Premise: It is a win-win move to make use of the human resources of the sanitation workers and connect them with the standard demand for shared bicycle parking: although the concurrent ownership of bicycles will increase the labor burden of the sanitation workers, their income will also increase; the participation of sanitation workers in the management of bicycles will help bicycle enterprises to reduce losses and costs, and spend more funds on the development of enterprises. For the management of the city, bicycles are arranged in an orderly manner, and the appearance of the city will be better.

Hypothesis: The option 'Sanitation workers who manage bicycles at the same time can win more than one fell swoop' is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: Several honest merchants opened a shop together, and when they made a lot of money, they stopped and divided their wares. But what's a bonus without a fight? They had a terrible argument about money. By this time their house was on fire, but they were still arguing about money. They quarrelled so much that they forgot that the house was on fire that they were all engulfed in the flames and killed, along with their belongings.

Hypothesis: Don't be fooled by greed is true according to the above passage.


Premise: Porcelain was originally a vulgar object and a daily necessities. It was originally born out of pottery. After thousands of years, it finally got rid of its original rough appearance, entered the hall and became a graceful work of art. But porcelain utensils used in daily life It is still used in daily life, and it has not lost its secularity because it has become a valuable artwork. Secular is the thick and huge artistic foundation of porcelain. On this basis, it has risen step by step, getting better and better, and the art is endless. The beauty is endless. It can be seen that the elegance resides in the vulgarity, and the vulgarity is also innocent, and the elegance and vulgarity are actually one.

Hypothesis: The vulgarity and elegance of porcelain art are interdependent and dialectically unified can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life' would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above.


Premise: A studio will screen 14 films during the week-long National Day holiday (Monday to Sunday), including five science fiction, three police and gangster films, three martial arts films, two war films and one romance. Given the conditions, the studio shows two movies a day. (1) Except for science fiction on Thursday, two films will be shown on each of the other six days in different genres; (2) The romance will be on Sunday; (3) Science fiction and martial arts films are not scheduled on the same day; (4) Police and war films are not scheduled on the same day.

Hypothesis: Science fiction and gangster movies can be shown on Saturdays on consecutive dates based on the above information.


Premise: Mayor of Smalltown: Instituting high taxes on sodas, which are currently untaxed in Smalltown, has been shown in the past year to encourage people to reduce their intake of soda and live healthier lifestyles. Because the effects of such taxes on local businesses have not yet been determined, though, I believe we should wait before implementing such a tax. Activist: Your position is inconsistent with previous actions you have taken. You have implemented many laws that have decreased local businesses' revenues in order to help consumers, so concern for local businesses cannot be the true reason you refuse to pass this law now.

Hypothesis: It is possible to weigh known drawbacks against known benefits, but not possible to weigh unknown drawbacks in the same way, which is a flaw in the activist's argument.


Premise: Lin Yutang once said that he stepped on the culture of the East and the West and commented on the articles on the universe with one heart, and his cultural, ideological and belief was also aimed at winning the strengths of many families and comprehension. Of course, there are many internal and external reasons for the formation of this cultural concept, but I think it is closely related to Cai Yuanpei's influence.

Hypothesis: The central meaning of this passage is Cai Yuanpei is an important figure that can not be ignored in the formation of Lin Yutang's cultural concept.


Premise: A city has two pillar industries, traditional handicraft and tourism. The development of traditional handicraft industry will inevitably lead to pollution and damage the ecological environment. However, a good ecological environment is a necessary condition for the development of tourism.

Hypothesis: The city cannot develop traditional handicrafts and tourism at the same time can be inferred from the above conclusion.


Premise: Accidental fallacy is a fallacy of general rule over exception, which negates the existence or legitimacy of exceptions based on the existence of a general rule.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Speeding is illegal, so ambulances should not exceed the speed limit' is an example of accident fallacy.


Premise: Whether it is European literature in the 19th century represented by Balzac or modern Chinese literature led by Lu Xun, most of them hold high the banner of realism, reclaim life and shape models. Literary creation since the new era basically adheres to the position of realism, is good at exposing and criticizing the negative objective reality in life, which is completely necessary and very valuable. However, in fact, realistic creation takes humanitarian thought as a weapon and pays attention not only to the analysis of the dark side of society, but also to the display of the highlights of life. Not only the accuracy and profundity of criticizing the dark side of society, but also the writer's care and sympathy for the fate of the characters.

Hypothesis: The main criticism of the above words in literary creation since the new period is that writers lack attention to real life.


Premise: A nationwide poll of students, parents, and teachers showed that over 90 percent believe that an appropriate percentage of their school' s budget is being spent on student counseling programs. It seems, then, that any significant increase in a school' s budget should be spent on something other than student counseling programs.

Hypothesis: The argument confuses the percentage of the budget spent on a program with the overall amount spent on that program describes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument above.


Premise: Historically, monetary systems have developed only in population centers with marketplaces. Through the fourth century B. C. , Mesopotamian cities engaged in trade, but had never had marketplaces. By that period, however, Greek cities all had marketplaces, or agorae. The Greek cities' agorae were centrally located and goods were traded there either for money or for commodities.

Hypothesis: The statement "The Mesopotamian cities of the fourth century B.C. did not have monetary systems" must also be true if all of the statements in the passage are true.


Premise: Among the 40 countries participating in the Third International Mathematics and Science, the United States is ranked 28th in mathematics, England is ranked 25th, Scotland is 29th, and the 4 richest countries and regions in East Asia (Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong) rank in the top 4 in mathematics, but the United States' children's education expenditure is three times that of South Korea. The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Slovenia perform significantly better than their economically developed Western neighbors, although their education funding is much lower than that of Western countries.

Hypothesis: The state's expenditure on education and the relationship between children's education level are not as great as people think is correct.


Premise: Mencius once said this sentence in Gao Zi Shang: Reason and righteousness please my heart, and meat please my mouth. This statement is truthful, exquisite, and quite enlightening. The practice of life has also been told time and time again. We, all the reason that fits my heart, always explain the profound things in a simple way. For example, chu huan means that delicacies such as beef and mutton fits my taste. maybe the speaker is sincere, but the listener doesn't care, or the speaker is hoarse and the listener is sleepy. After all, the appeal does not depend on the high voice, let alone the power of the microphone, but should be as dazzling, eye-catching, beautiful and enlightening as the peacock opens the screen.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is to talk about art and make the principles easy to accept.


Premise: Known: (1) if A is to be admitted, B will not be admitted; (2) as long as B is not admitted, A will be admitted; (3) A is admitted. It is known that only one of these three judgments is true ,and the other two are false.

Hypothesis: A is admitted, B is not admitted is introduced from this.


Premise: With the implementation of the two-child policy, breastfeeding has increasingly become an unavoidable topic for young women in the process of giving birth. Medical experts recommend exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life, and parents want to provide the best nutrition for their children. However, statistics show that in recent years, the exclusive breastfeeding rate of infants aged 0 to 6 months in China is obviously on the low side. The exclusive breastfeeding rate of infants within 6 months is 30% in rural areas and only 16% in cities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Breastfeeding can reduce the prevalence of children, and the benefits to children's health can continue into adulthood' does not explain the above statistics.


Premise: One belt, one road to life is the only slogan that can only be achieved if we integrate the ideals of life into the cause of the nation and the nation. This is not an empty slogan. From the volunteer action of the Wenchuan earthquake to the torch relay of the Beijing Olympic Games, from the anti - Tibetan independence anti - Tibetan independence to the youth spreading, the young generation has a strong sense of national confidence and national honor. The times also requires us to shoulder the important task of national rejuvenation with a solid shoulder. Whether it is a young college student in the ivory tower, a young village official rooted at the grass-roots level, or an express brother walking through the streets and small ports, as long as we do our job well, we are not contributing to our country and home? Bring your personal dreams into the current of the times, let your vigorous youth resonate with your family and country, and make the color of life more gorgeous.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is "The background of youth is always struggle."


Premise: The raw materials of cement are very cheap, such as limestone and soil that can be found everywhere can be used as raw materials for cement. But the price of cement will be affected by the price of oil, because it consumes a lot of energy to change raw materials into cement in high-temperature furnaces.

Hypothesis: Petroleum is the energy source of some high temperature furnaces for making cement is most likely to come to a conclusion based on the above judgment.


Premise: An economist said that the market economy is an open economy. China's unremitting efforts to enter the WTO are fundamentally an inevitable choice caused by domestic market-oriented reform. The solution of many problems in China depends on external forces. From a deeper and broader perspective, the WTO is the last important international organization China has joined. This is the last major diplomatic action for China to stand on its own in the forest of nations in the world, and it is also a significant sign and strong signal of its full return to the international stage. Therefore, it has been pointed out that the political significance of China's accession to the WTO is greater than the economic significance.

Hypothesis: After China's entry into WTO, China's political development will be faster than its economic development cannot be drawn from the information above.


Premise: Some people say that all knowledge is scientific, all science is colorless, and in the pursuit of knowledge, we should know the attitude of no color. If this statement is not expanded at will, I also agree. But we should know that as long as we are a living person, there must be color. There must be a power of color in the pursuit of colorless knowledge, This driving force not only determines the direction and results of a person's pursuit of knowledge, but also determines whether a person is sincere in knowledge.

Hypothesis: The power of color in this passage means moral standard.


Premise: Leisure sports refers to various forms of sports activities that people voluntarily choose and engage in under the relatively free social living environment and conditions. It is not only a social phenomenon of sports, but also an existing form of sports. It is one of the main ways of social leisure activities.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhao, who has been injured in his leg and is recovering, is guided by a nurse to take a 15 minute walk outdoors every day at the request of the doctor belongs to leisure sports according to the above definition.


Premise: The area of equatorial rainforest in H country has been reduced by an astonishing proportion every year, but the data of satellite photos show that the reduction of rainforest area in H country last year is significantly lower than that in previous years. Last year, the H government spent millions of dollars to stop deforestation and prevent forest fires. The H government claims that the data from the above satellite photos show that its government's efforts to protect the equatorial rainforest have achieved remarkable results.

Hypothesis: Last year, H's financial investment in protecting the equatorial rainforest was significantly lower than in previous years will most weaken the above conclusion of the H government.


Premise: Market concentration refers to the degree of concentration of an industry in the market structure. It is used to measure the difference of the number and relative scale of enterprises and is an important quantitative indicator of market power.

Hypothesis: Most markets in a city have pastry shops nearby is a phenomenon of low market concentration.


Premise: Interactive inhibition is mainly to induce patients, slowly exposed to the situation leading to neuro-anxiety and fear, and through psychological relaxation, to combat this anxiety, so as to eliminate anxiety or fear.Full irrigation therapy is a rapid behavioral therapy that encourages patients to come into direct contact with situations that cause fear and anxiety, and persists until the tension sensation disappears.

Hypothesis: The option 'Place the patient in the back seat of the car and drive for several hours to make the patient anxious, and the fear of fear gradually weakens until the patient is completely used to riding in the car and no longer feels fear' uses full irrigation therapy for the treatment of patients with ride-hailing phobias.


Premise: The top 50 centimeters of soil on Tiliga Island contain bones from the native birds eaten by the islanders since the first human immigration to the island 3, 000 years ago. A comparison of this top layer with the underlying 150 centimeters of soil -- accumulated over 80, 000 years -- reveals that before humans arrived on Tiliga, a much larger and more diverse population of birds lived there. Thus, the arrival of humans dramatically decreased the population and diversity of birds on Tiliga.

Hypothesis: Many of the bird species that disappeared from Tiliga did not disappear from other, similar, uninhabited islands until much later most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: There is little plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical. Obviously, people must assess one another and not all assessments will be positive. However, there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental. To be judgmental is not merely to assess someone negatively, but to do so prior to a serious effort at understanding.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental.


Premise: During the war between the United States and a European country, the United States Navy widely distributed posters throughout the country to recruit soldiers. The most famous advertisement at that time said that the death rate of the United States Navy was lower than that of New York citizens. Facing questions, the responsible Navy official explained: According to statistics, the annual death rate of New York citizens is 16%, and even in wartime, the death rate of U.S. Navy soldiers is only 9%.

Hypothesis: During the war, because some navies bear transportation tasks and do not directly participate in the war, the mortality rate of navy soldiers is lower than that of Army soldiers best explains the above conclusions.


Premise: Medical science holds that the speed of blood circulation throughout the body is inversely proportional to the speed of muscle movement. Muscle and nerves are tense and blood vessels are squeezed, which will reduce blood flow and cause local ischemia and hypoxia. When the tension of muscle and brain nerve increases by more than 60% than usual, the local blood flow can be completely interrupted. Of all diseases today, 60% to 80% can be traced back to the excessive tension of modern life.

Hypothesis: The option 'Many diseases of modern people are related to the tense state of life' is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: With the increasing intensity of the US presidential campaign, a political advertisement appeared on the website of an anti-Bush democratic political group called moving forward, comparing Bush to Nazi head Hitler, causing anger among Republicans and American Jewish groups. In fact, this controversial advertisement is only one of the entries in the Bush 30 seconds political advertising contest launched by the moving forward website, and there are as many as 1512 advertisements attacking Bush's erroneous policy from all aspects.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Bush's erroneous policy was attacked by as many as 1512 advertisements.


Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that there is some plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical.


Premise: The desert in northern China shrank greatly compared with the last glacial maximum from 26000 to 16000 years ago, and expanded obviously compared with the holocene warm period from 900 to 5000 years ago. Therefore, the researchers believe that the climate change, and even the ice amount change in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are the main factors affecting the surface environment changes of deserts and sandy lands in China.

Hypothesis: The statement "During a certain period of time, the temperature in northern China rose, rainfall increased, and the area of quicksand shrank by half than before" can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Driving is a risky traffic behavior. The psychological, physiological and behavioral characteristics of drivers have a great impact on driving safety, which often determines whether potential accidents may occur. The research shows that female drivers have low discrimination ability to complex traffic environment, and respond less actively than men in stress environment, so they can't cope with emergencies. In addition, There are also significant differences in physical conditions between male and female drivers. The average gap between men and women is quite obvious in terms of vision, physical strength and spatial ability. Therefore, it is suggested that compared with male drivers, female drivers do have the side of road killer, that is, they are more likely to cause serious traffic accidents.

Hypothesis: The statement "the ratio of male and female drivers is 7:3" cannot refute the view that there are a large number of female drivers with driver's licenses.


Premise: The Green Peas Grocery Store in the remote wealthy enclave of Luxville charges more than the Green Peas Grocery Store in Oak City charges for the same items. Clearly, on any given item, the Green Peas grocery franchise is taking advantage of its location in Luxville to reap higher profits on that item.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare the cost of transporting merchandise to the Oak City location with the comparable cost to the Luxville location.


Premise: Social assistance refers to the system that the state provides assistance to social members who cannot maintain the minimum living standard due to natural disasters or other economic and social reasons through the redistribution of national income, so as to ensure their minimum living standard.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, each rural household with five guarantees can receive a certain amount of support from the Ministry of civil affairs according to a certain standard every year does not belong to social assistance.


Premise: Claude: Because of the relatively high number of middle-aged people in the workforce, there will be fewer opportunities for promotion into upper-management positions. Since this will decrease people' s incentive to work hard, economic productivity and the quality of life will diminish. Thelma: This glut of middle-aged workers will lead many people to form their own companies. They will work hard and thus increase economic productivity, improving the quality of life even if many of the companies ultimately fail.

Hypothesis: Claude and Thelma are committed to agreeing that the quality of life in a society affects that society's economic productivity.


Premise: Only those with good logical thinking ability and physics major background can be qualified for this position.

Hypothesis: If the statement that Xiao Li had never studied physics is true, then it cannot be true that Xiao Li was qualified for the post.


Premise: Remote sensing geophysical prospecting refers to the method of detecting electromagnetic wave information radiated (or reflected) by ground objects with various sensors at a considerable distance to find out various geological or geological conditions.

Hypothesis: Remote sensing geophysical prospecting includes the use of mine detection devices to find mines buried in the ground.


Premise: In the process of policy implementation, there is still a lack of strong institutions from top to bottom to inspect and supervise the implementation of various policies. Often, whenever there are problems that need to be solved, they issue a document, make some new regulations, or set up new institutions, and pay less attention to the implementation of these policies. Due to the lack of supervision and guarantee system for the implementation of laws, regulations or policy documents, whether they are implemented or not is the same. Over time, the wind that orders are not carried out and prohibitions are still arbitrary will naturally prevail.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the sentence 'The supervision and inspection of policy implementation must be strengthened.'


Premise: The door is a symbol of secrecy and avoidance, a symbol of the quiet or sad secret struggle of the mind hiding in bliss. A house without a door is not a house, but a hallway. Wherever a man is, he can make himself at ease as long as he is behind a closed door. The mind works most effectively in a closed door. People are not horses that graze together.

Hypothesis: People need to have a way to eliminate external interference in order to improve the thinking power of the brain is the correct interpretation of this paragraph.


Premise: The journalistic practice of fabricating remarks after an interview and printing them within quotation marks, as if they were the interviewee' s own words, has been decried as a form of unfair misrepresentation. However, people' s actual spoken remarks rarely convey their ideas as clearly as does a distillation of those ideas crafted, after an interview, by a skilled writer. Ttherefore, since this practice avoids the more serious misrepresentation that would occur if people' s exact words were quoted but their ideas only partially expressed, it is entirely defensible.

Hypothesis: Concluding that a practice is right on the grounds that it is necessary is a questionable technique used in the argument.


Premise: Philosopher: Scientists talk about the pursuit of truth, but, like most people, they are self-interested. Accordingly, the professional activities of most scientists are directed toward personal career enhancement, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. Hence, the activities of the scientific community are largely directed toward enhancing the status of that community as a whole, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the philosopher's argument is flawed because the argument improperly draws an inference about the scientific community as a whole from a premise about individual scientists.


Premise: Researchers wanted to know if secondhand tobacco smoke is a significant factor in contracting lung diseases. They conducted a study comparing the health of a group of nonsmoking spouses of smokers with that of a group of nonsmoking spouses of nonsmokers. It was discovered that the spouses of smokers were significantly more susceptible to lung diseases than were the spouses of nonsmokers. The researchers concluded that secondhand tobacco smoke is indeed a factor in the development of lung diseases.

Hypothesis: The fact that the group of spouses of smokers was selected from a heavily industrialized urban area, while the group of spouses of nonsmokers was chosen from a rural area most calls into question the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Parents of a student: Now the students are under too much pressure to study, and they don't have the joy of childhood when they do their homework every day until ten o'clock in the evening! Teachers of the school: The school itself did not put too much pressure on the children and assigned very little homework. It was because the parents enrolled too many tuition classes for the children, which caused all kinds of homework to be completed very late. The children did not have time to play, so there was no happy childhood.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the teacher did not assign much written homework, the requirements of the homework made students have to apply for tuition' would most question the explanation of the school's teacher.


Premise: Apparent agency means that the actor has no power of agency, exceeds the power of agency or terminates the power of agency to conclude a contract in the name of the principal, and the counterpart has reason to believe that the actor has the power of agency, the agency is effective.

Hypothesis: A, a salesperson of enterprise B who was removed for receiving kickbacks but still has a blank contract with the official seal of enterprise B, using this contract to sign a purchase and sales agreement with C is an apparent agency according to the above definition.


Premise: High-technology medicine is driving up the nation' s health care costs. Recent advances in cataract surgery illustrate why this is occurring. Cataracts are a major cause of blindness, especially in elderly people. Ten years ago, cataract surgery was painful and not always effective. Thanks to the new technology used in cataract surgery, the operation now restores vision dramatically and is less expensive. These two factors have caused the number of cataract operations performed to increase greatly, which has, in turn, driven up the total amount spent on cataract surgery.

Hypothesis: The total amount spent on cataract surgery has increased because the increased number of people electing to have the surgery more than offsets the decrease in cost per operation can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: Body image disorder refers to a person who compulsively thinks that some parts of his body have a serious defect and adopts special ways to cover up or repair. These perceived defects are usually imagined; even if they do exist, their severity is exaggerated.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li, who likes to be clean, spends an hour washing in the bathroom every morning conforms to the performance of body image disorder.


Premise: Council member P: Alarmists are those who see an instance of pollution and exaggerate its significance into a major character fault of society. Such alarmists fail to distinguish the incident and the behavior that caused it from the disposition of people not to pollute. Council member Q: To think that there is a lot of pollution based on the discovery of a serious single instance of pollution is simply an application of the widely accepted principle that actions tend to follow the path of least resistance, and it is surely easier to pollute than not to pollute.

Hypothesis: Council members P and Q disagree over whether people can change their behavior and not pollute.


Premise: S enterprise and J enterprise produce and sale the same instrument. Both the wages of employees in the S and J Enterprises account for 40% of the production instrument. S enterprises are seeking a competitive advantage over J enterprises. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, s enterprises should reduce the wages of employees.

Hypothesis: The salary paid by S enterprises to its enterprises being on average 10% higher than that of J company would most weaken this argument if it is true.


Premise: A foreign professor recently pointed out that a person with a baby face means he will enjoy a longer life, because people's living conditions are easily reflected in their faces. Since the spring of 1990, the professor's team has conducted physical and cognitive tests on 1826 pairs of twins over the age of 70 and took pictures of their faces. Without knowing their exact age, three research assistants first assessed the age of twins in different age groups and found that even twins were very different in age. The team then followed the twins' lives in their later years for several years until they died. The older the twins, the more likely they are to die first, according to the survey.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The three research assistants are relatively young and have not been engaged in the research for a long time' is the most likely to refute the professor's findings.


Premise: If China wants to make great achievements in the 21st century, it should not only make efforts on the general skills of international competition and interaction, but more importantly, it should have a clear understanding of the evolution and development trend of world political characteristics in time, so as to stimulate greater strategic wisdom, have a keen insight into the possible trends of the world in the future, timely eliminate all kinds of drawbacks that are not suitable for future development, and safeguard national security and interests. Seek the all-round development of society. In other words, the mission of international strategy is not and cannot be to design some kind of self-righteous outcome for the world.

Hypothesis: China's international strategy should clearly recognize the evolution of world political characteristics and the general trend of development is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: The study found that people aged 20 to 39 are more keen on using sports applications in smart phones. The main reason is that most of them have participated in work, and sub-health is more common in this group, so more and more white-collar workers and young people pay more attention to physical health. At the same time, the obesity rate of young people is relatively high, and young people's pursuit of beauty is far more than that of middle-aged and elderly people, so they care more about sports. In addition, users in this age group are also more familiar with the operation of smart phones.

Hypothesis: Many young people work overtime for a long time and sleep is far from enough weakens the above findings.


Premise: The popularization of computer and the emergence of the network are changing the way of social information transmission, also changing people's entertainment, but also make the traditional media by a huge impact. Many people spend so much time in front of the computer that they even become Internet autistic.

Hypothesis: Internet autism is caused by computers can be inferred.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: For any acceptable arrangement, G must happen to be scheduled the week before O.


Premise: Recently an unusually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most of these had abnormally high tissue concentrations of certain compounds that, even in low concentrations, reduce dolphins' resistance to infection. The only source of these compounds in the dolphins' environment is boat paint. Ttherefore, since dolphins rid their bodies of the compounds rapidly once exposure ceases, their mortality rate should decline rapidly if such boat paints are banned.

Hypothesis: The statement that the compounds break down into harmless substances after a few months of exposure to water or air most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The size of northern fur seals provides a reliable indication of their population levels -- the smaller the average body size of seals in a population, the larger the population. Archaeologists studied seal fossils covering an 800-year period when the seals were hunted for food by Native peoples in North America and found that the average body size of the seals did not vary significantly.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, provide the most support for the claim that during the 800-year period studied, seal hunting practices did not vary substantially between different groups of Native peoples in North America.


Premise: Beber's law means that when someone experiences a strong stimulus, the first big stimulus can dilute the influence of the second small stimulus.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the verse 'I dreamt vaguely that I rode a war horse in iron armor across the frozen river' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law.


Premise: Vice President: I advocate that at most one of Mr. Wang and Mr. Qiu can be recommended as a candidate for national famous teaching teachers. President: I disagree.

Hypothesis: Neither Mr. Wang nor Mr. Qiu can be recommended as candidates for national famous teachers best expresses the principal's opinion.


Premise: Because the image of the photo is formed by the contact between the light and the film, each photo has a certain degree of authenticity. However, the photos taken from different angles always reflect the truth of one side of the object rather than the whole truth. in this sense, the photos are not true. Therefore, under the current technical conditions, it is not appropriate to use photographs as evidence, especially in court.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'In the court trial, although some photos can not be used as evidence, they have important reference value' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Due to fierce competition for survival in the ecological zone, the number of old elephants is decreasing year by year and the survival rate of young elephants is increasing.

Hypothesis: The proportion of young elephants will rise within two years.


Premise: In polluted environments, dolphins gradually accumulated toxins in their body fat, and the larger the dolphin the more accumulated toxin it can tolerate. Nearly 80 percent of the toxins a female dolphin has accumulated pass into the fat-rich milk her nursing calf ingests. Ttherefore, the unusually high mortality rate among dolphin calves in the industrially contaminated waters along Florida' s Gulf Coast is probably the result of their being poisoned by their mother' s milk.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The rate at which adult dolphins living in the waters along Florida's Gulf Coast accumulate toxins is no higher than that of adult dolphins in comparably polluted waters elsewhere' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Some of Zhao, Qian, Sun and Li won the special prize in the latest lottery. I know now that Zhao can win the special prize only if he plays at the A betting station. If Qian wins the special prize, the lottery must be held after 10:00. The lottery started at 8: 30 a.m. and lasted only 20 minutes, and the lottery number is self-made.

Hypothesis: Sun and Li won the special prize can be inferred based on this.


Premise: The solution to any environmental problem that is not the result of government mismanagement can only lie in major changes in consumer habits. But major changes in consumer habits will occur only if such changes are economically enticing. As a result, few serious ecological problems will be solved unless the solutions are made economically enticing.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument above follows logically if it is assumed that few serious ecological problems are the result of government mismanagement.


Hypothesis: The verse 'After seeing the rough sea, the water in other places is not worth mentioning' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law according to the above definition.


Premise: By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of black ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Ttherefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Jessica: The budget surplus should be used only to increase government payments to those who are unemployed. Marcie: A better use of the money would be for a public works project that would create jobs.

Hypothesis: Jessica and Marcie are committed to disagreeing about the truth of there being a better way to use the budget surplus than increasing government payments to those who are unemployed.


Premise: In an electoral society, every politician has to pander to the voters in order to get elected. Cheng Bian was a super politician who wanted to be elected. So he will try his best to pander to voters. In many cases, you can't pander to voters without writing a lot of lip service. In fact, Cheng Bian was elected.

Hypothesis: Mr Cheng is likely to offer voters a lot of empty promises is the conclusion that can best be deduced from the question.


Premise: A former vice president of the Shanxi vinegar industry association said that only 5% of the Shanxi aged vinegar sold on the market is the real Shanxi aged vinegar without additives. A vice president of the China seasoning Association said in an interview with reporters on the incident: as long as additives are added according to national standards, there is no safety problem. Some enterprises emphasize that they do not add additives, which is unfair to enterprises that add additives according to normal standards.

Hypothesis: The national standard of an industry is too high, which is not conducive to the healthy development of the industry can be logically derived from the words of the vice president of the seasoning association.


Premise: Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak' provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction.


Premise: Many bird and reptile species use hissing as a threat device against potential predators. The way these species produce hissing sounds is similar enough that it is likely that this behavior developed in an early common ancestor. At the time this common ancestor would have lived, however, none of its potential predators would have yet acquired the anatomy necessary to hear hissing sounds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The production of a hissing sound would have increased the apparent body size of the common ancestor of bird and reptile species' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Grammarians have for years condemned as ungrammatical the English phrase between you and I, insisting that the correct phrasing is between you and me,  with the objective case after a preposition. Such condemnations, however, are obviously unfounded, because Shakespeare himself, in The Merchant of Venice, wrote, All debts are cleared between you and I.

Hypothesis: The phrase between you and I appears infrequently in Shakespeare's writings most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: The same number of eggplant seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses, and only fertilizer A was applied to the first greenhouse, but not to the second greenhouse. The first greenhouse produces 1200 kilograms of eggplant and the second greenhouse produces 900kg eggplant. Nothing but water was applied to the two greenhouses, so fertilizer A must have led to a higher yield of eggplant in the first greenhouse.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The quality of the soil and the amount of sunshine in the two greenhouses are different' most seriously weakens the above argument.


Premise: Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The organs most prone to cancer include lung, stomach, large intestine, breast and so on. The high-temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get cancer. Therefore, you can raise your body temperature by exercising, drinking hot water, bathing and other methods to fight cancer.

Hypothesis: There is a precise regulation mechanism of human body temperature, which basically maintains a stable state, and there is no obvious temperature difference between various organs in the body can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: Some members of a gymnastics team are from Guangxi.

Hypothesis: The objects of the above judgment are all members of a gymnastics team.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: The list of students going to England can be M, U, and W.


Premise: Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources.

Hypothesis: There was a steady decline in the yearly revenues generated by the energy tax in Frieland must be true on the basis of the statements in the passage.


Premise: Two paleontologists, Dr. Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot, Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson' s conclusion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe' most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion.


Premise: It is undeniable that regular consumption of fast food can lead to serious health problems. However, most people agree that fast food companies should not be held liable for the effects their product has on the health of consumers. Few people, however, disagree with holding tobacco companies liable for the serious health problems caused by cigarette usage. Ttherefore, fast food must not be as unhealthy as cigarettes.

Hypothesis: That health concerns are the only reason people believe tobacco companies should be held liable is assumed in the passage.


Premise: Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that we should not approve of bringing the economy fully into the planned track.


Premise: Social insurance is a system adopted by the state to distribute and redistribute national income by coercive means, to form a special consumption fund, and to provide workers with a system of social assistance to help ensure their basic life in the event of incapacity or loss of employment opportunities.

Hypothesis: Employment injury insurance is social insurance.


Premise: Not all people can become civil servants.

Hypothesis: There must be some people who can't be civil servants can be inferred.


Premise: In the process of studying the situation of a certain town, the following information has been obtained: (1) the villagers in the rich village of Zhang are very industrious; (2) some villagers in the relatively poor village of Li are also very industrious.

Hypothesis: Some very industrious people are not villagers in Zhang Village can be inferred.


Premise: A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Everyone expresses fear in different ways' is the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Some animal eggs will hatch by the heat generated when microorganisms in the soil and compost decompose organic matter, but these microorganisms (including bacteria) will also penetrate the eggshell and infect embryos. Naturally, this ratio is higher than 20%. However, in In Australia, there is a bird named Congzhong pheasant , whose eggs are only 9% infected. Researchers have found that their eggshells contain lysozyme. Based on this, the researchers believe that the key factor is that this substance is likely to resist Bacteria infestation.

Hypothesis: The amount of lysozyme contained in the eggshell of the Congzhong pheasant is roughly the same as that of other animals is true and does not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: The paddy field is not only a rice planting area, but also a farm where the rice is perfumed and the fish is fat and shrimp is strong. Traditional dwarf rice is densely planted because of the pursuit of maximum yield. In addition, the plant stalk is short and the space in the paddy field is narrow, resulting in poor air circulation and reduced effective oxygen content in the water. The high-stalk rice has a tall plant type, luxuriant leaves and a high canopy, and the plant spacing is relatively sparse, which can provide a good habitat for rice field animals such as frogs, fish and loach, and has the advantage of being suitable for the combination of planting and breeding. The problem of insufficient air convection and insufficient space above the paddy field caused by too dense plants. Compared with the current common paddy field comprehensive planting and breeding model, the economic benefits of this model are significantly improved, which will greatly enhance the enthusiasm of farmers for planting.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It will become the development direction of rice farming in the future' is this passage intended to illustrate the cultivation of high stalk rice.


Premise: The Blackridge Company, a software retailer, recently implemented a service offering free telephone support for its customers. After 3 months of service, the average length of a technical support call was 15 minutes, 3 minutes higher than the company's target length of 12 minutes. After studying the operations of the new telephone support division, the company discovered that customer support agents were putting customers on hold for an average of 4 minutes per call while these agents researched possible solutions to the technical issues at hand.

Hypothesis: The Blackridge Company could reduce the average length of its customer support calls by providing an online support service in addition to the telephone support service.


Premise: Motto: Originally refers to the aphorisms written on the side of the seat to motivate, alert and restrain one's behavior. Later, one or a few aphorisms that are remembered by a person or often remind oneself are also called a motto.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, the statement 'If nature knows, it will perceive the immutable law of prosperity and decline. It is the inevitable law of the development of human society to change, develop and advance constantly' is not suitable for use as a motto.


Premise: Environmentalists pay attention to the high cost of protecting endangered animals and propose that we should decide which animals to be protected by evaluating the value of various endangered animals to human beings. This method is not practical, because it is impossible to predict the future value of an animal. It is also impossible to evaluate the value of animals that make indirect but important contributions to human beings today.

Hypothesis: The main argument of the above is that because the method of judging the value of animals to human beings is not perfect, the decisions made on this basis are not reliable.


Premise: A chemical present in all grapes helps reduce blood cholesterol in humans. The chemical is also present in red wine and grape juice, bECACAut not in white wine. Both red wine and grape juice are produced using whole grapes; white wine is produced without using the grape skins.

Hypothesis: The skins of red grapes but not of other grapes contain the chemical that reduces blood cholesterol most strongly supports which of the following conclusions.


Premise: Nearly everyone has complained of a mistaken utility bill that cannot easily be corrected or of computer files that cannot readily be retrieved. Yet few people today would tolerate waiting in long lines while clerks search for information that can now be found in seconds, and almost no one who has used a word processor would return to a typewriter.

Hypothesis: The principle that the fact that people complain about some consequences of technology cannot be taken as a reliable indication that they would choose to live without it conforms most closely to the information above.


Premise: At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed to be true at Tromen University that it is not possible to major in both biology and French literature.


Premise: There is a saying that the human brain has a reward circuit for sugar, that is, sugar intake, which causes the brain to secrete substances that make people happy. Dopamine is the eloquent salesman who makes you fall into a sugar trap before you know it. However, eating too much can be counterproductive. The study found that the consequences of long-term high sugar may lead not only to physical obesity, but also to psychological depression. But it will not take overnight to understand the relationship between food and human body and mind. It will be a long-term study.

Hypothesis: People who eat sugar for a long time are more likely to be depressed according to this passage.


Premise: Throughout history, we will find that people are eager to know what will happen in the future. From primitive myths, religious stories to folk legends, there are many contents about prediction. A common feature of these predictions is mystery-knowing what it is but not why. In the history of natural development, scientists have also made predictions many times, and their methods are very different from those of mysticism. For example, in the early days of ancient Greek civilization, the philosopher Fengles traveled to Babylon, learned the periodic law of solar and lunar eclipses and successfully predicted a solar eclipse. This prediction is based on hundreds of years of astronomical observations and laws of Babylonian astronomers, which anyone can do as long as they study hard. There are many such successful predictions of solar and lunar eclipses in ancient China.

Hypothesis: The intended description of this passage is "There are a large number of successful cases of scientific prediction at all times and all over the world."


Premise: Critic: It is common to argue that there is a distinction between literary and genre fiction. The first should be interpreted, so this argument goes, while the second is merely a source of easy pleasure. But this is a specious distinction -- not because every work should be interpreted, but because no work should be. When we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work' s emotional impact.

Hypothesis: The claim that when we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work's emotional impact is offered as support for the conclusion in the critic's argument.


Premise: In the United States, the average life span of cancer patients, that is the life span from being diagnosed with cancer to death is 7 years, while the average life span of cancer patients in Asia is only 4 years. Therefore, the United States has a higher level of medical care in extending the lifespan of cancer patients than Asia.

Hypothesis: On the whole, the United States' awareness of self-care is higher than that of Asians, so the early diagnosis rate of cancer patients in the United States is higher than that in Asia is true and will weaken the above argument most.


Premise: Smith' s new grazing land consists entirely of fescue grass. Half of the grass contains a species of fungus that makes cows ill when they eat it. Smith' s cows will most likely learn to graze exclusively on the grass that does not contain the fungus, since, like many other animals, cows will avoid eating a patch of grass if they sense a substance in it that has made them ill.

Hypothesis: At least some cows that have been made ill by the fungus are capable of sensing the fungus in fescue grass is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and he Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Wenkai are not selected at the same time; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: If He Zhilian is not selected, Tang Xiaohua is also not selected.


Premise: By examining the fossilized leaves of any prehistoric plant it is possible to determine the climate in which that specimen grew because the size and shape of a leaf are unique to a given climate. Since the climate at a given location depends on the altitude at that location, it follows that the size and shape of a fossilized leaf also indicates the altitude at which the plant grew.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to demonstrate that no species of plant can long survive a violent change in its environment.


Premise: Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence shown by artificial systems. The core issues of artificial intelligence include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, movement and the ability to manipulate objects.

Hypothesis: The technological breakthrough 'By using the digital theorem proving program, scientists have proved 38 theorems in the second chapter of the book Mathematical principles' has nothing to do with artificial intelligence.


Premise: The baby has built up a certain model of the outside world in his mind, a certain view of the outside world. If the model fits the outside world, they are satisfied; If it is not, that is, the desired result does not occur, they feel dissatisfied.

Hypothesis: If a baby smiles at a familiar face, it means that the face corresponded to some expectation in his mind according to the text.


Premise: Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet' s veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer's products are of high quality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many pet owners have begun demanding quality in products they buy for their pets that is as high as that in products they buy for themselves' most helps to explain the veterinarian's reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme.


Premise: The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the argument is that it distorts the proposal advocated by opponents.


Premise: Over the past few decades dozens of people have claimed to have sighted the Yeti in the Himalayas. This provides strong evidence that the creature exists.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is questionable because it fails to consider alternative explanations for the reported sightings.


Premise: Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li took part in a skills competition and won the first four places in the competition.  It is understood that their relationship is as follows. First, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li often meet to play basketball together.  Second, the first and third place just met in this competition;  Third, the second can't ride a bike, nor play basketball;  Fourth, Mr. Zhao's rank is higher than That of Mr. Qian.  Fifth, Mr. Qian and Mr. Li ride bicycles to work together every day.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, the correct order to judge the winner of the first, second, third and fourth places in this competition is Mr. Li, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Sun, and Mr. Qian.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E live in houses 1,2,3,4 and 5 in the same neighborhood. It is now known that A and B are not neighbors. B's room number is smaller than D's. The number of rooms in room C is even number. Room number A is 3 higher than E.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, D Lives in room number 3.


Premise: Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or fused,  and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using heavy water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained in an air-filled chamber designed to eliminate extraneous vibration. After the experiment, a measurable amount of helium-4 gas was found in the air of the chamber. The experimenters cited this evidence in support of their conclusion that fusion had been achieved.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of helium-4 found in the chamber's air did not exceed the amount of helium-4 that is found in ordinary air' would cast doubt on the experimenters' conclusion.


Premise: More than 400 East Asian languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Qiang and Burmese, are considered to share a common ancestral language, collectively known as the Sino-Tibetan language family, whose mother tongue is second only to the Indo-European family. For a long time, linguists have long disputed the genetic relationship, the time of differentiation and the place of origin of each language branch within the Sino-Tibetan language family. Recently, the research team of Fudan University announced that, using analytical methods such as linguistics and genetics, they found that the Sino-Tibetan language family originated in northern China in the Neolithic Age and was divided for the first time about 6,000 years ago. The results were recently published online in the British journal Nature in the form of original research papers.

Hypothesis: The relationship between the Sino-Tibetan language family and the Indo-European language family is not likely to be introduced in this passage next.


Premise: Nutritionist: The food pyramid was amended to provide the public with a healthier nutrition plan to combat the obesity epidemic. The base of the previous food pyramid -- the grains group -- advised people to eat six-to-eleven servings of pasta and bread per day. In contrast, the updated pictorial nutrition guide shows a plate, and it reduces the percentage of dietary intake of grains and replaces the difference with lean proteins and vegetables. The updated guide has been wildly successful, as citizens have lost a significant amount of weight.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Eating six-to-eleven servings of pasta and bread increased citizens' risk of heart disease' most strengthens the nutritionist's conclusion.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: G or H, or both, will definitely take part in the competition.


Premise: Projective identity refers to a behavior pattern in which a person induces others to respond in an established way, which is reflected in interpersonal relationships. It is often that A projects the good or bad object in his heart onto B and thinks that B is good or bad. And B accepts this projection fantasy, so he treats A in the way envisaged by A, Then A further verified his hypothesis and thought that B was the person he thought.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, projective identity is an outstanding father can naturally raise excellent children.


Premise: It is impossible that all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin.

Hypothesis: Inevitably, all Hong Kong people can't speak Mandarin has the closest meaning to the above judgment.


Premise: Albumin, one element of blood plasma, is an effective substitute for plasma in treating or preventing shock, the collapse of blood vessels due to a drop in the liquid volume of the bloodstream. Injected into the bloodstream, albumin absorbs enough liquid from surrounding tissues to keep the blood vessels open. It has an advantage over plasma because it can be made available for emergencies while taking up a fraction of the shipping and storage space of plasma.

Hypothesis: Dehydrated foods have much the same food value as ordinary foods and are more convenient for hikers because they are lighter and take up less space in backpacks best illustrates the principle illustrated by the stated advantage of using albumin as a substitute for plasma.


Premise: At the end of the Second World War, women of childbearing age in a country reached the lowest point. In the mid-1950s, 10 years after the end of the Second World War, the average family had 4.5 children. Ten years ago, the number of women of childbearing age in the country reached an all-time high. At present, the average family has only 1.82 children.

Hypothesis: The number of women of childbearing age has nothing to do with fertility can be drawn from the above.


Premise: Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water. Under a recent proposal, millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal is pointless, because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.

Hypothesis: Humans often become ill as a result of eating lobsters with gill diseases most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Youth A, B, C, D and E from a village applied for employment in a housing maintenance company. According to their respective expertise, five of them were employed as welders, bricklayers, electricians, carpenters and plumbers. It is known that each of them does only one type of work, and one of their five people does each type of work, and it is also known that: (1) if A works as a welder, C works as a carpenter; (2) if one of B and D works as a plumber, then A works as a welder; (3) C or works as a bricklayer, or an electrician.

Hypothesis: If E works as a bricklayer, it can be inferred that A works as a plumber.


Premise: Generally speaking, broken objects are always unbeautiful. But how to explain the fact that the remains of so many ancient buildings, sculptures and even daily necessities are considered beautiful? It may be because these remains with aesthetic value are of great value, either because of their considerable scale, or because of important practical functions, such as magnificent palaces, mausoleums, temples, city walls, ancient bridges, ancient pagodas, etc., it contains the extraordinary wisdom and great hard work of our predecessors, whether it is destroyed in war or natural disasters, it will arouse people's regret and caress the remains to think of the whole. There are a large number of such ancient buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage project, such as the Great Wall of China, the Parthenon in Greece, Angkor Wat in Cambodia and so on.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is why ruins are beautiful.


Premise: Politicians often advocate increased overall economic productivity while ignoring its drawbacks. For example, attempting to increase the productivity of a corporation means attempting to increase its profitability, which typically leads to a reduction in the number of workers employed by that corporation. Thus, attempting to increase productivity in the economy as a whole may benefit business owners, but will increase the number of unemployed workers.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presumes, without providing justification, that increased unemployment is sufficient reason to abandon increased productivity as an economic goal.


Premise: Digital divide: refers to the trend of information gaps between different countries, regions, industries, companies, and communities in the global digitalization process due to differences in the degree of ownership, application, and innovation capabilities of information and network technologies.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the phenomenon of large companies having the ability and capital to establish big data systems, while small companies often look to them, belongs to the digital divide.


Premise: Geneticist: Ethicists have fears, many of them reasonable, about the prospect of cloning human beings, that is, producing exact genetic duplicates. But the horror-movie image of a wealthy person creating an army of exact duplicates is completely unrealistic. Clones must be raised and educated, a long-term process that could never produce adults identical to the original in terms of outlook, personality, or goals. More realistic is the possibility that wealthy individuals might use clones as living organ banks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is a reason for discounting one possible fear concerning the cloning of human beings' plays the role of the claim that cloning will not produce adults with identical personalities in the geneticist's argument.


Premise: There is a report that: Those who think that the zoo's safety management measures are already in place should be sober in the face of the following news reports. Yesterday, a man fell into the monkey mountain. Fortunately, the management arrived in time to disperse the monkeys, The man was sent to the hospital for emergency treatment, and it did not cause serious consequences. Therefore, the zoo's safety measures should be further improved.

Hypothesis: The statement "It was extremely accidental that the man fell into the Monkey Mountain, and there has been no such incident in the zoo for ten years" is the most effective to refute the viewpoint of the above report.


Premise: The cost of manufacturing automobiles is considerably greater in Esteria than in Burdistan. In order to stimulate Esterian consumers' purchases of domestically manufactured automobiles, the Esterian government has historically charged taxes on automobiles manufactured in Burdistan. Five years ago, however, the Esterian government dropped those taxes; in those five years, the number of workers employed in Esterian automobile factories has decreased by 30%. Ttherefore, the number of vehicles manufactured and sold in Esteria must have decreased in the last five years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because vehicles manufactured in Esteria have a reputation for high quality, many Esterian consumers have continued to purchase domestically manufactured vehicles since the tax was abolished' most weakens the argument.


Premise: From the perspective of top-level design, the cultivation and construction of craftsman spirit in China should be based on building a cooperative guarantee platform, carrying out pluralistic dialogue among different subjects, constructing a cooperative development mechanism of industry, teaching and research, and strengthening the function of spiritual cultivation in vocational colleges. From the perspective of coordinated development, the main body of craftsman spirit in our country urgently needs to strengthen the market management system, cultivate high-quality consumer market, constantly improve the salary system of technical and skilled personnel and construct vocational colleges according to their own role orientation and functional attributes, training center, enterprise three-station interaction mechanism.

Hypothesis: Building a collaborative platform is the focus of cultivating the spirit of craftsmen is the main description of this paragraph.


Premise: After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.

Hypothesis: The most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion is that from 33,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the human way of life has not changed significantly.


Premise: One study showed that eating celery could help curb aggressive emotions. 151 women were surveyed. Of the women who said they ate celery regularly, 95 percent said they were rarely aggressive or outright provoked. Of the women who didn't eat celery regularly, 53 percent said they were often anxious, angry, and aggressive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those women who often eat celery pay more attention to fitness, and fitness consumes a lot of physical energy, is very tired, and suppresses aggressive emotions' weakens the above conclusion, except.


Premise: The number of human genes is almost the same as that of mammals such as cats and dogs, and very close to that of mice. What is even more exasperating is that rice has twice as many genes as humans.

Hypothesis: The point of view you want to express in this paragraph is that the number of genes does not represent the level of species.


Premise: Researchers have discovered that caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances. Some people find that they become unusually depressed, drowsy, or even irritable if they do not have their customary dose of caffeine. This is significant because as many people consume caffeine as consume any one of the other addictive psychoactive substances.

Hypothesis: If alcohol is a physically addictive psychoactive substance, there are not more people who consume alcohol than consume caffeine can be logically concluded from the information above.


Premise: Art historian: This painting, purportedly by Mary Cassatt, is a forgery. Although the canvas and other materials are consistent with most of Cassatt' s work, and the subject matter is similar to that of Cassatt' s finest paintings, the brush style of this painting is not found in any work known to be Cassatt' s. Hence this painting is definitely not a genuine Cassatt.

Hypothesis: The art historian's argument depends on assuming that none of Cassatt's works is painted using a brush style that is not exhibited in any of her known works.


Premise: The newspaper group of a certain city encountered difficulties in operation and went to a consulting company for assistance. The consulting company sent Dr. Zhang to investigate the period of the publishing of the target newspaper. There is a morning paper in the morning, a daily newspaper in the morning and an evening paper in the afternoon, all of which are not prepared for night. Dr. Zhang suggested that they should set up a Metropolitan Night News to occupy this market.

Hypothesis: The period of the publishing of the newspaper and the reading time of the reader being different can properly point out the problems in Dr. Zhang's analysis.


Premise: Harbin people are all northerners, and some Harbin people are not workers.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is correct, some workers must also be northerners.


Premise: Geneticist: Billions of dollars are spent each year on high-profile experiments that attempt to link particular human genes with particular personality traits. Though such experiments seem to promise a new understanding of human nature, they have few practical consequences. Meanwhile, more mundane and practical genetic projects -- for example, those that look for natural ways to make edible plants hardier or more nutritious -- are grossly underfunded. Thus, funding for human gene research should be reduced while funding for other genetic research should be increased.

Hypothesis: Experiments that get little media attention and are not widely supported by the public are more valuable than are those that get much media coverage and have wide public support is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the geneticist's reasoning.


Premise: To use the pool at City Gym, one must have a membership there. Sarah has a membership at City Gym. She must ttherefore use the pool there at least occasionally.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument treats a statement whose truth is required for the conclusion to be true as though it were a statement whose truth ensures that the conclusion is true.


Premise: Last year, a shopping mall sold 20 million yuan in two days on national day. This year, the shopping mall is expected to reach 70 million yuan during National Day.

Hypothesis: The statement "During the National Day every year, the mall found that the daily sales were almost the same" best supports the above reasoning.


Premise: Naturalist: The recent claims that the Tasmanian tiger is not extinct are false. The Tasmanian tiger' s natural habitat was taken over by sheep farming decades ago, resulting in the animal' s systematic elimination from the area. Since then naturalists working in the region have discovered no hard evidence of its survival, such as carcasses or tracks. In spite of alleged sightings of the animal, the Tasmanian tiger no longer exists.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the Tasmanian tiger did not move and adapt to a different region in response to the loss of habitat is on which the naturalist's argument depends.


Premise: Versailles literature refers to a way of speaking in a low-key but actually self-showing way of speaking in a variety of public occasions by suppressing and then raising, openly derogating and praising.

Hypothesis: The option 'Friends envied Mr. Zheng's good living habits, and he explained many times why: when he was a child, his family was very poor, and he often had a bowl of gruel for dinner in the evening. In order not to starve, he had to go to bed early and get up early to form such a habit' belongs to Versailles literature.


Premise: The level of governance of a city is often measured not by how many high-rise buildings it has built, but also by how much dignity the vulnerable groups have and whether their lives can be basically guaranteed. This is usually the case, and the same is true during the prevention and control of the epidemic. The task of prevention and control is arduous, and it is not easy to take care of all aspects and every group. But the more under these conditions, the more we should pay attention to the people who need the most attention: the more the public's life is pressed the pause button, the more we should pay attention to those who do not have a sustainable life, and provide them with warmth and confidence.

Hypothesis: Through this passage, it is intended that the author emphasizes that it is particularly important to protect people's livelihood during the prevention and control of the epidemic.


Premise: Economist: Countries with lower tax rates tend to have stronger economies. Although higher taxes raise more revenue, highly taxed consumers have less disposable income. An economy can never grow if consumers aren' t able to purchase goods and services. Ttherefore, the government should lower tax rates across the board.

Hypothesis: The economist's argument depends on assuming that consumers' disposable income is directly related to their ability to purchase goods and services.


Premise: The total population of a country has declined since 2005. It is estimated that by 2100, the total population of the country will be only half of the current one. Therefore, the government has issued a series of policies to encourage fertility. However, so far, the average number of children born by women in the country is only 1.3, far lower than the level of maintaining the normal renewal of the population (2.07) Therefore, some people believe that these policies to encourage fertility implemented by the government have not achieved the expected results.

Hypothesis: If the government did not introduce a policy to encourage fertility, the total child population would be much lower than it is now can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere.

Hypothesis: The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that high levels of household debt have little impact on the economy.


Premise: When we are suffering from some psychological pain, such as loneliness, social isolation, self doubt, negative emotions, and feel that life is meaningless, nostalgia can play a role in coping mechanism. These troubles make the brain begin to screen its own memory bank and summarize some fragments with specific narrative characteristics. Through nostalgia, we can resurface past successful experiences and close interpersonal relationships, At that time, our lives were safe and orderly. The psychologist explained: you are reiterating to yourself that 'I have done great things' and hope this sentence can predict the future development.' although I am not sure now, looking at my past, I know that I am a lovable person. I am destined to achieve great things'.

Hypothesis: Nostalgia will make us escape from reality is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: The waters off the coast of Iceland are filled with pods of killer whales, which migrate there during the summer. Wildlife parks that rely on the killer whales for entertainment hunt the killer whale almost exclusively in the water of Iceland, because strict sanctions forbid them from doing so off the coast of North America, an area also abundant in killer whales. Since Iceland recently gave into pressure from international groups opposed to the hunting of killer whales, it too will forbid the hunting of killer whales off its coast. Ttherefore, all wildlife parks will be forced to end their shows featuring killer whales once their current killer whales are unable to perform.

Hypothesis: In-park killer whale births have become increasingly common, especially in those wildlife parks that harbor a large number of killer whales, and does not cast doubt on the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Lao Zhang, Lao Zhang's sister, Lao Zhang's son and Lao Zhang's daughter have a table tennis match. After the competition, it was found that the age of the first place was the same as that of the fourth place, but the sex of the first twin (one of the above four) was different from that of the fourth place.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, Lao Zhang's son is No. 1.


Premise: In British education, children are expected to respect not only family and friends, but also love and responsibility for all life. It is the nature of children to love small animals. To cherish and cherish small animals as the entry point and hand over to children to cherish life is a common way adopted by kindergartens and primary schools in Britain. In addition, some wildlife parks or rescue centers in the UK also work with primary and secondary schools to organize visits for injured animals and abandoned pets. Under this educational background, parents will deliberately teach their children to understand the meaning of life and pass on rationality and warmth from generation to generation.

Hypothesis: The main content of the discussion refers to respect for life conveying rationality and warmth.


Premise: Planetary bodies differ from one another in their composition, but most of those in the Solar System have solid surfaces. Unless the core of such a planetary body generates enough heat to cause volcanic action, the surface of the body will not be renewed for millions of years. Any planetary body with a solid surface whose surface is not renewed for millions of years becomes heavily pockmarked by meteorite craters, just like the Earth' s Moon. Some old planetary bodies in the Solar System, such as Europa, a very cold moon belonging to Jupiter, have solid icy surfaces with very few meteorite craters.

Hypothesis: If the claims above are true, then some planetary bodies whose cores generate enough heat to cause volcanic action do not have solid icy surfaces must, on the basis of them, be true.


Premise: Xiao Wang and Xiao Li are now second-year students in the Department of Economics. When assessing the scholarship based on the total scores of the first-year course, it is known that they both have the same scores in the course of economic principles, while the other six courses such as English and Advanced Mathematics have slight differences. In the end, Xiao Wang won the scholarship.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Wang's lowest score is much higher than Xiao Li's, we can judge that Xiao Wang's total score is higher than Xiao Li's.


Premise: Humans began to spread across North America around 12, 000 years ago, as the climate became warmer. During the same period the large mammals that were once abundant in North America, such as the mastodon, the woolly mammoth, and the saber-toothed tiger, became extinct. Thus, contrary to the myth that humans formerly lived in harmony with the rest of nature, it is clear that even 12, 000 years ago human activity was causing the extinction of animal species.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that the evidence it cites is consistent with the alternative hypothesis that the large mammals' extinction was a direct result of the same change in climate that allowed humans to spread across North America.


Premise: On the basis of the available evidence, Antarctica has generally been thought to have been covered by ice for at least the past 14 million years. Recently, however, three-million-year-old fossils of a kind previously found only in ocean-floor sediments were discovered under the ice sheet covering central Antarctica. About three million years ago, ttherefore, the Antarctic ice sheet must temporarily have melted. After all, either severe climatic warming or volcanic activity in Antarctica' s mountains could have melted the ice sheet, thus raising sea levels and submerging the continent.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that the ice sheet covering Antarctica has not been continuously present throughout the past 14 million years.


Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that high levels of household debt have little impact on the economy.


Premise: Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent and it can only be the product of culture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Babies aged 10 to 12 months already know that three black spots and four black spots are different' can best support the views of opponents.


Premise: Ordinary consumers are limited by the status of professional and vulnerable groups and cannot effectively identify false or distorted negative information. Even if companies try to clarify, in the current public opinion dissemination environment of good things don't go out, bad things spread thousands of miles, the strong memory effect will It makes it difficult for people who pursue risk aversion to change their original misconceptions, and they will still use it as a guide for consumer decision-making for a long time in the future, which makes it difficult to clarify the injustice of some law-abiding companies, and also gives Businesses have suffered serious losses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The regulatory department establishes credit files for enterprises and provides consumers with a dynamic panorama of the company's situation' would most weaken the above argument.


Premise: The mayor boasts that the average ambulance turnaround time, the time from summons to delivery of the patient, has been reduced this year for top-priority emergencies. This is a serious misrepresentation. This reduction was produced simply by redefining top priority.  Such emergencies used to include gunshot wounds and electrocutions, the most time-consuming cases. Now they are limited strictly to heart attacks and strokes.

Hypothesis: One half of all of last year's top-priority emergencies were gunshot wounds and electrocution cases would strengthen the author's conclusion that it was the redefinition of top priority that produced the reduction in turnaround time.


Premise: Financing refers to the monetary transaction means or acquisition of assets to pay more than the purchase price of cash, and the monetary means used to raise funds

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang in order to facilitate commuting, take out their 80,000 yuan savings, find parents borrowed 30,000 yuan, bought a car is not financing.


Premise: Federal investigators, called in at the request of the management of Ploutos National Bank, recently apprehended a ring of seven embezzlers from among the bank' s employees. The bank management decided to call in the federal investigators when they were unable to account for millions of dollars missing in their budget for this year. All the funds those seven individuals embezzled have been returned to the bank, and that accounts for about two thirds of the total amount missing. All seven of the accused have plea-bargained to avoid trial and are now serving in prison on reduced sentences.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the Ploutos National Bank still has reason to suspect more embezzlers beyond the seven apprehended by Federal investigators can most properly be drawn from the information above.


Premise: Some people believe that high levels of testosterone are the main cause of heart attack in men. However, this view is wrong, because testosterone levels in men with heart disease are generally lower than those in men without heart disease.

Hypothesis: The above discussion is based on the assumption that hormone levels other than testosterone significantly affect a person's likelihood of heart disease.


Premise: Correctly measuring the productivity of service workers is complex. Consider, for example, postal workers: they are often said to be more productive if more letters are delivered per postal worker. But is this really true? What if more letters are lost or delayed per worker at the same time that more are delivered?

Hypothesis: The objection implied above to the productivity measure described is based on doubts about the truth of the statement that 'The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.'


Premise: A unit selects students to study abroad on the condition that they are proficient in business and fluent in English or French. Xiao Hong was not selected.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Hong is proficient in business, she is not fluent in English and French can be derived from the above information.


Premise: Morris High School has introduced a policy designed to improve the working conditions of its new teachers. As a result of this policy, only one-quarter of all part-time teachers now quit during their first year. However, a third of all full-time teachers now quit during their first year. Thus, more full-time than part-time teachers at Morris now quit during their first year.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is questionable because the argument fails to rule out the possibility that Morris High School employs more new part-time teachers than new full-time teachers.


Premise: When the development of the enterprise organization is slow and bad problems occur internally, the enterprise must change the management mode. When the external change has little impact, the enterprise can make small adjustments from the daily management details to adapt to the change. When small adjustments cannot adapt to changes, enterprises need to consider management change. It should be noted that adaptive adjustment and management change may not be 100% successful, but if they do not make adjustments or changes, the operation of enterprises will inevitably fail.

Hypothesis: If there are bad problems within the enterprise, adaptive adjustment can be considered first is an accurate understanding with regard to this paragraph.


Premise: Induced motion refers to the illusion of motion of an adjacent stationary object due to the motion of an object.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when we look at the night sky and see the moon moving and the clouds stationary, it is an example of induced motion.


Premise: There are five volcanic islands E, F, G, H and I along the eastern coast of a country, which are arranged in a straight line from north to south. At the same time, it is found that: (1) F is adjacent to H and to the north of H. (2) I and E are adjacent. (3) G is somewhere to the north of F.

Hypothesis: If G is found to be the northernmost island, the possible order of the group of islands is 4.


Premise: When the problem is difficult to be solved directly, Application of Transforming Thought refers to the characteristics of the nature, conditions and relations of the problem; Adopt appropriate transformation methods to transform the problem, and finally turn it into an easy, simpler or solved problem.

Hypothesis: Application of Transforming Thought applies to legal researchers theorizing legal methods, which rise to legal methodology.


Premise: Recessive hunger is the hunger symptom of the hidden nutritional requirement, which is caused by the imbalance of nutrition or the lack of some vitamins and essential minerals, and the excessive intake of other nutrients.

Hypothesis: Uncle Wang uses clear porridge and hot soup as his main diet because of his weak intestines and stomach. He does not often eat big fish and meat and raw and cold melons and fruits. Later, due to lack of protein and vitamins in his diet, his memory loss was caused is recess


Premise: Modern Western Aesthetics, instead of applying the traditional philosophical methods in the past, it moves towards psychological aesthetics and scientific aesthetics. Psychological aesthetics uses scientific methods to study human aesthetic psychology, focusing on the subject; scientific aesthetics uses scientific methods to analyze the structure and function of aesthetic objects, focusing on the object. But no matter which method is adopted, they think that endless philosophical and speculative discussions on the essence of beauty (the definition of beauty) are meaningless.

Hypothesis: It can be seen from this that psychological aesthetics studies the aesthetic psychology of people, focusing on the study of the subject and content of aesthetic.


Premise: Essayist: Human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality. Yet aging and death are normal and inevitable, indeed even desirable. Just imagine the ethical, social, and economic consequences that would result if it ever became possible to prevent them.

Hypothesis: The claim that human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality is one of the conclusions of the argument, though it is not the main conclusion.


Premise: In the cinema chain in the United States, whether it is a blockbuster movie or a low-cost production, the ticket price is the same. This does not seem to be in line with the economic theory that the size of demand determines the price. Some researchers pointed out that the ticket prices of all movies released in any theater at the same time were the same, and this phenomenon formed in the 1970s. This is not only the case in the film industry, but also sports events and performances. Although in certain times and in certain regions, mobile pricing can make film companies and theaters obtain higher revenue, but for theaters, keeping the same ticket prices for different movies still has more advantages than disadvantages.

Hypothesis: Reasons why the same ticket price for different movies is more beneficial to the cinema is most likely to be said next in this passage.