Premise: In recent years, there has been a popular argument in western public opinion that huge demand from China has led to soaring prices of raw materials such as oil, grain, steel and so on.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Between July and September this year, demand from China was still growing, but the price of oil on the international market plummeted by nearly 1/3' can raise the greatest challenge to the above argument.


Premise: In the past year Harborville has had an unusually high rate of new cases of a certain disease. An investigation revealed that over the past five years Harborville' s public water supply has had a high level of pollutants. Medical researchers have hypothesized that Harborville' s water is responsible for the high rate of new cases of the disease.

Hypothesis: Some of the people with newly diagnosed cases of the disease began to develop the disease before Harborville's water became polluted does not provide additional support for the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: Biometrics refers to the way people use computers and optics, acoustics, high-tech tools such as biosensors and biostatistics combine and use the body's inherent physiological features (such as veins, faces, irises, fingerprints, etc.) and behavioral features (such as handwriting, voice, gait, etc.) to determine the identity of the individual.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, a secret-related place setting up strict access control where people can enter only after the password is correctly entered and the name of the staff member with access rights is handwritten on the resistance screen is most likely to use biometrics.


Premise: The content of the law of exclusion is that in the same thinking process, two contradictory thoughts for the same object must be true and not false at the same time. The content of the law of contradiction is: in the same thinking process, any thought They cannot conflict with each other, and they cannot affirm a thought and negate it at the same time; because a thought and its negation cannot be both true at the same time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, they think that socialist consciousness should not be instilled into the minds of young people, but they think that it is wrong to deny this statement violates the law of exclusion.


Premise: Citizen: Our legislators need to act quickly to counter the effects of the recession, especially the present level of unemployment, which is the highest ever. We urgently need a major tax cut for our upper-income citizens. There would then be a correspondingly large increase in investment that would create new jobs. If this measure is not taken, investment will not grow.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the greater the tax cut given to a group of people, the more likely it is that members of that group will invest the money is required for the citizen's argument.


Premise: Mutual respect is the basis of mutual understanding, and mutual understanding is the premise of mutual trust. In the interaction between people, self-respect and self-confidence are also very important. No one respects people who have no self-respect. No one trusts anyone he doesn't respect.

Hypothesis: People who do not respect themselves are not trusted by anyone can be drawn from the above statement.


Premise: In recent years, the number of Sichuan restaurants in big cities in China is increasing. This shows that more people choose to go to restaurants instead of entertaining guests at home.

Hypothesis: Sichuan restaurants are more popular than other restaurants in big cities all over the country must be true in order for the above conclusion to be true.


Premise: Dietitian: Many diet-conscious consumers are excited about new fake fat products designed to give food the flavor and consistency of fatty foods, yet without fat' s harmful effects. Consumers who expect the new fat substitute to help them lose weight arc likely to be disappointed, however. Research has shown that when people knowingly or unknowingly eat foods containing fake fat, they tend to take in at least as many additional calories as are saved by eating fake fat.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the dietitian's argument is that people tend to take in a certain number of daily calories, no matter what types of food they eat.


Premise: The slogan at the entrance of a forest farm clearly reads, No destruction of forests! Violators will be fined! One day, a nearby villager Yang went to the forest farm to cut down a tree and was waiting to be transported down the mountain by the forest ranger. Zhang found that Zhang not only criticized Yang, but also asked for a fine on Yang. Yang was dissatisfied with the fierce debate between the two sides. Yang said, I cut down a tree, not a forest, you should not fine me.

Hypothesis: Zhang's logical rebuttal is that those who destroy the forest will be fined. A tree you cut is also a forest.


Premise: There is a very complex relationship between genes, traits and diseases. the most primitive way to decipher this relationship is the gene linkage analysis established in the middle of the last century: by comparing the similarities and differences of chromosome bands or genetic markers of different members of families affected by genetic diseases, locate disease-causing genes on chromosomes. This method has made a lot of achievements in the study of single-gene genetic diseases, but its disadvantage is that the resolution is limited, so it is difficult to accurately locate a single gene.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that there are obvious defects in the method of gene linkage analysis.


Premise: Alissa: If, as the mayor says, the city can no longer continue to fund both the children' s museum and local children' s television programming, then it should cease funding the television programming. The interactive character of the exhibits at the museum makes for a richer educational experience than watching television, which is largely passive. Greta: We should stop funding the museum, not the television programming, because, as the mayor has also pointed out, the museum reaches a much smaller audience.

Hypothesis: On the basis of their statements, it can be inferred that Alissa and Greta disagree on whether the city should cease funding local children's television programming if continuing to fund it would mean that the city would have to cease funding the children's museum.


Premise: A law is successful primarily because the behavior it prescribes has attained the status of custom. Just as manners are observed not because of sanctions attached to them but because, through repetition, contrary behavior becomes unthinkable, so societal laws are obeyed not because the behavior is ethically required or because penalties await those who act otherwise, but because to act otherwise would be uncustomary.

Hypothesis: As with manners and other customs, laws vary from society to society is utilized by the argument.


Premise: Pascal, a modern French thinker, once argued that either there was a Christian God or there was no Christian God. If you believe that God exists and live in a Christian way, then if God does exist, you will have endless blessings: if God does not exist, you will have very little to lose. But suppose you don't believe that God exists and don't live in a Christian way. If God doesn't exist, you have nothing to lose: if God does exist, you will be punished endlessly. So don't hesitate, choose to believe in God and live in a Christian way.

Hypothesis: The option 'If God does not exist, we choose to believe in God, which will lead to our wrong understanding of the world and muddle through our lives' best illustrates the loophole in the logic of this argument.


Premise: If the flowers Drew received today had been sent by someone who knows Drew well, that person would have known that Drew prefers violets to roses. Yet Drew received roses. On the other hand, if the flowers had been sent by someone who does not know Drew well, then that person would have sent a signed card with the flowers. Yet Drew received no card. Ttherefore, the florist must have made some sort of mistake: either Drew was supposed to receive violets, or a card, or these flowers were intended for someone else.

Hypothesis: Some people send flowers for a reason other than the desire to please most weakens the argument.


Premise: Sea election refers to a direct election in which no candidate is nominated.

Hypothesis: The option 'Daxing village election village secretary, the use of self-recommendation, voters vote, get more votes elected method' is not a sea selection.


Premise: Social values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is a kind of altruism and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.

Hypothesis: Views on helping activities does not belong to social values.


Premise: In fact, a kind of cultural poverty is shadowing criticism as old arts such as fiction and drama fade from the limelight and give way to new arts such as film and television,a kind of cultural poverty is hanging over all kinds of criticism. In the face of a powerful industrial culture , cultural criticism has become almost promotional advertising.

Hypothesis: Cultural poverty makes all kinds of cultural criticism impossible is what the passage means that a kind of cultural poverty is overshadowing all kinds of criticism.


Premise: Robbery is an act of forcibly seizing public and private property by violence, coercion or other means on the spot for the purpose of illegal possession.

Hypothesis: Zheng riding a motorcycle saw Tian walking with an exquisite leather bag, pulling the leather bag belt from behind and trying to grab the leather bag belongs to robbery.


Premise: Most hospitals have treatment options for cancer patients. All hospitals are able to treat all kinds of burn victims as well as all kinds of Neurology disorders. Ttherefore, there must be some hospitals that treat both cancer and burn victims and some hospitals that treat both cancer and Neurology disorders.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning in which the argument 'Most certainly, most insects are helpful to humans, for almost all insects have an exoskeleton or three parts (a head, thorax, and abdomen), or both, and there are some insects that are helpful to humans and have exoskeletons and some that are helpful to humans and have three parts' is most parallel to that in the argument above.


Premise: Song Jiang, Lin Chong and Wu Song each bought a car, namely BMW, Audi and Land Rover. Wu Yong guessed that Song Jiang chose Land Rover, Lin Chong would not choose Audi, and Wu Song certainly did not choose Land Rover, but he only guessed the choice of one of them.

Hypothesis: Song Jiang chose Audi, Lin Chong chose BMW and Wu Song chose Land Rover can be inferred.


Premise: J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron and a recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics, trained many physicists, among them seven Nobel Prize winners, 32 fellows of the Royal Society of London, and 83 professors of physics. This shows that the skills needed for creative research can be taught and learned.

Hypothesis: J. J. Thomson was an internationally known physicist, and scientists came from all over the world to work with him is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: A unit plans to organize trade union activities to visit the nearby ancient town. It needs to count the number of participants. Xiao Chen said: if it doesn't rain, I have no reason not to go. Xiao Wang said: January 1 is my child's birthday, and I must accompany him at home. As long as it doesn't happen on this day, I can't go. Xiao Liu said: if it rains, I won't go. Xiao Zhang said: if someone goes, I will go. December 29 On Tuesday, the person in charge of the trade union informed that the trade union activity was scheduled for the day after tomorrow. I hope everyone can make arrangements, and the weather forecast says it is impossible to rain this week

Hypothesis: This leads to Xiao Zhang will go, Xiao Wang won't.


Premise: The development and utilization of limited natural resources, the allocation of public resources, and the market access of specific industries directly related to public interests can establish administrative licenses. Administrative agencies shall make decisions on these matters through fair competition such as bidding and auctions. Where laws and administrative regulations have other provisions, follow those provisions. Based on this provision, the use and allocation of a large number of limited public resources in society can set administrative licenses. And licenses in this field are franchises.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, tobacco monopoly license and production license of narcotic drugs belong to administrative franchise.


Premise: A few milliseconds of reaction time is critical when a speeding car needs to brake immediately. Sometimes, just a few meters away is the key to life and death. Recently, researchers used a simulated driving system and eye tracking technology to test the speed at which five groups of subjects responded to moving traffic signs. It was found that moving traffic signs did make subjects react more quickly. Therefore, they suggested that the relevant departments should replace all the original traffic warning signs with more dynamic signs in order to improve the reaction speed of drivers.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'When drivers understand the practical significance of the more dynamic traffic warning signs, their reaction speed will be reduced to the previous level' is the best indicator that the researchers' recommendations are not meeting their goals.


Premise: Pandas are rapidly disappearing from the wild. Ttherefore, in order to preserve the species, existing pandas should be captured and placed in zoos around the world.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many zoos are eager to increase their stock of rare and exotic animals, but there are not enough pandas for all the zoos that want one' casts most doubt on the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: When many people browse the Internet, once they encounter the content that goes directly to the heart, the first thing is to find the QR code for forwarding, scan the phone quickly, store it, and share it at any time, which has become an unimaginative rule. On social media, negative emotions are often triggered by retweeted content, such as jealousy, slowness, or even anger, and the more controversial opinions and claims are, the more likely they are to be forwarded. Wharton School professors found that anger tops the list of easily shared emotions on social media, a study of China's Weibo service found. Rage spreads faster than happiness, sadness and disgust. Reflex retweets make people become indiscriminate responders, thinking less and less independently.

Hypothesis: The negative retweet of social media is the most suitable title for this paragraph.


Premise: Critics: Not so. The farms the academy selected to study were the ones that seemed most likely to be successful in using natural methods. What about the farmers who have tried such methods and failed? Which one of the following is the most adequate evaluation of the logical force of the critics' response?

Hypothesis: The statement that "it is not relevant whether the instances studied were representative" is the issue in the Science Academy study.


Premise: John wants to win the annual Mayfield raffle next year because he needs the Mayfield raffle' s prize. If he enters more than one raffle next year, the likelihood of his winning one of them would be greater than if he entered only a single raffle. Hence, to have this greater likelihood of winning the Mayfield prize, John should enter several other raffles next year.

Hypothesis: The flaw in reasoning exhibited by the argument is confusing the likelihood that at least one event in a set of events will occur with the likelihood that a designated event in that set will occur.


Premise: In jurisdictions where use of headlights is optional when visibility is good, drivers who use headlights at all times are less likely to be involved in a collision than are drivers who use headlights only when visibility is poor. Yet Highway Safety Department records show that making use of headlights mandatory at all times does nothing to reduce the overall number of collisions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only very careful drivers use headlights when their use is not legally required' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Carrillo: Using the number of existing primate species, along with measures of the genetic diversify among these primates and among the extinct primate species, our statistical model strongly supports the conclusion that the first primate developed around 81. 5 million years ago. Olson: Given that the oldest primate fossils discovered so far date back only 55 million years, your estimate of how long primate species' development has gone on is sheer speculation.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Carrillo and Olson disagree over whether the available sample of primate fossils is representative of the variety of primate species that have existed.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: The fourth one goes K may be true if the third is M.


Premise: In 1883, the Indonesian island Krakatoa, home to a massive volcano, seemingly disappeared overnight as an eruption rent the entire island apart, catapulting rock and debris into the atmosphere. For the next few years, as ash circled the entire globe, the average world temperature dropped by several degrees Fahrenheit. Ttherefore, an eruption of similar power in terms of the amount of debris ejected into the atmosphere will likely cause the average temperature around the world to drop by several degrees.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The eruption of the Indonesian island of Tambora was even larger than that of Krakatoa, yet the average world temperature did not drop as much as it did following the eruption of Krakatoa' best challenges the main claim of the argument.


Premise: In the bidding process of a certain project, Zhao Jia, Qian Yi, Sun Bin, Li Ting, Zhou Wu and Wu Ji participated in the bid as representatives of their respective companies, and only one person won the bid. Three members of the bidding group expressed their own views on who was the winning bidder: (1) the winning bidder was either Zhao Jia or Qian Yi; (2) the winning bidder was not Sun Bin; and (3) Zhou Wu and Wu Ji did not win the bid. After in-depth investigation, it is found that the view of only one of the above three people is correct.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, Zhao Jia, Qian Yi, and Li Ting can be determined not to win the bid.


Premise: According to medical records, the global incidence of cancer in the second half of the 20th century than the first half of the increase of nearly 10 times, become a threat to human life of the first killer. This shows that the global ecological imbalance caused by the rapid economic development marked by high technology in the second half of the 20th century is an important cause of cancer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'High technology has greatly improved the accuracy of medical diagnosis and the coverage of such accurate medical diagnosis in the world' can weaken the above argument.


Premise: Change the concept of development and effectively enhance the consciousness and firmness of coordinated development. Our party puts forward the concept of coordinated development in order to make up for the shortcomings of development and solve the problem of unbalanced development. Although China's economic and social development has made great achievements, there are also problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development. There is an urgent need to change the concept of development, especially to enhance the integrity of development, coordination. In the current decisive period of building a well-off society in an all-round way, we must change our ideas, unify our thoughts and actions with the new development concept, correctly handle the major relations in development, broaden the development space in coordinated development, strengthen the potential for development in making up for shortcomings, enhance the country's soft power while enhancing the country's hard power, and make the coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization, synchronous lifting.

Hypothesis: The concept of development and the problem of unbalanced development are intended to be emphasized.


Premise: Scientists have recently discovered that the small dinosaur named Cheng Hiu Ting Lung is the relative of Archaeopteryx and is very closely related to Archaeopteryx that lived in the late Jurassic. By analyzing the morphology of Archaeopteryx and comparing bird-like dinosaurs with The phylogenetic relationship of early birds was re-analyzed, and it was concluded that Archaeopteryx was not a bird, but a primitive Deinonychus. That is, Archaeopteryx is the ancestor of Velociraptor, not the ancestor of birds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Deinonychus is a kind of bird closely related to dinosaurs' best questions the above conjecture.


Premise: Scientists found that one of the main reasons for the rapid increase of diabetes in children under the age of 5 is that they are not exposed to bacteria and germs in childhood. Those who live in rural areas have more opportunities to get along with pets because of the earlier exposure to the substances carrying bacteria, and the risk of allergies, asthma, eczema and other diseases is very low. An environment in which bacteria are eliminated too thoroughly may harm children's health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most bacteria are good for health, and people's health and longevity are inseparable from normal flora' can best support the above conclusion if true.


Premise: Most popular historical films are not documentaries; they are dramatic presentations of historical events. Such presentations cannot present the evidence for the accuracy of what they portray. Consequently, uninformed viewers of dramatic historical films should not regard them as accurate portrayals of historical events.

Hypothesis: The principle that one should never regard a historical account to be accurate unless one has considered the evidence on which it is based most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: There are many drugs that can clear away heat in modern medicine, such as aspirin. Aspirin can reduce fever because prostaglandin E2 is the messenger that tells the brain to hypothermia, and aspirin can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2. So aspirin is a good medicine for clearing away heat.

Hypothesis: If the above argument is to be established, Prostaglandin E2 can affect body temperature can be supplemented as a premise.


Premise: Each biological cell can be seen as a miniature battery or a miniature magnetic pole. After accurately measuring the magnetic activity of the human body, it is believed that the sources of biological magnetism may be: (1) the magnetic field produced by the movement of biological charge, (2) the induction field produced by biomagnetic materials, that is, some substances in living tissues have certain magnetism, the induced magnetic field produced by them under the action of geomagnetic field or external magnetic field, and (3) the magnetic field produced by strong magnetic materials in living organisms.

Hypothesis: There is an electric charge in the organism, which moves to produce a magnetic field does not meet the meaning of this paragraph.


Premise: Downtown Petropolis boasted over 100 large buildings 5 years ago. Since then, 60 of those buildings have been demolished. Since the number of large buildings in a downtown is an indicator of the economic health of that downtown, it is clear that downtown Petropolis is in a serious state of economic decline.

Hypothesis: Significantly fewer than 60 new large buildings have been built in downtown Petropolis during the past 5 years is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Residents at a retirement community always play card games for two hours, starting at 3: 00 p. m. every afternoon. Although it is clear that the residents take pleasure in this activity, they never continue their games for longer than two hours. Caregivers assume that since card games require great concentration and strain on the elderly residents' eyes, playing for more than two hours would give the residents headaches that would interfere with their ability to play bingo in the evenings.

Hypothesis: Residents at the retirement community are served dinner at 5:00 p.m. every evening most seriously calls into question the caregivers' explanation.


Premise: Factory manager: One reason the automobile parts this factory produces are expensive is that our manufacturing equipment is outdated and inefficient. Our products would be more competitively priced if we were to refurbish the factory completely with new, more efficient equipment. Ttherefore, since to survive in today' s market we have to make our products more competitively priced, we must completely refurbish the factory in order to survive.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the factory manager's argument is flawed because this argument fails to make a definite recommendation and instead merely suggests that some possible course of action might be effective.


Premise: Quality control investigator: Upon testing samples of products from our supplier that were sent by our field inspectors from various manufacturing locations, our laboratory discovered that over 20 percent of the samples were defective. Since our supplier is contractually required to limit the rate of defects among items it manufactures for us to below 5 percent, it has violated its contract with us.

Hypothesis: The quality control investigator's argument is flawed because it presumes, without providing justification, that the field inspectors were just as likely to choose a defective item for testing as they were to choose a nondefective item.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a popular argument in western public opinion that huge demand from China has led to soaring prices of raw materials such as oil, grain, steel and so on.

Hypothesis: Between July and September this year, demand from China was still growing, but the price of oil on the international market plummeted by nearly 1/3 can raise the greatest challenge to the above argument.


Premise: According to the price theory, the cost is the basic component of the product value, which determines the lowest limit of the product price. If the price is lower than the cost, the enterprise will not be profitable; the market demand affects the customer's understanding of the product value, and then determines the upper limit of the product price; while the market competition condition adjusts the price to fluctuate constantly between the upper limit and the lower limit and finally determines the market price of the product.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the pricing of enterprise products is bound to be higher than the cost regardless of market demand and market competition.


Premise: Whenever an artist endowed with both a high level of artistic skill and a high degree of creativity combines these two abilities in the process of creating an artwork, the resulting product is a great work of art. Moreover, no work of art can be great unless both of these elements are combined in its execution. Thus, great works of art are necessarily rare.

Hypothesis: A high degree of creativity and a high level of artistic skill are seldom combined in the creation of a work of art is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The specific stage of social development defines the corresponding social culture, the specific social culture determines the corresponding wealth culture, and the specific wealth culture determines the corresponding concept of wealth. Only when the concept of wealth taken from the people and used by the people has become the more common social judgment and pursuit of the value of wealth, only those entrepreneurs who really understand and identify with the wealth philosophy of even if they run out of money will start all over again and are keen on philanthropy will emerge in large numbers.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported by this passage is that the stage of social development determines the specific charity entrepreneur.


Premise: In 1923, the Preparatory Conference for the Unification of Mandarin decided to adopt the Beijing phonetic standard to promote language and dialect throughout the country, not as a tool of communication, but as a cultural carrier.At present, the miniaturization of dialects, even if the culture of one side fades, maintaining the coexistence of dialect national language and common language is conducive to maintaining cultural diversity. While popularizing Putonghua, dialects should also be given some room for expression.And the dialect is not large, applied to one side of the land, but also can enrich the color of the common language, such as happy to pay for the high and unfinished buildings and other words have entered the common language vocabulary, and have some development.

Hypothesis: Promoting bilingualism is conducive to maintaining the characteristics of traditional culture and local culture is the gist of the above.


Premise: Dead, rotting logs on the forest floor provide the habitat for a small mammal, the red-backed vole, which subsists almost entirely on the portion of certain specialized fungi which grows aboveground. The fungi-spores are deposited on the forest floor by the voles. Some of the fungi that develop from these spores form underground sheaths around the fine roots of growing trees, and assist the trees by processing and sharing nutrients and producing an antibiotic which protects the trees from disease.

Hypothesis: The information above provides the most support for the conclusion that dead and decaying trees are the ideal environment for the growth of certain fungi.


Premise: Sonic boom is that when the aircraft breaks through the sound barrier, due to the compression of the air can not spread rapidly, it will gradually form a shock surface. The highly concentrated acoustic energy on the shock surface causes a loud sound, which makes people feel a short and extremely strong explosion. Sonic boom occur only when they break through the sound barrier, that is, flying at supersonic speeds. The sonic booms cloud is a conical cloud with the aircraft as the central axis and spreads uniformly from the front of the wing to all sides. It is mainly due to the fact that the velocity of the air flow is faster than the conduction speed of the air when breaking through the speed of sound, which can not effectively pull down the airflow, resulting in a decrease in density, a decrease in air pressure, and water vapor condensing into tiny water droplets, which looks like a cloud-like state to the naked eye. Sonic boom cloud often appear in transonic flights, but not only in transonic flights.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, supersonic flight when sonic boom occurs is correct.


Premise: The shooting at the convenience store occurred just before dawn this morning, and the last police officer did not leave the scene until late this afternoon. With all the commotion, no one could have been anywhere within the vicinity of the scene of the shooting and fail to notice it. Jeffrey must have noticed the scene, no matter what he says. He admits that he went to work as usual that morning, and the only way for him to get from his home to his worksite is to go past the convenience store.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that Jeffrey noticed the scene of the shooting this morning.


Premise: In a report analyzing the results of the 2008 Olympic wrestling program, it is suggested that in the competition. Athletes in red suits won about 55 % of the rounds. Defeated the competitor in  blue suits. Therefore, wearing a red suit in a wrestling event is beneficial to  an athlete winnng.

Hypothesis: The statement that athletes in blue suits won more races than athletes in red suits can weaken the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: Some theories are quite abstract. Therefore, some abstract theories are difficult to understand.

Hypothesis: In order for this reasoning to be correct, some theories are hard to understand must be added as a prerequisite.


Premise: Close to his undergraduate graduation, Li Ming has achieved excellent results in all his courses. According to the regulations of the University, if his course scores are excellent in the last semester, he can be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student. Li Ming failed to get an excellent grade in one subject in the last semester, so he can't be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student.

Hypothesis: The above argument has loopholes, because it ignores that curriculum achievement is only one aspect of measuring students' quality.


Premise: Fossil-fuel producers say that it would be prohibitively expensive to reduce levels of carbon dioxide emitted by the use of fossil fuels enough to halt global warming. This claim is probably false. Several years ago, the chemical industry said that finding an economical alternative to the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroying the ozone layer would be impossible. Yet once the industry was forced, by international agreements, to find substitutes for CFCs, it managed to phase them out completely well before the mandated deadline, in many cases at a profit.

Hypothesis: The statement that there are ways of reducing carbon dioxide emissions that could halt global warming without hurting profits of fossil-fuel producers significantly more than phasing out CFCs hurt those of the chemical industry most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Social barrier refers to the trade protection measures taken by a country in international trade on the pretext of the working environment and the right to live of workers from other countries.

Hypothesis: Country A was affected by the economic crisis and a large number of domestic workers lost their jobs. In order to create employment opportunities for workers, the government of country A stopped the import trade with other countries is a social barrier.


Premise: Ms. Zheng said that the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City was higher than that of Yiyang City in the past decade, so the economic outlook of Hengyuan City was better than that of Yiyang City.Mr. Hu said, I don't agree with you. Although the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City is higher than that of Yiyang City, the GDP value of Yiyang City is higher.

Hypothesis: The focus of the dispute between Ms. Zheng and Mr. Hu is whether a city's GDP growth rate must mean that the economic prospect is good.


Premise: European fern is a poisonous weed that has spread and destroyed many pastures in the northern hemisphere in recent years. A cheap and self-sustaining way to deal with this weed is to introduce the plant's natural enemies. As a result, some scientists have suggested that fern-eating moths from the southern hemisphere could be re-stocked to the northern hemisphere affected by the weed as a way to control fern growth.

Hypothesis: In addition to eating European ferns, the stocked moths also eat other weeds that grow in the northern hemisphere is necessary for the success of the scientist's proposal to control the European fern.


Premise: Red tourism refers to the revolutionary memorial site after the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, the memorial and the revolutionary spirit carried as the attraction, organize and receive tourists to visit and tour, realize the learning of the revolutionary spirit, accept the revolutionary traditional education and the spirit of inspiration. Relax and increase the experience of tourism activities.

Hypothesis: Storytelling does not belong to the characteristics of red tourism according to the above definition.


Premise: An economist said that the market economy is an open economy. China's unremitting efforts to enter the WTO are fundamentally an inevitable choice caused by domestic market-oriented reform. The solution of many problems in China depends on external forces. From a deeper and broader perspective, the WTO is the last important international organization China has joined. This is the last major diplomatic action for China to stand on its own in the forest of nations in the world, and it is also a significant sign and strong signal of its full return to the international stage. Therefore, it has been pointed out that the political significance of China's accession to the WTO is greater than the economic significance.

Hypothesis: Without domestic market-oriented reform, it is difficult for China to achieve the results of China's entry into WTO cannot be drawn based on the information provided.


Premise: Moral integrity in business is of the highest concern, for businesses that lose their integrity cannot survive. By definition, a business that has lost its integrity is no longer integrated; hence businesses that lose their integrity literally disintegrate.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument contains a key term that shifts in meaning from one sense to another.


Premise: Speech fusion refers to the gradual convergence of two accents that communicate frequently without realizing it.

Hypothesis: After Xiao Huang came to work in a seaside town in the south, she watched local dialect TV programs every day to imitate the pronunciation of the announcer. Six months later, her tone, tone and words sounded like a native is voice fusion.


Premise: In recent years, networks of fiber-optic cable have been replacing electrical wire for transmitting telecommunications signals. Signals running through fiber-optic cables deteriorate, and so the signals must be run through a piece of equipment called a regenerator before being transmitted farther. Light-Line is the leading manufacturer of signal regenerators. Ttherefore, Light-Line is one of the companies that will most benefit if new long-distance fiber-optic telecommunications networks are constructed.

Hypothesis: Several manufacturers are developing regenerator technologies that will allow signals to be transmitted many times farther than at present before requiring regeneration casts the most doubt on the prediction about Light-Line's prospects.


Premise: In a recession, a decrease in consumer spending causes many businesses to lay off workers or even to close. Workers who lose their jobs in a recession usually cannot find new jobs. The result is an increase in the number of people who are jobless. Recovery from a recession is defined by an increase in consumer spending and an expansion of business activity that creates a need for additional workers. But businesspeople generally have little confidence in the economy after a recession and ttherefore delay hiring additional workers as long as possible.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sometimes recovery from a recession does not promptly result in a decrease in the number of people who are jobless' is supported by the statements above.


Premise: Peak experience: in the process of pursuing self-realization, after the pursuit of basic needs and satisfaction, a kind of psychological satisfaction and sense of accomplishment which is at the top and transcends space-time and self-realization.

Hypothesis: The viewers in front of the TV show their heroic mood when they see a Chinese-made rocket traveling through space is not a peak experience.


Premise: Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.

Hypothesis: Mr. Ma receives visiting customers and explains his company to them in Mandarin, and knowing that there are two Shaanxi customers, he immediately holds up the Shaanxi dialect and they talked about a few words does not belong to code-switching.


Premise: Several major power enterprises in country T recently jointly announced that they will give up domestic coal unless the price of domestic coal is reduced. The spokesman said that at present, the price of imported coal has been reduced to less than US $100 per ton, while the price of domestic coal remains high. However, people in the coal industry said that once the price of coal continues to decline, small and medium-sized coal mines will survive hard, The production power of large coal mining enterprises will also be seriously insufficient, and the whole domestic coal production industry will face a severe situation. After a period of time, people in the industry judged that the current domestic coal production enterprises have a severe situation.

Hypothesis: The judgment of the industry must be based on the fact that domestic coal enterprises reduced coal production during this period.


Premise: Harm payment refers to that in the process of performance of the contract, the performance behavior of the debtor in the contractual relationship does not conform to the provisions of the contract, and such improper performance behavior causes damage to the creditor's performance interests other than personal injury or other property damage other than the target of payment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that 'A electronic mall signed a purchase agreement with the supplier B, and B supplied the faulty charging bank to A. A consumer bought the charging bank of A mall, which exploded when using, injuring a hand' does not reflect harm payment.


Premise: Humans began to spread across North America around 12, 000 years ago, as the climate became warmer. During the same period the large mammals that were once abundant in North America, such as the mastodon, the woolly mammoth, and the saber-toothed tiger, became extinct. Thus, contrary to the myth that humans formerly lived in harmony with the rest of nature, it is clear that even 12, 000 years ago human activity was causing the extinction of animal species.

Hypothesis: In calling the idea that humans once lived in harmony with nature a myth, the argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it presupposes what it attempts to prove.


Premise: Last year, pharmaceutical manufacturers significantly increased the amount of money they spent promoting new drugs, which they do mainly by sending sales representatives to visit physicians in their offices. However, two years ago there was an average of 640 such visits per representative, whereas last year that figure fell to 501. So the additional promotion must have been counterproductive, making physicians less willing to receive visits by pharmaceutical sales representatives.

Hypothesis: Most physicians who agree to receive a visit from a pharmaceutical sales representative will see that representative more than once during a given year if true, most weakens the argument.


Premise: Management science was gradually formed and developed after World War 2. It is based on engineering science, using operations research, systems engineering and other science and computer technology to solve sales management, material management, production management, and personnel management In order to achieve a management theory and method that effectively utilizes human, material and financial resources.

Hypothesis: Management science is an emerging discipline mainly supports the argument of this passage.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The US, Japan, India and other countries took advantage of China's aircraft carrier's trial flight to stir up a new China threat theory' best explains the expert's seemingly contradictory attitude.


Premise: At a company's end-of-year party, the host put a prize in each of the 3 boxes and let Xiao Li, Xiao Guo, Xiao Yang, Xiao Li guess how many prizes were placed in each box. Xiao Li said: Box 1 is the third prize, Box 2 is the special prize, Box 3 is the first prize. Xiao Guo said: Box 1 is the second prize, Box 2 is the special prize, Box 3 is the fourth prize. Xiao Yang said: Box 1 is the consolation prize, Box 2 is the third prize, Box 3 is the fifth prize. Xiao Li said: Box 1 is the second prize, Box 2 is the fourth prize, Box 3 is the consolation prize.

Hypothesis: The second box contains a Special Prize if one person guesses two correctly and the other three guess only one correctly.


Premise: In the paintings by seventeenth-century Dutch artist Vermeer, we find several recurrent items: a satin jacket, a certain Turkish carpet, and wooden chairs with lion' s head finials. These reappearing objects might seem to evince a dearth of props. Yet we know that many of the props Vermeer used were expensive. Thus, while we might speculate about exactly why Vermeer worked with a small number of familiar objects, it was clearly not for lack of props that the recurrent items were used.

Hypothesis: If a dearth of props accounted for the recurrent objects in Vermeer's paintings, we would not see expensive props in any of them is an assumption required for the conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: All of John' s friends say they know someone who has smoked 40 cigarettes a day for the past 40 years and yet who is really fit and well. John does not know anyone like that and it is quite certain that he is not unique among his friends in this respect.

Hypothesis: Most of John's friends are not telling the truth must also be true if the statements in the passage are true.


Premise: The extinction of biological clusters refers to the sudden death of a large number of organisms within more than one geographic area in a relatively short geological period, causing the number of biological species to suddenly and drastically drop in a short time.

Hypothesis: At the end of the Permian period, about 250 million years ago, 96% of the species on the earth became extinct, of which 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct belongs to the extinction of biological clusters according to the above definition.


Premise: Outsiders in any field often believe that they can bring in fresh, useful solutions that have been overlooked by insiders. But in fact, attempts at creativity that are not grounded in relevant experience are futile. Problems can be solved only by people who really understand them, and no one gains such understanding without experience.

Hypothesis: Those people who are experienced in a field rarely overlook creative solutions is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Wechat provides a vibrant public life, which makes it difficult to reach a consensus on public discussion rules. The renovation speed of social tools is far faster than the formation speed of public discussion rules. In other words, this rapidly gushing discussion enthusiasm and the pleasure of just getting rid of realistic rules make people unwilling to be subject to any framework, so that in recent years, what rules to follow to debate, It has also become a common topic of public debate. As an expert said, shared media can promote the development of social forces independent of the state, but it obviously needs a long multi-dimensional collision and repeated struggle to take shape. Wechat not only promotes the freedom of individual discourse and the equality of discourse power, but also makes this standing in line and tearing more frequent and lower cost.

Hypothesis: The evolution of social tools has brought great impact and challenges to the rules of public discussion is what the passage mainly says.


Premise: The input of most parents has a significant positive predictive effect on their children's academic investment.The degree of parental investment decreases with the increase of their children's grades.At the same time, most parents pay more attention to the investment in home tutoring, and lack of investment in their children's participation in community and school activities. The parenting style of parental independent support or control plays a moderating role in the relationship between parental investment and children's academic investment, and partly through the mediating variable of meeting the children's academic psychological needs.

Hypothesis: Parents input and parenting style will inevitably have an impact on their children's academic investment can be inferred.


Premise: Consumer advocate: One advertisement that is deceptive, and thus morally wrong, states that gram for gram, the refined sugar used in our chocolate pies is no more fattening than the sugars found in fruits and vegetables.  This is like trying to persuade someone that chocolate pies are not fattening by saying that, calorie for calorie, they are no more fattening than celery. True, but it would take a whole shopping cart full of celery to equal a chocolate pie' s worth of calories. Advertiser: This advertisement cannot be called deceptive. It is, after all, true.

Hypothesis: A true statement should be regarded as deceptive if it is made with the expectation that people hearing or reading the statement will draw a false conclusion from it is a principle that would do most to support the consumer advocate's position against the advertiser's response.


Premise: In a trial, the judges voted for all the contestants,

Hypothesis: It can be deduced from this that more than one judge voted for all the contestants.


Premise: The schematic function of a sentence refers to the expression of a certain notice, warning, command or request through a sentence, with the purpose of asking others to do or not to do a certain behavior in accordance with the thought expressed in the sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'The sales department should be in a meeting now' does not reflect the schematic function of the sentence.


Premise: More than 230 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or above have occurred in a state since 2014, compared with an average of one a year before 2008. Frequent seismic activity has raised questions and some researchers have found that since 2014, in order to prevent toxic waste water from drilling and hydraulic fracturing in oil production from polluting surface water, start injecting this waste water into the impervious layers of underground rocks, which is likely to be the key cause of the earthquake.

Hypothesis: The state had fewer but larger earthquakes before 2008 and there have been many earthquakes since 2014, but the magnitude is small can best support the above conjecture.


Premise: Leona: If the average consumption of eggs in the United States were cut in half, an estimated 5, 000 lives might be saved each year. Thomas: How can that be? That would mean that if people adopt this single change in diet for ten years, the population ten years from now will be greater by 50, 000 people than it otherwise would have been.

Hypothesis: It is accurate to say that 5,000 lives have been saved as long as 5,000 people who would have died in a given year as a result of not changing their diet, did not do so -- even if they died for some other reason is a statement that Leona could offer Thomas to clarify her own claim and to address the point he has made.


Premise: Trojan horse program is currently a relatively popular virus file. Unlike ordinary viruses, it does not reproduce itself, nor does it deliberately infect other files. It pretends to be a normal file to attract users to download and execute. The trojan horse opens the portal of the computer of the users, so that the applicator can destroy and steal the files in the computer of the users at will, and even remotely control their computers.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the main harm caused by the trojan horse program is stealing user privacy.


Premise: Since the reform and opening up, there has indeed been a wealthy class. However, this class is rare compared with the majority of the people. The growth point of China's luxury consumption is mainly in the middle class. It is their advanced consumption that supports luxury Product market. China's current middle class is far from being compared with the middle class in developed countries in terms of income level, consumption capacity or consumption structure.

Hypothesis: The main point the author wants to express in this passage is that my country's middle class leads the trend of consumption.


Premise: In a recession, a decrease in consumer spending causes many businesses to lay off workers or even to close. Workers who lose their jobs in a recession usually cannot find new jobs. The result is an increase in the number of people who are jobless. Recovery from a recession is defined by an increase in consumer spending and an expansion of business activity that creates a need for additional workers. But businesspeople generally have little confidence in the economy after a recession and ttherefore delay hiring additional workers as long as possible.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, provide most support for the conclusion that workers who lose their jobs during a recession are likely to get equally good jobs when the economy recovers.


Premise: In Wareland last year, 16 percent of licensed drivers under 21 and 11 percent of drivers ages 21-24 were in serious accidents. By contrast, only 3 percent of licensed drivers 65 and older were involved in serious accidents. These figures clearly show that the greater experience and developed habits of caution possessed by drivers in the 65-and-older group make them far safer behind the wheel than the younger drivers are.

Hypothesis: Drivers 65 and older do not, on average, drive very many fewer miles per year than drivers 24 and younger is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Essayist: Computers have the capacity to represent and to perform logical transformations on pieces of information. Since exactly the same applies to the human mind, the human mind is a type of computer.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in which individual animals sacrifice their lives when the survival of their offspring or close relatives is threatened and human beings are similarly often willing to sacrifice their own well-being for the good of their community closely resembles the flawed pattern of reasoning in the essayist's argument.


Premise: Every time the government introduces an economic policy, it will change the income expectations of some interest groups. Out of self-interest, these interest groups always try to offset the loss caused by the policy through various behavior choices. At this time, if the government really changes the original policy, the result will not only invalidate the policy issued by the government, but also make the government's ability of economic regulation and control decline continuously due to the loss of credibility.

Hypothesis: The main statement of this passage is 'Factors that must be considered when formulating economic policies'.


Premise: Three Chinese students, Zhang Lin, Zhao Qiang, and Li Shan, and three foreign students, John, Jessie, and Anna, went on a summer vacation. The optional tourist destinations are Xi'an, Hangzhou, Dalian and Zhangjiajie. Already know: (1) each person can only go to one place; (2) wherever there are Chinese students, there must be foreign students; (3) wherever there are foreign students, there must be Chinese students; (4) John went to Xi'an or Hangzhou, and Zhao Qiang went to Zhangjiajie.

Hypothesis: If Jesse goes to Dalian, John goes to Hangzhou must be true.


Premise: Although the main power of society is still in the hands of men, although men's abstract thinking and physical strength are better than women, more and more psychologists and physiologists believe that men are physically and psychologically weaker than women. , And there are many shortcomings.

Hypothesis: More and more researchers believe that women have no shortcomings can be inferred.


Premise: Recently, scientists have confirmed for the first time that lizards sleep in two states: rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). In REM, the brain produces high-frequency electric waves and rapid eye movements, which are associated with dreaming. Scientists speculate that lizards, like humans, dream during sleep.

Hypothesis: Human dreams occur in the stage of rapid eye movement should be added as a premise for scientists to speculate.


Premise: At HappyDay farms, seasonal staff is employed to pick apples during the harvest season each year. This staff is trained to identify and select only high quality apples, table-worthy apples. As part of this process, apples that have been visibly damaged by insects or disease are left to rot in the fields. The farmer who owns the property and sells the fruit is, ttherefore, less well informed about potential problems with his crops, such as insect infestations, than are the pickers themselves.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that the farmer obtains all of his information about problems with fruit quality from no source other than the pickers.


Premise: A company has a six-story office building. The company's finance department, planning department, administration department, sales department, human resources department, R & D department and other six departments work here, each department occupies one floor. It is known that: (1) the floors of the human resources department and the sales department are not adjacent; (2) the finance department is on the lower floor of the planning department; (3) the floor of the administration department is above the planning department, but below the human resources department.

Hypothesis: The two departments on the first floor and the second floor may be the Planning department and the sales department, respectively.


Premise: A city issued a purchase restriction order. After that, many netizens expressed their support for the purchase restriction order, and hoped that the house prices in the city would fall under the influence of the purchase restriction order. According to the survey results of SouFang.com, one month after the introduction of the purchase restriction order, nearly 70% of netizens expressed dissatisfaction with it. They believed that the regulation effect during this month was not good and not as effective as expected.

Hypothesis: The main content of the above passage is A city issued a purchase restriction order.


Premise: Any government practice that might facilitate the abuse of power should not be undertaken except in cases in which there is a compelling reason to do so. The keeping of government secrets is one such practice. Though government officials are sometimes justified in keeping secrets, too often they keep secrets for insubstantial reasons, and in so doing they wind up enabling abuses of power. When government officials conceal from the public the very fact that they are keeping a secret, this practice opens up even greater opportunity for abuse.

Hypothesis: A government official who justifiably keeps a secret should not conceal its existence without having a compelling reason to do so can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Last summer, after a number of people got sick from eating locally caught anchovies, the coastal city of San Martin advised against eating such anchovies. The anchovies were apparently tainted with domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. However, a dramatic drop in the population of P. australis plankton to numbers more normal for local coastal waters indicates that it is once again safe to eat locally caught anchovies.

Hypothesis: P. australis naturally produces domoic acid, though anchovies consume enough to become toxic only when the population of P. australis is extraordinarily large, would most help to explain why it is now safe to lift the advisory.


Premise: Murphy's Law: If something is likely to go bad, this possibility will become a reality; its scope of application is very wide, and it reveals a unique social and natural phenomenon.

Hypothesis: The option "When queuing to buy tickets, the line next to you always progresses faster than your line" does not belong to Murphy's Law according to the above definition.


Premise: Traces of cultivated emmer wheat have been found among the earliest agricultural remains of many archaeological sites in Europe and Asia. The only place where the wild form of emmer wheat has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia. Since the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip, it is clear that emmer wheat was first domesticated somewhere in that strip.

Hypothesis: In the region containing the strip where wild emmer wheat has been found, climatic conditions have changed very little since before the development of agriculture most strengthens the argument.


Premise: When the problem is difficult to be solved directly, Application of Transforming Thought refers to the characteristics of the nature, conditions and relations of the problem; Adopt appropriate transformation methods to transform the problem, and finally turn it into an easy, simpler or solved problem.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the application of transforming thought is the calculation of the area of a bow by graphic segmentation after mastering the area calculation formulas of a sector and triangle.


Premise: In recent years, with the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, China's overall innovation capability has been continuously enhanced, continuously injecting new momentum into high-quality development and opening up a new world of economic growth. The sudden epidemic inevitably has a great impact on economic and social development, and the value of innovation-driven is more prominent. From vaccine drug research and development to big data group prevention and control, from telecommuting and online classrooms to unmanned sales and contactless services, the changes brought about by science and technology have not only given us the strength to overcome the epidemic, but also affected social production and life in an unprecedented way.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is "Innovation drives good and rapid development."


Premise: Half a dozen Q40 airliners have crashed in the past two years. The manufacturer has countered claims that the Q40' s design is faulty by pointing out that, in each of the accidents, investigations indicated pilot error as the cause.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Each of the investigations identified several factors other than pilot error as subsidiary causes' provides the strongest support for the manufacturer's position.


Premise: One year ago a local government initiated an antismoking advertising campaign in local newspapers, which it financed by imposing a tax on cigarettes of 20 cents per pack. One year later, the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes had declined by 3 percent. Clearly, what was said in the advertisements had an effect, although a small one, on the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Merchants in the locality responded to the local tax by reducing the price at which they sold cigarettes by 20 cents per pack' most helps to strengthen the argument.


Premise: Commensalism refers to the ecological relationship between two species in the biological world. One species will obtain survival benefits due to this relationship, but the other species does not obtain any benefits or harm in this relationship, but only drives the other to obtain benefits.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Jellyfish prey on the larvae of conch belongs to commensalism.


Premise: Less than 10 percent of the world's people, and of the participants in combat sports worldwide, are left-handed. However, a majority of top-level competitors in combat sports worldwide are left-handed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A significant number of left-handed competitors in combat sports have trained under coaches who have forced them to fight from right-handed positions and angles' most helps to resolve the discrepancy presented in the passage.


Premise: On the surface, Melville' s Billy Budd is a simple story with a simple theme. However, if one views the novel as a religious allegory, then it assumes a richness and profundity that place it among the great novels of the nineteenth century. However, the central question remains: Did Melville intend an allegorical reading? Since there is no textual or historical evidence that he did, we should be content with reading Billy Budd as a simple tragedy.

Hypothesis: Without relevant evidence as to a novel's intended reading, one should avoid viewing the work allegorically is the principle underlying the argument.


Premise: In the era of mobile reading, the influence of self-media cannot be underestimated. Due to its wider communication paths and distribution channels, it has received a high degree of public attention, and self-media people have a certain right to speak. Compared with traditional media organizations, some self-media people are indeed not inferior, and their credibility has brought them benefits. However, credibility is a double-edged sword. We-media people must not only see the interests behind the traffic, but also recognize the negative effects of abusing their credibility. Miscalculated. The consequences of abusing the right to speak will directly affect the credibility that you have built up so hard, and you will lose the support and attention of the public.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that the right to speak in the self-media cannot be abused.


Premise: Install a metal rod at the top of a tall building, connect it with a metal plate buried underground, and discharge through the tip of the metal rod to gradually neutralize the electricity carried by the clouds and the electricity on the ground, so as to protect the building from lightning.This phenomenon is known as the lightning rod effect in the management community. It refers to the method of management, that is, to conduct guidance before things happen, to prevent accidents or disasters before they occur, and to lead the positive development of the situation, that is, if it is good and good, it will certainly be peaceful if it can be guided.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option of a city carrying out the work of accurate fault-finding of urban management of the whole people to crack the leaks in the blind area of urban management, and the citizens being much more satisfied with less grievances has nothing to do with the lightning rod effect.


Premise: Only with sufficient capital investment and technical personnel can a company's products have high-tech content. This high-tech content is essential for a product to occupy the market stably for a long time.

Hypothesis: The situation in which the manufacturer of this product lacks sufficient capital investment can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Recently, some scientists have studied the impact of climate change on human society in history. They found that more than 80% of the world's countries and regions had twice as many wars in cold climates as in warm periods; in China, wars, widespread unrest and dynasty replacement over the past 1000 years mostly corresponded to particularly long cold periods; there was a close link between Europe's Little Ice Age from 1550 to 1850 and witch hunts in European history and even the French Revolution. As a result, they concluded that cooling climate will lead to social conflicts and dynasty replacement.

Hypothesis: The statement "Climate change is always happening, social conflicts, and dynasties are always happening. Things that change together do not necessarily have a causal connection" would most question the above-mentioned scientist's point of view.


Premise: N(N>1) natural numbers are taken in turn to form a group of finite series, in which the odd series and even series are obviously shorter than the natural series. But if the natural sequence is extended indefinitely, the odd and even series must be smaller than the whole. In an infinite world, the part may be equal to the whole.

Hypothesis: In an infinite world, the whole may be equal to the part cannot be a logical corollary of the above conclusion.


Premise: All Labrador retrievers love playing fetch. Only German shepherds love protecting their home. Some dogs are easy to train. Brittany' s dog loves playing fetch and loves protecting her home.

Hypothesis: Brittany's dog is a German shepherd must be true.


Premise: The faster a car is traveling, the less time the driver has to avoid a potential accident, and if a car does crash, higher speeds increase the risk of a fatality. Between 1995 and 2000, average highway speeds increased significantly in the United States, yet, over that time, there was a drop in the number of car-crash fatalities per highway mile driven by cars.

Hypothesis: In most locations on the highways, the density of vehicles on the highway did not decrease, although individual vehicles, on average, made their trips more quickly is a factor that can help explain why the fatality rate decreased in spite of the increase in average highway speeds in the United States between 1995 and 2000.


Premise: Joint ownership means that two or more co-owners have the same rights and assume the same responsibilities and obligations for the same property.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the two men who partnered to start a company, with one in charge of operation and the other in charge of development, and made it clear in writing before the partnership that they jointly owned the company, but in the event of bankruptcy and debt, the developer is not responsible for paying the debt can be considered as joint ownership.


Premise: A well-known artist Liu held his solo concert in Shanghai twice in 2009. Among them, the first box office revenue was very good, and all the tickets were sold out one month before the performance. Therefore, the artist's brokerage company decided to hold Liu's solo concert in Shanghai again one month later, which was the same scale as the first time. However, the second box office revenue was not ideal, and only 40% of the tickets were sold.

Hypothesis: The most likely reason for the decline in box office revenue of the second concert is that the program arrangement of the second concert is the same as that of the first concert, and many people have participated in the first concert, so they will not participate in the second concert.


Premise: Digital divide: refers to the trend of information gaps between different countries, regions, industries, companies, and communities in the global digitalization process due to differences in the degree of ownership, application, and innovation capabilities of information and network technologies.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the phenomenon of the speed of information acquisition in large cities and small cities being almost the same in the Internet age belongs to the digital divide.


Premise: Korean traditional medicine has the theory of Harmony of Man and Nature, that is, the small environment in the human body should be coordinated with the large environment of nature, so as to make people more adapt to the changes of nature and increase the resistance of the human body to the adverse effects of the outside world.

Hypothesis: According to this theory, lukewarm food is the food that Koreans prefer to eat in hot summer to avoid excessive temperature difference between human body and external environment and nutrient loss.


Premise: Research suggests that compounds in meat may trigger wheezing in some children, which can lead to asthma or other respiratory problems. These compounds, known as advanced glycation end products, are released when meat is grilled at high temperatures. So eating a vegetarian diet or eating less meat can protect children from asthma risk.

Hypothesis: Meat roasting without high temperature does not produce advanced glycation end products, and its association with asthma is unknown most questions the above statement.


Premise: The genes responsible for the basic elements of durian flavor are the volatiles of sulfur compounds, which are activated during durian maturity, such as diallyl trisulfide. These sulfur compounds have a pungent taste, and also contain onions, garlic, leeks and so on, it is not difficult to understand that a considerable number of people can not stand the stink of durian. But the pericarp and pulp of durian are also rich in esters, which make durian chewy and have a mixed flavor of a variety of fruits.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is to emphasize that the pungent smell of durian is harmless to the human body.


Premise: Regular yogurt use reduces a child's risk of tooth decay, a new study has found. Previously, researchers have suggested that yogurt can prevent tooth decay in children, and studies have shown that butter, cheese and milk have no significant effect on preventing tooth decay. Although drinking more yogurt has a protective effect on children's teeth, the reasons why yogurt can reduce the risk of tooth decay remain unclear. One theory is that the protein in yogurt is attached to the surface of the tooth. This prevents harmful acids from eroding teeth.

Hypothesis: The option that 'Studies have shown that children who use yogurt at least four times a week can reduce the incidence of tooth decay by 15%' best supports the findings of this study.


Premise: If we only look at the value of cultural relics, the paper version of ancient literature is indeed not suitable to be opened to readers on a large scale, otherwise, frequent reading and the resulting bacterial invasion will certainly affect their preservation to a great extent. However, from the perspective of the value of historical materials, it should have been open to the society, because only in this way can the literature value of ancient books be fully realized and great progress can be made in academic research.

Hypothesis: The passage that focuses on the description of ancient literature is 'Whether it is open or not is a difficult problem.'


Premise: Blockchain technology runs in a completely P2P network. It does not belong to anyone and no one knows where it runs, so it has excellent confidentiality and security. An encrypted communication trust that does not need a centralized network is a technical weapon in the intelligent era in urgent need of cognitive restart. Some people may doubt that the significance of blockchain is exaggerated, for example, it may not be applied in the field of superstructure, However, its use in law and even culture and entertainment has been put on the agenda: for example, notaries are used to confirm and verify the signatures on legal documents such as contracts and contracts. Using blockchain technology, these documents can be digitally saved and become a part of the digital ledger. Some companies hope to apply blockchain technology to legal documents to provide time stamps and fingerprints of media documents, This eliminates the need for a notary's rubber stamp.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to explain that blockchain technology has broad application prospects in the intelligent age.


Premise: A famous musician in Taiwan recently compared the practice of record companies in the music market by feeding chickens. He said: originally, a group of chickens had to be fed chicken feed in order to grow up, but suddenly a record company fed broken newspapers and found that some chickens looked good. So other record companies imitated, and all the chickens began to eat broken newspapers. Later, when you feed them chicken feed, they can't get used to it.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the musician is that Shoddy music cannot produce a high-grade audience.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release of authoritative information and open and transparent response to public concerns can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain social stability. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization technology to launch products such as Real-time epidemic situation dynamic, Co-ride patient query system and Fever Clinic Map, which simultaneously popularize scientific protection knowledge, effectively meet the information needs of the public, and guide the masses to look at the epidemic rationally. Enhance self-prevention awareness and protection ability.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is openness and transparency of information contribute to epidemic prevention.


Premise: The reason why Chinese culture has always maintained strong vitality in thousands of years of historical evolution is that Chinese culture not only has distinct national characteristics, but also is good at absorbing different nationalities and different countries. the relevant factors of different regions to improve their own cultural mechanism and cultivate the organic elements of cultural ability. This is why the ancient Babylonian culture and the ancient Indian culture have died out one after another, but the Chinese culture has been enduring for thousands of years and continues to create new and then create new miracles of civilization.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that the Chinese nation should be good at absorbing the relevant cultures of different nationalities, countries, and regions.


Premise: Fearing competition from stores that rent video games for home use, owners of stores that sell video games lobbied for protective legislation. Citing as a precedent legislation that postpones home film rentals until one year after general release to theaters, the video sellers proposed as an equitable solution a plan that would postpone rental of any video game until it had been available for sale for one year.

Hypothesis: The statement "Most people are interested in playing only the latest video games and tend to find video games that have been available for over a year unappealing whether they have played them before or not, whereas films maintain their appeal far longer after their release" would support an objection by owners of video rental stores that the fairness of the proposed legislation is not supported by the precedent cited.


Premise: The goblin fern, which requires a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor, is disappearing from North American forests. In spots where it has recently vanished, the leaf litter is unusually thin and, unlike those places where this fern still thrives, is teeming with the European earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, which eats leaf litter. L. rubellus is thus probably responsible for the fern' s disappearance.

Hypothesis: The assumption that wherever there is a thick layer of leaf litter in North American forests, goblin ferns can be found is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Principle: A police officer is eligible for a Mayor' s Commendation if the officer has an exemplary record, but not otherwise; an officer eligible for the award who did something this year that exceeded what could be reasonably expected of a police officer should receive the award if the act saved someone' s life. Conclusion: Officer Franklin should receive a Mayor' s Commendation but Officer Penn should not.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that Franklin is more heroic than Penn can be properly drawn from the fact that, in saving the life of an accident victim, Franklin went beyond what could be reasonably expected of a police officer and Penn was merely doing what could be reasonably expected of an officer under the circumstances.


Premise: The researchers recruited 697 smokers who wanted to quit and divided them into two groups. The first group quit smoking quickly, that is, stop smoking on the day of quitting smoking; the second group quit smoking gradually, set a date to stop smoking, and gradually reduce the number of smoking within a month. A month later, the success rate of quitting smoking was 49% in the quick quitting smoking group, compared with 39% in the gradual quitting smoking group. As a result, the researchers believe that the success rate of quitting smoking quickly is higher than that of quitting smoking gradually.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The risk of stroke in the quick quitting group will be reduced to that of non-smokers after 5 to 15 years' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: There are many and complex reasons that affect climate change in a region for a long time or in a certain period of time. So far, people have been unable to explain the impact of various factors on climate change. However, it can be asserted that even with the development of human society, on the whole, natural factors are still the leading factors affecting climate. Human activities are still not enough to affect the basic attributes of regional climate. It is not enough to cause huge climate changes such as glacial period or interglacial period.

Hypothesis: The climate of a region is the result of the joint action of many factors is mainly explained in this paragraph.


Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that openness and transparency of information contribute to epidemic prevention.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid coal mine safety accidents, many coal mines have strengthened their emphasis on safe production. Public information shows: Before 2000, China's coal mine accidents killed tens of thousands of people every year. Since 2000, accidents have died every year,the number began to be controlled below 7,000. In 2003, the death toll was 6,434; in 2004, 6,027; in 2005, 5,986; in 2006, a total of 4,746 deaths occurred in coal mines across the country. Therefore, we have concluded that as long as coal mine owners are pay adequate attention to safety production can effectively curb the occurrence of mining accidents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In recent years, the state has forcibly closed a large number of illegal small coal mines without safety guarantees' can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Many mountain climbers regard climbing Mount Everest as the ultimate achievement. But climbers should not attempt this climb since the risk of death or serious injury in an Everest expedition is very high. Moreover, the romantic notion of gaining spiritual discovery atop Everest is dispelled by climbers' reports that the only profound experiences they had at the top were of exhaustion and fear.

Hypothesis: The principle that dangerous activities that are unlikely to result in significant spiritual benefits for those undertaking them should be avoided most helps to justify the reasoning above, if valid.


Premise: Everything that is conducive to the peaceful development of cross-strait relations should be vigorously promoted, and everything that undermines the peaceful development of cross-strait relations must be firmly opposed.

Hypothesis: Some things that are not conducive to the peaceful development of cross-strait relations should not be vigorously promoted can be inferred based on this.


Premise: Charity is a choice based on the brilliance of humanity. The brilliance of human nature is always illuminated from the inside out, from the near to the far. Filial Piety says, those who love others rather than their relatives are called immoral. As the western proverb also goes, charity begins at home. Life can have poetry and distance, but charity should not have darkness under the lamp. Start to understand charity from the people around you, start to practice charity from the things you can do, put kindness and kindness into your daily life, and make it an expression of love, a social responsibility and a way of life. This is the meaning of charity. The most valuable value of charity, as the embodiment of one's good knowledge and ability, lies not only in the great things it has done, but also in the small things it fills around.

Hypothesis: The statement 'China and the West have basically the same concept of charity' is emphasized in the above text.


Premise: Premeditated intention refers to the mental attitude of the perpetrator to commit a criminal act after a period of preparation after a criminal intention.

Hypothesis: A young man released after serving his sentence finds a young woman on the road at night and rapes her is not premeditated intention.


Premise: Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that high levels of household debt did not cause the recent recession.


Premise: In a study, shoppers who shopped in a grocery store without a shopping list and bought only items that were on sale for half price or less spent far more money on a comparable number of items than did shoppers in the same store who used a list and bought no sale items.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Usually, only the most expensive items go on sale in grocery stores' most helps to explain the apparent paradox in the study's results.


Premise: Necessary conditions refer to the judgment relationship that there is no result without conditions, and there may not be a result with conditions. It is a condition opposite to sufficient and necessary conditions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only when horses eat enough grass can they run well' is not a necessary condition.


Premise: Limited research indicates that therapeutic intervention before the onset of mental disorders can mitigate factors identified as major contributors to them. But a much more comprehensive research program is needed to verify these results and allow for the design of specific health care measures. Thus, in order to explore a potential means of cost-effectively helping people prone to mental disorders, we should increase funding for intervention research.

Hypothesis: Reducing known risk factors for mental disorders is relatively inexpensive compared to the long-term treatment required most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Fortiga also pointed out that in early April, Poland said it was prepared to change its veto position on launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement, which deserved a response from Russia.

Hypothesis: Poland's attitude towards launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement is not specified.


Premise: Respect for others is a noble virtue and an external manifestation of one's inner self-cultivation. Being respected is not only a kind of enjoyment, but also a kind of happiness. People all yearn for the respect of others, but only by respecting others can we win the respect of others.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, only with noble virtue can one win happiness can be inferred.


Premise: According to statistics, about 5000 elderly people commit suicide in Japan every year, accounting for 3/10 of the number of suicides, which can be called the big country of elderly suicide in the world. Among them, the suicide rate of divorced men is 8 times that of those with spouses, and the suicide rate of divorced women is 4 times that of those with spouses.

Hypothesis: The view that in Japan, the phenomenon of elderly divorce is more common is directly supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: It is found that the organic carbon, elemental carbon, l-glucan, galactan, mannan, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and dehydrogenated rosin acid in Lumbini area show high values in autumn and the lowest in summer. The content of l-glucan in this area is similar to that in areas seriously affected by biomass combustion in South Asia. It shows that biomass combustion has an important impact on the atmospheric environment in Lumbini area. There is a significant correlation between organic carbon, elemental carbon and l-glucan in Lumbini atmospheric aerosols. It shows that biomass combustion is the main source of high concentration carbon components in this area. The results of the ratio of l-glucan / mannan and vanillic acid / syringic acid show that the types of biomass combustion in this area are mainly the combustion of crop residues and hardwood.

Hypothesis: Biomass combustion is deteriorating the atmospheric environment in Lumbini area is correct according to the above words.


Premise: According to statistics, traffic accidents caused by battery cars account for more than 40% of all traffic accidents, which has attracted the attention of relevant state departments. The occurrence of battery car accidents is mainly caused by the fast speed of battery cars and the failure of battery owners to comply with traffic rules. The state has strengthened its The management of battery cars stipulates that the speed of new production and sales of battery cars should not exceed 25KM/h, and the quality should not exceed 55KG. Experts believe that this can greatly reduce traffic accidents caused by battery cars.

Hypothesis: In a traffic accident caused by a battery car, although fast speed is one of the reasons, the most important thing is that the battery owner does not abide by the traffic rules is true and most questions the conclusion of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: After the four countries of Dali, Wu Yue, South Han to participate in the northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast and other four different alliances, and the four countries to participate in the alliance is different.First, only after joining the Southwest Alliance, the South Han can participate in the Northeast Alliance. Second, if Nanhan joins the Northeast Alliance, Dali will join the Southwest Alliance. Third, after that, Dali has at least one country participating in the Southwest Alliance. Fourth, if The South Han joins the Northwest or Southwest Alliance, Wu Yue will not participate in the Northwest or Southwest Alliance.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, South Han simulates participating in the Southwest Alliance can be concluded.


Premise: Literary critic: A folktale is a traditional story told in an entertaining way, which may lead some to think that folktales lack deeper meaning. But this is not the case. A folktale is passed along by a culture for generations, and each storyteller adds something of his or her own to the story, and in this way folktales provide great insight into the wisdom of the culture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any tale that provides insight into the wisdom of a culture is deeply meaningful in some respect' is an assumption required by the literary critic's argument.


Premise: At present, the setting of urban management institutions in various cities is different, which are generally divided into four types: Urban Construction Supervision Brigade, Urban Management Bureau, urban management administrative law enforcement bureau and Urban Management Committee. Because the urban management work is actually carried out independently and there is no special national law to guide it, local governments have formulated some local regulations according to their legislative authority, but there are great differences and it is difficult to systematize, As a result, some urban management violence and law enforcement incidents have occurred throughout the country in recent years, affecting social stability

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is necessary to formulate national urban management regulations' is intended to illustrate that.


Premise: Ringtail opossums are an Australian wildlife species that is potentially endangered. A number of ringtail opossums that had been orphaned and subsequently raised in captivity were monitored after being returned to the wild. Seventy-five percent of those opossums were killed by foxes, a species not native to Australia. Conservationists concluded that the native ringtail opossum population was endangered not by a scarcity of food, as had been previously thought, but by non-native predator species against which the opossum had not developed natural defenses.

Hypothesis: Ringtail opossums that grow to adulthood in the wild defend themselves against foxes no more successfully than do ringtail opossums raised in captivity most strongly supports the conservationists' argument.


Hypothesis: A man cannot win the respect of others without any noble virtue can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Export processing zones are a form of special economic zones. They are export-oriented special economic zones. They mainly use foreign capital, technology, and equipment, and take advantage of China's land, resources, labor and other advantages, and the products produced are mainly exported.

Hypothesis: Shenzhen's Shekou Industrial Zone belongs to the export processing zone because it adopts the method of processing supplied materials to cooperate with foreigners, and the products are sold abroad.


Premise: Three buyers go to a shop regularly. A goes to the store every 9 days, B goes to the store every 11 days and C goes to the store every 7 days. The three met at the store for the first time on Tuesday.

Hypothesis: The date of their next meeting is Wednesday.


Premise: Infectious disease outbreaks among wild animals due to virus invasion. A new study found that animals living in tropical, subtropical or low-altitude areas are at constant risk of infectious diseases due to their hot living environment. Animals living at low temperatures, such as high latitudes and altitudes, used to be protected from viruses because of long winters, but now winters are getting warmer and shorter. As a result, rising temperatures will exacerbate outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Animal species adapted to cold and high-altitude habitats are at increased risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases' best supports the above statement.


Premise: Studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on the human brain, and if you keep persistent exercising, the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease will be reduced.

Hypothesis: If you don't reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, you must not exercise is an option that can be inferred.


Premise: An instructor presented two paintings to a class. She said that the first had hung in prestigious museums but the second was produced by an unknown amateur. Each student was asked which painting was better. Everyone selected the first. The instructor later presented the same two paintings in the same order to a different class. This time she said that the first was produced by an unknown amateur but the second had hung in prestigious museums. In this class, everyone said that the second painting was better.

Hypothesis: Most of the students would not like any work of art that they believed to have been produced by an unknown amateur is the conclusion that the statements above most strongly support.


Premise: Nutritionists have recommended that people eat more fiber. Advertisements for a new fiber-supplement pill state only that it contains 44 percent fiber.

Hypothesis: The advertising claim is misleading in its selection of information on which to focus if the recommended daily intake of fiber is 20 to 30 grams, and the pill contains one-third gram.


Premise: Although computers have strong functions in many aspects, experiments have shown that in computing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, operating a computer is not faster and more accurate than using an abacus.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The person operating the computer in the experiment must be a different person from the one using the abacus' can greatly weaken the persuasiveness of the above experiment.


Premise: No matter whether people admit subjectively or not, in objective effect, the efforts of education are finally expressed in a specific social stage under the background of the future, that is, education should always show a function of serving the future society.

Hypothesis: Need and necessity is the most appropriate phrase to fill in at the beginning of a line.


Premise: Xiaodong is playing the game of Warriors Wars. When he enters the second level, four options appear on the interface, the first option is you need to pay game currency if you choose any option, the second option is you can get additional game reward after choosing this option, the third option is the game will not continue after choosing this game, and the fourth option is you don't have to pay game currency when you choose an option.

Hypothesis: If you choose any option, you will not get an additional reward for the game must be true if one of the statements in the four options is true.