Premise: Green science and technology refers to the science and technology that advocates a civilized lifestyle and moderate consumption mode, emphasizes the rational development and recycling of natural resources, develops clean production technology, pollution-free green products, enterprises implement green management and environmental governance, and maintains the sustainable development of human society.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Miniaturization of reduced materials for industrial products is not a means to develop green science and technology.


Premise: Among the students admitted to the university in a certain city, the proportion of female students is higher than that of male students. According to this fact, Mr. Wang thinks that girls in this city study better than boys.

Hypothesis: Boys take part in more sports activities than girls weakens Mr. Wang's conclusion most.


Premise: Knowledge, as the result of human cognition, is a concept with a large extension. It generally includes 4 levels or aspects, namely common sense, general experience, scientific knowledge and philosophical knowledge. The so-called common sense mainly includes aphorisms, proverbs and other commonly known knowledge. It is often not an understanding of the nature and laws of things. Scientific knowledge is a theoretical system, which is logical and systematic.

Hypothesis: Compared with scientific knowledge, common sense has many aspects that cannot withstand scrutiny and it contains many errors can be inferred from the above.


Premise: There are some interns in a supermarket. According to supermarket regulations, interns can only get 800 Yuan a month for the first three months. Xiao Li is a supermarket employee. She gets 800 yuan a month.

Hypothesis: As long as you're not an intern, you'll make over $800 can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: The value of the burden of proof mainly refers to the decisive effect of the burden of proof borne by the plaintiff, the defendant or the third party in the lawsuit on the success or failure of the lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The value of the burden of proof is that it allows the plaintiff to win can be inferred from this text.


Premise: The final product refers to the products and services produced within a certain period of time and purchased by its final user. The final product is used for final use. It is different from an intermediate product used for resale and for the production of a product.

Hypothesis: The bread produced by the bakery is sold to the residents, and the bread here is the final product is true about the final product.


Premise: Modern physicians often employ laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in order to diagnose diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny coverage for certain laboratory tests ttherefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.

Hypothesis: The assumption that physical examinations and uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone would serve to justify the conclusion above.


Premise: Emotional inertia refers to the degree to which the current emotional state of an individual can be predicted by the previous emotional state. The greater the degree of prediction, the higher the level of emotional inertia. Emotional inertia, as one of the indicators of emotional dynamics, reflects the speed of emotional change.

Hypothesis: After being criticized by the teacher, the naughty Xiao Ming finally became honest and remained well-behaved for the next few days belongs to emotional inertia according to the above definition.


Premise: Cross-species studies of animal populations have shown that cubs who are isolated from their mothers within a month of birth often show strong aggression. For example, when looking for food, he is aggressive and fighting for food, while other cubs give in and he is still fighting for food. The hypothesis that explains this phenomenon is that the aggressive problem is due to the lack of social training guided by parents at the newborn stage.

Hypothesis: Babies who are adopted in the first three months of life often behave aggressively in childhood would most strongly strengthen the above argument.


Premise: In the United States, the average life span of cancer patients, that is the life span from being diagnosed with cancer to death is 7 years, while the average life span of cancer patients in Asia is only 4 years. Therefore, the United States has a higher level of medical care in extending the lifespan of cancer patients than Asia.

Hypothesis: On the whole, the United States' awareness of self-care is higher than that of Asians, so the early diagnosis rate of cancer patients in the United States is higher than that in Asia is true and will weaken the above argument most.


Premise: The key exhibition hall of the museum basically has no divided space, which ensures the smooth and spacious exhibition hall as far as possible. And put the obvious specimens in the most eye-catching position in this exhibition hall, which allows the audience to see the most wonderful display as soon as they enter the exhibition area. In every big space. Appropriate use of the wrong layer of the way to open up an interactive area. Special introduction of relevant scientific knowledge, at the same time, this wrong layer is also a good watch viewing point of view.

Hypothesis: According to the article, the combination of art and science is a characteristic of museum exhibits.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: Dr. Wang treats at least one female patient is definitely true according to the above.


Premise: The lack of legal aid makes it difficult for the legislative and judicial progress in the protection of criminal human rights to benefit all or even most of the criminal suspects and defendants, resulting in a binary imbalance. Because lawyers can make use of the advantages of resources such as legal knowledge and litigation experience to guide the handling of cases in a direction that is beneficial to their clients, the acceptance rate of their defense opinions such as voluntary surrender and meritorious service is relatively high, so criminal suspects with defense lawyers, defendants are more qualified and likely to enjoy the institutional dividend brought about by the progress of the rule of law than those without defense lawyers. Get more opportunities for leniency and even acquittal.

Hypothesis: The intended explanation of this passage is the potential effect of the lack of legal aid on the realization of the rights and interests of criminal suspects and defendants.


Premise: The labeling of otherwise high-calorie foods as sugar-free,  based on the replacement of all sugar by artificial sweeteners, should be prohibited by law. Such a prohibition is indicated because many consumers who need to lose weight will interpret the label sugar-free as synonymous with low in calories and harm themselves by building weight-loss diets around foods labeled sugar-free.  Manufacturers of sugar-free foods are well aware of this tendency on the part of consumers.

Hypothesis: Product labels that are literally correct but will predictably be misinterpreted by some buyers of the product to their own harm should be prohibited by law most helps to justify the conclusion in the passage.


Premise: The First Amendment prevents the government from violating a person' s right to free speech. But it does not protect government employees from disciplinary action for all statements they make in the course of their official duties. However, laws should protect them in cases in which employees bring to light information that advances the public interest in honest government and the rule of law.

Hypothesis: A Congressional aide revealing cases of bribery in the House of Representatives would provide the best example for the argument above.


Premise: M: It is almost impossible to find a person between the ages of 85 and 90 who primarily uses the left hand. Q: Seventy to ninety years ago, however, children were punished for using their left hands to eat or to write and were forced to use their right hands.

Hypothesis: Q's response serves to counter any use by M of the evidence about 85 to 90 year olds in support of the hypothesis that being born right-handed confers a survival advantage.


Premise: The Peter Principle is a conclusion drawn by the Laurence J. Peter, an American academic, after studying the phenomenon of promotion in organizations. That is, in organizations where it is customary to promote people who are competent at a certain level, employees tend to rise to their ineptitude. The Peter principle is sometimes called the climb principle.

Hypothesis: Professor Zhang's class was so popular that he was recently promoted to principal and has been very busy ever since is consistent with Peter's principle.


Premise: Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, the statement 'The average hourly output per worker has not risen as much as had been anticipated when modern labor-saving technologies were first introduced' is most strongly supported by them.


Premise: Red tourism refers to the revolutionary memorial site after the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, the memorial and the revolutionary spirit carried as the attraction, organize and receive tourists to visit and tour, realize the learning of the revolutionary spirit, accept the revolutionary traditional education and the spirit of inspiration. Relax and increase the experience of tourism activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Interesting does not belong to the characteristics of red tourism.


Premise: The magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Kyushu, Japan, the magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Myanmar, the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Afghanistan, and several earthquakes with magnitude above 7.0 in the waters off the island of Sumatra in Indonesia over the past month.How to explain the spate of strong earthquakes in recent years, is there a connection between them? Whether the earth has entered a period of seismicity is considered by both Chinese and foreign experts.Any conclusion needs to be supported by scientific evidence, but no matter from the statistical significance or specific research, it is impossible to determine whether the global earthquake magnitude and frequency are beyond the normal category, and whether there is a connection between them.But it is necessary to study some dangerous areas and be vigilant.

Hypothesis: The earth has entered vibration mode is suitable for text headings.


Premise: Sharing economy is an economy in which ownership and use rights are separated. Through Internet technology, it integrates a large number of fragment resources together to maximize the matching of supply and demand in the whole society. On the one hand, a large amount of idle resources in the hands of individuals and enterprises can be fully used through the sharing economy, so as to reduce the waste of resources; on the other hand, the main reason for the existing overcapacity and product backlog is that the production enterprises are unable to understand the demand in time, while the sharing economy can solve the problem of information asymmetry with the help of big data to achieve on-demand production to achieve effective distribution and efficient use of resources. All these can slow down the excessive consumption of resources to some extent, thus reduce the emission of pollutants and effectively reduce the probability of environmental pollution.

Hypothesis: Controlling environmental pollution depends on the development of sharing economy is the option intended to describe this passage.


Premise: Senator Strongwood reported that, contrary to a study cited by the administration, a thorough study by his own party concluded that a reduction in the capital gains tax would lead to an increase in the federal deficit. Hooray for common sense,  he said. Everyone knows that when you cut taxes you lose revenue.  He concluded that the administration' s plan for reducing the capital gains tax was now dead, because he could not imagine any senator voting to increase the deficit.

Hypothesis: In advancing his argument, Senator Strongwood assumes that a study commissioned by his party must be more objective than one commissioned by the administration.


Premise: A fundamental illusion in robotics is the belief that improvements in robots will liberate humanity from hazardous and demeaning work.  Engineers are designing only those types of robots that can be properly maintained with the least expensive, least skilled human labor possible. Ttherefore, robots will not eliminate demeaning work -- only substitute one type of demeaning work for another.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it assumes what it sets out to prove, that robots create demeaning work.


Premise: Fortiga also pointed out that in early April, Poland said it was prepared to change its veto position on launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement, which deserved a response from Russia.

Hypothesis: Poland's attitude towards launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement is neutral.


Premise: A law is successful primarily because the behavior it prescribes has attained the status of custom. Just as manners are observed not because of sanctions attached to them but because, through repetition, contrary behavior becomes unthinkable, so societal laws are obeyed not because the behavior is ethically required or because penalties await those who act otherwise, but because to act otherwise would be uncustomary.

Hypothesis: The comparison of manners and compliance with laws is utilized by the argument.


Premise: In speech, when words or sentences are ambiguous, gesture and tone of voice are used to indicate the intended meaning. Writers, of course, cannot use gesture or tone of voice and must rely instead on style; the reader detects the writer' s intention from the arrangement of words and sentences.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The writer's arrangement of words and sentences completely determines the aesthetic value of his or her writing' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The most important part of this passage is that the development of the manufacturing industry in southern cities is closely related to the supply of low-rent housing.


Premise: Inheritance refers to the personal property left by the decedent at the time of death and other property rights and interests that can be inherited by law. According to the relevant provisions of the inheritance Law of our country, the estate must conform to three characteristics: it must be the estate left by the citizen at the time of death; it must be all the property of the citizen; it must be legitimate property.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, if Wang dies as a result of a work-related injury, his death grant can be allocated as an inheritance is correct.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: Flints were often used by early humans for everyday chores other than hunting most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Remote sensing geophysical prospecting refers to the method of detecting electromagnetic wave information radiated (or reflected) by ground objects with various sensors at a considerable distance to find out various geological or geological conditions.

Hypothesis: The scientist uses satellites to conduct geological exploration of a coastal area belongs to remote sensing geophysical prospecting according to the above definition.


Premise: As the companion of oil, the generation conditions of natural gas are more diversified than that of oil. Oil can be generated in large quantities only when it reaches a certain burial depth, while natural gas can be generated from shallow to deep.Shallow ones may be only a few hundred meters deep and tens of thousands of meters deep. In terms of material sources, it is said that they are mainly organic matter of animals and plants in a water, while natural gas can be organic, organic matrix, and so on.At present, the vast majority of transfers in the geological scientific community are in favor of the organic theory that oil and natural gas are transformed from various organisms that died in ancient times.

Hypothesis: The organic matter of zooplankton and plants in the water is not a source of natural gas.


Premise: If the cost of producing a product in one country is lower than that in another country, then the country has a comparative advantage over another country in the production of this commodity.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, country A has a comparative advantage in mobile phone production because it has a large population and cheap labor that attracts most mobile phone manufacturing companies of country B to set up production lines in country A.


Premise: Once a country ascends the ladder of development, the demands of its citizens will increase. At this time, it is not enough for the government to guarantee an increase in revenue, the government must change its concept from material-based to regulation-based. According to the study of Asia-Pacific countries, it is found that people's satisfaction with the public services they receive, such as education, health care and public safety, plays an important role in their evaluation of government performance. In recent years, Asian countries pay more and more attention to public service satisfaction and have formed some characteristic practices.

Hypothesis: The most likely content about Asian countries in this passage is the reasons for attaching importance to the satisfaction of public service.


Premise: Biomass energy is a kind of new energy. However, because its utilization is limited by land resources and other aspects, the development prospect is not very broad.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported by this paragraph is that the utilization area of biomass energy is very narrow.


Premise: Information pollution refers to the phenomenon that the elements of harmful, deceptive or misleading information are mixed in the process of information dissemination, thus affecting the normal acquisition and utilization of effective information.

Hypothesis: When Chen forwarded the news report of a provincial forest fire on Weibo, he inserted the scene picture of the Amazon rainforest fire five years ago as a matching picture belongs to information pollution.


Premise: Typically, people who have diets high in saturated fat have an increased risk of heart disease. Those who replace saturated fat in their diets with unsaturated fat decrease their risk of heart disease. Ttherefore, people who eat a lot of saturated fat can lower their risk of heart disease by increasing their intake of unsaturated fat.

Hypothesis: The assumption that people who add unsaturated fat to their diets will eat less food that is high in saturated fat most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: In an experiment, volunteers should remember a series of words that appear on the screen, but they will be interrupted during the math.Researchers asked if volunteers deepened, and eventually scored volunteers brain operation capacity by memory words.The results show that those who have a math problem is a dedication, remember the words but more, prove that they have more brain operation capacity.Researchers believe that those who often go often be smarter because they can remember a lot of information, and the evaluation is flexible.

Hypothesis: Only when the task is not difficult, people with large brain capacity will think about irrelevant things, if correct, does not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Computers with wireless internet access will also have antenna radiation, because the keyboard is essentially an antenna. Each key of the keyboard is covered with a vertical and horizontal grid, which itself forms an antenna, and each key is scanned by high-frequency electromagnetic at any time, which can emit a large number of electromagnetic waves. Usually, people only pay attention to blocking the electromagnetic waves in the chassis, but ignore the leakage of the electromagnetic waves of the keyboard to a great extent.

Hypothesis: According to the above discussion, there are some problems in people's protection against computer electromagnetic radiation cannot be deduced.


Premise: Manager: The only employees who should receive bonuses this year are those who were exceptionally productive over the past year. Liang is an excellent account executive, but she works in a corporate division that has failed to meet its productivity goals for the year. Thus Liang should not receive a bonus this year.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the manager's argument is flawed in that the argument reaches a conclusion about the performance of one member of a group merely on the basis of the performance of the group as a whole.


Premise: Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.

Hypothesis: It lacks both white flowers and fuzzy seeds can be properly inferred about the specimen of plant X in the biologist's garden from the biologist's statements.


Premise: There is a view that the structure of the game is nothing more than children put together, moving and carrying, without the involvement of teachers too much. In fact, if the structure of the game can be carried out well, it can not only train children's collocation ability, spatial imagination ability, thinking ability, but also can promote children's hand, brain, eye coordination ability and cultivate children's aesthetic ability of plastic art. But for structural play to work as well as it does, the teacher must not only participate, but also demonstrate, direct, and point at the right time. Otherwise, this effect cannot be achieved.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the text is that children's aesthetic ability to plastic arts depends on structural games.


Premise: The president of the company believes that the prosecution procedure should allow prosecutors and defendants to choose mediators who will help them solve the problem. The cost of prosecution is high, and the mediator is likely to solve most of these problems. However, the suggestion from the company's human resources department is to start mediation later in the prosecution process, which has little effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The mediation process itself will take as much time as the current prosecution procedure' strongly supports the criticism of the president of the company to the criticism of the HR.


Premise: After World War II, the British Labour government established the welfare state based on the Beveridge report. Then many European and American countries followed suit, among which the four Nordic countries, led by Sweden, deducted the concept of welfare state to the extreme. One of the goals of European welfare society is universal. The welfare foundation of from cradle to grave is based on the high taxes of enterprises and individuals, which causes great operating pressure on many enterprises and even leads to the stagnation of national economic development.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the gist of this passage is the development process of European welfare society.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a popular argument in western public opinion that huge demand from China has led to soaring prices of raw materials such as oil, grain, steel and so on.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the development of India's economy, their domestic demand for food products is increasing day by day' can raise the greatest challenge to the above argument.


Premise: Recently, scientists have confirmed for the first time that lizards sleep in two states: rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). In REM, the brain produces high-frequency electric waves and rapid eye movements, which are associated with dreaming. Scientists speculate that lizards, like humans, dream during sleep.

Hypothesis: Human dreams occur in the stage of rapid eye movement should be added as a premise for scientists to speculate.


Premise: Recently, the senior leaders of a certain group have studied the direction of development. General Manager Wang believes that it is necessary to develop both nanotechnology and biomedical technology: deputy General Manager Zhao believes that only by developing intelligent technology can biomedical technology be developed; Deputy General Manager Li believes that if nanotechnology and biomedical technology are developed, then intelligent technology should also be developed. Finally, after the study of the board of directors, only one of the opinions can be adopted.

Hypothesis: The research decision of the board of directors is to develop biomedical technology and nanotechnology, but not intelligent technology.


Premise: Most adults in country X consume an increasing amount of fat as they grow older. However, for nearly all adults in country X, the percentage of fat in a person' s diet stays the same throughout adult life.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support the conclusion that adults in country X tend to eat more varied kinds of food as they become older.


Premise: Editorial: The town would not need to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their household garbage. However, while telling residents that they must sort their garbage would get some of them to do so, many would resent the order and refuse to comply. The current voluntary system, then, is to be preferred, because it costs about as much as a nonvoluntary system would and it does not engender nearly as much resentment.

Hypothesis: The contention that the town would not have to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their garbage is a premise that the editorial's argument relies on in reaching its conclusion.


Premise: John: You told me once that no United States citizen who supports union labor should buy an imported car. Yet you are buying an Alma. Since Alma is one of the biggest makers of imports, I infer that you no longer support unions. Harry: I still support labor unions. Even though Alma is a foreign car company, the car I am buying, the Alma Deluxe, is designed, engineered, and manufactured in the United States.

Hypothesis: Harry's method of defending his purchase of an Alma is to point out that one of the statements John makes in support of his argument is false.


Premise: International tourist personnel refer to people who enter my country's borders to travel, visit, inspect, visit relatives in my country, and engage in trade, sports, academic and technical exchange activities (including foreigners, overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots).

Hypothesis: Members of the diplomatic and consular missions in China and their families are international tourist personnel.


Premise: The commissioner has announced that Judge Khalid, who was on the seven-member panel appointed to resolve the Amlec labor dispute, will have sole responsibility for resolving the Simdon labor dispute. Since in its decision the Amlec panel showed itself both reasonable and fair, the two sides in the Simdon dispute are undoubtedly justified in the confidence they have expressed in the reasonableness and fairness of the arbitrator assigned to their case.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The members of the local historical society unanimously support designating the First National Bank building a historical landmark. Since Evelyn George is a member of that society, she undoubtedly favors according landmark status to the city hall as well' contains flawed reasoning most parallel to that contained in the passage.


Premise: Studies have shown that for most people with normal blood pressure, eating more than any amount of sodium the body needs can be smoothly excreted without significantly raising blood pressure. Therefore, only those with high blood pressure and those whose bodies cannot safely handle excess sodium need to limit their sodium intake.

Hypothesis: Eating more sodium than the body needs will raise blood pressure unless it is excreted out of the body would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: Murphy's Law: If something is likely to go bad, this possibility will become a reality; its scope of application is very wide, and it reveals a unique social and natural phenomenon.

Hypothesis: The option 'The weather forecast is obviously rainy, but the umbrella you can bring is not in handy' does not belong to Murphy's Law according to the above definition.


Premise: Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Ttherefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.

Hypothesis: Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly most strengthens the argument.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: G and X cannot be assigned as transporters together.


Premise: In the face of the energy crisis, some countries are looking for alternative energy sources,using corn to process ethanol gasoline for vehicles is no longer new, Therefore, many people believe that using corn to produce energy can not only digest the aged grain in stock, but also develop oil as an alternative energy, which will be one of the trends of energy development in the future and a policy of benefiting the nation and the people.

Hypothesis: At present, it seems that the production of ethanol gasoline for vehicles will consume a lot of water resources cannot weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Premeditated intention refers to the mental attitude of the perpetrator to commit a criminal act after a period of preparation after a criminal intention.

Hypothesis: A certain relationship with his wife, while its sleep strangled it, and then destroyed the body to disappear is not premeditated intention.


Premise: Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect. However, when running toward an insect, the beetles intermittently stop, and then, a moment later, resume their attack. Perhaps they cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment' s rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that while running tiger beetles are unable to process the resulting rapidly changing visual information, and so quickly go blind and stop.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In pursuing a moving insect, the beetles usually respond immediately to changes in the insect's direction, and pause equally frequently whether the chase is up or down an incline' would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects.


Premise: In order to improve the market share, long-term apartment enterprises seize the housing supply with the help of capital, which has contributed to the increase of rent. In addition, the capital apartment also brings financial risks. In order to obtain capital leverage to compete for housing supply, some long-term apartment enterprises guide or even defraud tenants to carry out rental installment loans. Such financial products not only have no stable property right guarantee, but also have a very high leverage, Under the coercion of capital, once the long-term rental apartment enterprises form a monopoly position in the rental market, the rise of rent will be more difficult to restrain.

Hypothesis: The problems of long-term rental enterprises will affect the healthy development of the housing rental market is intended to be emphasized in this paragraph.


Premise: The earliest foundation of Beijing City was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. In the next thousand years, Beijing has undergone four large-scale developments, expansions, or new constructions. They were the Yuan capital in the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty. In most cities, the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle period, Beijing's convex-shaped city wall was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing from the Ming Dynasty, and the overall layout system of the city was not changed until the modern era.

Hypothesis: The first large-scale development of Beijing City was in the Yuan Dynasty is correct.


Premise: Energy-saving lamps require less electricity and are more power-saving. Therefore, if people only use energy-saving lamps and do not use ordinary incandescent lamps that consume a lot of electricity, it will save a lot of electricity bills.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that energy-saving lamps are no cheaper than ordinary incandescent lamps.


Premise: DM advertising is direct mail advertising, that is, sending promotional materials to consumers themselves, their homes or company locations by mail, gift, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, coupons of a large fast-food restaurant chain received in the e-mail box does not belong to DM advertising.


Premise: In 2009, an Air France plane crashed. If France and other countries do not take active search and rescue action, the wreckage will not be found as soon as possible. The investigation report on the crash would have been more objective if the plane design company had provided technical support and sent experts to participate in the cause analysis.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it cannot be false that if France and other countries take active search and rescue operations, the wreckage of the crashed plane will be found as soon as possible.


Premise: A law firm has a staff of 12.  Some people can't use a computer.  (3) The director can't use a computer.

Hypothesis: Only one person will use computers in a law firm according to this statement.


Premise: Circulation processing refers to the general term for simple operations such as packaging, dividing, measuring, sorting, marking, sticking standards, and assembly as needed from the production site to the use of items.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, adding shock-proof outer packaging to the glass during the transportation of the glass to prevent it from breaking belongs to circulation processing.


Premise: A recent study proves the relationship between learning and sleep. The researchers published their findings in Learning Science, a collaborative journal of Nature, pointing out the quality and time of sleep and the persistence of sleep habits are positively correlated with academic performance. Adequate sleep is more beneficial to students' study.

Hypothesis: Students who get enough sleep, get up early and go to bed early and have regular work and rest generally have good grades is not the logical inference of the above assertion.


Premise: Academic evaluation is often intertwined with various subjective and objective complex factors. Because academic evaluation is often affected by the evaluation subjects' academic views, emotional tendencies, values and other factors, people tend to rely on quantitative data for evaluation. In fact, the evaluation significance contained in this kind of data is reflected by clickers, downloaders and citators. Over reliance on such data is to regard the producer of quantitative data as the evaluation subject.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the above is that the evaluation system based on quantitative indicators is controversial.


Premise: Peak experience refers to a feeling of spiritual satisfaction and perfection that reaches the peak and surpasses time and space and self in the pursuit of self-realization after the pursuit and satisfaction of basic needs. This feeling can only be understood but cannot be expressed in words.

Hypothesis: Psychological experience when receiving the ideal university admission notice through ten years of hard study is not peak experience.


Premise: Market economy is essentially an economy ruled by law. Market and rule of law are two sides of the same coin. Different from the era of planned economy, the allocation of resources in the market economy is realized through the competition mechanism, so we must follow a set of perfect rules to adjust the economy through the invisible hand of the market.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the rule of law is the basic guarantee for the benign development of market economy.


Premise: In the past three years, the sales volume of Jetta brand computers has increased rapidly. During the same period, the cost of TV advertising of the brand has also increased significantly. Therefore, some people believe that the growth of Jetta brand computer sales is due to the promotional role of TV advertising.

Hypothesis: Few buyers of Jetta brand computers have noticed the brand's TV advertisements weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: I can put myself in the position of relating some external symbols to some internal events, for example, moaning and contortion of the face to the feeling of pain. I know from my pain experience that when I feel pain, I tend to moan and contort my face. So as soon as I see other people with the same external symbols, I take it for granted that they have the same internal events as I do. After all, I and others are obviously similar in behavior and general physical function, so why not also in inner activity?

Hypothesis: The statement 'Similar results must have similar causes' best supports the above argument.


Premise: In recent years, the postgraduate entrance examination continues to heat up. Correspondingly, all kinds of tutoring classes for postgraduate entrance examination emerge as the times require, especially English and political tutoring classes are almost a necessary choice for those who take the postgraduate entrance examination. Xiaozhuang, who has just started the job, is also going to take the postgraduate entrance examination, so Xiaozhuang must attend an English tutoring class.

Hypothesis: If you do not attend the English tutoring class, you will not be able to pass the postgraduate entrance examination can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Zhao Qiansun three geologists are identifying a piece of ore. Zhao said, this is not iron, nor is it signed. 'It's not iron, it's copper, ' Mr. Qian said. 'It's not copper, it's iron, ' Sun said.So that one of them was right, one was wrong, and one was only half right.

Hypothesis: Based on the above condition, the correct option is that this ore is a lead mine.


Premise: Although architecture originated from practical life requirements such as cold prevention, heat elimination, shade and safety, in the history of architecture, human beings paid far less cooperative labor for solving practical life than for non practical aspects. Palaces, temples, altars, tombs, churches, monuments, gardens, etc. these buildings that all or basically serve spiritual life have far more achievements than houses and workshops, Fortress and other buildings serving material life. The evolution of architectural form and architectural style is often the most sensitive witness to the material and spiritual life of a generation of society. In the west, people vividly call architecture a history written in stone.

Hypothesis: Architecture is the witness of the material and spiritual life of a generation of society, which is why people vividly call it history written in stone.


Premise: Advertisement: Most power hedge trimmers on the market do an adequate job of trimming hedges, but many power hedge trimmers are dangerous to operate and can cause serious injury when used by untrained operators. Bolter Industries' hedge trimmer has been tested by National Laboratories, the most trusted name in safety testing. So you know, if you buy a Bolter' s, you are buying a power hedge trimmer whose safety is assured.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'What were the results of National Laboratories' tests of Bolter Industries' hedge trimmer?' would be most useful in evaluating the truth of the conclusion drawn in the advertisement.


Premise: S enterprise and J enterprise produce and sale the same instrument. Both the wages of employees in the S and J Enterprises account for 40% of the production instrument. S enterprises are seeking a competitive advantage over J enterprises. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, s enterprises should reduce the wages of employees.

Hypothesis: Lower wages will reduce the quality of the work of employees, which will lead to a decline in sales would most weaken this argument if it is true.


Premise: Finally, I was convinced that I couldn't stop you from leaving, so I began to enjoy loneliness again.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above reasoning is "I'm not sure if I can't stop you from leaving, but I can only start enjoying loneliness again".


Premise: The survey results released by a scientific research institution show that while the book reading rate continues to decline, the online reading rate has increased year by year, from 3.7% in 1999 to 47.8% in 2008. In the face of the irresistible information technology revolution, it is not easy for traditional libraries to maintain their position or even expand.

Hypothesis: People don't like reading more and more is incorrect according to this passage.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Zhang used to only shop in the supermarket, but today, when he first came into contact with online shopping, he bought tens of thousands of yuan of goods online in one breath does not belong to convert fanaticism.


Premise: Frugality should be the standard for selecting state cadres. How can a person who doesn't know how to be frugal be responsible for managing money for the people?

Hypothesis: A person who lives frugally will certainly become a competent national cadre is not consistent with the conclusion of the title stem.


Premise: In one study, 51 volunteers from middle school students were divided into a test group and a control group and trained in the same math skills. During the five-day training, the researchers used a technique called transcranial random noise stimulation to deliver mild shocks to areas of the brain thought to be related to computing power in 25 members of the test group. The results of subsequent tests showed that the ability to perform mathematical operations of the members of the test group was significantly higher than that of the control group. To their surprise, the improvement of this ability can last at least half a year. As a result, the researchers believe that to deliver mild shocks in the brain can improve the brain's ability to calculate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Before the experiment, the math scores of the two groups were about the same' best supports the above view of the researchers.


Premise: Theories in certain scientific fields may be in flux today, but this unsettled state must be attributed to scientific progress, not to a lack of theoretical rigor. Several decades of scientific research have recently culminated in a wealth of new discoveries in these fields, and whenever many new facts come to light in a field, the ways in which that field organizes its knowledge inevitably need adjustment.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by explaining why a situation came about by referring to the intended outcome of a course of action.


Premise: One view is that if a country can operate its economy effectively, it must be able to create wealth and become rich; and if such a country wants to maintain political stability, the wealth it creates must be fairly distributed; and the fair distribution of wealth will reduce economic risks, but the existence of economic risks is an indispensable prerequisite for the effective operation of the economy.

Hypothesis: The economic operation of a rich country must be efficient has a correct understanding of this passage.


Premise: Studies have shown that people who sleep more than eight hours have healthier skin than those who usually stay up late. Some financial workers stay up all night, and some sports workers sleep for more than eight hours. Zhang Yu is a sports worker.

Hypothesis: Most sports workers have healthier skin than some financial workers can be deducted from the given information.


Premise: People don't like to lose their original turf or lose face. They often fall into a kind of ideological trap, which is what economists call sunk cost, which refers to an investment of time and money. After the sale is successful, it can be recycled smoothly. In English-speaking countries, it is also called drop money in the drain.

Hypothesis: When deciding whether to invest, you must forget your past investments can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area -- whatever those may be -- is an expert.

Hypothesis: The assumption that some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area is required for the columnist's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: There are four children in the family, namely A, B, C and D. One day, there are fewer candies on the table. The mother asked who stole the candies. Each of the four children said: A said: Among us Someone ate candy; B said: None of the four of us ate candy; C said: At least one of B and D did not steal candy; D said: I did not steal candy.

Hypothesis: It's B and D who tell the truth if two of the four children are telling the truth and two are telling lies.


Premise: There is a widespread belief that people can predict impending earthquakes from unusual animal behavior. Skeptics claim that this belief is based on selective coincidence: people whose dogs behaved oddly just before an earthquake will be especially likely to remember that fact. At any given time, the skeptics say, some of the world' s dogs will be behaving oddly.

Hypothesis: Clarification of whether the sorts of behavior supposedly predictive of earthquakes are as pronounced in dogs as they are in other animals would be most important to an evaluation of the skeptics' position.


Premise: Although computers can enhance people's ability to communicate, computer games are a cause of underdeveloped communication skills in children. After-school hours spent playing computer games are hours not spent talking with people. Ttherefore, children who spend all their spare time playing these games have less experience in interpersonal communication than other children have.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the mental skills developed through playing computer games do not contribute significantly to children's intellectual development is required by the argument.


Premise: Internal administrative actions refer to administrative actions within the administrative system or within the administrative agency, and are not within the scope of the people's courts for administrative litigation. Disputes arising from the dissatisfaction of such decisions by the staff of the administrative agency should be addressed by the higher-level agency or the supervisory personnel agency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a small and medium-sized enterprise bureau in a certain area networking the information of local small and medium-sized enterprises, and publishing the development needs of small and medium-sized enterprises on the Internet so as to solve problems at any time is an example of internal administrative actions.


Premise: Every year, a magazine publishes a ranking of car sales for the year. Management consultants believe that this ranking should not be the basis for each consumer to decide which car to buy.

Hypothesis: Different consumers should determine different car purchase standards according to their actual conditions would best support the management consultant's point of view.


Premise: Often a type of organ or body structure is the only physically feasible means of accomplishing a given task, so it should be unsurprising if, like eyes or wings, that type of organ or body structure evolves at different times in a number of completely unrelated species. After all, whatever the difference of heritage and habitat, as organisms animals have fundamentally similar needs and so __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'will develop adaptations allowing them to satisfy these needs' most logically completes the last sentence of the passage.


Premise: An enterprise refers to an independent commodity production unit that has the status of a legal person, creates value, increases utility, and pursues maximum profit.

Hypothesis: The family business engaged in the production of small household commodities belongs to the enterprise.


Premise: Only one person can win the first place in a university essay contest. Who won the first prize? In their ranking predictions for the six contestants, A, B, C, D, E and F, the four made the following prediction: A: either I or B will win the first place. B: first place goes to either A or C. C: If E doesn't come first, F must have come first. D: First Place will never be A. After the game, only one person was found to be right.

Hypothesis: The first of the following is C.


Premise: However, there are many criticisms and even attacks on the use of tests; the use of tests sometimes even brings undesirable consequences. The reason for this is that the test itself is not perfect, just like many things in the world are not perfect. , It is more that people misunderstand and misuse quizzes just like we often misunderstand and misuse many other things in the world.

Hypothesis: Using tests enables us to solve all the problems in life is correct.


Premise: In recent years, trace management has been widely used in grass-roots work. Its advantage is that through the retained text, pictures and other work materials, effectively restore the work of serving the masses for future verification. In order to strengthen the trace management, a grass-roots unit has greatly increased the proportion of work materials in the assessment score. Obviously, such an approach will cause local grass-roots cadres to spend a lot of energy on keeping traces of work.

Hypothesis: The underlying hypothesis of the above argument is likely to be that grass-roots cadres attach great importance to assessment scores.


Premise: Cognitive scientist: Using the pioneering work of comparative psychologist Gordon Gallup as a model, several studies have investigated animals' capacity for mirror self-recognition (MSR). Most animals exposed to a mirror respond only with social behavior, such as aggression. However, in the case of the great apes, repeated exposure to mirrors leads to self-directed behaviors, such as exploring the inside of the mouth, suggesting that these animals recognize the reflection as an image of self. The implication of these studies is that the great apes have a capacity for self-awareness unique among nonhuman species.

Hypothesis: Animals that do not exhibit MSR may demonstrate a capacity for self-awareness in other ways is an assumption made by the cognitive scientist in the argument above.


Premise: As an environmental enthusiast, Dr. Zhao advocates low-carbon life and actively promotes energy conservation and emission reduction. But I do not agree with him, because as a university teacher, he has taken up a lot of time in scientific research and now even an associate professor has not been rated, how can his point of view be convincing?

Hypothesis: Zhang proposed equal pay for equal work and advocated that under the condition of the same quality, pay should be paid on a piece-by-piece basis regardless of age and level. Isn't she saying this because she is young and low-ranking? In fact, she is working for her own benefit is an argument most similar to the above.


Premise: Every kind of behavior comes from a certain thought, and it is not necessarily a signal of action. the more people make full use of language tools to exchange ideas freely, the more they can achieve correct understanding to dominate more rational actions. Therefore, suppressing speech is often not an action to prevent mistakes, but to prevent deliberate actions, and the result must be that if the pressure is large enough, people will be passive, and if the pressure is small, people will move at will.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that restricting speech restricts thought.


Premise: Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. <b> That plan is ill-conceived </b>: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why <b> a more sensible preservation strategy would be to the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability </b>.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The first is the conclusion reached about one strategy for attaining a certain goal; the second presents the strategy that the reasoning advocates' in the reasoning above describes the roles that the two boldface portions play.


Premise: Reason is easy to understand, it is common sense and common sense, it is easy to tell whether it is reasonable or not, and it is not easy to follow blindly. The truth is different, either the mystery of the natural world or the law of history. These are things that ordinary people do not understand. In front of the truth, the common people are in an absolutely low position, and only rely on the knowledge instilled in them by the elites above. They do not know whether it is reasonable or not.

Hypothesis: The reason why truth is harder to understand than reason is intended to be explained by the above text.


Premise: Jiangtian City Finance Bureau decided to send a comrade to help the poor in rural areas according to the instructions of the superior. Finance Bureau A, B, C, D, E and other comrades actively signed up after learning the news and applied to go. According to the registration situation and the needs of the Bureau's own work, the bureau leaders made the following decisions: (1) to select at least one of A and B; (2) to select at most one of B and C; (3) to select at most one of A and D; and (4) if D is selected, then both C and E are indispensable.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that 'Do not pick D' is correct based on the information provided.


Premise: Administrative levies refer to the act of a country's government, based on public needs, by the administrative agency in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations to compulsorily obtain the ownership of the counterparty's property.

Hypothesis: Charge a fine is not classified as administrative levies.


Premise: In a recent poll of chief executive officers (CEOs) of 125 large corporations, the overwhelming majority claimed that employee training and welfare is of the same high priority as customer satisfaction. So the popular belief that the top management of large corporations behaves indifferently to the needs and aspirations of employees is unfounded.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it makes a generalization based on an unrepresentative sample.


Premise: Peak-End Rule means that the experience of remembering something depends on the feeling at the beginning and end.

Hypothesis: An athlete is good at winning the game at the later stage is not applied to the Peak-End Rule.


Premise: Data froma recent biodiversity study of the Ukuluku river estuary in Tritonia showed that last year the pollution rate of this environmentally sensitive region was significantly lower than in previous years. The Tritonian government, which spent millions of dollars last year to enforce laws against dumping waste into the river, is claiming that the study data indicate that its increased efforts to halt the pollution are proving effective.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Much of the money that was designated last year for estuary preservation has been spent on research and not enforcement' most seriously undermines the government's claim.


Premise: Aroca County' s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property. The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county. Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties, which have much higher sales-tax rates, is about to open in Aroca county' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Post-traumatic stress response refers to the psychological disorder sequelae after encountering or resisting major stress, but this phenomenon is the reasonable result of experiencing trauma, not the original problem of the patient's psychological state.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, In the Middle East, people suffering from war are scared to hide when they talk about flying bombers is not a post-traumatic stress response.


Premise: For a trade embargo against a particular country to succeed, a high degree of both international accord and ability to prevent goods from entering or leaving that country must be sustained. A total blockade of Patria's ports is necessary to an embargo, but such an action would be likely to cause international discord over the embargo.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that any trade embargo against Patria would be likely to fail at some time is most strongly supported by the claims above.


Premise: The pessimist complains about the wind, while the optimist expects the wind to turn. Realistic people adjust the sails. Love is to take the risk of no return, hope is to risk disappointment, but the reason to risk is because the greatest danger in life is to take no risk at all. The difference between an optimist and a pessimist is funny. The former sees a doughnut and the latter sees the hole.

Hypothesis: The option 'Optimists and pessimists' is the most appropriate summary of this passage.


Premise: At the beginning of this century, Wigner put forward the theory of continental drift, which met with strong opposition because his theory was based on the assumption of unidentified forces sufficient to cause continental drift. We can now accept Wigner's theory. This is not because we have identified the power to cause the continent to drift, but because the new instruments eventually enable us to confirm the movement of the continent through observation.

Hypothesis: When an event assumed by a theory is confirmed, the theory can be accepted even if there is no explanation for the cause of the event is best illustrated by the above examples.


Premise: Paperback books wear out more quickly than hardcover books do, but paperback books cost much less. Ttherefore, users of public libraries would be better served if public libraries bought only paperback books, since by so doing these libraries could increase the number of new book titles added to their collections without increasing their budgets.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People are more likely to buy for themselves a copy of a book they had previously borrowed from the public library if that book is available in paperback' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Judging the sex of human remains in archeological research is of great significance for understanding the structure of ancient society. Scientists have discovered that tooth enamel contains amelogenin, and the gene encoding this protein happens to be located on the sex chromosomes-X and Y chromosomes, the researcher It is believed that the method of using teeth to determine the sex of the remains can be used for archaeological research.

Hypothesis: There is no obvious gender difference in the bones of the child's remains best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: In trade with China, France lags far behind Japan and the United States, and even lags behind the United Kingdom and Italy. China's GDP growth rate this year is expected to reach 7.5% to 7.8%, compared with the first seven months of 2001. France Trade with China only increased by 2.7%, while the trade of China with other European countries, who are France's competitors, increased by an average of 10%.

Hypothesis: The pace of development of trade between France and China is relatively slow can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Some students who participated in the summer advanced workshop on linguistics won the youth linguistics award. All third year master students majoring in Chinese participated in the summer advanced workshop on linguistics. All first year master students majoring in Chinese did not participate in the summer advanced workshop on linguistics.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, we can deduce that some first-year master students majoring in Chinese have won the youth linguistics award.


Premise: Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.

Hypothesis: At an international academic conference, Professor Chen gave a presentation in English with a strong Sichuan accent, which was barely understood by most of the foreign scholars attending the conference does not belong to code-switching.


Premise: In order to catch up with the world's advanced level in science and technology, we should not only improve the quality of higher education, but also, above all, improve the quality of primary and secondary education.

Hypothesis: To comprehensively improve the quality of education is the condition for catching up with the world's advanced level in science and technology supports the main point above.


Premise: G, H, J, K, L, M and O travel together. During their four-day camping life, two people were arranged to be on duty to cook for everyone every day. The arrangement of the personnel required for these four days cannot be repeated, and there happens to be one person on duty for two days.In addition, the following conditions must be met for those on duty: (1)J is arranged to be on duty the day after H.(2) the person who is on duty for two days must be on the fourth day, not the third day. (3) G must be arranged on the same day as one of J and O. (4) K is arranged to be on duty on at least one day on the first or second day. (5) O must be on the third day.

Hypothesis: The option G must be on the next day.


Premise: High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the city' s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year' s rate. This is encouraging evidence that the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: According to the existing laws of physics, it is impossible for any matter to move faster than the speed of light, but a recent astronomical observation challenged this law. The IC310 galaxy, which is far away from Earth, has an active black hole, and the matter that falls into the black hole produces gamma-ray shock waves. Some astronomers have found that the gamma ray travels faster than the speed of light because it takes only 4.8 minutes to cross the boundary of the black hole, while light takes 25 minutes to cover the distance. As a result, these astronomers propose that the law of constant speed of light needs to be modified.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Either the law of constant speed of light is out of date, or astronomers' observations are wrong' would most question the conclusion made by the above-mentioned astronomers.


Premise: The ancient city of Beiting is the Tang Dynasty Beiting Duhu Mansion, Beiting Daduhu Mansion, and the governing place of Beiting Dao. Its scale is magnificent, ranking first in the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain and second in Xinjiang. After the vicissitudes of time, it has been transformed into the huge ruins of the legacy which can still vaguely glimpse the majestic atmosphere of the heavy battlements and deep trenches. This thousand-year-old city is also the seat of the important military and political institutions of the Tang Dynasty, the Han Navy and the Tingzhou government office, and has become a record of ancient history. It is an eternal symbol of the country. Its former site is in the border of Jimsar County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, only 12 kilometers to the south from the county seat. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Hypothesis: The aspect of Beiting's ancient city that cannot be learned from this text is demographic changes.


Premise: At present, for the bio-processed food system to become a reality, there are still several things to do. First, it must be able to cultivate the tissues of vegetables and fruits in the culture medium. Second, it must be able to expand the production to meet the needs of the market.But to mass-produce economically,it is necessary to develop cheap raw materials and use the basic nutrients in them for mass production.

Hypothesis: The current raw materials are too expensive can be inferred from this.


Premise: According to the different effects of the ability compensation method on the overall effect of the ability system, the mutual compensation between abilities can be divided into two types: unbalanced compensation and balanced compensation. Unbalanced compensation refers to the use of superior abilities to compensate for weak abilities, thereby strengthening the overall ability. Balanced compensation refers to the way to strengthen the overall ability by improving the weak ability.

Hypothesis: The No. 5 player of the volleyball team is characterized by strong offense and blocking, but is weak in defense and first pass. The coach arranges him to defend in the first position, and uses the front row to block the straight line to cover his shortcomings is unbalanced compensation according to the above definition.


Premise: Over 90 percent of the human brain currently serves no purpose, as is evident from the fact that many people with significant brain damage show no discernible adverse effects. So once humans begin to tap into this tremendous source of creativity and innovation, many problems that today seem insurmountable will be within our ability to solve.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the currently unused parts of the brain are a potential source of tremendous creativity and innovation is a flaw in the argument.


Premise: X-ray examination of a recently discovered painting -- judged by some authorities to be a self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh -- revealed an underimage of a woman' s face. Either van Gogh or another painter covered the first painting with the portrait now seen on the surface of the canvas. Because the face of the woman in the underimage also appears on canvases van Gogh is known to have painted, the surface painting must be an authentic self-portrait by van Gogh.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is properly drawn if it is assumed that many painted canvases that can be reliably attributed to van Gogh contain underimages of subjects that appear on at least one other canvas that van Gogh is known to have painted.


Premise: Administrative levies refer to the act of a country's government, based on public needs, by the administrative agency in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations to compulsorily obtain the ownership of the counterparty's property.

Hypothesis: To charge road maintenance fees is not classified as administrative levies.


Premise: Court analyst: Courts should not allow the use of DNA tests in criminal cases. There exists considerable controversy among scientific experts about how reliable these tests are. Unless there is widespread agreement in the scientific community about how reliable a certain test is, it is unreasonable for the courts to allow evidence based on that test.

Hypothesis: The court analyst's reasoning is flawed because it fails to take into account that data should not be admitted as evidence in a court of law without scientific witnesses having agreed about how reliable they are.


Premise: Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by the public via personal computer. Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public, information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any traditional news source presents.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument above depends is that traditional news sources seldom report the views of political advocacy groups accurately.


Premise: Only one of the following statements about the failure of  computer A is true

Hypothesis: The true judgment is that the motherboard is broken.


Premise: Politician: Homelessness is a serious social problem, but further government spending to provide low-income housing is not the cure for homelessness. The most cursory glance at the real-estate section of any major newspaper is enough to show that there is no lack of housing units available to rent. So the frequent claim that people are homeless because of a lack of available housing is wrong.

Hypothesis: The fact that homelessness is a serious social problem is compatible with either accepting the conclusion or with denying it.


Premise: After the four countries of Dali, Wu Yue, South Han to participate in the northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast and other four different alliances, and the four countries to participate in the alliance is different.First, only after joining the Southwest Alliance, the South Han can participate in the Northeast Alliance. Second, if Nanhan joins the Northeast Alliance, Dali will join the Southwest Alliance. Third, after that, Dali has at least one country participating in the Southwest Alliance. Fourth, if The South Han joins the Northwest or Southwest Alliance, Wu Yue will not participate in the Northwest or Southwest Alliance.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that South Han Sims does not participate in the Southwest Alliance.


Premise: The so-called control refers to the behavior of correcting the production and operation activities of the enterprise in order to achieve the planned goals of the enterprise. The purpose of control is to ensure that the actual production and operation activities of the enterprise are consistent with the expected goals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The determined control target must be included in the possibility space of things development and change' is incorrect about control.


Premise: The only songs Amanda has ever written are blues songs and punk rock songs. Most punk rock songs involve no more than three chords. So if the next song Amanda writes is not a blues song, it probably will not involve more than three chords.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument that the next pet the Gupta family owns will probably be very noisy if it is not a fish is most similar to the reasoning in the argument that if the next pet the Gupta family owns is a parrot, it will probably be very noisy.


Premise: The photosynthesis of plants is the most effective process of fixing solar light energy on earth. The oil and natural gas consumed by humans are actually the direct or indirect products of plant photosynthesis in ancient times. The earth produces 173 billion to 220 billion tons of materials each year through photosynthesis, and the energy contained therein is equivalent to 10 to 20 times the total energy consumption of the world, but the current utilization rate is less than 3%. Photosynthesis is the best example of the efficient use of solar energy. Deciphering the mysterious mechanism of photosynthesis will lay the foundation for the establishment of an artificial photosynthesis system and the development of clean and efficient new energy.

Hypothesis: The passage mainly says that the mechanism of plant photosynthesis is mysterious.


Premise: Employee: My boss says that my presentation to our accounting team should have included more detail about profit projections. But people' s attention tends to wander when they are presented with too much detail. So, clearly my boss is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the employee's argument is flawed because it fails to consider that an audience's attention might wander for reasons other than being presented with too much detail.


Premise: In the era when the written language was not popular, folk tales assumed the function of cultivating the outlook on life, morality and ethics. Listening to stories is an important channel for people to learn traditional culture, natural knowledge, and philosophy of life. However, the rapid development of modern technology is profoundly changing people's lifestyles, and also greatly affecting people's acceptance habits and aesthetic tastes. At present, young people's perception and understanding of traditional culture is more through film and television works and the Internet. Through novels, video games and other channels, young people are becoming more and more unfamiliar with some classic images in traditional folk tales. Many experts and scholars say that it is urgent to salvage the lost folk tales.

Hypothesis: Ways to make folk tales accepted by modern people is most likely to be talked about next.


Premise: Differential competition means that many enterprises in the same industry adopt flexible and personalized means to establish a good corporate image and win the market in the short-term fierce competition.

Hypothesis: Under the condition that other real estate developers have reduced prices and promoted sales, a certain real estate has improved its quality and introduced famous school resources, so its sales volume is far ahead of other real estate developments in the same period belongs to differential competition.


Premise: The frequent occurrence of violent injuries to doctors may have made many people feel powerless, but powerlessness does not mean that they are numb. According to the data released by the Supreme people's Procuratorate in March 2019, procuratorial organs prosecuted a total of 3202 people for crimes such as violent injury to doctors and gathering crowds to disturb doctors in 2018. Although the number has dropped by 29% compared with the same period last year, the absolute number is still not low. And this is only a case clearly brought into the judicial track. In this regard, of course, we can not exaggerate and magnify the conflict between doctors and patients, but in the governance side, we can not underestimate the probability of its occurrence. It is true that the professional environment of doctors and level of security doctors still need to be improved.

Hypothesis: The governance of the relationship between doctors and patients still needs to be strengthened according to this passage.


Premise: Editorial: The premier' s economic advisor assures her that with the elimination of wasteful spending the goal of reducing taxes while not significantly decreasing government services can be met. But the premier should not listen to this advisor, who in his youth was convicted of embezzlement. Surely his economic advice is as untrustworthy as he is himself, and so the premier should discard any hope of reducing taxes without a significant decrease in government services.

Hypothesis: Criticizing the source of a claim rather than examining the claim itself is a questionable argumentative strategy employed in the editorial's argument.


Premise: No matter what article is selected into the Chinese teaching material, it is no longer an independent work in the original sense, but an organic part of the whole teaching material system, which is the basis of basic skills training.

Hypothesis: An organic part of the whole teaching material system refers to the reliance of basic skills training.


Premise: The Russian antivirus software provider Kaspersky Lab announced on June 15 that an international virus writing team named 29a has recently created the world's first virus that can be transmitted between mobile phones. Kaspersky Lab said that on the 15th, the 29a team sent the code of the worm called Kabil to some anti-virus vendors, who confirmed that the virus has the function of spreading between mobile phones.

Hypothesis: The title 'Anti-virus manufacturers confirm that viruses can be transmitted between mobile phones' is the most suitable for the paragraph of text used as news in a newspaper.


Premise: The rate of health complications of patients on intravenous (IV) therapy at a particular hospital was higher than usual. Government inspectors found that the typical IV solutions used in this hospital had somewhat high concentrations of sodium and potassium, which were raising patients' blood pressure and taxing their kidneys. The government inspectors mandated lowering the sodium and potassium in these IV preparations, and threatened with a possible government fine. In compliance, the hospital lowered the sodium and potassium levels in the IV solutions to the correct levels. Nevertheless, patients on IV therapy at that hospital continued to have a high rate of health complications.

Hypothesis: It is typical for a patient's appetite to increase to healthy levels once they have completed a course of IV therapy most helps to explain why acting on the government inspectors' recommendations failed to achieve its goal.


Premise: The leader of a certain unit decides to select several people from the six people of Wang, Chen, Zhou, Li, Lin, and Hu to perform an important task. The candidate to perform the task should meet all the following conditions: Only one of the two of Wang and Li needs to participate; Li , Only one of the two of Zhou will participate; Wang and Chen should have at least one of them; two of Wang, Lin, and Hu should participate; Chen and Zhou must either participate or not; if Lin participates, Li must join.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that Wang and Chen will not attend based on the information given.


Premise: The most difficult thing in China's reform is not to find problems and put forward countermeasures, but that this reform must consider the fundamental and long-term interests of 1.3 billion people. To avoid causing social unrest and intensifying contradictions is both positive and prudent. It is a belief that China has always adhered to in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, and it is also a magic weapon to overcome difficulties and overcome difficult problems all the way.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusion, China must consider the reality of a large population in its reform.


Premise: In discussing the pros and cons of monetary union among several European nations, some politicians have claimed that living standards in the countries concerned would first have to converge if monetary union is not to lead to economic chaos. This claim is plainly false, as is demonstrated by the fact that living standards diverge widely between regions within countries that nevertheless have stable economies.

Hypothesis: In attempting to refute the politicians' claim, the author gives an example of a state of affairs, assumed to be relevantly similar, in which the allegedly incompatible elements coexist.


Premise: In a recent study, researchers collected current prices for the 300 most common pharmaceutical drugs from the leading wholesalers specializing in bulk sales. It was found that these prices average 60 to 80 percent below the suggested wholesale prices listed for the same drugs in the current annual edition of a widely used, independently published pharmaceutical price guidebook.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, would help to explain the situation described above EXCEPT: Suggested wholesale prices for the most common pharmaceutical drugs tend to be less than those for less common pharmaceutical drugs.


Premise: It is reported that the global temperature has been rising continuously for more than 150 years due to the massive emission of greenhouse gases by human beings. However, compared with 1970-1998, the rise rate of the global surface average temperature has slowed down significantly since 1999, and the rise rate of the average temperature has not been obvious in the past 15 years, so the global warming is not so serious.

Hypothesis: This phenomenon appeared in the 1950s and 1970s, and then began to accelerate warming weakens the above argument most.


Premise: Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants has been temporarily stored on-site, but this is not a satisfactory kind of place for long-range storage. Since no suitable plan of safe permanent storage of such waste from the nation' s existing and planned nuclear plants has been devised, some people propose that we should stop trying to develop such a plan and instead should shut down all present nuclear plants and build no new nuclear plants.

Hypothesis: The proposal mentioned above falls short of offering a complete solution to the problem it addresses because it does not provide for the permanent storage of already-existing waste.


Premise: Conditional commitment refers to a commitment made by one party to the other party with conditions in social activities.

Hypothesis: The boss of a company promised to give each outstanding employee a raise of 200 yuan per month is a conditional commitment.


Premise: Surveys show that in China, men are increasingly buying and using skin care products such as facial cleansers and toners, as well as cosmetics such as concealer or BB cream. At the promotion meeting of a large shopping mall, all the cosmetics on display are for men, and the shopping guides are all men with exquisite makeup. Within one hour of the Double Eleven in 2019, the transaction volume of male cosmetics by a large e-commerce company reached 44 times that of the same period of the previous year. The rapid growth of China's male cosmetics market is a reflection of consumer demand.

Hypothesis: More and more young Chinese men are starting to use cosmetics can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Mental illness is not a pathological concept, but a sociological concept. If a person is forcibly committed to a mental hospital by a family member or authority, that person can almost only be diagnosed as a Mental patient. The description of his symptoms by his family and authority is an important piece of information for judging whether he is mentally ill or not. And if he says he was persecuted and fought back, he fits the criteria of the psychiatric diagnosis of Paranoia, Maniaand the like. His right to self-defense is also nullified by this invincible logic: you say that you are not mentally ill, and you are, precisely at this time, because you refuse to admit that you are mentally ill -- a manifestation of mental illness; And you admit it, of course you are.

Hypothesis: The expression of individuals who have been forced into a mental hospital is pale and feeble on the question of whether they have a mental illness can be inferred.


Premise: Qin Mu Gong asked Bole to recommend his successor. Bole said Jiufanggao could afford the post. Under the orders of Lord Mu, Jiufanggao went out to look for horses and returned three months later to say that the horses had been found.  Mu Gong asked: where is the horse? Jiufanggao replied: yellow male horse.  Mu Gong sent someone to pick up the horse, and the horse taker reported that it was a black mare. Mu Gong is not happy, responsibility Bole: the person you recommend can't even distinguish between the yellow and black male and female of a horse, how can you tell whether it is good or bad?As Jiufanggao observed, the mystery between heaven and earth: he got its subtlety, gave up its roughness, examined its interior and forgot its appearance, saw what he should have seen, but did not see what he did not have to see, inspected the places he should have explored, and abandoned the places he did not have to explore. People like Jiufanggao who are good at identifying Chollima are indeed more valuable than Chollima.  When the horse arrives, it is really a good horse in the world.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Chollima cannot be distinguished by the color and gender of the horse' supports the main point above.


Premise: All of Cuizhu's college classmates work in a German-funded enterprise. Xi Lan is a university classmate of Cuizhu, and Jian Song is the department manager of the German-funded enterprise. Some of the employees of the German-funded company are from Huai'an. The employees of the German-funded company have gone to Germany to study, and they all speak German.

Hypothesis: Jian Song and Xilan are university classmates can be derived from the following statements.


Premise: A common genetic mutation that lowers levels of the enzyme cathepsin C severely reduces a person' s ability to ward off periodontitis, or gum disease. The enzyme triggers immunological reactions that destroy diseased cells and eliminate infections in the mouth. But researchers are developing ways to restore the enzyme to normal levels. Once that happens, we will be able to eliminate periodontitis.

Hypothesis: A person whose cathepsin C level has been restored to normal will not suffer from periodontitis is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: An authoritative opinion poll conducted an investigation into the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks around the world and found that 40% thought it was caused by the unfair foreign policy of the United States, 55% thought it was caused by the conflict between Islamic civilization and Western civilization, 23% thought it was caused by the evil nature of terrorists, and 19% did not express their opinions.

Hypothesis: The most reasonable explanation for the apparent contradiction in the above statements is that some respondents later changed their views.


Premise: In 1923, the Preparatory Conference for the Unification of Mandarin decided to adopt the Beijing phonetic standard to promote language and dialect throughout the country, not as a tool of communication, but as a cultural carrier.At present, the miniaturization of dialects, even if the culture of one side fades, maintaining the coexistence of dialect national language and common language is conducive to maintaining cultural diversity. While popularizing Putonghua, dialects should also be given some room for expression.And the dialect is not large, applied to one side of the land, but also can enrich the color of the common language, such as happy to pay for the high and unfinished buildings and other words have entered the common language vocabulary, and have some development.

Hypothesis: The gist of the above is that common language identification is conducive to improving the cultural level and scientific and technological development level of the whole nation.


Premise: Many adults often remember only a few famous sentences in the three hundred Tang Poems that they were familiar with when they were children, but do not know the author or the name of the poem. There are only three grades of master's degree students in the Chinese Department of School A, and the number of students in each grade is equal. Statistics show that all the first-year students can match the famous sentences in the book with the poem names and their authors; the second-year students in 2 /3 can correspond to the famous sentences in the book with the author; and the students in grade 3 in 1/3 can't match the famous sentences in the book with the names of poems.

Hypothesis: According to the information above, students in the first and third grades above 2/3 in the Chinese department of the university can match the famous sentences in the book with the names of the poems.


Premise: The ratchet effect refers to the irreversibility of people's consumption habits after the formation, that is, it is easy to adjust upwards, but it is difficult to adjust downwards.

Hypothesis: Boss Zhao's business failed. After selling his company's assets and real estate, he still owed the bank more than 200,000 yuan, but for the convenience of travel, he did not use his high-end car to repay the debt is eligible for the ratchet effect.


Premise: Japanese culture has been exerting a subtle influence on the West after the war and now it has increasingly become an important part of mainstream culture. Takashi Murakami, Nara Meiji and Haruki Murakami have become prominent symbols of popular culture in the world. The shadow of Japanese animation can be clearly seen in a number of Hollywood blockbusters such as the Matrix. And in these Japanese culture that affects the world (including China), what we see is not a very superficial chrysanthemum and knife and so on, but something more essential, and some things need to be carefully considered before we can really understand.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that Japan has changed its strategy and we must guard against deep cultural aggression.


Premise: The gold standard rule means that in terms of brand positioning and advertising performance, set up a statement for the brand that can make it better than similar brands, thus reflecting that the brand is superior and superior. The contents of the gold standard rule can be as follows: emphasize leadership and professionalism; highlight the superior quality of products; establish scientific rules of use; highlight the advanced nature of the brand in technology, technology, etc.; spread the egotistical brand value and image and so on.

Hypothesis: The slogan of a health product 'Cranes dance in Changshan, my heart flies!' does not apply the gold standard rule according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, a new supermarket was opened in Changning District of Shanghai. From the outside, it is a typical Chinese chain supermarket. The shelves are full of various food and daily necessities. All the goods in the store,  the appearance is no different from ordinary goods, but the inside is empty, and there is no trace of unpacking on the packaging. Visitors have no idea how the goods were emptied. Although this is a goods-emptying supermarket, it is very popular.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The empty packagings are actually art products' can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Certain bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide as a waste product would die if directly exposed to oxygen. The hydrogen sulfide reacts with oxygen, removing it and so preventing it from harming the bacteria. Furthermore, the hydrogen sulfide tends to kill other organisms in the area, thereby providing the bacteria with a source of food. As a result, a dense colony of these bacteria produces for itself an environment in which it can continue to thrive indefinitely.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bacteria can continue to thrive indefinitely only in an environment in which the hydrogen sulfide they produce has removed all oxygen and killed other organisms in the area' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Household consumption refers to the total value of material and service products consumed directly by residents. It includes material consumption such as food and clothing in personal life, as well as all kinds of labor consumption.

Hypothesis: Cultural and educational supplies purchased by the school is household consumption according to the above definition.


Premise: When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane. In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors' is further evidence that using the film will help the airline officials achieve their goal.


Premise: Heart disease is closely related to fat embolism in arteries. But a new study shows that fat molecules come not only from food, but also from certain bacteria in the mouth. Based on this, the researchers believe that oral disease is often associated with heart disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The lipid molecules produced by this bacteria are different from those in mammals and belong to a special bacterial family' can best support the above researchers' point of view.


Premise: The new socket products of a brand include lightning protection parts, which can ensure that the connected electrical appliances will not be damaged after lightning strikes. It was proposed that such parts should be installed in all socket products of the brand as standard accessories; Others believe that this will increase the product cost and reduce its price competitive advantage in the industry. Moreover, the domestic industry standard does not require the product to add lightning protection parts, so it is not necessary to install lightning protection parts.

Hypothesis: If true, the fact that more and more sockets of other brands also began to add lightning protection components weakens the above objection most.


Premise: With the increase of the contribution rate of science and technology to economic and social development and the deepening of the involvement of science and technology in life, the relationship between ordinary people and science and technology has become closer. Popular science has increasingly become a common expectation of people when it comes to life. And this puts forward higher requirements for popular science innovation. Of course, the first thing to innovate in popular science is to update the ideas and contents of popular science in a timely manner, and to inform the public of the ever-changing achievements of scientific and technological development in an easy-to-understand way. At the same time, it also means the innovation of the forms and means of science popularization. Adding elements of literature and art is the proper meaning of the title_ _ The older generation of scientific workers are very good at borrowing the power of literature and art. For example, when we read Mr. Zhu Kezhen's popular science articles such as hurricane and cloud, we will be impressed by his accurate and vivid words.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate thing to fill in the horizontal part of the painting is 'In fact, popular science itself is literary.'