Premise: Capital export refers to the investment or loan made abroad by capitalists, capitalist groups or the government of capitalist countries in order to obtain high profits or interest.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, issuing stocks and bonds of domestic enterprises overseas does not belong to capital export.


Premise: Respite service means that government departments purchase services to provide temporary assistance to low-income families or families with special difficulties who have disabled and mentally handicapped elderly, so that those who take care of their relatives at home all the year round can have a short rest.

Hypothesis: The respite service is the street nurses being sent to door-to-door service from time to time so that Ms. du can have time to go to the hospital to see a doctor or have a short rest.


Premise: If this parking policy is unpopular with the faculty, then we should modify it. If it is unpopular among students, we should adopt a new policy. And, it is bound to be unpopular either with the faculty or among students.

Hypothesis: If the parking policy is popular among students, then we should adopt a new policy must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Community is the basic unit of society, and harmonious community is the important foundation of building harmonious socialism. It is necessary to bring the construction of a harmonious community into the strategic planning of community development, under the guidance of the scientific concept of development, according to the functional orientation of ensuring production, serving life and maintaining stability, and actively build an omni-directional, three-dimensional, deep-seated harmonious community creation system, and strive to build a comfortable resident environment, warm and convenient quality service, safe and stable social order, healthy and civilized way of life. A harmonious community characterized by the atmosphere of unity and cooperation and the burst of development activities.

Hypothesis: The basic structure of harmonious community is not the meaning of this passage.


Premise: After reading a large number of biographies of poets in the Tang Dynasty, I found that most of the poets before the Mid-Tang Dynasty were arrogant. Du Fu was supposed to be a warm and careful person, but he boasted unequivocally: when I was young, I had already served as a guest to visit the king's capital. However, as a matter of fact, du Fu had never been a high-ranking official in his life, how could he be invited by the emperor to visit Wangdu? As long as you read a lot of books carefully, you will be very good at writing articles.  Li Bai's I was originally a madman of the State of Chu, singing Phoenix songs and laughing at Kong Qiu, I look up to the sky and laugh when I go out.how can I grovel to serve the rich and powerful, so that I can't have a comfortable smile? Everyone is familiar with these. the emperor visited the lake and called him to write a preface to the poem. He refused to board the boat because he was drunk and claimed to be the fairy of wine. Although this sentence is written by du Fu, it can be called a bosom friend in Li Bai's personality.

Hypothesis: The author's arrogant attitude towards Li du's poems is that it is not surprising.


Premise: Nutritionist: it is a lie to advertise that any health product can cure diseases. However, for people who eat irregularly, it is necessary to take some health products.

Hypothesis: If the nutritionist's opinion is accepted, it is not necessary for all people to take health products must be accepted.


Premise: Some paleontologists believe that certain species of dinosaurs guarded their young in protective nests long after the young hatched. As evidence, they cite the discovery of fossilized hadrosaur babies and adolescents in carefully designed nests. But similar nests for hatchlings and adolescents are constructed by modern crocodiles, even though crocodiles guard their young only for a very brief time after they hatch. Hence, __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'paleontologists who believe that hadrosaurs guarded their young long after the young hatched have no evidence to support this belief' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: The task of history is to enable people to understand the causal relationship contained in the historical process itself through the retrospection of the past years and the correct revelation of the laws of history, so as to obtain wisdom and better connect the past and the future.

Hypothesis: The central meaning of this passage is that history can help people summarize the past and face the future.


Premise: If the known bright knowledge (that is, knowledge that can be expressed in words, formulas, programs, and language) is a small corner of the iceberg, then dark knowledge (new knowledge that human beings cannot feel and cannot express, that is, a new kind of knowledge that is being discovered by new machines today) is the largest piece under the iceberg. Dark knowledge will be the largest amount of knowledge that will dominate and occupy the whole space of knowledge in the future. We need to be prepared. The authority of human knowledge is just beginning to be shaken. In the future, more and more knowledge can be mastered and discovered by machines. Slowly, we may become an island-like existence, inundated by the ocean of dark knowledge.

Hypothesis: The intended description of this passage is that artificial intelligence is the creator of dark knowledge.


Premise: In New York, the price of women's handbags made of crocodile skin varies from 1500 to 4000 dollars according to size. Therefore, many people regard crocodile skin as a symbol of wealth.

Hypothesis: Once people are rich, they all want to have a certain number of crocodile skin products can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: Recently, scientists in a certain country are trying to use particle accelerators to treat cancer. They put several tumor cell cultures, including glial cells, in a plexiglass vessel that simulates a human head. Then put this human head within the scope of the particle accelerators. For the first time, scientists accumulate a sufficient amount of boron-10 in tumor cells, and then irradiate the tumor with a neutron beam to cause a nuclear reaction within the tumor cells, and the tumor cells die.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The effect of neutron beams on tumor cells is different from that of healthy cells' can best support the success of the experiment.


Premise: Although tales of wonder and the fantastic are integral to all world literatures, only recently has the fantasy genre had a commercial resurgence in North America. During the last 20 years, sales of fantasy-fiction books written for adults have gone from 1 to 10 percent of total adult-fiction sales. At the same time, the number of favorable reviews of fantasy books has increased markedly. Some booksellers say that the increased sales of fantasy books written for adults can be traced to the increased favorable attention given the genre by book reviewers.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that publishers often select a manuscript on the basis of whether they think that the published book will receive favorable reviews by book reviewers undermines the booksellers' explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults.


Premise: Full authorization, also called general authorization, means that when the higher-level administrative entity issues tasks, only general work instructions are issued, and when specific tasks are assigned, it is allowed that subordinates can decide their own action plans and can make creations.

Hypothesis: Rigid authorization, that is, superiors having detailed regulations on the scope of work, content, and performance goals that should be achieved by subordinates is not fully authorization.


Premise: In the era of mobile Internet, people can read digitally at any time. Browsing the Internet, reading e-books is digital reading, browsing Weibo and moments is also digital reading. For a long time, some people have been worried about the fragmentation and superficiality of digital reading, but recently, some experts have said that digital reading has important value and it is also the future development trend of reading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Digital reading is convenient for information screening, readers can have a preliminary understanding of the relevant information in a short time and they can also make an in-depth understanding on this basis. There are more and more relevant network reading service platforms in recent years' can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Conflict of power and authority refers to the dispute or confrontation caused by the definition of authority in the process of exercising administrative authority.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, two or more administrative entities considering themselves and the other party to have jurisdiction over the same administrative matter, but there are disputes in terms of jurisdiction, degree or dominance is not a conflict of power and authority.


Premise: Kernland imposes a high tariff on the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure that the nuts are sold to domestic processing plants. If the tariff were lifted and unprocessed cashews were sold at world market prices, more farmers could profit by growing cashews. However, since all the processing plants are in urban areas, removing the tariff would seriously hamper the government' s effort to reduce urban unemployment over the next five years.

Hypothesis: A lack of profitable crops is driving an increasing number of small farmers in Kernland off their land and into the cities most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Taxpayer: For the last ten years, Metro City' s bridge-maintenance budget of $1 million annually has been a prime example of fiscal irresponsibility. In a well-run bridge program, the city would spend $15 million a year on maintenance, which would prevent severe deterioration, thus limiting capital expenses for needed bridge reconstruction to $10 million. However, as a result of its attempt to economize, the city is now faced with spending $400 million over two years on emergency reconstruction of its bridges.

Hypothesis: The main point of the taxpayer's argument is that Metro City is spending more than it needs to on maintenance of its bridges.


Premise: The so-called urban disease refers to a series of social problems caused by the excessive concentration of population in big cities. It is mainly manifested in the blind expansion of urban planning and construction to the surrounding area, a large amount of cultivated land is occupied, and the contradiction between man and land is more acute. .

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Lead to a decline in the city's economic strength' does not belong to the specific manifestation of urban disease.


Premise: The loss sensitivity effect means that people are different in sensitivity to loss and gain. People are more sensitive to loss than gain. That is, the pain caused by the decrease of wealth is not equal to the happiness caused by the increase of the same amount of wealth. The former is greater than the latter.

Hypothesis: The happiness of 200 yuan for nothing can not offset the pain caused by losing 100 yuan belongs to the loss sensitivity effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Consumers are deeply concerned about the quantity of plastic packaging on the market and have spurred manufacturers to find ways to recycle plastic materials. Despite their efforts, however, only 6. 5 percent of plastic is now being recycled, as compared to 33 percent of container glass.

Hypothesis: Many factories are set up to accept and make economical use of recycled glass, whereas there are few factories that make products out of recycled plastic helps to explain the relatively low rate of plastic recycling EXCEPT.


Premise: Some political thinkers hope to devise a form of government in which every citizen' s rights are respected. But such a form of government is impossible. For any government must be defined and controlled by laws that determine its powers and limits; and it is inevitable that some individuals will learn how to interpret these laws to gain a greater share of political power than others have.

Hypothesis: In any form of government that leads to unequal distribution of political power, the rights of the majority of people will be violated is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Environment minister: Because of our concern about global warming, this country has committed itself to reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide substantially over the next ten years. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, planting large numbers of trees will help us fulfill our commitment.

Hypothesis: When ground is disturbed in the course of planting trees, more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by rotting organic matter in the soil than the new trees will absorb in ten years would most weaken the environment minister's argument.


Hypothesis: The statement "Some online reading platforms can provide exquisite reading services, they not only help you choose books, but also help you read, you need to listen, but the use of listening way to read is less efficient" can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Spinach is available all year round, but spring is the best season. Its root is red and leaf is green, fresh and tender abnormal. It is very delicious. The spinach that comes on sale in spring is very helpful to detoxify and prevent dryness. Chinese medicine that spinach sweet taste and is cool. It can nourish blood, stop bleeding, astringe Yin and moisten dryness. Spinach contains oxalate acid more, hinder the absorption of calcium and iron, so eat spinach with boiling water first, remove and then stir-fry.

Hypothesis: Add a little white wine to stir-fry spinach, which can reduce the astringency of oxalic acid taste and increase a fragrance, best supports the above argument.


Premise: An instructor presented two paintings to a class. She said that the first had hung in prestigious museums but the second was produced by an unknown amateur. Each student was asked which painting was better. Everyone selected the first. The instructor later presented the same two paintings in the same order to a different class. This time she said that the first was produced by an unknown amateur but the second had hung in prestigious museums. In this class, everyone said that the second painting was better.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'In judging the paintings, some of the students were affected by what they had been told about the history of the paintings' is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Individual pyrrole molecules readily join together into larger molecules called polypyrroles. If polypyrroles form from pyrrole in the presence of zeolites, they do so by attaching to the zeolite either in lumps on the outer surface of the zeolite or in delicate chains within the zeolite' s inner channels. When zeolite changes color from yellow to black, it means that on or in that zeolite polypyrroles have formed from pyrrole. Yellow zeolite free of any pyrrole was submerged in dissolved pyrrole. The zeolite turned black even though no polypyrroles formed on its outer surface.

Hypothesis: On the basis of the statements above, it must be true that none of the pyrrole in which the zeolite was submerged attached itself to the zeolite.


Premise: The ancients recorded the years with dry branch. Methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentahexyl, hexyl ,nonyl ,and decyl  are ten dry, also known asTiangan.Zi,Chou,Yin,Mao,Chen,Si,Wu,Wei,Shen,You,Xu,Hai was already 12 branches, also known as the Earth Branch.In turn, the dry days are used to distribute the branches of the earth, such as Jiazi, Yichou and Bingyin,,, Gui you, Jia xu, Yi hai, Bing zi, etc., are repeated every 60 years, commonly known as sixty Huajiazi. According to the chronology of the stem and branch, the year 2014 is the year of Jia Wu, and the year 2015 is the year of Yi Wei.

Hypothesis: Modern people no longer need to keep dry branch to recorded the years can be derived from the above statement.


Premise: Most of the employees of the Compujack Corporation are computer programmers. Since most computer programmers receive excellent salaries from their employers, at least one Compujack employee must receive an excellent salary from Compujack.

Hypothesis: The argument that since most of Molly's classmates are gardeners, at least one of Molly's classmates must be a person with a great deal of patience exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to the flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: Indirect intention refers to the mental attitude that the perpetrator knows that his actions will cause harm to society and intentionally let it go, so that such a result occurs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'One day late at night, Li heard a woman calling for help outside at home, but did not go out due to psychological fear, but the police found that a woman was killed near Li's house the next day' is indirect intention.


Premise: During the Olympic Games, a post said: when playing the national anthem, the Spanish team did not have a mouth, so it was very unpatriotic. It can be inferred that the Dream team led by Jordan is the most patriotic. When they accepted the prize, the team members were all wearing American flags. But the truth is that the Spanish national anthem has no lyrics at all. The U.S. national team is sponsored by Reebok, while Jordan's sponsor is Nike, who used the flag to cover Reebok's logo for their pledge of allegiance to Nike.

Hypothesis: Patriotism is not in the form is a suitable title for this paragraph.


Premise: A common non-stick coating for non-stick pans is Teflon coating. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate is a processing aid used in a very small amount in the production. Data suggest that high doses of ammonium perfluorooctanoate may lead to elevated cholesterol levels, thyroid disease, and infertility. Teflon has very stable physical and chemical properties at normal temperature and normal conditions. Cookware with Teflon non-stick coating will not change in the temperature range from normal temperature to 260 °C, but when the temperature exceeds 260 °C, the coating will not change. The layer gradually transitions to an unstable state, and decomposition occurs when the temperature exceeds 350 °C. During normal cooking, the boiling point of water is 100°C, and stir-frying with a higher temperature is usually only about 200°C. Even if frying is used, the oil temperature will not exceed 250°C. However, if you like to dry the pot and add oil after cooking, the temperature in the pot will easily exceed 260°C.

Hypothesis: Normally cooking without worrying about the release of harmful substances from nonstick pans cannot be launched.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: If the fourth goes on K, the first one goes to M is likely to be true.


Premise: Economists and political philosophers have great ideological power, which is often unexpected. In fact, these are the only ideas that rule the world.Many practitioners think that they are not influenced by any theory, but they often become slaves to some late economist.Crazy people are in power, thinking that they are inspired by the world, so that they have arrogant ideas and even a scholar a few years ago. I am sure that both the benefit and eyesight are exaggerated, which is far less powerful than the gradual muddy power of thought.

Hypothesis: The main point of view of the author is that the influence of thought is very great.


Premise: A moderately large city is redesigning its central downtown area and is considering a plan that would reduce the number of lanes for automobiles and trucks and increase those for bicycles and pedestrians. The intent is to attract more workers and shoppers to downtown businesses by making downtown easier to reach and more pleasant to move around in.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people who prefer to shop at suburban malls instead of downtown urban areas do so because parking is easier and cheaper at the former' would most strongly support the prediction that the plan would achieve its goal.


Premise: In recent years, especially in the first tier cities, the proportion of buyers who buy first-hand new houses instead of second-hand houses has fallen. Some buyers believe that this is due to the rise of first-hand new house prices. As the basis for price rise, they use data to prove that even through inflation adjustment, the purchase price paid by first-hand new house buyers is much higher than the house price a few years ago

Hypothesis: The lack of persuasion of the above-mentioned property buyers can be best explained by the fact that data show that the purchase price paid by second-hand house buyers is also much higher than the house price a few years ago.


Premise: Essayist: Common sense, which is always progressing, is nothing but a collection of theories that have been tested over time and found useful. When alternative theories that prove even more useful are developed, they gradually take the place of theories already embodied in common sense. This causes common sense to progress, but, because it absorbs new theories slowly, it always contains some obsolete theories.

Hypothesis: At least some theories that have been tested over time and found useful are less useful than some other theories that have not been fully absorbed into the body of common sense must be true if all of the essayist's statements are true.


Premise: If colleges and universities can hire a large number of graduates who have obtained doctoral degrees from top overseas universities, it will undoubtedly helpful to improve the quality of teaching and scientific research. Therefore, hiring graduates who have obtained doctoral degrees from domestic universities will not help improve the quality of teaching and scientific research.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is impossible for colleges and universities to fully employ graduates who have obtained doctoral degrees from top overseas universities' will challenge the most to the above view.


Premise: A just government never restricts the right of its citizens to act upon their desires except when their acting upon their desires is a direct threat to the health or property of other of its citizens.

Hypothesis: An unjust government would abolish many public services if these services did not require compulsory labor most closely conforms to the principle cited above.


Premise: In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia' s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia' s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, ttherefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which the argument depends is that there are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.


Premise: One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled SuperOXY,  that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since <b> the amount of oxygen in the blood of someone who is exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb </b>.

Hypothesis: The only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs serves the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface.


Premise: Jung said: all cultures will eventually accumulate into personality. The attachment and yearning for home constitute the cultural personality of the Chinese people for thousands of years, so that family affection has become the cultural birthmark of the Chinese people, and going home for the Spring Festival has become the most important festival ceremony of the Spring Festival. Year after year, the reunion stories of hundreds of millions of families are always staged in the Spring Festival, and the largest periodic migration of mankind has become a vivid witness to the enduring cultural tide of the Spring Festival.

Hypothesis: The mistake of making the expression more concise and concise is explained by the function of the first sentence of the underlined paragraph.


Premise: On the grasslands of Africa, a fierce leopard can catch almost any antelope it decides to catch. And once the antelope is not targeted by the hungry leopard, its best chance of escape is that the leopard will soon find another animal as its target. Therefore, the antelope following the activities of the group can reduce the risk of being eaten by leopards.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument is based is that leopards live mainly by preying on antelopes.


Premise: Whether one is buying men' s or women' s clothing, it pays to consider fashion trends. A classic suit may stay in style for as long as five years, so it is worthwhile to pay more to get a well-constructed one. A trendy hat that will go out of style in a year or two should be purchased as cheaply as possible.

Hypothesis: The amount of money one spends on clothing should be roughly the same whether one is purchasing men's or women's attire most accurately expresses the principle underlying the reasoning above.


Premise: Harmonious management is an organization's practice in order to achieve its goals, in a changing environment, around the harmonious theme elements such as society, market, government and employees, with optimization and uncertainty reduction as a means of harmony to provide solutions to problems.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, establishing a special fund for long-term maintenance in order to control the environmental pollution caused by production is a harmonious management.


Premise: The crime of false accusation refers to the serious act of fabricating facts and framing others with the intention of subjecting others to criminal prosecution.

Hypothesis: B fabricated the fact that they raped an underage girl and reported it to the judicial department constitutes the crime of false accusation.


Premise: Closed-loop thinking refers to a way of thinking in which tips and responses in various ways are used to form a closed loop in each operation in the process of work and study, so as to grasp the process in real time and adjust the direction in time.

Hypothesis: The option "When Xiao Sun first arrived at the unit, he always readily agreed to the tasks arranged by the leader and tried his best to complete them. Half a year later, when his work became busier and busier, he found that some tasks were difficult to accomplish and he no longer dared to accept them at will" does not belong to closed-loop thinking.


Premise: Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that high levels of household debt did not cause the recent recession is structured to be reached by the argument.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If F was a member of the committee in a given year, G may not be a member of the committee in that year.


Premise: Reason is easy to understand, it is common sense and common sense, it is easy to tell whether it is reasonable or not, and it is not easy to follow blindly. The truth is different, either the mystery of the natural world or the law of history. These are things that ordinary people do not understand. In front of the truth, the common people are in an absolutely low position, and only rely on the knowledge instilled in them by the elites above. They do not know whether it is reasonable or not.

Hypothesis: The reason why truth is more deceptive than reason is intended to be explained by the above text.


Premise: With the popularity of internet languages among teenagers, there are many different types of internet languages, from meimei (beauty) and 88 (goodbye) which appeared in the early days to even (me) and porridge (like) which are in the process of being humiliated. The teacher is worried that parents are anxious, and the influence of online language on people's daily communication is inevitable. However, online language is not a scourge, and online language needs to be channeled and guided.

Hypothesis: Network language must revolution modern Chinese is the main point that is least supported by this passage.


Premise: The brain is an electric organ that uses a pulse magnetic field to activate brain neural circuits to relieve stress, enhance cognition, and even overcome fatigue.

Hypothesis: The best option that summarizes the meaning of the above is 'cerebral nerve circuit and treatment'.


Premise: The number of automobile thefts has declined steadily during the past five years, and it is more likely now than it was five years ago that someone who steals a car will be convicted of the crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Car alarms are more common than they were five years ago, but their propensity to be triggered in the absence of any criminal activity has resulted in people generally ignoring them when they are triggered' most helps to explain the facts cited above.


Premise: Pascal, a modern French thinker, once argued that either there was a Christian God or there was no Christian God. If you believe that God exists and live in a Christian way, then if God does exist, you will have endless blessings: if God does not exist, you will have very little to lose. But suppose you don't believe that God exists and don't live in a Christian way. If God doesn't exist, you have nothing to lose: if God does exist, you will be punished endlessly. So don't hesitate, choose to believe in God and live in a Christian way.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are many religions in this world, each of which has powerful gods (gods) and they all impose unlimited punishments on those who do not believe in themselves' best illustrates the loophole in the logic of this argument.


Premise: It is wrong to say that foods with high content of refined sugar will not cause acquired diabetes, because foods with high content of refined sugar will lead to obesity, so obesity is an important cause of acquired diabetes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is wrong that people who often take part in strenuous exercise may cause sudden death. Because the violent cause is cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and vigorous exercise does not necessarily cause cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases' is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: 1.Xiao Zhang is one of the senior employees of Pepsi-Cola Company in China. 2.It is possible that Xiao Zhang only drinks Coca-Cola.

Hypothesis: A premise implied by the statement of 2. in the above is 'Generally, all senior employees only drink their own company's products.'


Premise: My running ability has never been very strong, but since I used X brand running shoes, my running performance has improved greatly. Now I can run faster and farther, and my muscles are less sore after the run. Runner magazine also said that X-brand running shoes are the best-selling shoes on the market. Therefore, all people who want to improve their running performance should buy X-brand running shoes.

Hypothesis: The option 'Runners who are similar to I should buy X-brand running shoes' does not lead to a more reasonable conclusion from the above than the conclusion drawn by me.


Premise: Small animals suitable for experimental use must reproduce fast and their genes should be as similar to humans as possible. Some small animals reproduce fast but have few genes similar to humans. Therefore, some fast-breeding small animals are not suitable for experiments.

Hypothesis: Some students who are interested in cognitive science cannot take the course The Philosophy of Cognitive Science because they have not taken Theory of Knowledge and taking the course requires having taken Theory of Knowledge and being interested in cognitive science.


Premise: The method of seeking common ground, also known as contract law, is one of the ways to explore the causal relationship between things. Its basic content is that in several occasions where the studied phenomenon A appears, only one antecedent situation is the same, then the same antecedent situation is the reason for the studied phenomenon A.

Hypothesis: In the above definition, seeking common ground belongs to the method of seeking common ground.


Premise: Looking at the situation in Japan and some European countries, the direct consequence of the persistent economic downturn is that it is difficult for young people to find jobs, the unemployment rate is high, and their incomes are reduced. The difficulty of financial independence of the younger generation has another consequence: parents increase their support for their children. Common experience in these countries shows that parents' involvement in their children's lives deepens when young people lack financial independence. A similar trend has emerged in China.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the point that parents always like to meddle in their children's affairs, which has nothing to do with whether the economy is good or bad, cannot be supported by the author.


Premise: Studies have shown that for most people with normal blood pressure, eating more than any amount of sodium the body needs can be smoothly excreted without significantly raising blood pressure. Therefore, only those with high blood pressure and those whose bodies cannot safely handle excess sodium need to limit their sodium intake.

Hypothesis: Eating too much sodium can sometimes damage the body's ability to handle excess sodium would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: The role of silver iodide in artificial rainfall is called cold cloud catalysis in meteorology. As long as silver iodide is heated, it forms very fine silver iodide particles (only 1% to 1/1000 of the diameter of a hair) in the air. 1g silver iodide can form trillions of particles. These particles move with the airstream into the cloud, producing trillions to trillions of ice crystals in cold clouds. Therefore, using silver iodide to catalyze rainfall does not need aircraft, the equipment is simple, the dosage is very small, the cost is low, and can be popularized in a large area.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, we can speculate that the reason why airplanes are not needed for silver iodide to catalyze rainfall is because silver iodide particles will move into the cloud with the airflow.


Premise: Unfair competition refers to the behavior of the operator that violates the provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, harms the legitimate rights and interests of other operators, and disrupts the social and economic order. The so-called operator refers to a legal person engaged in commodity operations or profitable services.

Hypothesis: Use spies to steal trade secrets from peers in order to prepare competitive strategies first is not unfair competition according to the above definition.


Premise: A successful chess-playing computer would prove either that a machine can think or that chess does not involve thinking. In either case the conception of human intelligence would certainly change.

Hypothesis: Computer programs have been successfully applied to games other than chess is the reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it does not consider the possibility that.


Premise: Terrorism aims to instill fear in the target population, disrupting all daily activities and forcing an irrational backlash. More people die in car accidents in a day than terrorists have killed in two decades. Our country spends more money on fighting terrorism than any other single initiative, including healthcare. As such, our country should. . .

Hypothesis: Spending money in proportion to the fear terrorism inspires most logically completes the argument.


Premise: The Stockholm effect, also known as Stockholm syndrome, or hostage complex or hostage syndrome, refers to a phenomenon in which the victim of a crime has been subject to the perpetrator for a long time, and after being rescued, the perpetrator will have emotions, and even help the perpetrator.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where Xiaoli was robbed by a robber, the robber was captured a month later, and in the court Xiaoli fell in love with the robber at first sight and dropped the accusation does not belong to the Stockholm effect.


Premise: Since the implementation of the target responsibility system for the manager's tenure by Shipping Company A in the previous year, the company's economic benefits have also increased year by year. It can be seen that only the implementation of the target responsibility system for the manager's tenure can make Company A's economic benefits grow steadily.

Hypothesis: If Shipping Company A does not implement the tenure target responsibility system, the economic benefits will grow faster in the past two years can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: The competition between electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles has a history of more than one hundred years. For a long time, the development of internal combustion vehicles has been outstanding and has made great progress. In recent years, with the development of battery technology, electric vehicles have occupied many fields, such as bicycles, motorcycles, small transport vehicles, large urban buses, airport and port ferries and so on. As a result, it has been proposed that the time for electric vehicles to completely replace internal combustion vehicles is coming, and even some countries and places have proposed a timetable for banning the sale of fuel cars. But some opponents say that internal combustion vehicles and electric vehicles will continue to move in the opposite direction for quite a long time in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The three major anxieties in the development of electric vehicles are mileage anxiety, charging anxiety and battery anxiety, which shows that the technology of power battery is far from mature and there is still a long way to go' can best support the opponents of the above point of view.


Premise: Some people argue that inquiry is impossible, because a man can explore neither what he knows nor what he does not know. He cannot explore what he knows, because he knows it, and there is no need to explore it; he cannot explore what he does not know, because he does not know what he is trying to explore.

Hypothesis: The statement 'False presupposition: either you know what you are exploring, or you do not know what you are exploring' most accurately points out the logical loophole in the argument.


Premise: Demand always changes in the opposite direction to the price. If the price change causes the total income to change in reverse with the price, then the demand is elastic. In 2007, although the tuition fees of W University were reduced by 20%, the total tuition fees received by W University were higher than in 2006. In this case, the demand for W University is flexible.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Compared with 2006, the enrollment of W University increased by more than 20% in 2007' must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: The researchers put themice in a labyrinth space to observe their stress behavior patterns. They found that in open, brightly lit places, mice felt stressed and panicked and found ways to escape, while drugs or genes inhibited the production of certain proteins in the amygdala of the mice brain. they will no longer have similar stress behavior patterns in the same area. The researchers concluded that the activity of this protein determines the stress resistance of mice, which in turn determines its stress behavior pattern.

Hypothesis: If the mice feels nervous in an open, brightly lit place, the function of the amygdala to produce this protein is not inhibited can be derived from this.


Premise: The folktale that claims that a rattlesnake' s age can be determined from the number of sections in its rattle is false, but only because the rattles are brittle and sometimes partially or completely break off. So if they were not so brittle, one could reliably determine a rattlesnake' s age simply from the number of sections in its rattle, because one new section is formed each time a rattlesnake molts.

Hypothesis: Rattlesnakes molt exactly once a year is an assumption the argument requires in order for its conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: In recent years, hot social events have frequently occupied our line of sight, from the incident of tainted milk powder to the incident of dyed steamed bread, which has undoubtedly brought huge psychological burden and mental confusion to the general public. The salt grab incident that once caused a sensation throughout the country is even more an impact on the normal social order. Obviously, these hot social events have a destructive or even devastating impact on people's social life. But the most serious impact is the continuous spread of negative effects caused by these social hot events, which leads to public confusion and unease.

Hypothesis: The author's intention is to remind people to improve their ability to identify hot social events in a complex and changeable environment.


Premise: Weather refers to the combination of meteorological elements (such as temperature, humidity, etc.) and weather phenomena (such as clouds, fog, etc.) in the atmosphere of a certain area at a certain instant or over a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: There are many foggy days this winter does not belong to the weather.


Premise: Tendering is a transaction method in which the tenderee does not go through the general transaction negotiation process before buying and selling bulk commodities, contracting construction projects or cooperating in a certain business, but publicly solicits bids from the applicants, and finally the tenderee selects the transaction object to contract.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Uncle Li's villa wanted to be sold, so it was priced at 900,000 yuan and declared that it could be negotiated' belongs to tendering.


Premise: Editor: Most of the books of fiction we have published were submitted by literary agents for writers they represented; the rest were received directly from fiction writers from whom we requested submissions. No nonfiction manuscript has been given serious attention, let alone been published, unless it was from a renowned figure or we had requested the manuscript after careful review of the writer' s book proposal.

Hypothesis: Any unrequested manuscripts not submitted by literary agents that the publishing house has published were written by renowned figures can be properly inferred from the editor's statements.


Premise: In the past 50 years, the per capita living standard of a place has been below the poverty line, so it can be predicted that the per capita living standard of the place will still be very low in the next few years

Hypothesis: The statement 'Over the past decade, the state has been giving preferential policies to help the poor to ensure and improve people's lives' weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Compensatory wage gap: refers to the wage difference caused by the non-monetary characteristics of different jobs.

Hypothesis: The statement "The salary of professors is lower than that of lawyers and doctors received roughly the same amount of time of education. The low salary can be compensated by the academic and personal satisfaction brought about by the work" is not related to compensatory wages according to the above definition.


Premise: Constrained by rising costs and shrinking budgets, NASA has had to postpone or even cancel many research projects. Some worry that Congress will not approve costly projects in the future, such as bringing Martian rocks back to Earth for analysis-the only way scientists think they can determine whether there was life on Mars.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the meaning of this text is that budgetary pressure will become the main reason for the suspension of large-scale U.S. space projects.


Premise: With regard to the problem that the occupying roads of small street vendors in urban streets affects traffic, some scholars think that centralized business areas for small vendors should be set up in specific areas that do not affect urban traffic. in this way, it can alleviate the problem of traffic jams caused by small stall vendors occupying roads at will.

Hypothesis: The traffic location of the centralized business area is convenient, and small vendors can get higher profits there is a prerequisite that must be added in order to make the above argument valid.


Premise: Being near woodlands, the natural habitat of bees, promotes the health of crops that depend on pollination. Bees, the most common pollinators, visit flowers far from woodlands less often than they visit flowers close to woodlands.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many crops that are not near woodlands depend on pollination' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: When a cold snowstorm sweeps across the pasture, the temperature drops rapidly below zero, and the cattle usually turn their back to the storm and slowly move downwind, and when they are finally blocked by the fence, they have to huddle together, resulting in the death of a large number of cattle. But there is a kind of Hereford cattle that will face the storm side by side and bow their heads in the face of the blizzard, resulting in the lowest death rate and the least loss.

Hypothesis: Enduring to the end is victory is closest to the truth of this story.


Premise: Since 1997, Hong Kong has fallen into a relatively serious economic recession. In this year, Hong Kong began to implement one country, two systems policy. Some people claim that it is one country, two systems that caused Hong Kong's economic recession.

Hypothesis: If two things happen at the same time or successively, can we determine that there is a causal relationship between them is most relevant for refuting the above.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: R & D Department and Finance Department cannot be arranged in Geng Building and Xin Building in turn.


Premise: Tabloid magazines that report alien landings and celebrity sightings may be considered plebeian, but the public evidently prefers them to weekly newsmagazines that report more conventional news. A comparison of newsstand revenues shows far higher sales volumes for tabloids than for weekly newsmagazines.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider whether more newsmagazines than tabloid magazines are sold by subscription.


Premise: A new medical technology can be used clinically only if it is effective and safe. In 1998, American scientists successfully made human embryonic stem cells grow and proliferate in vitro. if this stem cell technology is combined with cloning technology, the necessary tissue cells can be cultured from patients' somatic cells to replace patients' damaged cells. to treat a variety of difficult diseases, this is the so-called therapeutic cloning. But now therapeutic cloning is still a long way from clinical use.

Hypothesis: If it is true that it is difficult to obtain human embryonic stem cells, then this would give the above conclusion the strongest support.


Premise: Labor dispatch is a new employment model emerging in China in recent years. Its object is a new special labor group with highly professional and technical knowledge, experience and ability under the condition of knowledge economy. They should be invited by different enterprises, and flow between different enterprises, industries and countries. Labor dispatch in various forms, for workers can be used for a long time, can also be used for a short time, weekends, but also can be used for key projects.

Hypothesis: Zhang SAN had worked for a computer company for eight years and returned to work after a contract was signed by a labor agency, but his employer became the employment agency is labor dispatch according to the above definition.


Premise: In Xiehe Building Materials Co, Ltd a worker inadvertently wasted more when using raw materials for making bricks, and one of his colleagues who had a good relationship in ordinary times lost his temper. The manager said that this kind of thing is now quite common, and workers with poor labor discipline have become the target of public criticism. In the past, it often happened that the equipment was not maintained and the newly bought brick-making machine was broken in less than a year. In 1993, the enterprise was reorganized into a joint-stock enterprise. Of the total amount of shares of 2.1 million yuan, individual employees invested 1 million yuan. Enterprises connect employees together through asset ties, workers are both shareholders and workers, and their enthusiasm is at an all-time high.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'Shareholding system plays an important role in arousing workers' enthusiasm for production' primarily supports this view.


Premise: Since ancient times, the study of rhetoric has always included the level of ethics. The so-called rhetoric is the skill, skill or art of using language to persuade others effectively. The ethical value of rhetoric as a public discourse includes good motivation, goodwill to others and the truth of the content of the discourse. If you leave or turn your back on such ethical values, speech skills will become a kind of improper rhetoric, a means that can be used to achieve an end, an improper sophistry or clever speech.

Hypothesis: The central topic of this passage is the ethical value of rhetoric.


Premise: A scientific research institution proposed that wet sand was the key for the ancient Egyptians to carry huge stones and statues in the desert. The researchers pointed out that the ancient Egyptians put heavy stones on the sled, laid a layer of wet sand in front of the sled, and then dragged them. This transportation method had an unexpected effect. In the experiment, the researchers used a rheometer to test the hardness of sand, in order to confirm how much traction force is needed to deform a certain amount of sand. And on this basis, a traction model is designed. It is found that it is easier to move heavy objects when wet sand is laid before the skid, and the water content in the sand determines the hardness and traction force of the sand.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Experiments show that the wet sand laid in front of the skid is easy to accumulate and form a large sliding resistance' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: According to Chinese philosophy, saints are not people who do not care about the affairs of the world, but also internal saints and outer kings. Inner saints are said in terms of the achievements of their self-cultivation, while outer kings are said in terms of their functions in society. However, saints do not necessarily have the opportunity to become leaders of practical politics. In terms of practical politics, he probably doesn't have a chance. The so-called inner saints and outer kings only means that a man with high spiritual achievements can be king according to reason and is the most suitable king. as for whether he has a chance to be king or not, that is another matter and has nothing to do with it.

Hypothesis: Chinese philosophy discusses the inner saints and outer kings, paying more attention to the inner saints is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet' s veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer's products are of high quality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available in pet stores and in supermarkets' most helps to explain the veterinarian's reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme.


Premise: Friendly buying: The act of buying products at or above the wholesale or market price to tide over the producers in the event of large overstocking caused by natural disasters or other irresistible factors.

Hypothesis: Friendly procurement is the act of buying large quantities of fruit from worried farmers and reselling them to the northeast, making a great profit.


Premise: Sociologist: Some economists hold that unregulated markets should accompany democratic sovereignty because they let people vote with their money. But this view ignores the crucial distinction between the private consumer and the public citizen. In the marketplace the question is, What do I want?  At the voting booth the question is always, What do we want?  Hence, supporters of political democracy can also support marketplace regulation.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the sociologist is that unregulated markets are incompatible with democratic sovereignty.


Premise: The function of government is to meet the real needs of the people, and unless the government knows what those needs are, the government cannot meet those needs. Freedom of speech ensures that government officials hear such needs. Therefore, freedom of speech is essential to a healthy nation.

Hypothesis: Freedom of speech ultimately tends to disrupt social order, and good social order is a prerequisite for meeting the needs of the people does not weaken the above argument.


Premise: The accumulation organ is the accumulation site of poisons in the body. The concentration of poisons in the accumulation organ is higher than that in other organs, but it does not necessarily show toxic effect on the accumulation organ. This toxic effect can also be expressed by another organ through some pathophysiological mechanism, which is called effector organ.

Hypothesis: Radionuclides deposited in the reticuloendothelial system cause serious damage to the liver and spleen, resulting in toxic hepatitis, so the reticuloendothelial system is a accumulation organ is a correct judgment according to the above definition.


Premise: Last summer, after a number of people got sick from eating locally caught anchovies, the coastal city of San Martin advised against eating such anchovies. The anchovies were apparently tainted with domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. However, a dramatic drop in the population of P. australis plankton to numbers more normal for local coastal waters indicates that it is once again safe to eat locally caught anchovies.

Hypothesis: P. australis cannot survive in large numbers in seawater that does not contain significant quantities of domoic acid along with numerous other compounds would most help to explain why it is now safe to lift the advisory.


Premise: Taking the life course of three generations of Bai and Lu families as the line, Bailuyuan presents the historical development track of the life form of the local society from the perspective of the changes of the times, and reflects the persistence and change, tear and struggle of Chinese traditional patriarchal culture. It also describes the struggle and pain of many individual lives in specific time and space and social relations. Furthermore, it praises the eternal kindness and warmth in our national cultural tradition and morality. Moreover, the presentation of this profound theme in the work is artistic, full and perceptible. With its lukewarm and slow flow of life, it integrates into the times, regions, customs, folklore and other elements, showing the true life on Bailuyuan richly and stereoscopically, rising the fireworks of the world.

Hypothesis: The Bailuyuan shows the truthfulness and richness of the local life can be concluded from the above information.


Premise: Reflex refers to the regular response of an organism to stimuli with the help of the nervous system. Unconditioned reflex is an innate reflex that can be learned without learning. It is a simple reflex without any conditions, and it is an instinctive behavior. Conditioned reflexes are learned by organisms in their acquired life, only those that occur under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The right side of the racehorse A was often beaten by the trainer when he was young, so he went crazy when he saw someone on the right side lifting the whip' fits the definition of unconditional reflection.


Premise: Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.

Hypothesis: The influence of man-made components on human evolution conforms to the context.


Premise: In the Internet era, everyone is the outlet of value; in the global village era, everyone is the business card of the country, and more importantly, the great times and great changes, so that the Chinese people have incomparably rich possibilities of life and have a more colorful life experience. Dreams and struggles, successes and setbacks, laughter and tears are the most touching stories. Learn to discover stories, tell stories, tell their own stories, the stories around us, we can better show the world a real, three-dimensional, vivid China.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ordinary reconstructs the Chinese Story' has an accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: The reverse fallacy refers to a logical error in judging whether an opinion is correct or not based on the result generated if a certain opinion is valid (or not).

Hypothesis: If you don't listen to me, I will deduct your pocket money, so it is right for you to listen to me has reverse fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: Historian: The Land Party achieved its only national victory in Banestria in 1935. It received most of its support that year in rural and semirural areas, where the bulk of Banestria' s population lived at the time. The economic woes of the years surrounding that election hit agricultural and small business interests the hardest, and the Land Party specifically targeted those groups in 1935. I conclude that the success of the Land Party that year was due to the combination of the Land Party' s specifically addressing the concerns of these groups and the depth of the economic problems people in these groups were facing.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, strengthens the historian's argument EXCEPT the statement that 'No other major party in Banestria specifically addressed the issues of people who lived in semirural areas in 1935.'


Premise: One view is that if a country can operate its economy effectively, it must be able to create wealth and become rich; and if such a country wants to maintain political stability, the wealth it creates must be fairly distributed; and the fair distribution of wealth will reduce economic risks, but the existence of economic risks is an indispensable prerequisite for the effective operation of the economy.

Hypothesis: It is impossible for a country to have political stability and effective economic operation at the same time has a correct understanding of this passage.


Premise: In the United States, all academicians of X Research Institute are opposed to human consumption of genetically modified food, while all the leaders of Y company, which specializes in producing genetically modified corn, believe that genetically modified food is safe and advocate people to eat it at ease. Some university professors also serve as the leaders of Y company.

Hypothesis: Assuming that the above statement is true, some university professors support people to eat genetically modified food must be true.


Premise: The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon of demand variation and amplification in the supply chain. It means that when the information flow is transmitted from the final client to the original supplier, the sharing of information cannot be effectively realized, which makes the phenomenon of information distortion amplify step by step, leading to greater and greater fluctuations in demand information.

Hypothesis: The bullwhip effect belongs to the situation where Retailer A estimates an order quantity based on the sales volume of the previous month. In order to ensure that the order quantity is available in time, he submits the order to wholesaler B after slightly increasing the order quantity. And B places an order from a merchandise sales center for the same consideration.


Premise: Politician: Democracy requires that there be no restrictions on the ability of citizens to share their ideas freely, without fear of reprisal. Ttherefore the right to have private conversations, unmonitored by the government, is essential to democracy. For a government to monitor conversations on the Internet would thus be a setback for democracy.

Hypothesis: The claim that democracy depends on the ability of citizens to share their ideas freely, without fear of reprisal is a claim for which no support is provided, and which is used to support only the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely predicted to result in a corresponding decline in television viewing. Recent studies have found that, in the United States, people who own computers watch, on average, significantly less television than people who do not own computers. In itself, however, this finding does very little to show that computer use tends to reduce television viewing time, since __.

Hypothesis: Even though most computer owners in the United States watch significantly less television than the national average, some computer owners watch far more television than the national average most logically completes the argument.


Premise: All actors are exuberant people and all exuberant people are extroverts, but nevertheless it is true that some shy people are actors.

Hypothesis: Some shy extroverts are not actors is not true if the statements above are true.


Premise: In the years after the implementation of the three-guarantee law in the United States, car companies suffered huge losses by paying refunds to returns. Therefore, before the implementation of the liability regulations for repair, replacement and return of Household Automobile products (referred to as the three-guarantee Law) in 2014, people in the industry predicted that the three-guarantee law would have a great impact on automobile manufacturers. However, over the past year since the implementation of the three-guarantee law, the reporter's survey of a number of 4S stores in Beijing, Sichuan and other places shows that the case of returning and changing cars according to the three-guarantee law is zero.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the three guarantees law has been implemented one year, only 7% of consumers know about the rights and interests of the three-package before buying a car' best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Man-made environmental anomaly refers to a phenomenon in which one or more environmental elements of the natural environment have changed significantly due to human behavior within a certain geographic area, which disrupts the relative balance of the ecosystem.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the large number of orders at an industrial park along a certain river and the resulting increase in the amount of discharged wastewater, leading to the deaths of fish and shrimps in the lower reaches of the river and the deaths of crops along the coast, is an example of a human-made environmental abnormality.


Premise: Politicians often advocate increased overall economic productivity while ignoring its drawbacks. For example, attempting to increase the productivity of a corporation means attempting to increase its profitability, which typically leads to a reduction in the number of workers employed by that corporation. Thus, attempting to increase productivity in the economy as a whole may benefit business owners, but will increase the number of unemployed workers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'fails to justify its presumption that attempting to increase productivity in the economy as a whole would produce results similar to those produced by attempting to increase productivity in a single corporation' is the reasoning in the argument that is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds of the argument.


Premise: Lecturer: Given our current state of knowledge and technology, we can say that the generalization that the entropy of a closed system cannot decrease for any spontaneous process has not been falsified by any of our tests of that generalization. So we conclude it to be true universally. Yet, it must be admitted that this generalization has not been conclusively verified, in the sense that it has not been tested in every corner of the universe, under every feasible condition. Nevertheless, this generalization is correctly regarded as a scientific law; indeed, it is referred to as the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Hypothesis: The principle that "if a generalization is confirmed to the extent current science allows, then it is considered a scientific law" most justifies the lecturer's classification of the generalization described above.


Premise: The fallacy of segmentation is based on the fact that the whole has a certain property, and it is inferred that some or all of the individuals also have this property.

Hypothesis: The defendant in this case is very rich because he drives a luxury sports car when he goes out is the fallacy of segmentation.


Premise: For a long time, the role of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has both pros and cons: on the one hand, the increase in its concentration can promote the accumulation of photosynthetic products in terrestrial ecosystems, increase soil carbon storage, and form a soil carbon sequestration effect, which is a positive effect. On the other hand, It will increase the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide in terrestrial ecosystems and exacerbate the greenhouse effect, which is a negative effect. Therefore, carbon dioxide still has the majority of negative effects in the atmosphere.

Hypothesis: According to observational data, the greenhouse effect produced by carbon dioxide offsets and exceeds the carbon sequestration effect can explain the conclusion in the question.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live poetically in the countryside' is an objective-value fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: Anna: Did you know that rainbows always occur opposite the sun, appearing high in the sky when the sun is low, and low in the sky when the sun is high? The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder claimed that this was so, in the first century A. D. William: His claim cannot be correct. After all, Pliny the Elder wrote that there are tribes of dogheaded people and beings with no heads or necks but with eyes on their shoulders, and said that smearing snails on your forehead cures headaches!

Hypothesis: William's argument against Anna's claims about rainbows is most vulnerable to criticism because it illicitly infers that, because Pliny the Elder made some incorrect assertions, Pliny the Elder's assertions about rainbows are also incorrect.


Premise: In 2009, an Air France plane crashed. If France and other countries do not take active search and rescue action, the wreckage will not be found as soon as possible. The investigation report on the crash would have been more objective if the plane design company had provided technical support and sent experts to participate in the cause analysis.

Hypothesis: Or France and many other countries to take active search and rescue operations, or will not find the wreckage of the plane as soon as possible if the above statement is true.


Premise: In order to land on the moon, some scientists have begun to carry out the verification of lunar navigation. They say that the signals transmitted by GPS satellites in Earth orbit can be received and used on the moon, and the positioning accuracy can reach 200m to 300m. Some researchers believe that lunar navigation can be achieved soon.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The most direct and effective way of lunar navigation is for all countries to work together to build a time and space benchmark with positioning and timing functions in the near lunar space, so as to build a set of lunar navigation satellite system' can best question the above conclusion.


Premise: All foreign students from China live on campus; All students living on campus must participate in the sports meeting; Some Chinese students have joined the student union; Some students majoring in psychology have also joined the student union; None of the psychology majors took part in the sports meeting

Hypothesis: The conclusion that 'no psychology major lives on campus' cannot be drawn.


Premise: The government should not allow tobacco companies to deduct advertising expenses from their operating income. In this way, tobacco companies will pay more taxes. They have to raise the price of their products, which can reduce tobacco purchase.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above conclusion is that due to the need to pay more taxes, tobacco companies will no longer continue to advertise or reduce their investment in advertising.


Premise: It is a win-win move to make use of the human resources of the sanitation workers and connect them with the standard demand for shared bicycle parking: although the concurrent ownership of bicycles will increase the labor burden of the sanitation workers, their income will also increase; the participation of sanitation workers in the management of bicycles will help bicycle enterprises to reduce losses and costs, and spend more funds on the development of enterprises. For the management of the city, bicycles are arranged in an orderly manner, and the appearance of the city will be better.

Hypothesis: Sanitation workers who manage bicycles at the same time can win more than one fell swoop is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: In the era of smartphone popularity, we send and receive messages every day. Electronic information communication between people has become a unique way of communication in today's era. In the face of important people or relationships, many people often expect to be answered in seconds after sending a message. if not, they will have a sense of skepticism or abandonment and fall into deep annoyance and anxiety.

Hypothesis: The assumption that some chat software can feedback whether the receiver has read the message on the sender's mobile phone is most likely to be the assumption they need to get into deep trouble and anxiety.


Premise: Aesthetician: Zahib' s rejection of contemporary literature' s aesthetic value depends on his claim that today' s writing generally fails to grapple seriously enough with life' s deepest ethical questions -- whereas great books, he maintains, present profound moral lessons and the stuff of conscience.  But what resounding moral lesson does Vikram Seth' s A Suitable Boy or Devaki Nandan Khatri' s Chandrakanta impart? People read these two great novels because they are engaging, even thrilling, stories. The absence of a profound moral lesson in no way detracts from the aesthetic value of a novel.

Hypothesis: The aesthetician criticizes Zahib's position by arguing that for a literary work to have aesthetic value it must present a profound ethical message.


Premise: The dwarf masked owl, a rare migratory bird of prey, normally makes its winter home on the Baja peninsula, where it nests in the spiny cactus. In fact, there are no other suitable nesting sites for the dwarf masked owl on the Baja peninsula. But a blight last spring destroyed all of the spiny cacti on the Baja peninsula. So unless steps are taken to reestablish the spiny cactus population, the dwarf masked owl will not make its home on the Baja peninsula this winter.

Hypothesis: Suitable nesting sites must be present where the dwarf masked owl makes its winter home is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: In daily life, some people save trouble when taking medicine. After putting the pills in their mouths, they do not drink water or just take a sip of water, and then swallow hard, thinking they have finished taking the medicine. Some people think that this way of taking medicine is not advisable.

Hypothesis: Some drugs, due to the low solubility of metabolites, are easy to precipitate in the urinary tract and cause other symptoms. Therefore, patients should drink at least 1500 ml of water every day during the period of taking the medicine, if true, best supports these people's views.


Premise: Observers limited by malice and hatred, even with keen observation, can only see the surface; and only when keen observation is combined with kindness and love, can they explore the deepest parts of people and the world. And there is hope to achieve the most lofty goals.

Hypothesis: Without keen observation, it is impossible to reach the deepest part of a person can be derived from the options.


Premise: Regarding reading, there are two views: one thinks that books must not be read or memorized by rote, otherwise they will become nerds; the other is that it is better not to read than to become a nerd. The basis is this motto: If you read someone else's work, you are just interpreting the author's thoughts in your own mind.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that reading other people's books for a long time will make someone a nerd.


Premise: Researchers have discovered that caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances. Some people find that they become unusually depressed, drowsy, or even irritable if they do not have their customary dose of caffeine. This is significant because as many people consume caffeine as consume any one of the other addictive psychoactive substances.

Hypothesis: There is no psychoactive substance to which more people are physically addicted than are addicted to caffeine can be logically concluded from the information above.


Premise: Intuitive thinking: It is a way of thinking that the human brain can quickly understand and make judgments about new problems, new things and new phenomena that suddenly appear.

Hypothesis: Taking a problem as a center, and pointing your thinking towards this center from different directions and different angles is not a kind of intuitive thinking.


Premise: One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled SuperOXY,  that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since <b> the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs </b>.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb' would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface.


Premise: If there is no problem with the program design, then either the hardware is faulty or the input is incorrect; however, the input is actually correct.

Hypothesis: If the hardware is not faulty, then there is a problem with the program design can be inferred.


Premise: Spam mails: E-mail advertisements, publications or other materials sent to users who have not taken the initiative to ask for, emails without clear communication methods, senders, return addresses, etc.; use China Telecom's network to violate the security policies or terms of service of other ISPs Actions and other emails that are expected to cause complaints.

Hypothesis: An advertising email introducing the latest skin care products without sender is not spam mails according to the above definition.


Premise: An independent audit found no indication of tax avoidance on the part of the firm in the firm' s accounts; ttherefore, no such problem exists.

Hypothesis: The questionable reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in which an examination of the index of the book found no listing for the most prominent critic of the theory the book advocates; therefore, the book fails to refer to that critic.


Premise: The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon that patients unknowingly take fake drugs that have no effect at all, but can get the same or even better effect as the real drug. The placebo effect is supported by many clinical studies. One explanation for this phenomenon is that people's expectations for the future will change the physiological state of the brain, which in turn causes physiological changes in the whole body.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Placebo has no effect on Alzheimer's patients who have lost the ability to anticipate the future' does not support the above explanation.


Premise: The key for a city to achieve high-quality development is to establish a sound modern industrial system by promoting the development of the local manufacturing industry. The construction and development of the city's industrial park is very important to establish and improve the modern industrial system, so it is also the key to promote high-quality development.

Hypothesis: The structure of the above inference is most similar to the statement "The underdevelopment of highway network will lead to the backwardness of traffic, and the backwardness of traffic has become the biggest bottleneck restricting the accelerated development of villages and towns. Therefore, in order to speed up the development of villages and towns, we must strengthen the construction of road network."


Premise: A famous artist once claimed that all great art imitates nature. If this claim is correct, then any music that is great art would imitate nature. But while some music may imitate ocean waves or the galloping of horses, for example, most great music imitates nothing at all.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that either the artist's claim is incorrect, or most great music is not great art.


Premise: During the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases disappeared in heavily polluted British industrial cities: black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore. Biologists believe that air pollution may have eliminated these two diseases.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'There are ways to prevent infection with black spot and tar spot, but once infection is difficult to eradicate' is true, it will most strongly support the above argument.


Premise: Property rights refer to the subject's exclusive rights to things, and its essence is people's rights to the fruits of labor that occur in society.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the rights to profit and transfer are not property rights.


Premise: The gymnocypris przewalskii in Qinghai Lake is a rare fish, but since the 1950s, people began to catch a large number of gymnocypris przewalskii, resulting in the reduction of gymnocypris przewalskii resources from the initial 320000 tons to an average of 4000 tons per year. By 2013, the gymnocypris przewalskii resources were only 68000 tons. An expert believes that at this rate, the gymnocypris przewalskii in Qinghai Lake will be extinct in more than ten years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The gymnocypris przewalskii has been listed as an endangered species in the red list of species in China, and a number of measures have been taken for effective protection' best refutes the expert's point of view.


Premise: Employer: In the current economic climate, the best way to run a business is to pay employees the least amount possible to do the job. The supply of labor is far outpacing demand since the number of college graduates increases every year and the average age of retirement is also increasing. Applicants will typically take the first job offer on the table, and any employee who demands a raise can be easily replaced from the labor pool. Even if the employee is unhappy, he or she will often remain on the job due to the competition in the job market. Keeping payroll costs low allows more resources to be devoted to innovation, delivering a higher quality product to customers.

Hypothesis: Automation is the leading cause for unemployment does not weaken the employer's argument.


Premise: Note that it is psychological activity, pointing and concentrating on certain objects, that is accompanied by feeling. A common psychological characteristic of psychological processes such as memory, thinking, and imagination. Note has the characteristics of stability, distribution, transfer, wherein attention to transfer refers to a person can be active, purposeful, timely attention from one object or activity to another object or activity.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusions, Mr. Liu finishing his work report at the conference and immediately beginning to write the work plan is attention-shifting.


Premise: On July 14, 2015, after difficult negotiations in the euro zone, the Greek debt crisis was temporarily quieted down. If the Greek debt crisis is not resolved, it will have a negative impact on the economy of the euro zone. But Greece can only return to the path of economic development through extensive reforms. Greece can either reduce welfare or achieve substantial economic growth, otherwise, the debt crisis will be difficult to solve.

Hypothesis: If Greece reduces welfare or achieves substantial economic growth, it can solve the debt crisis is a statement that must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: A science magazine published an article about a kind of rubber that can heal itself. The molecules in ordinary rubber are held together by strong covalent bonds that break and cannot be restored. Instead, the researchers developed a molecular rope that combines hard-to-get hydrogen and covalent bonds and allows them to mix evenly at the molecular scale to create a transparent, tough rubber that self-heals. When pulled, the new rubber develops a network of grooves that look like cracks but do not break completely and form fibrous junctions. When the tension disappears, the rubber returns to its original shape. The technology could be used to make tyres for military equipment that do not need to be replaced immediately after damage, improving their battlefield survivability.

Hypothesis: Functional defects do not mention self-healing rubber.


Premise: If the majority of the residents of the apartment complex complain that their apartments are infested with ants, then the management of the complex will have to engage the services of an exterminator. But the majority of the residents of the complex indicate that their apartments are virtually free of ants. Ttherefore, the management of the complex will not have to engage the services of an exterminator.

Hypothesis: The argument that 'Most employees will attend the company picnic if the entertainment committee is successful in getting a certain band to play at the picnic, but that band will be out of the country on the day of the picnic, so it is not true that most employees will attend' contains a flawed pattern of reasoning parallel to that contained in the argument above.


Premise: Just look at the growing machine replacement craze, in the current tight labor supply background, it has not seen an obvious negative impact on employment. Moreover, the deepening of the industry and the refinement of the division of labor brought about by the scientific and technological revolution may lead to more job opportunities. But the categorical denial that there is no contradiction between machine replacement and full employment is overly optimistic. At present, employees who engage in repetitive, routine and high-risk jobs are most likely to be eliminated in the man-machine competition. In the face of the renewal of science and technology, we should not easily give up the traditional manufacturing industry which is conducive to increasing employment in the structural reform, and we also need to speed up the development of modern service industries that are conducive to absorbing the employed population.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Scientific and technological renewal can provide new ideas for alleviating the current employment pressure' tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: In the course of his reading, George Orwell probably encountered certain storytelling conventions over and over again, and these are the devices he would have most likely used in his work. That is why it does not follow that, even though his 1984 resembles other books of its futuristic genre, Orwell read those books; it is possible that he and the other authors were simply drawing on the same body of literary conventions.

Hypothesis: To direct an effective movie within the cowboy genre, a director must study previously successful cowboy movies most closely illustrates the principle that the passage illustrates.


Premise: Half a dozen Q40 airliners have crashed in the past two years. The manufacturer has countered claims that the Q40' s design is faulty by pointing out that, in each of the accidents, investigations indicated pilot error as the cause.

Hypothesis: In four of the crashes, the pilot's error involved disregarding instructions or information supplied by air-traffic control provides the strongest support for the manufacturer's position.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: The fifth upper X may be true if the third is M.


Premise: Researcher: The use of the newest drug in treating this disease should be discontinued. The treatment usually wreaks havoc with the normal functioning of the human body, causing severe side effects such as total loss of hair, debilitating nausea, and intense pain in the joints.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it fails to specify what is meant by normal functioning of the human body.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: If both M and W go to the England, G and U both go to the United States can be true.


Premise: Have you ever thought about the question that when you go somewhere, the return journey seems to be very short and takes very little time? why? This is because we do not know the exact length of the mileage is only estimated by some other clues, when we go to a strange place, the journey seems to be longer than the round trip.Because what we saw at that time was a series of new things, but on the return trip, we only need to identify some road signs instead of forming new memories, so the brain feels that time shortens and space becomes smaller.

Hypothesis: Space affects our sense of time is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Font tower, also known as font, treasure tower, word incinerator, tribute pavilion and so on, as the name implies, is a tower-shaped building that burns character paper in ancient times. The ancients believed that writing was sacred and noble, and that written paper should not be discarded at will, even if the waste paper needed to be washed and incinerated. When burning words and paper, it is very solemn, not only with special personnel, but also with special etiquette. Villagers in some places also organize cherish associations. In addition to volunteering, people volunteer to take to the streets to collect words and paper. After all the used subsets of Confucian classics are worn and broken, they should be sacrificed in the font tower for ten or eight years, and then set on fire and incinerated after a memorial ceremony on an auspicious day. From the Ming Dynasty, the word Kuta appeared in southern China, to the Qing Dynasty, the belief in cherishing the word paper reached its peak, and now most of the remaining character towers were built in the Qing Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The author's main intention is to explain the historical changes of the construction of font tower.


Premise: The inflation rate of last year was 1.2%, and it has reached 4% so far this year, so we can conclude that the inflation rate is on the rising trend, and the inflation rate next year will be even higher.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Financial turmoil of last year caused the inflation rate to be temporarily lower than the average level of 4% in recent years' will seriously weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: With regard to the current increase in trading volume in the real estate market, some analysts believe that China's real estate engine may restart. If so, this will lead China's economy out of the doldrums against a backdrop of foreign demand difficulties. Compared with the situation in Japan in 1986, if the government guides properly, China's economy may take the lead in getting out of the predicament because of the restart of the real estate industry. Of course, based on the experience of the United States at that time, economic restart may be a relatively long process.

Hypothesis: The increase in trading volume has brought hope of recovery to the real estate market and even China's economy is correct based on the above conclusion.


Premise: The scale effect refers to the effect that the average cost of products decreases continuously with the increase of output. Because of the relative geographical concentration, the mutual influence of technology and the spread of cost-saving methods, the related enterprises form the external economies of scale. The production cost, information cost and management cost of its products decrease with the increase of output, which enhances the competitiveness of its products. The scale advantage of the enterprise group also constitutes its cost advantage.

Hypothesis: The scale effect is the decrease in overall cost due to the increase in production capacity, supply of spare parts, and demand in the PC industry.


Premise: It is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease. Most diseases are caused by very prolific microorganisms whose response to the pressures medicines exert on them is predictable: they quickly evolve immunities to those medicines while maintaining their power to infect and even kill humans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease' is a generalization used to predict the response of microorganisms to the medicines humans use to kill them, which most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim.


Premise: The computer is a leader in modern office supplies, but it was originally invented only for fast computing. If the inventors of computers could imagine the needs of our society in the first place, maybe they will spend more time in mythical fantasies.

Hypothesis: The inventor of the computer did not build the first computer by virtue of science fiction does not correspond to the meaning of the preceding paragraph.


Premise: X Insurance Company is considering issuing a new insurance policy to provide the services seniors need for those who are suffering from elderly diseases. The insurance premium of the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Therefore, X Company will worry about that their income received is not enough to pay for the claims.

Hypothesis: Attracting middle-aged customers who will not be able to claim to benefit from the policy for many future years is most likely to minimize X Company's losses on the policy.


Premise: The schematic function of a sentence refers to the expression of a certain notice, warning, command or request through a sentence, with the purpose of asking others to do or not to do a certain behavior in accordance with the thought expressed in the sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the sentence 'The sales department should be in a meeting now' does not reflect the schematic function of the sentence.


Premise: Matthew effect refers to the achievement of success and progress in a particular area (such as money, fame, status, etc.) , which creates a cumulative advantage for any individual, group, or region, there will be more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the state has always invested heavily in the construction of famous schools. Schools that invest heavily in hardware and software will have a hard time not continuing to be elite is not a Matthew effect.


Premise: Less than 10 percent of the world's people, and of the participants in combat sports worldwide, are left-handed. However, a majority of top-level competitors in combat sports worldwide are left-handed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because left-handedness is so rare, opponents of left-handed fighters are ill equipped to handle the positions and angles from which those fighters attack' most helps to resolve the discrepancy presented in the passage.


Premise: At a party, A likes to eat Sichuan cuisine, all the fishes that B likes to eat are Sichuan cuisine, C likes to eat all Sichuan cuisine. Fried pork in scoop is not Sichuan cuisine, but Mapo tofu is Sichuan cuisine.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, B doesn't like to eat fried pork in scoop must be true.


Premise: Arbitrator: The shipping manager admits that he decided to close the old facility on October 14 and to schedule the new facility' s opening for October 17, the following Monday. But he also claims that he is not responsible for the business that was lost due to the new facility' s failing to open as scheduled. He blames the contractor for not finishing on time, but he too, is to blame, for he was aware of the contractor' s typical delays and should have planned for this contingency.

Hypothesis: The principle that a manager should take foreseeable problems into account when making decisions underlies the arbitrator's argument.


Premise: Travel agent: Although most low-fare airlines have had few, if any, accidents, very few such airlines have been in existence long enough for their safety records to be reliably established. Major airlines, on the other hand, usually have longstanding records reliably indicating their degree of safety. Hence, passengers are safer on a major airline than on one of the newer low-fare airlines.

Hypothesis: The criticism to which the reasoning in the travel agent's argument is most vulnerable is the failure to consider the possibility that long-standing and reliable records documenting an airline's degree of safety may indicate that the airline is unsafe.