Premise: Economist: No economic system that is centrally planned can efficiently allocate resources, and efficient allocation of resources is a necessary condition for achieving a national debt of less than 5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It follows that any nation with a centrally planned economy has a national debt that is at least 5 percent of GDP.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning exhibited by the economist's argument is most similar to that exhibited by the statement 'All of the rural districts are free of major air pollution problems because such problems occur only where there is a large concentration of automobiles, and there are no such places in the rural districts.'


Premise: Real estate agent: Upon selling a home, the sellers are legally entitled to remove any items that are not permanent fixtures. Legally, large appliances like dishwashers are not permanent fixtures. However, since many prospective buyers of the home are likely to assume that large appliances in the home would be included with its purchase, sellers who will be keeping the appliances are morally obliged either to remove them before showing the home or to indicate in some other way that the appliances are not included.

Hypothesis: If a home's sellers will be keeping any belongings that prospective buyers of the home might assume would be included with the purchase of the home, the sellers are morally obliged to indicate clearly that those belongings are not included is the principle that most helps to justify the real estate agent's argumentation, if valid.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The development of manufacturing industry in southern cities is closely related to the supply of low-rent housing is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds.

Hypothesis: The argument relies on the questionable assumption that the nectar-eating bird does not sometimes also eat seeds.


Premise: There are four children in the family, namely A, B, C and D. One day, there are fewer candies on the table. The mother asked who stole the candies. Each of the four children said: A said: Among us Someone ate candy; B said: None of the four of us ate candy; C said: At least one of B and D did not steal candy; D said: I did not steal candy.

Hypothesis: It's A and C who tell the truth if two of the four children are telling the truth and two are telling lies.


Premise: When can Chinese young directors also have a dynasty change of film language and film achievements, not just the fifth and sixth generation on the seniority baton? However, just like the Matthew effect, the more well-known directors are, the more favored by capital, and the hunger for opportunities and creative use of famous directors are often inferior to young directors, and the more resources young directors need, the more difficult it is to attract funds. rare opportunities once in several years first make survival an obstacle.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate giving young directors more opportunities.


Premise: From the perspective of legal operation, it has been proposed that the application for heritage of peasant paintings will cause contradictions in the determination of copyright, because the authors of the national and national cultural heritage are collective and anonymous. The author of peasant painting is very clear and has the subject and object conditions stipulated in the copyright law.

Hypothesis: According to the context, the statement that the peasant paintings do not belong to the culture of a country or nation is incorrect.


Premise: The total number of book titles published annually in North America has approximately quadrupled since television first became available. Retail sales of new titles, as measured in copies, increased rapidly in the early days of television, though the rate of increase has slowed in recent years. Library circulation has been flat or declining in recent years.

Hypothesis: The availability of television does not always cause a decline in the annual number of book titles published or in the number of books sold is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: In daily life, some people save trouble when taking medicine. After putting the pills in their mouths, they do not drink water or just take a sip of water, and then swallow hard, thinking they have finished taking the medicine. Some people think that this way of taking medicine is not advisable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some drugs, due to the low solubility of metabolites, are easy to precipitate in the urinary tract and cause other symptoms. Therefore, patients should drink at least 1500 ml of water every day during the period of taking the medicine' best supports these people's views.


Premise: The researchers used X-rays to take images of rhesus monkeys making various sounds as they ate, yawned and yelled at each other. The results show that macaques can easily make many different sounds, including the five most basic vowels in the English alphabet. The researchers speculate that rhesus monkeys cannot speak thousands of words and complete sentences because their brains are different from those of humans.

Hypothesis: Using a computer to simulate macaques to speak complete sentences, each word is relatively clear and not difficult to understand best supports the above researchers' conjecture.


Premise: Jorge: You won' t be able to write well about the rock music of the 1960s, since you were just an infant then. Rock music of the 1960s was created by and for people who were then in their teens and early twenties. Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writers who write well about ancient Roman culture, even though those writers are obviously not a part of ancient Roman culture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether people who are not now in their teens or early twenties can write well about the rock music of the 1960s' most accurately represents what is at issue between Jorge and Ruth.


Premise: Similar empirical knowledge of ancient Greece and ancient China produced similar theoretical insights, such as Aristotle's and Mohist Classics' understanding of leverage principle. However, the initial mechanics theory of ancient Greece soon developed into a synthesis of theoretical knowledge, while the mechanical tradition of Chinese Mohism was interrupted after the warring states period. Ancient Chinese science is not good at observing and recognizing the movement of objects and forming a systematic theory, which is an obvious weakness. In contrast, the Chinese have made more outstanding achievements in solving practical problems.

Hypothesis: The reasons for the interruption of scientific tradition in ancient China are intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: O2O model, or OnlineToOffline, refers to the combination of offline business opportunities with the Internet, making the Internet the foreground of offline transactions. Online platforms provide consumers with consumer guides, discount information, convenience services and sharing platforms, while offline merchants focus on providing services.

Hypothesis: Passengers can book a taxi by calling the taxi hotline and can enjoy pick-up service at a specified time and place belongs to O2O mode according to the above definition.


Premise: A team of researchers compiled brain data from more than 140 non-human animals. to study why primate brains are larger than other vertebrates.In the study, the researchers not only considered the socialization of primates, such as race size, social systems and mating systems.Their eating habits were also studied, and whether they ate leaves, fruit or omnivores.According to the researchers, dietary habits are the main reason for the large size of the primate's brain.

Hypothesis: The statement "Of the more than 140 primates, fruit-eating animals have significantly larger brains than leaf-eating animals; The brains of omnivores are also larger than those of leaf eaters" best supports the above conclusions if correct.


Premise: Without the emergence of new scientific and technological views of Darwin, Marconi and other experts, the world's first science fiction would not have been produced; without general relativity and the development of quantum mechanics, the golden age of science fiction would not have been ushered in; without atomic physics and the development of space science, there would be no disaster science fiction or super space adventure novels.

Hypothesis: Science fiction and science promote each other and develop together is the main idea of this passage.


Premise: After being subjected to clinical tests like those used to evaluate the effectiveness of prescription drugs, a popular nonprescription herbal remedy was found to be as effective in treating painful joints as is a certain prescription drug that has been used successfully to treat this condition. The manufacturer of the herbal remedy cited the test results as proof that chemical agents are unnecessary for the successful treatment of painful joints.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The herbal remedy contains no chemical agents that are effective in treating painful joints' is an assumption required for the test results to provide the proof that the manufacturer claims they do.


Premise: People like to look out at the ideal view from a semi-enclosed, safe house. If they can choose freely, the home environment they choose is always both. On the one hand, it is a safe shelter, on the other hand, it has a broad vision to develop outward and forage. People of different genders may have slightly different choices, at least among Western landscape painters: female painters emphasize safe housing and the prospect is usually small, while male painters emphasize open prospects. In addition, female painters seem to prefer to place their characters in or near their homes, while male painters often put their characters in an endless space.

Hypothesis: People first consider safety when choosing houses, and they are also eager to be close to nature misunderstands this passage.


Premise: Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation. Ttherefore, when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences, most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.

Hypothesis: The explanation offered above for the low esteem in which scientific popularizers are held by research scientists assumes that research scientists tend not to regard as colleagues those scientists whose renown they envy.


Premise: In the recruitment examination for the open selection of deputy section chiefs in a certain department, a total of 7 people signed up, including A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. According to statistics, the highest academic qualifications of the seven people are bachelor's degree and doctor's degree respectively. Among them, there are 3 PhD graduates and 3 women. It is known that the educational levels of A, B and C are the same, while those of F and G are different; the genders of E, F and G are the same, and the genders of A and D are different. In the end, a female doctor was hired.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, An is a male doctor can be inferred.


Premise: Recently, some foreign scholars and media have more concentrated reflections and criticisms on the Western democratic system, pointing out that Western democracy is declining. In this regard, some scholars believe that one of the reasons for the decline of Western democracy is its genetic defects. Western democracy is the establishment based on a hypothetical premise that rights are absolute. That is to say, rights and obligations are relative, but in the Western democratic model, the absoluteization of rights has become the mainstream, all kinds of rights are absolute, and individualism is supreme, and lack of social responsibility.

Hypothesis: The preference of Western democracies for the absoluteization of rights has led to the neglect of the rights of others and the living environment would best support the scholar's point of view.


Premise: Manager: This company' s supply chain will develop significant weaknesses unless we make changes to our vendor contracts now. Some will argue that this problem is so far in the future that there is no need to address it today. But that is an irresponsible approach. Just imagine if a financial planner offered the same counsel to a 30-year-old client: Don' t worry, Jane, retirement is 35 years away; you don' t need to save anything now.  That planner would be guilty of gross malpractice.

Hypothesis: It would be irresponsible to postpone changes to the vendor contracts just because the supply chain will not develop weaknesses for a long time is the overall conclusion drawn in the manager's argument.


Premise: All the sales staff of a company are from Shaanxi. Some Shaanxi people like to eat pepper, and the general manager of the company likes to eat pepper,

Hypothesis: The company's salespeople may not like to eat pepper can be introduced.


Premise: Some people whose heart stops beating are actually declared dead by the law, but they can still be saved, while other people's body functions have completely disappeared, but due to the medical devices, the heart can still beating. In this case, he is actually dead man, still considered alive by law.

Hypothesis: The correct option is that using the stop of the heart as the basis for determining death may cause conflicts between the law and reality.


Premise: Less than 10 percent of the world's people, and of the participants in combat sports worldwide, are left-handed. However, a majority of top-level competitors in combat sports worldwide are left-handed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because left-handedness is so rare, opponents of left-handed fighters are ill equipped to handle the positions and angles from which those fighters attack' most helps to resolve the discrepancy presented in the passage.


Premise: Recently, scientists have confirmed for the first time that lizards sleep in two states: rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). In REM, the brain produces high-frequency electric waves and rapid eye movements, which are associated with dreaming. Scientists speculate that lizards, like humans, dream during sleep.

Hypothesis: During sleep, rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep are carried out alternately should be added as a premise for scientists to speculate.


Premise: Scientist: Some pundits claim that the public is afraid of scientists. This isn' t true. I have been a scientist for several decades, and I have never met anyone who is afraid of scientists.

Hypothesis: If the public were afraid of scientists, then over several decades a scientist would encounter at least one person who was afraid of scientists is an assumption required by the scientist's argument.


Premise: Each of many different human hormones can by itself raise the concentration of glucose in the blood. The reason for this is probably a metabolic quirk of the brain. To see this, consider that although most human cells can produce energy from fats and proteins, brain cells can use only glucose. Thus, if blood glucose levels fall too low, brain cells will rapidly starve, leading to unconsciousness and death.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument above is that the reason that many different hormones can each independently raise blood glucose levels is probably a metabolic quirk of the brain.


Premise: Successis only a local anesthetic. Those artists should realize that they can only succeed Thereand not Here, which in it self is ridiculous and absurd. This in itself is a kind of Failure. What's more, they thought of coming back with laurel crowns, which is a kind of stale emotion, which shows that they are not free at heart and they are still slaves of Here.

Hypothesis: Artists are not only successful in their fields, but they are also successful in other fields. They are free in heart is the most likely to weaken this view.


Premise: Literary works are inseparable from real life. It is impossible for people without in-depth experience of life to write excellent works.

Hypothesis: To create a novel, you must have enough life experience.


Premise: Half of the subjects in an experiment-the experimental group-consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener. Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects-the control group who did not consume the sweetener. The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener' s principal constituents.

Hypothesis: The statement "The two groups of subjects were evenly matched with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the experiment" would best support the conclusion that some ingredient of the sweetener was responsible for the experimental results.


Premise: In the Internet age, people are constantly sharing and communicating in the digital world because they want to prove their existence, but in fact, this desire for connection is not so much a cure as a disease.It expresses our anxiety of being afraid of loneliness, but it does not solve the problem. On the contrary, it makes us more isolated from the outside world. At the same time, we have lost the ability to be alone, and this solitude allows us to focus on thinking and find ourselves.When you find yourself, you can have a better connection with others at the same time.

Hypothesis: The statement "You can only find yourself alone" can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: In trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet, on average people have decreased their consumption of red meat by one-half in the last two decades. However, on average those who have reduced their consumption of red meat actually consume substantially more fat than those who have not.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who reduce their consumption of red meat tend to replace it with cheese and baked goods, which are richer in fat than red meat' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Four good friends made an appointment to have a field life experience on the isolated island for a month. Then they had the following conversation about the activity: A: none of us insisted on it for a month; B: one of the four of us persisted for a month; C: at least one of B and D didn't insist for a month; D: I didn't insist for a month

Hypothesis: It's A and C who tell the truth is correct if two of the four people are telling the truth and two are lying.


Premise: At the end of 2009, the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of China showed that only 6.48% of the people had overall health quality, of which only 4.66% had the literacy of chronic disease prevention. This shows that the national awareness of the disease is still very poor. Only when the national quality is fundamentally improved, the fallacies of Li Yi and Zhang Wuben will not have so many people blindly follow.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the lack of awareness of the disease is one of the manifestations that the national quality needs to be fundamentally improved can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Progressive retirement means that employees have reached the legal retirement age, and the employer flexibly determines the retirement time for some employees according to actual work needs.

Hypothesis: A progressive retirement is when Professor Ma is approaching his retirement age, because he is one of the most influential scholars in the country and has made a significant contribution to the development of the discipline. The school decided to appoint him as a tenured professor.


Premise: Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and about 75 percent of the sun today is hydrogen. This suggests that hydrogen was the main component of the solar system when it formed. With the formation of the Sun, most of the solar system's material was concentrated in the Sun, while outside the sun, the elements were stratified: close to the Sun, the temperature was very high, leaving only the relatively heavy elements such as silicon, iron, oxygen, these elements together to form mercury, Venus, Earth and other rocky planets; Farther away from the Sun, as temperatures cool, the proportions of these elements decrease, and the planet's atmosphere becomes dominated by hydrogen, with some nitrogen, such as Jupiter and Saturn; At the edge of the solar system, there are few heavy elements, mostly water ice, methane and so on.

Hypothesis: The main text introduction is 'The distribution of different elements in the solar system'.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: If P is on duty in the second day, H is on duty in the second day.


Premise: The football match in Master Cup 2003 China robot competition is going on. Three professors predict the final results: Professor Zhao said: The champion is not Tsinghua University team or Zhejiang University team. Professor Qian said: The champion is not Tsinghua University team, but China University of Science and Technology team. Professor Sun said: The champion is not the China University of Science and Technology team, but the Tsinghua University team. The competition results show that only one of them is right in both judgments, one is right and one is wrong, and the other is all wrong.

Hypothesis: Based on the information provided, the Zhejiang University team is likely to win the championship.


Premise: Civil servants refer to staff who perform public duties in accordance with the law, are included in the administrative staff, and are paid by the state finances for wages and benefits.

Hypothesis: Notary at Haidian Notary Office is not a civil servant.


Premise: The leader of the British Conservative Party personally solicited young people in advertisements. The Labour Party has a National Committee of the youth Labour Party, and pointed out in the revised Party Constitution in 2005 that young people should resonate with the ideas and propositions of the Labour Party; The Liberal Democratic Party even relaxed the age, and even 12-year-old children can join its youth organization, which also promoted the younger trend of party leaders and brought vitality to British politics; Former Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair took office at the age of 44, and current Prime Minister Cameron became Conservative leader at the age of 39.

Hypothesis: Britain's three major political parties attach importance to the absorption of young members is intended to be illustrated in this paragraph.


Premise: According to the statistics in the 1990s, the average annual growth rate of patent applications in China is 48%, but the implementation of patents in China only accounts for 20-30% of the total number of patents, compared with the implementation rate of up to 80% in foreign countries, there is a big gap. Only 15% of total patent applications in China come from enterprises, while 80% of patent applications in developed countries come from enterprises.

Hypothesis: The main support is that compared with enterprises, universities and research institutes pay more attention to the development and application of scientific research achievements.


Premise: Studies have shown that about 2 million years ago, humans began to use stone tools to process food, such as cutting meat and smashing plants. At the same time, humans gradually evolved to form smaller teeth and face shapes, as well as weaker chewing muscles and biting power. Therefore. Researchers speculate that the use of tools weakens the power of chewing, which leads to changes in the shape of human faces.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The type of human food changed 2 million years ago, which accelerated the change of human face shape' would most weaken the above-mentioned researcher's point of view.


Premise: A bacteriophage is a virus that preyson bacteria. With the development of medical implants, more and more patients are receiving medical implants such as catheters and heart stents, but there is also a risk of bacterial infection, so some researchers think that if the bacteriophages are adsorbed on the surface of the implant material and then placed inside the patient, the infection from the implant can be avoided.

Hypothesis: Some bacteriophage enter the body, unable to adapt to the body fluid environment, it is difficult to maintain activity is true and can most likely weaken this conclusion.


Premise: Social barrier refers to the trade protection measures taken by a country in international trade on the pretext of the working environment and the right to live of workers from other countries.

Hypothesis: Country A cancelled its trade order with Country B because of the serious problem of agricultural employment is a social barrier.


Premise: Only people who are willing to compromise should undergo mediation to resolve their conflicts. Actual litigation should be pursued only when one is sure that one' s position is correct. People whose conflicts are based on ideology are unwilling to compromise.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then people whose conflicts are based on ideology are not people who should undergo mediation to resolve their conflicts.


Premise: Food safety has become a hot issue in modern society. A social survey of a city this year showed that 29.2% of the respondents had sense of security. 23.8% of the respondents did not have sense of security, compared with 22.4% and 32.6% last year. As a result, investigators assert that the city's public sense of security for food has improved this year and that the overall situation of food safety is better than last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many samples of catering operators have been added to this year's social survey' is the most likely to question the above findings.


Premise: In polluted industrial English cities during the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases -- black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore trees -- disappeared. It is likely that air pollution eradicated these diseases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Black spot and tar spot returned when the air in the cities became less polluted' most strengthens the reasoning above.


Premise: For similar cars and comparable drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, ttherefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare the cost of repairing collision damage in Greatport with the cost of repairing collision damage in Fairmont.


Premise: Tea is a healthy drink that Chinese people love. After brewing and drinking the tea a few times, most people discard the leftover tea. An expert pointed out that in fact, the substances in tea that can be dissolved in water are limited, and a lot of them are nutritious. The substances still remain in the tea, it is a pity to throw away for nothing, people should eat the leftover tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It has become a habit for most people to drink tea, not to absorb nutrients' can best refute the expert's point of view.


Premise: One study showed that eating celery could help curb aggressive emotions. 151 women were surveyed. Of the women who said they ate celery regularly, 95 percent said they were rarely aggressive or outright provoked. Of the women who didn't eat celery regularly, 53 percent said they were often anxious, angry, and aggressive.

Hypothesis: The statement "Celery has the effects of calming the liver and clearing heat, eliminating vexation and swelling, detoxifying and promoting the lungs, strengthening the stomach and blood, lowering blood pressure, and strengthening the brain and calming" weakens the above conclusion, except.


Premise: The molecular structure of DNA is not immutable, under the influence of various physical and chemical factors or environmental factors.The sequence of several pairs of DNA, that is, the genetic code, may change, resulting in gene mutations, even if very low frequency mutations occur in the process of DNA replication under normal circumstances.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, DNA can mutate only under special circumstances is correct.


Premise: In order to help poverty-stricken areas get rid of poverty, for a long time, people from all walks of life have carried out assistance in various forms, the idea of poverty alleviation has become clearer, the means of poverty alleviation have become more diverse, and new ways such as cultural poverty alleviation, tourism poverty alleviation and e-commerce poverty alleviation have achieved remarkable results. However, in some areas that have not yet been lifted out of poverty, it is difficult to develop anti-poverty industries because of poor natural conditions. To gnaw off the hard bones of poverty alleviation, we still need to play the science and technology card.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Choose a new way to get rid of poverty'.


Premise: Mathematical method is an extremely important and indispensable method in western science. Preciseness and accuracy are an important part of the scientific spirit, which are largely brought about by mathematical methods. Science requires that various concepts be quantified as much as possible and can be tested with certain accuracy. The accuracy of laws and theorems is reflected in their mathematical expression. The coincidence or proximity between experimental measured values and mathematical estimated values of laws and theorems is the main basis for the establishment of laws and theorems, and is also the main reason why laws and theorems are convincing. The concept formed for a long time is that if a discipline cannot be mathematicized, it is considered not an accurate discipline or an immature discipline.

Hypothesis: The most accurate concept of the main idea of this passage is that mathematical method is a means to make science accurate.


Premise: The use of language is an important condition for social, economic, political and cultural life, which no one can leave every day.Learning to use the language correctly is of great significance to the accuracy of our thinking and the improvement of our work efficiency.

Hypothesis: Learning to use language correctly is of great significance to us is the most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage according to the above conclusion.


Premise: Convergence is a process in which different species of organisms develop into one or more similar physical features in order to adapt to the same environment. The similarity between ichthyosaurs and fish is an example of convergence. Ichthyosaurs are marine reptiles and do not belong to the same class as fish. In order to adapt to the marine environment, the physical characteristics of ichthyosaurs tend to be consistent with those of fish. The most striking thing is that ichthyosaurs have fins like fish.

Hypothesis: A creature cannot be grouped just because it has similar physical features to its members is a reasonable corollary of the statement 'All members of a group must have something in common'.


Premise: Modern Western Aesthetics, instead of applying the traditional philosophical methods in the past, it moves towards psychological aesthetics and scientific aesthetics. Psychological aesthetics uses scientific methods to study human aesthetic psychology, focusing on the subject; scientific aesthetics uses scientific methods to analyze the structure and function of aesthetic objects, focusing on the object. But no matter which method is adopted, they think that endless philosophical and speculative discussions on the essence of beauty (the definition of beauty) are meaningless.

Hypothesis: It can be seen from this that scientific aesthetics focuses on the study of aesthetic objects, that is, scientific analysis of the structure and function of aesthetic objects.


Premise: Journalist: Until recently, doctors enjoyed high status in Canada. Although once admired as altruistic, in the last few decades doctors have fallen in public esteem. While it is acknowledged that doctors are indispensable, they are seen by critics as always wanting higher fees from the provincial governments, and even shielding incompetence in some cases, thereby being more dedicated to self-interest than the public interest.

Hypothesis: Doctors in Canada are perceived by critics as being less competent than they used to be is most supported by the journalist's statements.


Premise: Policy Adviser: Freedom of speech is not only a basic human right; it is also the only rational policy for this government to adopt. When ideas are openly aired, good ideas flourish, silly proposals are easily recognized as such, and dangerous ideas can be responded to by rational argument. Nothing is ever gained by forcing citizens to disseminate their thoughts in secret.

Hypothesis: The policy adviser's method of persuasion, in recommending a policy of free speech to the government, is best described by a coupling of moral ideals with self-interest.


Premise: In a certain municipality, a judge overturned a suspect' s conviction for possession of an illegal weapon. The suspect had fled upon seeing police and subsequently discarded the illegal weapon after the police gave chase. The judge reasoned as follows: the only cause for the police giving chase was the suspect' s flight; by itself, flight from the police does not create a reasonable suspicion of a criminal act; evidence collected during an illegal chase is inadmissible; ttherefore, the evidence in this case was inadmissible.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Police can legally give chase to a person only when the person's actions have created a reasonable suspicion of a criminal act' most helps to justify the judge's decision that the evidence was inadmissible.


Premise: With the help of DNA preserved in animal fossils and specimens, and using increasingly advanced cloning and genetic technology, humans have been able to revive some long-extinct animals, such as mammoths, dodos, dinosaurs and so on. At the same time, there is also a big discussion in the scientific community about whether human beings should resurrect extinct animals. Supporters believe that resurrected animals are expected to restore the damaged ecological environment in some areas. For example, mammoths live on the vast grasslands of Siberia, and their droppings are excellent fertilizers for nourishing the grasslands. After the mammoth became extinct, the prairie lacking fertilizer was gradually replaced by the tundra. If the mammoth can be revived and returned to Siberia, it will help to reduce the area of the tundra and gradually restore the grassland ecosystem.

Hypothesis: Even if extinct animals can be resurrected in groups, the habitat suitable for their growth may have disappeared long ago, and all efforts will be in vain if a suitable living environment is not given to the reborn species can best refute the views of the above supporters.


Premise: Reconstructing ships so that they have a double hull can protect them from serious damage in the roughly 20 percent of shipping accidents that unavoidably result from severe weather conditions. Avoidable human error, however, causes about 80 percent of shipping accidents. It would ttherefore be far more cost-effective to reduce damage to ships by retraining sailors than by reconstructing ships.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The least expensive course of action in the long term is the one that minimizes the total cost of damage from accidents' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Political theorist: The vast majority of countries that have a single political party have corrupt national governments, but some countries with a plurality of parties also have corrupt national governments. What all countries with corrupt national governments have in common, however, is the weakness of local governments.

Hypothesis: Some countries with weak local governments have a plurality of political parties must also be true if all of the political theorist's statements are true.


Premise: People with depression have a strong suicidal tendency, and many people think that depression is a mental illness. In the middle of the 20th century, medical research found that the concentration of three neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain of depressed suicides is lower than that of normal people. Medical scientists speculate that it is the imbalance in the concentration of these three neurotransmitters that leads to depression.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Depression is not only a psychological disease, but also an organic disease' is true, it will give the above medical scientists the strongest support for their conclusions.


Premise: Weibo registration is very simple, visitors as long as register an e-mail address, set a password to become Weibo users. Writing Weibo is not demanding: you only need to write a few words to vent your feelings. Therefore, as long as users can type on the computer or send text messages, they can publish their feelings in a short and quick form. In addition, Weibo's interface setting makes information browsing more convenient, and the content of one Weibo message is only equivalent to two or three mobile phone text messages, which doesn't take long. In this era of excess information and people's attention is severely divided, Weibo is more in line with the needs of fast reading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The content of weibo more caters to the reading needs of modern people' does not match the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Why are some leaders unwilling to assume the coach role in the management process? Why are many leaders reluctant to spend time and ask to teach others?On the one hand, it takes a lot of time to coach employees, and the leader's time is the most precious resource. Another reason is that whether the coaching of subordinates can achieve the expected results is a difficult thing to say. Because there are a lot of knowledge and methods that are only to be understood. Not to be said. From a deeper level, the role of coaching requires leaders to have the qualities of psychologists and educators, which is also difficult for ordinary people.

Hypothesis: The title of this paragraph is 'It's easy to be a leader, but difficult to be a coach.'


Premise: It was misleading for James to tell the Core Curriculum Committee that the chair of the Anthropology Department had endorsed his proposal. The chair of the Anthropology Department had told James that his proposal had her endorsement, but only if the draft proposal she saw included all the recommendations James would ultimately make to the Core Curriculum Committee.

Hypothesis: The argument relies on the assumption that James thought that the chair of the Anthropology Department would have endorsed all of the recommendations that he proposed to the Core Curriculum Committee.


Premise: Pediatrician: Swollen tonsils give rise to breathing problems during sleep, and the surgical removal of children' s swollen tonsils has been shown to alleviate sleep disturbances. So removing children' s tonsils before swelling even occurs will ensure that the children do not experience any breathing problems during sleep.

Hypothesis: The pediatrician's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to consider the possibility that there may be other medical reasons for surgically removing a child's tonsils.


Premise: Versailles literature refers to a way of speaking in a low-key but actually self-showing way of speaking in a variety of public occasions by suppressing and then raising, openly derogating and praising.

Hypothesis: Mr. Liu often tells others: I'm not good at writing at all. I casually put a novel I wrote in high school on the Internet platform last year. I didn't expect more than one million hits. Now I don't understand what's going on belongs to Versailles literature.


Premise: A recent survey in a key middle school shows that high school students in this school have a special preference for playing football, far more than other balls. The survey also found that students who regularly play football do better than those who do not. It can be seen that playing football regularly can improve students' academic performance.

Hypothesis: Playing football often leads to the loss of study time weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: The crime of unknown origin of a huge amount of property is objectively conducive to the protection of embezzlement and bribery. Once a huge amount of property is loaded into the basket of unknown sources, it is not necessary to find out its sources one by one. How tolerant it is for those who were embezzlement and bribery.Moreover, the charge gives judicial personnel too much discretion and room for blending. Therefore, the unknown source of a huge amount of property should be punished as the crime of embezzlement and bribery..

Hypothesis: Is there anyone who doesn't know where his family's property comes from? The crime of unknown origin of a huge amount of property is conducive to cracking down on corrupt officials lightly and easily, but it is not conducive to social justice does not support the above argument.


Premise: Chairman: if Xiao Li is promoted, Xiao Sun will not be promoted.

Hypothesis: Xiao Sun can't be promoted,Xiao Li can be promoted is in line with the chairman's opinion.


Premise: In addition to ABO blood group, there are other types of human blood group, such as GM blood group. GM blood group exists in human serum and shows obvious ethnic specificity. FB subtype like GM blood group is unique to Caucasians; St subtype only exists in yellow people; The C3 subtype is only found in black people.

Hypothesis: People with GM blood group FB subtype will not be yellow can be inferred.


Premise: Budget constraints have made police officials consider reassigning a considerable number of officers from traffic enforcement to work on higher-priority, serious crimes. Reducing traffic enforcement for this reason would be counterproductive, however, in light of the tendency of criminals to use cars when engaged in the commission of serious crimes. An officer stopping a car for a traffic violation can make a search that turns up evidence of serious crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those willing to break the law to commit serious crimes are often in committing such crimes unwilling to observe what they regard as the lesser constraints of traffic law' most strengthens the argument given.


Premise: Journalist: <b> Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office. </b> Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron. There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron' s running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself. <b> This year it is likely he finally will </b>, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

Hypothesis: In the journalist's argument, the two boldfaced portions play the roles of providing information without which the argument lacks force and stating the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: The so-called urban disease refers to a series of social problems caused by the excessive concentration of population in big cities. It is mainly manifested in the blind expansion of urban planning and construction to the surrounding area, a large amount of cultivated land is occupied, and the contradiction between man and land is more acute. .

Hypothesis: The pressure of employment is increasing does not belong to the specific manifestation of urban disease according to the above definition.


Premise: Government department head: We already have a code of ethics that companies doing business with the department are urged to abide by. The fact that virtually all of the companies have agreed to abide by it indicates that it is successful. Ttherefore, neither stronger ethics regulations nor enforcement mechanisms are necessary to ensure ethical behavior by companies doing business with the department.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The code of ethics was instituted only after it was discovered that several companies had committed serious violations of ethics in their business with the department' casts most doubt on the department head's conclusion.


Premise: If the gross national product is higher and the consumer psychology changes, then the supply of vegetables will increase substantially; If the gross national product does not rise, or if the supply of vegetables will increase substantially, then the minimum standard of living for urban residents will not be guaranteed; if the supply of vegetables increases substantially, then perhaps farmers' incomes will increase,or an increase in social welfare. In fact, the minimum standard of living for city dwellers is guaranteed.

Hypothesis: The consumer psychology of the public has changed can be inferred.


Premise: In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells. When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles. Surprisingly, in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Until they are fully grown, horseshoe crabs shed their shells and grow new ones several times a year' most helps to explain the surprising finding.


Premise: The ocean is a natural extension of land through watersheds. In marine development activities, the production links such as marine fishing, marine transportation, marine mineral development and marine aquaculture are jointly completed in the sea and river basins; while the production links such as sea salt industry and seawater utilization are completely completed on the land. In addition, while the development of modern science and technology promotes the progress of marine science and technology and the development of marine industries, the development of marine high-tech and the emergence of new products have also promoted the progress of land science and technology and the development of related industries. Marine and land products have been interactively developed through this technological extension.

Hypothesis: The text means that marine economy and river basin economy are intertwined in industry.


Premise: Studies have shown that people who sleep more than eight hours have healthier skin than those who usually stay up late. Some financial workers stay up all night, and some sports workers sleep for more than eight hours. Zhang Yu is a sports worker.

Hypothesis: Some sports workers have healthier skin than some financial workers can be deducted from the given information.


Premise: In the face of the energy crisis, some countries are looking for alternative energy sources,using corn to process ethanol gasoline for vehicles is no longer new, Therefore, many people believe that using corn to produce energy can not only digest the aged grain in stock, but also develop oil as an alternative energy, which will be one of the trends of energy development in the future and a policy of benefiting the nation and the people.

Hypothesis: Using corn as energy for production can appropriately increase the price of corn, thereby increasing farmers' income and farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain cannot weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Plants must blossom before they can produce seeds there are two kinds of dragons, the Russian dragon and the French dragon, they look very similar. Russian dragons blossom, but French dragons do not blossom.However, the leaves of the Russian dragon pole do not have the unique fragrance that makes the French dragon pole an ideal seasoning.

Hypothesis: A plant that grows from the seeds of a dragon, not a French dragon can be inferred from the above discussion.


Premise: Because the death of a spouse creates a void in one' s life and leads to depression, it is very difficult to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse. The ability to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse is improved by filling the void with another important element. In one study, half of those attempting to recover after the death of a spouse were told to embark on a new career, and the other half were told to take time off work to fully comprehend their loss. After one year, those in the first group reported lower rates of depression and positive feelings about their lives, and the second group reported higher rates of depression and negative feelings about their lives.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the participants in the study mentioned in the paragraph above who embarked on a new career all reported continuing to feel relatively happy with their lives ten years after the death of their spouses' does not strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Doctor: The practice of using this therapy to treat the illness cannot be adequately supported by the claim that any therapy for treating the illness is more effective than no therapy at all. What must also be taken into account is that this therapy is expensive and complicated.

Hypothesis: The therapy is more effective than other forms of treatment for the illness most accurately expresses the main point of the doctor's argument.


Premise: The well-being of the people in the current sense is different from the simple state of food and clothing in the history, but includes extremely rich contents: not only the rights and dignity of the people, but also the income and consumption of the people, as well as freedom, security, social security and spiritual life.

Hypothesis: The connotation of people's well-being has changed greatly compared with the past is the main statement according to the above text.


Premise: It is impossible for a person without a Putonghua first-level certificate to become a host, because the host can't pronounce substandard pronunciation.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that a person whose pronunciation is not standard may obtain a Putonghua first-level certificate.


Premise: Every time the government introduces an economic policy, it will change the income expectations of some interest groups. Out of self-interest, these interest groups always try to offset the loss caused by the policy through various behavior choices. At this time, if the government really changes the original policy, the result will not only invalidate the policy issued by the government, but also make the government's ability of economic regulation and control decline continuously due to the loss of credibility.

Hypothesis: Factors that must be considered when formulating economic policies is the main statement of this passage.


Premise: Zhang Jing said: only official representatives can speak. Liu Qiang said: no! Li Gui is also the official representative, but he did not speak.

Hypothesis: Liu Qiang's answer is to misinterpret Zhang Jing's words as All the official representatives spoke.


Premise: A survey on the doctor-patient relationship by a research institution showed that the overall satisfaction of patients with doctors, nurses, and hospitals reached 94.6%, 93.5%, and 79.8%, respectively. From the survey data, the patient's attitude towards medical staff and the medical environment ,The satisfaction rate of items such as the convenience of medical treatment is more than 70%. Among the items most dissatisfied by patients, the top three items are the price of medicine, the cost of inspection and the total cost of medical treatment. Therefore, some people think that the high consumption of medical treatment is The root cause of patients' dissatisfaction with the hospital and the entire medical system.In recent years, some patients' disputes and even violent incidents with medical staff are only isolated phenomena.The high consumption of medical treatment is not the root cause of the violent conflict between doctors and patients.

Hypothesis: The fact that the doctor and the patient are two groups, not individuals, can weaken the above view.


Premise: No computer will ever be able to do everything that some human minds can do, for there are some problems that cannot be solved by following any set of mechanically applicable rules. Yet computers can only solve problems by following some set of mechanically applicable rules.

Hypothesis: At least one problem not solvable by following any set of mechanically applicable rules is solvable by at least one human mind is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Fat tail effect refers to the phenomenon that statistical extreme situations often occur abnormally.

Hypothesis: The welfare lottery betting station in happy community won the first prize in five consecutive issues belongs to fat tail effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Shareholder representative action refers to a litigation system in which when the legitimate rights and interests of the company are illegally infringed and the company is interested in litigation, the shareholders of the company sue in their own name and the compensation belongs to the company.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a shareholder representative lawsuit can be brought if a certain company has defaulted on a large loan to Company D for nearly two years, but the board of directors and manager of Company D did not take any measures to ask for it.


Premise: In the face of earthquakes, science is still promising. Through the study of seismic waves, it is found that seismic waves include P-waves and S-waves. The former propagates faster but has less destructive power, while the latter is the opposite. Therefore, through the seismic monitoring network, people monitor the P-waves of seismic waves with faster propagation speed and send signals to the monitoring center, The monitoring center can send an alarm to the public and key facilities by radio waves through the client. In other words, the earthquake alarm is a race between radio waves and seismic shear waves, which can warn people when the seismic shear waves have not yet arrived.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain that scientific use of the time difference between two kinds of seismic waves can send out effective earthquake alarm.


Premise: Buddhist temples in China are distributed all over the country. Puji temple is a Buddhist temple in China, so Puji temple is distributed all over China.

Hypothesis: Xiaohua's parents drink too much is most similar to the logical error in the above reasoning.


Premise: Compensatory wage gap: refers to the wage difference caused by the non-monetary characteristics of different jobs.

Hypothesis: The annual income of meter readers in a city's power system is higher than the city's per capita wages, and the high wages are used to compensate employees for the physical and mental labor consumed in the work process is not related to compensatory wages according to the above definition.


Premise: From political economy to daily life, from globalization to regional revival, from practical technology to discourse expression, many problems and crises are closely related to the factor of space. This is the earthquake and tsunami disaster, border armed conflict, The collapse of the real estate industry, road congestion, and increasingly fierce competition in space are manifested in various forms.

Hypothesis: The text 'Increasing population brings many space problems' is meant to illustrate.


Premise: The people who participated in the lecture had connections with the military. All of them believed that UFO really existed, and most of them thought that UFO should be studied. Although the lecture held by the National Atomic experiment museum was small, the speakers were very credible. It can be seen that some very rigorous scientists also believed that UFO really existed.

Hypothesis: Scientists' lectures are very rigorous and credible, if true, best supports the above argument.


Premise: During the prevention and control of COVID-19 's epidemic situation, public security organs in some areas used police UAV to carry out air patrol inspection, prevention and control, transportation, disinfection, temperature measurement and other airspace policing tasks in a non-contact situation. When the police UAV is used to prevent and control the epidemic, the basic strategy to deal with the outstanding problems such as the imbalance between supply and demand of talents and the lack of air law enforcement capacity is to strengthen the construction of the police aviation team and improve the law enforcement process of the police UAV, so as to realize the continuous improvement of the team mechanism and the air law enforcement procedure mechanism. The development of police UAV should pay attention to the balance between law enforcement strike capability and prevention and control service capability, and constantly promote the diversity and flexibility of law enforcement means and UAV applications, so as to better serve the government in dealing with major epidemic situations.

Hypothesis: The challenges faced and the countermeasures are used for epidemic prevention and control by police UAV highlighted above.


Premise: Induced motion refers to the illusion of motion of an adjacent stationary object due to the motion of an object.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, light a candle in front of the blackboard and watch the candle light. You will see the candle light moving is induced motion.


Premise: Green transportation refers to the transportation characterized by saving energy and reducing exhaust gas emissions. The ways of its implementation mainly include: reasonable selection of means and routes of transport, overcoming circuitous and repeated transportation, in order to achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction; improving the technology of internal combustion engines and the use of clean fuel to improve energy efficiency; prevent leakage in the process of transportation to avoid serious environmental harm to local areas.

Hypothesis: Imported fruits, snacks and daily necessities are transported by air and distributed through the cold chain in the city, which are distributed step by step by multi-level dealers does not belong to green transportation according to the above definition.


Premise: Government decision-making and efficiency are usually commendable, but they are no exception. If there is no perfect framework of democratic control and supervision, the high efficiency of the government will sometimes become the high efficiency that harms the rights and interests of the people and damages the long-term social, cultural and environmental interests of a place. For example, efficient demolition without full and equal consultation with the public and full evaluation of the cultural destructive power of demolition will inevitably seriously damage the rights and interests of demolition households and destroy the cultural inheritance of the city. We don't want to be so efficient.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this passage is that the high efficiency of the government must be brought under the framework of democratic control and supervision.


Premise: One of the 10 computer manuals published by company T in 2005 was made for home computers. Exactly five of the advertisements released by company T featured those manuals written for home computers. Since 20 advertisements were released by company T in 2006, no more than one-quarter of them featured the computer manuals published by company T in 2005.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'None of the advertisements released by company T in 2006 featured computer manuals other than the ones written for home computers' is true, then it allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Since the value of the same real estate will be different at different times, the valuation is usually only an estimate of the value of the  object at a specific time, and this time is called the valuation time point.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The valuation time point is the specific time at which the valuation operation is determined in advance' must be wrong.


Premise: The high housing prices in the first-tier cities and the pursuit of the quality of life of the post-90s young people have given birth to the rise of rental apartments. Rental apartments cater to the consumption concept of young people, and rental has changed from a last resort to a way of enjoying life. According to the survey, although owning their own housing is still the rigid demand of the post-90s, only 30% of them are willing to reduce the quality of life in order to buy a house. Another 56% of the post-90s are unwilling to buy a house because too heavy housing loans will reduce the quality of life. From this point of view, these post-90s who pay more attention to personal value may become the generation who don't buy a house.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis of the statement is that the demand of post-90s young people to buy houses in the future is very strong.


Premise: Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons; so alligators must be air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons.

Hypothesis: In terms of its logical features, the argument above most resembles the statement 'Knowledge about the empirical world can be gained from books; so Virginia Woolf's book A Room of One's Own must provide knowledge about the empirical world.'


Premise: In a recent study, researchers collected current prices for the 300 most common pharmaceutical drugs from the leading wholesalers specializing in bulk sales. It was found that these prices average 60 to 80 percent below the suggested wholesale prices listed for the same drugs in the current annual edition of a widely used, independently published pharmaceutical price guidebook.

Hypothesis: Suggested wholesale prices for the most common pharmaceutical drugs tend to be less than those for less common pharmaceutical drugs would help to explain the situation described above EXCEPT.


Premise: The factors affecting the nutritional and pharmacological quality of tea are not only the content of trace elements and the soil composition in the tea producing area, but also the content of amino acids, the main component, which is closely related to the meteorological conditions. The research and analysis show that the amino acid content of fresh leaves is negatively correlated with the temperature and sunshine during the tea picking period, and positively correlated with the precipitation and air relative humidity.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In summer, Pingchuan has a long sunshine time, plenty of rain, and the amino acid content of fresh leaves increases' can weaken the above conclusions most.


Premise: There should be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol is a mixture of alcohol and gasoline, and has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds no more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants remove by photosynthesis.

Hypothesis: Cars run less well on gasoline than they do on gasohol does not strengthen the argument above.


Premise: All people living in a city are entitled to a card after reaching 65, guaranteeing them discounts on most of the city's public transport services. Census records from 1990 show that 2,450 of the city's residents turned 64 that year, but in 1991, more than 3,000 applied for and reasonably received discount cards. So it is clear that part of the city's population growth between 1990 and 1991 must have come from people in their 60s migrating to the city.

Hypothesis: The above discussion is based on the assumption that the city's 1990 Census records were problematic.


Premise: If there is no problem with the program design, then either the hardware is faulty or the input is incorrect; however, the input is actually correct.

Hypothesis: If the hardware is faulty, there is no problem with the program design can be inferred.


Premise: Huaguang high-tech company in the recruitment, there are Xiao Zhang, Xiao Li, Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhao, Xiao Qian and other five finalists. In terms of academic qualifications, 2 of them are master's degree and 3 are doctor's degree; in terms of age, 3 of them are less than 30 years old and 2 are older than 30 years old. It is known that Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang belong to the same age group, while Xiao Zhao and Xiao Qian belong to different age groups. Xiao Li has the same degree as Xiao Qian, while Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao have different degrees. In the end, only one master over 30 years old succeeded in applying for the job.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang is the successful applicant based on this information.


Premise: Green consumption, also known as sustainable consumption, refers to a new consumption behavior and process characterized by moderate consumption control, avoiding or reducing damage to the environment, advocating nature and protecting ecology.

Hypothesis: Eating the original ecological rare game to reduce the processing cost is not green consumption according to the above definition.


Premise: Scientific exploration is not held up because of a failure or an imperfect link. For example, in order to make scientific use of space, there are no accidents in the process of exploration, but this does not stop human beings from continuing to explore space. The same is true of the use of nuclear energy. Nuclear power plant explosions in history have caused many people in the world to look abrupt when they talk about nuclear power and have a bias against the future peaceful use of nuclear energy. But in fact, the peaceful use of nuclear energy is an important milestone in human progress.

Hypothesis: The use of nuclear energy should not be quit for fear of problems is mainly introduced in the above words.


Premise: Peak-End Rule means that the experience of remembering something depends on the feeling at the beginning and end.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Peak-End Rule is not applied to an athlete who is good at winning the game at the later stage.


Premise: Leader refers to an individual or group with certain power and status, in order to achieve a predetermined organizational goal, through its own role, guide and influence others or organizations, and complete the behavioral process of predetermined tasks under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: The leading members of the municipal party committee study and formulate policies and guidelines, and organize and mobilize party members throughout the city to implement them is not a leader.


Premise: A person's personality includes personality orientation and personality psychological characteristic. Personality orientation refers to a person's attitude towards objective reality, which is the basic motivation for people's activities, including needs, motivations, interests, ideals, world outlook, outlook on life, and values. Personality psychological characteristic refers to the typical, stable characteristics that individuals often show.

Hypothesis: According to the given definition, temperament is not a concept of personality.


Premise: Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, ttherefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.

Hypothesis: The statement that venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: Manufacturers are now required to make all cigarette lighters child-resistant by equipping them with safety levers. But this change is unlikely to result in a significant reduction in the number of fires caused by children playing with lighters, because children given the opportunity can figure out how to work the safety levers and__.

Hypothesis: Lighters that are not child-resistant can be operated by children as young as two years old, unlike child-resistant lighters, most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Although he later stepped into philosophical pessimism, it had nothing to do with his life. In the real world, he can be regarded as a lucky man.

Hypothesis: The most correct understanding of the above words is that in the real world, his fate is good.


Premise: There are few perfect things in the world, even they don't exist. There are many things in the world, which are really perfect precisely because of their shortcomings. Incomplete and broken things sometimes magically produce a great power to shock our hearts. Therefore, we should open our mind and let our life go, appreciate the perfect gift brought to us by defects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'As long as you try your best, you don't care whether the result is perfect or not' is inaccurate in understanding the above paragraph.


Premise: A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's assertion that illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories is most likely not true.


Premise: Merton, an American sociologist, divides social function into two levels: explicit function and latent function. Explicit function is the objective consequence conducive to the adjustment and adaptation of the system. This adaptation and adjustment is expected or expected and recognized by the participants in the system. Latent function is the objective consequence that has not been expected and recognized.

Hypothesis: From remote mountainous areas, in order to get rid of poverty and let parents live a good life, he studied hard and worked hard from an early age. Within a few years, he became the person in charge of a large enterprise and made himself an example for parents in his hometown to educate their children does not contain a description of potential functions.


Premise: Today's Mars stands in stark contrast to its early history, when it was warmer and wetter and perhaps more hospitable to life. Future Mars missions will dig deeper for evidence of life, which may still take refuge underground.

Hypothesis: There may have been life beneath the surface of early Mars is presupposed by the above statement.


Premise: Data show that since the drink driving criminalization, drink driving caused by traffic accidents, has dropped by 40%. Therefore, criminal law is more effective than ideological education in shaping people's behavior.

Hypothesis:
transforming a question and answer into a statement:
 question: Which of the following options, if correct, best refutes the above conclusions?
 answer: Since the drink driving into the criminal, all sectors of the community have increased the drink driving serious consequences of publicity and education efforts
 statement: The statement 'Since the drink driving into the criminal, all sectors of the community have increased the drink driving serious consequences of publicity and education efforts' best refutes the above conclusions.


Premise: A local television station is considering a plan to create a panel of child psychologists to review programs in advance of their airing and rate the level of violence. A program that portrays a high level of violence would be listed in newspapers with four guns after the title. On the other hand, if a show has little violence, one gun would appear after its listing. The station believes that this remedy would forewarn parents about the level of violence in any given program.

Hypothesis: The television station must assume that parents would read and pay attention to the ratings listed in the newspapers in order to conclude that the plan will meet its stated purpose.


Premise: Some philosophers have pointed out that life should in fact pursue two simple, material is the simplicity of life and interpersonal relationships. With these two simple hearts, it has a vast space and beautiful quiet. But most modern people are very complex in these two aspects, material life is the endless pursuit of wealth. Interpersonal relationships are an endless entanglement of interests, and they take up almost all the space in life. With these two kinds of complexity, it has produced the trouble of modern people.

Hypothesis: Only when it is simple in material life or interpersonal relationship, most of the troubles of modern people will not occur is correct according to the philosopher above.


Premise: On July 16, 2013, Whistleblower Edward Snowden formally applied for asylum in Russia. The United States has been hunting Snowden. If Russia accepts Snowden's application, it will surely worsen relations between Russia and the United States. But Mr. Snowden is widely viewed in Russia and around the world as a champion of human rights around the globe, and it would be morally and honorably damaging for Russia to reject him.

Hypothesis: If Russia does not want to worsen relations with the United States, it will suffer morally and in terms of national dignity if the above statement is true.


Premise: Studies have shown that, contrary to popular belief, middle-aged people have more fear of dying than do elderly people.

Hypothesis: Middle-aged people have more people dependent upon them than people of any other age group is not a contributing factor to the phenomenon shown by the studies.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Manufacturers of children' s toys often place warnings on their products that overstate the dangers their products pose. Product-warning labels should overstate dangers only if doing so reduces injuries. In fact, however, manufacturers overstate their products' dangers merely for the purpose of protecting themselves from lawsuits brought by parents of injured children. Ttherefore, manufacturers of children' s toys should not overstate the dangers their products pose.

Hypothesis: The argument relies on the unjustified assumption that an action has an effect only if it was performed in order to bring about that effect most accurately describes a reasoning flaw in the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: Images from ground-based telescopes are invariably distorted by the Earth' s atmosphere. Orbiting space telescopes, however, operating above Earth' s atmosphere, should provide superbly detailed images. Ttherefore, ground-based telescopes will soon become obsolete for advanced astronomical research purposes.

Hypothesis: The statement "Detailed spectral analyses, upon which astronomers rely for determining the chemical composition and evolutionary history of stars, require telescopes with more light-gathering capacity than space telescopes can provide" would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: The greatest protection against the ability of life on Earth's surface is that the Earth's magnetic field deflects large amounts of charged ions and isolates large amounts of harmful cosmic rays from the atmosphere. Recently, scientists found that the South Atlantic magnetic field began to flip the Earth's magnetic field is being weakened. They have studied the idea that if the Earth's magnetic field were reversed, all living things would be extinct without magnetic protection.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When the magnetic field is reversed, life on Earth is exposed to unprotected surfaces, resulting in a major outbreak of skin cancer' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Literary works are inseparable from real life. It is impossible for people without in-depth experience of life to write excellent works.

Hypothesis: Writing novels depends on luck is the answer to the question "So?"


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: If the fourth goes on K, then the sixth one goes to X is likely to be true.


Premise: A decade can be characterized just like an individual. Decades have specific character and unique quirks. They all start with a departure from the past decade and develop their personality throughout their timespans. Just as people in their twilight years start to look back on the events of their lives, people at decade' s end__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Focus on what the next decade will bring' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Tang Sanzang and three other people went to the western sky to learn scriptures and encountered Fire Mountain. Bajie said, Let's just walk from where there is no fire. Tang Sanzang said, I just want to go to the place of the classics. Sha Wujing said, where there are scriptures, there is fire. What Sha Wujing means is that wherever there are scriptures, there is fire.

Hypothesis: Where there is no fire, there is no scripture must be true if Sha Wujing's words are true.


Premise: The latest research shows that drinking green tea regularly is good for the cardiovascular system.The researchers followed and studied more than 100,000 participants for seven years.Participants were divided into two groups: those who drank green tea more than three times a week (those who drank green tea more than three times a week) and those who did not drink green tea (those who never drank green tea or drank green tea less than three times a week). The researchers found that those who drank green tea had a 20% lower risk of heart disease and stroke and a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke than those who did not drink green tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The flavonols contained in green tea have the effect of preventing blood clots and platelet clumping' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: A traditional Chinese medicine formula has the following requirements: (1) if there is a medicinal material A, then there must be medicinal material B; (2) if there is no medicinal material C, then there must be medicinal material D; (3) ginseng and Gastrodia elata cannot have both; (4) if there is no medicinal material A and there is medicinal material C, ginseng is needed.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the formula contains medicinal materials B or D is true if it contains Gastrodia elata.


Premise: In the early days of its formation, the Earth was a rapidly rotating body in the state of lava, and most of the iron was in its core; some molten liquid was thrown from the surface of this rotating body, and later condensed to form the Moon.

Hypothesis: Like Earth, the Moon has a solid surface structure and a lava-state core can most support the view that the above theory about the origin of the Moon is correct.


Premise: A reason Larson cannot do the assignment is that she has an unavoidable scheduling conflict. On the other hand, a reason Franks cannot do the assignment is that he does not quite have the assertiveness the task requires. So, the task must be assigned to Parker, the only supervisor in the shipping department other than Larson and Franks.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that the task cannot be assigned to anyone other than a supervisor in the shipping department.


Premise: A recent study monitored the blood pressure of people petting domestic animals in the laboratory. The blood pressure of some of these people lowered while petting the animals. Ttherefore, for any one of the people so affected, owning a pet would result in that person having a lower average blood pressure.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which riding in a boat for a few minutes is relaxing for some people, those people would be more relaxed generally if those people owned boats.


Premise: Astronomer: Earth was bombarded repeatedly by comets and asteroids early in its history. This bombardment probably sterilized the surface and prevented life from originating during this early period in Earth' s geological history. Meanwhile, Mars escaped severe bombardment, and so there could have been microbial life on Mars prior to there being such life on Earth. Because many meteorites originating from Mars have landed on Earth, life on Earth may have started when living microbes were carried here from Mars on a meteorite.

Hypothesis: The statement that there could have been microbial life on Mars prior to there being such life on Earth is a claim for which some justification is provided and that is required in order to establish the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: Etiquette firmly opposes both obscene and malicious talk, but this does not imply that speech needs to be restricted by law. Etiquette does not necessarily even oppose the expression of offensive ideas. Rather, it dictates that there are situations in which the expression of potentially offensive, disturbing, or controversial ideas is inappropriate and that, where appropriate, the expression and discussion of such ideas is to be done in a civil manner.

Hypothesis: The judgment that the moderator of a panel discussion of a divisive moral issue should not allow participants to engage in name-calling most closely corresponds to the principles of etiquette stated above.


Premise: It is the people of the country who are most concerned about the fate and future of a country, and it is the people of the country who know the most about the situation of the country. Therefore, it is only up to the people of the country to decide what kind of road a country will take.

Hypothesis: The reason why we can't know the true face of Lushan Mountain is that we are in the middle of these mountains does not support the argument in the main part of the question.


Premise: If unit A does not break the rules, then unit B will not be praised. Unit B gets praise, or unit B's staff sun does not get praise. If the audit is no problem, Unit A did not break the rules.

Hypothesis: If the above conditions are true and unit B's staff Sun was praised, then it can lead to the conclusion that there is a problem with the audit.


Premise: Up until about 2 billion years ago, the sun was 30 percent dimmer than it is now. If the sun were that dim now, our oceans would be completely frozen. According to fossil evidence, however, life and liquid water were both present as early as 3. 8 billion years ago.

Hypothesis: Evidence suggests that certain regions of ocean remained frozen until much more recently than 2 billion years ago helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: The digital divide refers to the fact that people's information acquisition, information processing and information dissemination are all realized through digital technology due to the influence of information and the Internet. As a result, the gap between different individuals, groups or countries in ideology, economy, culture and politics is getting bigger and bigger.

Hypothesis: Xiao Song, who came home from the holiday, chatted with his classmates on his mobile phone with new online words. His grandma couldn't understand a word does not involve the digital divide according to the above definition.


Premise: Linguist: Most people can tell whether a sequence of words in their own dialect is grammatical. Yet few people who can do so are able to specify the relevant grammatical rules.

Hypothesis: The statement "Quite a few people know the rules of chess, but only a small number of them can play chess very well" best illustrates the principle underlying the linguist's statements.


Premise: Some people may think that the more expensive or new vehicles are, the more likely they are to be stolen. In fact, on the contrary, for experienced car thieves, the old car with a large number of possession is their first choice. In contrast, it is much more difficult to sell new cars and luxury cars than old cars, and it is also easier to attract the attention of the police, Especially cheap and expensive cars are generally out of the sight of thieves. Although cheap cars can easily use the door gap to pick up the door lock and open the door with tools such as screwdriver and iron wire, the residual value is also low. For luxury cars with more than 500000 yuan, security measures are also in place, which is particularly troublesome to steal. They are usually placed in the garage with monitoring system. Moreover, Some models with unique shapes and low commonality of spare parts are relatively safe

Hypothesis: According to the above information, a three-year-old maiteng worth 160000 yuan is the most vulnerable.


Premise: Place phobia is mainly manifested as fear of certain specific environments, such as high places, squares, objective environments, and crowded public places. It often starts with a spontaneous panic attack, and then produces anxiety about expectations and the behavior of avoidance, and finally becomes conditioning. Some clinical studies have shown that, patients with place phobia are often accompanied by panic attacks. However, some experts believe that the first panic attack is a necessary condition for the onset of  place phobia, and therefore claims that  place phobia is the consequence of the development of panic attacks and should be involved into the category of panic disorder.

Hypothesis: The statement "The study found that the onset of place phobia was mostly in people's 40s, and the course of disease tended to be chronic" can most question the above experts' opinion.


Premise: Stealth aircraft can be stealthy mainly by using a series of stealth high and new technologies, including stealth materials for body skeleton and skin, surface stealth coating materials, shape stealth structure, infrared radiation reduction technology, noise reduction technology and electronic interference technology, etc. There are several kinds of stealth materials for making stealth aircraft skeleton and skin, the most commonly used are carbon fiber reinforced resin composites, carbon fiber and carbon matrix carbon-carbon composites, silicon carbide wire reinforced aluminum composites and so on. these composites are light in weight and can absorb radar waves. In the skin of the American B-2 stealth bomber, a honeycomb sandwich material is also used as a lining to further improve the ability of the body to absorb radar waves. In order to obtain the perfect double insurance effect, the outer surface of the whole fuselage is also coated with a layer of nickel-cobalt ferrite or a stealth coating composed of metal and metal oxide ultra-fine powder. This kind of coating can increase the magnetic loss of irradiated radar waves and play the role of absorbing and transmitting waves.

Hypothesis: The best option for heading this text is 'The reason why stealth aircraft can be invisible.'


Premise: The right of formation refers to the right to change or destroy the legal relationship according to the meaning of the obligee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'A to recover the reward given by his six-year-old son to the network anchor' does not belong to the exercise of the right of formation.


Premise: If your home is a new building after 2006, it will have an exterior insulation.

Hypothesis: Based on the above materials, it is correct that some buildings built before 2006 also have insulation on the exterior walls.


Premise: The case of Xu Yunhe in Tianjin: while driving, Xu Yunhe encountered Mrs. Wang crossing the guardrail in the center of the road. Mrs. Wang fell to the ground and was injured. Xu helped her up. Mrs. Wang insisted that she was hit by Xu. After judicial identification, Xu's car did not touch her. The court of first instance held that Xu was only four or five meters away from Mrs. Wang when she saw her, and that she must have fallen because she was frightened by Xu's car and ordered Xu to bear 40% of the responsibility and compensate Mrs. Wang 108606 yuan.

Hypothesis: The verdict goes against traditional morality and will deter the public from extending a helping hand to the injured is a statement that best points out the flaws in the first instance of the case.


Premise: Individual pyrrole molecules readily join together into larger molecules called polypyrroles. If polypyrroles form from pyrrole in the presence of zeolites, they do so by attaching to the zeolite either in lumps on the outer surface of the zeolite or in delicate chains within the zeolite' s inner channels. When zeolite changes color from yellow to black, it means that on or in that zeolite polypyrroles have formed from pyrrole. Yellow zeolite free of any pyrrole was submerged in dissolved pyrrole. The zeolite turned black even though no polypyrroles formed on its outer surface.

Hypothesis: At least some of the pyrrole in which the zeolite was submerged formed polypyrrole chains must be true on the basis of the statements above.


Premise: Conservationists have established land reserves to preserve the last remaining habitat for certain species whose survival depends on the existence of such habitat. A grove of trees in Mexico that provide habitat for North American monarch butterflies in winter is a typical example of such a land reserve. If global warming occurs as predicted, however, the temperature bands within which various types of vegetation can grow will shift into regions that are currently cooler.

Hypothesis: If global warming occurs as predicted, the conservation land reserves will cease to serve their purpose is the statement that is most supported by the information above.


Premise: Where the legal representative or person in charge of a legal person or other organization enters into a contract beyond his authority, the act of representation is valid unless the opposite party knows or should know that he has exceeded his authority.

Hypothesis: When the opposite party does not know that it entered into a contract with itself beyond its authority, the representative act of the person in charge of the legal person is valid can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Professor Lin suffers from bronchitis. In order to achieve curative effect, Dr. Zhang asked Professor Lin to quit smoking immediately.

Hypothesis: Smoking in patients with bronchitis will seriously affect the treatment effect must be assumed in order to make Dr. Zhang's request persuasive.


Premise: When girls are educated in single-sex secondary schools, they tend to do better academically than girls who attend mixed-sex schools. Since Alice achieved higher grades than any other woman in her first year at the university, she was probably educated at a single-sex school.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When children practice their piano scales for half an hour each day, they usually pass their piano exams. Sally practices scales for less than half an hour each day, so she will probably fail her piano exam' most closely parallels the flawed reasoning used in the argument above.


Premise: Recent unexpectedly heavy rainfalls in the metropolitan area have filled the reservoirs and streams; water rationing, ttherefore, will not be necessary this summer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The water company's capacity to pump water to customers has not kept up with the increased demand created by population growth in the metropolitan area' most undermines the author's prediction.


Premise: At present, China's socialist democracy and legal system is still in the stage of gradual improvement. The phenomenon of non-compliance with the law and lax law enforcement still exist to varying degrees. Paying taxes according to the law and conscientiously has not yet become a tight string in the mind of every citizen, especially since the introduction of the individual income tax, the state of collection and payment has always been unsatisfactory.

Hypothesis: We need to strengthen citizens' awareness of paying taxes can be inferred.


Premise: Music appreciation does not only exist as a part of music acceptance, but also affects music creation and edges in the way of feedback. Its aesthetic judgment and aesthetic choice can often affect the aesthetic choice of composers and performers. Every serious musician can't help but listen to the information feedback of music appreciation to adjust and improve his artistic creation.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, it can be inferred that all musicians and composers pay attention to the feedback of music listeners.


Premise: Ampicillin and other modern antibiotics kill a much wider variety of bacteria than penicillin does. They also carry higher profit margins, so drug companies now have an incentive to stop manufacturing the older, less profitable antibiotics. This could cause a penicillin shortage, forcing doctors to use the much more powerful new antibiotics in cases where they might otherwise be unnecessary. Thus, these newer antibiotics are likely to result in an outbreak of diseases caused by drug-resistant bacteria, since __.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is most strongly supported if the statement 'treatment of diseases with the powerful new antibiotics is much more expensive than treatment with the older ones' completes the passage.


Premise: Law refers to the inevitable connection between things. This connection keeps recurring and often works under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: Mr. Jiang was terrified when he saw someone walking on the iron cable at high altitude is not a law.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that only the resource utilization of carbon dioxide can achieve zero greenhouse gas emission based on this.


Premise: Stamp effect means that when the research topic can be related to some specific things, activities and emotions, the accuracy of inference results will be greatly improved, the reasoning materials are specific, and the reasoning will be easier; Reasoning is more difficult when the material of reasoning is abstract

Hypothesis: According to the definition of appeal, it is found that when sunspots are active frequently, bad weather will occur on the earth, so sunspots are considered to be a precursor of extreme weather doesn't belong to stamp effects.


Premise: The space agency believes that excellent astronauts should have three requirements: first, they must have rich knowledge; second, they must have proficient technology; third, they must have strong will. Existing A, B,  C and D Four outstanding pilots signed up for the election. Known: 1.A and B have the same level of willpower 2.B and C have the same level of knowledge 3.C and D are not all knowledgeable 4.Three of the four people are knowledgeable, two of them are strong willed, and one is skilled. The space agency found only one of them  meets all the requirements of an excellent astronaut.

Hypothesis: Option D fully meets the requirements of an excellent astronaut.


Premise: The reason why river and ocean can become the king of all creeks is because they can be under a hundred creeks. The reason why the saint is above the people is because he is humble to the people. The reason why the saint can lead the people is because he puts his own self-interest behind the people.

Hypothesis: I'm sorry, but your question and answer do not seem to be related. Could you please provide a more complete and coherent question and answer pair so that I can help you transform it into a statement?