Premise: Most people who shop for groceries no more than three times a month buy prepared frozen dinners regularly. In Hallstown most people shop for groceries no more than three times a month. Ttherefore, in Hallstown most people buy prepared frozen dinners regularly.

Hypothesis: The argument 'It is clear that most people in Highland County drive sedans, since most people who commute to work drive sedans and most people in Highland County commute to work' has a flawed pattern of reasoning most like the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Broadcaster: Our radio station has a responsibility to serve the public interest. Hence, when our critics contend that our recent expose of events in the private lives of local celebrities was excessively intrusive, we can only reply that the overwhelming public interest in these matters makes it our responsibility to publicize them.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the broadcaster's defense of the radio station's practice is improperly exploiting an ambiguity in the phrase public interest.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Manufacturers of children' s toys often place warnings on their products that overstate the dangers their products pose. Product-warning labels should overstate dangers only if doing so reduces injuries. In fact, however, manufacturers overstate their products' dangers merely for the purpose of protecting themselves from lawsuits brought by parents of injured children. Ttherefore, manufacturers of children' s toys should not overstate the dangers their products pose.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes, without providing justification, that if a warning overstates a danger, then the warning will fail to prevent injuries most accurately describes a reasoning flaw in the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: Recently, students at Peking University and Tsinghua University issued an initiative calling on college students to boycott unhealthy online games.

Hypothesis: There must be unhealthy online games preset for this initiative.


Premise: Malik said Austin was surprised that Premier Zhou said the Chinese people's government believed that any resolution on China's complaint passed by the Security Council without the participation of representatives of the Chinese people would be illegal.

Hypothesis: Austin expresses surprise.


Premise: Information industry refers to the group of related industries directly related to the production, circulation, distribution and consumption of information industry and information services in national economic activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, providing free consulting services to the society and promoting the development of information technology is not the information industry.


Premise: In order to reduce traffic congestion, a city has taken measures such as the lower limit: On weekdays from Monday to Friday, non-commercial vehicles are restricted to one day in five groups according to their tail numbers 0, 5, 1, 6, 2, 7, 3, 8, 4 and 9, and not limited to weekends and legal holidays. Those who break the rules will be fined.

Hypothesis: The description that Wang wu and three neighbors have six private cars with different ending numbers and cooperate to drive five cars every day may not violate the traffic restrictions.


Premise: Looking back on the entire industrial chain, the plight of China's milk powder industry is the plight of the upstream small farmer economy. China is at the peak of population birth, and there is a huge gap between the amount of milk powder needed and the production. High-quality milk is a scarce product, especially in the pasture. Today, when dairy farmers are self-supporting, the traditional animal husbandry model has become the biggest constraint to the development of China's milk powder. my country's milk sources cannot meet the skyrocketing market demand. The free-range farming model has been transformed into an industrial pasture-style farming model, which requires many fundamental reforms such as land transfer, agricultural population diversion, and large investment in original capital, which is more difficult than restoring milk powder credit.

Hypothesis: The text intended to illustrate China's milk powder industry is It is difficult to get rid of import dependence in a short time.


Premise: A study of ticket sales at a summer theater festival found that people who bought tickets to individual plays had a no-show rate of less than 1 percent, while those who paid in advance for all ten plays being performed that summer had a no-show rate of nearly 30 percent. This may be at least in part because the greater the awareness customers retain about the cost of an item, the more likely they are to use it.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'People who arrived just before the performance began could not be assured of obtaining seats in a preferred location' best serves as an alternative explanation of the results of the study.


Premise: Constrained by rising costs and shrinking budgets, NASA has had to postpone or even cancel many research projects. Some worry that Congress will not approve costly projects in the future, such as bringing Martian rocks back to Earth for analysis-the only way scientists think they can determine whether there was life on Mars.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the meaning of this text is that the budget for aerospace research purposes is getting higher and higher.


Premise: Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with Gödel's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of Gödel.

Hypothesis: Ignoring the possibility that some senior logic teachers are unfamiliar with Gödel's theorems accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning.


Premise: Drug manufacturer: Television audiences are sure to realize that the physician recommending our brand of cough syrup in our advertisement is actually an actor playing a role. Hence they will not place undue trust in the advice given by this actor. Ttherefore, networks should relax their guidelines to permit our company to broadcast this advertisement. Television executive: If the audience can tell that the actor is not a physician, then your advertisement need not have a physician figure recommending your product.

Hypothesis: The argumentative strategy used by the television executive in response to the drug manufacturer is indicating that the reason the drug manufacturer offers for relaxing the guidelines conflicts with the manufacturer's presumed motive for presenting the image of a physician in the advertisement.


Premise: Administrative counterpart refers to a citizen, a legal person or other organization in a managed position in administrative management.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a company is an administrative counterpart when it applies to the municipal government for administrative reconsideration.


Premise: The designated agent refers to the agent acting according to the appointment of the people's court or the designated organ.

Hypothesis: On behalf of his 10-year-old son, A filed a tort suit against B belongs to the designated agent according to the above definition.


Premise: A clear answer to the two questions of What is a good political life? and How to achieve a good political life? is the legal basis for the existence of political philosophy. As a representative of early Western Marxism, yes in the direction of is, Gramsci's answer respected Marx's basic path, that is, only a political life that realizes the full and free liberation of people is the best political life; and in the how direction, starting from the actual situation in Western Europe, Gramsci proposed the path of cultural hegemony.

Hypothesis: Gramsci's political philosophy inherited, enriched and developed Marxism is the most appropriate summary of this text.


Premise: The new type of tablet is faster than the traditional tablet. It is installed with a new operating system. Therefore, the sales of the new type of tablet are better than that of the traditional tablet.

Hypothesis: No matter what operating system the tablet uses, the usage habits vary from person to person can weaken the above view the most.


Premise: The latest report by an international paleontology research team showed that the eunotosaurus living in South Africa 280 million years ago is the ancestor of modern tortoises. They survived the mass extinction from Permian to Triassic. At that time, in order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they worked hard to dig into the ground. At the same time, to ensure that their digging movement of forelimbs was strong enough, their body needed a stable support, which resulted in the continuous widening of their ribs. It can be concluded that the tortoise has a shell to adapt to the environment. And the shell is not for protection, but for digging holes underground.

Hypothesis: The tortoise shell evolved from the tortoise's ribs which were gradually widened should be added as a prerequisite for the rationality of the above conclusion.


Premise: Host: some netizens call you a Sinology wizard, and some netizens call you a Sinology master. Which name do you think is more suitable for you?

Hypothesis: Improper questions in the above questions also exist in various, except for the question 'Do you think people are all selfish, or do you think none of people are selfish?'


Premise: The fallacy of segmentation is based on the fact that the whole has a certain property, and it is inferred that some or all of the individuals also have this property.

Hypothesis: The fallacy of segmentation is the statement 'The defendant in this case is very rich because he drives a luxury sports car when he goes out.'


Premise: Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. <b> Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year's record pace </b>. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and <b> there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year's start-ups </b>. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year's record.

Hypothesis: The two portions in boldface play the role of the first being a claim that the argument challenges, and the second being a judgment advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Reckless generalization refers to a logical error of making general conclusions hastily based on only a few cases without accumulating sufficient materials for generalization.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option "In order to make a common choice with 20 million elites, please hurry up and buy our online paid courses" is not a rash generalization.


Premise: Once Wang Ying did not participate in a class activity. Afterwards, the monitor asked Wang Ying, Why didn't you come to this class activity?

Hypothesis: Wang Ying has never been absent from class activities must be presupposed for the monitor's questions.


Premise: Rhett: Otto gives me a ride to work every morning and expects me to help pay for fuel. But I shouldn' t have to pay. Giving me a ride doesn' t increase the amount he spends on fuel, since he has to go right by my house anyway. Barbara: By that flawed logic, you would be entitled to the warm air that heats the unused spare room of my house, if you could divert it to your house without increasing my expenses.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Rhett and Barbara disagree over whether Rhett should have to help pay Otto's fuel expenses.


Premise: When talking about French literature in the eyes of the Chinese people, the French can't help but say in a contemptuous tone: you like the camellia girl. in the eyes of the French, it's still some taste to like Dumas. After all, he has a count of Monte Cristo and three musketeers. What does Dumas have? It's just a social flower. French literature is the pride of the French and plays an important role in world literature. It's obviously disrespect for French literature to only like the camellia girl. It became popular in China almost a hundred years ago. At that time, it was the failure of the reform movement of 1898, people were depressed and the road of improvement was not feasible, We have to make do with random novels. The birth of Camellia girl in China is at the right time.

Hypothesis: The popularity of Camellia girl in China has a certain social background is what this passage is intended to explain.


Premise: The certification conditions of Organic vegetables in Japan are very strict, requiring that the land where organic vegetables are grown has not been used any pesticides or fertilizers within three years. Organic vegetables in Japan sell for only 20 to 30 percent more than regular vegetables. In China, organic vegetables cost several or even 10 times as much. This shows that organic vegetable farming in China is a lucrative business.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Organic vegetables in China are no more expensive to grow than those in Japan' does the conclusion assume.


Premise: Prairie Restaurant is a famous old restaurant on the prairie, but it has some unwritten rules , if prairie restaurant sells both braised mutton and haggis soup on a certain day, it must also sell roast whole lamb; The restaurant never sells roast whole lamb on Sundays; ... People are familiar with these rules and take them for granted. In addition, we also know that Boss Wang only goes to eat at the Grassland Restaurant when he sells braised mutton.

Hypothesis: If the Prairie Restaurant sells braised mutton on Sunday, it certainly does not sell haggis soup that day must also be true if this assertion is true.


Premise: Citizen: Our legislators need to act quickly to counter the effects of the recession, especially the present level of unemployment, which is the highest ever. We urgently need a major tax cut for our upper-income citizens. There would then be a correspondingly large increase in investment that would create new jobs. If this measure is not taken, investment will not grow.

Hypothesis: The assumption that upper-income citizens could use the money gained from the tax cut in ways that increase investment is required for the citizen's argument.


Premise: Music historian: Some critics lament the fact that impoverished postwar recording studios forced early bebop musicians to record extremely short solos, thus leaving a misleading record of their music. But these musicians' beautifully concise playing makes the recordings superb artistic works instead of mere representations of their live solos. Furthermore, the conciseness characteristic of early bebop musicians' recordings fostered a compactness in their subsequent live playing, which the playing of the next generation lacks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The difficult postwar recording conditions had some beneficial consequences for bebop' most strongly supports the music historian's statements if true.


Premise: Recently, due to the influence of abnormal weather, the grape production in Turpan has decreased, and the price has increased by 50% over the same period last year, which has greatly increased the cost of wine brewing industry. It is estimated that the wine price will increase significantly compared with last year.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that 'In recent years, wine production process has been greatly improved' weakens the above view most.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: H is not a member of the committee in a given year if F was a member of the committee in that year.


Premise: State-owned enterprise workers are laid off and migrant workers move into cities, resulting in a high unemployment rate and a great threat to social stability. Therefore, we must increase the scale of economic development and speed up the economic development.

Hypothesis: Only by increasing the scale of economic development and accelerating the speed of economic development can create job opportunities provides the strongest support for the argument in the above.


Premise: Midlevel managers at large corporations are unlikely to suggest reductions in staff in their own departments even when these departments are obviously overstaffed.

Hypothesis: Staff morale and productivity often suffer when workers are laid off does not support the claim above.


Premise: After the four countries of Dali, Wu Yue, South Han to participate in the northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast and other four different alliances, and the four countries to participate in the alliance is different.First, only after joining the Southwest Alliance, the South Han can participate in the Northeast Alliance. Second, if Nanhan joins the Northeast Alliance, Dali will join the Southwest Alliance. Third, after that, Dali has at least one country participating in the Southwest Alliance. Fourth, if The South Han joins the Northwest or Southwest Alliance, Wu Yue will not participate in the Northwest or Southwest Alliance.

Hypothesis: South Han simulates participating in the Southwest Alliance can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: In the past year Harborville has had an unusually high rate of new cases of a certain disease. An investigation revealed that over the past five years Harborville' s public water supply has had a high level of pollutants. Medical researchers have hypothesized that Harborville' s water is responsible for the high rate of new cases of the disease.

Hypothesis: The statement "Most of the people afflicted with new cases of the disease had regularly drunk larger quantities of Harborville's water than had other Harborville residents" does not provide additional support for the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: Insufficient demand has caused overproduction, and layoffs and wage cuts have caused the income of low-income groups to continue to decline. Therefore, demand has become weaker, and overproduction has become more serious.

Hypothesis: According to the above sentences, the statement 'Expanding demand can ease the pressure of overproduction' is wrong.


Premise: Professor Zhang pointed out that during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination was divided into four levels, namely, the college examination, the township examination, the imperial examination and the palace examination. Hospital test held in the county, the examination of the said members; Township test held every three years in the provinces and cities, students are eligible to participate in the examination, known as juren, the first name of Jieyuan; The test was held in the second year after the test in the capital of the ministry of Rites. Those who won the test were called gongshi, the first name of gongshi was Huiyuan; The temple examination was held in the year of the examination, presided over by the emperor, gongshi to be eligible to participate in, admission points three jia, a three, two, three a a number of each, collectively referred to as Jinshi, a first name Zhuangyuan.

Hypothesis: Not in the Jieyuan, will not be in the Huiyuan is impossible according to professor Zhang's statement.


Premise: Inertial thinking is a special psychological preparation or tendency for activities caused by previous activities, which is manifested in that it solves a problem this time. The next time it encounters a similar problem or seemingly the same problem, it can't help but follow the way or order of the last thought

Hypothesis: When the situation remains unchanged, inertial thinking is conducive to solving problems quickly is the above paragraph cannot be launched.


Premise: Even though trading in ivory has been outlawed by international agreement, some piano makers still use ivory, often obtained illegally, to cover piano keys. Recently, experts have devised a synthetic ivory that, unlike earlier ivory substitutes, has found favor with concert pianists throughout the world. But because piano makers have never been major consumers of ivory, the development of the synthetic ivory will ttherefore probably do little to help curb the killing of elephants, from whose tusks most natural ivory is obtained.

Hypothesis: The new synthetic ivory can be manufactured to resemble in color and surface texture any of the various types of natural ivory that have commercial uses most helps to strengthen the argument.


Premise: Civil legal relationship is a social relationship with civil rights and obligations between civil subjects regulated by civil law.

Hypothesis: A civil legal relationship exists between young man A and young girl B because young man A donated a love token to young girl B.


Premise: Among the students admitted to the university in a certain city, the proportion of female students is higher than that of male students. According to this fact, Mr. Wang thinks that girls in this city study better than boys.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among the examinees, the proportion of boys is lower than that of girls' weakens Mr. Wang's conclusion most.


Premise: Three buyers go to a shop regularly. A goes to the store every 9 days, B goes to the store every 11 days and C goes to the store every 7 days. The three met at the store for the first time on Tuesday.

Hypothesis: The date of their next meeting is Tuesday.


Premise: No matter it is accurate, vivid or vivid, it is always appropriate to use the required words in terms of language.Only in this way can the concept expressed be accurate and make people feel bright. to put it mysteriously, there is still its tone and color in the words.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that language is a mysterious thing, according to the above conclusion.


Premise: While traveling in Russia, the French writer Dumas came to a city and decided to visit the largest bookstore in the city. When the owner heard that the writer was coming, he put duma's books on all the shelves, to duma's delight. Duma went into the bookstore and looked. 'The boss said,' All...... Sold out.

Hypothesis: The joke is about the boss satirizing Dumas for not selling his book.


Premise: Technological innovation is a complete process from the generation of new products or processes to market application. It includes a series of activities from the generation of new ideas, research, development, commercial production to promotion; From commercial production to promotion, it is the process of promoting the creation of brand intellectual property rights.

Hypothesis: Technicians have introduced and absorbed foreign developed technologies, designed and produced high-speed EMUs with independent intellectual property rights, and have been applied to Beijing Tianjin, Wuhan Guangzhou and other lines belongs to technological innovation according to the above definition.


Premise: Zhang Xiaomeng, Wang Bing, Li Ping and Xu Xiaomei, senior three students of Beishan No. 1 middle school, have entered the top eight of the school's badminton Torch Cup competition; A said, Wang Bing, Li Ping is the best hope to win the championship. B said: Wang Bing, Li Ping can't win the championship at all. C said: Zhang Xiaomeng is in a bad mental state today, and she can't win the championship. Ding said: Xu Xiaomei can win the gold medal. the result is unknown. Only one person guessed right.

Hypothesis: Zhang Xiaomeng is the winner of the Torch Cup competition.


Premise: In recent years, the postgraduate entrance examination continues to heat up. Correspondingly, all kinds of tutoring classes for postgraduate entrance examination emerge as the times require, especially English and political tutoring classes are almost a necessary choice for those who take the postgraduate entrance examination. Xiaozhuang, who has just started the job, is also going to take the postgraduate entrance examination, so Xiaozhuang must attend an English tutoring class.

Hypothesis: If you attend an English tutoring class, you can pass the postgraduate entrance examination can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Law student: Law students cannot have a social life if they have any hope of succeeding academically. The daily reading and never-ending exam preparation frustrate all aspects of friendships. My friends sometimes invite me to watch a movie or go to a baseball game, but I can' t go. Our professors warned us of the workload and its affect on free time at the start of the semester. It' s completely impossible to budget fun into my busy schedule. I don' t know any law students who have any fun whatsoever.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the law student's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument improperly relies on an inappropriate authority.


Premise: WiFi relies on invisible radio wave transmission, equipment power is increasing, and local electromagnetic radiation is bound to increase; The wireless signal passes through the wall and the network information is unsafe. These security risks are swept away in lifi. The spectrum is 10000 times larger than the radio spectrum, which means greater bandwidth and higher speed. The network setting hardly needs any new infrastructure. Lifi technology itself has its limitations. If the light is blocked, The network signal will be cut off. At present, a series of key technical products are hands-on by researchers. There is no commercial chipset. There is still a long way to go to thousands of households like WiFi

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lifi completes network setup without any infrastructure' is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: Some skin care cosmetics with excellent results are made by Noah Company. All of Noah's skin care products are expensive, and expensive skin care products are trusted by women without exception.

Hypothesis: Some cosmetics that work well are trusted by women can't be inferred from the conclusion of the problem.


Premise: Although architecture originated from practical life requirements such as cold prevention, heat elimination, shade and safety, in the history of architecture, human beings paid far less cooperative labor for solving practical life than for non practical aspects. Palaces, temples, altars, tombs, churches, monuments, gardens, etc. these buildings that all or basically serve spiritual life have far more achievements than houses and workshops, Fortress and other buildings serving material life. The evolution of architectural form and architectural style is often the most sensitive witness to the material and spiritual life of a generation of society. In the west, people vividly call architecture a history written in stone.

Hypothesis: People vividly call architecture history written in stone because architecture serves both spiritual life and material life, both of which contain historical aesthetic factors.


Premise: Fossil-fuel producers say that it would be prohibitively expensive to reduce levels of carbon dioxide emitted by the use of fossil fuels enough to halt global warming. This claim is probably false. Several years ago, the chemical industry said that finding an economical alternative to the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroying the ozone layer would be impossible. Yet once the industry was forced, by international agreements, to find substitutes for CFCs, it managed to phase them out completely well before the mandated deadline, in many cases at a profit.

Hypothesis: If international agreements forced fossil-fuel producers to find ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions enough to halt global warming, the fossil-fuel producers could find substitutes for fossil fuels, which strengthens the argument.


Premise: People eat when they are hungry. Once you eat energy nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat and protein, you can eliminate hunger. This hunger, which lacks energy and nutrients, is dominant hunger. However, 16 kinds of mineral elements such as iron and zinc and 13 kinds of vitamins such as vitamin A and vitamin E are needed for human health. Lack of these micronutrients can lead to hidden hunger. Obviously, dominant hunger can be solved as long as it is full, while hidden hunger can only be dealt with by eating well.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, it can be inferred that it is more important for people to eliminate dominant hunger and only when they are full can they eat well.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: Flints were often used by early humans for everyday chores other than hunting most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In order to control the deer population, a biologist has proposed injecting female deer during breeding season with 10 milligrams of a hormone that would suppress fertility. Critics have charged that the proposal poses health risks to people who might eat the meat of treated deer and thereby ingest unsafe quantities of the hormone. The biologist has responded to these critics by pointing out that humans can ingest up to 10 milligrams of the hormone a day without any adverse effects, and since no one would eat even one entire deer a day, the treatment would be safe.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the hormone that would be injected into the deer is chemically similar to hormones used in human contraceptives is the basis of the biologist's response to critics of the proposal.


Premise: Marine biologist: Scientists have long wondered why the fish that live around coral reefs exhibit such brilliant colors. One suggestion is that coral reefs are colorful and, ttherefore, that colorful fish are camouflaged by them. Many animal species, after all, use camouflage to avoid predators. However, as regards the populations around reefs, this suggestion is mistaken. A reef stripped of its fish is quite monochromatic. Most corals, it turns out, are relatively dull browns and greens.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the marine biologist's argument is that the brightly colored fish living near reefs use camouflage to avoid predators.


Premise: Most popular historical films are not documentaries; they are dramatic presentations of historical events. Such presentations cannot present the evidence for the accuracy of what they portray. Consequently, uninformed viewers of dramatic historical films should not regard them as accurate portrayals of historical events.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Historical documentaries should be careful to present all the evidence when attempting to inform their audiences about historical events' most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Administrative license refers to the act of an administrative organ granting a citizen, legal person or other organization permission to engage in certain activities upon examination in accordance with law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the appointment of Sun Qiang as the Plenipotentiary by Company B is an administrative license.


Premise: In a survey, up to 2 / 3 of the respondents believed that the most important factor affecting the sense of security was the level of income. Analyzing the sense of security of people with different incomes, it was found that the sense of security of people with a monthly income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan was significantly lower than that of people with a monthly income of 6000 ~ 8000 yuan. Therefore, the lower the income, the lower the sense of security,

Hypothesis: People with an income of 1500 ~ 3000 yuan have a better sense of security cannot weaken the above view.


Premise: A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker' s Beach, the world' s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker' s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world' s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker's Beach' most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction.


Premise: Dashan, a Canadian actor who came to China, was once stopped by traffic police when he exceeded the required speed on the outskirts of Beijing. Dashan asked, how many kilometers per hour will you be fined? The traffic police said: if you reach a speed of 80 kilometers per hour, you will have to pay a fine. Dashan said, I've only been driving for half an hour, and it's not more than 50 kilometers. The traffic policeman was stunned. Dashan argued again: well, in the remaining half an hour, I will only run 29 kilometers. You might as well follow me. If you exceed one meter, I will not only accept the punishment, but also invite you to eat Mongolian Hot Pot! When the traffic police heard this, they couldn't laugh or cry, but they didn't know how to argue with him for a moment.

Hypothesis: He made the logical mistake of secretly changing concepts is an accurate understanding of Dashan's excuse in this paragraph.


Premise: The researchers found that the stem structure and growth pattern of ancient branch ferns were significantly different from those of living trees. In common living trees, the tissue vascular bundles that play the role of support and transportation are often a single whole. Through continuous secondary growth, it thickens the stems of trees and produces rings. In Devonian branch ferns, there are at least dozens of independent vascular bundle systems intertwined into a network. On the whole, they are cylindrical and form a three-dimensional grid system with other dredging organizations. in this grid system composed of vascular bundles, each single vascular bundle can grow thicker and produce growth rings, and at the same time, by splitting and proliferating each other, the vascular bundle system is constantly expanded to achieve the thickening of the plant as a whole.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is "Reveal how ancient plants grow."


Premise: A company limited by shares refers to a company that is composed of a certain number of shareholders or more, and all of its capital is divided into equal shares. The shareholders only bear limited liability to the company for the shares they subscribe, that is, the amount of capital contributed, and the company assumes responsibility for the company's debts with all its assets company.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang and other people in the village plan to build a village elementary school is not a joint stock company.


Premise: Sociologist: statistics show that at present, about 1 million people commit suicide around the world every year, that is to say, an average of one person commits suicide in tens of seconds. If people's perception of suicidal behavior can be changed, this phenomenon can be avoided.

Hypothesis: People sometimes think that suicidal behavior is not acceptable, but it is understandable and must be respected is assumed by the sociologist's assertion.


Premise: Consumer supervision right refers to the right of consumers to supervise goods and services and the protection of consumer rights.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang found a safety hazard in an elevator in a shopping mall and immediately reported it to the relevant department belongs to consumer supervision right.


Premise: For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito' s buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

Hypothesis: Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another most strongly supports the argument.


Premise: Consolidating computational thinking is an important goal of each education stage. Only in this way can students' ability develop upward on the basis of the previous level. Computational thinking is helpful to solve problems in any field. For example, decompose a large problem into several small problems, and design the feasible path of small experiments through reasoning. Using these strategies in different environments can make students understand that computational thinking is far more useful than computers.

Hypothesis: We can cultivate Computational Thinking in a phased way is accurate with regard to the above words.


Premise: A local television station is considering a plan to create a panel of child psychologists to review programs in advance of their airing and rate the level of violence. A program that portrays a high level of violence would be listed in newspapers with four guns after the title. On the other hand, if a show has little violence, one gun would appear after its listing. The station believes that this remedy would forewarn parents about the level of violence in any given program.

Hypothesis: The local television station must assume that it has an obligation to forewarn parents of the level of violence in television shows in order to conclude that the plan will meet its stated purpose.


Premise: The temperature in Taychester is always at least 10 degrees lower than the temperature in Chariesville. However, the average resident of Charlesville spends 10 to 20 percent more on winter heating expenses than does the average resident of Taychester.

Hypothesis: Although Chariesville is always fairly warm during the daytime, temperatures in Charlesville drop steeply at night does not help to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: In ball games, it is wrong to use replay to decide a penalty, because no matter how many cameras follow the game on the field, some foul actions will inevitably be missed, and it is impossible to be aware of what happened to you in the past.

Hypothesis: The statement 'We shouldn't want the police because they can't stop all criminal activities' is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: If the statement "I and W are assigned to the sales department" is true, the allocation of seven employees can be fully determined.


Premise: It is reported that the global temperature has been rising continuously for more than 150 years due to the massive emission of greenhouse gases by human beings. However, compared with 1970-1998, the rise rate of the global surface average temperature has slowed down significantly since 1999, and the rise rate of the average temperature has not been obvious in the past 15 years, so the global warming is not so serious.

Hypothesis: Natural disasters caused by climate warming have occurred in recent years weakens the above argument most.


Premise: A university sports meeting is about to be held, the school of Economics and Management plans to form a representative team of 12 people to participate in the competition, the players will be selected from the students of 4 grades of the college. College regulations: each grade must choose one or two of the five events in long-distance running, sprint, high jump, long jump, shot put to participate in the competition, the rest of the events can be arbitrary choice; If a grade chooses to run, it cannot choose to sprint or jump; If a grade chooses the long jump, can not choose to run or shot put; Each team member participates in only one event. The number of players selected for the representative team varies from grade to grade. The number of players in two grades multiplied by the number of players in the other grade.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, six people can be selected in a grade.


Premise: A scientific research institution proposed that wet sand was the key for the ancient Egyptians to carry huge stones and statues in the desert. The researchers pointed out that the ancient Egyptians put heavy stones on the sled, laid a layer of wet sand in front of the sled, and then dragged them. This transportation method had an unexpected effect. In the experiment, the researchers used a rheometer to test the hardness of sand, in order to confirm how much traction force is needed to deform a certain amount of sand. And on this basis, a traction model is designed. It is found that it is easier to move heavy objects when wet sand is laid before the skid, and the water content in the sand determines the hardness and traction force of the sand.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Skid traction is inversely proportional to the hardness of sand, which is twice as hard as dry sand' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: A group traveling to Tibet, besides Lhasa, there are six cities or scenic spots to choose from: E City, F City, G Lake, H mountain, I peak, J Lake. Considering such factors as time, funds, plateau environment and personnel's physical condition, (1) at least one of G lake and J Lake should be visited. (2) If you don't go to E city or F city, you can't go to G Lake. (3) If you don't go to E city, you can't go to H Mountain. (4) Lake J can be reached only after crossing peak I.

Hypothesis: If the team does not go to I-peak due to climate, the group went to F city and Lake G must be true.


Premise: A city issued a purchase restriction order. After that, many netizens expressed their support for the purchase restriction order, and hoped that the house prices in the city would fall under the influence of the purchase restriction order. According to the survey results of SouFang.com, one month after the introduction of the purchase restriction order, nearly 70% of netizens expressed dissatisfaction with it. They believed that the regulation effect during this month was not good and not as effective as expected.

Hypothesis: Netizens' views on the purchase restriction order in a city is the main content of the above passage.


Premise: Although the school would receive financial benefits if it had soft drink vending machines in the cafeteria, we should not allow them. Allowing soft drink machines there would not be in our students' interest. If our students start drinking more soft drinks, they will be less healthy.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that students will not simply bring soft drinks from home if the soft drink vending machines are not placed in the cafeteria.


Premise: Online social consumption refers to a way of consumption. In the process of online social, it will have the desire to impromptu consumption of certain goods, with the help of the link of the social platform to complete the purchasing behavior.

Hypothesis: The popular boat-shaped hat worn by singer Xiaolan in a short video of a cover of classic old songs is an example of online social consumption.


Premise: Plant species differ in that renewed growth in spring can be triggered by day length or by temperature or else by a combination of both. Day length is the same, year after year, for any given date. Ttherefore, any plant species that starts to grow again on widely different dates in different years resumes growth at least in part in response to temperature.

Hypothesis: The argument that some landfills charge garbage companies by volume only, some charge by weight only, and all others use a formula sensitive to both volume and weight, and that if at a particular landfill the charges for two particular loads of equal volume dumped on the same day are different, weight must determine, or help determine, charges at that landfill is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: On the one hand, due to the intelligent trend of artificial intelligence and robots, the proportion of labor cost in the total investment in manufacturing industry will be further reduced, so as to accelerate the weakening of China's factor low-cost advantage; On the other hand, developed countries use their first mover advantage in the industrial revolution to continuously strengthen their global competitive advantage and high-end position in the value chain. If China cannot quickly adapt to the trend of the new industrial revolution, the technological gap between China and foreign countries may further expand due to the disruptive and revolutionary changes in social economy caused by intelligent manufacturing technology, It may also inhibit China's industrial transformation and upgrading and block the original strict industrial catch-up path, which is not conducive to China's manufacturing industry rising to the high end of the global value chain.

Hypothesis: The challenge of industrial revolution to China's manufacturing industry is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: W-12 is a virus that seriously harms the growth of grains and causes a large reduction in grain production every year. Scientists have found that inserting a gene extracted from W-12 into a grain gene that is susceptible to infection can make The grain produces antibodies to W-12, which greatly reduces losses.

Hypothesis: When plants acquire antibodies to certain viruses through genetic mutations, they will also change some of their growth characteristics does not strengthen the above conclusion.


Premise: The Renaissance is generally regarded as an ideological and artistic movement that originated in Italy in the 14th century and then spread throughout Europe. Colonialism is often associated with the historical development of Europe since the end of the 15th century, such as the opening of new routes, the discovery of new continents and the political enslavement, economic exploitation and military occupation of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the past, the studies of the two are far apart, but recently some scholars have keenly grasped that there is a covert superposition relationship between the two.

Hypothesis: The most likely topic to be described in this passage next is how the Renaissance triggered the ideological and artistic movement in Europe.


Premise: A man was traveling to Russia. When he was shopping, he found two strange people: one was digging a hole in the front, and the other was filling the dirt with a shovel at the back. The man thought it strange, so he asked them what they were doing. They replied that they were planting trees. The man found it even weirder. The two men explained that the man in charge of planting the saplings was ill and did not come.

Hypothesis: This passage gives us the enlightenment that there should be a sense of responsibility in the work.


Premise: All green or germinated potatoes contain more toxic alkaloids-solanine. None of the checked potatoes are green or sprouted. Therefore, the checked potatoes are safe to eat.

Hypothesis: If the statement "Green or germinated potatoes are not safe to eat" is used as a hypothesis, the conclusion of the above reasoning can be logically inferred.


Premise: Old rose varieties have less vibrant colors than modern rose varieties, but are superior in fragrance. This situation has arisen because the modern rose varieties were developed to meet customer demand and marketed mainly through catalogs: colors, but not fragrances, can be photographed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People in earlier times would have found the vibrant colors of modern roses too harsh' most strengthens the support for the causal claim made above.


Premise: Sociologists study folktales because they provide a means of understanding the distinctive values of a culture. However, the folktales in almost all cultures are adaptations of the same ancient narratives to the local milieu.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The manner in which a culture adapts its narratives reveals information about the values of that culture' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Electronic cigarettes should not be subject to the same regulation as other products that contain nicotine. Recent studies indicate that electronic cigarettes help people quit smoking by providing nicotine without the harmful tar and additive chemicals. Although electronic cigarettes also contain their own additives, they are much less harmful in the short-term than traditional cigarettes. People who smoke electronic cigarettes are ten times less likely to die from cancer than smokers of traditional cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The additives in electronic cigarettes have not been tested as thoroughly as those in traditional cigarettes' most weakens the argument.


Premise: The top 50 centimeters of soil on Tiliga Island contain bones from the native birds eaten by the islanders since the first human immigration to the island 3, 000 years ago. A comparison of this top layer with the underlying 150 centimeters of soil -- accumulated over 80, 000 years -- reveals that before humans arrived on Tiliga, a much larger and more diverse population of birds lived there. Thus, the arrival of humans dramatically decreased the population and diversity of birds on Tiliga.

Hypothesis: The arrival of a species of microbe, carried by some birds but deadly to many others, immediately preceded the first human immigration to Tiliga most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held in Spain, and at least one of Prof. Hacker, Prof. Maas and Prof. Reger attended the conference. Known: (1) Those who sign up for the conference must submit an English academic paper, and the invitation letter will be issued after expert review. (2) If Prof. Hacker attends this conference, then Prof. Maas must attend. (3) Prof. Reger submitted a German academic paper to the conference.

Hypothesis: Both Prof. Hacker and Prof. Maas attended the conference must be true based on the above.


Premise: Finally, I was convinced that I couldn't stop you from leaving, so I began to enjoy loneliness again.

Hypothesis: The statement "I'm not sure if I can't stop you from leaving, but I can only start enjoying loneliness again" is the premise of the above reasoning.


Premise: Principle: If you sell an item that you know to be defective, telling the buyer that the item is sound, you thereby commit fraud. Application: Wilton sold a used bicycle to Harris, knowing very little about its condition. Wilton told Harris that the bicycle was in good working condition, but Harris soon learned that the brakes were defective. Wilton was ttherefore guilty of fraud.

Hypothesis: The application of the principle is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the application uses the word defective in a sense that is crucially different from how it is used in the statement of the principle.


Premise: Students asked by a psychologist to tell a lie before discussion groups vastly overestimated how many people in the discussion groups could tell they were lying. Other research has found that when volleyball players perform unusually poorly on the court, teammates notice this far less often than the players expect. Finally, in one research experiment a student wearing a funny T-shirt entered a room full of people. Questioning revealed that only a small fraction of the people in the room noticed the shirt, contrary to the student' s expectations.

Hypothesis: The statement "People tend to believe their appearance and behavior are noticed by others more often than is actually the case" is best illustrated by the statements above.


Premise: In 1993, scholars pointed out that the examination system is closely related to the national education system and social situation of various countries, and the examination system of some countries is highly persistent and difficult to change;In some countries, the examination system is undergoing substantial or even rapid restructuring. In addition, the reform direction of examination system in different countries is also different

Hypothesis: The recruitment system of colleges and universities has its own advantages and disadvantages, which is difficult to distinguish between the advantages and disadvantages reflects the author's point of view.


Premise: The map is originally a shape, it should not have people, and there can be no people, if there is a person in the map, it is not a map, but a picture. In the strict sense, this sentence should be a theorem, but when it comes to some tourist pictures, it is likely to turn a corner-there are often both scenery and characters in tourism. This is just like Mount Tai, Qin Shihuang must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Terracotta Warriors, emperors of the Ming Dynasty must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Ming Tombs, and Empress Dowager Cixi must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Summer Palace. Because in that environment, many scenes are produced by human activities as the starting point, but also because of human activities, its aesthetic value has increased.

Hypothesis: Tourist maps must have landmarks, scenery, and characters are considered by the author of this passage.


Premise: No one can avoid making mistakes. Not everyone will make serious mistakes.

Hypothesis: If the above judgment is correct, everyone must make mistakes, but some people may not make serious mistakes must be correct.


Premise: Voters commonly condemn politicians for being insincere, but politicians often must disguise their true feelings when they make public statements. If they expressed their honest views-about, say, their party's policies-then achieving politically necessary compromises would be much more difficult. Clearly, the very insincerity that people decry shows that our government is functioning well.

Hypothesis: Achieving political compromises is not all that is necessary for the proper functioning of a government most seriously undermines this reasoning.


Premise: Planting peach trees on their farm makes more sense for the Johnsons than planting apricot trees. Although fresh, locally grown apricots are very popular in this area, the same is true of peaches. However, individual peach trees cost much less to purchase and plant than do apricot trees, and peach trees also begin bearing fruit at a much younger age.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Fresh, locally grown apricots sell at a much higher price than do fresh, locally grown peaches' would most seriously weaken the argument.


Premise: Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa became very polluted. Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake' s waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lake' s bottom might revive pollution and cause the fish population to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Ttherefore, provided this technology is effective, the fears are groundless.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The pipeline's construction will disturb sediments at the bottom of the lake, dispersing into the water toxic pollutants that have settled there' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.

Hypothesis: Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops most seriously weakens the plan's chances for success.


Premise: On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field. Supporting this explanation is the finding that __.

Hypothesis: Scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research most logically completes the passage.


Premise: In the debate on whether to implement the last elimination system for civil servants, Zhang Hong's argument is that the implementation of the last elimination system can promote people to work actively and improve the work efficiency of the organ. Jin Jing's view is: the question is whether a civil servant should be eliminated after he has completed his own work. After some organs tried out the last elimination system, their work efficiency was indeed improved.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only Jin Jing's view has been strengthened' best evaluates the impact of this fact on their views.


Premise: Semantic generalization refers to a word that originally refers to a specific thing or phenomenon, and later can generally refer to a number of related things or phenomena.

Hypothesis: The snot before the Han Dynasty originally refers to tears, but later it generally refers to snot, and sometimes it can also refer to tears belongs to semantic generalization.


Premise: In discussing the pros and cons of monetary union among several European nations, some politicians have claimed that living standards in the countries concerned would first have to converge if monetary union is not to lead to economic chaos. This claim is plainly false, as is demonstrated by the fact that living standards diverge widely between regions within countries that nevertheless have stable economies.

Hypothesis: The author argues that those making the claim are mistaken about a temporal relationship that has been observed in an attempt to refute the politicians' claim.


Premise: Geologists in central Australia underground found two 3 km away from the surface of the diameter of more than 200 kilometers of mysterious natural landscape, the landscape of quartz sand with clusters of fine lines, in most of these fine lines are parallel to each other straight line, geologists believe that the landscape is likely to be formed a giant impact crater, And the structure of the quartz sand is evidence of the fracture.

Hypothesis: The rocks surrounding the landscape were formed between 300 million and 420 million years ago, so the impact would have occurred at that time is a necessary premise for the above argument.


Premise: Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. <b> Village census records for the last half of the 1600' s are remarkably complete </b>. This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village' s population from government census takers would have been easy. Ttherefore, it is reasonable to think that the <b> reported declines did not happen </b>.

Hypothesis: The two portions in boldface in the historian's argument play the roles of presenting evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish and acknowledging a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.


Premise: No matter whether people admit subjectively or not, in objective effect, the efforts of education are finally expressed in a specific social stage under the background of the future, that is, education should always show a function of serving the future society.

Hypothesis: It is necessary and should be is the most appropriate phrase to fill in at the beginning of a line.


Premise: The brain is not only the most complex organ in biological structure and function, but also a superb, exquisite and perfect information processing system. The total number of nerve cells in the human brain is about 1012, equivalent to the total number of stars in the entire Milky way. In addition, there are 10 to 50 times more glial cells than nerve cells. The brain is in charge of human language, thinking, feeling, emotion, movement and other advanced activities, which are closely related to the topological structure of neurons or clusters of neurons in the brain network, which essentially determines the function of the whole brain.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the topology of the brain network determines the whole brain function.


Premise: Music appreciation does not only exist as a part of music acceptance, but also affects music creation and edges in the way of feedback. Its aesthetic judgment and aesthetic choice can often affect the aesthetic choice of composers and performers. Every serious musician can't help but listen to the information feedback of music appreciation to adjust and improve his artistic creation.

Hypothesis: The aesthetic view of music appreciation is also very important for musicians can be inferred from the above materials.


Premise: Traditional animal resources protection measures are mainly to delimit protected areas or establish the basis for species conservation. These measures can well protect species diversity, but there are also some disadvantages: the protected area is large, and poaching is prohibited repeatedly; The establishment of improved seed base to protect local varieties has large investment and long time, and is prone to inbreeding and species decline. The advent of new biotechnology achievements such as test tube, cloning and cryopreservation has opened up a new way for the protection and utilization of animal genetic resources, and the construction of animal Noah's Ark is no longer a fantasy.

Hypothesis: The progress of biotechnology opens up new fields for the protection of animal resources is mainly introduced in the passage.


Premise: Criminologist: Increasing the current prison term for robbery will result in no significant effect in discouraging people from committing robbery.

Hypothesis: An increase in the prison term for embezzlement did not change the rate at which that crime was committed is an exception that does not support the criminologist's claim.


Premise: A new tax law aimed at encouraging the reforestation of cleared land in order to increase the amount of forested land in a particular region offers lumber companies tax incentives for each unit of cleared land they reforest. One lumber company has accordingly reduced its tax liability by purchasing a large tract of cleared land in the region and reforesting it. The company paid for the purchase by clearing a larger tract of land in the region, a tract that it had planned to hold in long-term reserve.

Hypothesis: It will provide lumber companies with a tax incentive that will ultimately be responsible for a massive decrease in the number of mature forests in the region must be true about the new tax law if the statements above are true.


Premise: The sun emits two types of ultraviolet radiation that damage skin: UV-A, which causes premature wrinkles, and UV-B, which causes sunburn. Until about ten years ago, sunscreens protected against UV-B radiation but not against UV-A radiation.

Hypothesis: Until about ten years ago, people who wore sunscreen were no less likely to have premature wrinkles than were people who spent the same amount of time in the sun without wearing sunscreen is best supported by the information above.


Premise: On December 2, 2008 CCTV news broadcast broadcast about the content of the shanzhai phenomena, fifty percent of netizens watch shanzhai. shanzhai wind in the folk popular for a long time, and is characterized with grassroots innovation, wisdom of crowds, it is imitation and beyond on the trail of running all the way, finally broke into the mainstream culture field of vision. It started out as a lower-end consumer, but slowly moved beyond lower-income consumers to become a mass fad.

Hypothesis: The main point of written expression is the meaning of interpretation on shanzhai pop culture.


Premise: Critics have argued that because Freudianism holds that people have unconscious desires that can defeat their attempts to follow rational life plans, it is incompatible with the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought. But it is a central tenet of Freudianism that through psychoanalysis one can become conscious of one' s previously unconscious desires, enabling one to avoid being defeated by them. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: Freudianism does not run counter to the rationalistic mainstream of Western philosophical and psychological thought most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Silent Spring, written by Rachel Carson, an American popular science writer, is regarded as the first work of modern environmental protection movement in the West. Taking DDT as the main case, this book draws the conclusion that chemicals are seriously harmful to human health and the earth's environment. The publication of this book has triggered a national debate in western countries.

Hypothesis: If the following statements are true, the statement 'DDT not only kills mosquitoes that transmit malaria, but also does less harm to the environment' does not undermine Rachel Carson's conclusion.


Premise: A school received a large amount of donation without real name in the flood fighting and disaster relief charity activities. Through the investigations, it can be concluded that it was donated by one of Mr. Zhou, Mr. Wu, Mr. Zheng and Mr. Wang. They four were inquired. Mr. Zhou said: I didn't donate money; Mr. Wu said, it was donated by Mr. Wang; Mr. Zheng said, Mr. Wu donated it; Mr. Wang said, I certainly didn't donate money. Through detailed investigation, it was confirmed that only one of the four people told the truth.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhou told the truth and Mr. Wu donated it can be a right conclusion inferred from the above.


Premise: The content of the law of exclusion is that in the same thinking process, two contradictory thoughts for the same object must be true and not false at the same time. The content of the law of contradiction is: in the same thinking process, any thought They cannot conflict with each other, and they cannot affirm a thought and negate it at the same time; because a thought and its negation cannot be both true at the same time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the reporter said at a conference on protecting children's rights that it is wrong to teach children to sacrifice their own lives; Later, in a lecture to parents, he said it was wrong not to teach children to sacrifice themselves violates the law of exclusion.


Premise: Ruijin Software Co., Ltd. is a head office composed of four subsidiaries, namely A, B, C and D. Under the profit plan of the head office, the profit share of each subsidiary is equal to that of its employees in the total number of employees of Ruijin Software Co., Ltd each year. But last year the company's financial report showed that the proportion of profits handed over to the head office decreased while the number of employees increased.

Hypothesis: The proportion of employee growth of Company A is smaller than that of the previous year can be stated in the financial report if the above statement is true.


Premise: The lower the credit rating of the borrower, the higher the cost of borrowing and the higher the yield of the creditor. On August 5th, 2011, S & P downgraded the sovereign credit rating of the United States from AAA to AA+. As a matter of common sense, investors should reduce their holdings of US Treasuries when they are in safe-haven demand, thus pushing prices lower and yields higher. However, on Aug. 8, the price of US Treasuries rose and the yield fell, and the yield on the latest 10-year Treasury note fell to 2.34%, the lowest so far this year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the downgrade of the US sovereign credit rating, Russia began to reduce its holdings of US Treasuries, while China still increased its holdings of US Treasuries' can best explain the above counterintuitive phenomenon if it is true.


Premise: If the gross national product is higher and the consumer psychology changes, then the supply of vegetables will increase substantially; If the gross national product does not rise, or if the supply of vegetables will increase substantially, then the minimum standard of living for urban residents will not be guaranteed; if the supply of vegetables increases substantially, then perhaps farmers' incomes will increase,or an increase in social welfare. In fact, the minimum standard of living for city dwellers is guaranteed.

Hypothesis: The consumer psychology of the public has not changed can be inferred.


Premise: Trade secret refers to the technical information and business information which is not known to the public, can bring economic benefits to the obligee and has practicability and is kept secret by the obligee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the secret recipe of Tianfu Restaurant's signature dish Dongpo pork is a trade secret.


Premise: Execution reversal: After the execution is completed, because the legal document on which the execution is based is cancelled, the execution personnel take measures to restore the property of the person subject to execution to the state before the execution.

Hypothesis: The subject matter of execution being the subject matter of a dispute in a case that is being heard by other courts or arbitration institutions, and it being necessary to wait for the completion of the case to determine the ownership is the condition that triggers execution reversal.


Premise: Psychotherapy has been described as a form of moral coercion. However, when people are coerced, their ability to make choices is restricted, and the goal of psychotherapy is to enhance people' s ability to make choices. Hence, psychotherapy cannot possibly be a form of coercion.

Hypothesis: The statement "The goals of psychotherapy are taken to justify any means that are used to achieve those goals" describes a flaw in the argument.


Premise: A research report shows that with the economic development and reform and opening up, almost all the units related to planting and breeding in China have projects to introduce species from abroad. However, lotus-chinensis introduced as fodder in east China and spartina for beach protection in coastal provinces of China quickly spread and grew rapidly, invading grassland, forest areas and wasteland, forming dominant community of single species, resulting in the decline of the original plant community. Italian black bees introduced into Xinjiang quickly spread to the wild, so that the original fine wasp species Of Ili black bees almost extinct. So ____________ hold

Hypothesis: The introduction of species from abroad is intended to increase economic efficiency most logically completes the above statement.


Premise: Some people say that watching TV can affect pupils' learning, but a survey of one school found that pupils who watched more TV did better than those who watched less. From this point of view, watching TV will not affect the learning of primary students.

Hypothesis: The parents of pupils at the school allow them to watch TV only when their children are getting good grades most weakens the above reasoning.


Premise: Civil legal relationship is a social relationship with civil rights and obligations between civil subjects regulated by civil law.

Hypothesis: Young man A and young woman B agreed to go out to play is a civil legal relationship.


Premise: Patricia: During Japan' s Tokugawa period, martial arts experts known as ninjas were trained for the purposes of espionage and assassination. Yet at that time there was actually very little ninja activity in Japan, and most Japanese did not fear ninjas. Tamara: That is not true. Many wealthy Japanese during the Tokugawa period had their houses constructed with intentionally squeaky floors so that they would receive warning if a ninja were in the house.

Hypothesis: Many poor Japanese during the Tokugawa period also had houses constructed with intentionally squeaky floors is the strongest counter Patricia can make to Tamara's objection.


Premise: On the last day of military training, a class of students carried out live fire, and several instructors talked about the shooting results of Class one. Instructor Zhang said that the time of this military training is too short, and no one in this class will have excellent shooting results. Instructor Sun said: No way, there are a few people who have trained before, so their shooting results to be excellent. Instructor Zhou said: I think the monitor or the sports committee can do well.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that some people in the class have excellent shooting results must be correct since only one of the three instructors is right.


Premise: From the phenomenological point of view, humor is a kind of distortion to the general logic of things, but it must be a reflection of conscious reason, it can not be separated from the normal thinking and healthy psychology of human beings, so humor is a reflection of human healthy psychology.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the logic contained in humor is often different from normal logic can be inferred based on the above statement.


Premise: Humor appeal advertising: refers to the use of humor to dilute the direct utilitarian of advertising, reduce people's rebellious psychology of advertising, so that consumers in the relaxed and happy to accept their business or cultural information.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Electronic screen of a shopping mall: are you still worried about the number cards in your hand? The mall solemnly launched a new mobile phone, a mobile phone installed with three number cards at the same time, the mobile phone is also free to send, to avoid the trouble of carrying many mobile phones' is a humorous appeal advertisement.


Premise: Smuggled goods in the notebook computer market are now available in the Chinese mainland.A large number of parallel goods have impacted the sales of products in formal channels. Some analysts believe that the main reason for this phenomenon is the great price advantage of parallel goods

Hypothesis: The premise that the analyst must imply in his analysis is that parallel goods are more cost-effective than products from formal channels.


Premise: Seven security guards, Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li, Wu, Zheng, and Wang, take turns on the night shift every week. In terms of duty hours, it is now known that Zhao is one day behind Sun; Li is two days behind Wu; Qian is three days ahead of Wang; Zheng is between Qian and Sun, on Thursday.

Hypothesis: Li is on Tuesday based on the above question.


Premise: Only unwise people spoke ill of the people of Dongshan County in front of Dong Jia, and Shi Fei, a friend of Dong Jia, spoke ill of Xi Jia in front of Dong Jia. But what is puzzling is that Dong Jia's friends are very wise people.

Hypothesis: Xi Jia is not from Dongshan County can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: Anchor sinking effect refers to the fact that when people make judgments about something, they are susceptible to the first impression or first information, which fixes people's thoughts somewhere like an anchor sinking into the sea. The first impression and preconceivedness are its manifestations in social life.

Hypothesis: The option "The boy invited the girl he liked and said: Shall we hang out? The girl felt that it was natural to refuse, and if she agreed, it will be too proactive, so she said: Next time. The boy thought the girl had no intention of interacting with him" is not anchor sinking effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Compared with the moon, the Earth has many common properties, such as they are solar system bodies, are spherical, have rotation and revolution, etc. If there is life on the earth, there is probably life on the moon, too.

Hypothesis: The statement "The temperature in the same place on the moon varies greatly, it can rise to 128 degrees during the day and drop to minus 180 degrees at night" can weaken the reliability of the above inference the most.


Premise: When you think about the origin of the fertile land, you can't help but feel a feeling that can be passed down from generation to generation. The planet on which we live was a lonely boulder in the oldest times, without a layer of soil. It took hundreds of millions of years for the power of the sun's wind and rain and the remains of primitive creatures to create layers of soil, and only a thin layer of soil was added to the earth every thousand years. Think of our loess plateau in North China, where the soil is 50 meters thick. That should be the masterpiece of nature for how long!

Hypothesis: The statement that 'The planet on which we live was a lonely boulder with few signs of life in the oldest era' has a wrong understanding of the original text.


Premise: A study of guppy fish shows that a male guppy will alter its courting patterns in response to feedback from a female guppy. Males with more orange on one side than the other were free to vary which side they showed to a female. Females were drawn to those males with more orange showing, and males tended to show the females their more orange side when courting.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When a model of a female guppy was substituted for the female guppy, male guppies still courted, but were not more likely to show their side with more orange' provides the most support for the argument.


Premise: Complementary pricing strategy means that enterprises set lower prices for main products (products with high value) and higher prices for ancillary products (products with low value), which is conducive to increasing overall sales and increasing enterprise profits

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the inkjet printer produced by manufacturer B uses complementary pricing strategies because it has good quality and low price, but the price of its ink cartridge is high.


Premise: Mutual respect is the basis of mutual understanding, and mutual understanding is the premise of mutual trust. In the interaction between people, self-respect and self-confidence are also very important. No one respects people who have no self-respect. No one trusts anyone he doesn't respect.

Hypothesis: People who are not confident are not trusted by anyone is a conclusion that can be drawn from the above statement.


Premise: Farmer Xiao Li went to the farmers market to sell fruits,Apples, pears, oranges, and peaches each have a box,three boxes of apples, pears and oranges, with an average of 51 per box;Three boxes of pears, oranges, and peaches, with an average of 47 per box; Two boxes of apples and peaches, with an average of 43 per box.

Hypothesis: There are 53 apples.


Premise: The regulations on the protection of consumers' rights and interests in a certain city clearly stipulates that consumers can return goods for no reason within 7 days, but this regulation has not been successfully implemented after the introduction of this regulation. When many consumers return goods for no reason within 7 days, they often encounter obstacles from merchants, who refuse to return goods on the grounds that the goods have been treated at a special price, the goods have been opened or used, and so on.

Hypothesis: Once the goods are opened or used, consumers can choose to return them even if there is no problem can best question the reasons for obstruction by merchants.


Premise: Two crucial claims of relativity theory can be directly confirmed. Utilizing elementary particles in high-energy accelerators, we can demonstrate that at high velocities objects are subject to time dilation and an increase in mass. However, a third claim of the theory, the Lorentz contraction thesis, which is connected to the other two, is not directly confirmable. But the fact that the theory in general is supported by experimental results indirectly confirms the contraction thesis.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the reasoning above is that a thesis that is related to other theses can be indirectly confirmed by the direct verification of the others.


Premise: In 1995, two American scholars used a radio telescope with a diameter of 26 meters to look for unknown signals emitted from the depths of the vast universe. However, so far, no radio source with the characteristics of received signals has been found, and there are no special stars in the direction of these radio waves.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The signal has been received, but its electric wave source cannot be determined' means that no radio source with the characteristics of received signals.


Premise: Sugar-free drinks have become popular because of their high calorie content, which can easily lead to obesity. After a period of investigation, Professor Li believes that just because sugar-free drinks are low in calories doesn't mean they won't lead to weight gain. Because sugar-free drinks may lead to a high preference for sweets, this means eating more sugary foods. Moreover, sugar-free drinks have little nutrition, and drinking too much limits the intake of other healthy drinks, such as tea and fruit juices.

Hypothesis: Some thin people also like to drink sugar-free drinks can best support Professor Li's point of view if it is true.


Premise: There are four people living in a hotel with different occupations and nationalities. They come from Britain, France, Germany and the United States. It is known that the Germans are doctors, the Americans are policemen and the youngest. C is older than the Germans. B is a judge and a friend of the British. D has never studied medicine.

Hypothesis: C comes from the United States.


Premise: There is a lyric: How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain.

Hypothesis: Unless you experience wind and rain, you can't see the rainbow is not a logical inference of the above lyrics.


Premise: As far as the world is concerned, in mature markets, large enterprises earn more profits through continuous innovation. Only in the immature market, there is room to make high profits by other means. In an era of increasingly symmetrical information, abnormal high profits are abnormal, and enterprises that make use of factors such as immature consumer psychology to obtain high profits will no longer be welcome. As the domestic market and consumers become more mature and rational, the future of enterprises will provide consumers with better and more diverse products.

Hypothesis: Market maturity affects the possibility of high profits for enterprises is not in line with the author's point of view.


Premise: In the era of mobile reading, the influence of self-media cannot be underestimated. Due to its wider communication paths and distribution channels, it has received a high degree of public attention, and self-media people have a certain right to speak. Compared with traditional media organizations, some self-media people are indeed not inferior, and their credibility has brought them benefits. However, credibility is a double-edged sword. We-media people must not only see the interests behind the traffic, but also recognize the negative effects of abusing their credibility. Miscalculated. The consequences of abusing the right to speak will directly affect the credibility that you have built up so hard, and you will lose the support and attention of the public.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is the right to speak in the self-media cannot be abused.


Premise: Due to fierce competition for survival in the ecological zone, the number of old elephants is decreasing year by year and the survival rate of young elephants is increasing.

Hypothesis: The proportion of young elephants will increase within two years.


Premise: There is a lack of financial support for the development of rural tourism, which urgently needs to be solved. Rural tourism scenic spot is a multi-faceted open area which belongs to the public space. The government is duty-bound to improve the development environment. By integrating financial funds, they can promote the upgrading of scenic spots, encourage all localities to increase financial support in the form of prizes instead of compensation, build first and then make up; they can pry financial funds to build a docking platform between banks and the government, solve the loan problems of operators, and increase credit to rural tourism. New financing models such as PPP and crowdfunding can also encourage social capital to enter the countryside so that rural tourism can be invested, well built and well managed.

Hypothesis: The construction and management of rural tourism needs financial support is emphasized in this passage.


Premise: The crime of false accusation refers to the serious act of fabricating facts and framing others with the intention of subjecting others to criminal prosecution.

Hypothesis: The crime of false accusation is committed when A fabricates the fact that D is raising a lover and reports it anonymously, causing D to divorce his wife.


Premise: The Zigoni effect refers to the phenomenon that the unfinished work has a better memory effect than the completed work.It was discovered in 1927 by the German psychologist Zigoni in a memory experiment.

Hypothesis: In order to wake up the husband who loves to sleep, the wife kept playing the first three chords of a set of phrases on the piano. After listening, the husband tossed and turned, and finally had to get up and played the last chord belong to the Zigoni effect.


Premise: The company sent three young staff to the south on a business trip, and they happened to be sitting in a row. At least one of the two people sitting on the right side of the 24-year-old is 20 years old, and the two people sitting on the left side of the 20-year-old also happen to be 20 years old. At least one of the two people sitting on the left side of the accountant is a salesman, and one of the two people sitting on the right side of the salesman happens to be a salesman.

Hypothesis: The correct answer to the identity of the three young people on the business trip is A 20-year-old accountant, a 20-year-old sales, a 24-year-old sales.


Premise: The concept of modernization that we and we have understood in the past is only limited to the material level and to the surface economization, which is also a long-standing universal problem in late-developing countries.On the material level, the desire becomes very strong, while on the institutional and conceptual level, it is the situation of cultural conservatism. For the impact on the actual process of modernization, it is needless to say that its impact on learning leads to the vulgarization of knowledge.Constantly changing new words and repeating old ideas under the pretence of new words, the result is the constant change of words and slogans, while there is no substantial change in social ethos.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that one-sided understanding of modernization is a long-standing universal problem in late developing countries.


Premise: The reason why river and ocean can become the king of all creeks is because they can be under a hundred creeks. The reason why the saint is above the people is because he is humble to the people. The reason why the saint can lead the people is because he puts his own self-interest behind the people.

Hypothesis: There is no question or answer to transform into a statement.


Premise: Mathematical method is an extremely important and indispensable method in western science. Preciseness and accuracy are an important part of the scientific spirit, which are largely brought about by mathematical methods. Science requires that various concepts be quantified as much as possible and can be tested with certain accuracy. The accuracy of laws and theorems is reflected in their mathematical expression. The coincidence or proximity between experimental measured values and mathematical estimated values of laws and theorems is the main basis for the establishment of laws and theorems, and is also the main reason why laws and theorems are convincing. The concept formed for a long time is that if a discipline cannot be mathematicized, it is considered not an accurate discipline or an immature discipline.

Hypothesis: The most accurate concept of the main idea of this passage is that mathematicalization is the standard for measuring scientific achievements.


Premise: Social public interest: refers to the benefits that all members of society can directly enjoy.

Hypothesis: In order to create a good investment environment, a city decided to invest a huge amount of money to build an inter-provincial expressway and a Yangtze River bridge. The preliminary demolition and resettlement work has been completed does not belong to safeguarding social and public interests.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: The statement 'G and Y are assigned to the sales department' is true, therefore the allocation of seven employees can be fully determined.


Premise: Zhang Shan has the concept of legality and illegality, but there is no concept of moral right and wrong. She was prosecuted for one of her actions. Although he admitted that his behavior was illegal, he didn't know that it was actually immoral.

Hypothesis: Zhang Shan did something immoral can be properly deduced from the appeal conclusion.


Premise: Social responsibility is the responsibility or obligation of citizens, enterprises and various organizations to the public interest of the country or society. Social responsibility means that the actors have certain responsibilities to the society. People are the animals of the society. Only in the society can the true nature of people be reflected.

Hypothesis: Patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and integrity, dedication and dedication are civil social responsibilities.


Premise: A certain cultivated herb is one of a group of closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations of metals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the growth of this herb have discovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, in test-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Hence, the herb's high histidine production must be the key feature that allows it to grow in metal-rich soils.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most important to determine whether growing the herb in soil with high concentrations of the metals will, over time, reduce their concentrations in the soil.


Premise: O2O model, or OnlineToOffline, refers to the combination of offline business opportunities with the Internet, making the Internet the foreground of offline transactions. Online platforms provide consumers with consumer guides, discount information, convenience services and sharing platforms, while offline merchants focus on providing services.

Hypothesis: The housekeeping service company using mobile phone software to promote domestic service, where users make an appointment through mobile phone and the staff comes to the user's home to serve, belongs to the O2O mode according to the above definition.


Premise: In the era of underdeveloped productivity, war has become the most important way to compete for resources. Youth are the most important participants in wars. To win the war, young people must have strong physical fitness. In order to win the war, each City-state youth organized for training. As the leader of the whole of Greece, the city-state of Athens had a population of 250,000 in its heyday. At the same time, Corinth had a population of 90,000, and some city-states had only 5,000 or less. The more the population, the higher the proportion of youth. , The more the city-state can occupy an advantageous position in the competition.

Hypothesis: The emphasis in an era of underdeveloped productivity is on how youth play an important role in competition.


Premise: The lower the credit rating of the borrower, the higher the cost of borrowing and the higher the yield of the creditor. On August 5th, 2011, S & P downgraded the sovereign credit rating of the United States from AAA to AA+. As a matter of common sense, investors should reduce their holdings of US Treasuries when they are in safe-haven demand, thus pushing prices lower and yields higher. However, on Aug. 8, the price of US Treasuries rose and the yield fell, and the yield on the latest 10-year Treasury note fell to 2.34%, the lowest so far this year.

Hypothesis: Compared with the bonds of the European Union, Japan and other countries, US Treasuries are still relatively safe and liquid investments can best explain the above counterintuitive phenomenon.


Premise: Some purple clay pots are alive. Therefore, some living things have good or bad quality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some living things are not purple clay pots' would best strengthen the argument.


Premise: The ruins of the prehistoric Bolivian city of Tiwanaku feature green andacite stones weighing up to 40 tons. These stones were quarried at Copacabana, which is across a lake and about 90 kilometers away. Archaeologists hypothesize that the stones were brought to Tiwanaku on reed boats. To show this was possible, experimenters transported a 9-ton stone from Copacabana to Tiwanaku using a reed boat built with locally available materials and techniques traditional to the area.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether the green andacite stones at Tiwanaku are the largest stones at the site' would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis.


Premise: The advent of refrigerators caused the collapse of the ice market. In the past, people used ice to keep food fresh, but now refrigerators have replaced the role of ice.For the same reason, due to the results of bioengineering, what will happen to the research of crops that can resist pests?

Hypothesis: The best answer to the above question is Reduced demand for chemical pesticides.


Premise: When the products of several competing suppliers are perceived by consumers to be essentially the same, classical economics predicts that price competition will reduce prices to the same minimal levels and all suppliers' profits to the same minimal levels. Ttherefore, if classical economics is true, and given suppliers' desire to make as much profit as possible, it should be expected that__.

Hypothesis: In a crowded market, each supplier will try to convince consumers that its product differs significantly from its competitors' products.


Premise: The so-called history, popularly speaking, is the fact that it has already happened. In terms of time scale, history is a reality that increases the marker of the time scale. The so-called reality is the fact that is happening, so it can also be said that from the time scale, it is a historical fact with zero scale. In fact, if you look at the timeline, the reality as the zero scale of time has been constantly changing. This change makes most of the facts on the timeline of the scale rapidly become history, but they have different time scales.

Hypothesis: The distinction between history and reality is mainly based on whether it is or not is what the author focuses on through this passage.


Premise: Studies have shown that, contrary to popular belief, middle-aged people have more fear of dying than do elderly people.

Hypothesis: Many people who suffer from depression first become depressed in middle age does not contribute to an explanation of the phenomenon shown by the studies.


Premise: Recently, the latest data analysis of the Aeronautics and Space Administration in a certain country confirmed that the signal detected by the Curiosity Mars rover on Mars in June 2013 was a methane signal. Based on this, some people inferred that the methane may come from organisms living in Gale crater, which indicates that there must be life on Mars.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Methane on Earth will quickly disappear into the atmosphere after being produced by organisms, which proves that methane on Mars must have just been released soon' would most question the above inference.