Premise: A certain naval force has 7 ships of A, B, C, D, E, H, and G. It is planned to form two fleets to sail. There are 3 ships in the first formation and 4 ships in the second formation. The formation must meet the following conditions: (1) The aircraft carrier must be listed in the second formation; (2) E and C have at most one formation in the first formation; 3) A and C are not in the same formation; (4) If B is arranged in the first formation, D must also be arranged in the first formation.

Hypothesis: If A is in the second formation, E must also be in the second formation.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: If W accompanies F and M, the singer with X is accompanied by G and H.


Premise: Researchers analyzed telephone interviews and laboratory results from 990 people between the ages of 40 and 70 and found that optimists were less likely to have higher levels of bad cholesterol (i.e. LDL) and higher levels of good cholesterol (i.e. HDL), which protected the heart and helped counteract bad cholesterol. Therefore, the study believes that mental health and physical health are closely related to another evidence that optimistic temperament may have some real benefits for human health.

Hypothesis: During the experiment, each five-point increase in the optimism score was associated with a 1-milligram increase in HDL per 100 milliliters of blood, which translates to a 3 percent lower risk of heart disease best supports the above research conclusion.


Premise: The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Ttherefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children' s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that schools would each improve all of their academic offerings and would not tend to specialize in one particular field to the exclusion of others.


Premise: Network neutrality means that within the scope permitted by law, all Internet users can access network content, operate applications, access equipment and select service providers according to their own choices. This principle requires network operators to treat all Internet content and access equally, prevent them from controlling the priority of transmission data from commercial interests and ensure the neutrality of network data transmission.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'A mailbox has a contract with the network operator, so it is faster to use the mailbox when the network is crowded' violates the principle of network neutrality.


Premise: Aesthetician: Zahib' s rejection of contemporary literature' s aesthetic value depends on his claim that today' s writing generally fails to grapple seriously enough with life' s deepest ethical questions -- whereas great books, he maintains, present profound moral lessons and the stuff of conscience.  But what resounding moral lesson does Vikram Seth' s A Suitable Boy or Devaki Nandan Khatri' s Chandrakanta impart? People read these two great novels because they are engaging, even thrilling, stories. The absence of a profound moral lesson in no way detracts from the aesthetic value of a novel.

Hypothesis: The aesthetician criticizes Zahib's position by arguing that it depends on the questionable premise that only novels that have aesthetic value fail to present profound moral lessons.


Premise: El nino is the transliteration of Spain, this is South America's Pacific coast fishermen to the end of each year water temperature rise in seasonal phenomenon, because of the weather phenomenon appeared often around Christmas time, just got this name, but now scientists are said: only those warming severe year known as el nino, because only warms up sharp Causing huge ecological changes and a series of disasters around the world.

Hypothesis: It's a climate phenomenon that can cause a series of disasters around the world is not true according to the above information about El Nino.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang used to only shop in the supermarket, but today, when he first came into contact with online shopping, he bought tens of thousands of yuan of goods online in one breath does not belong to convert fanaticism according to the above definition.


Premise: One group of researchers reported that compared with people with a heart rate of less than 58 beats per minute, people with a heart rate of more than 78 beats per minute were 39% more likely to have a heart attack or other cardiovascular problems, and a 77% higher risk of dying from the disease. the overall mortality rate is 65% higher. The researchers point out that long-term rapid heartbeats lead to cardiovascular disease.

Hypothesis: Rabbits running in the wild have a fast heartbeat, but they are rarely found to have cardiovascular disease would best question the researcher's point of view.


Premise: Critic: It is common to argue that there is a distinction between literary and genre fiction. The first should be interpreted, so this argument goes, while the second is merely a source of easy pleasure. But this is a specious distinction -- not because every work should be interpreted, but because no work should be. When we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work' s emotional impact.

Hypothesis: The claim that when we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work's emotional impact states the conclusion in the critic's argument.


Premise: Game refers to the process of maximizing benefits and minimizing risk cost by relying on the information held by each participant under certain rules and under the environment of direct interaction. Among them, cooperative game refers to the participants from their own interests to negotiate with other participants to reach an agreement or form an alliance. The results of which are beneficial to both sides of the alliance; Non - cooperative game means that participants cannot reach binding agreements when choosing actions.

Hypothesis: The cooperative game is when the manufacturers of aircraft parts reach an agreement through negotiation and choose to produce different parts to avoid direct competition again after the fierce competition in the market.


Hypothesis: If W accompanies F and M, the singer with X is accompanied by G and K.


Premise: Manatees, aquatic mammals inhabiting Florida' s rivers and coastal waters, swim close to the surface and are frequently killed in collisions with boats. To address the problem, boat traffic in manatee-populated waters is being required to maintain very low speeds. Unfortunately, manatees are unable to hear low-pitched sounds and a boat' s sound lowers in pitch as the boat slows. Ttherefore, this approach may in fact make things worse rather than better.

Hypothesis: When experimenters exposed manatees to the recorded sounds of boats moving at various speeds, the creatures were unable to discern the sounds over normal background noise, casting doubt on the conclusion.


Premise: In the hype of entertainment, privacy and personal dignity become the victims of the viewing effect, and the moral bottom line gives way to economic benefits. What is more serious is that excessive entertainment makes people only satisfied with entertainment needs, but lacks attention to social groups and ignores them existence, ignoring their needs.

Hypothesis: The text 'Weakened the people's sense of sympathy and care' is intended to illustrate the over-entertainment of TV shows.


Premise: The survey shows that very few people aged 85-90 are left-handed. Sociologists believe that this is because 80 years ago, if children ate or wrote with their left hand, they would be beaten, so they were forced to use their right hand.

Hypothesis: Hand habit is the product of genetic advantage and social pressure can be strengthened by this survey.


Premise: Energy-saving lamps require less electricity and are more power-saving. Therefore, if people only use energy-saving lamps and do not use ordinary incandescent lamps that consume a lot of electricity, it will save a lot of electricity bills.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the brightness of energy-saving lamps is at least as bright as that of ordinary incandescent lamps.


Premise: In an experiment, tennis players who were told that their performance would be used to assess only the quality of their rackets performed much better than an equally skilled group of tennis players who were told that their tennis-playing talent would be measured.

Hypothesis: The proposition that 'People who think that a superior performance will please those who are testing them generally try harder' most closely conforms to the situation described above.


Premise: A shooting case occurred in a city. After investigation, the police arrested Li and identified him as the murderer. The reasoning process of the police is as follows: the deceased was shot while passing through the building of city bank, and according to the people on the scene at that time, the bullet was shot from the third floor of the building. That is to say, only those who stayed on the third floor of the building when the deceased was shot can commit the crime. It was proved that Li was on the third floor of the building, so Li was the murderer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only when the yard is wet can it rain. The yard was wet, so it rained' is similar to the wrong reasoning of the police.


Premise: Many literary works in China have been handed down for a long time, which is deeply related to the gestalt in the hearts of the people who have been molded by culture for thousands of years, even if it is a tragedy, we should try our best to find a happy ending. Therefore, we can see that the mainstream of Chinese culture is literature, and the heavenly life depicted by literature, although far away, is deeply rooted in the lives of the people-looking forward to a better tomorrow.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the gestalt in this paragraph is a beautiful imagination and yearning for an ideal life.


Premise: Black Americans suffer from high blood pressure twice as high as white Americans. This is also true when comparing Westernized African blacks with African whites. Researchers hypothesize that Westernized blacks suffer from high blood pressure due to two mutual interacted reasons, one is the high salt content of western food; the other is the adaptation mechanism of black genetic genes to the environment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The blood pressure of the descendants of contemporary westernized African black Gambians is usually not high, because Gambians have not been short of salt in history' best supports the researcher's hypothesis.


Premise: People who object to the proposed hazardous waste storage site by appealing to extremely implausible scenarios in which the site fails to contain the waste safely are overlooking the significant risks associated with delays in moving the waste from its present unsafe location. If we wait to remove the waste until we find a site certain to contain it safely, the waste will remain in its current location for many years, since it is currently impossible to guarantee that any site can meet that criterion. Yet keeping the waste at the current location for that long clearly poses unacceptable risks.

Hypothesis: The statement that any site to which the waste could be moved will be safer than its present site is most strongly supported by the statements above, if true.


Premise: Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.

Hypothesis: If the rights and interests of farmers' survival are not damaged, the rights and interests of farmers' assets will be violated, if the above statements are true.


Premise: Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime' would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above.


Premise: More than 230 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or above have occurred in a state since 2014, compared with an average of one a year before 2008. Frequent seismic activity has raised questions and some researchers have found that since 2014, in order to prevent toxic waste water from drilling and hydraulic fracturing in oil production from polluting surface water, start injecting this waste water into the impervious layers of underground rocks, which is likely to be the key cause of the earthquake.

Hypothesis: The injection of waste water into the rock water layer will reduce the friction between faults, making it easier to slide, thus inducing earthquakes can best support the above conjecture.


Premise: See micro-knowledge means that when you see a little sign, you can know its development trend or the essence of the problem.

Hypothesis: The knowledge of the micro-knowledge is best reflected in the statement 'You know horsepower from a distance, and you can see people's hearts over time.'


Premise: Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans and the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the deep sea is basically like a refrigerator relative to the shallow, sunny coastal areas, and the door has been closed for a long time, and the species is far less abundant than the shallow sea" would most strengthen the researcher's argument.


Premise: Xiao Sun cannot swim and play tennis.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Xiao Sun can swim, but he cannot play tennis must be true.


Premise: Economic legal person refers to a social organization which is composed according to legal procedures, for the purpose of production or operation, has independent ownership or management rights, and can enjoy economic rights and undertake economic obligations in its own name in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an advertising company is an economic legal person.


Premise: Pygmalion effect refers to a psychological phenomenon in which a person feels supported when he or she gains the trust that another person expects from him or her, thereby becoming confident, self respecting, and gaining a positive motivation, hope to live up to each other's expectations.

Hypothesis: The Pygmalion effect refers to the phenomenon where people's expectations of an individual can affect their performance.


Premise: Animal skulls contain calcium and are difficult to dissolve in water. Someone once did an experiment in which 5 kilograms of pig bones plus 5 kilograms of water were boiled in a pressure cooker for 10 hours. the results showed that the calcium content in a bowl of bone soup was only 10 milligrams, which was less than 20 percent of the calcium content in a bag of milk. Bone soup also dissolves a lot of intraosseous fat, which can cause other health problems. Therefore, drinking bone soup may not be the best dietary therapy for osteoporosis, it is important to pay attention to dietary diversification and eat more calcium-rich foods, such as milk, tofu, shrimp skin, laver and so on.

Hypothesis: A diversified diet is the most scientific in daily life is the main content of this text.


Premise: Some paleontologists believe that certain species of dinosaurs guarded their young in protective nests long after the young hatched. As evidence, they cite the discovery of fossilized hadrosaur babies and adolescents in carefully designed nests. But similar nests for hatchlings and adolescents are constructed by modern crocodiles, even though crocodiles guard their young only for a very brief time after they hatch. Hence, __.

Hypothesis: The construction of nests for hatchlings and adolescents is not strong evidence for the paleontologists' belief most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Airport administrator: According to the latest figures, less than 1 commercial flight in 2 million strays off course while landing, a number low enough to allow runways to be built closer together without a significant increase in risk. Opponents of closer runways claim that the number is closer to 1 in 20, 000, but this figure is based on a partial review of air traffic control tapes and so is relatively unreliable compared to the other figure, which is based on a thorough study of the flight reports required of pilots for all commercial flights.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the airport administrator's argument is that the argument overlooks the fact that those who make mistakes are often unreliable sources of information about those mistakes.


Premise: Continuing Education: refers to non-academic education for professional and technical personnel aimed at updating, supplementing, broadening professional knowledge and training, and improving professional competence.

Hypothesis: The Labor Bureau offers various forms of vocational training to help laid-off workers find new jobs belongs to continuing education according to the above definition.


Premise: Enterprise strategic alliance is a long-term alliance and cooperation agreement between two or more economic entities (generally referring to enterprises, if certain departments between enterprises have reached an alliance relationship, this definition also works) in order to achieve specific strategic goals and take shared risks and shared benefits

Hypothesis: An auto parts company signing a contract with an auto manufacturer to provide high-quality parts to the manufacturer at favorable prices for a long time belongs to enterprise strategic alliances according to the above definition.


Premise: Science cannot adequately explain emotional phenomena such as feeling frustrated, falling in love, or being moved by a painting. Since they cannot be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology, human emotions must not be physical phenomena.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if the assumption 'Whatever is not a physical phenomenon cannot be explained by science' is made.


Hypothesis: The statement 'Any site to which the waste could be moved will be safer than its present site' most strongly supports the information provided in the statements above.


Premise: Since the reform and opening up, there has indeed been a wealthy class. However, this class is rare compared with the majority of the people. The growth point of China's luxury consumption is mainly in the middle class. It is their advanced consumption that supports luxury Product market. China's current middle class is far from being compared with the middle class in developed countries in terms of income level, consumption capacity or consumption structure.

Hypothesis: The main point expressed in this passage is that my country's luxury era is far from coming.


Premise: Xiao Zhao and Xiao Liu are very familiar and good friends. The two are very close. During the epidemic, Xiao Zhao sent a warning WeChat to colleagues in the same room in the unit, and Xiao Liu also sent a message to everyone he knew in the community. Alerted on WeChat, and further confirmed and reminded by phone. Xiao Zhao and Xiao Liu exchanged phone calls to remind each other not to walk with each other in the near future. Xiao Zhao sent Xiao Liu a warning WeChat, but Xiao Liu did not send Xiao Zhao a warning WeChat.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao and Xiao Liu living in the same community is impossible based on the above statement.


Premise: Archaeologist: How did the Parthenon' s stonemasons manage to carve columns that all bulged outward in the center in precisely the same way? One hypothesis is suggested by the discovery of a scale drawing of a column etched into the stone of a Greek temple at Didyma. The drawing is a profile view of a column surrounded by a grid, which makes it possible to determine the correct width at every height of the column. The stonemasons who carved the Parthenon' s columns may have relied on a drawing like the one at Didyma.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Modern attempts to recreate columns like those at the Parthenon have only been partially successful' adds the most support for the archaeologist's hypothesis.


Premise: Interactive memory means that when a group of two or more individuals work and live together for a long time, they will share the stored memory. Individuals do not necessarily need to remember all the information, but only need to remember which information the members of the group are experts in, and when they need this information, they can ask them. In this way, the memories that should be stored in each individual are scattered into the minds of the different members of the group, just as the minds of all members form a larger memory bank.

Hypothesis: Xiaoguo is very familiar with all kinds of equipment in the laboratory, and members of the research group will ask Xiaoguo's opinion when discussing the errors of the experimental data, so as to rule out the possibility of significant errors caused by the equipment does not belong to interactive memory according to the definition above.


Premise: In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?

Hypothesis: The most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question is that businesses can only make big money by being the best.


Premise: Every politician has to please his voters. Although Ma Ying-jeou is an honest man, he is also a politician. No one can please his voters without occasional ambiguity.

Hypothesis: Ma Ying-jeou will not say anything vague if the above statement is true.


Premise: Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, the statement that the average weekly output per worker was less than it is today is most strongly supported by them.


Premise: In 2014, many stars were arrested by the police for drug-related activities. On August 13, Beijing performance industry associations and major performance companies signed the Anti-Drug commitment of Beijing Performing Arts, promising not to hire or organize drug-related artists to participate in performing arts activities. In response to the query that this practice is suspected of discrimination in employment, a lawyer replied: there is no discrimination in employment, because there are many other occupations to choose from.

Hypothesis: The answer of the lawyer is inconsistent with the stipulation of the regulations of the State Council on detoxification that drug addicts shall not be discriminated against in terms of re-employment indicates the logical problem in the lawyer's answer.


Premise: Generalization refers to a logical error in applying inductive reasoning to draw a conclusion only based on the investigation of a few non typical objects, or even ignoring the existence of counterexamples, and treat this conclusion as a reliable conclusion.

Hypothesis: The inference "MLM can make people rich quickly" does not involve generalization because it is based on the specific experiences of A, B, and C.


Premise: The ocean is a natural extension of land through watersheds. In marine development activities, the production links such as marine fishing, marine transportation, marine mineral development and marine aquaculture are jointly completed in the sea and river basins; while the production links such as sea salt industry and seawater utilization are completely completed on the land. In addition, while the development of modern science and technology promotes the progress of marine science and technology and the development of marine industries, the development of marine high-tech and the emergence of new products have also promoted the progress of land science and technology and the development of related industries. Marine and land products have been interactively developed through this technological extension.

Hypothesis: The text is referring to the dependence of marine economy on the spatial distribution of river basin economy.


Premise: Political candidates' speeches are loaded with promises and with expressions of good intention, but one must not forget that the politicians' purpose in giving these speeches is to get themselves elected. Clearly, then, these speeches are selfishly motivated and the promises made in them are unreliable.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes, without providing justification, that promises made for selfish reasons are never kept accurately describes a flaw in the argument above.


Premise: Venture investment: a kind of equity capital invested by professional financiers into emerging, rapidly developing enterprises with great competitive potential.

Hypothesis: A foreign boss heard that house prices would rise, so he bought three fine decorated houses in the center of Hangzhou belongs to venture investment.


Premise: The bylaws of the bank's credit card tipulate that all transactions conducted with a password are deemed to have been done by the cardholder himself. This means that as long as the password is used when the credit card is stolen, the bank regards it as the behavior of the cardholder and is not responsible for the loss. Therefore, in order to make your credit card more secure, you should not set a password.

Hypothesis: What the experts say is not necessarily correct does not undermine the above conclusion.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The Personnel Department and R & D Department cannot be arranged in Geng Building and Xin Building in turn.


Premise: One belt, one road to life is the only slogan that can only be achieved if we integrate the ideals of life into the cause of the nation and the nation. This is not an empty slogan. From the volunteer action of the Wenchuan earthquake to the torch relay of the Beijing Olympic Games, from the anti - Tibetan independence anti - Tibetan independence to the youth spreading, the young generation has a strong sense of national confidence and national honor. The times also requires us to shoulder the important task of national rejuvenation with a solid shoulder. Whether it is a young college student in the ivory tower, a young village official rooted at the grass-roots level, or an express brother walking through the streets and small ports, as long as we do our job well, we are not contributing to our country and home? Bring your personal dreams into the current of the times, let your vigorous youth resonate with your family and country, and make the color of life more gorgeous.

Hypothesis: In youth, it is thick because of dedication is most suitable for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: A survey on the leisure life of 13 members of a certain community found that (1) members who like swimming do not like Tai Chi; (2) members who do not like outings like Tai Chi;(3) members who like outings do not like climbing.

Hypothesis: Members who like swimming don't like climbing can be inferred.


Premise: C died of poisoning. For this reason, A and B were interrogated by the judge. A said that if it was murder, it must have been done by B. B says that if it's not suicide, it's murder. The judge made the following assumptions: (1) if neither A nor B lied, then it was an accident. (2) if one of A and B lied, then it was not an accident. The final facts show that the judge's assumption is correct.

Hypothesis: C may be murdered or suicide most severely weakens the above argument.


Premise: People eat when they are hungry. Once you eat energy nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat and protein, you can eliminate hunger. This hunger, which lacks energy and nutrients, is dominant hunger. However, 16 kinds of mineral elements such as iron and zinc and 13 kinds of vitamins such as vitamin A and vitamin E are needed for human health. Lack of these micronutrients can lead to hidden hunger. Obviously, dominant hunger can be solved as long as it is full, while hidden hunger can only be dealt with by eating well.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, hidden hunger is different from dominant hunger and not eating well doesn't mean you don't have enough to eat can be inferred.


Premise: On May first, in order to reduce the number of overdue books, a children's library instituted a policy of forgiving fines and giving bookmarks to children returning all of their overdue books. On July first there were twice as many overdue books as there had been on May first, although a record number of books had been returned during the interim.

Hypothesis: The statement "The bookmarks became popular among the children, so in order to collect the bookmarks, many children borrowed many more books than they usually did and kept them past their due date" most helps to explain the apparent inconsistency in the results of the library's policy.


Premise: More than 400 East Asian languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Qiang and Burmese, are considered to share a common ancestral language, collectively known as the Sino-Tibetan language family, whose mother tongue is second only to the Indo-European family. For a long time, linguists have long disputed the genetic relationship, the time of differentiation and the place of origin of each language branch within the Sino-Tibetan language family. Recently, the research team of Fudan University announced that, using analytical methods such as linguistics and genetics, they found that the Sino-Tibetan language family originated in northern China in the Neolithic Age and was divided for the first time about 6,000 years ago. The results were recently published online in the British journal Nature in the form of original research papers.

Hypothesis: The relationship between the Sino-Tibetan language family and the Indo-European language family is not likely to be introduced in this passage next.


Premise: Although the main power of society is still in the hands of men, although men's abstract thinking and physical strength are better than women, more and more psychologists and physiologists believe that men are physically and psychologically weaker than women. , And there are many shortcomings.

Hypothesis: Not all psychologists or physiologists believe that men are more vulnerable than women can be inferred.


Premise: People have free will, which is subjective judgment, personal preference and choice. Psychological studies show that the more people work hard to achieve success, the happier they feel; The more reflective things are, the happier they are; The more self-controlled the satisfaction is, the happier it is. Psychologists have tracked that children who tolerate their urges more often as adults are more likely to get into college, get married and earn PHDS, while those who resist immediate gratification are more likely to drop out, divorce and suffer more frustration.

Hypothesis: The text's main idea is that it is very important for a child to develop self-control from an early age.


Premise: Arbitrator: The shipping manager admits that he decided to close the old facility on October 14 and to schedule the new facility' s opening for October 17, the following Monday. But he also claims that he is not responsible for the business that was lost due to the new facility' s failing to open as scheduled. He blames the contractor for not finishing on time, but he too, is to blame, for he was aware of the contractor' s typical delays and should have planned for this contingency.

Hypothesis: The principle that a manager should be held responsible for mistakes made by those whom the manager directly supervises underlies the arbitrator's argument.


Premise: The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40, 000 is higher in Merton county than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of $60, 000 or more is highest in Sommer county.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, it can properly be concluded that the number of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is greater in Merton than in Sommer county.


Premise: The function of government is to meet the real needs of the people, and unless the government knows what those needs are, the government cannot meet those needs. Freedom of speech ensures that government officials hear such needs. Therefore, freedom of speech is essential to a healthy nation.

Hypothesis: If freedom of speech is not sufficient to meet the needs of the people, and a good social order is also essential, then this statement does not weaken the above argument.


Premise: The Peter Principle is a conclusion drawn by the Laurence J. Peter, an American academic, after studying the phenomenon of promotion in organizations. That is, in organizations where it is customary to promote people who are competent at a certain level, employees tend to rise to their ineptitude. The Peter principle is sometimes called the climb principle.

Hypothesis: The phenomenon of Xiao Wang being promoted to head of operations because of his strong sales performance is consistent with Peter's principle.


Premise: Ruth: To become a politician, a person should be required to have a diversity of experience. The more diverse one' s experience, the more one will understand the need for compromise. Stephanie: To be worthy of public trust, it is not enough, as you suggest, that one simply have varied experience. Such a person would not necessarily be worthy of public trust.

Hypothesis: The response simply asserts a point of view opposite to Ruth's without giving reasons for it most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in Stephanie's response to Ruth's statements.


Premise: If capable people are not influenced by the outside world to pursue perfect solutions to problems, but limit their exploration and find satisfactory answers, they can save a lot of energy.

Hypothesis: The view that sometimes, the perfect solution to a problem is not necessarily the most economical is expressed in the above paragraph.


Premise: People who are allergic to cats are actually allergic to certain proteins found in the animals' skin secretions and saliva; which particular proteins are responsible, however, varies from allergy sufferer to allergy sufferer. Since all cats shed skin and spread saliva around their environment, there is no such thing as a cat incapable of provoking allergic reactions, although it is common for a given cat to cause an allergic reaction in some -- but not all -- people who are allergic to cats.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any particular individual will be allergic to some breeds of cat but not to others' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper: Krenland' s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland' s steel industry. Ttherefore, it would protect not only steel companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to reduce cheap steel imports.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because of advances in order-taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years' most seriously weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: Alissa: If, as the mayor says, the city can no longer continue to fund both the children' s museum and local children' s television programming, then it should cease funding the television programming. The interactive character of the exhibits at the museum makes for a richer educational experience than watching television, which is largely passive. Greta: We should stop funding the museum, not the television programming, because, as the mayor has also pointed out, the museum reaches a much smaller audience.

Hypothesis: On the basis of their statements, it can be inferred that Alissa and Greta disagree on whether the city will need to cease funding local children's television programming if it continues funding the children's museum.


Premise: Xiao Zhou, Xiao Wu, Xiao Deng and Xiao Wang's occupations are: dancers, nurses, teachers and costume designers. I also know that Xiao Zhou's salary is higher than nurses, and Xiao Zheng's salary is lower than Xiao Wu's, dancers. The salary is lower than that of a costume designer, and the costume designer is either Xiao Zheng or Xiao Wang.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it is true that four people's occupations can be determined.


Premise: Real estate developers in a city can only raise more development funds through direct loans from banks or through the pre-sale of commercial housing. The government does not allow banks to increase direct loans to the real estate industry.As a result, the city's real estate developers are unable to raise more development funds. Because _

Hypothesis: The statement "The central bank abolished the system of pre-sale of commercial housing" can logically complete the argument.


Premise: Seven people in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan, and purple stand in a row. The teacher asks the seven people to report the number one by one. The students with multiples should stand behind the two students behind them in turn from front to back; finally, the students with multiples of 4 should stand at the top of the team, and purple student should stand in the middle of the team to form a new team.

Hypothesis: There are two people between red and orange can be inferred.


Premise: All that is beautiful is true, all that is true is beyond doubt and beautiful things are existing.

Hypothesis: Everything that is true is beautiful can be inferred.


Premise: 1990 editorial: Local pay phone calls have cost a quarter apiece ever since the 1970s, when a soft drink from a vending machine cost about the same. The price of a soft drink has more than doubled since, so phone companies should be allowed to raise the price of pay phone calls too.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A pay phone typically cost less than a soft- drink machine in the 1970s' most weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: Factory manager: One reason the automobile parts this factory produces are expensive is that our manufacturing equipment is outdated and inefficient. Our products would be more competitively priced if we were to refurbish the factory completely with new, more efficient equipment. Ttherefore, since to survive in today' s market we have to make our products more competitively priced, we must completely refurbish the factory in order to survive.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the factory manager's argument is flawed because this argument shifts without justification from treating something as one way of achieving a goal to treating it as the only way of achieving that goal.


Premise: Administrative punishment refers to administrative sanctions imposed by administrative agencies on citizens, legal persons or other organizations that constitute administrative violations.

Hypothesis: A supermarket imposes a penalty of one penalty ten on the thief is an administrative penalty according to the above definition.


Premise: The Long Tail Effect is a new theory that has emerged in the Internet age and was proposed by the American Chris Anderson. The Long Tail Effect believes that because of cost and efficiency factors, people can only pay attention to important people or things in the past. If we use normal distribution curve to depict these people or things, people can only pay attention to the head of the curve and ignore the people or things at the tail of the curve, which requires more effort and cost to notice

Hypothesis: Merchants believe that listeners have unlimited demand for non-popular music, and the market is extremely huge, and should be paid attention to adopts the Long Tail Effect and pays attention to the tail.


Premise: Under the conditions of a market economy, each operator of commodity production is an independent economic entity and has full autonomy.Therefore, what they produce and how they produce are their own decisions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The operators of commodity production must understand the market conditions and consumer needs, so that they can produce products suitable for sale' most weakens this conclusion.


Premise: Anxiety neurosis is characterized by generalized anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety disorder) and paroxysmal panic state (acute anxiety disorder). It is a kind of unfounded panic and tension or the degree of tension and panic is not commensurate with the reality. Psychological experience is generalized, fear and panic without a fixed goal, and physical symptoms accompanied by increased alertness.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li's anxiety neurosis is due to her husband not coming back from overtime work and the recent burglaries and homicides in her city.


Premise: A studio will screen 14 films during the week-long National Day holiday (Monday to Sunday), including five science fiction, three police and gangster films, three martial arts films, two war films and one romance. Given the conditions, the studio shows two movies a day. (1) Except for science fiction on Thursday, two films will be shown on each of the other six days in different genres; (2) The romance will be on Sunday; (3) Science fiction and martial arts films are not scheduled on the same day; (4) Police and war films are not scheduled on the same day.

Hypothesis: Science fiction and war movies can be shown on Saturdays on consecutive dates based on the above information.


Premise: In the early stage of traditional culture, culture presents a comprehensive form, which becomes the common cradle of Chinese traditional medicine and classical literature. When the two disciplines have not been separated independently, there is an obvious mixture between Chinese traditional medicine and classical literature. Poetry, folk songs, ballads and market tunes are all important carriers of ancient medicine. On the other hand, many ancient medical books are works with rich literary value. When reading these classical medical works, we can often experience the inevitability and profundity of literature.

Hypothesis: There is not a clear distinction between medicine and literature in the early stage of traditional culture is inconsistent with the context.


Premise: Every year on the eve of the Mid Autumn Festival, businesses will launch a moon cake war. Relevant experts point out that the moon cake war is not only detrimental to the economic interests of mass consumers, but also has become a sweet burden of the Mid Autumn Festival. If the moon cake market wants to return to normal, it must be improved in terms of technology and ingredients. Otherwise, even if the packaging and gifts are gorgeous, they can not meet the legitimate consumer demand.

Hypothesis: According to this question stem, the conclusion that "As long as the moon cake technology and ingredients are improved, even if the packaging and gifts are gorgeous, they can also meet the legitimate needs" cannot be drawn.


Premise: American philosophers Cohen and Arato divide modern society into three parts. On the one hand, they distinguish civil society from a political society composed of parties, political organizations and political public bodies. On the other hand, they distinguish civil society from an economic society composed of production and distribution organizations. When discussing China's social transformation, we should also choose the theoretical framework of modern society as the coordinate.

Hypothesis: China's social transformation needs to play the role of cooperative organizations can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Of the two proposals for solving the traffic problems on Main Street, Chen' s plan is better for the city as a whole, as is clear from the fact that the principal supporter of Ripley' s plan is Smith Stores. Smith Stores, with its highly paid consultants, knows where its own interest lies and, moreover, has supported its own interests in the past, even to the detriment of the city as a whole.

Hypothesis: The faulty reasoning in which one of the following is most parallel to that in the argument above is "Surely Centreville should oppose adoption of the regional planning commission's new plan since it is not in Centreville's interest, even though it might be in the interest of some towns in the region."


Premise: Climatologists believe they know why Earth has undergone a regular sequence of ice ages beginning around 800, 000 years ago. Calculations show that Earth' s orbit around the Sun has fluctuations that coincide with the ice-age cycles. The climatologists hypothesize that when the fluctuations occur, Earth passes through clouds of cosmic dust that enters the atmosphere; the cosmic dust thereby dims the Sun, resulting in an ice age. They concede, however, that though cosmic dust clouds are common, the clouds would have to be particularly dense in order to have this effect.

Hypothesis: The statement "Two large asteroids collided 800,000 years ago, producing a tremendous amount of dense cosmic dust that continues to orbit the Sun" does not lend support to the climatologists' hypothesis.


Premise: The United States adopted this policy after the 9.11 terrorist attack: Either stand with us against terrorism, then you are our friend; or do not stand with us, then you are our enemy.

Hypothesis: The statement "If a professor has enough ability, he can even teach stupid students to pass; therefore, if he can't teach stupid students to pass, it means that his ability is not good enough" is not the same as the expression in the above.


Premise: On the surface of the aircraft carrier, the personnel at each station are dressed in colorful clothing, which is very different from the dress code of the same color on traditional warships. The colors of the helmets, vests and long-sleeved shirts worn by the staff are also different ;Purple represents fuel supply; red represents danger and safety control; green represents takeoff and landing and aircraft maintenance; blue represents transportation and gas supply guarantee; brown stands for locomotive maintenance, The appearance looks like a rainbow of seven colors on the deck.

Hypothesis: The source of the text is Popular science books.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: Five kinds of arrangements are available if R is arranged in the fifth week and O in the second week.


Premise: Social promotion, also known as social encouragement, refers to the phenomenon that when individuals engage in a certain activity, others are present to promote the completion of their activities and improve their activity efficiency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Wang picking up Uncle Li who fell to the ground is not a social promotion.


Premise: The space technology was born out of the ballistic missile technology developed during World War II and it is very difficult to calculate the trajectory by manpower, which led to the birth of the world's first computer and the entry of mankind into the information age. The United States promotes the birth and development of integrated circuits in order to expand its space superiority and meet the needs of space flight. Today, goods codes can be found everywhere in supermarkets and the technology was born when Apollo used bar codes to manage spacecraft during the Apollo moon landing. . According to statistics, 80% of the more than 1100 new materials developed and used in China this year are completed under the guidance of aerospace technology. At present, there are nearly 2000 space technology achievements and used in communications, textile, oil, transportation, medical and other industries.

Hypothesis: The main message the author wants to convey through this passage is the future trend of the development of the space technology.


Premise: Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences. Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young people predates movies and television by centuries.

Hypothesis: Many adolescents who engage in violent behavior had already displayed such behavior before they were exposed violence in movies most strengthens Jane's argument.


Premise: The maintenance of marriage is inseparable from the mutual trust between husband and wife. Trust is the basis for maintaining a stable and intimate relationship, but trust alone is not enough. They also need to have common interests and hobbies. Two people can spend time together and experience the fun of life. Therefore, trust and common interests and hobbies are the necessary factors for the stability of marriage.

Hypothesis: A marriage with only common interests is certainly unstable can be inferred according to the above words.


Premise: Gas is needed for star formation. In clusters, clusters have long been considered unable to form new stars because large amounts of gas are dissipated in the early stages of cluster formation. Only collisions or coalescence between stars are possible to replenish burning material for older stars. Make them look younger than other stars. Stars formed by collision or merging are called blue discrete stars, and their names come from the evolution process that is quite different from that of most stars, which makes them dissociate from the evolution trajectory predicted by theory. Using the observed data, a research team studied the blue discrete stars in the young cluster NGC.2173 and observed an unusual group of blue discrete stars in this young cluster for the first time. It was found that the cluster contained blue discrete stars formed by sudden outbursts.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that there are unusual blue discrete stars in the cluster.


Premise: Science is the search for truth. In the process of exploring the truth, people's understanding of objective laws goes through a painstaking and tortuous process. There is often such a situation: due to different angles of research, differences in mastering data, and different methods of understanding, there will be a situation of winding mountains and steep peaks on the side, and different patterns in the past from far and near. So as to cause academic debate. Therefore, successful scientists regard opposition as a great help to themselves and criticism to themselves as a precious friendship. As Li Siguang said, nothing motivates me more than frank criticism of my thesis. Goethe also said: what we agree with makes us feel at ease. It is what we oppose that makes our ideas fruitful.  This is all because those in favor may not be correct and those against may not be wrong. to say the least, even erroneous objections are very beneficial to one's own scientific research.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People's understanding of objective laws has to go through a painstaking and tortuous process' is true of the argument in this paragraph.


Premise: In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells. When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles. Surprisingly, in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.

Hypothesis: The statement "Until they are fully grown, horseshoe crabs shed their shells and grow new ones several times a year" most helps to explain the surprising finding.


Premise: Zhao Yuan's colleagues are all football fans, zhao Yuan's classmates who work in the software park are not football fans, Li Ya is both zhao Yuan's classmate and his colleague, Wang Wei is Zhao Yuan's classmate but does not work in the software park, Zhang Ming is Zhao Yuan's classmate but not a football fan.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, Li Ya doesn't work in the software park can be concluded.


Premise: Planting peach trees on their farm makes more sense for the Johnsons than planting apricot trees. Although fresh, locally grown apricots are very popular in this area, the same is true of peaches. However, individual peach trees cost much less to purchase and plant than do apricot trees, and peach trees also begin bearing fruit at a much younger age.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The market for fresh, locally grown apricots has grown in recent years as awareness of the health benefits of eating fresh fruit has increased' would most seriously weaken the argument.


Premise: Place phobia is mainly manifested as fear of certain specific environments, such as high places, squares, objective environments, and crowded public places. It often starts with a spontaneous panic attack, and then produces anxiety about expectations and the behavior of avoidance, and finally becomes conditioning. Some clinical studies have shown that, patients with place phobia are often accompanied by panic attacks. However, some experts believe that the first panic attack is a necessary condition for the onset of  place phobia, and therefore claims that  place phobia is the consequence of the development of panic attacks and should be involved into the category of panic disorder.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The study found that some patients' place phobia appeared before panic attack' can most question the above experts' opinion.


Premise: Most people who shop for groceries no more than three times a month buy prepared frozen dinners regularly. In Hallstown most people shop for groceries no more than three times a month. Ttherefore, in Hallstown most people buy prepared frozen dinners regularly.

Hypothesis: The argument 'It is clear that Fernando's friends usually drive to school, since all of his friends can drive and all of his friends go to school' has a flawed pattern of reasoning most like the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa. Some scholars, noting that the oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s, hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A. D. But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin' s king from neighboring Ife. So it is unlikely that Benin' s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Several years ago, the number of wood bison became so low that conservationists began breeding the wood bison in an enclosed refuge. In this time, the number of wood bison has tripled and, according to conservationists, this number is enough for a species to remain viable in the wild. Yet since the wood bison's habitat is still imperiled, conservationists plan to move the wood bison 2, 000 miles away, where the American buffalo, a distinct species, flourishes. The conservationists predict that such a plan will allow for the long-term viability of the wood bison as a species.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The American buffalo and the wood bison readily mingle, and, in the past, this has lead the two species to mix so that the number of actual wood bison declines steadily' calls into question the conservationist's prediction.


Premise: Any enterprise that exists in the society is a social enterprise. Society is the stage for entrepreneurs to display their talents. Only entrepreneurs who sincerely return to society and earnestly fulfill their social responsibilities can be truly recognized by the society and meet the requirements of the times.

Hypothesis: If entrepreneurs meet the requirements of the times, they will be truly recognized by the society can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Augmented reality technology is a new technology that integrates real world information and virtual world information seamlessly, which is to combine the original real world, a certain time and space range, it is difficult to experience the physical information through computer and other science and technology imitation and then superimposed, the virtual information applied to the real world, is perceived by the human senses, so as to achieve the sensory experience beyond reality.

Hypothesis: An intelligent contact lens developed by a scientist receives mobile phone data through wireless technology and projects the image on the mobile phone to the eyes is not an augmented reality technology by the above definition.


Premise: Supervisor: Our next budget proposal will probably be approved, because normally about half of all budget proposals that the vice president considers are approved, and our last five budget proposals have all been turned down.

Hypothesis: The supervisor's reasoning is flawed because it presumes, without giving warrant, that having the last five budget proposals turned down affects the likelihood that the next budget proposal will be turned down.


Premise: A survey has shown that public perceptions of comparative risks differ radically from the assessments of risk-management experts. For example, living near a nuclear power plant was judged a much greater risk by the survey respondents than it was by the experts. On the other hand, exposure to X-rays was judged a significantly lower risk by the survey respondents than it was by the experts. Psychologists have found that people tend to be more worried about risks they consider involuntary than about risks they consider voluntary. Thus the survey results were probably caused by the respondents' tendency to consider involuntary risks to be greater than they actually are.

Hypothesis: Not all of the survey respondents considered living near a nuclear power plant to be a voluntary risk is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: We can be quiet in the book. When you open a book, it is like building an indestructible castle and an immortal Great Wall. You are the monarch of this kingdom, and no one else can enter without your permission. When you open a book, it is as if you have planted a peach garden and covered it with grass. You sit on the grass, in the rain, calm and quiet, enjoy the fragrance alone. When you open a book, it is as if you have found a spring that will not grow old, a ray of spring morning light, a moment of eternity, get rid of selfish thoughts, forget the existence of yourself and the things around you, and let your mind blend into nature. In this way, we can face our hearts and read out ourselves.

Hypothesis: The option "Readers return to nature" does not correspond to the meaning of the text.


Premise: In a paper published in the Journal of Pediatrics, researchers at a university medical school in the United States pointed out that after a follow-up survey of children from 2,702 families, it was found that if children watched TV for more than two hours a day before the age of 5, their risk of behavioural problems will more than double when they grow up. The so-called behavior problems refer to withdrawn personality, rude words and deeds, aggression against others, difficult to cooperate with others, and so on.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are a lot of contents in TV programs that can easily make children in a state of tension and fear for a long time' best explains the above argument.


Premise: Modern flamingos derive their pink coloration from pigments stored in tiny shrimp that they filter from shallow, salty waters. The shrimp get this pigment from tiny red algae that they filter through their leg bristles. In the Jurassic period (about 200 million years ago), both algae and shrimp were an excellent source of food for any larger animal equipped to sieve them out of the water through an anatomical strainer. The Argentine pterodactyl possessed a row of thin, bristlelike teeth through which it pumped water, straining out any tiny food particles in the process. Thus, because it was able to filter both algae and shrimp, it is reasonable to conclude that the pterodactyl acquired a pink coloration.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'The Argentine pterodactyl's habitat included shallow seas that were particularly rich in red algae and shrimp' strengthens the argument for the existence of a pink pterodactyl.


Premise: Literary critic: A folktale is a traditional story told in an entertaining way, which may lead some to think that folktales lack deeper meaning. But this is not the case. A folktale is passed along by a culture for generations, and each storyteller adds something of his or her own to the story, and in this way folktales provide great insight into the wisdom of the culture.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the literary critic's argument can be properly inferred if the assumption that any tale that is passed along by a culture for generations can provide great insight into the wisdom of that culture is true.


Premise: Symbiosis means that two organisms live together, depend on each other, and benefit each other. If they are separated from each other, both or one of them cannot survive.

Hypothesis: After termites eat wood, the multiflagella in their intestines can secrete cellulose hydrolase to help termites digest and decompose wood fiber belongs to symbiosis according to the above definition.


Premise: Burning mugwort leaves at night to repel mosquitoes was an important cause of house fires in Longquan Mountain area. In recent years, though, the use of mugwort leaves to repel mosquitoes has decreased significantly. However, the number of deaths caused by home fires has not decreased.

Hypothesis: Fires caused by burning mugwort leaves at night usually start after family members fall asleep cannot explain the above condition.


Premise: Up until about 2 billion years ago, the sun was 30 percent dimmer than it is now. If the sun were that dim now, our oceans would be completely frozen. According to fossil evidence, however, life and liquid water were both present as early as 3. 8 billion years ago.

Hypothesis: Our atmosphere currently holds in significantly less heat than it did 3. 8 billion years ago most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: If the government institutes criminal justice reform, then the percentage of citizens in prison will decrease. If the government does not institute criminal justice reform during this legislative session, then the government will go bankrupt. All attempts at criminal justice reform require 60 Purple Party politicians to hold office. There are currently 55 Purple Party politicians in office during this legislative session.

Hypothesis: The government will go bankrupt during this legislative session must follow according to the passage above.


Premise: One year ago a local government initiated an antismoking advertising campaign in local newspapers, which it financed by imposing a tax on cigarettes of 20 cents per pack. One year later, the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes had declined by 3 percent. Clearly, what was said in the advertisements had an effect, although a small one, on the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Residents of the locality have not increased their use of other tobacco products such as snuff and chewing tobacco since the campaign went into effect' most helps to strengthen the argument.


Premise: A female teacher at a university silently helped a poor family in a remote mountainous area for 15 years. The reporter inquired about it and found that the person doing the good was one of the five teachers of the University's School of Media, A, B, C, D, and E. In the interview, the five teachers were very humble. They told reporters this way: A: B did this thing. B: I didn't do it. C did it. C: I didn't do this thing. Ding: I didn't do this thing either. A did it. E: If A does not do it, then D will not do it either. The reporter later learned that the words of only one of the above five teachers corresponded to the real situation.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, the person who does this good thing is C.


Premise: Artificial intelligence can imitate human intelligence and behavior, perceive the environment and make decisions and plans in a complex and changeable unknown environment, so as to actively perform tasks or complete set goals.

Hypothesis: The assembly line robot can complete the assembly work of different parts of different machinery and equipment according to the parameters preset by the engineer belongs to the category of artificial intelligence according to the definition.


Premise: Under the current compulsory education investment system, the county finance can barely afford teachers' wages, and the central and provincial finance can subsidize some teachers' wages and school construction funds, but all the remaining gaps are left to the school itself. Some rural primary and secondary school principals reflect that compulsory education has now become the obligation of the school.

Hypothesis: Schools only fulfill their obligations and lack external investment, which means that compulsory education has now become a school obligation.


Premise: Kong Zhi, Meng Rui, Xun Hui, Zhuang Cong, Mo Ling, Han Min and other six people formed a representative team to participate in a chess competition, including two to participate in the game of Go, two to participate in the Chinese chess competition, and two to participate in the international chess competition. The following conditions should also be met regarding their participation in specific events :(1) each participant can only participate in one event; (2) Kong Zhi participates in weiqi competition, if and only if Zhuang Cong and Meng Rui both participate in Chinese chess competition; (3) If Han Min does not participate in the chess competition, Mo Ling will participate in the Chinese chess competition; (4) If Xun Hui participates in Chinese chess match, Zhuang Cong does not participate in Chinese chess match; (5) At least one of Xun Hui and Mo Ling will not participate in Chinese chess matches.

Hypothesis: Mo Ling and Meng Rui take part in the go competition can be true according to the above information.


Premise: Law refers to the inevitable connection between things. This connection keeps recurring and often works under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: The Earth goes around the sun is not a law.


Premise: Every year, a magazine publishes a ranking of car sales for the year. Management consultants believe that this ranking should not be the basis for each consumer to decide which car to buy.

Hypothesis: The statement "The higher-ranking automakers in the magazine use this to advertise in order to attract more consumers" would best support the management consultant's point of view.


Premise: The rhetoric of opposites and mutually reinforcing refers to the clever connection of two concepts or judgments which are usually opposite and excluded from each other, which can not only reveal the deep contradiction and dialectic relationship existing in objective things, but also increase the meaning of language.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains, beak tip skin thick belly empty is not a mutually reinforcing figure of speech.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: Many scholars believe that official medieval persecutions of various minority groups were undertaken very reluctantly by medieval authorities and only in order to soothe popular unrest caused by underlying popular hostility to the groups in question. This belief is highly questionable. For one thing, there are few indications of any profound underlying popular hostility toward persecuted groups in cases where persecutions were particularly violent and sustained. For another, the most serious and widespread persecutions carried out by medieval authorities seem to have had as targets exactly those groups that most effectively disputed these authorities' right to govern.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by providing reasons to suspect the reliability of any conclusions based on evidence concerning the distant past.


Premise: Only when the purchase price of a flower shop is lower than the normal price, it can make profits by selling flowers at a price below the market. Unless the florist sells a lot of flowers, it is not possible to buy flowers from the florist at a lower price than normal. In order to sell large numbers of products, the florist needs to satisfy consumers' personal interests or have exclusive rights to sell certain kinds of products.

Hypothesis: If the florist does not make a profit by selling flowers below market price, it must not have bought flowers below normal price from the florist must be true if the above assertion is true.


Premise: For similar cars and comparable drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, ttherefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare the level of traffic congestion in Greatport with the level of traffic congestion in Fairmont.


Premise: Trancorp currently transports all its goods to Burland Island by truck. The only bridge over the channel separating Burland from the mainland is congested, and trucks typically spend hours in traffic. Trains can reach the channel more quickly than trucks, and freight cars can be transported to Burland by barges that typically cross the channel in an hour. Ttherefore, to reduce shipping time, Trancorp plans to switch to trains and barges to transport goods to Burland.

Hypothesis: Whether loading the freight cars onto barges is very time consuming would be most important to know in determining whether Trancorp's plan, if implemented, is likely to achieve its goal.


Premise: Jianghai District of a certain city decided to renew the appearance of four roads in Dongfeng Road, Xihe Road, Nantang Road and Beihai Road. In order to understand the opinions of the masses and formulate a new plan in line with public opinion, four comrades A, B, C and D from the relevant departments of the district government work together to carry out research. It is known that each person chooses two roads and there are exactly two people who choose each road: in the survey of each road, B and C are never in the same group. In addition, we also know: (1) if A chooses Dongfeng Road, D also chooses Dongfeng Road; (2) if C chooses Nantang Road, D also chooses Nantang Road; (3) A does not choose Nantang Road.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it can be inferred that C choose Dongfeng Road and Xihe Road.


Premise: Political theorist: The vast majority of countries that have a single political party have corrupt national governments, but some countries with a plurality of parties also have corrupt national governments. What all countries with corrupt national governments have in common, however, is the weakness of local governments.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The majority of countries with weak local governments have a single political party' must also be true if all of the political theorist's statements are true.


Premise: Researchers have studied the cost-effectiveness of growing halophytes -- salt-tolerant plant species -- for animal forage. Halophytes require more water than conventional crops, but can be irrigated with seawater, and pumping seawater into farms near sea level is much cheaper than pumping freshwater from deep wells. Thus, seawater agriculture near sea level should be cost-effective in desert regions although its yields are smaller than traditional, freshwater agriculture.

Hypothesis: Costs other than the costs of irrigation are different for halophytes grown by means of seawater irrigation than for conventional crops most strengthens the argument above.


Premise: To watch the total solar eclipse, you should wear professional glasses. Yongkang brand and Shidu brand solar eclipse glasses use lenses of the same quality. Because the price of Yongkang brand solar eclipse glasses is low, when you buy Yongkang brand rather than Shidu brand solar eclipse glasses, you can buy glasses with the same viewing effect at a lower price.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above conclusion is that the price of eclipse glasses mainly depends on the price of lenses.


Premise: When the ancient fossils of a primitive land mammal were unearthed in New Zealand, they provided the first concrete evidence that the island country had once had indigenous land mammals. Until that discovery, New Zealand had no known native land mammals. The discovery thus falsifies the theory that New Zealand' s rich and varied native bird population owes its existence to the lack of competition from mammals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The recently discovered land mammal became extinct long before the native bird population was established' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: If I argue with you, can we tell the truth from the false? You and I don't know, and all the others are prejudiced, who shall we ask to judge? Ask people who share your opinion to judge. Since he has the same opinion as you, how can you judge? Please judge with people who have the same views as me. Since he has the same views as me, how can he judge? Please judge people who have different views from you and me. Since they have different views from you and me, how can they judge? So, no winning or losing.

Hypothesis: The above argument suffers from the logical error of the text is not on the topic.


Premise: Statistics for the first half of this year show that CPI in Province A fell 1.7% in three consecutive months after a 1.8% month-on-month increase in three months. In the same period, CPI in Province B rose 1.8% in three consecutive months after a 1.7% month-on-month decrease in three consecutive months.

Hypothesis: The CPI of Province A was higher than that of province B in April this year is not true if CPI in December was the same in both provinces.


Premise: Indirect financing means that units or individuals with temporarily idle monetary funds purchase securities issued by banks, trusts, insurance and other financial institutions in the form of deposits, and provide their temporarily idle funds to these financial intermediaries first, and then these financial institutions borrow, discount and purchase securities, Provide funds to some units for use. These units that obtain funds realize indirect financing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, indirect financing is when financial investors invest their personal property in new industries.


Premise: Traditional Chinese painting pays attention to knowing the white and keeping the black, which means that the black is the painting and the white is the blank. The blank  left on the picture should be valued as much as the image of the painting. In other words, the blank  should be reasonable and conform to the composition rules. The most taboo is the same size and shape of the blank, the most taboo is the blank like round, square, the most taboo is the blank scattered like stars. Good blanks are large and small, are irregular triangles and the blanks left are complete and unified.

Hypothesis: The composition principle of traditional Chinese painting is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Robot: It is an automated machine. The difference is that this machine has some intelligence similar to humans or creatures, such as perception ability, planning ability, movement ability and coordination ability. It is an automated machine with a high degree of flexibility.

Hypothesis: A machine that can play football in matches is a robot according to the above definition.


Premise: Ethicist: Utilitarianism argues that it is good and right to act in the best interests of all entities involved, and says the best action is that which serves the maximum number of those entities. For example, making vaccination of children a requirement is considered utilitarianism because __.

Hypothesis: The statement "it is seen as giving the parents complete control over the decisions they make for their children" most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Analyst: Any new natural-gas-powered electrical generation station needs to be located close to a natural-gas pipeline, a large body of water for cooling, and transmission lines. It also must be situated in a region where residents will not oppose construction. Our country has an extensive system of transmission lines, but our natural-gas pipelines run in the vicinity of only three of our large bodies of water, and residents would oppose any significant construction projects near these bodies of water.

Hypothesis: The analyst's statements most strongly support the statement that no site would be suitable for constructing a natural-gas-powered electrical station unless the existing system of natural-gas pipelines is expanded.


Premise: There are 40-500 milligrams of theobromine per 100 grams of chocolate. Theobromine stimulates smooth muscle and accelerates nerve conduction. But unlike caffeine, theobromine has almost no effect on the central nervous system. Every 100 grams of chocolate contains 70 milligrams of caffeine. The role of caffeine is to increase alertness, promote supernormal performance, improve observation, resist fatigue and improve the efficiency of mental activity. Chocolate also contains amphetamine. It also has a refreshing effect and can stimulate the secretion of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is that chocolate and coffee have different effects on the human body.


Premise: Orange juice has orange juice in many potential positive roles, especially because it contains flavonoid antioxidants such as hesperidin and naringin. Research evidence has shown that orange juice can reduce the risk of leukemia in children and help prevent breast cancer, liver cancer and colon cancer. According to the findings, the biological effects of orange juice are largely affected by its components. The change of its composition depends on climate, soil, fruit maturity and storage method after picking.

Hypothesis: Excessive consumption of orange juice can have adverse effects on your health can be inferred.


Premise: Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced only in cells that are actively dividing. For this reason it is generally absent from body tissues in adults. Bone marrow is an exception to this rule, however, since even in adults, bone marrow cells continually divide to replace old blood cells. Cancers are another exception, because their cells are rapidly dividing.

Hypothesis: The presence of telomerase in bone marrow is no indication of bone marrow cancer is the information provided most strongly supports.


Premise: Biometrics refers to the way people use computers and optics, acoustics, high-tech tools such as biosensors and biostatistics combine and use the body's inherent physiological features (such as veins, faces, irises, fingerprints, etc.) and behavioral features (such as handwriting, voice, gait, etc.) to determine the identity of the individual.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, a company introducing a fingerprint punch card for employees to report for duty is most likely to use biometrics.


Premise: Impeachment is a procedure established by law to criminally prosecute a senior government official or judge for a particular violation of the law. The result of impeachment was the removal of the convicted person from office.

Hypothesis: The impeachment is that a National Court has charged the incumbent chief executive with serious corruption.


Premise: Yesterday your IT department performed a server upgrade, and my computer cannot be turned on at night. Can you restore the server to its original state?

Hypothesis: The attribution method 'President Jones raised taxes, and the number of violent crimes has risen accordingly. Therefore, taxes should not be raised' is most similar to the question stem.


Premise: In order to improve the market share, long-term apartment enterprises seize the housing supply with the help of capital, which has contributed to the increase of rent. In addition, the capital apartment also brings financial risks. In order to obtain capital leverage to compete for housing supply, some long-term apartment enterprises guide or even defraud tenants to carry out rental installment loans. Such financial products not only have no stable property right guarantee, but also have a very high leverage, Under the coercion of capital, once the long-term rental apartment enterprises form a monopoly position in the rental market, the rise of rent will be more difficult to restrain.

Hypothesis: The development of the housing rental market in China is not standardized, as emphasized in the paragraph above.


Premise: It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either by mail or in medical journals. A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications. Opponents object that the general population lacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications. But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to establish whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desired in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: The spread of rumors refers to the informal dissemination of incorrect facts, which deliberately exaggerates, exaggerates, distorts, or simply creates something out of nothing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the spread of news about local barbaric demolition by a TV station belongs to the spread of rumors.


Premise: Mayor: Periodically an ice cream company will hold a free ice cream day as a promotion. Showing up may not cost you any money, but it sure does cost you time. We learn from this that when something valuable costs no money you get overconsumption and long lines. Currently, those who drive to work complain about the congestion they face in their rush-hour commutes. What is needed is a system for charging people for the use of roads during rush hour. Then rush hour congestion will abate.

Hypothesis: The claim that when something valuable costs no money you get overconsumption and long lines is a general claim used in support of the argument's overall conclusion in the mayor's argument.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: K can replace G without violating any of the given conditions.


Premise: Ruijin Software Co., Ltd. is a head office composed of four subsidiaries, namely A, B, C and D. Under the profit plan of the head office, the profit share of each subsidiary is equal to that of its employees in the total number of employees of Ruijin Software Co., Ltd each year. But last year the company's financial report showed that the proportion of profits handed over to the head office decreased while the number of employees increased.

Hypothesis: The proportion of employee growth of Company A is at least smaller than that of one of the other three subsidiaries can be stated in the financial report if the above statement is true.


Premise: Peter's principle, also known as the upward climbing principle, is a conclusion drawn by American scholar Lawrence Peter based on the analysis of thousands of incompetent failures in relevant organizations, that is, in various organizations, because they are used to promoting people who are competent at a certain level, employees always tend to be promoted to their incompetent position.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Oakman is an outstanding technician at Lyme Auto repair Company. When the company promoted him to executive director, he was very busy, tired and unfulfilled every day' conforms to Peter's principle.


Premise: In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells. When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles. Surprisingly, in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A very large barnacle population can significantly decrease the ability of a horseshoe crab to find food' most helps to explain the surprising finding.


Premise: Commission: refers to the legal income obtained by brokers, agents and other intermediaries from introducing transactions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, commissions are when a supermarket sells cigarettes for an enterprise, and the enterprise pays 10% of the supermarket's turnover.


Premise: When talking about French literature in the eyes of the Chinese people, the French can't help but say in a contemptuous tone: you like the camellia girl. in the eyes of the French, it's still some taste to like Dumas. After all, he has a count of Monte Cristo and three musketeers. What does Dumas have? It's just a social flower. French literature is the pride of the French and plays an important role in world literature. It's obviously disrespect for French literature to only like the camellia girl. It became popular in China almost a hundred years ago. At that time, it was the failure of the reform movement of 1898, people were depressed and the road of improvement was not feasible, We have to make do with random novels. The birth of Camellia girl in China is at the right time.

Hypothesis: A preference for literary works can reflect one's taste is this passage intended to explain.


Premise: Scientists have created double-blind studies so that neither the subjects of the experiment nor scientists know whether the subject is receiving an actual drug or a placebo, which is nothing more than a sugar pill. Essentially, if one knows whether one is receiving actual medicine or a placebo, such knowledge can affect the outcome of a study. A recent double-blind study on the effectiveness of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Freloxamine on depression found that those subjects administered the drug were 15% more likely to have a decrease in symptoms than the control group, which was comprised of those who received a placebo. Since neither group knew which they were receiving, the placebo or the SSRI, the observed drop in depression can only be attributed to Freloxamine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Freloxamine does not exhibit a uniform effect in all subjects, with many reporting little improvement in symptoms of depression, even after several months of taking the drug' best calls into question the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Trade secret refers to the technical information and business information which is not known to the public, can bring economic benefits to the obligee and has practicability and is kept secret by the obligee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, method of animation is a trade secret.


Premise: According to a psychological theory, if one wants to be happy, one must maintain a close relationship with the people around him, but the great painters in the world often spend their time alone, and they do not have close interpersonal relationships most of their time.Therefore, the above argument of this psychological theory is not valid.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Loneliness is necessary for a great painter' is most likely to be assumed by the above argument.


Premise: There is a report that: Those who think that the zoo's safety management measures are already in place should be sober in the face of the following news reports. Yesterday, a man fell into the monkey mountain. Fortunately, the management arrived in time to disperse the monkeys, The man was sent to the hospital for emergency treatment, and it did not cause serious consequences. Therefore, the zoo's safety measures should be further improved.

Hypothesis: According to reports, the man actually is a depressed person with suicidal tendencies is the most effective to refute the viewpoint of the above report.


Premise: Fifty years ago, the world's population was only about half of what it is today. Mankind once hoped to organize the imminent food crisis with the so-called green revolution. The rapid increase in the use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers has achieved some results, but mankind has also paid a heavy ecological cost. Statistics show that compared with the time our parents lived, the current global food production has nearly doubled, but the price is also huge; the consumption of surface water and groundwater by agricultural production has double.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate mankind's lack of understanding of the nature of the food crisis.


Premise: City Official: At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have. Critics of the hospital have concluded that <b> the uninsured patients are not receiving proper medical care </b>. However, <b> this conclusion is almost certainly false </b>. Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.

Hypothesis: In the city official's argument, the first boldface portion states the position that the city official's argument opposes and the second states the conclusion of the city official's argument.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'There should be more exchanges and communication between people, more understanding and tolerance, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world' is an objective-value fallacy.


Premise: The right to know means that a citizen has the right to know what he should know. The state shall limit to the maximum extent the recognition and protection of citizens' right to know and access information,especially government affairs information.

Hypothesis: South Korea's SBS television broadcast the rehearsal process for the 28th Olympic Games in advance does not belong to the scope of the right to know according to the above definition.


Premise: John: You told me once that no United States citizen who supports union labor should buy an imported car. Yet you are buying an Alma. Since Alma is one of the biggest makers of imports, I infer that you no longer support unions. Harry: I still support labor unions. Even though Alma is a foreign car company, the car I am buying, the Alma Deluxe, is designed, engineered, and manufactured in the United States.

Hypothesis: Harry's method of defending his purchase of an Alma is to show that John's argument involves a false unstated assumption.


Premise: Although early jazz music featured a great deal of improvisation, this improvisation did not stray too far from the rather simple, catchy melodies upon which it was based. So, however interesting it may be, later music featuring improvisation that strays far from the melody ought not to be classified as jazz.

Hypothesis: Many types of music other than jazz feature a great deal of improvisation, which weakens the argument.


Premise: Balance is particularly important when reporting the 5. background of civil wars and conflicts. Facts must not be deliberately manipulated to show one party in a favorable light, and the views of each side should be fairly represented. This concept of balance, however, does not justify concealing or glossing over basic injustices in an effort to be even-handed. If all the media were to adopt such a perverse interpretation of balanced reporting, the public would be given a picture of a world where each party in every conflict had an equal measure of justice on its side, contrary to our experience of life and, indeed, our common sense.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that balanced reporting requires impartially revealing injustices where they occur no less than fairly presenting the views of each party in a conflict.


Premise: Ms. Zheng said that the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City was higher than that of Yiyang City in the past decade, so the economic outlook of Hengyuan City was better than that of Yiyang City.Mr. Hu said, I don't agree with you. Although the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City is higher than that of Yiyang City, the GDP value of Yiyang City is higher.

Hypothesis: The focus of the dispute between Ms. Zheng and Mr. Hu is whether a city's GDP growth rate means that the economic prospect must be good.


Premise: Symbiotic marketing refers to two or more enterprises, through the sharing of marketing resources, to reduce costs, improve efficiency, enhance market competitiveness for the purpose of a marketing strategy.

Hypothesis: The option "A logistics company to transport goods from A to B land, and from zone B to land, back and forth do not rest, improve the company's efficiency" is symbiotic marketing, as defined above.