Premise: Wirth: All efforts to identify a gene responsible for predisposing people to manic-depression have failed. In fact, nearly all researchers now agree that there is no manic-depression gene.  Ttherefore, if these researchers are right, any claim that some people are genetically predisposed to manic-depression is simply false. Chang: I do not dispute your evidence, but I take issue with your conclusion. Many of the researchers you refer to have found evidence that a set of several genes is involved and that complex interactions among these genes produce a predisposition to manic-depression.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Wirth and Chang is whether current research supports the claim that no one is genetically predisposed to manic-depression.


Premise: At the beginning of the crisis, another purpose of opening low interest rates was to provide free funds for financial institutions with tight liquidity, and help the financial industry replenish capital. With zero interest rate lending, banks can invest in government bonds and obtain stable and risk-free returns. But because of this, banks have lost the business and motivation of providing credit for enterprises, which coexists risk and income, and thus failed to help small and medium-sized enterprises create jobs.

Hypothesis: It analyzes the disadvantages of implementing low interest rate policy is true.


Premise: Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

Hypothesis: Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher's response.


Premise: Only when the EU stops importing agricultural products from third countries and the security of Africa is guaranteed can the volunteers of international green organizations increase significantly. The security of Africa comes from the joint efforts of the whole international community, but such efforts are impossible due to the conflict of interests between some major countries in the world,

Hypothesis: There was a significant increase in volunteers from international green organizations can be inferred.


Premise: The true scientific significance of a group of unusual fossils discovered by the paleontologist Charles Walcott is more likely to be reflected in a recent classification than it was in Walcott' s own classification. Walcott was, after all, a prominent member of the scientific establishment. His classifications are thus unlikely to have done anything but confirm what established science had already taken to be true.

Hypothesis: It is claimed that a questionable technique used in the argument is analyzing the past on the basis of social and political categories that properly apply only to the present and using the results of this analysis to support its conclusion.


Premise: There is a very complex relationship between genes, traits and diseases. the most primitive way to decipher this relationship is the gene linkage analysis established in the middle of the last century: by comparing the similarities and differences of chromosome bands or genetic markers of different members of families affected by genetic diseases, locate disease-causing genes on chromosomes. This method has made a lot of achievements in the study of single-gene genetic diseases, but its disadvantage is that the resolution is limited, so it is difficult to accurately locate a single gene.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that gene analysis is helpful to the accurate treatment of genetic diseases.


Premise: In an experiment, the researcher asked college students to recall their grades in high school and told them that the researcher would get their real grades from high school, so it didn't make any sense to lie. The results showed that the participants recalled five-fifths of their grades. All of them are inconsistent with the actual situation, and the probability of being mistakenly recorded for different grades is also different. The higher the score, the less likely to be mistaken: when you get an A. It can always be accurately recalled, but when you get an F, it is hard to remember.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the grades that people can remember may be better than the real grades can be drawn from the information provided.


Premise: The eyes of the masses are bright, but without adequate guidance and restraint, this bright may turn into a kind of paranoia, a kind of directionless conceit. And based on the majority drown minority on the basis of institutional arrangements, is likely to be entered into the trap of one-sided and intolerance. superior, officials with one, public, officials with a group of people, only the pressure of the sky and site the responsibility of supervision can truly complemented each other enough to work. Only by organically combining top-down and bottom-up supervision forces can the one-sided one person and a group of people be avoided in the game.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the text is how to supervise officials effectively.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The development of manufacturing industry in southern cities is closely related to the supply of low-rent housing is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: The culture medium refers to a nutrient substrate prepared from a combination of different nutrients, which is used for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, plants or animals (or tissues), and generally contains carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances, inorganic salts, vitamins, water and other substances. Natural The medium is a medium made of animals, plants or microorganisms including their extracts;Synthetic medium is a medium prepared by artificial design based on the composition of natural medium, simulated synthesis with chemical substances; semi-combined medium is mainly prepared with chemical reagents, and a medium with a small amount of natural ingredients.

Hypothesis: In order to study the growth of chicken embryo cells, a medium made by adding a small amount of corn juice to a certain proportion of salt water amino acid solution is semi-combined media according to the above definition.


Premise: A certain country's economy is dominated by agriculture. In 2001, it suffered a severe drought that was unprecedented in a century. International organizations called on the people of all countries to extend a helping hand to the country.

Hypothesis: The country's economy is greatly affected by the climate can be inferred.


Premise: In Xiehe Building Materials Co, Ltd a worker inadvertently wasted more when using raw materials for making bricks, and one of his colleagues who had a good relationship in ordinary times lost his temper. The manager said that this kind of thing is now quite common, and workers with poor labor discipline have become the target of public criticism. In the past, it often happened that the equipment was not maintained and the newly bought brick-making machine was broken in less than a year. In 1993, the enterprise was reorganized into a joint-stock enterprise. Of the total amount of shares of 2.1 million yuan, individual employees invested 1 million yuan. Enterprises connect employees together through asset ties, workers are both shareholders and workers, and their enthusiasm is at an all-time high.

Hypothesis: The option 'The role of shareholding system in tightening production discipline in enterprises is very obvious' primarily supports this view.


Premise: There are four people living in a hotel with different occupations and nationalities. They come from Britain, France, Germany and the United States. It is known that the Germans are doctors, the Americans are policemen and the youngest. C is older than the Germans. B is a judge and a friend of the British. D has never studied medicine.

Hypothesis: C comes from Britain.


Premise: Human Visual Gestalt Function means that people always tend to process the unconnected scattered things into an organic whole with their familiar experience when they observe the world with their eyes.

Hypothesis: A stick of incense was burning in a dark room. After staring at the incense for a few minutes, a man found that the incense head moved by itself does not belong to Human Visual Gestalt Function.


Premise: Chekhov  famously said that puppies should not be flustered by the presence of large dogs. All dogs should bark loud, just as God gave them a loud voice.

Hypothesis: The law gives people the right of expression, regardless of rank is the correct interpretation of this paragraph.


Premise: Green consumption refers to the consumption behavior characterized by saving resources and protecting the environment, which is mainly manifested as advocating diligence and thrift, reducing loss and waste, choosing efficient and environmentally friendly products and services and reducing the consumption of resources and the emission of pollution in the process of consumption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Wang is fastidious about ingredients and likes natural foods that are simply cooked, but does not like foods that are processed over and over again and with preservatives does not belong to green consumption.


Premise: Some people may think that the more expensive or new vehicles are, the more likely they are to be stolen. In fact, on the contrary, for experienced car thieves, the old car with a large number of possession is their first choice. In contrast, it is much more difficult to sell new cars and luxury cars than old cars, and it is also easier to attract the attention of the police, Especially cheap and expensive cars are generally out of the sight of thieves. Although cheap cars can easily use the door gap to pick up the door lock and open the door with tools such as screwdriver and iron wire, the residual value is also low. For luxury cars with more than 500000 yuan, security measures are also in place, which is particularly troublesome to steal. They are usually placed in the garage with monitoring system. Moreover, Some models with unique shapes and low commonality of spare parts are relatively safe

Hypothesis: According to the above information, a three-year-old maiteng worth 160000 yuan is the most vulnerable.


Premise: There is a psychological theory that in order to be happy, one person must maintain a close relationship with another person. However, the world's greatest philosophers spent most of their lives alone and without close relationships. Therefore, this psychological theory must be wrong.

Hypothesis: The world's greatest philosophers prefer to avoid close relationships must be assumed by the above conclusion.


Premise: In Malsenia sales of classical records are soaring. The buyers responsible for this boom are quite new to classical music and were drawn to it either by classical scores from television commercials or by theme tunes introducing major sports events on television. Audiences at classical concerts, however, are continually shrinking in Malsenia. It can be concluded from this that the new Malsenian converts to classical music, having initially experienced this music as recorded music, are most comfortable with classical music as recorded music and really have no desire to hear live performances.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that the number of classical concerts performed in Malsenia has not decreased in response to smaller audiences.


Premise: Career anchor refers to the vital things or values in a career that a person will not give up in any case when he has to make a choice. Technical functional career anchor refers to the whole career development of an individual, which is developed around a set of special technical abilities or specific professional work he is good at.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li is a full-time actress who has performed well in many films, but as she grows older, she encounters a career bottleneck, so she decides to stop filming and go abroad to study business administration meets the technical functional career anchor according to the above definition.


Premise: If one wants to succeed, then one should act as though one were genuinely confident about one' s abilities, even if one actually distrusts one' s skills. Success is much more easily obtained by those who genuinely believe themselves capable of succeeding than by those filled with self-doubts.

Hypothesis: Those who convince others that they are capable of succeeding usually have few self-doubts most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Tom: Critics of recent high court decisions claim that judges' willingness to abide by earlier decisions is necessary to avoid legal chaos. Since high courts of the past often repudiated legal precedents and no harm to the legal system ensued, these critics' objections must be politically motivated and ought to be ignored. Mary: High courts have repudiated precedents in the past, but they were careful to do so only when the previous rulings were old and had clearly become outdated. The recently overturned rulings were themselves recent. Overturning any recent legal ruling diminishes the law, which comes to be viewed as unstable and capricious.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Tom and Mary is whether the overturning of recent high court precedents will harm the legal system.


Premise: Pursuit what the people like, forsake what the people hate. Green mountains are beautiful, and blue skies are happiness too. Developing the economy is for people's wellbeing, so is protecting the ecological environment. We should not only create more material and spiritual wealth to meet people's ever-growing needs for a better life, but also provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's ever-growing needs for a beautiful environment. We should continue to ensure that ecology benefits and benefits the people, focus on solving prominent environmental problems that harm people's health, speed up efforts to improve the quality of the environment, provide more quality ecological products, strive to achieve social equity and justice, and constantly meet people's growing needs for a beautiful environment.

Hypothesis: It is emphasized that a sound ecological environment is the well-being of people's livelihood is a literal meaning.


Premise: In a trial, the judges voted for all the contestants,

Hypothesis: All the contestants got at least one pass ticket can be deduced from this.


Premise: Telomeres are DNA fragments whose length is very long at birth and then becomes shorter and is regarded as a sign of aging. After analyzing data over the years, the researchers found that the average telomere length of women who had at least one child was 4.2% shorter than that of infertile women. This percentage is equivalent to 11 years of cell aging, outpacing the effects of smoking and obesity on cell aging. As a result, it has been suggested that having children will speed up the aging of women.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "During pregnancy, the level of estrogen in women continues to rise sharply, which has a protective effect on cell telomeres" cannot refute the above point of view.


Premise: In China, the mid-autumn Festival is one of the five traditional  festivals. Its core cultural connotation is: I Wish Social Harmony and progress and family reunion happiness. But unfortunately, now the commercialization of the mid-autumn Festival has evolved into a Moon cake festival, the larger the moon cake, the less cultural significance.

Hypothesis: The main purpose of commercial activities should be to inherit national culture is the most likely view to be supported by this text.


Premise: Tyndall phenomenon refers to when a beam of light passes through the colloid, a bright pathway in the colloid can be observed from the vertical direction of the incident light.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Early in the morning in the dense woods, you can often see the beams of light passing through the branches and leaves' belongs to Tyndall phenomenon.


Premise: The door is a symbol of secrecy and avoidance, a symbol of the quiet or sad secret struggle of the mind hiding in bliss. A house without a door is not a house, but a hallway. Wherever a man is, he can make himself at ease as long as he is behind a closed door. The mind works most effectively in a closed door. People are not horses that graze together.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this paragraph is that people have thoughts and feelings, and they need to have their own independent world.


Premise: Modern traditional Chinese medicine improves the diagnostic accuracy of traditional look-smell-ask-cut-place with the help of physical testing means of western medicine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Process optimization' belongs to such optimizations.


Premise: Under the current compulsory education investment system, the county finance can barely afford teachers' wages, and the central and provincial finance can subsidize some teachers' wages and school construction funds, but all the remaining gaps are left to the school itself. Some rural primary and secondary school principals reflect that compulsory education has now become the obligation of the school.

Hypothesis: Compulsory education has now become a school obligation, which means that schools only fulfill their obligations and lack external investment.


Premise: On the topic of education at the moment, there are often two armies confronting each other: on the one hand, there are education experts who say with all their heart that successful education must inspire students' interest; on the other side are parents and teachers who agree that exams are the only ones and scores are the top priority. Experts point out that such utilitarianism has ruthlessly stifled the children's nature and interest. However, under the conditions of insufficient high-quality educational resources, parents do not want to find ways to get their children to enter prestigious schools, what more wise choices can be made?

Hypothesis: Parents' utilitarian choice is out of helplessness can be inferred from this text.


Premise: On the road to success, all shortcuts are detours, and all detours are necessary. Therefore, attaching to the strong is not a shortcut to success.

Hypothesis: Attaching to the strong is not the only way can be added as a premise to make the above conclusion valid.


Premise: The frequent occurrence of violent injuries to doctors may have made many people feel powerless, but powerlessness does not mean that they are numb. According to the data released by the Supreme people's Procuratorate in March 2019, procuratorial organs prosecuted a total of 3202 people for crimes such as violent injury to doctors and gathering crowds to disturb doctors in 2018. Although the number has dropped by 29% compared with the same period last year, the absolute number is still not low. And this is only a case clearly brought into the judicial track. In this regard, of course, we can not exaggerate and magnify the conflict between doctors and patients, but in the governance side, we can not underestimate the probability of its occurrence. It is true that the professional environment of doctors and level of security doctors still need to be improved.

Hypothesis: The contradiction between doctors and patients has been alleviated according to this passage.


Premise: In some places, the relevant provisions of the organic Law on villagers' committees have not been truly implemented, in particular an important spirit of the law -- the use of means such as supervision and evaluation in the management process to curb the abuse of power by village officials, it is far from being put in place. Against this background, some village officials are wildly corrupt and it is difficult for villagers to safeguard their rights. Only the investigation group through administrative channels or the Two courtsthrough judicial channels may not be able to solve the problem.

Hypothesis: The statement "The relevant provisions of the organic law of the villagers' committee of our country have been implemented truly" can best weaken the above relevant content.


Premise: In the face of the current complex international and domestic situation, China's future industrial development will gradually present two major grasps: one is to adapt to the changing trend of demand structure and speed up the technological transformation of traditional industries; the second is to scientifically judge the future market demand changes and technological development trends, and speed up the development of strategic emerging industries. At present, the pattern of global economic competition is undergoing profound changes, scientific and technological development is giving birth to new revolutionary breakthroughs, and the development of strategic emerging industries has become a major strategy for major countries in the world to seize the commanding heights of the new round of economic and scientific and technological development.

Hypothesis: The most likely content of this passage is that China should seize the commanding heights of the new round of economic and scientific and technological development.


Premise: The legislature of the Philippines voted recently to abolish the death penalty. In contrast, the death penalty remains legal in the United States. The difference in the legality of capital punishment demonstrates that the majority of American citizens believe in the death penalty, while the majority of Filipino citizens do not.

Hypothesis: The legal status of capital punishment in the United States and the Philippines aligns with how the majority of citizens in those respective countries view the death penalty is an assumption upon which the above argument depends.


Premise: Paperback books wear out more quickly than hardcover books do, but paperback books cost much less. Ttherefore, users of public libraries would be better served if public libraries bought only paperback books, since by so doing these libraries could increase the number of new book titles added to their collections without increasing their budgets.

Hypothesis: The statement "Library users as a group depend on their public library for access to a wide variety of up-to-date reference books that are published in hardcover only" most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Global warming has had a lot of effects on human beings, but also on other life on Earth. The increase of precipitation can improve vegetation, which is beneficial to the growth of rodents. The study shows that the increase in precipitation has enriched the vegetation in the already arid Inner Mongolia region. The food of rats was also increased, and the number of long-clawed sand rats increased.

Hypothesis: The increase of vegetation has increased the natural enemies of various animals, including rats best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: Vertical thinking is a traditional thinking mode represented by logic and mathematics, which emphasizes the certainty of things and makes rigorous derivation from the previous point of view; Horizontal thinking focuses on innovation, considers the possibility of multiple choices, and pursues the richness of thinking.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Faraday believed that electric energy produces magnetic field, so magnetic field can also produce electricity belongs to horizontal thinking application.


Premise: In recent years, with the influx of capital, the value of web comic content and platforms has risen, as if from the original cheap virgin land to an upscale community full of luxury villas. According to reports, as of the end of 2016, major websites in China The total number of comic works is about 150,000. There are more than 90,000 webcomic authors, 200 billion clicks on the comics, and 70 million users. However, it should be noted that the content creation level of webcomics does not match the increase in market value. , User stickiness and consumption conversion rate are not as high as imagined. In other words, these luxury villas held up by capital are likely to become haunted houses. When things are traded at prices far exceeding their value, It creates a bubble.

Hypothesis: The text is trying to express that at present, the value of domestic web comics is overestimated.


Premise: Literary critic: A folktale is a traditional story told in an entertaining way, which may lead some to think that folktales lack deeper meaning. But this is not the case. A folktale is passed along by a culture for generations, and each storyteller adds something of his or her own to the story, and in this way folktales provide great insight into the wisdom of the culture.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the literary critic's argument can be properly inferred if it is assumed that any tale that provides insight into the wisdom of a culture is deeply meaningful in some respect.


Premise: Only cadres study law. I'm not a cadre, so I don't have to study law.

Hypothesis: Only those who pass the exam will be admitted to the Nanjing University and Zhang failed the exam, so he couldn't get into the Nanjing University is the most similar to the above reasoning structure.


Premise: A study shows that young people in their 80s and 90s prefer popular songs to songs that are less interested in bel canto and national singing and so on.  Bel Canto, national and other singing methods are gradually eliminated by the times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Surveys show that bel canto and national singing have steadily increased in popularity since the 1980s' is the most valid rebuttal to the above conclusion.


Premise: The last foreign blockbuster, The Da Vinci Code, was only in Tokai for a week. The total box office of each theater withPoseidonshould be able to break 10 million yuan.

Hypothesis: The assumption that both films are high-quality productions and that the daily ticket price and attendance are expected to be about the same is most likely implied by the author.


Premise: The journalistic practice of fabricating remarks after an interview and printing them within quotation marks, as if they were the interviewee' s own words, has been decried as a form of unfair misrepresentation. However, people' s actual spoken remarks rarely convey their ideas as clearly as does a distillation of those ideas crafted, after an interview, by a skilled writer. Ttherefore, since this practice avoids the more serious misrepresentation that would occur if people' s exact words were quoted but their ideas only partially expressed, it is entirely defensible.

Hypothesis: Offering as an adequate defense of a practice an observation that discredits only one of several possible alternatives to that practice is a questionable technique used in the argument.


Premise: Every time the government introduces an economic policy, it will change the income expectations of some interest groups. Out of self-interest, these interest groups always try to offset the loss caused by the policy through various behavior choices. At this time, if the government really changes the original policy, the result will not only invalidate the policy issued by the government, but also make the government's ability of economic regulation and control decline continuously due to the loss of credibility.

Hypothesis: The main statement of this passage is that the government must continue to implement the policies it has formulated.


Premise: Only when the EU stops importing agricultural products from third countries and the security of Africa is guaranteed can the volunteers of international green organizations increase significantly. The security of Africa comes from the joint efforts of the whole international community, but such efforts are impossible due to the conflict of interests between some major countries in the world,

Hypothesis: There was no significant increase in volunteers from international green organizations can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: The yoke of conformity thinking refers to a kind of bad mindset that is consistent with the majority in cognitive judgment and problem solving.

Hypothesis: According to the standards of a certain star, Xiao Wang accurately adjusted the height of the interested person to two decimal places is not a yoke of conformity thinking.


Premise: Why are you always unhappy? Because of your lack of faith, your life has lost its direction. You have lost the means to control happiness. As a result, many people choose unhappiness in happiness. At the same time, without faith, it is easy to build values on some external things, even compare with each other, look up to the success of others and feel humble; Look up to the happiness of others, lament your own misfortune, compare the success of others, and resent your own disappointment; Compare the happiness of others and magnify your own pain

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, it can be deduced that if you have faith, you won't base your values on some external things.


Premise: Pizzerias are the only restaurants that routinely record the names, addresses, and menu selections of their customers. Simply by organizing these data, they can easily identify regular, average, and infrequent customers. Ttherefore, pizzerias utilize direct-mail marketing more effectively than do other restaurants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For restaurants, utilizing direct-mail marketing requires the names, addresses, and menu selections of at least some customers' enables the argument's conclusion to be properly inferred.


Premise: Xiao Zhang is going to watch a game next week, but he forgot the specific day. He asked A, B, C, D and E respectively. Their answers are as follows. A said it must be a weekend. B said it must be one of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. C said it must be Monday. D said it must be one of Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. E said it must be Friday. A, B, C, D and E are only one person right.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusions, Monday is the correct option.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The office buildings of the Legal Department, sales Department, R & D Department, production Department, Finance Department, and personnel Department meet the requirements of being arranged from front to back.


Hypothesis: If you have faith, you won't base your values on some external things can be deduced if the above statement is true.


Premise: Environmentalists pay attention to the high cost of protecting endangered animals and propose that we should decide which animals to be protected by evaluating the value of various endangered animals to human beings. This method is not practical, because it is impossible to predict the future value of an animal. It is also impossible to evaluate the value of animals that make indirect but important contributions to human beings today.

Hypothesis: The main argument of the above is that the method of judging the value of animals to human beings is not perfect, so the decisions made on this basis are not reliable.


Premise: Thomas Paine discusses the question of whether monarchy and hereditary system are reasonable in Common Sense. To those who believe that hereditary system is reasonable, Paine asks and answers, how did the original king come into being? There are only 3 possibilities either by lottery, or by election, or by usurpation, and if the first king was chosen by lot or by election this would set a precedent for later kings, thus denying hereditary practice. If the first king had been usurped, no one would have been so bold as to defend the hereditary throne.

Hypothesis: The technique used in Paine's argument is arguing that a proposition does not hold by showing that it contradicts an established proposition.


Premise: Professor: It has been argued that freedom of thought is a precondition for intellectual progress, because freedom of thought allows thinkers to pursue their ideas, regardless of whom these ideas offend, in whatever direction they lead. However, it is clear that one must mine the full implications of interrelated ideas to make intellectual progress, and for this, thinkers need intellectual discipline. Ttherefore, this argument for freedom of thought fails.

Hypothesis: In societies that protect freedom of thought, thinkers invariably lack intellectual discipline is an assumption required by the argument for the conclusion drawn by the professor.


Premise: The level of governance of a city is often measured not by how many high-rise buildings it has built, but also by how much dignity the vulnerable groups have and whether their lives can be basically guaranteed. This is usually the case, and the same is true during the prevention and control of the epidemic. The task of prevention and control is arduous, and it is not easy to take care of all aspects and every group. But the more under these conditions, the more we should pay attention to the people who need the most attention: the more the public's life is pressed the pause button, the more we should pay attention to those who do not have a sustainable life, and provide them with warmth and confidence.

Hypothesis: The author intends to emphasize that more attention should be paid to the vulnerable groups in the society during the prevention and control of the epidemic.


Premise: M: It is almost impossible to find a person between the ages of 85 and 90 who primarily uses the left hand. Q: Seventy to ninety years ago, however, children were punished for using their left hands to eat or to write and were forced to use their right hands.

Hypothesis: Q's response serves to counter any use by M of the evidence about 85 to 90 year olds in support of the hypothesis that forcing a person to switch from a preferred hand is harmless.


Premise: Induced motion refers to the illusion of motion of an adjacent stationary object due to the motion of an object.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when we look at the night sky, we can see the moon moving and the clouds stationary is induced motion.


Premise: In the bodies of reptiles, some industrial by-products cause elevated hormonal activity. Hormones govern the development of certain body parts, and in reptiles abnormal development of these parts occurs only with elevated hormonal activity. Recently, several alligators with the telltale developmental abnormalities were discovered in a swamp. So, apparently, industrial by-products have entered the swamp' s ecosystem.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider whether elevated hormonal activity can result from factors other than the presence of industrial by-products.


Premise: Since last year, real estate prices in many major cities across the country, including Guangzhou, have increased by varying degrees, and some cities have even hit recent highs. This is also since the state introduced a series of control measures last year, and real estate prices have risen again. This also public opinion has once again launched a debate on whether the economy is overheating. In this context, some people believe that the macro-control measures introduced by the country last year have not achieved the expected results.

Hypothesis: "The state has opened up to real estate prices. Since real estate prices are mainly affected by market supply and demand, it is impossible for macro-control to introduce state-regulated prices" can most effectively refute the above conclusion.


Premise: There is now a view that with the popularity of credit cards and the development of mobile payments in recent years, coins will inevitably fade out of the circulating market quickly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The same prediction was made about the fate of coins when bank savings cards began to emerge, but coins never faded out of circulating market' best refutes the above argument.


Premise: The best jazz singers use their voices much as horn players use their instruments. The great Billie Holiday thought of her singing voice as a horn, reshaping melody and words to increase their impact. Conversely, jazz horn players achieve their distinctive sounds by emulating the spontaneous twists and turns of an impassioned voice. So jazz consists largely of voicelike horns and hornlike voices.

Hypothesis: The claim that the best jazz singers use their voices much as horn players use their instruments is a statement used to support a conclusion that in turn is used to support the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: People have free will, which is subjective judgment, personal preference and choice. Psychological studies show that the more people work hard to achieve success, the happier they feel; The more reflective things are, the happier they are; The more self-controlled the satisfaction is, the happier it is. Psychologists have tracked that children who tolerate their urges more often as adults are more likely to get into college, get married and earn PHDS, while those who resist immediate gratification are more likely to drop out, divorce and suffer more frustration.

Hypothesis: The text's main idea is that the degree of control over free will determines how happy people are.


Premise: Card free payment means that the payer can transfer acceptable monetary claims to the payee without reading the physical card through the acceptance equipment through the Internet, mobile Internet, wireless LAN and other channels.

Hypothesis: Lao Wu, the owner of the restaurant, has opened wechat payment. When customers pay, they only need to scan the QR code on the bill with their mobile phone, that is, they can use wechat to pay the corresponding fees does not belong to card free payment according to the above definition.


Premise: The annual output of world food slightly exceeds the demand for food and can provide the minimum food needed by the world population. The statement that insufficient food production will lead to world food famine can be overstated. The famine is not caused by food production, but by unfair distribution.

Hypothesis: The scenario envisaged by the author in the above discussion is that the world grain output will continue to increase, which can meet the food demand.


Premise: Insurance industry statistics demonstrate that cars with alarms or other antitheft devices are more likely to be stolen or broken into than cars without such devices or alarms. Ttherefore antitheft devices do not protect cars against thieves.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which surveys reveal that communities with flourishing public libraries have, on average, better-educated citizens, it follows that good schools are typically found in communities with public libraries.


Premise: Role pressure refers to the fact that in an organization or a specific social environment, there are unfavorable factors that interfere with the action of the role task, which causes the individual to fall into a dilemma of knowing what to do.

Hypothesis: Women in the workplace feeling like they don't have time to truly belong to themselves because of their responsibilities of going to work, buying groceries, cooking, and communicating with family members is role pressure.


Premise: Ruth: To become a politician, a person should be required to have a diversity of experience. The more diverse one' s experience, the more one will understand the need for compromise. Stephanie: To be worthy of public trust, it is not enough, as you suggest, that one simply have varied experience. Such a person would not necessarily be worthy of public trust.

Hypothesis: The response simply asserts a point of view opposite to Ruth's without giving reasons for it most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in Stephanie's response to Ruth's statements.


Premise: With the continuous expansion of the scale of higher education, the competition is also intensifying. The competition among colleges and universities is an eternal theme. And the most concentrated competition is the competition of students. It is a competitive strategy for universities to offer characteristic and professional programs. At present, domestic colleges and universities are competing to offer a variety of major, minor and certificate courses. On this basis, personalized professional setting, as a unique way of training undergraduate talents, has become a unique goal to open up a new channel and effectively enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of the school.

Hypothesis: 'Individualization of Specialty setting is an effective way to enhance the attraction and Competitiveness of Colleges and Universities' is the most appropriate summary of the text.


Premise: Humans have been fighting against malaria for centuries, but it has always been a temporary solution but not a permanent cure and unable to block the source of malaria infection. Recently, researchers have developed a genetically modified mosquito that has the ability to no longer infect malaria and can hinder the reproduction of wild mosquitoes, thereby effectively cutting off the transmission route of malaria between humans and mosquitoes, and over time, the stubborn disease of malaria can be eradicated.

Hypothesis: The statement "Genetically modified mosquitoes only have a survival advantage when malaria is present.When there is no malaria in the living environment, their survival rate is the same as that of wild mosquitoes" would best support the conclusion that the reproductive ability of genetically modified mosquitoes has increased significantly after 9 generations, which may lead to the extinction of wild mosquito populations.


Premise: Raising the tax rate on essential goods -- a traditional means of increasing government revenues -- invariably turns low- and middle-income taxpayers against the government. Hence government officials have proposed adding a new tax on purchases of luxury items such as yachts, private planes, jewels, and furs. The officials claim that this tax will result in a substantial increase in government revenues while affecting only the wealthy individuals and corporations who can afford to purchase such items.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Will the revenues generated by the proposed tax be comparable to those that are currently being generated by taxes on essential goods?' would be the most relevant in evaluating the accuracy of the government officials' prediction.


Premise: Contract of gift refers to a contract in which one party to a contract gives its property to the other party without compensation. The party giving the property is called the giver and the party receiving the property is called the grantee.

Hypothesis: A computer company gave 15 new computers to his alma mater on the occasion of the school celebration may result in a contract of gift according to the above definition.


Premise: It is the weakness of human beings to get lost easily in a great deal of information. Perfectionists who collect all the useful or useless information are not able to analyze the information well, and the key to overcoming this is to develop a clear sense of purpose.Aim as much as you can at the information you want and collect it. In order to prevent the monopoly of subjective consciousness, it is necessary to start strong. The collection and judgment of information must be separated, and if the amount of information is large, two or more tests must be carried out.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that if the amount of information is small, two or more tests are not required.


Premise: There is a theory that about 50 million years ago, the ancestors of ring-tailed lemurs, flying foxes and other mammals came to the island of Madagascar, an island in the Indian Ocean, on a natural raft. According to this theory, mammals from the southeastern part of the African continent drifted to Madagascar that year, and they used large logs or floating vegetation. Before the drifting story was staged, the storm swept them into the sea and was driven by ocean currents. These ancient refugees drifted for several weeks and came to Madagascar.

Hypothesis: The statement "50 million years ago, the ocean currents around the two continental plates flowed eastward, that is, to Madagascar" would not support the above drifting theory.


Premise: The five senses have traditionally been viewed as distinct yet complementary. Each sense is thought to have its own range of stimuli that are incapable of stimulating the other senses. However, recent research has discovered that some people taste a banana and claim that they are tasting blue, or see a color and say that it has a specific smell. This shows that such people, called synesthesiacs, have senses that do not respect the usual boundaries between the five recognized senses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Synesthesiacs demonstrate a general, systematic impairment in their ability to use and understand words' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Political scientist: While voters have a legal right to know what is being done by those whom they elect, there must be limits placed on public access to the detailed workings of the legislative process. Legislators receive little credit for reaching compromises but much criticism for failing to stick to their principles, and thus become less willing to modify their demands so that needed legislation can be passed.

Hypothesis: The principle that it is acceptable to restrict some legal rights if doing so makes the political process more efficient would most help to justify the political scientist's reasoning.


Premise: Statistics show that people who practice Taijiquan all the year round have the same average life expectancy as those who never practice Taijiquan. Thus it can be seen that practicing Taijiquan can not strengthen the body and prolong life.

Hypothesis: Some athletes are physically strong, but their life expectancy is lower than that of ordinary people would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: Generic drugs contain exactly the same active ingredients as their brand-name counterparts, but usually cost much less to develop, produce, and market. So, generic drugs are just as effective as their brand-name counterparts, but cost considerably less.

Hypothesis: Because of advertising, doctors frequently prescribe brand-name drugs by their brand name, rather than by their chemical name is the statement that most strengthens the argument.


Premise: When a threat to life is common, as are automobile and industrial accidents, only unusual instances tend to be prominently reported by the news media. Instances of rare threats, such as product tampering, however, are seen as news by reporters and are universally reported in featured stories. People in general tend to estimate the risk of various threats by how frequently those threats come to their attention.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, those who get their information primarily from the news media tend to overestimate the risk of uncommon threats relative to the risk of common threats is most strongly supported on the basis of them.


Premise: Sustainable development refers to the coordinated development of nature, economy and society, which can meet the needs of the present generation without harming the long-term interests of future generations.

Hypothesis: We will raise the exchange rate of the RMB and enhance the ability of the chinese people to buy imported goods is not sustainable development.


Premise: Korean traditional medicine has the theory of Harmony of Man and Nature, that is, the small environment in the human body should be coordinated with the large environment of nature, so as to make people more adapt to the changes of nature and increase the resistance of the human body to the adverse effects of the outside world.

Hypothesis: According to this theory, Lukewarm food is the food that Koreans prefer to eat in hot summer in order to avoid excessive temperature difference between the human body and external environment and nutrient loss.


Premise: Yesterday your IT department performed a server upgrade, and my computer cannot be turned on at night. Can you restore the server to its original state?

Hypothesis: President Jones raised taxes, and the number of violent crimes has risen accordingly. Therefore, taxes should not be raised is most similar to the question stem.


Premise: Although this bottle is labeled vinegar,  no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled baking soda.  But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that this argument fails to exclude an alternative explanation for the observed effect.


Premise: Mall manager: By congregating in large groups near the stores in our mall, teenagers create an atmosphere in which many adult shoppers feel uncomfortable. As a result, the adults have begun to spend less time shopping than they have in the past. The mall' s goal in this situation is to prevent a significant loss in overall sales, so merchants should do their utmost to discourage teenagers from congregating near stores. Merchant: But the amount spent by teenagers who congregate near mall stores constitutes a significant percentage of the total amount spent in those stores.

Hypothesis: The merchant's response to the manager's argument is most accurately described as giving information that pertains to the relation between the manager's recommendation and the mall's goal.


Premise: Capital export refers to the investment or loan made abroad by capitalists, capitalist groups or the government of capitalist countries in order to obtain high profits or interest.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the purchase of securities of foreign enterprises does not belong to capital export.


Premise: Ability trap means that people always like to do things that are good at and can bring self-confidence and satisfaction, which leads to the strengthening of a single ability and the weakening of other abilities, which makes it difficult to adapt to the new requirements of social changes.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang has been repairing his bike for many years and has a good life. In the past two years, fewer and fewer people have come to repair bicycles, and their income is not as good as before. He has failed to learn how to repair motorcycles several times, and now he can only repair tires for electric cars belongs to the ability trap.


Premise: Environmentalists pay attention to the high cost of protecting endangered animals and propose that we should decide which animals to be protected by evaluating the value of various endangered animals to human beings. This method is not practical, because it is impossible to predict the future value of an animal. It is also impossible to evaluate the value of animals that make indirect but important contributions to human beings today.

Hypothesis: The main argument of the above is that it is impossible to assess whether endangered animals are important to humans.


Premise: Principle: A police officer is eligible for a Mayor' s Commendation if the officer has an exemplary record, but not otherwise; an officer eligible for the award who did something this year that exceeded what could be reasonably expected of a police officer should receive the award if the act saved someone' s life. Conclusion: Officer Franklin should receive a Mayor' s Commendation but Officer Penn should not.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that Franklin has an exemplary record but Penn does not can be properly drawn from the fact that In saving a child from drowning this year, Franklin and Penn both risked their lives beyond what could be reasonably expected of a police officer.


Premise: In response to requests made by the dairy industry, the government is considering whether to approve the synthetic hormone BST for use in dairy cows. BST increases milk production but also leads to recurring udder inflammation, decreased fertility, and symptoms of stress in cows who receive the hormone. All of these problems can be kept under control with constant veterinary care, but such levels of veterinary help would cost big farms far less per cow than they would small farms.

Hypothesis: Owners of big farms stand to gain more from government approval of BST than do owners of small farms is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Letter to the editor: When your newspaper reported the (admittedly extraordinary) claim by Mr. Hanlon that he saw an alien spaceship, the tone of your article was very skeptical despite the fact that Hanlon has over the years proved to be a trusted member of the community. If Hanlon claimed to have observed a rare natural phenomenon like a large meteor, your article would not have been skeptical. So your newspaper exhibits an unjustified bias.

Hypothesis: The argument in the letter conflicts with the principle that if a media outlet has trusted a source in the past and the source has a good reputation, the outlet should continue to trust that source.


Premise: Driving is a risky traffic behavior. The psychological, physiological and behavioral characteristics of drivers have a great impact on driving safety, which often determines whether potential accidents may occur. The research shows that female drivers have low discrimination ability to complex traffic environment, and respond less actively than men in stress environment, so they can't cope with emergencies. In addition, There are also significant differences in physical conditions between male and female drivers. The average gap between men and women is quite obvious in terms of vision, physical strength and spatial ability. Therefore, it is suggested that compared with male drivers, female drivers do have the side of road killer, that is, they are more likely to cause serious traffic accidents.

Hypothesis: Compared with male drivers, female drivers have better driving habits and pay more attention to not speeding, which is conducive to driving safety cannot refute the above view.


Premise: According to the TV ratings survey, more young people watch sports programs than the middle-aged people and elderly people.

Hypothesis: Sports programs may be more suitable for the interests of young people can be inferred.


Premise: Wireless charging, also known as non-contact induction charging, uses the principle of magnetic field resonance to transfer energy from the power supply device (charger) to the device that uses electricity. There is no wire connection between the two devices.

Hypothesis: Compared with wireless charging, the energy conversion of wired charging is obtained at one time, with little power loss, which saves energy and protects environment is correct about chargers and electrical devices.


Premise: The high housing prices in the first-tier cities and the pursuit of the quality of life of the post-90s young people have given birth to the rise of rental apartments. Rental apartments cater to the consumption concept of young people, and rental has changed from a last resort to a way of enjoying life. According to the survey, although owning their own housing is still the rigid demand of the post-90s, only 30% of them are willing to reduce the quality of life in order to buy a house. Another 56% of the post-90s are unwilling to buy a house because too heavy housing loans will reduce the quality of life. From this point of view, these post-90s who pay more attention to personal value may become the generation who don't buy a house.

Hypothesis: Many post-90s are unwilling to reduce their quality of life in order to buy a house is intended to be emphasized.


Premise: Public-sector (government-owned) companies are often unprofitable and a drain on the taxpayer. Such enterprises should be sold to the private sector, where competition will force them either to be efficient and profitable or else to close.

Hypothesis: Some unprofitable private-sector companies have become profitable after being taken over by the government to prevent their closing identifies a flaw in the policy proposed above.


Premise: Complementary pricing strategy means that enterprises set lower prices for main products (products with high value) and higher prices for ancillary products (products with low value), which is conducive to increasing overall sales and increasing enterprise profits

Hypothesis: Company C uses complementary pricing strategies by launching three new smart phones with 16g, 64g, and 128g memory and with large price differences.


Premise: Augmented reality technology is a new technology that integrates real world information and virtual world information seamlessly, which is to combine the original real world, a certain time and space range, it is difficult to experience the physical information through computer and other science and technology imitation and then superimposed, the virtual information applied to the real world, is perceived by the human senses, so as to achieve the sensory experience beyond reality.

Hypothesis: A game uses a tracker to detect users' movement, and provides users with a visual field including virtual landscape through helmet mounted display is not an augmented reality technology by the above definition.


Premise: The crime of misappropriating public funds refers to persons engaged in public affairs in state organs, state-owned companies, enterprises, institutions, and people's organizations who use their positions to supervise, manage, operate, and handle public property rights and conveniences,misappropriating public funds for personal use for illegal activities, or embezzling public funds of more than 50,000 yuan for profit-making activities, or embezzling public funds of more than 50,000 yuan and not repaying them for more than three months.

Hypothesis: A warehouse clerk in a state-owned enterprise sold goods worth 100,000 yuan in the warehouse and used it for personal high-end consumption. After a month, he was worried that the matter would be exposed and borrowed money to buy the goods and put them back in the warehouse constitutes the crime of


Premise: Mr. Zhang put the four treasures of the study in a cabinet with four drawers, and asked the students to guess which floor the pen, ink, paper and inkstone were on. According to the order of pen, ink, paper and inkstone, Xiao Li guessed that the four treasures were installed on the first, second, third and fourth floors, Xiao Wang guessed that the four treasures were installed on the first, third, fourth and second floors, and Xiao Zhao guessed that the four treasures were installed on the fourth, third, first and second floors, Xiao Yang guessed that the four treasures were installed on the fourth, second, third and first floors in turn. Mr. Zhang said that Xiao Zhao didn't guess right, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang guessed right one, and Xiao Yang guessed right two.

Hypothesis: The second drawer is filled with paper can be inferred.


Premise: Natural interpretation of the law means that although the law does not clearly stipulate a certain matter, according to the purpose of the regulation, the matter should be interpreted as applying this legal provision. The method of interpretation includes that for a certain act that should be allowed, giving a more serious and permissible provision to show that it should be allowed and for a certain act that should be prohibited, citing a lighter than its prohibited provisions to show that it should be prohibited.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the law prohibits the carrying of small animals and according to the first method, the behavior of carrying large animals should be prohibited.


Premise: Science in the 17th century was empirical science. At that time, it was generally believed that human beings could use their senses to collect as much data as possible and finally understand the whole world through these data. Based on this, scientific discoveries were accidental and widely accepted. However, with the development of science and the use of new scientific instruments. Let the amount of scientific research data increase exponentially. This situation makes the previous experience no longer applicable-humans can no longer process and master these data only by senses, and must use computers for analysis. At the same time, the way of exploring and mining data can even enable scientists to plan contingency.

Hypothesis: How scientists plan contingency is most likely to continue in the above paragraph.


Premise: Under the conditions of a market economy, as long as opportunities are equal, legal competition, no fraud, no privileges and corruption, the emergence of the gap between the rich and the poor in the society can only be attributed to the innate differences of individuals, acquired efforts, and opportunities and luck.

Hypothesis: The emergence of the gap between the rich and the poor in the society, if it is not due to personal differences, it may be due to the existence of privileges and corruption in the society can be concluded based on this.


Premise: Article 9 of my country's Law on the Protection of Juveniles stipulates: People's governments at all levels implement the management of compulsory education; it is both a statutory right and a statutory obligation. In the case of minors not filing a lawsuit, governments at all levels can rely on their powers. File a civil lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The state effectively guarantees the right of minors to education through the system can be inferred.


Premise: The network era is an era of excess information but scarce attention. The essence of the contemporary economy based on the network is attention economy. In this economic form, the most important resource is attention. therefore, how to attract attention on the Internet has become a very important issue. In the network era, it is undoubtedly necessary to emphasize the economic value of attention, but if the moral evaluation and spiritual significance of attracting attention are ignored, it will lead to a lack of humanistic care and minimum respect for attention. so that some people will make use of the convenience and concealment of network means to waste, pollute and trample on other people's attention through false and bad information, which is undoubtedly a serious mental injury.

Hypothesis: The author's intention in this passage is to emphasize that the moral evaluation of attracting attention is ignored in the Internet era.


Premise: Privacy right refers to the right not to violate the law, in order to protect the reputation and image of the individual, to its personal behavior and personal materials confidential, not to let others illegally learned.

Hypothesis: The right to acknowledge an extramarital relationship with a woman is a privacy right according to the above definition.


Premise: The anonymity of communication seems to be inherent in the Internet. There was a time when a cartoon by Peter Steiner, published in The New Yorker in 1993 with the jokey title On the Internet, No One Knows You're a Dog, was taken as a truism by Internet users.

Hypothesis: Most netizens accept the anonymity of communication on the Internet is wrong about the phrase "on the Internet, no one knows you are a dog" according to the above definition.


Premise: In 2005 Shanghai invited Manchester United to Shanghai for a friendly  match. In just one day, the sponsor grossed eight million yuan. This time,  Shanghai invited Spain's Real Madrid Club for a friendly match and plus various activities with the fans inside the stadium, the sponsor is ready to make ten million yuan of box office revenue in two days.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the level of fans' affection for the two clubs, estimated attendance, ticket prices and so on are very similar is most likely implied by the above inference.


Premise: All too many weaklings are also cowards, and few cowards fail to be fools. Thus there must be at least one person who is both a weakling and a fool.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which the statement 'If an act is virtuous, then it is autonomous, for acts are not virtuous unless they are free, and acts are not free unless they are autonomous' is used.


Premise: The early universe contained only the lightest elements: hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements, such as carbon, were produced only when stars underwent nuclear reactions and emitted when stars exploded, and existed in subsequent gas clouds. Recently, it was found that a gas cloud contained carbon 4 billion years ago, when there were only stars less than 2 billion years old.

Hypothesis: The formation of carbon in the gas cloud does not exceed 6 billion years can be inferred.


Premise: Insurance reserve: refers to the reserve of raw materials established by enterprises in case of delayed delivery of raw materials or unplanned increase in demand.

Hypothesis: Aunt Zhang usually used to buy more grain, oil and salt at home, in case something happened to get away to buy are the following insurance reserves.


Premise: Although the relevant departments have special activities to crack down on the production and sale of fake and shoddy products every year, the phenomenon of making and selling fake products by a few manufacturers is still repeated despite repeated prohibitions.

Hypothesis: The result of the above phenomenon is that it seriously disrupts the market order.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The overall average price of residential housing in City A is the lowest is a wrong judgment about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.


Premise: The Ergonomic Society conducted a study that indicated that many people develop severe back problems during adulthood, and that virtually all such people who received chiropractic treatment showed great improvement. Ttherefore, in order to minimize the proportion of the population that suffers from back pain, the Ergonomic Society recommended that chiropractic treatment be directed toward those adults who suffer from severe back problems.

Hypothesis: Chiropractic treatment is more effective in treating severe back problems when utilized over a long period of time, as opposed to sporadically is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Contract of gift refers to a contract in which one party to a contract gives its property to the other party without compensation. The party giving the property is called the giver and the party receiving the property is called the grantee.

Hypothesis: Providing a residence to a friend for free during a period of studying abroad may result in a contract of gift according to the above definition.


Premise: Valitania' s long-standing practice of paying high salaries to its elected politicians has had a disastrous effect on the level of integrity among politicians in that country. This is because the prospect of earning a high salary is always attractive to anyone whose primary aim in life is to make money, so that inevitably the wrong people must have been attracted into Valitanian politics: people who are more interested in making money than in serving the needs of the nation.

Hypothesis: Most of those who are currently Valitanian politicians could have obtained better-paid work outside politics would weaken the argument.


Premise: The careful design of some products makes the products convenient and efficient, brings comfort to customers, and customers don't have to read complex instructions or ask for help from others. On the contrary, some products are designed without considering users' habits and needs, so people will encounter difficulties or confusion in the process of use. This kind of products are called Norman Products.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the bottom pulley of a large wooden wardrobe of a certain brand is of poor quality, and it is difficult for users to open the door is a Norman Product.


Premise: If China wants to make great achievements in the 21st century, it should not only make efforts on the general skills of international competition and interaction, but more importantly, it should have a clear understanding of the evolution and development trend of world political characteristics in time, so as to stimulate greater strategic wisdom, have a keen insight into the possible trends of the world in the future, timely eliminate all kinds of drawbacks that are not suitable for future development, and safeguard national security and interests. Seek the all-round development of society. In other words, the mission of international strategy is not and cannot be to design some kind of self-righteous outcome for the world.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis in this passage is that China's international strategy should adapt to the general trend of the evolution and development of world political characteristics.


Premise: By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of black ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Ttherefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Recently, students at Peking University and Tsinghua University issued an initiative calling on college students to boycott unhealthy online games.

Hypothesis: College students should not play unhealthy online games must be preset for this initiative.


Premise: In rural planning and construction, we should highlight rural, regional and national characteristics, respect local traditional customs and customs, and not lose typical regional characteristics, distinctive national characteristics and excellent cultural traditions.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of this sentence is that rural planning and construction should be typical.


Premise: Company X and Company Y have each been building a rocket ship able to travel to Mars. After five years of design and construction, the rocket ships have been unveiled to the public, which instantly notices the rocket ships are so similar in design as to be indistinguishable. Ttherefore, one of the companies must have had information pertaining to the design of the other rocket ship.

Hypothesis: The statement "Each space ship uses a different color scheme, which matches that of each company's logo" would most call in to question the validity of the argument.


Premise: The competition between electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles has a history of more than one hundred years. For a long time, the development of internal combustion vehicles has been outstanding and has made great progress. In recent years, with the development of battery technology, electric vehicles have occupied many fields, such as bicycles, motorcycles, small transport vehicles, large urban buses, airport and port ferries and so on. As a result, it has been proposed that the time for electric vehicles to completely replace internal combustion vehicles is coming, and even some countries and places have proposed a timetable for banning the sale of fuel cars. But some opponents say that internal combustion vehicles and electric vehicles will continue to move in the opposite direction for quite a long time in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After more than one hundred years of development, internal combustion vehicles have become very mature' can best support the opponents of the above point of view.


Premise: An authoritative opinion poll conducted an investigation into the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks around the world and found that 40% thought it was caused by the unfair foreign policy of the United States, 55% thought it was caused by the conflict between Islamic civilization and Western civilization, 23% thought it was caused by the evil nature of terrorists, and 19% did not express their opinions.

Hypothesis: The most reasonable explanation for the above contradictory statements is that some respondents later changed their views.


Premise: Doctor: It would benefit public health if junk food were taxed. Not only in this country but in many other countries as well, the excessive proportion of junk food in people' s diets contributes to many common and serious health problems. If junk food were much more expensive than healthful food, people would be encouraged to make dietary changes that would reduce these problems.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the doctor's argument is that taxing junk food would benefit public health.


Premise: Technological innovation refers to the economic development, only new technology and new inventions in the production of the first application, is in the production system to establish a new production function or supply function. The new combination economics, which causes a kind of factor of production and production conditions, emphasizes that planned innovation is not exclusive. Uncertainty, marketability and systemic characteristics.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Haier Group's production of household appliances suitable for the needs of all kinds of people and achieving great market returns belongs to technological innovation in the field of economics.


Premise: The town of Springhill frequently must declare a water emergency, making it temporarily unlawful to use water for such nonessential purposes as car washing. These emergencies could be avoided if Springhill would introduce permanent economic incentives for water conservation. Actually, Springhill discourages conservation because each household pays a modest monthly flat fee for any amount of water below a certain usage threshold, and a substantial per-liter rate only after the threshold is reached.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The threshold is kept at a high enough level to exceed the water requirements of most households in Springhill' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: From an analysis of broken pottery and statuary, archaeologists have estimated that an ancient settlement in southwestern Arabia was established around 1000 B. C. However, new evidence suggests that the settlement is considerably older: tests show that a piece of building timber recently uncovered at the site is substantially older than the pottery and statuary.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the tests used to determine the age of the pottery and statuary had been devised more recently than those used to determine the age of the building timber" most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn from the new evidence.


Premise: The refraction of light is an optical phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon of deflection of direction when light is shot in by one medium, another medium, or propagated in the same uneven medium.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "When you stand on the shore and see the clear water, don't go down, because the actual depth is deeper than you see" is not a refraction of light.


Premise: Psychologist: Satisfaction and happiness with one' s family cannot exist unless families have established strong values of mutual trust, love, and respect. Such bonds are formed and strengthened only through making these key values the basis for all actions within the family. It is obvious then that widespread reliance on movies and electronic media for entertainment has an inherently corrosive effect on one' s family life.

Hypothesis: The assumption that people who rely on movies and electronic information for entertainment are unable to form strong values of trust, love, and respect with their families is on which the psychiatrist's argument depends.


Premise: In good politics, public power must be restricted. The ways of restricting public power can be divided into two types, one is rigid restriction, the other is soft restriction, that is, moral restriction on power. To restrict power, we should not only improve the system and make the restriction of power rigid, but also give full play to the role of official morality and let conscience restrict power.

Hypothesis: The moral cultivation of leading cadres cannot be ignored is true of the argument in this paragraph.


Premise: The responsible judicature in ancient China means that judicial personnel must be responsible for their own actions. In Legalist thought, the theory of responsible judicature originated from the theory of responsible administration, because judicial power and administrative power were not separated at that time. The theory of responsible administration requires that the subject of administrative law enforcement must bear responsibility for his own actions. For this reason, the Qin Dynasty established a perfect supervision system to supervise the administrative law enforcement and investigate the illegal acts of the law enforcement subjects. At that time, judicial power was a part of executive power, so the supervision of administrative power included the supervision of judicial power. If the subject of supervision finds that judicial personnel have the problem of judicial injustice, they will punish them. It can be said that the supervision system was the premise of the establishment of the judicial responsibility system at that time. The judicial responsibility system of the Qin Dynasty is groundbreaking, as exemplified by the charges such as not being straight stipulated in the Law of the Qin Dynasty. Responsible judicature is also a kind of judicature of governing officials. Legalists advocate governing officials but not people and require that the style of officials should be brought into the track of the rule of law.

Hypothesis: The Origin of responsible Judicature and Legalist thought in Ancient China mainly describes the content of this paragraph.


Premise: Since people are social animals and cannot do anything without the interpersonal environment, who can win the trust and cooperation of others fastest with the lowest communication cost per unit time has a great chance of success. At all times, at home and abroad, those who can achieve great things often win in the comprehensive quality of communication, organization and action. No matter socialized mass production in the industrial era, or the business competition in the market economy environment, it is necessary to put this kind of interpersonal knowledge through the behavior of every economic man.

Hypothesis: Communication is important for success is consistent with the above words.


Premise: Certain messenger molecules fight damage to the lungs from noxious air by telling the muscle cells encircling the lungs' airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs. An asthma attack occurs when the messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily, in response to harmless things like pollen or household dust.

Hypothesis: Such a medication would be unable to distinguish between messages triggered by pollen and household dust and messages triggered by noxious air points to the most serious flaw of a plan to develop a medication that would prevent asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messages sent by the messenger molecules referred to above.


Premise: In order to enrich the spare-time life of employees, a certain company allocates a fixed amount of funds each year for the travel benefits of its employees. Some employees of the company have spontaneously established a travel companion association, and some people in the travel companion association are the technical backbone of the company. Recently, the Some of the leaders of the company are preparing to embezzle the funds for other purposes.This idea has been approved by all members of the company's management, but the members of the Travel Friends Association did not agree with the decision of the company's management.

Hypothesis: Some technical backbones are not members of management can be derived based on the above statement.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: If Hao Yun Station is on the east side of the station, Yin Ling Station is adjacent to Fu Yi Station and is to the west of Fu Yi Station can be inferred.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that carbon dioxide resource utilization may achieve zero greenhouse gas emission target is correct.


Premise: Psychiatrist: Breaking any habit is difficult, especially when it involves an addictive substance. People who break a habit are more likely to be motivated by immediate concerns than by long-term ones. Ttherefore, people who succeed in breaking their addiction to smoking cigarettes are more likely to be motivated by the social pressure against smoking -- which is an immediate concern -- than by health concerns, since __.

Hypothesis: For most people who successfully quit smoking, smoking does not create an immediate health concern at the time they quit supports the conclusion of the psychiatrist's argument the most.


Premise: Virtual human resource management refers to a human resource management method based on cooperative relationship and making full use of modern information network technology to help enterprises obtain, develop and plan intellectual and labor capital. It can meet the requirements of the development of enterprise management virtualization, externalize a large number of human resource management activities or realize independent management by employees, Thus, enterprises can focus on the core human resource management and improve the efficiency of human resource management

Hypothesis: A group designs all its advertisements by the same advertising company does not belong to virtual HR management according to the above definition.


Premise: China's special climatic environment has led to the formation of the custom of hot food in China. Hot food can not be touched directly by hand. Cutlery is needed to help you eat. During the warring States period, lacquer ware entered into the food utensils and gradually replaced the bronze ware. When using lacquer ware to carry food, if you use a knife and fork to eat, it will cause a lot of scratches and damage on the surface of the lacquer ware, affecting the beauty of the lacquer ware. Taking advantage of the good elasticity of bamboo, the ancestors of ancient China first made bamboo clips, accumulated experience in using them, and finally evolved chopsticks.

Hypothesis: The custom of eating hot food contributed to the emergence of chopsticks is not mentioned.


Premise: If colleges and universities can hire a large number of graduates who have obtained doctoral degrees from top overseas universities, it will undoubtedly helpful to improve the quality of teaching and scientific research. Therefore, hiring graduates who have obtained doctoral degrees from domestic universities will not help improve the quality of teaching and scientific research.

Hypothesis: Graduates, hired by colleges and universities, who have obtained doctoral degrees from top overseas universities are usually jointly cultivated by domestic universities and overseas universities, and they also have doctoral degrees issued by domestic universities, if true, will challenge the most to the above view.


Premise: A unit plans to organize trade union activities to visit the nearby ancient town. It needs to count the number of participants. Xiao Chen said: if it doesn't rain, I have no reason not to go. Xiao Wang said: January 1 is my child's birthday, and I must accompany him at home. As long as it doesn't happen on this day, I can't go. Xiao Liu said: if it rains, I won't go. Xiao Zhang said: if someone goes, I will go. December 29 On Tuesday, the person in charge of the trade union informed that the trade union activity was scheduled for the day after tomorrow. I hope everyone can make arrangements, and the weather forecast says it is impossible to rain this week

Hypothesis: This leads to the conclusion that Xiao Zhang will go and Xiao Liu won't.


Premise: Most veterinarians, and especially those at university veterinary research centers, have a devoted interest in the biological sciences. But most veterinarians choose their profession primarily because they love animals. Among persons who are seriously interested in biological science but lack any special love for animals, one does not find any prominent veterinarians.

Hypothesis: Prominent veterinarians at some veterinary research centers are intensely devoted to the biological sciences but do not feel any pronounced affection for animals cannot be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: Whenever an artist endowed with both a high level of artistic skill and a high degree of creativity combines these two abilities in the process of creating an artwork, the resulting product is a great work of art. Moreover, no work of art can be great unless both of these elements are combined in its execution. Thus, great works of art are necessarily rare.

Hypothesis: A high degree of creativity and a high level of artistic skill are seldom combined in the creation of a work of art is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Some people believe that if a country can operate its economy efficiently, it will definitely be able to create wealth and become rich: if such a country wants to maintain political stability, the wealth it creates must be fairly distributed; the fair distribution of wealth will end economic risk; however, the existence of risk is an indispensable prerequisite for the efficient operation of the economy.

Hypothesis: A conclusion that can be drawn from the above viewpoint is that a country's political stability and economically efficient operation cannot coexist.


Premise: The four offices of a certain agency, A, B, C, and D, are preparing for in-depth investigations at the grassroots level. The places they are preparing to investigate are Hongxing Township, Chaoyang Township, Yongfeng Street, and Xingfu Street. Each room chooses exactly one place and it is different. Known: (1) Either A chooses Xingfu Street, or B chooses Xingfu Street, and the two must be one of them;(2) either A chooses Red Star Township or C chooses Yongfeng County Street; (3) if C chooses Yongfeng County Street, D chooses Happy Street.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, C choose Xingfu Street can be concluded.


Premise: Pandas are rapidly disappearing from the wild. Ttherefore, in order to preserve the species, existing pandas should be captured and placed in zoos around the world.

Hypothesis: Many zoos are eager to increase their stock of rare and exotic animals, but there are not enough pandas for all the zoos that want one most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: Water tourism is a short-term experience with social, leisure and consumption attributes that people go to the water body and surrounding areas for the main purpose of seeking pleasure. At present, it has gradually become an important carrier of people's leisure fashion and regional tourism development. Water tourism resources refer to the natural landscape and cultural landscape which are attractive to people, such as water area (water body) and associated shore land, island, forest and grass, architecture and so on.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a release pool with thousands of koi in a forest park is not a water tourism resource.


Premise: Tendering is a transaction method in which the tenderee does not go through the general transaction negotiation process before buying and selling bulk commodities, contracting construction projects or cooperating in a certain business, but publicly solicits bids from the applicants, and finally the tenderee selects the transaction object to contract.

Hypothesis: The transaction method 'U.S. offers a $5 million reward for catching bin Laden alive' belongs to tendering.


Premise: An animal protection organization in Country M is trying to change the long-standing perception of bats as a terrifying animal. The organization argues that bats are scary and upsetting just because they hide whenever they see people and only active at night.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Raccoons and owls also avoid people whenever they see people, and they are only active at night, but generally they are not scary and upsetting' will raise the most serious doubts about the accuracy of the organization's arguments.


Premise: Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why __.

Hypothesis: Large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates most logically completes the passage.


Premise: All Labrador retrievers love playing fetch. Only German shepherds love protecting their home. Some dogs are easy to train. Brittany' s dog loves playing fetch and loves protecting her home.

Hypothesis: Brittany's dog is a German shepherd must be true.


Premise: Genomics research shows that the human genome contains 20 to 25000 genes, but so far, using gene detection technology, only more than a thousand disease genes can be found, and all of them are single gene diseases. However, polygenic diseases in humans are still a blind spot for technical testing. In this regard, the existing genetic test results all use high, medium, low or a certain percentage range to indicate the risk probability of an individual suffering from a certain disease, which simply cannot reach the so-called 100% accuracy. In addition, even if the genetic test results are normal, the possibility of getting sick cannot be ruled out.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the existing gene test results are not refined enough.


Premise: Xiao Zhang is going to watch a game next week, but he forgot the specific day. He asked A, B, C, D and E respectively. Their answers are as follows. A said it must be a weekend. B said it must be one of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. C said it must be Monday. D said it must be one of Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. E said it must be Friday. A, B, C, D and E are only one person right.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusions, Wednesday is correct.


Premise: Demand levels for some categories of products are closely interdependent. When one type of a product can serve as a complement for another product, the levels of demand for these goods are positively related. An increase in the demand for one product usually increases the demand for its complementary product. Similarly, a decrease in the demand for one good causes a decrease in the demand for its complementary product.

Hypothesis: A decrease in the demand for CD players results in a decrease in the demand for CD's provides an example of the relationship between product demands described above.


Premise: The development of history is not independent, it is an organism. Just like a person, from youth to old age, there is something consistent in his body, not to say that everything has to be done from scratch at a stage. Such basic morals as filial piety, honesty and trustworthiness can exist beyond ideology. I call it human gene. It is not only inherited, but also inherited to some extent.

Hypothesis: The development of history is not like an organism that can transcend ideology.


Premise: Global warming has had a lot of effects on human beings, but also on other life on Earth. The increase of precipitation can improve vegetation, which is beneficial to the growth of rodents. The study shows that the increase in precipitation has enriched the vegetation in the already arid Inner Mongolia region. The food of rats was also increased, and the number of long-clawed sand rats increased.

Hypothesis: The increase of vegetation in Inner Mongolia is closely related to ecological protection in recent years best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: Wang Ping is the manager of the Phoenix Company. All of Li Qiang's friends work in the Phoenix Company. Hu Bin is a friend of Li Qiang. Some employees in the Phoenix Company are from Hunan, and all the employees in the Phoenix Company are college students.

Hypothesis: Li Qiang has some friends with low academic qualifications is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: A park in France plans to hire crows as cleaners. But some people also expressed doubts about whether the Crow cleanerscould make a difference.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that crows retain the instinct to snare branches and small stones and that keeping crows produces its own waste would most support this group's suspicions.


Premise: Surrendering refers to the behavior of a criminal who takes the initiative to confess the crime to the public security organ, the people's procuratorate, the people's court or other relevant units after committing a crime, and is willing to accept legal action.

Hypothesis: Li's surrendering behavior of confessing to a crime in front of evidence presented by the public security personnel is a typical surrendering behavior.


Premise: Witkeys refers to people who convert their wisdom, knowledge, ability and experience into actual benefits through the Internet. They make their knowledge, wisdom, experience and skills reflect economic value by solving problems in science, technology, work, life and learning on the Internet

Hypothesis: If you want to download the full text of an academic paper from a website that has provided retrieval of academic papers for nearly 30 years, you have to charge a certain fee.


Premise: Critic: The idealized world portrayed in romance literature is diametrically opposed to the debased world portrayed in satirical literature. Nevertheless, the major characters in both types of works have moral qualities that reflect the worlds in which they are presented. Comedy and tragedy, meanwhile, require that the moral qualities of major characters change during the course of the action. Ttherefore, neither tragedy nor comedy can be classified as satirical literature or romance literature.

Hypothesis: The critic's conclusion follows logically if it is assumed that the visions of the world portrayed in works of tragedy and works of comedy change during the course of the action.


Premise: A product is slow to sell, either because of poor quality, or because the price is too high, or because the advertising promotion is not done well. After analysis, the quality of the product is very good.

Hypothesis: The product is not sold because the price is too high, nor because the advertising promotion is not done well is based on the above materials.


Premise: Science and art are like the two sides of a coin, which are based on human creativity and pursue the universality of truth. Scientific communication is also a kind of creative activity, in which practitioners transform science into content that is easy for the public to understand by various means and ways, so as to realize communication, stimulate people's awareness and appreciation of science, and form an objective and rational attitude towards science. In this process, it is also necessary to combine science with art. From the perspective of academic peer communication, many famous academic journals have artistic covers, which are the result of the combination of science and art. Science communication for the general public needs to combine education with fun, and its significance is nothing more than to emphasize that the dissemination of information should be grafted into artistic means, so as to touch the nerves of the public and resonate with them.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Science communication is also an art'.