Premise: Bill rights, also called rights on bills, refers to the obligation of the holder to pay the bill acceptor, the promissory note issuer, and the check holder after presenting the bill, exercise the right to request the payment of the bill. And it also refers to the right  to recourse for tickets in the event if the bill is not paid, accepted or other circumstances that payment is not received on the due date .

Hypothesis: The holder's right to change the bill on his own without the consent of the invoicer is not part of the bill rights.


Premise: Teaching monitoring ability means that in order to ensure the success of teaching and achieve the expected goals, teachers use teaching activities as consciousness objects throughout the teaching process, and continue to make adjustments actively in plan, inspect, evaluate, feedback and control

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, planning and preparation before class is not a manifestation of teaching monitoring ability.


Premise: Frieda: Lightning causes fires and damages electronic equipment. Since lightning rods can prevent any major damage, every building should have one. Erik: Your recommendation is pointless. It is true that lightning occasionally causes fires, but faulty wiring and overloaded circuits cause far more fires and damage to equipment than lightning does.

Hypothesis: Erik's response fails to establish that Frieda's recommendation should not be acted on because it does not offer any additional way of lessening the risk associated with lightning.


Premise: Police commissioner: Last year our city experienced a 15 percent decrease in the rate of violent crime. At the beginning of that year a new mandatory sentencing law was enacted, which requires that all violent criminals serve time in prison. Since no other major policy changes were made last year, the drop in the crime rate must have been due to the new mandatory sentencing law.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The city enacted a policy 2 years ago requiring that 100 new police officers be hired in each of the 3 subsequent years' most seriously weakens the police commissioner's argument.


Premise: Planetary bodies differ from one another in their composition, but most of those in the Solar System have solid surfaces. Unless the core of such a planetary body generates enough heat to cause volcanic action, the surface of the body will not be renewed for millions of years. Any planetary body with a solid surface whose surface is not renewed for millions of years becomes heavily pockmarked by meteorite craters, just like the Earth' s Moon. Some old planetary bodies in the Solar System, such as Europa, a very cold moon belonging to Jupiter, have solid icy surfaces with very few meteorite craters.

Hypothesis: Some very cold planetary bodies have cores that generate enough heat to cause volcanic action must, on the basis of the claims above, be true if the claims are true.


Premise: Critic: An art historian argues that because fifteenth- century European paintings were generally more planimetric (that is, two-dimensional with no attempt at suggesting depth) than were sixteenth-century paintings, fifteenth-century painters had a greater mastery of painting than did sixteenth-century painters. However, this conclusion is wrong. Fifteenth-century European painters did not have a greater mastery of painting, for the degree to which a painting is planimetric is irrelevant to the painter' s mastery.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed because it takes a necessary condition for an argument's being inadequate to be a sufficient condition for an argument's being inadequate.


Premise: According to sources who can be expected to know, Dr. Maria Esposito is going to run in the mayoral election. But if Dr. Esposito runs, Jerome Krasman will certainly not run against her. Ttherefore Dr. Esposito will be the only candidate in the election.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which an informant says that Rustimann was involved in the bank robbery, if Rustimann was involved, Jones was certainly not involved, and since these two are the only people who could have been involved, Rustimann is the only person the police need to arrest.


Premise: Stamp effect means that when the research topic can be related to some specific things, activities and emotions, the accuracy of inference results will be greatly improved, the reasoning materials are specific, and the reasoning will be easier; Reasoning is more difficult when the material of reasoning is abstract

Hypothesis: Galileo dropped two iron balls with different weights from the same height at the same time on the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the two iron balls landed at the same time, which confirmed that the speed of free fall had nothing to do with mass doesn't belong to stamp effects according to the definition of appeal.


Premise: From the observation that each member of a group could possess a characteristic, it is fallacious to conclude immediately that it is possible for all the group' s members to possess the characteristic. An example in which the fallacy is obvious: arguing that because each of the players entering a tennis tournament has a possibility of winning it, there is ttherefore a possibility that all will win the tournament.

Hypothesis: The statement "Each of the candidates for mayor appears at first glance to possess the necessary qualifications. It would therefore be a mistake to rule out any of them without more careful examination" commits the fallacy described above.


Premise: A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's assertion that illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories is not true.


Premise: Economic activity is people's production, exchange, distribution, consumption and closely related activities under the premise of certain economic relations. Economic relations are the mutual relations formed by people in economic activities. Among all kinds of economic relations, the dominant one is production relations.

Hypothesis: How to deal with the relationship between politics and economy relates to the premise discussed above.


Premise: Police statistics have shown that automobile antitheft devices reduce the risk of car theft, but a statistical study of automobile theft by the automobile insurance industry claims that cars equipped with antitheft devices are, paradoxically, more likely to be stolen than cars that are not so equipped.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The most common automobile antitheft devices are audible alarms, which typically produce ten false alarms for every actual attempted theft' does the most to resolve the apparent paradox.


Premise: As the result of human cognition, knowledge is a concept with great extension. It generally includes four levels or aspects, namely, common sense, experience generalization, scientific knowledge and philosophical knowledge. The so-called common sense mainly includes common knowledge such as sayings and proverbs, which is often not an understanding of the nature and laws of things. Scientific knowledge is a theoretical system, which is logical and systematic.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the sentence "Scientific knowledge contains common sense."


Premise: In Metroville, the KP subway line follows the riverfront from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university. No matter how many trains the subway runs on the KP line, there are always congestion and delays on the KP line. The subway submitted a proposal for an alternate subway line that would travel from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university via the inland neighborhoods, hoping to draw some of the congestion from the KP line. The city hired urban planning consultants who concluded the subway' s proposal of a new line would not reduce commuter congestion on the KP line.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The most popular after-work destinations, such as riverfront restaurants and bars as well as the ballpark, would only be accessible by the current KP line' most helps to explain the urban planning consultants' position.


Premise: Professor Hartley' s new book on moral philosophy contains numerous passages that can be found verbatim in an earlier published work by Hartley' s colleague, Professor Lawrence. Ttherefore, in view of the fact that these passages were unattributed in Hartley' s book, Hartley has been dishonest in not acknowledging the intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.

Hypothesis: Lawrence did not get the ideas in the passages in question or did not get their formulations originally from Hartley is an assumption on which the argument is based.


Premise: Nowadays, biotechnology is causing a new revolution in the field of medicine and health. People are looking forward to using bioengineering technology to produce effective therapeutic drugs. Some biologically active substances with specific therapeutic effects, such as enzymes, hormones, vaccines, interferons, immunoglobulins, Interleukins, growth factors, etc., traditional production processes are mainly extracted from animal organs, blood and urine. Due to limited resources and minimal content, the use of high-purity separation processes is difficult and expensive. These problems can be solved well by producing these drugs by biological genetic engineering methods.

Hypothesis: Limited resources, minimal content, and the high-purity separation process being difficult has the most accurate understanding of these problems.


Premise: A recent report on an environmental improvement program was criticized for focusing solely on pragmatic solutions to the large number of significant problems that plague the program instead of seriously trying to produce a coherent vision for the future of the program. In response the report' s authors granted that the critics had raised a valid point but explained that, to do anything at all, the program needed continued government funding, and that to get such funding the program first needed to regain a reputation for competence.

Hypothesis: The basic position taken by the report's authors on the criticism leveled against the report is that giving the report a single focus is less desirable than the critics claim.


Premise: When Cortez arrived in Mexico in A. D. 1519, he observed the inhabitants playing a ceremonial game with a rubber ball. The pre-Columbian inhabitants of Mexico began to use rubber around A. D. 1000. Thus, we can be sure that the game must have originated sometime between approximately A. D. 1000 and Cortez' arrival.

Hypothesis: The conclusion reached above depends on the assumption that the game had been played since its inception with a rubber ball.


Premise: Administrative leadership, as a kind of behavior, refers to the process of dominating, leading and guiding the leader under a certain administrative environment in order to achieve certain administrative goals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Documents exchanged between government agencies' belongs to the executive leadership.


Premise: Multiple use refers to the utilization of natural resources in combinations that will best meet the present and future needs of the public. Designating land as a wilderness area does not necessarily violate the multiple-use philosophy, for even when such use does not provide the greatest dollar return, it can provide the greatest overall benefit from that site.

Hypothesis: The multiple-use philosophy takes into account some nonfinancial needs of the public is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The current reforms in China means the reorganization and innovation of the social structure. The marketization of economy and the democratization of politics are the two wheels of modern society. But the development of democratic politics depends not only on the construction of democratic system, but also on the cultural identity of democratic system. Without this, democratic politics both lacks the source, and can appear the situation of operation invalidation.

Hypothesis: The precondition of building democratic politics is to have democratic political culture can be inferred.


Premise: In the last election, 89 percent of reporters voted for the incumbent. The content of news programs reveals that reporters allowed the personal biases reflected in this voting pattern to affect their news coverage: 54 percent of coverage concerning the challenger was negative, compared with only 30 percent of that concerning the incumbent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The argument is logically most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it ignores the possibility that the electorate's voting behavior is not significantly affected by the content of coverage of candidates' is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: The governmental archives of a country recently freed from dictatorship contain no material incriminating the country' s most notorious dictator in certain crimes that political observers believed him to have instigated. In fact, the archives contain documents implicating others in these crimes. Ttherefore, even though this dictator was probably guilty of many other crimes, the political observers' belief that he was also guilty of these crimes is almost certainly wrong.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to take into account that there might be other documents exonerating those persons that the archives did implicate.


Premise: If the cost of producing a product in one country is lower than that in another country, then the country has a comparative advantage over another country in the production of this commodity.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, country A has a large population and cheap labor that attracts most mobile phone manufacturing companies of country B to set up production lines in country A. Compared with country B, country A has a comparative advantage in mobile phone production.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If F was a member of the committee in a given year, H was not a member of the committee in that year.


Premise: Among small- to medium-sized marine mammals such as seals and dolphins, the longer an animal can stay submerged during a dive, the greater the depth the animal can reach. Dolphins can dive to greater depths than northern fur seals can, and elephant seals can stay submerged longer than Weddell seals can.

Hypothesis: If the information above is accurate, then Weddell seals can dive to greater depths than dolphins can and can stay submerged longer than northern fur seals can is not true.


Premise: Ability trap means that people always like to do things that are good at and can bring self-confidence and satisfaction, which leads to the strengthening of a single ability and the weakening of other abilities, which makes it difficult to adapt to the new requirements of social changes.

Hypothesis: Mr. Lin is busy expanding the scale of his business all day, opening more and more chain stores, and the benefit is getting better and better, but he is neither good at nor concerned about the trivialities of daily life. His wife does all the housework such as shopping, cooking, cleaning and so on belongs to the ability trap.


Premise: Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years. On installation, the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.

Hypothesis: A steady increase in the price of oil beginning soon after the new burner is installed would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above.


Premise: In the late Qing and early Ming dynasties, a group of Westerners went to the mountains of southwestern China for scientific research or poaching. Some of them found a small koala in the mountains, because the locals called it mountain bear or maoxiong. They also called it maoxiong in the article, why did maoxiong later become panda? After the Republic of China, some traditional books and periodicals changed from vertical to horizontal. However, the fundamental reason is that there is no clear classification of it in the field of zoology.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is to introduce the origin of the word panda.


Premise: When eating fish, small thorns are more troublesome than big thorns, because big thorns are easy to be found, and small thorns must be removed with great efforts. In life, small faults are more difficult to correct than big faults, because big mistakes are easy to be found, and small faults must be paid special attention to before they can be found. Although fish with small thorns often have delicate and delicious meat, many people are unwilling to eat that kind of fish because they are afraid of small thorns. Although people with strange temper and informal manners often have special talents, many people are unwilling to deal with these people because they hate these small problems.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to assert that EQ (Emotional Intelligence) is as important as IQ (Intelligence Quotient).


Premise: International tourist personnel refer to people who enter my country's borders to travel, visit, inspect, visit relatives in my country, and engage in trade, sports, academic and technical exchange activities (including foreigners, overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots).

Hypothesis: Foreign art troupes that come to our country to perform cultural performances are international tourist personnel.


Premise: In the face of the energy crisis, some countries are looking for alternative energy sources,using corn to process ethanol gasoline for vehicles is no longer new, Therefore, many people believe that using corn to produce energy can not only digest the aged grain in stock, but also develop oil as an alternative energy, which will be one of the trends of energy development in the future and a policy of benefiting the nation and the people.

Hypothesis: At present, it seems that the production of ethanol gasoline for vehicles will consume a lot of water resources cannot weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: In recent years, people's living conditions are getting better and better, and the requirements for tourism ---are getting higher and higher. In the past, the way of tourism ---- has been gradually replaced by the way of in-depth experience and paying attention to culture and interaction. it is under this background that the development of the integration of culture and tourism --- has become a hot spot.

Hypothesis: Quality, just looking at the flowers, came into being at the historic moment is the most appropriate to fill in the underlined part.


Premise: A middle school has tried out the evaluation system of students' behavior since 2010. Recently, the student affairs office of the school investigated students' satisfaction with the evaluation system. The data show that the students with high scores have high satisfaction with the evaluation system. As a result, the student affairs office has come to the conclusion that all the students with good performance are satisfied with the evaluation system.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the conclusion of the student affairs office of the school is based on is that the students who perform well are all students with high scores.


Premise: Most land-dwelling vertebrates have rotating limbs terminating in digits, a characteristic useful for land movement. Biologists who assume that this characteristic evolved only after animals abandoned aquatic environments must consider the Acanthostega, a newly discovered ancestor of all land vertebrates. It possessed rotating limbs terminating in digits, but its skeleton was too feeble for land movement. It also breathed using only internal gills, indicating that it and its predecessors were exclusively aquatic.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support the statement 'Certain anatomical characteristics common to some aquatic animals represent an advantage for survival on land.'


Premise: A study by the University of London in the United States found that over-reliance on GPS navigation will block the hippocampal gyrus of the brain to form new memories; accustomed to electronic products will cause many people to communicate only in fragmented language; and replacing traditional reading with games and TV programs will lead to a decline in people's reading and thinking ability. As a result, researchers believe that high technology can make people stupid.

Hypothesis: Some studies have found that the human brain can make corresponding adjustments and changes with the changes in lifestyle brought about by high technology can most weaken the above researchers' point of view.


Premise: It is necessary to pay attention to avoid the hollowing out of the industry in the development of the service industry. However, it is wrong and dangerous to think that the rapid development of modern service industry in China's economic growth must lead to industrial hollowing out. Holding this view in practical work will make China's economy lose an important window for the rapid development of modern service industry. In fact, the formation of an industrial structure dominated by the service industry does not mean the decline of the status of the manufacturing industry, nor does it represent deindustrialization, let alone start the process of industrial hollowing out.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis in this passage is that we should not miss the opportunity to develop the service industry by worrying about the hollowing out of the industry.


Premise: At present, the reform of the examination and enrollment system in our country is being carried out in an all-round way. Through the reform of the college entrance examination, we hope to encourage middle schools to change the direction of education from simple education to all-round education. From pursuing subject achievement to promoting students' growth. At the same time, through the comprehensive quality evaluation, we should encourage the personalized education in middle school, guide the students' self-cognition and find their own interest specialty and personality. On the other hand, if the high school entrance examination bonus program continues to expand, it may not only affect the quality of the education reform at this stage, but also offset the achievements of the college entrance examination reform.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred from the realistic logic of China's education reform that it is the general trend of educational reform to slim down the extra points in the senior high school entrance examination.


Premise: Customer active socialization is a process in which customers actively learn knowledge and information related to their role in order to participate effectively in the service process.

Hypothesis: Xie did not agree with the doctor's diagnosis of his own depression, so he searched a lot of information on the Internet is the customer active socialization according to the above definition.


Premise: In the 20th century, a generation of seekers disappointed by Western civilization, faced with increasingly frequent exchanges and contacts between the East and the West, and not satisfied with the way their predecessors indirectly recognized the Chinese spirit, embarked on the journey of pilgrimage to the East one after another. to open up a new way to face dialogue directly. They all dream of using the spirit of Chinese philosophy to cure the ills of western society, looking forward to finding a panacea for themselves and strategies for correcting their own culture. This determines that when they accept the value of Chinese culture and share the quintessence of Chinese thought, it is difficult for them to avoid the usual practical orientation of their predecessors.

Hypothesis: Some Western scholars have a pragmatic tendency in understanding Chinese culture is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced only in cells that are actively dividing. For this reason it is generally absent from body tissues in adults. Bone marrow is an exception to this rule, however, since even in adults, bone marrow cells continually divide to replace old blood cells. Cancers are another exception, because their cells are rapidly dividing.

Hypothesis: Cancer of the bone marrow develops more rapidly than cancer growing in any other kind of adult tissue is most strongly supported by the information provided.


Premise: Up until about 2 billion years ago, the sun was 30 percent dimmer than it is now. If the sun were that dim now, our oceans would be completely frozen. According to fossil evidence, however, life and liquid water were both present as early as 3. 8 billion years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Evidence suggests that certain regions of ocean remained frozen until much more recently than 2 billion years ago' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Progressive retirement means that employees have reached the legal retirement age, and the employer flexibly determines the retirement time for some employees according to actual work needs.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhao has reached the retirement age, but the major research project he presided over has not yet been completed. His research institute decided to hire him to continue working until the project is completed is a progressive retirement.


Premise: The schematic function of a sentence refers to the expression of a certain notice, warning, command or request through a sentence, with the purpose of asking others to do or not to do a certain behavior in accordance with the thought expressed in the sentence.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Prohibit the production of fake and shoddy products' does not reflect the schematic function of the sentence according to the above definition.


Premise: Scientific and technological discoveries have considerable effects on the development of any society. It follows that predictions of the future condition of societies in which scientific and technological discovery is particularly frequent are particularly untrustworthy.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that it is not as difficult to predict scientific and technological discoveries in a technologically more advanced society as it is in a technologically less advanced society.


Premise: The most important feature of the government's control of public risks, which is different from other social affairs, is that decision-making is unknown. The existence of uncertainty increases the difficulty for the decision-making and implementation of risk control. In view of this, risk controllers should take into account scientific, economic, political and legal factors. Ignoring any of these factors may lead to regulatory failure.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the complexity of public risk control.


Premise: Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal has recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth's orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible' most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: People with depression have a strong suicidal tendency, and many people think that depression is a mental illness. In the middle of the 20th century, medical research found that the concentration of three neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain of depressed suicides is lower than that of normal people. Medical scientists speculate that it is the imbalance in the concentration of these three neurotransmitters that leads to depression.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The drugs developed to maintain the concentration balance of the above three neurotransmitters are effective in the treatment of depression' gives the above medical scientists the strongest support for their conclusions.


Premise: Researchers at Temple University in the United States used computers to rank the determinants of future wealth among more than 2500 volunteers. These factors include age, occupation, education, race, gender, height, location, and the ability to delay immediate gratification (self-control). The results show that occupation and education are the most important factors for predicting high income, followed by geographical location and gender, followed by self-control, which is significantly more predictive of income than age, race, height and other factors. Researchers believe that attaching importance to the cultivation of children's self-control will help tap children's potential for making money in the future.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is "Wealth begins with children."


Premise: The term post-1980s, which first appeared in online forums in 2001, refers to a group of poets born in the 1980s who are active in online forums To refer to the entire group of young people born in the 1980s.

Hypothesis: The best heading for this paragraph is "A Rational View of the post-80s Generation from a New Perspective."


Premise: The principle of prudence is not respect for science, but a pragmatic attitude towards the application of science. The achievement of scientific research achievements and their social recognition often represent huge empirical interests or even the lifelong achievements of scientists, so it is difficult to ensure that scientists will not relax the requirements of scientific principles and break the rules; the socialization of scientific research achievements is often linked to the interests of enterprises, enterprises will inevitably deliberately conceal the harm when pursuing profits. Because of the unknown factors and dangers of scientific research, the difficulty and time span of discovery are too large, even if scientists and enterprises adhere to moral principles, it is difficult to guarantee that the potential harm of scientific research achievements can be found.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis in this passage is that we should adopt a cautious attitude towards the application of scientific achievements.


Premise: Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, red symbolizes enthusiasm. As soon as I see red, my blood boils. Xiao Li wrote two words in red and said to Xiao Zhang, do you feel blood boiling?

Hypothesis: The logical expression of the sentence 'Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, flowers bloom all year round. Flowers are like beautiful women. Everyone likes to see them' is consistent with the given stem.


Premise: Honest cadres are cadres of good conduct, wholeheartedly for the people are strict with themselves cadres. The degeneration of some corrupt elements is the result of relaxing strict requirements on themselves. The cadre that seeks personal gain wholeheartedly is not a cadre of moral integrity, a cadre that seeks personal gain is also impossible to become a cadre of one mind for the people.Zhang Runtime is a respectable cadre.

Hypothesis: Zhang Lingga is a cadre who is dedicated to the people, according to the above definition.


Premise: Subrogation refers to the system in which the descendants of the deceased children of the deceased inherit their share of the inheritance when the children of the deceased die before the deceased.

Hypothesis: Subrogation inheritance is when a father and son, A and B, are involved in an accident where B is presumed to have died before his father A, and B's son inherits A's estate.


Premise: With regard to the problem that the occupying roads of small street vendors in urban streets affects traffic, some scholars think that centralized business areas for small vendors should be set up in specific areas that do not affect urban traffic. in this way, it can alleviate the problem of traffic jams caused by small stall vendors occupying roads at will.

Hypothesis: The traffic location of the centralized business area is convenient, and small vendors can get higher profits there is a prerequisite that must be added in order to make the above argument valid.


Premise: Personal income tax reform is an integral part of the reform of the fiscal and taxation system. From October 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, taxpayers will calculate the tax amount proportionally based on the remaining income after deducting 5000 yuan from their monthly salary, salary scale and other income. However, since China's personal income tax accounts for only about 7% of the total tax revenue, it is only through the personal income tax reform to achieve a more reasonable goal of wealth adjustment, From this point of view, raising the threshold of individual income tax is only the first step to improve the income distribution system.

Hypothesis: There is a long way to go to improve the income distribution system is intended to be illustrated by this paragraph.


Premise: Observatory director: Some say that funding the megatelescope will benefit only the astronomers who will work with it. This dangerous point of view, applied to the work of Maxwell, Newton, or Einstein, would have stifled their research and deprived the world of beneficial applications, such as the development of radio, that followed from that research.

Hypothesis: It does not show that the proposed megatelescope research is worthy of comparison with that of eminent scientists in its potential for applications is the strongest criticism of the argument in favor of development of the megatelescope.


Premise: A local talent market is looking for practitioners in four positions of cleaning, property, network management and sales. Four young people from A, B, C and D come to apply. It was learned afterwards that each person only chose one kind of position to apply for and one of them applied for each kind of position. In addition, we also know: (1) if D applies for network management, then A applies for property; (2) if B does not apply for cleaning, then A applies for cleaning and C applies for sales; (3) if B applies for cleaning, then C applies for sales. D also applied for cleaning.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, B can be inferred to apply for the position of network management.


Premise: China's 20 million families make a living by producing silk, and the export volume accounts for three quarters of the world market. However, in recent years, the silk industry has faced export difficulties: the image of silk has declined, the export volume has decreased, and some Asian competitors have met. Some countries have also implemented quotas on silk import, which is undoubtedly a blow to China's silk industry.

Hypothesis: At present, China's silk export volume is no longer the first in the world shows that.


Premise: Last year a global disturbance of weather patterns disrupted harvests in many of the world's important agricultural areas. Worldwide production of soybeans, an important source of protein for people and livestock alike, was not adversely affected, however. Indeed, last year's soybean crop was actually slightly larger than average. Nevertheless, the weather phenomenon is probably responsible for a recent increase in the world price of soybeans.

Hypothesis: Last year's harvest of anchovies, which provide an important protein source for livestock, was disrupted by the effects of the weather phenomenon provides the strongest justification for the attribution of the increase in soybean prices to the weather phenomenon.


Premise: Ideology: a systematic idea formed on a certain socio-economic basis and representing the interests of a class or social group.

Hypothesis: Photographer Xiao Han released a group of photos of poor Tibetan primary school students studying hard on a well-known forum and called on everyone to donate money. Many people responded one after another, causing an uproar on the Internet is ideological.


Premise: Professor Lin suffers from bronchitis. In order to achieve curative effect, Dr. Zhang asked Professor Lin to quit smoking immediately.

Hypothesis: Smoking is the main cause of bronchitis must be assumed in order to make Dr. Zhang's request persuasive.


Premise: Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.

Hypothesis: From the biologist's statements, it can be properly inferred that the specimen of plant X in the biologist's garden has white flowers but lacks fuzzy seeds.


Premise: Because of their ignorance of Weibo, a director and a director divulged their privacy and exposed their immoral behavior on Weibo, which were investigated and dealt with by the relevant departments. Some netizens were cynical about their actions, lamenting: knowledge changes fate. No knowledge changes fate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Knowledge leads to a change in fate from bad to good, and lack of knowledge leads to a change in fate from good to bad' is closest to the meaning expressed by the netizen.


Premise: Research shows that 90% of people with severe insomnia like to drink strong tea. Lao Zhang likes drinking strong tea, so he is likely to have serious insomnia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It ignores that drinking strong tea may also cause other adverse consequences' best points out the loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: Machine vision refers to a device that automatically receives and processes an image of a real object through optical devices and non-contact sensors to obtain the required information or to control the movement of the robot.

Hypothesis: A mini smart robot with a camera enters the depths of a tomb that is difficult for archaeologists to reach and captures many precious images relates to machine vision according to the definition.


Premise: An animal's eggs hatch through the heat generated by microbes in the soil and compost when they decompose organic matter, but these microbes (including bacteria) can also penetrate the eggshell and infect the embryo, which is naturally more than 20%. However, in Australia, there is a bird called the clump pheasant, whose eggs are only 9% likely to be infected, and the researchers found that their eggshells contain lysozyme, which the researchers believe is likely to be a key factor in defending against bacterial invasion.

Hypothesis: Compared with the eggshell of other animals, the eggshell of Cong Tsui pheasant is 1/3 thinner and more vulnerable to microbial invasion does not undermine the above conclusion.


Premise: Telecommunications fraud refers to the criminal act that criminals release false information, set up scams, implement remote and non-contact fraud against the victims through telephone, network and SMS, induce the victims to make money or transfer money to the criminals, and illegally occupy other people's property.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang launching a new house group purchase online and promising that a deposit of 1000 yuan could offset the house price of 50000 yuan, and then disappearing after the customer paid the deposit, is not telecommunications fraud.


Premise: Some people say that complete selflessness has two meanings: first, to serve others unconditionally; second, to refuse any service from others.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If someone refuses the service of others, there must exits completely selfless people' is the logical inference of the above point of view.


Premise: There are various forecasts for the rise and fall of each stock, but up to now, no stock critic can accurately predict the rise and fall of each stock

Hypothesis: There are too many uncertain factors that affect the rise and fall of stocks, so it is difficult to predict stocks can be inferred according to the above information.


Premise: Until recently, endosulfan was one of the most widely used pesticides. Some others -- toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordane -- were banned or restricted in many countries in the 1980s but linger in the environment. All four have a weak effect individually in increasing estrogen levels in women. Scientists have found, however, that their potential to cause health hazards increases dramatically when the chemicals are combined. For example, a mixture of endosulfan and dieldrin had 160 to 1, 600 times more estrogen-boosting potency than either chemical did individually. Increased estrogen is associated with an increased cancer risk in women.

Hypothesis: If certain pesticides combine in the environment, they may constitute greatly increased human health hazards is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Chekhov  famously said that puppies should not be flustered by the presence of large dogs. All dogs should bark loud, just as God gave them a loud voice.

Hypothesis: Speaking is not only the ability of the people, but also the right conferred by the law is the correct interpretation of this paragraph.


Premise: A semiconductor is a substance that conducts electricity between a metal and an insulator.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, the statement "Mercury is much less conductive than metals such as aluminum, copper, and iron, so it's a semiconductor" is wrong.


Premise: In the driving qualification test, successfully passing the yard driving test is a very demanding test for students.  In various driving schools in Nanya City, in the past, some examiners violated work discipline. There are also some examiner responsibility is not strong, more arbitrary, these are students more concentrated on the issue.  From January 1 this year, each driving school examination has been installed on the site monitor, from visual to machine measurement, so that the site driving test to achieve computer operation, improve the scientific.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The results of machine measurements are printed directly from the computer, so the problem of the opposite sex can be completely resolved' would most strongly question the role of this instrument if correct.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: The next speaker after M is G if L speaks before lunch and M is not the sixth speaker.


Premise: An article published in the journal of economic management puts forward that, in foreign economic exchanges, we can't just compromise. When necessary, we should also use the weapon of anti-dumping to protect ourselves.

Hypothesis: Anti dumping is not a further discussion of the above view.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: Dr. Liu treats at least one male patient is definitely true according to the above.


Premise: One study involved 80 young people aged 13 to 25 with early symptoms of schizophrenia. Half were randomly assigned to take fish oil tablets for 3 months and the other half were given a placebo for 3 months. The researchers followed the subjects for seven years and found that only 10 percent of those taking fish oil tablets developed schizophrenia, compared with 40 percent of those taking a placebo. Therefore, the researchers concluded that taking fish oil tablets may help prevent schizophrenia in adolescents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Fish oil tablets have been tried in adults with schizophrenia, but experiments have found no effect' is the least likely to challenge the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: Scientific and technological discoveries have considerable effects on the development of any society. It follows that predictions of the future condition of societies in which scientific and technological discovery is particularly frequent are particularly untrustworthy.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that it is not as difficult to predict scientific and technological discoveries in a technologically more advanced society as it is in a technologically less advanced society.


Premise: There are two major problems in China's resource prices. First, resource prices are basically government pricing or government guidance prices, which only reflect the cost of resource development, do not fully cover the cost of environmental damage and production safety, and the resource tax is also very low. More importantly, they do not really reflect the relationship between market supply and demand, the scarcity of resources, resulting in low resource prices. Second, the price comparison relationship between resource products is unreasonable.

Hypothesis: There are problems of blind pricing and unreasonable price comparison in China's resource prices best retells the main meaning of the passage.


Premise: Air pollutants are divided into primary pollutants and secondary pollutants. After being discharged into the atmosphere from the pollution source, direct air pollution is called primary pollutants, mainly including sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (floating dust, falling dust, oil fume, etc.), nitrogen, oxygen-containing, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur organic compounds and radioactive substances. Secondary pollutants are pollutants exposed to sunlight, The primary pollutants discharged into the environment change under the action of physical, chemical or biological factors, or react with other substances in the environment to form new pollutants with different physical and chemical properties from the primary pollutants.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, particulate matter is solid and liquid particles floating in the atmosphere does not mention secondary pollutants.


Premise: Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with Gödel's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of Gödel.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ignore the possibility that some senior logic teachers are unfamiliar with Gödel's theorems' accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning.


Premise: Patricia: During Japan' s Tokugawa period, martial arts experts known as ninjas were trained for the purposes of espionage and assassination. Yet at that time there was actually very little ninja activity in Japan, and most Japanese did not fear ninjas. Tamara: That is not true. Many wealthy Japanese during the Tokugawa period had their houses constructed with intentionally squeaky floors so that they would receive warning if a ninja were in the house.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The wealthy made up a small portion of Japan's population during the Tokugawa period' is the strongest counter Patricia can make to Tamara's objection.


Premise: Consequential offense refers to a crime in the objective aspect of the crime composed of harmful acts and harmful results. The completion of consequential crime requires not only criminal acts, but also legal criminal results. Without harmful results, the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete, or the elements of the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete. The result of consequential crime refers to tangible and measurable specific harmful results, It is the result consistent with the nature of the crime.

Hypothesis: Robbery is not a consequential offense according to the above definition.


Premise: Transfer income refers to income from non-production and exchange processes, such as various forms of transfer income such as subsidies, gifts and inheritance income.

Hypothesis: Transfer income, like wages, owner profits, etc., belongs to the category of production and exchange processes is correct about transfer income.


Premise: The concept of modernization that we and we have understood in the past is only limited to the material level and to the surface economization, which is also a long-standing universal problem in late-developing countries.On the material level, the desire becomes very strong, while on the institutional and conceptual level, it is the situation of cultural conservatism. For the impact on the actual process of modernization, it is needless to say that its impact on learning leads to the vulgarization of knowledge.Constantly changing new words and repeating old ideas under the pretence of new words, the result is the constant change of words and slogans, while there is no substantial change in social ethos.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that a one-sided understanding of modernization will lead to the popularization of knowledge.


Premise: Society and culture advocate generosity, but such behavior often requires one to contribute one's own resources to the interests of others, so it is difficult to explain with general economic theory. However, some neuroscience papers have pointed out that even at the expense of self-interest, some people are generous to others because when people show generosity, they activate specific areas of the brain. and these areas are associated with areas that produce happiness.

Hypothesis: The behavior of sacrificing self-interest to satisfy others should not be respected too much according to this passage.


Premise: The elementary schools in district X began a new athletic program where students participated in school-sponsored sports at least three times per week. During this last school year, the number of obese students attending elementary schools in district X decreased substantially. Based on these figures, the district' s superintendent decided that the new athletic program was more effectual in keeping children, at least while in elementary school, from being obese.

Hypothesis: A large number of the obese children's conditions were caused by depression, which was greatly alleviated by installing psychiatrists in each elementary school in district X weakens the superintendent's conclusion EXCEPT.


Premise: Florist: Some people like to have green carnations on St. Patrick' s Day. But flowers that are naturally green are extremely rare. Thus, it is very difficult for plant breeders to produce green carnations. Before St. Patrick' s Day, then, it is wise for florists to stock up on white carnations, which are fairly inexpensive and quite easy to dye green.

Hypothesis: The overall conclusion of the florist's argument is that there are some people who like to have green carnations on St. Patrick's Day.


Premise: The function of government is to meet the real needs of the people, and unless the government knows what those needs are, the government cannot meet those needs. Freedom of speech ensures that government officials hear such needs. Therefore, freedom of speech is essential to a healthy nation.

Hypothesis: Freedom of speech ultimately tends to disrupt social order, and good social order is a prerequisite for meeting the needs of the people does not weaken the above argument.


Premise: Traditionally, the foundations of houses were made of concrete. A builder is experimenting with using a hard plastic polymer for foundations. A foundation made with the polymer is about the same price to construct and install as is concrete foundation. Unlike concrete, the polymer will block all water flow and is not prone to cracking with age. The builder argues that houses built with the polymer foundation will last longer.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the argument presented above, it is necessary to study whether repairs to polymer foundations are more expensive than repairs to concrete foundations.


Premise: Cicero in ancient Rome once said, elegance and beauty cannot be separated from health. Lorenzo Barra, a humanist of the Italian Renaissance, stressed that health is a precious quality, a gift of the body and a gift of nature.many healthy people are not beautiful, but no beautiful person is unhealthy, he wrote.

Hypothesis: The statement "Some beautiful people are not healthy" cannot be inferred from Loren Barra's argument.


Premise: Restaurant owner: The newspaper reporter who panned my restaurant acknowledges having no special expertise about food and its preparation. His previous job was as a political reporter. He is a good writer, but he is not a true restaurant critic. A newspaper would never call someone a drama critic who had no special training in theater.

Hypothesis: The newspaper reporter who panned the restaurant is a good writer most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the restaurant owner's argument.


Premise: Impeachment is a procedure established by law to criminally prosecute a senior government official or judge for a particular violation of the law. The result of impeachment was the removal of the convicted person from office.

Hypothesis: The impeachment is that a National Court has charged the incumbent chief executive with serious corruption.


Premise: Rabies is an infectious disease that does great harm to people and livestock. People and livestock are mainly bitten by sick dogs and infected with viruses, and die without exception. Medical research shows that injecting rabies vaccine within 24 hours after being bitten by sick dogs can greatly reduce the chance of disease.

Hypothesis: Some virus infected people will still die after injecting rabies vaccine can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: There are three conditions for a unit to recruit employees: first, rich knowledge; Second, skilled; Third, be hardworking. There are four job seekers who meet at least one of the conditions: A, B, C and D. It is known that: 1. A and B are not all knowledgeable; 2. A and D have the same level of knowledge; 3. C and D have the same degree of hard work; 4. Three of the four are knowledgeable, two are hardworking and one is skilled.

Hypothesis: After assessment, the unit found that only D met all the conditions.


Premise: Many artists claim that art critics find it is easier to write about art that they dislike than to write about art that they like. Whether or not this hypothesis is correct, most art criticism is devoted to art works that fail to satisfy the critic. Hence it follows that most art criticism is devoted to works other than the greatest works of art.

Hypothesis: The assumption that 'The greatest works of art are works that inevitably satisfy all critics' is required for the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Physician: In comparing our country with two other countries of roughly the same population size, I found that even though we face the same dietary, bacterial, and stress-related causes of ulcers as they do, prescriptions for ulcer medicines in all socioeconomic strata are much rarer here than in those two countries. It' s clear that we suffer significantly fewer ulcers, per capita, than they do.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A person in the physician's country who is suffering from ulcers is just as likely to obtain a prescription for the ailment as is a person suffering from ulcers in one of the other two countries' most strengthens the physician's argument.


Premise: Rational expectation means that when people anticipate an economic phenomenon, if they are rational, they will make full use of the information they get to act without making systematic mistakes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Qin carrying out stock operations based on his long-term experience in stock speculation belongs to rational expectation.


Premise: The pessimist complains about the wind, while the optimist expects the wind to turn. Realistic people adjust the sails. Love is to take the risk of no return, hope is to risk disappointment, but the reason to risk is because the greatest danger in life is to take no risk at all. The difference between an optimist and a pessimist is funny. The former sees a doughnut and the latter sees the hole.

Hypothesis: The option 'Optimism and pessimism' is the most appropriate summary of this passage.


Premise: Taxpayer: For the last ten years, Metro City' s bridge-maintenance budget of $1 million annually has been a prime example of fiscal irresponsibility. In a well-run bridge program, the city would spend $15 million a year on maintenance, which would prevent severe deterioration, thus limiting capital expenses for needed bridge reconstruction to $10 million. However, as a result of its attempt to economize, the city is now faced with spending $400 million over two years on emergency reconstruction of its bridges.

Hypothesis: The main point of the taxpayer's argument is that Metro City should have budgeted substantially more money for maintenance of its bridges.


Premise: A company recruitment when there are Zhang san, Li shi, Wang wu, Zhao liu, Qian qi five people shortlisted. From the educational background, there are 2 masters and 3 phds, and from the sex, 3 men and 2 women. It is known that Li shi and Wang Wu are of the same sex, while Zhao liu and Qian qi are of different sexes; Li shi and Qian qi have the same educational background, but Wang wu and Zhao liu have different educational background. In the end, only one female master applied successfully.

Hypothesis: The successful candidate is Zhao Liu.


Premise: Air traffic controllers and nuclear power plant operators are not allowed to work exceptionally long hours, because to do so would jeopardize lives. Yet physicians in residency training are typically required to work 80-hour weeks. The aforementioned restrictions on working exceptionally long hours should also be applied to resident physicians, since they too are engaged in work of a life-or-death nature.

Hypothesis: The assumption that some resident physicians would like to complete their residency training without working exceptionally long hours is required by the argument.


Premise: Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with Gödel's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of Gödel.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ignore the possibility that most people familiar with Gödel's theorems are not experienced logic teachers' accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning.


Premise: Bill rights, also called rights on bills, refers to the obligation of the holder to pay the bill acceptor, the promissory note issuer, and the check holder after presenting the bill, exercise the right to request the payment of the bill. And it also refers to the right  to recourse for tickets in the event if the bill is not paid, accepted or other circumstances that payment is not received on the due date .

Hypothesis: The statement 'The holder presents the bill and requires the check to keep the person exercising the right to make payment' is not part of the bill rights.


Premise: To be great, an artwork must express a deep emotion, such as sorrow or love. But an artwork cannot express an emotion that the artwork' s creator is incapable of experiencing.

Hypothesis: As long as computers are constructed so as to be incapable of experiencing emotions they will not create great artworks can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Art historian: This painting, purportedly by Mary Cassatt, is a forgery. Although the canvas and other materials are consistent with most of Cassatt' s work, and the subject matter is similar to that of Cassatt' s finest paintings, the brush style of this painting is not found in any work known to be Cassatt' s. Hence this painting is definitely not a genuine Cassatt.

Hypothesis: The art historian's argument depends on assuming that the most characteristic feature of Cassatt's work is her brush style.


Premise: The rule of information influence means that people tend to have a positive psychological reaction to very familiar, vivid and distinctive information, which is not only very sensitive, but also easy to be impressed.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Kobayashi recently worked a lot of overtime and felt uncomfortable with his neck. His colleagues recommended him a soundtrack cervical vertebra massager. He tried it out and found it worked well does not reflect the law of information influence.


Premise: The study found that the birth defect rate of IVF is about 9%, and that of naturally conceived infants is about 6.6%. The proportion of eye defects of these two parts of infants is 0.3% and 0.2%, the proportion of cardiac abnormalities is 5% and 3%, and the proportion of reproductive system defects is 1.5% and 1%, respectively. Therefore, it can be explained that the birth defect rate of IVF is higher than that of naturally conceived infants.

Hypothesis: Most parents who choose IVF technology have abnormal reproductive system function, which will increase the failure rate of this technology questions this conclusion most.


Premise: All of Cuizhu's college classmates work in a German-funded enterprise. Xi Lan is a university classmate of Cuizhu, and Jian Song is the department manager of the German-funded enterprise. Some of the employees of the German-funded company are from Huai'an. The employees of the German-funded company have gone to Germany to study, and they all speak German.

Hypothesis: The option 'Jian Song and Xilan are university classmates' can be derived from the statements.


Premise: Peter's principle, also known as the upward climbing principle, is a conclusion drawn by American scholar Lawrence Peter based on the analysis of thousands of incompetent failures in relevant organizations, that is, in various organizations, because they are used to promoting people who are competent at a certain level, employees always tend to be promoted to their incompetent position.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Li's appointment as a middle manager because of his father-in-law's position in the company, but his inability to do the job due to a lack of experience, conforms to Peter's principle.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: Flints were often used by early humans for everyday chores other than hunting most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In the process of policy implementation, there is still a lack of strong institutions from top to bottom to inspect and supervise the implementation of various policies. Often, whenever there are problems that need to be solved, they issue a document, make some new regulations, or set up new institutions, and pay less attention to the implementation of these policies. Due to the lack of supervision and guarantee system for the implementation of laws, regulations or policy documents, whether they are implemented or not is the same. Over time, the wind that orders are not carried out and prohibitions are still arbitrary will naturally prevail.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement 'The supervision and inspection of policy implementation must be strengthened.'


Premise: Nutritionists have recommended that people eat more fiber. Advertisements for a new fiber-supplement pill state only that it contains 44 percent fiber.

Hypothesis: The advertising claim is misleading in its selection of information on which to focus if there are other products on the market that are advertised as providing fiber as a dietary supplement.


Premise: On the first day of the course, a philosophy professor told the class that no student has ever earned an A without reading all of the mandatory books. Jorge read all of the mandatory books and suggested course materials for his philosophy course. Ttherefore, Jorge will earn an A in his philosophy course.

Hypothesis: The mistake the argument commits in its reasoning is confusing relative and absolute solutions.


Premise: Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level.

Hypothesis: The assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on is that the school's requirements for the english proficiency of students for admission are the same as those for the completion of each subject after admission.


Premise: Law of small numbers is a kind of psychological deviation, which means that people regard the probability distribution of an event in a small sample as an overall distribution, grasp a feature of the problem and directly infer the result, without considering the real probability of this feature and other reasons related to the feature

Hypothesis: A survey of 100 people on the streets of Beijing believes that house prices in Beijing are very high, so people all over Beijing believe that house prices in Beijing are very high reflects the Law of small numbers according to the above definition.


Premise: Dyslexia refers to the phenomenon that children with normal intelligence and no obvious physical impairment, but their reading performance is significantly lower than that of children of the same age by more than two grades.

Hypothesis: Xiaohua was supposed to be in the second grade. His Chinese teacher thought he was lacking in literacy and was afraid that he would not be able to keep up with the class, so he suggested that Xiaohua go to the first grade again is dyslexia according to the above definition.


Premise: When Cortez arrived in Mexico in A. D. 1519, he observed the inhabitants playing a ceremonial game with a rubber ball. The pre-Columbian inhabitants of Mexico began to use rubber around A. D. 1000. Thus, we can be sure that the game must have originated sometime between approximately A. D. 1000 and Cortez' arrival.

Hypothesis: The conclusion reached above depends on the assumption that the pre-Columbian inhabitants of Mexico played games on all ceremonial occasions.


Premise: Chinese car manufacturers are developing smart cars.The direct cause is the rising price of gasoline.Due to the continuous improvement of consumers' awareness of energy conservation, the development of energy-saving cars requires a lot of investment.China's FAW Group will spend 13 billion yuan on development of its own-brand cars, mainly energy-efficient cars, by 2015, while Shanghai Automotive Group plans to spend 21.4 billion yuan by 2012.The money will be used to develop energy-saving technologies for new cars and develop energy-efficient vehicles to compete.This is expected to speed up the restructuring of China's auto industry, improving the chaos of small and large enterprises.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Developing an energy-efficient car requires a huge investment' is the most likely reason for Chinese car manufacturers to invest in energy-efficient cars.


Premise: Because foreign forecasters often change their posts, and our country has a serious and responsible forecaster team with many years of practical experience, which makes up for the shortcomings of detection equipment and numerical forecasting.

Hypothesis: From this passage, we can know that Forecasters abroad are not as serious as our forecasters.


Premise: Unlike consumer goods, which are priced on a cost basis, luxury brands typically set retail prices in three different regions, Europe, the United States and Asia according to different market expectations. In Europe, where France and Italy are the main places of origin, luxury prices are often the lowest. When European brands enter the U.S. market, they typically raise prices only slightly, as the consumer psychology for luxury goods has matured there. Luxury brands are the most expensive in Asia.

Hypothesis: Consumers in the Asian market have high expectations of luxury brands best explains the phenomenon of luxury brands pricing the most in the Asian market.


Premise: There are many and complex reasons that affect climate change in a region for a long time or in a certain period of time. So far, people have been unable to explain the impact of various factors on climate change. However, it can be asserted that even with the development of human society, on the whole, natural factors are still the leading factors affecting climate. Human activities are still not enough to affect the basic attributes of regional climate. It is not enough to cause huge climate changes such as glacial period or interglacial period.

Hypothesis: The basic attributes of regional climate mainly depend on natural factors are mainly explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being wise does not mean that he is wise, and being wise does not mean that he is wise. Some of the people I've met are intelligent and some are wise, but no one has both qualities at the same time.

Hypothesis: Most people are neither intelligent nor wise cannot be true if the essayist's statement is valid.


Premise: The same number of cucumber seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses. Magnesium salt was applied in the first greenhouse, but not in the second. The first one produced 10 kilograms of cucumbers and the second one produced 5 kilograms. Since nothing else was applied to the greenhouse except water, the higher yield of the first greenhouse must be due to magnesium salt.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There was a small amount of magnesium salt in the soil of both experimental greenhouses' weakens the above argument most.


Premise: Political scientist: While voters have a legal right to know what is being done by those whom they elect, there must be limits placed on public access to the detailed workings of the legislative process. Legislators receive little credit for reaching compromises but much criticism for failing to stick to their principles, and thus become less willing to modify their demands so that needed legislation can be passed.

Hypothesis: The principle that legislation should be written so as to benefit the welfare of all citizens, rather than only a few, would most help to justify the political scientist's reasoning.


Premise: The fallacy of segmentation is based on the fact that the whole has a certain property, and it is inferred that some or all of the individuals also have this property.

Hypothesis: The fallacy of segmentation is the statement 'This football team is the strongest football team this season, and there is no doubt that its goalkeeper is also the strongest.'


Premise: A city has two pillar industries, traditional handicraft and tourism. The development of traditional handicraft industry will inevitably lead to pollution and damage the ecological environment. However, a good ecological environment is a necessary condition for the development of tourism.

Hypothesis: The city's economic income mainly depends on traditional handicrafts can be inferred from the above conclusion.


Premise: In the eyes of ordinary people, literature can transcend time and space and spread for thousands of years. For a certain science, it is difficult to be popular for a long time due to its time limitations. Tang poetry and Song Ci are still widely spread by people, and how many Chinese people remember the important achievements of the development of science and technology in the Tang and Song Dynasties? Of course, in ancient China, including modern times, science and technology were far from developed, and science seemed far away from popularity. But even in the West where science was developed, the popularity of science could not be compared with literature and art. Although the European Renaissance was not only a cultural revolution, but also a scientific revolution, accompanied by the birth of a large number of scientific achievements, But not many people know it. To make science popular requires a tolerant social environment and more talents.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, literature is always more popular than science is correct.


Premise: Shareholder representative action refers to a litigation system in which when the legitimate rights and interests of the company are illegally infringed and the company is interested in litigation, the shareholders of the company sue in their own name and the compensation belongs to the company.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the manager of Company C privately using the company's assets to provide guarantees for others and the company's board of directors filing a lawsuit in this regard can bring a shareholder representative lawsuit.


Premise: Patient: Pharmacists maintain that doctors should not be permitted to sell the medicine that they prescribe because doctors would then be tempted to prescribe unnecessary medicines in order to earn extra income. But pharmacists have a financial interest in having a monopoly on the sale of prescription medicines, so their objection to the sale of medicines by doctors cannot be taken seriously.

Hypothesis: The patient's argument proceeds by rejecting a questionable position on the grounds that the general public does not support that position.


Premise: In judicial trials, positive misjudgment refers to the conviction of the innocent as guilty, which is the so-called wrong judgment; negative misjudgment refers to the conviction of guilt as innocence, which is the so-called wrong release. And the fundamental principle of judicial justice is that don't let a bad person go, and don't wrong a good person. A jurist believes that the current measurement of whether a court has implemented the principle of judicial justice in handling cases is sufficiently good should depend on whether its positive misjudgment rate is low enough.

Hypothesis: Most of the losses caused by wrong release are reparable; while the harm caused by the wrong judgment to the victim is irreparable can most strongly support the above-mentioned jurist's point of view.


Premise: In order to land on the moon, some scientists have begun to carry out the verification of lunar navigation. They say that the signals transmitted by GPS satellites in Earth orbit can be received and used on the moon, and the positioning accuracy can reach 200m to 300m. Some researchers believe that lunar navigation can be achieved soon.

Hypothesis: For lunar spacecraft to have the ability to receive long-distance signals, it needs a large antenna, and from the point of view of spacecraft development and launch, the smaller the antenna, the better, which is a contradiction that cannot be solved for the time being can best question the above conclusion.


Premise: Reactive interdependence means that in the communication process, both sides of the communication use the other's behavior as the basis for their own behavior and make corresponding responses instead of communicating according to the original plan.

Hypothesis: Reactive interdependence is when a company plans to implement a new assessment system, and the heads of each department hope to formulate it separately according to the situation of each department. After that, the company decides to retain the original system and gradually adjust it according to individual situations, and all departments agree.


Premise: Emotional inertia refers to the degree to which the current emotional state of an individual can be predicted by the previous emotional state. The greater the degree of prediction, the higher the level of emotional inertia. Emotional inertia, as one of the indicators of emotional dynamics, reflects the speed of emotional change.

Hypothesis: Master Wan has been very melancholy since his wife died six months ago and he may not get better by 01:30 belongs to emotional inertia according to the above definition.


Premise: Book collector: The demand for out-of-print books is increasing. It has been spurred by the rise of the Internet, the search capabilities of which make it much easier to locate the out-of-print books one seeks.

Hypothesis: The statement "Fewer people try to find books that are in print than try to find books that are out of print" is most strongly supported by the book collector's statements, if true.


Premise: The advent of refrigerators caused the collapse of the ice market. In the past, people used ice to keep food fresh, but now refrigerators have replaced the role of ice.For the same reason, due to the results of bioengineering, what will happen to the research of crops that can resist pests?

Hypothesis: Increasing the yield of crops is the best answer to the above question.


Premise: Day is Xiao Hong's birthday, the day after tomorrow is Xiao Wei's birthday. Their birthdays are equally far away from Sunday.

Hypothesis: Today is Tuesday if the above expression is true.


Premise: Xiao Li said to Xiao Xia You only have to strengthen exercise and eat more health products in order to stay healthy. Xiao Xia said I don't agree with you.

Hypothesis: Xiao Xia agrees with the opinion that you can keep the body healthy by not only strengthening exercise, but also eating more health products.


Premise: Some people say that Zhouzhuang was at the expense of the destruction of Suzhou, and I immediately flashed the appearance of ancient Suzhou. Yes, Suzhou has taken off its Luo shirt and long coat. Suzhou is much more modern. Although he still has a silk-embroidered fan in his hand, it is no longer the old appearance of hiding in purdah. In this way, Zhouzhuang, a classical embroidery girl in the south of the Yangtze River, became famous all over the world.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the modernization of Suzhou making Zhouzhuang, which still retains the classical charm of Jiangnan, stand out.


Premise: The accumulation organ is the accumulation site of poisons in the body. The concentration of poisons in the accumulation organ is higher than that in other organs, but it does not necessarily show toxic effect on the accumulation organ. This toxic effect can also be expressed by another organ through some pathophysiological mechanism, which is called effector organ.

Hypothesis: Radionuclides deposited in the reticuloendothelial system cause serious damage to the liver and spleen, resulting in toxic hepatitis, so the reticuloendothelial system is a accumulation organ is a correct judgment according to the above definition.


Premise: On the bus, a man opens his mouth wide and yawns. Several people around him also yawn. Some people don't yawn because they're not suggestible. Who are the most suggested? You can check this out with a simple test. Have a person extend their hands horizontally, palms up, and close their eyes. Tell him that he now has a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand and is floating upwards; He had a large stone tied to his right hand and it was falling down. After three minutes, look at the gap between his hands. The greater the distance, the more suggestive.

Hypothesis: The main content of the text is that in everyday life, one cannot always observe oneself as an outsider.


Premise: The development gap measured by per capita income implies a difference in the structure of resource endowment, that is, developed regions have relatively rich capital factors, so they have a comparative advantage in capital-intensive industries. The relatively undeveloped regions have the comparative advantages of abundant labor and low production cost. The difference of resource endowment structure between the eastern and western regions can undoubtedly become the opportunity for the economic development of the central and western regions to catch up.

Hypothesis: Developed regions are relatively short of labor is not true.


Premise: The desolation of the shopping mall website has a lot to do with the business philosophy of the mall managers. they are too dependent on the traditional mode of operation, and they think that as long as they have a reasonable allocation of personnel and commodities, they have a certain advantage in price. then rely on the traditional publicity model to promote their own brand, especially after the mall has had a certain influence in the local area, managers would rather invest money in sales and promotion. Will not easily set foot in the field of online shopping. As a result, the websites of some shopping malls are nominal.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this passage is that mall managers pay too much attention to immediate interests.


Premise: For over two centuries, no one had been able to make Damascus blades-blades with a distinctive serpentine surface pattern-but a contemporary sword maker may just have rediscovered how. Using iron with trace impurities that precisely matched those present in the iron used in historic Damascus blades, this contemporary sword maker seems to have finally hit on an intricate process by which he can produce a blade indistinguishable from a true Damascus blade.

Hypothesis: Production of Damascus blades by sword makers of the past ceased abruptly after those sword makers' original source of iron became exhausted provides the strongest support for the hypothesis that trace impurities in the iron are essential for the production of Damascus blades.


Premise: Screenwriter moviegoers are those who don't mind being spoiled by spoilers and even inquire about plot introductions and review all kinds of movies in advance. This kind of moviegoers pursue the feeling of controlling the development of the plot and don't like surprises.

Hypothesis: Xiao du belongs to the screenwriter moviegoers according to the above definition because he pays attention to rational thinking about everything and only has the impulse to watch movies after understanding the authoritative evaluation, the content of the plot, and the characteristics of the picture.


Premise: The large amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels does not actually cause the greenhouse effect-that is, the increase in global average temperature. Because if the supply of carbon dioxide rises, plants will consume more of the gas, so they will grow taller and lushly, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will eventually remain stable.

Hypothesis: The fact that the carbon dioxide content has risen or fallen many times in the history of the earth shows that they have some biological effects that can reverse the greenhouse effect, if it is correct, will most severely weaken the conclusion that the large amount of carbon dioxide currently released into the atmosphere will not cause the greenhouse effect.


Premise: Unless the building permit is obtained by February 1 of this year or some of the other activities necessary for construction of the new library can be completed in less time than originally planned, the new library will not be completed on schedule. It is now clear that the building permit cannot be obtained by February 1, so the new library will not be completed on schedule.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'The officials in charge of construction of the new library have admitted that it probably will not be completed on schedule' is required for the conclusion drawn to follow logically from the premises.


Premise: In order to solve a series of global problems such as food security and energy shortage, the scientific community is stepping up its research on projects such as genetically modified food and clean new energy, with a view to leading people out of the food and energy crisis. From this we can see that the development of science no longer strictly follows this conventional route: scientific problems no longer originate from simple, pictorial scientific curiosity.  Science in the routine era is coming.

Hypothesis: The term "Science in the routine era" in this passage refers to scientific research emerging to meet industry needs.


Premise: Contrary to Malthus' s arguments, human foodproducing capacity has increased more rapidly than human population. Yet, agricultural advances often compromise biological diversity. Ttherefore, Malthus' s prediction that insufficient food will doom humanity to war, pestilence, and famine will likely be proven correct in the future, because a lack of biodiversity will eventually erode our capacity to produce food.

Hypothesis: The statement that human food-producing capacity has increased more rapidly than human population plays the role of a general fact that the argument offers reason to believe will eventually change.


Premise: Speech fusion refers to the gradual convergence of two accents that communicate frequently without realizing it.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang and his wife have been married for more than ten years, and the eating habits of the family can no longer tell the difference between the north and the south. Even Mr. Zhang's northeast accent has almost lost its original flavor, and his wife's Cantonese has become strange. The daughter often teases them that they are the real husband and wife is voice fusion.


Premise: The 1980s have been characterized as a period of selfish individualism that threatens the cohesion of society. But this characterization is true of any time. Throughout history all human actions have been motivated by selfishness. When the deeper implications are considered, even the simplest unselfish acts prove to be instances of selfish concern for the human species.

Hypothesis: The claim that selfishness has been present throughout history is not actually relevant to the argument is a flaw in the argument.


Premise: In 1992, a major newspaper circulated throughout North America paid its reporters an average salary that was much lower than the average salary paid by its principal competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaper argued that this practice was justified, since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters' salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.

Hypothesis: If true about the newspaper in 1992, the statement that most of the newspaper's reporters had worked there for more than ten years most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive.


Premise: Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons; so alligators must be air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons.

Hypothesis: In terms of its logical features, the argument above most resembles the statement "Knowledge about the empirical world can be gained from books; so Virginia Woolf's book A Room of One's Own must provide knowledge about the empirical world."


Premise: Some plants need low temperature to blossom, grow and bear fruit. The effect of low temperature induction to promote plant flowering and bearing fruit is called vernalization principle.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, onion flowering affects its quality. Therefore, high temperature treatment of overwintering bulbs before planting in spring can reduce its ability to feel low temperature, so as to obtain larger bulbs do not use the vernalization principle.


Premise: With the rapid development of the Internet, it has become a reality to buy your favorite goods without leaving home. Even in countries and regions with a low level of economic development, people can meet their pursuit of material life through online shopping.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The display of goods on the Internet can not fully reflect the real situation' best questions the above point of view.


Premise: A famous musician in Taiwan recently compared the practice of record companies in the music market by feeding chickens. He said: originally, a group of chickens had to be fed chicken feed in order to grow up, but suddenly a record company fed broken newspapers and found that some chickens looked good. So other record companies imitated, and all the chickens began to eat broken newspapers. Later, when you feed them chicken feed, they can't get used to it.

Hypothesis: Record companies work together to promote shoddy music, which lowers the aesthetic level of the audience is the main meaning of the musician.


Premise: What is magical realism? To put it simply is to put a magical cloak on reality without harming the truth of reality. This is the most important school of novels in Latin America in the 20th century, which originated in the 1930s, mainly manifested in the exploration of American Indian and black myths and legends, and evolved into a profound reflection on the social reality of Latin America after the 1940s. Through the appearance of various mythological archetypes to show the mix of Latin American culture and social deformities. The reason why magical realism can take root in Latin America is closely related to the unique civilization and social reality of this continent.

Hypothesis: Latin American literature is prosperous with the prosperity of magical realism is most likely to be introduced next.


Premise: Some paleontologists believe that certain species of dinosaurs guarded their young in protective nests long after the young hatched. As evidence, they cite the discovery of fossilized hadrosaur babies and adolescents in carefully designed nests. But similar nests for hatchlings and adolescents are constructed by modern crocodiles, even though crocodiles guard their young only for a very brief time after they hatch. Hence, __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the construction of nests for hatchlings and adolescents is not strong evidence for the paleontologists' belief' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Don't try to be quick for a walk, but also have fun and enjoy it. There are geese flying across the sky, flowers around, bees and butterflies lightly, regardless of the fast pace such as flying, go forward bravely? Bowing your head and leaning up is all fun, so you mustn't be dismissive. You don't have to stipulate how far you go for a walk, and don't stop until you reach the target; don't give people the impression that you are climbing over mountains to occupy the highlands, or you are not sick, fast or slow, or careless.

Hypothesis: The main feature of this text describing walking is that it is an important way to cultivate interest.


Premise: The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in hog farming can weaken their effectiveness in treating humans because such use can spread resistance to those antibiotics among microorganisms. But now the Smee Company, one of the largest pork marketers, may stop buying pork raised on feed containing these antibiotics. Smee has 60 percent of the pork market, and farmers who sell to Smee would certainly stop using antibiotics in order to avoid jeopardizing their sales. So if Smee makes this change, it will probably significantly slow the decline in antibiotics' effectiveness for humans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Other major pork marketers will probably stop buying pork raised on feed containing growth-promoting antibiotics if Smee no longer buys such pork' would most strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Many people who call themselves teachers are not actually teachers because teaching is not their main source of income.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument hypothesis is that the income from teaching cannot maintain the normal life of teachers.


Premise: In the United States, the average life span of cancer patients, that is the life span from being diagnosed with cancer to death is 7 years, while the average life span of cancer patients in Asia is only 4 years. Therefore, the United States has a higher level of medical care in extending the lifespan of cancer patients than Asia.

Hypothesis: The average survival time of cancer patients in Asia and Japan is 8 years is true and will weaken the above argument most.


Premise: During World War II, the air forces of the United States and Britain bombed Germany and suffered heavy losses. Experts found that the belly of all the returning planes was covered with bullet marks, but the wings were intact. They concluded that the belly of the plane is very vulnerable to gunfire and that the protection of the belly should be improved. It was later confirmed that they were affected by survivor bias when these experts speculated, because the reality was that all the planes that were hit on the wing crashed, while most of the planes that were only hit in the belly returned.

Hypothesis: It is easy to succeed when you drop out of college and start a business, such as Bill Gates does not have a similar survivor bias.


Premise: Grain can be traded in the futures market before harvest. If the rice production is predicted to be insufficient, the price of rice futures will rise; if the rice harvest is predicted, the price of rice futures will fall. Suppose this morning, Meteorologists predict that it will rain in rice producing areas tomorrow.  Because sufficient rain is very important to the current growth of rice, today's rice futures prices will drop significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement "Meteorologists' forecast of tomorrow's rainfall is likely to extend beyond the grain-producing areas" weakens the above view most severely.


Premise: Moralist: Humans have a natural disposition to altruism -- that is, to behavior that serves the needs of others regardless of one' s own needs -- but that very disposition prevents some acts of altruism from counting as moral. Reason plays an essential role in any moral behavior. Only behavior that is intended to be in accordance with a formal set of rules, or moral code, can be considered moral behavior.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the moralist's argument is that not all altruistic acts are moral behavior.


Premise: Hydraulic fracturing is an oil and gas well stimulation measure with wide application prospect. This method uses the surface high-pressure pump to squeeze and inject fracturing fluid with high viscosity into the oil layer through the wellbore, press the oil layer open and produce fractures, so as to establish a new fluid channel between the oil layer and the wellbore, The production of oil and gas wells will generally increase greatly. But this technology will bring great damage to the environment.

Hypothesis: The argument that when the injection rate of fracturing fluid exceeds the absorption capacity of the oil layer, the oil layer at the bottom of the well will form a high pressure can lead to the conclusion.


Premise: Building a harmonious community is an important part of building a harmonious society. Only when the management system of the community is further improved can the social responsibility of the community be clarified. If the service level of the community is not improved, it can not meet the needs of the residents' rapid growth The construction of community management laws and regulations is an important prerequisite for the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community, and strengthening the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community is also conducive to the improvement of the community management system.

Hypothesis: Only by strengthening the legal construction of community management can the social system of the community be clarified is the statement that can be inferred.


Premise: Invalid civil acts refer to civil acts that have no legal binding force from the beginning. The following civil acts are invalid: (1) performed by a person without civil capacity; (2) performed by a person with limited civil capacity that cannot be independently performed in accordance with the law (3) One party uses fraud, coercion or taking advantage of the danger to cause the other party to act in violation of its true will; (4) Malicious collusion, harming the interests of the state, the collective or a third party; (5) Violating the law or Social public interest; (6) Cover up illegal purposes in a legal form.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after living with his wife for five years, a citizen found that the two could no longer live together, so he filed for divorce in the court is an invalid civil act.