two groups of subjects. The first group of subjects drank five or more cups of coffee a day, and the second group of subjects never drank coffee. After a period of time, it was found that the proportion of heart disease in the first group of subjects was significantly higher than that in the second group. Therefore, The researchers concluded that drinking too much coffee increased the risk of heart disease.

Hypothesis: Some of the subjects in the first group drank 10 cups of coffee a day, if true, questions the above argument most.


Premise: There were guests absent from Mr. Wang's birthday dinner. Mr. Wang said, at most two of Xiao Li, Lao Zhao, Xiao Pan and Lao Ma. Mrs. Wang said, honey, I think you're wrong. I think what you said is different from the actual situation.

Hypothesis: If Mrs. Wang is wrong, then everyone came except Xiao Li, Lao Zhao, Xiao Pan, and Lao Ma is not true.


Premise: A study of young children' s ability to learn foreign languages found that those with parents who read them more than one book per week in their native language were 75% more proficient in the foreign languages that they learned than children whose parents read them one book per week or less. A secondary finding of the study was that children' s ability to remember new vocabulary in a second language drops off sharply after the age of 6, when it becomes 75% more difficult to retain new words learned in the second language.

Hypothesis: Assuming the statements above are true, students who begin studying a language later in life would have had an easier time learning some aspects of that language if they had begun studying it as a young child can be inferred from them.


Premise: Environment minister: Many countries have signed an international agreement that is intended to reduce pollution in the world' s oceans. While conformity to this agreement probably would significantly reduce pollution in the world' s oceans, it would also probably reduce economic growth in our country and others. Ttherefore, our country should not sign the agreement.

Hypothesis: The principle that it is more important to maintain economic growth in one's own country than it is to reduce pollution in the world's oceans would most help to justify the environment minister's argument.


Premise: Flagpole Army Base in Oregon and Klondike Army Base in Alaska are similar bases with similar duty loads. Despite the similarities, Klondike always has had more men than Flagpole has. Clearly, each soldier at Klondike must have to perform a smaller share of the duties, and ttherefore soldiers at Klondike must have more free time than do soldiers at Flagpole.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to know whether regular furloughs from Klondike are longer than furloughs from Flagpole, to account for added travel time.


Premise: Text is the soul of calligraphy. The bookish style and artistic style of calligraphy are closely related to the humanistic spirit behind the text. Calligraphy with the absence of text is incomplete calligraphy. As for the judgment of the value of calligraphy, although it has been adjusted to a certain extent in traditional culture and modern culture, the culture of calligraphy has not been shaken at all. The art of calligraphy has always assumed the function of carrying Tao. The calligraphy classics represented by the Preface to the Collection of Orchid Pavilion and manuscripts for nephews are the products of pen and ink and rhetoric, which contain national feelings, national character and humanistic spirit, and embody the calligrapher's cultural accomplishment and artistic accomplishment.

Hypothesis: The level of art of calligraphy does not match the meaning of the above.


Premise: According to historical records, the ancient Dian Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period lasted more than 500 years, and its position in Yunnan history is quite important. The bronze culture of the ancient Dian Kingdom absorbed and integrated the cultural essence of different regions and nations. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ancient Dian Kingdom The country has mysteriously disappeared, and there is no record in history books after the Tang Dynasty. In recent years, thousands of ancient Dian bronzes have been unearthed from the Lijiashan Tombs in Jiangchuan County on the south bank of Fuxian Lake, and the Jinning Stone connected to the north bank of Fuxian Lake .The Dianwang seal was once unearthed in Zhaishan. Based on this, archaeologists speculated that the ancient underwater city of Fuxian Lake in Yunnan is the ancient Dianwang city that mysteriously disappeared.

Hypothesis: The statement 'According to archaeological conventions, there are tomb groups near the capital of the kingdom' can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Journalist: A manufacturers' trade group that has long kept its membership list secret inadvertently sent me a document listing hundreds of manufacturing companies. A representative of the trade group later confirmed that every company listed in the document does indeed belong to the trade group. Because Bruch Industries is not listed on the document, it is evidently not a member of the trade group.

Hypothesis: The journalist's reasoning is flawed because they take for granted the accuracy of a statement by a representative who had a reason to withhold information.


Premise: Intrusive thinking refers to some involuntary, recurrent and irregular disturbing thoughts that enter the individual's brain, which can cause a series of adaptive problems and induce negative emotions, including anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, intrusive thinking belongs to intrusive thinking.


Premise: In the face of heavy traffic every day, we always feel that it is disorderly. Once you see the sun, you will find that there is still group cooperation under this chaos: every car has its own goal and every driver tries to avoid traffic accidents, which is an individual behavior; when driving on the road, the car is connected from end to end, the distance is narrow but does not collide, accelerate when the distance increases, slow down when the distance is small, this is group cooperation. If you refuse to cooperate, the road will become a heap of scrap copper and scrap iron. Interestingly, this is not mainly the result of traffic police directing traffic, but the unintentional result of each driver pursuing his or her own goal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Group cooperation is a very important factor in human social life' is intended to emphasize.


Premise: To improve productivity, manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers, and the companies have laid off many workers as a consequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority (time on the job), generally the younger workers.

Hypothesis: The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production is the conclusion that is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: A business analysis of the Appenian railroad system divided its long-distance passenger routes into two categories: rural routes and interurban routes. The analysis found that, unlike the interurban routes, few rural routes carried a high enough passenger volume to be profitable. Closing unprofitable rural routes, however, will not necessarily enhance the profitability of the whole system, since__.

Hypothesis: The greatest passenger volume, relative to the routes' capacity, is not on either category of long-distance routes but is on suburban commuter routes most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Social self-organization refers to a social organization that is established spontaneously, develops independently, acts independently, has a certain scale, exists in the form of non-governmental organizations, and gradually moves from disorder to order.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, every Saturday night, young people dancing hip-hop in the square of a municipal park doesn't belong to social self-organization.


Premise: The latest research shows that drinking green tea regularly is good for the cardiovascular system.The researchers followed and studied more than 100,000 participants for seven years.Participants were divided into two groups: those who drank green tea more than three times a week (those who drank green tea more than three times a week) and those who did not drink green tea (those who never drank green tea or drank green tea less than three times a week). The researchers found that those who drank green tea had a 20% lower risk of heart disease and stroke and a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke than those who did not drink green tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The flavonols contained in green tea have the effect of preventing blood clots and platelet clumping' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: With the improvement of material life, people's spiritual pursuits have become more abundant, and the land of China has developed a collection craze. However, due to the excessive utilitarianism, the collection craze is somewhat impetuous, and it lacks a cultural soul. Recently, Beijing Several appreciation of treasures activities have been held. Experts are invited to appraise private collections. There are a lot of people who come with treasures, and very few of them can find genuine products; some people spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to buy collections that are fakes. .

Hypothesis: The statement "Appreciation of treasures activity is conducive to purifying the collection market" can be derived from this text.


Premise: TV channels are no longer scarce for people. The increasing number of TV channels gives viewers more choices. The audience's attention choice has become a scarce resource pursued by TV media.

Hypothesis: The topic of the highway investment management system with market-oriented action not worth the loss is most likely to arise from this passage.


Premise: A network refers to a system composed of many interleaved branches.

Hypothesis: Recruiting talent does not match the definition.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: The four players who can participate in the competition together are E, G, J, and M.


Premise: The development of the Internet of things, an emerging industry, is strong. In only a few years, the industrial scale of the Internet of things has shown a compound growth rate of more than 30% a year. Intellectual property rights such as patents provide strong support for the rapid rise of this sunrise industry. It is predicted that in the next few years, the global Internet of things market will grow rapidly. China's Internet of things market will reach 750 billion yuan in 2015, and the market prospect will far exceed the computer, Internet, mobile communications and other markets. From the current situation of patent applications in China, the number of core technology patents and international patent applications submitted through the Patent Cooperation Treaty is obviously insufficient. Therefore, industry experts point out that it is necessary to accelerate the patent layout of the Internet of things industry in China.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The industry of the Internet of things in China will become the pillar industry of our country in the future' does not match the meaning of this passage.


Premise: In public places, roadside excavation and other ground construction, if no safety measures such as setting up obvious warning signs are taken to cause pedestrian damage, the fault presumption liability shall apply, that is, after the pedestrian proves that the damage is caused by the behavior of the constructor, if the constructor cannot prove that he is not at fault, the constructor shall be deemed to be at fault.

Hypothesis: According to the above words, when the ground construction causes human damage, the constructor is obliged to prove that he is not at fault, and the victim is not obliged to prove that he is not at fault.


Premise: The restoration of ancient books is a very practical work, if you can not get in touch with ancient books, even if you have learned the relevant knowledge, it is difficult to improve the practical ability. Although the restoration of ancient books can be regarded as a skill, it requires literature, bibliography, and even background knowledge of science and engineering such as materials and chemistry to work better and requires a higher level of education. Libraries, museums and other recruitment units usually have high academic requirements for candidates for the restoration of ancient books, requiring bachelor's degree or above, but at present, the academic education of ancient books restoration major in our country is mainly higher vocational college education. This makes the talent needs of cultural and cultural institutions can not be met, and people with some practical skills are useless.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that cultural institutions should provide practical opportunities for ancient book restoration personnel.


Premise: the school's flood fighting rescue donation team received a large amount of unsigned donation. After searching in many ways,it can be concluded that it was donated by one of Zhao,Qian,Sun,and Li. Upon inquiry,Zhao said It was not my donation,Qian said It was donated by Li,Sun said It was donated by money,Li saidI definitely didn't donate. Finally, a detailed investigation confirmed that only one of the four people was telling the truth.

Hypothesis: Based on the above known conditions, it is true that what Li said was a lie and Li donated it.


Premise: There are four orchards A, B, C and D, in which all the fruit trees in A orchard can be found in B orchard, the fruit tree species in C orchard include all the fruit tree species in B orchard, and some fruit trees in C orchard can also be planted in D orchard.

Hypothesis: Some fruit trees in B Orchard can be found in D Orchard is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: The early universe contained only the lightest elements, hydrogen and nitrogen. Heavier elements, such as carbon, were only formed in stellar nuclear reactions and diverged when stars exploded. A layer of recently discovered nebulae contained billions of carbon. It was formed years ago, when the age of the universe was less than two billion years.

Hypothesis: There are stars before the universe was two billion years old can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: If a civilization as technologically advanced as human civilization existed on another planet and that planet were within 50 light years of Earth, that civilization would have found evidence of intelligent life on Earth and could have easily contacted us. Scientists can thus rule out the possibility of finding a civilization as technologically advanced as our own within 50 light years of Earth.

Hypothesis: A technologically advanced civilization on another planet would want to communicate with intelligent life that it detected on Earth is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Confucianism holds that it is impossible for a person to obtain happiness without virtue. Happiness in life is reflected in personal good deeds, and the process of people's continuous improvement of personal virtues is the process of pursuing happiness. In order to practice virtue, one cannot insist on the enjoyment of material life, even if it is a meal, a ladle of drink, as long as the high moral character can be cultivated, such asceticism is also happy.

Hypothesis: The relationship between virtue and happiness is the main idea of this passage.


Premise: We can make bicycles that are stronger than ordinary bicycles, and we can also make bicycles that are lighter than ordinary bicycles. Therefore, we can make bicycles that have the above two advantages at the same time.

Hypothesis: The reasoning flaw in the above argument is most similar to the statement 'Wang said it was cold outside, and Zhang said it was snowing.Therefore, it is not only cold but also snowing outside.'


Premise: Anti-political politics refers to a political attitude and a denial of totalitarian politics. The basic idea is not to regard politics as a technology of power and manipulation, nor to regard politics as a rule about controlling humans. Or useful art, but regard politics as a way to seek and realize a meaningful life.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "countries should seek common ground while reserving differences" is most suitable for anti-political politics.


Premise: For some reason, Zhang and Li are faced with the choice of two schemes of A and B. If both people choose scheme A, they will each get three unit benefits; if one person chooses scheme A and the other chooses scheme B, then those who choose scheme A will get three unit benefits, and those who choose scheme B will get five unit benefits; if both people choose scheme B, they will each get two unit benefits. Assuming that both Zhang and Li calculate and act according to the standard of maximizing their own interests, they both understand the gains and losses of the above interests, and their choices are in order.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that when Zhang chooses scheme A, Li will choose scheme B is correct.


Premise: Involuntary behavior refers to behavior that occurs due to force majeure or contrary to the subjective will of the actor.

Hypothesis: In the dark, the robbery Wang stabbed his friend to death by mistake is most consistent with involuntary behavior.


Premise: Futurist: Artists in the next century will be supported largely by private patrons. Because these patrons will almost invariably be supporters of the social order -- whatever it happens to be at the time -- art in the next century will rarely express social and political doctrines that are perceived to be subversive of that social order.

Hypothesis: The principle that artists are as prone to attack the contemporary social and political order in their work as they are to defend it provides the most support for the futurist's inference.


Premise: In the technical aspect of film performance, in fact, digital technology has replaced homologous imaging technology, and feature films constructed by computer-produced images have emerged. Computer-produced images are no longer limited to simple special effects, they make up all the montage in the film, and the main characters are all or partly computer-produced . During the release and projection of the film, the textured film rolls, the noisy sound of the projector, or the image editing table, as well as the metal boxes that flow between cinemas, are disappearing from our sight one by one and become a thing of the past.

Hypothesis: Digital technology has subverted the whole process of film production and distribution in the past is the most appropriate summary of the context.


Premise: Television allows us to transmit images of ourselves that propagate into space. The earliest of these transmissions have by now reached all of our neighboring star systems. None of these transmissions, so far as we know, has been recognized; we have yet to receive any messages of extraterrestrial origin. We must conclude that there is no extraterrestrial intelligence in any of our neighboring star systems.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument infers that there is no extraterrestrial intelligence in neighboring star systems from the lack of proof that there is.


Premise: The winter of 2020 seems to come earlier than usual. Before November, there was the first snowfall and the temperature dropped below zero in some parts of our country. According to this, the winter of 2020 will be the coldest winter in China in 60 years.

Hypothesis: According to statistics, the time of the first snowfall is not significantly related to the average temperature throughout the winter most weakens the above argument.


Premise: A national restaurant chain has launched a new pastry in some northern cities, with excellent sales and reputation, so the company's management believes that if it is launched in the south, it will also be loved by customers.

Hypothesis: It acquiesces that the sales volume and word-of-mouth information of the product in the northern market can be used to predict the southern market is the option that best points out the shortcomings of the above argument.


Premise: Habits are behaviors and tendencies that develop over a long period of time and are not easily changed.

Hypothesis: Washing your hands before meals is a habit according to the above definition.


Premise: A major breakthrough is brewing in biotechnology. In the field of agricultural genetically modified biotechnology, we have made continuous success in the use of transgenic technology, genetically modified grains, soybeans, hybrid rice and other stress-resistant, disease-resistant and high-yielding crops, and genetically modified animals. This is a major technological revolution for traditional agriculture. In the field of medical biotechnology, asexual reproduction techniques such as gene cloning, cell cloning and individual level cloning are developing rapidly. The research on stem cell cloning based on organ repair and transplantation has made positive progress, which has laid a solid foundation for the historic transformation of human beings from disease treatment to disease prevention. In the aspect of biochip, DNA chip becomes the product of the combination of biotechnology and microelectronic technology. Its application will greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection and bring hope for the faster detection of some difficult diseases.

Hypothesis: The final conquest of serious life-threatening diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, AIDS and nervous system diseases depends on the decoding of the sequence of gene structure is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: It has become a new fashion for readers to read various online novels online. Click-through novels stand out on the basis of online novels and become a new publishing mode. Works on the Internet are published because of the high click-through rate, and online authors can get royalties Income. The website earns high click-through rate because of its popularity, and publishers judge the market because of high click-through rate and popularity, and win market sales performance. In order to obtain a higher click-through rate, some professional writers even write books according to the requirements of the publisher.

Hypothesis: According to the above article, click-through novels enable Internet writers, websites and publishers to establish a win-win-win publishing model cannot be derived.


Premise: A fuel-efficient car of a certain brand is priced at 270,000 yuan, while another is priced at 170,000 yuan. According to the current gasoline price and the test data of the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of the two cars, people who buy this fuel-efficient car need to complete 300,000 kilometers to make up the price difference higher than that of buying a normal car. If the oil price rises in the future, the mileage required to make up the purchase price of the car will also increase accordingly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Arguments that use unproven assumptions as arguments' most points out the flaw in the above argument.


Premise: Bureaucrat: The primary, constant goal of an ideal bureaucracy is to define and classify all possible problems and set out regulations regarding each eventuality. Also, an ideal bureaucracy provides an appeal procedure for any complaint. If a complaint reveals an unanticipated problem, the regulations are expanded to cover the new issue, and for this reason an ideal bureaucracy will have an everexpanding system of regulations.

Hypothesis: For each problem that an ideal bureaucracy has defined and classified, the bureaucracy has received at least one complaint revealing that problem is an assumption the bureaucrat's argument requires.


Premise: Weddings can be seen, but love can't be seen; love letters can be seen, misses can't be seen, flowers can be seen, spring can't be seen; fruits can be seen, nutrition can't be seen; the action of help can be seen, caring can't be seen; blowing wind can be felt, the air is invisible; the diploma is visible, but the level is invisible. Some people have come to the conclusion that the invisible is more valuable than the visible.

Hypothesis: The option "I prefer accidental to inevitable" uses the same reasoning method as the above.


Premise: Cultural change refers to the change of the culture of an ethnic group caused by the development of the ethnic society or the contact between different ethnic groups. New things are added due to invention or borrowing, which leads to the loss of old things. It is a cultural change; Due to changes in the ecological environment and social life, some cultural factors automatically disappear even when there is no substitute, which is also a cultural change.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, following the colonization and development of the United Kingdom, English has become the official language of many Asian countries is not cultural change.


Premise: Three-year-old Sara and her playmate Michael are both ill and have the same symptoms. Since they play together every afternoon, Sara probably has the same illness as Michael does. Since Michael definitely does not have a streptococcal infection, despite his having some symptoms of one, the illness that Sara has is definitely not a streptococcal infection either.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument treats evidence that the conclusion is probably true as if that evidence establishes the certainty of the conclusion.


Premise: Analogical reasoning refers to a logical method in which two (or two types of) objects have similar or identical properties in some aspects, inferring that their properties in other aspects may also be similar or the same.

Hypothesis: The reasoning process that does not apply analogy reasoning is 'From brightly colored mushrooms are generally toxic, it can be inferred that brightly colored snakes are generally toxic.'


Premise: Social self-organization refers to a social organization that is established spontaneously, develops independently, acts independently, has a certain scale, exists in the form of non-governmental organizations, and gradually moves from disorder to order.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, dancing hip-hop in the square of a municipal park every Saturday night doesn't belong to social self-organization.


Premise: Economic considerations color every aspect of international dealings, and nations are just like individuals in that the lender sets the terms of its dealings with the borrower. That is why a nation that owes money to another nation cannot be a world leader.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the passage assumes that a nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader.


Premise: If Zhang Sheng likes photography, he will like to travel; if he doesn't like photography, he will like to drive; but if Zhang Sheng doesn't like to travel, then he will not be interested in driving.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that like photography is correct based on the information provided.


Premise: A follow-up study on the impact of fathers' diet on offspring found that men-to-be fathers were more likely to develop obesity if they became obese due to overeating before the next generation. This probability had little to do with the mother's weight, while when the father-to-be was starved and experienced the threat of hunger, his children were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. As a result, the study suggests that the diet of fathers-to-be affects the health of their offspring.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The father's nutritional status shapes the information he transmits from germ cells, which affects the physiological function of the child' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Sedimentary rock hardens within the earth' s crust as layers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One particular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago. Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earth' s crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorite' s collision with the earth raised a huge cloud of iridium-laden dust. The dust, they say, eventually settled to earth where it combined with other matter, and as new layers accumulated above it, it formed a layer of iridium-rich rock.

Hypothesis: A layer of sedimentary rock takes millions of years to harden would counter the claim that the iridium-rich layer described in the passage is evidence for the meteorite collision theory.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Jiu Shang Station is on the westernmost side can be inferred if Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Hao Yun Station and is in the east of Hao Yun Station.


Premise: The common national language refers to the language used by people of the same nationality in production, life, and exchange of thoughts and feelings and contacts with each other.

Hypothesis: Some abbreviations used by the rising Internet users nowadays is not part of the common national language.


Premise: Politician: It has been proposed that the national parks in our country be managed by private companies rather than the government. A similar privatization of the telecommunications industry has benefited consumers by allowing competition among a variety of telephone companies to improve service and force down prices. Ttherefore, the privatization of the national parks would probably benefit park visitors as well.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The privatization of the national parks would produce much less competition between different companies than did the privatization of the telecommunications industry' most weakens the politician's argument.


Premise: It is known that there are 25 classmates in a certain class. Among the girls, there is a difference of 10 cm between the tallest and the shortest, and the difference between the tallest and the shortest among boys is 15 cm. Xiao Ming believes that based on the known information, as long as you know the specific height of the tallest boy and girl, or the average height of the boy and girl, you can determine the gap between the tallest and the lowest in the class.

Hypothesis: According to the known information, even if the average height of boys and girls is known, the gap between the tallest and the lowest in the class cannot be determined best constitutes a refutation of Xiao Ming's point of view.


Premise: here are more than 130 enterprises producing infant formula in China, while there are only 4 enterprises in the United States. by contrast, the number of infants and young children who eat formula in the United States is much higher than that in China. Imagine that if only four enterprises produce formula milk powder, enterprises will cherish the value of their own brands and constantly strengthen their awareness of food safety. Any possible food safety risks will not be tolerated by the enterprises themselves. It is unthinkable to have a problem like melamine.

Hypothesis: A company is a well-known manufacturer of infant formula milk powder in the United States, and melamine was found in a certain brand of formula milk powder they produced would most weaken the above point of view.


Premise: As people's life and work gradually enter high-rise buildings, people have less exposure to daylight. It is found that sunlight is a necessary condition for the synthesis of vitamin D, and vitamin D is a key factor to promote calcium absorption. Therefore, some people have come to the conclusion that modern people are more likely to suffer from diseases such as osteoporosis caused by calcium deficiency.

Hypothesis: The statement "People with osteoporosis spend the same amount of time exposed to sunlight as others" can most question the above conclusion.


Premise: Efraim: The popular press continually advises people to avoid various health risks. Yet by seeking to avoid health risks, people inevitably become anxious, and anxiety, in turn, poses a major health risk. Thus, paradoxical as it seems, simply disregarding journalists' advice about reducing health risks is bound to pose less of a health risk than does trying to follow any such advice. Felicity: But history shows that you are wrong. It was articles in the popular press that made people aware of the health risks posed by smoking cigarettes. Many people stopped smoking in response, and they led longer and healthier lives than they would have otherwise.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Efraim and Felicity is whether people can reduce risks to their health by heeding the advice of articles in the popular press.


Premise: The physicist Hawking believes: The danger of life on earth being wiped out by a certain disaster is increasing at an unprecedented rate, such as sudden global warming, nuclear war, genetic viruses or other dangers. On this basis, Hawking believes that the earth is getting more and more not suitable for human habitation, and puts forward the viewpoint of space immigration.

Hypothesis: The dangers faced by mankind can be solved through the joint efforts of mankind can most questioned Hawking's view.


Premise: In recent years, many cabinetmakers have been winning acclaim as artists. But since furniture must be useful, cabinetmakers must exercise their craft with an eye to the practical utility of their product. For this reason, cabinetmaking is not art.

Hypothesis: An object is not an art object if its maker pays attention to the object's practical utility is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reason given for that conclusion.


Premise: A business analysis of the Appenian railroad system divided its long-distance passenger routes into two categories: rural routes and interurban routes. The analysis found that, unlike the interurban routes, few rural routes carried a high enough passenger volume to be profitable. Closing unprofitable rural routes, however, will not necessarily enhance the profitability of the whole system, since__.

Hypothesis: A large part of the passenger volume on interurban routes is accounted for by passengers who begin or end their journeys on rural routes most logically completes the passage.


Premise: The Arctic region is rich in oil. natural gas. Mineral and fishery resources, its oil and gas reserves account for a quarter of the world's undeveloped oil and gas resources. Global warming is causing the Arctic ice to melt at a rate of 9 percent every 10 years, and the route through the Arctic Ocean along Russia's northern coastline connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific can travel tens of thousands of kilometers from Asia to Europe than the Panama Canal. Therefore, the development and utilization of the Arctic will bring enormous benefits to mankind

Hypothesis: There have been many serious conflicts in the international community over the development of the Arctic, but the countries involved have calmly shelved or dealt with them in a low-key manner, if true, would weaken the above argument.


Premise: Money worship refers to the worship of money.

Hypothesis: The act of saying "I only recognize money but not people" at a meeting is money worship.


Premise: Meat from chickens contaminated with salmonella bacteria can cause serious food poisoning. Capsaicin, the chemical that gives chili peppers their hot flavor, has antibacterial properties. Chickens do not have taste receptors for capsaicin and will readily eat feed laced with capsaicin. When chickens were fed such feed and then exposed to salmonella bacteria, relatively few of them became contaminated with salmonella.

Hypothesis: In deciding whether the feed would be useful in raising salmonella-free chicken for retail sale, it would be most helpful to determine whether capsaicin can be obtained only from chili peppers.


Premise: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a sustained effect after suffering extreme catastrophic. After experiencing trauma, people have continuous, unnecessary, uncontrollable thoughts about unrelated events, a strong desire to avoid mentioning events, sleep disorders,  withdrawal from society and intense alertness anxiety disorder.

Hypothesis: Yang Yang being bitten by a dog at his neighbor Aunt Zhang's house when he was a child, and never wanting to go to their house again is not classified as post-traumatic stress disorder.


Premise: A telescopic adaptive control system can perform different control functions according to the model, quantity and sequence of system components. The control system can only be composed of several of the five components A, B, C, D and E in order from left to right, and the combination of components into the control system must comply with the following laws: (1) two or more components can form the control system, and the components of the system can be the same or different; (2) Component A cannot appear on the leftmost side of the control system; (3) If component B exists in the system, it appears more than once; (4) In the control system, C can neither be the last component nor the penultimate component; (5) As long as component a appears, component B must appear; (6) If e is the last component, component B must appear.

Hypothesis: The possible composition of the control system is DCAE.


Premise: Li Ming, Wang Bing and Jack Ma made the following predictions for stock A and stock B respectively: Li Ming: as long as stock A does not rise, stock B will not rise. Wang Bing: at least one of stock An and stock B does not rise. Jack Ma: stock A rises if and only if stock B.

Hypothesis: If all three of the predictions are true, then both stock A and stock B rose fits their predictions.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: The complete and accurate list of students going to England is M, U, and W.


Premise: One seminar had 18 participants. It is known that :(1) At least 5 young teachers are female; (2) At least 6 female teachers are over middle age; (3) At least seven young women are teachers;

Hypothesis: According to the above information, there are at least 13 female teachers can be concluded about the participants.


Premise: Advertising, cashing in the number of clicks and payment by members are the three main sources of income of the video platform at this stage. From the trend of domestic development in recent years, the payment mode of members of L video platform company is favored and sought after by domestic counterparts. From 2009 to 2018, the company's market capitalization increased about 60-fold and now stands out at $129.3 billion, making it an outstanding performer among many technology stocks. But even such a giant is now facing the pressure of membership growth, and this part of the income may not be able to fill the gap of its huge investment in the field of original content in the future.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the click-through revenue of L company is not as good as that of other domestic video websites.


Premise: City slogans should be expressed in the most concise, accurate, infectious and understanding language to dig out the unique spiritual connotation and local characteristics of the city. In other words, conciseness, incisiveness, generalization and profundity should be the most basic characteristics and requirements of drawing up a city slogan in terms of language expression. On the other hand, the city slogans drawn up by some cities in our country are too redundant and far-fetched, either in the language expression, in the characteristic orientation, or in the quality excavation, so as to give people a sense of deliberate, blind or even impetuous.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that city slogans should highlight urban characteristics.


Premise: A person summed up the legendary experience of Bill Gates and Dale and found that the secret to their success was dropping out of college.

Hypothesis: The relationship between dropping out of college and success that is believed by that person is that dropping out of college leads to the success of a person.


Premise: Green barriers refer to various measures that restrict or prohibit trade directly or indirectly adopted by some countries and international organizations to protect the ecological environment, the safety and health of humans, animals and plants through the formulation of environmental standards and regulations,A non-tariff trade barrier that affects trade.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the behavior of more than 10 tons of cotton yarn sold to Europe by a textile import and export company stopping exporting due to detection of azo dyes banned in Germany is a green barrier behavior.


Premise: A province has made great efforts to develop the tourism industry. At present, three famous scenic spots have been formed: East Lake, West Island and Nanshan. Each scenic spot has three routes: two-day tour, three-day tour and four-day tour. Li Ming, Wang Gang and Zhang Bo plan to go to the above three places for a 9-day tour. Everyone has designed their own tourism plan. Later, it was found that the three of them chose different routes for each scenic spot: Li Ming's planned number of days to the East Lake was the same as Wang Gang's planned number of days to the West Island, Li Ming's plan to Nanshan was a three-day tour, and Wang Gang's plan to Nanshan was a four-day tour.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Li Ming plans a two-day tour of the East Lake and Wang Gang plans a two-day tour of the West Island is the correct option.


Premise: For some reason, Zhang and Li are faced with the choice of two schemes of A and B. If both people choose scheme A, they will each get three unit benefits; if one person chooses scheme A and the other chooses scheme B, then those who choose scheme A will get three unit benefits, and those who choose scheme B will get five unit benefits; if both people choose scheme B, they will each get two unit benefits. Assuming that both Zhang and Li calculate and act according to the standard of maximizing their own interests, they both understand the gains and losses of the above interests, and their choices are in order.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that when Li chooses scheme A, Li will choose scheme A is correct.


Premise: Fremont: Simpson is not a viable candidate for chief executive of Pod Oil because he has no background in the oil industry. Galindo: I disagree. An oil industry background is no guarantee of success. Look no further than Pod Oil' s last chief executive, who had decades of oil industry experience but steered the company to the brink of bankruptcy.

Hypothesis: Galindo's argument is flawed because it fails to justify its presumption that Fremont's objection is based on personal bias.


Premise: Ocean is a natural extension of land through watersheds. In marine development activities, production links such as marine fishing, marine transportation, marine mineral development and marine aquaculture are jointly completed in the sea and watersheds; while the sea salt industry and seawater utilization are completed on the land. In addition, the development of modern science and technology promotes the progress of marine science and technology and the development of marine industries. At the same time, the development of marine high-tech and the emergence of new products have also promoted the scientific and technological progress of the basin and the development of related industries. Products are interactively developed through this technological extension.

Hypothesis: The development of modern technology has promoted the convergence of sea and land economy is meant to illustrate.


Premise: Perspective conversion means that people observe and think the same thing or phenomenon from different angles to gain new understanding.

Hypothesis: Mount Lu's mountains rise and fall from the front and from the side, and seen from afar, up close, high and low, Mount Lu takes on a variety of forms best illustrates the perspective conversion.


Premise: The construction of rural community is still in the exploratory stage. The village to residence is not only a concrete manifestation of the development of urbanization, but also an inevitable requirement for the extension of public services to rural communities and allowing farmers to share the fruits of reform and development. For a long time, the urban-rural dual structure has led to the separation and development of cities and rural areas, the development of rural areas lags behind and the capacity of public services is weak. The village to residence in the tide of urbanization, It is necessary to break the institutional barriers of the separation of urban and rural areas, so that farmers can enjoy the same social security and public services as urban people according to local conditions. The level of economic development is different everywhere, and farmers have different requirements for public services, which determines the path of village to residence, the types of public services and the security level of rural communities must be different from village to village.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis is that the key to the smooth promotion of village to residence lies in adjusting measures to local conditions.


Premise: After investigating the sports activities that students in a class like, it is found that students in this class either like playing basketball or badminton. If you like playing volleyball, you don't like playing badminton. The monitor of the class likes playing volleyball, so he also likes playing table tennis.

Hypothesis: The most likely assumption of the above argument is that the students in this class only like basketball, badminton, volleyball and table tennis.


Premise: Biologists agree that human beings evolved from a fish, but they disagree about which species of fish. Since biologists agree that frogs are definitely related to the species of fish from which human beings evolved, on the basis of a close match between the mitochondrial DNA of lungfish and that of frogs Dr. Stevens-Hoyt claims that this ancestor must be lungfish. Dr. Grover, on the other hand, contends that mitochondrial DNA evolves too rapidly to be a reliable indicator of relationships between species over long periods of time, and citing the close chemical match between the hemoglobin of coelacanths (a saltwater fish) and that of tadpoles, claims that human beings must be descended from coelacanths.

Hypothesis: It is an assumption that both parties to the dispute use as a starting point for their arguments about human evolution accurately describes the role played in the dispute above by the proposition that frogs are definitely related to the species of fish from which human beings evolved.


Premise: A study shows that if the mass of a neutron star exceeds 3.22 times the mass of the sun, neutrons cannot compete with their own gravity, resulting in neutron collapse.

Hypothesis: The view that no matter in nature can support the gravity caused by matter more than 3.22 times the mass of the sun supports the above inference strongly.


Premise: If it is said that the painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the vulgar side of life in the Song Dynasty, Xiyuan Ya Collection is the symbol of elegance. Xiyuan Ya Ji, which was widely told in the Northern Song Dynasty, showed the banquet scenes of many literati at that time. Su Shi, Li Gonglin and Mi Fu gathered together to recite poems and lyrics, or to caress the piano and sing, or to meditate and ask Zen, forming a literati circle with Su Shi as the center. The painter Li Gonglin depicts the elegant collection in a realistic way, with a preface to rice, saying, the gurgling of water and stone, the swallowing of wind and bamboo, the square curl of furnace smoke, and the self-sweetness of vegetation. The joy of emptiness in the world, but so much. Xiyuan Ya Collection is a classic motif in the history of ancient painting, and many future generations of painters have copies or imitations, which is also a continuation of the spirit of the Song Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is explaining the literati's interest and spiritual value in the Xiyuan Ya Collection.


Premise: At present, many colleges and universities stipulate that graduate students must publish a certain number of academic articles before graduation, which are linked to the qualifications for obtaining a degree. The university believes that the publication of papers by graduate students during their study will help to improve their academic level and enhance their academic ability, which can not only achieve the goal of personnel training, but also expand the popularity of the school. However, recently, a university has cancelled the requirement that the publication of graduate papers is linked to the qualification of degrees, which has been recognized by many graduate mentors. They believe that this rule is more conducive to the cultivation of the academic ability of graduate students in the university.

Hypothesis: The statement "Many tutors in the school guide a number of graduate students and need to spend a lot of time revising students' submitted papers" can best support the views of the above graduate mentors.


Premise: Poetry must not only stay in the paper media, but should make full use of the stage, film and television and other platforms, so that it can be accepted by the people and maintain long-term vitality. Many excellent poetry works are highly artistic. In the process of going to the stage and film and television, they incorporate the performers' understanding and feelings, and carry out the second artistic creation of poetry, supplemented by sound, optoelectronics and other forms of modern art expression. it greatly improves the appreciation of poetry.

Hypothesis: The correct answer is that the popularization of poetry needs the help of stage, film and television and other art forms loved by the people.


Premise: In the technical aspect of film performance, in fact, digital technology has replaced homologous imaging technology, and feature films constructed by computer-produced images have emerged. Computer-produced images are no longer limited to simple special effects, they make up all the montage in the film, and the main characters are all or partly computer-produced . During the release and projection of the film, the textured film rolls, the noisy sound of the projector, or the image editing table, as well as the metal boxes that flow between cinemas, are disappearing from our sight one by one and become a thing of the past.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the context is that Homologous imaging technology has become history at the technical level of filmmaking.


Premise: Rationalization: it refers to the phenomenon that people will come up with various reasons to forgive themselves or justify their failure after setbacks.

Hypothesis: Xiao Hong said to accompany her classmates to the hospital, because she was questioned by her parents after returning home late does not belong to this category.


Premise: M University student Xiao Duan suddenly became seriously ill, and a classmate secretly donated money to help. After Xiao Duan turned from crisis to safety, he wanted to know who made the donation. He asked five students and got the following answers: (1) Either A donated or B donated; (2) If A donated, then C also donated; (3) If B did not donate, then D donated; (4) Neither A nor B donated. In fact, only one sentence of the five students'answers was yes fake.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that D donated based on this.


Premise: Political analyst: Several years ago, McFarlane, the military dictator, had Brooks, the former prime minister, arrested on charges of corruption. After years of negotiation, McFarlane has pardoned Brooks, and she has agreed to join his government. Almost all of McFarlane' s supporters believe that Brooks is guilty of corruption. Moreover, almost all of McFarlane' s opponents will oppose anyone who agrees to join his government. So Brooks will have few supporters in this country.

Hypothesis: The political analyst's argument depends on the assumption that Brooks's joining McFarlane's government inappropriately gives that government a semblance of legitimacy.


Premise: Large deposits of the rare mineral nahcolite formed in salty lakes 50 million to 52 million years ago during the Eocene epoch. Laboratory tests found that, in salty water, nahcolite can form only when the atmosphere contains at least 1, 125 parts per million of carbon dioxide.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The atmosphere contained at least 1, 125 parts per million of carbon dioxide during at least some part of the Eocene epoch' most strongly supports the given information.


Premise: The flow compression device and the electron injector convert the pulse high voltage into an electron beam. The high-intensity electromagnetic field accelerates it in a long electron gun and ejects it into the current-collecting accelerator through the electron nozzle as a medium for forming and accelerating protons.

Hypothesis: Electron beam is correct about what it refers to.


Premise: In the country of Marut, the Foreign Trade Agency' s records were reviewed in 1994 in light of information then newly available about neighboring Goro. The review revealed that in every year since 1963, the agency' s projection of what Goro' s gross national product(GNP) would be five years later was a serious underestimate. The review also revealed that in every year since 1963, the agency estimated Goro' s GNP for the previous year--a Goro state secret--very accurately.

Hypothesis: The claim that 'Even before the new information came to light, the agency had reason to think that at least some of the five-year projections it had made were inaccurate' is most strongly supported by the statement given.


Premise: Libel is defined as damaging the reputation of someone by making false statements. Ironically, strong laws against libel can make it impossible for anyone in the public eye to have a good reputation. For the result of strong libel laws is that, for fear of lawsuits, no one will say anything bad about public figures.

Hypothesis: The principle 'In countries with strong libel laws, people make negative statements about public figures only when such statements can be proved' most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Homeowners aged 40 to 50 are more likely to purchase ice cream and are more likely to purchase it in larger amounts than are members of any other demographic group. The popular belief that teenagers eat more ice cream than adults must, ttherefore, be false.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed primarily because the author fails to distinguish between purchasing and consuming.


Premise: The crime of assembling a crowd to robbery refers to the act of gathering a crowd to rob public and private property for the purpose of illegal possession, in a large amount or with other serious circumstances.

Hypothesis: Must snatch gold and silver jewelry is not a conviction element.


Premise: For listed companies, only companies with dividend-sharing can issue new shares. However, if a business has dividend-sharing, it does not need capital. If it needs financing, there is no way to dividend-sharing.

Hypothesis: A listed company does not need financing, it will definitely dividend-sharing cannot be true if the above statements are true.


Premise: In yesterday' s council election a majority of voters supported conservative candidates, and a majority of voters supported candidates who voted in favor of the antipollution act. Ttherefore, it must be that a majority of voters in yesterday' s council election supported conservative candidates who voted in favor of the antipollution act.

Hypothesis: An argument that contains flawed reasoning most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above is: According to Sara, most children like pies. According to Robert, most children like blueberries. So if Sara and Robert are both right, it must be that most children like pies that contain blueberries.


Premise: A telescopic adaptive control system can perform different control functions according to the model, quantity and sequence of system components. The control system can only be composed of several of the five components A, B, C, D and E in order from left to right, and the combination of components into the control system must comply with the following laws: (1) two or more components can form the control system, and the components of the system can be the same or different; (2) Component A cannot appear on the leftmost side of the control system; (3) If component B exists in the system, it appears more than once; (4) In the control system, C can neither be the last component nor the penultimate component; (5) As long as component a appears, component B must appear; (6) If e is the last component, component B must appear.

Hypothesis: The possible composition of the control system is CBBE.


Premise: I don't know who ate the cake on the table. Here are the answers of the four people in the room. A said, B ate it. B said, d ate it. C said, I didn't eat it. d said, B was lying. only one of the four said the truth,

Hypothesis: It can be judged from this that D told the truth and C ate it.


Premise: In a group,  thumb a lift refers to the phenomenon that individuals benefit from other members of the group without doing anything. The sucker effect refers to the phenomenon that when individuals find that some members of the group enjoy free riding, individuals will reduce their efforts, that is, individuals prefer to reduce their efforts and bear the consequences of reduced returns, rather than become a sucker and be thumb a lift by others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Jiang's lack of initiative in designing posters and picture books for the academic forum of the whole university belongs to the straw effect.


Premise: Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers. Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Young male bowerbirds are inept at bowerbuilding and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style' would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers.


Premise: The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier. In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word VOID appears on the check.

Hypothesis: A questionable assumption of the plan is that the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification.


Premise: Someone wrote in a letter: I saw platypus eggs in Manchester a few years ago, so I ignorantly laughed at the stupid view that mammals lay eggs, and it is finally confirmed.

Hypothesis: It can be seen from the letter that the writer wrongly believed that platypus can't lay eggs.


Premise: In a sense, pilot tour guides practice freely, build a unified reservation platform for tour guides with the help of Internet technology, and let tour guides and consumers make a two-way choice under a transparent mechanism, which is conducive to the symmetry of information between the two sides. so that the market pricing tends to be more scientific and reasonable. The tour guide is no longer restricted by the profit target of the travel agency, and can rely on his real ability to eat. This can not only effectively contain the chaos related to the tourism market, but also help to return the value of tour guides to the services they provide. In this way, will the real improvement of domestic tourism ecology be far away?

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the free practice of tour guides is conducive to curbing chaos in the tourism market.


Premise: A charitable foundation received an unsigned donation. After investigation, it was learned that it was donated by Lin Chuan, Wu Fei, Zheng Fu and one of Guo Bo. When asked, Lin Chuan said, I didn't donate, Zheng Fu said: it was donated by Wu Fei, Wu Fei said: it was donated by Guo Bo, and Guo Bo said: it wasn't donated by me.

Hypothesis: Lin Chuan lied and donated it is true if only one of the four speaks the truth.


Premise: While studying Williams syndrome, Canadian scientists accidentally found that people with musical and mathematical talents are actually caused by genetic disorders and that the same genetic disorder may also lead to mental illness such as schizophrenia. Most children born with Williams syndrome misarrange 20 genes on chromosome 7. This happens to one out of every 20,000 people in the world.

Hypothesis: The significance of chromosome 7 to human beings is most likely to be highlighted by the author next.


Premise: On average, the number of speeding tickets issued in County X every year is three times greater than the number of speeding tickets issued in County Y during the same period. Ttherefore, the number of people who exceed the speed limit must be higher in County X than in County Y.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to take into account that a single driver can receive more than one ticket in a given year describes a flaw in the reasoning above.


Premise: Printwell' s Ink Jet Division manufactures ink-jet printers and the ink cartridges they use. Sales of its ink-jet printers have increased. Monthly revenues from those sales, however, have not increased, because competition has forced Printwell to cut the prices of its printers. Unfortunately, Printwell has been unable to bring down the cost of manufacturing a printer. Thus, despite the increase in printer sales, the Ink Jet Division must be contributing less to the company' s profits than it used to.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Unlike some competing companies, Printwell sells all of its printers through retailers, and these retailers' costs account for a sizable proportion of the printers' ultimate retail price' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Should our intellectuals, like Jacobs, come forward to teach the truth to power and bravely shoulder the social responsibility of intellectuals?

Hypothesis: The option "Our intellectuals lack the courage to bear the corresponding social responsibility" cannot be inferred from the passage.


Premise: Teacher Wu, Teacher Zhang, Teacher Sun, and Teacher Su are all teachers in a certain school, and each only teaches one course in Chinese, biology, physics, and chemistry. Known: ①If Mr. Wu teaches Chinese, then Mr. Zhang does not teach students ②Or Mr. Sun teaches Chinese, or Mr. Wu teaches Chinese ③If Mr. Zhang does not teach biology, then Mrs. Su also does not teach physics ④Or Mrs. Wu does not teach chemistry, Or Mr. Su teaches physics

Hypothesis: If Teacher Su does not teach physics, then it can be deduced that Teacher Sun teaches Chinese.


Premise: The latest report by an international paleontology research team stated that the southern tortoises that lived in South Africa 280 million years ago are the ancestors of modern tortoises, and they survived large-scale species extinction events from the Permian to Triassic. At that time, In order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they work hard to digging holes. At the same time, to ensure that the forelimb digging action is strong enough, the body needs a stable support, which leads to the continuous widening of the ribs. It can be seen that the tortoise has a shell to adapt to the environment, not for protection, but to digging holes in the ground.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that the tortoise shell evolved from the tortoise's ribs gradually widening.


Premise: Every fall Croton' s jays migrate south. The jays always join flocks of migrating crookbeaks with which they share the same summer and winter territories. If a jay becomes separated from the crookbeaks it is accompanying, it wanders until it comes across another flock of crookbeaks. Clearly, ttherefore, Croton' s jays lack the navigational ability to find their way south on their own.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the spring, Croton's jays migrate north in the company of Tattersall warblers' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Over the past 100 years, the debate over the correctness of Darwin's theory of evolution has never stopped. The emerging scientific facts not only make up for the missing links that Darwin did not find in those years, but also test the prediction ability of Darwin's theory of evolution. For example, the fossil tiktalik fish found in Canada in 2004 reveals the evolution from fish (fins) to terrestrial animals (legs). The transition state between is recognized as an excellent example of germline gradual change theory. Of course, Darwin's theory of evolution is not perfect, and it does have falsifiability. Taking the theory of natural selection as an example, it was strongly challenged at the beginning of the establishment of Mendelian genetics. However, all kinds of new evidence that cannot be simply explained by the theory of natural selection eventually expanded people's understanding of the dynamics and mechanism of evolution, rather than abandoning the theory.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above text is to show that Darwin's theory of evolution is falsifiable, taking the challenge of Mendelian genetics to the theory of natural selection as an example.


Premise: According to the continental drift hypothesis, many separate continents were now part of a large land mass in prehistoric times. The land began to break up because of the movement of the earth's crust. From this theory, it can be inferred that the east coast of South America was originally connected to the west coast of Africa.

Hypothesis: The language used by the ancient tribes living in South America is very similar to that used by some tribes in West Africa best supports the above conjecture.


Premise: Execution in criminal procedure: refers to various activities carried out by the people's court to deliver legally effective judgments and orders to the executing organ, implement their determined contents, and deal with litigation problems in litigation.

Hypothesis: C prison accepts a group of criminal criminals sentenced by a city court and carries out prison education conforms to executed in criminal proceedings according to the above definition.


Premise: The desire for praise is the desire to obtain, as a sign that one is good, the favorable opinions of others. But because people merit praise only for those actions motivated by a desire to help others, it follows that one who aids others primarily out of a desire for praise does not deserve praise for that aid.

Hypothesis: An action that is motivated by a desire for the favorable opinion of others cannot also be motivated by a desire to help others, if assumed, enables the conclusion of the argument to be properly drawn.


Premise: To prevent a newly built dam on the Chiff River from blocking the route of fish migrating to breeding grounds upstream, the dam includes a fish pass, a mechanism designed to allow fish through the dam. Before the construction of the dam and fish pass, several thousand fish a day swam upriver during spawning season. But in the first season after the project's completion, only 300 per day made the journey. Clearly, the fish pass is defective.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The construction of the dam stirred up potentially toxic river sediments that were carried downstream' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: City council member: Demand for electricity has been increasing by 1. 5 percent a year, and there simply is no more space to build additional power plants to meet future demand increases. We must ttherefore begin to curtail usage, which is why I propose passing ordinances requiring energy-conservation measures in all city departments.

Hypothesis: The city council member's proposal assumes that city departments that successfully conserve energy will set a good example for residential and industrial consumers of electricity.


Premise: Declarative knowledge is knowledge about what is the world, which can be stated directly, and the required psychological process mainly is the memory. Proceduralknowledge is knowledge about how to do, which cannot be stated directly, but can only be inferred through a certain form to predict its existence.

Hypothesis: The capital of the United States is Washington is declarative knowledge, and addition and subtraction operation requires procedural knowledge is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: Archimedes will be remembered forever, and the playwright Aeschylus will be forgotten, because language will die and mathematical ideas will not die.

Hypothesis: This argument may imply that Aeschylus is not a good writer, except for the following premises.


Premise: Twenty years ago, Balzania put in place regulations requiring operators of surface mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being reclaimed today is only four dollars per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half what it cost to reclaim surface mines in the years immediately after the regulations took effect.

Hypothesis: Mine operators have generally ceased surface mining in the mountainous areas of Balzania because reclamation costs per ton of coal produced are particularly high for mines in such areas most helps to account for the drop in reclamation costs described.


Premise: When a star in the entertainment industry was accused of evading personal income tax, she defended herself: over the years, I have paid millions of yuan in personal income tax, which is more than my cousin's state-owned machinery factory. Is this also a sin?

Hypothesis: The attributes of a part are usually not owned by the whole made up of it is a correct description of the flaws in the above defense.


Premise: The winter of 2020 seems to come earlier than usual. Before November, there was the first snowfall and the temperature dropped below zero in some parts of our country. According to this, the winter of 2020 will be the coldest winter in China in 60 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Under the condition of global warming, the average temperature in winter in China has shown an upward trend in recent years' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Referring to the photos of the US military abusing prisoners, someone said: if you don't want to be caught on the spot doing something stupid, you don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: If you are caught doing something stupid on the spot, you will admit your bad luck has a different meaning from the above sentence.


Premise: Almost all mathematicians are like this: they can identify correct proofs and the invalidity of incorrect proofs, although they cannot define the exact meaning of a proof.

Hypothesis: Some mathematicians do not recognize correct proofs, but they can recognize incorrect proofs must be true.


Premise: At any given time, approximately fifteen percent of all homes in Florida are on the market. In Texas, however, only seven percent of all homes are on the market at any given time. Ttherefore, one will have a wider selection of homes to choose from if one looks for a home in Florida rather than in Texas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The total number of homes in Florida is three times greater than the total number in Texas' would most strongly strengthen the argument above.


Premise: It is crucially important to farmers that the herbicides they use to control weeds do not damage their crops. One very effective herbicide is safe for corn, but soybeans are damaged even by the herbicide' s residue, which remains in the soil more than a year after the herbicide is applied. Soybeans and corn are not sown together in the same field; nevertheless, most farmers are reluctant to use the herbicide on their corn.

Hypothesis: The statement 'To maintain the nutrients in the soil, corn and soybeans are often planted in a field in alternate years' provides the strongest justification for the farmers' reluctance.


Premise: Thoroughbred horse racing is an expensive commodity. A disease caused by genetic defects threatens thoroughbred horses, ranging from loss of racing ability to paralysis and even death. Therefore, horse breeders believe that once such defects are found, horse breeding should be stopped. This view is one-sided. Because generally speaking, this disease can be controlled through diet and medical treatment. In addition, horses with such genetic defects are often particularly beautiful, which is what equestrian performances pay special attention to.

Hypothesis: The breeding of horses with genetic defects should not be absolutely prohibited most accurately summarizes the conclusion to be demonstrated by the title stem.


Premise: While biodiversity is indispensable to the survival of life on Earth, biodiversity does not require the survival of every currently existing species. For there to be life on Earth, various ecological niches must be filled; many niches, however, can be filled by more than one species.

Hypothesis: The statement that "biodiversity does not require that all existing species continue to exist" most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the argument.


Premise: If a court juror is too professional, he may lose the normal vision of an ordinary person due to a strong professional perspective. The law is formulated for ordinary people, and it needs ordinary people to obey it to be effective. Similarly, the judicial process also needs ordinary people. Institutionalized participation.

Hypothesis: The text addresses the question of how the law can be effectively complied with.


Premise: Consumption lag refers to the average consumption level that personal consumption lags behind the national economic development and personal household income. Consumption ahead means that the current income level is not enough to buy the products or services needed now, in the form of loans, installments, advances and other forms of consumption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, college student Li buying a well-known brand computer through a loan platform belongs to consumption ahead.


Premise: Recently, researchers have found that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the infected site. This is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, which binds to integrins and promotes T lymphocytes to adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate migration to the site of infection, they explained.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Not only fever, but also other stress can induce the expression of Hsp90 in T lymphocytes' does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert ttherefore recommends that the <b> watch commander' s approval should no longer be required </b> since the officers' time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. <b> This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous </b>, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders' standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

Hypothesis: The first is a recommendation made by the editorial and the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.


Premise: In a sense, pilot tour guides practice freely, build a unified reservation platform for tour guides with the help of Internet technology, and let tour guides and consumers make a two-way choice under a transparent mechanism, which is conducive to the symmetry of information between the two sides. so that the market pricing tends to be more scientific and reasonable. The tour guide is no longer restricted by the profit target of the travel agency, and can rely on his real ability to eat. This can not only effectively contain the chaos related to the tourism market, but also help to return the value of tour guides to the services they provide. In this way, will the real improvement of domestic tourism ecology be far away?

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the free practice of tour guides is conducive to improving the domestic tourism ecology.


Premise: Film historians often find it difficult to determine typical audience members' responses to particular films, especially those from the early twentieth century. Box office figures help little, for they indicate only a film' s financial success or failure; they do not show what audiences found funny, or frightening, or moving. These historians also find that newspaper and magazine reviews fail to provide much insight.

Hypothesis: The statement that films from the early part of the twentieth century were not usually reviewed in newspapers or magazines is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: In a town containing a tourist attraction, hotel and restaurant revenues each increased more rapidly over the past year than did revenue from the sale of passes to the attraction, which are valid for a full year. This led those in charge of the attraction to hypothesize that visitors were illicitly selling or sharing the passes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those possessing passes made more frequent trips to the attraction last year than in previous years' does not help to undermine the hypothesis of those in charge of the tourist attraction.


Premise: Nutrition bowl is generally used to grow cotton seedlings in southern China. However, the use of nutrient bowl to raise cotton seedlings often encounters the problem of grass damage, which seriously inhibits the growth and development of cotton seedlings. Grass damage is only caused by one of the following two reasons: first, the newly selected seedling bed is too late to plough, leaving the residual weeds to reproduce; Second, the fertilizer that is not completely decomposed is applied, and the weed seeds are brought into the seedbed to make them reproduce rapidly. Therefore, to apply herbicides after cotton sowing and before emergence, you can choose lasso emulsion or dur emulsion, which can effectively prevent the harm of weeds.

Hypothesis: The use of cotton nutrition bowl will not encounter grass damage can be inferred if there is no effect of weed propagation.


Premise: For a long time, because China pursues a defensive national defense policy, the division of war zone space is basically based on local and offshore defense according to the border guard model.The tentacles of military strategists seldom extend beyond the territory, but the development crisis facing our country in the future will be far greater than the survival crisis. In order to meet the new requirements of safeguarding national security and development interests, we should bring the surrounding overseas and new security areas into the scope of the war zone strategy and further expand the theater mission functions.Don't be more outward-oriented and open-minded! In particular, with the development of multipolarization globalization and informatization, the traditional national security field has expanded to space network information electromagnetism and other fields. In the future, the strategic scope of the war zone should be further extended to space, that is, near space, so as to form a strong multi-dimensional three-dimensional war zone space situation.

Hypothesis: The practice of our country that this paragraph is intended to indicate is the economic strategy of the national defense theater should conform to the requirements of the times.


Premise: As a representative of high technology content, intelligence and industrial concentration in the manufacturing industry, the automobile industry has become the first position of industry 4.0 in Germany. If China's automobile manufacturing industry, which has been in the 2.0 industrial thinking for a long time, wants to occupy a place in the world, it is essential to carry out technological innovation and reform and experienced senior talents. And high salary and welfare have become the magic weapon to attract talents.

Hypothesis: Without technological reform, China's automobile manufacturing industry cannot occupy a place in the world can be inferred.


Premise: The paddy field is not only a rice planting area, but also a farm where the rice is perfumed and the fish is fat and shrimp is strong. Traditional dwarf rice is densely planted because of the pursuit of maximum yield. In addition, the plant stalk is short and the space in the paddy field is narrow, resulting in poor air circulation and reduced effective oxygen content in the water. The high-stalk rice has a tall plant type, luxuriant leaves and a high canopy, and the plant spacing is relatively sparse, which can provide a good habitat for rice field animals such as frogs, fish and loach, and has the advantage of being suitable for the combination of planting and breeding. The problem of insufficient air convection and insufficient space above the paddy field caused by too dense plants. Compared with the current common paddy field comprehensive planting and breeding model, the economic benefits of this model are significantly improved, which will greatly enhance the enthusiasm of farmers for planting.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to illustrate the cultivation of high stalk rice, which provides a good habitat for animals raised in paddy fields.


Premise: In the development of society and daily life, the decisions of enterprises and families are not only affected by visible costs, but also restricted by a variety of accounting books, but actually occupy the hidden costs of relevant manpower and material resources. Invisible cost, like dark matter, is difficult to observe, but its size and trend can be inferred from its impact on related economic activities. From the perspective of social development, if policy makers want to comprehensively reduce the cost of economic activities and reduce the burden on enterprises and families, in addition to giving concessions in visible costs such as taxes and fees, reducing hidden costs is also a very important part.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'The key to decision-making is cost reduction.'


Premise: Administrative Emergency: it refers to the system that the state administrative organ exercises emergency functions and powers to control and deal with public emergencies.

Hypothesis: Public access offices shall take measures against individual visitors who disturb its office order does not belong to Administrative Emergency according to the above definition.


Premise: Zhang Ming, Li Ying, Wang Jia and Chen Rui work in a team. They come from Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian and Shandong provinces. Each of them can speak only one dialect of their native place. It is known that Fujian people can speak Minnan dialect, Shandong people have the highest academic qualifications, and they can speak Central Plains Mandarin. Wang Jia is less educated than Fujian people. Li Ying speaks Huizhou dialect and works with classmates from Jiangsu. Chen Rui doesn't understand Minnan dialect.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Zhang Ming can speak Minnan dialect can be inferred.


Premise: Tent Theory: the capacity of a tent depends not only on the area of the tent, but also on the height of the bamboo poles that support it. The higher the bamboo pole, the bigger the tent capacity. It is a metaphor for using core competence to drive other factors and finally gain competitive advantage.

Hypothesis: In a football match held by a municipal agency, the second team of the agency unexpectedly defeated the first team of the agency with two former provincial team players and won the championship does not conform to the tent theory.


Premise: Politician: The level of violence in the United States is higher than that in every other industrialized country. Some people attribute this entirely to a lenient judicial system, but this cannot be right, for the judicial systems in many other industrialized countries are just as lenient.

Hypothesis: The politician's argument attempts to undermine the explanation by arguing that the purported fact it is intended to explain is actually untrue.


Premise: A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly easing congestion on the province' s highways and were willing to help pay for the expansion through an increase in their taxes. Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing congestion, because __.

Hypothesis: The statement "of the less than 20 percent of residents not counted as favoring the expansion, about half claimed to have no opinion one way or the other" most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Neutrino is a kind of basic particle, which plays a very important role in the macro origin and evolution of the universe. Because it has no mass and no charge, and the interaction with other substances is extremely weak, the motion trajectory of neutrino will not change. Those neutrinos from the distant universe, from the edge of black holes or from the birthplace of cosmic rays can tell human beings where sources are and can even help us explore the black hole.

Hypothesis: The best title for this paragraph is "Untouchable: invisible neutrinos."


Premise: Road rage means driving in a rage, changing lanes randomly, overtaking another car, etc, a kind of mental illness called intermittent, fulminant disorder (IED). studies have found that the proportion of IED patients who test positive for Toxoplasma gondii is twice that of the non-IED group. Researchers believe that Toxoplasma gondii infection may be the culprit leading to IED including road rage.

Hypothesis: Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite found in cats, but cats are tame docile does not support the researchers point of view.


Premise: The primary task of a university is to educate. But to teach well, professors must be informed about new developments in their disciplines, and that requires research. Yet many universities cannot afford to support faculty research adequately. So a lack of funds for research adversely affects the degree to which a university can fulfill its central mission.

Hypothesis: Lack of funds for research reduces the quality of education a university provides is the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: The evaluation of a scientific work can not be simply reduced to the size of a number, and no number can replace peer review and the specific analysis and historical test of the scientific significance of the work; A good evaluation index can provide more accurate information and make the corresponding evaluation more objective and fair.

Hypothesis: The key to evaluating scientific work is to establish a scientific evaluation index system.


Premise: Referring to the photos of the US military abusing prisoners, someone said: if you don't want to be caught on the spot doing something stupid, you don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: If you are caught doing something stupid on the spot, you will admit your bad luck has a different meaning from the above sentence.


Premise: Not long ago, there were many people type typography, morning paper sending and mechanical typing, and some people were skilled in these occupations. Today, these occupations have disappeared from society. Due to the development of genetic technology, it may help Mankind solves the problem of myopia, a few years later, today's very prosperous glasses industry may also tend to disappear.

Hypothesis: Lifelong education is the general trend of future education development can be derived from the information provided.


Premise: Psychologists have found that candidates for top political offices who blink excessively during televised debates are judged by viewers to have done less well than competing candidates who exhibit average blink rates. Any impact this phenomenon has on election results is surely deleterious: Many features -- knowledgeableness, confidence, and so forth -- contribute to a political official' s ability to perform well in office, but having an average blink rate is certainly not such a feature.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Voters' judgments about candidates' debate performances rarely affect the results of national elections' most weakens the argument.


Premise: The psychological pressure of lying can lead to some physical changes, according to an expert from the Ministry of Public Security. With the help of the lie detector, the physiological representation of the liar can be measured, so that the lie detection result is reliable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All kinds of psychological stress can lead to similar physiological representations' weakens the above argument most strongly.