Premise: After the United Nations Security Council authorized military intervention by a coalition of armed forces intended to halt civil strife in a certain country, the parliament of one UN member nation passed a resolution condemning its own prime minister for promising to commit military personnel to the action. A parliamentary leader insisted that the overwhelming vote for the resolution did not imply the parliament' s opposition to the anticipated intervention; on the contrary, most members of parliament supported the UN plan.

Hypothesis: In the parliamentary leader's nation, it is the constitutional prerogative of the parliament, not of the prime minister, to initiate foreign military action most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy presented above.


Premise: Historically, monetary systems have developed only in population centers with marketplaces. Through the fourth century B. C. , Mesopotamian cities engaged in trade, but had never had marketplaces. By that period, however, Greek cities all had marketplaces, or agorae. The Greek cities' agorae were centrally located and goods were traded there either for money or for commodities.

Hypothesis: If all of the statements in the passage are true, then it must be true that Greek cities were the only population centers with monetary systems in the fourth century B. C.


Premise: Jupiter is a gas giant planet and the largest planet in the solar system. Its mass is 2.5 times the total mass of the other seven planets in the solar system. Observations have found that most of the more than 70 moons surrounding Jupiter are composed of water ice. Therefore, Jupiter's atmosphere should contain a considerable amount of water.

Hypothesis: The statement "Uranus is also a gas giant planet, and it has been confirmed that it contains a lot of water ice" can best support the above statement.


Premise: The role of cultural decoration refers to the phenomenon that people will come up with various reasons to forgive themselves or justify their failures after being frustrated.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li's business failed, stocks fell, and he took sleeping pills and committed suicide does not belong to the role of cultural decoration.


Premise: Hea Sook: One should not readily believe urban legends. Most legends are propagated because the moral lesson underlying them supports a political agenda. People will repeat a tale if it fits their purpose. They may not deliberately spread untruths, but neither are they particularly motivated to investigate deeply to determine if the tale they are telling is true. Kayla: But people would not repeat stories that they did not believe were true. Ttherefore, one can safely assume that if a story has been repeated by enough people then it is more likely to be true.

Hypothesis: Kayla's reply is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to address the claim that people will not verify the truth of a story that fits their purpose.


Premise: Principle: Any person or business knowingly aiding someone' s infringement on a copyright is also guilty of copyright infringement. Application: Grandview Department Store, which features a self-service photo-printing kiosk, is guilty of copyright infringement since a customer using the kiosk infringed on a wedding photographer' s copyright by printing photographs whose copyright is held by the photographer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A person or business providing a service that can be expected to be used to infringe on a copyright should be considered to knowingly aid any copyright infringer using the service' most helps to justify the application of the principle if assumed.


Premise: Spreading iron particles over the surface of the earth' s oceans would lead to an increase in phytoplankton, decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thereby counteracting the greenhouse effect. But while counteracting the greenhouse effect is important, the side effects of an iron-seeding strategy have yet to be studied. Since the oceans represent such an important resource, this response to the greenhouse effect should not be implemented immediately.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above most closely conforms to the principle that implementing a problem-solving strategy that alters an important resource is impermissible if the consequences are not adequately understood.


Premise: The Mogao Grottoes are the crystallization of the clever and wisdom of ancient ancestors. The Mogao Grottoes are located in the oasis of the Gobi desert, which reflects the idea of Buddhism and secular isolation and integration with nature. The surrounding green trees form a unique and peaceful scenery. The highest point of the caves in the honeycomb arrangement of Mogao Grottoes is no more than 40 meters. In winter, the wind and sand blowing from the west passes through the top of the cave and cannot blow the cave: summer, opposite The Sanwei Mountain has become a natural barrier, so that the wind and sand blowing from the east cannot threaten the cave. In this way, the Mogao Grottoes have become the safest zone in the dry area. Because of this, even though the Mogao Grottoes have been thousands of years old, they are still 492 caves from 11 dynasties and a large number of murals and sculptures have been well preserved, leaving a precious cultural and artistic heritage for the world.

Hypothesis: The natural environment and unique and quiet scenery of Mogao Grottoes is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: Between 1951 and 1963, it was illegal in the country 25. of Geronia to manufacture, sell, or transport any alcoholic beverages. Despite this prohibition, however, the death rate from diseases related to excessive alcohol consumption was higher during the first five years of the period than it was during the five years prior to 1951. Ttherefore, the attempt to prevent alcohol use merely made people want and use alcohol more than they would have if it had not been forbidden.

Hypothesis: Many who died of alcohol-related diseases between 1951 and 1963 consumed illegally imported alcoholic beverages produced by the same methods as those used within Geronia weakens the argument EXCEPT.


Premise: In 1992, a major newspaper circulated throughout North America paid its reporters an average salary that was much lower than the average salary paid by its principal competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaper argued that this practice was justified, since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters' salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.

Hypothesis: If true about the newspaper in 1992, the statement that the union that represented reporters at the newspaper was different from the union that represented reporters at the newspaper's competitors most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive.


Premise: Some of the politicians who strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico are now refusing to support publicly the idea that free trade should be extended to other Latin American countries.

Hypothesis: Not all politicians who now publicly support extending free trade to other Latin American countries strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico must also be true if the statement above is true.


Premise: In recent years, people's living conditions are getting better and better, and the requirements for tourism ---are getting higher and higher. In the past, the way of tourism ---- has been gradually replaced by the way of in-depth experience and paying attention to culture and interaction. it is under this background that the development of the integration of culture and tourism --- has become a hot spot.

Hypothesis: Quality, a glimpse of the surface, stands out from the crowd is the most appropriate option to fill in the underlined part.


Premise: Physician: Stories of people developing serious health problems shortly after receiving vaccinations have given rise to the question of whether vaccination is safe. But even if these stories are true, they need not be cause for concern. With millions of people being vaccinated every year, it is to be expected that some will develop health problems purely by coincidence shortly after receiving vaccinations.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People are no more likely, on average, to develop serious health problems shortly after receiving vaccinations than shortly before receiving vaccinations' would most strengthen the physician's argument.


Premise: Environmentalism is a belief and a strong desire to rebuild the relationship between man and nature. To realize this desire, we must establish a sense of natural community, that is, the role of human conqueror in the community must become an ordinary member of the community. It implies respect for each member, It also includes respect for the community itself. Only by establishing such a moral consciousness can people feel their obligations to the community when using their rights in the community. This depends not only on the scientific understanding of the nature, but also on the feelings for nature established on the basis of understanding.

Hypothesis: The last sentence of the above text refers to obligations to the natural community.


Premise: Accidental fallacy is a fallacy of general rule over exception, which negates the existence or legitimacy of exceptions based on the existence of a general rule.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'I lived in Hong Kong for seven days and it rained three days, so it rained about half the time in Hong Kong' exists as an accident fallacy.


Premise: An analysis of the language in social media messages posted via the Internet determined that, on average, the use of words associated with positive moods is common in the morning, decreases gradually to a low point midaftemoon, and then increases sharply throughout the evening. This shows that a person' s mood typically starts out happy in the morning, declines during the day, and improves in the evening.

Hypothesis: The possibility that the number of social media messages posted in the morning is not significantly different from the number posted in the evening makes the reasoning in the argument most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: When it comes to the impact of ocean acidification, the treasure crab with a fishery value of about 2.20 dollars per year may be impacted by the reduction of its own food source and will face a strong downturn in the next 50 years. However, pteropods, copepods and small marine organisms with shells vulnerable to acidification may experience a slight decline because they are rich enough to withstand most of the impact. At the same time, marine mammals and seabirds are less affected by ocean acidification.

Hypothesis: From the above words, it can be inferred that ocean acidification has little impact on marine life.


Premise: Job burnout: Refers to the phenomenon that the job itself requires excessive personal abilities, energy, and resources, which causes workers to feel emotionally exhausted and worn out.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, Teacher Xiao Wang feels it is difficult to complete the additional teaching tasks assigned by the school does not belong to burnout of teacher.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid coal mine safety accidents, many coal mines have strengthened their emphasis on safe production. Public information shows: Before 2000, China's coal mine accidents killed tens of thousands of people every year. Since 2000, accidents have died every year,the number began to be controlled below 7,000. In 2003, the death toll was 6,434; in 2004, 6,027; in 2005, 5,986; in 2006, a total of 4,746 deaths occurred in coal mines across the country. Therefore, we have concluded that as long as coal mine owners are pay adequate attention to safety production can effectively curb the occurrence of mining accidents.

Hypothesis: In recent years, coal mine safety has attracted great attention from relevant departments, and the state's capital investment in safety production has continued to increase can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: In a survey, up to 2 / 3 of the respondents believed that the most important factor affecting the sense of security was the level of income. Analyzing the sense of security of people with different incomes, it was found that the sense of security of people with a monthly income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan was significantly lower than that of people with a monthly income of 6000 ~ 8000 yuan. Therefore, the lower the income, the lower the sense of security,

Hypothesis: The cost of living of people with an income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan is higher than that of other groups cannot weaken the above view.


Premise: The most important feature of the government's control of public risks, which is different from other social affairs, is that decision-making is unknown. The existence of uncertainty increases the difficulty for the decision-making and implementation of risk control. In view of this, risk controllers should take into account scientific, economic, political and legal factors. Ignoring any of these factors may lead to regulatory failure.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the variability of public risk control.


Premise: Why has the completion of the main body of China's FAST (500 meter aperture spherical radio telescope) attracted warm attention at home and abroad? There are three reasons. First, it can see far. As the radio telescope with the largest caliber at present, FAST can theoretically receive electromagnetic signals beyond 13.7 billion light-years. Second, it is very flexible. FAST's cable net structure can change with the movement of celestial bodies, greatly improving the observation efficiency. Third, it is high precision. FAST's structure has millimeter accuracy requirements everywhere: it is used to weave steel cables as thick as the arm of the cable net, the machining accuracy is controlled within 1mm. The final accuracy of the antenna is 3mm and the manufacturing accuracy of the small panel is 1.5mm. All this means that we will be able to listen to the voices from deeper in the universe and observe the more hidden mysteries of the universe.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for the above text is 'Pay close attention to China's FAST at home and abroad'.


Premise: With the acceleration of modernization, the development space of traditional culture has been compressed. There are many factors influencing this, but the inflexibility of traditional culture and the lack of innovation ability is also an important reason. On the one hand, they are stuck in their own ways, not seeking change and falling behind The Times; On the one hand, they live in Baoshan without realizing it, and the excellent cultural wealth has not been fully exploited and utilized. The story of Mulan was made into an animated film by The Americans, and its influence has crossed national boundaries, which fully shows the charm of traditional folk culture innovation.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that the key to protecting traditional culture is cultural innovation.


Premise: With the popularity of internet languages among teenagers, there are many different types of internet languages, from meimei (beauty) and 88 (goodbye) which appeared in the early days to even (me) and porridge (like) which are in the process of being humiliated. The teacher is worried that parents are anxious, and the influence of online language on people's daily communication is inevitable. However, online language is not a scourge, and online language needs to be channeled and guided.

Hypothesis: Do not use online languages that do not conform to modern Chinese vocabulary and grammatical norms is the main point that is least supported by this passage.


Premise: Hospital auditor: The Rodriguez family stipulated that the funds they donated to the neurological clinic all be used to minimize patients' suffering. The clinic administration is clearly violating those terms, since it has allocated nearly one fifth of those funds for research into new diagnostic technologies, instead of letting that money flow directly to its patients. Clinic administrator: But the successful development of new technologies will allow early diagnosis of many neurological disorders. In most cases, patients who are treated in the early stages of neurological disorders suffer far less than do patients who are not treated until their neurological disorders reach advanced stages.

Hypothesis: The main point at issue between the hospital auditor and the clinic administrator is whether the neurological clinic is adhering strictly to the conditions the Rodriguez family placed on the allocation of the funds they donated to the clinic.


Premise: Physicist Fermi famously proposed the Fermi paradox: Given the Milky Way's ancient age and other factors, if there really is intelligent life out there, they would have visited Earth long ago; But the truth is that when we look up at the stars, we face what is known as the Great Silence. The universe is silent and tranquil.

Hypothesis: The judgment that extraterrestrial intelligent life has produced many mysterious UFO events on Earth does not account for the Fermi paradox.


Premise: Behind the hope that computers can replace teachers is the idea that the student' s understanding of the subject being taught consists in knowing facts and rules, the job of a teacher being to make the facts and rules explicit and convey them to the student, either by practice drills or by coaching. If that were indeed the way the mind works, the teacher could transfer facts and rules to the computer, which would replace the teacher as drillmaster and coach. But since understanding does not consist merely of knowing facts and rules, but of the grasp of the general concepts underlying them, the hope that the computer will eventually replace the teacher is fundamentally misguided.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is possible to program computers so that they can teach the understanding of general concepts that underlie specific facts and rules' would most seriously undermine the author's conclusion that computers will not eventually be able to replace teachers.


Premise: Researchers analyzed telephone interviews and laboratory results from 990 people between the ages of 40 and 70 and found that optimists were less likely to have higher levels of bad cholesterol (i.e. LDL) and higher levels of good cholesterol (i.e. HDL), which protected the heart and helped counteract bad cholesterol. Therefore, the study believes that mental health and physical health are closely related to another evidence that optimistic temperament may have some real benefits for human health.

Hypothesis: The statement "The study did not find a reason for the link between optimism and total cholesterol levels" best supports the above research conclusion.


Premise: There are many drugs that can clear away heat in modern medicine, such as aspirin. Aspirin can reduce fever because prostaglandin E2 is the messenger that tells the brain to hypothermia, and aspirin can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2. So aspirin is a good medicine for clearing away heat.

Hypothesis: If the temperature is too low, the brain will direct the body to heat up can be supplemented as a premise to establish the above argument.


Premise: A medical journal used a questionnaire survey to determine whether a particular change in its format would increase its readership. Sixty-two percent of those who returned the questionnaire supported that change. On the basis of this outcome, the decision was made to introduce the new format.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The percentage of surveyed readers who like the format change was almost the same as the percentage of the entire potential readership who would like the format change' would provide the best evidence that the journal's decision will have the desired effect.


Premise: Technical error refers to the error caused by technical reasons such as slip of tongue, eye or hand in the operation process due to busy business and high work intensity under the premise of compliance with the system.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a lack of political literacy and limited knowledge of some authors or editors is a technical error.


Premise: Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.

Hypothesis: The relationship between human genes and man-made components conforms to the context.


Premise: All professors with outstanding academic levels are deeply loved by students, and all professors with outstanding academic levels focus on cultivating students' professional basic knowledge.Therefore, some professors who are well-loved by students do not advocate focusing only on academic frontier issues.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that some professors who focus on cultivating students' professional basic knowledge do not advocate focusing only on academic frontier issues.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and he Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Wenkai are not selected at the same time; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: If He Zhilian is not selected, Qiu Zhijie is also not selected.


Premise: Researcher: Dinosaur fossils come in various forms, including mineralized bones and tracks in dried mud flats. However, mineralized dinosaur bones and dinosaur tracks in dried mud flats are rarely found together. This isn' t surprising, because creatures that scavenged dinosaur carcasses most likely frequented mud flats to find food.

Hypothesis: Scavengers commonly drag a carcass away from the site where it was found would most strengthen the researcher's argument.


Premise: Surrendering refers to the behavior of a criminal who takes the initiative to confess the crime to the public security organ, the people's procuratorate, the people's court or other relevant units after committing a crime, and is willing to accept legal action.

Hypothesis: Confessing the facts of his crime in front of the evidence presented by the public security personnel is a typical surrendering behavior for Li, who was caught by the public security organs for theft.


Premise: Doctor: It would benefit public health if junk food were taxed. Not only in this country but in many other countries as well, the excessive proportion of junk food in people' s diets contributes to many common and serious health problems. If junk food were much more expensive than healthful food, people would be encouraged to make dietary changes that would reduce these problems.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the doctor's argument is that junk food should be taxed if doing so would benefit public health.


Premise: A recent report on an environmental improvement program was criticized for focusing solely on pragmatic solutions to the large number of significant problems that plague the program instead of seriously trying to produce a coherent vision for the future of the program. In response the report' s authors granted that the critics had raised a valid point but explained that, to do anything at all, the program needed continued government funding, and that to get such funding the program first needed to regain a reputation for competence.

Hypothesis: The basic position taken by the report's authors on the criticism leveled against the report is that addressing the critics' concern now would be premature.


Premise: On the issue of whether to quit smoking, there are always some unwise people. Unless they quit smoking successfully, they will have to bear all the consequences for the deterioration of their health. Lao Li has been smoking for 20 years, but he is afraid of losing his healthy body and good life, and doesn't want to bear the consequences of the deterioration of his health because of his unwise.

Hypothesis: If Lao Li wants to realize his idea, he must successfully quit smoking can be inferred.


Premise: The main purpose of professional education is to help college students master the basic knowledge of their respective professional fields as comprehensively as possible, while the purpose of general education is to help college students gain the meaning and value of life. Therefore, some experts pointed out that compared with professional education, general education has a greater impact on personal future life.

Hypothesis: If a person does not have professional knowledge, he may be able to live. If he has no value pursuit, he will be just a soulless body best supports the expert's assertion.


Premise: Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain' s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication.

Hypothesis: Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: People who object to the proposed hazardous waste storage site by appealing to extremely implausible scenarios in which the site fails to contain the waste safely are overlooking the significant risks associated with delays in moving the waste from its present unsafe location. If we wait to remove the waste until we find a site certain to contain it safely, the waste will remain in its current location for many years, since it is currently impossible to guarantee that any site can meet that criterion. Yet keeping the waste at the current location for that long clearly poses unacceptable risks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Moving the waste to the proposed site would reduce the threat posed by the waste' most strongly supports the information provided in the statements above.


Premise: Economists and political philosophers have great ideological power, which is often unexpected. In fact, these are the only ideas that rule the world.Many practitioners think that they are not influenced by any theory, but they often become slaves to some late economist.Crazy people are in power, thinking that they are inspired by the world, so that they have arrogant ideas and even a scholar a few years ago. I am sure that both the benefit and eyesight are exaggerated, which is far less powerful than the gradual muddy power of thought.

Hypothesis: The main point of view of the author is that the influence of thought is very great.


Premise: Ms. Smith: I am upset that my son' s entire class lost two days of recess because some of the children were throwing raisins in the cafeteria. He was not throwing raisins, and it was clear to everyone just who the culprits were. Principal: I' m sorry you' re upset, Ms. Smith, but your son' s situation is like being caught in a traffic jam caused by an accident. People who aren' t involved in the accident nevertheless have to suffer by sitting there in the middle of it.

Hypothesis: The principal's response to Ms. Smith's complaint is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it makes a generalization about all the children in the class which is not justified by the facts.


Premise: Tang Sanzang and three other people went to the western sky to learn scriptures and encountered Fire Mountain. Bajie said, Let's just walk from where there is no fire. Tang Sanzang said, I just want to go to the place of the classics. Sha Wujing said, where there are scriptures, there is fire. What Sha Wujing means is that wherever there are scriptures, there is fire.

Hypothesis: If Sha Wujing's words are true, then wherever there is fire, there are scriptures must be true.


Premise: The reason why the financial crisis has spread to the world is largely because each economy has experienced 6 to 7 years of extraordinary financial expansion, financial innovation and the unprecedented development of financial derivatives during the economic prosperity period. Under this model, the prices of various assets are constantly being irrationally pushed up. The key to the governance crisis is to return various assets that have been hyped to high prices to their reasonable price levels. A period of asset devaluation is inevitable. , This is the debt repayment for the past speeding appreciation.

Hypothesis: The statement "Stimulating the economy but also deflating the bubble" is an accurate summary of the passage.


Premise: In nature, microscopic objects generally refer to particles with a spatial scale of less than 10-6 cm and a mass of less than 10-15 grams, including molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, elementary particles and other material levels. Microscopic particles and various phenomena in extremely small spaces. , Generally referred to as microscopic phenomena. Microscopic particles and microscopic phenomena are collectively referred to as the microscopic world. The motion of the microscopic world obeys the laws reflected by quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics.

Hypothesis: The most accurate retelling of the main meaning of this passage is 'What is the micro world'.


Premise: If a President is elected, then he or she won the nomination of a major party and received at least 270 Electoral College votes, even if he or she did not win the popular vote.

Hypothesis: No President has received less than 270 Electoral College votes must be true.


Premise: In the late Qing and early Ming dynasties, a group of Westerners went to the mountains of southwestern China for scientific research or poaching. Some of them found a small koala in the mountains, because the locals called it mountain bear or maoxiong. They also called it maoxiong in the article, why did maoxiong later become panda? After the Republic of China, some traditional books and periodicals changed from vertical to horizontal. However, the fundamental reason is that there is no clear classification of it in the field of zoology.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the misname panda has existed for a long time.


Premise: John wants to win the annual Mayfield raffle next year because he needs the Mayfield raffle' s prize. If he enters more than one raffle next year, the likelihood of his winning one of them would be greater than if he entered only a single raffle. Hence, to have this greater likelihood of winning the Mayfield prize, John should enter several other raffles next year.

Hypothesis: The flaw in reasoning exhibited by the argument is confusing the likelihood that at least one event in a set of events will occur with the likelihood that a designated event in that set will occur.


Premise: Building a harmonious community is an important part of building a harmonious society. Only when the management system of the community is further improved can the social responsibility of the community be clarified. If the service level of the community is not improved, it can not meet the needs of the residents' rapid growth The construction of community management laws and regulations is an important prerequisite for the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community, and strengthening the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community is also conducive to the improvement of the community management system.

Hypothesis: If we do not further improve the management system of the community, we can not be clear about the community's social responsibilities can be inferred.


Premise: Zoologist: Plants preferentially absorb heavy nitrogen from rainwater. Heavy nitrogen consequently becomes concentrated in the tissues of herbivores, and animals that eat meat in turn exhibit even higher concentrations of heavy nitrogen in their bodily tissues. We compared bone samples from European cave bears of the Ice Age with blood samples from present-day bears fed meat-enriched diets, and the levels of heavy nitrogen present in these samples were identical. Thus, the prehistoric European cave bears were not exclusively herbivores.

Hypothesis: The statement "The level of heavy nitrogen in the bones of any bear fed a meat-enriched diet is the same as that in the bones of any other meat-eating bear" would most strengthen the zoologist's argument.


Premise: Wildlife conservation organizations: if there is no trade, there will be no killing; without killing, man and nature can live in harmony.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, as long as there is killing, there must be trade must be true.


Premise: Studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on the human brain, and if you keep persistent exercising, the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease will be reduced.

Hypothesis: If the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is reduced, it must be the result of persistent exercise can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Energy-saving lamps require less electricity and are more power-saving. Therefore, if people only use energy-saving lamps and do not use ordinary incandescent lamps that consume a lot of electricity, it will save a lot of electricity bills.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that energy-saving lamps are no cheaper than ordinary incandescent lamps.


Premise: In response to requests made by the dairy industry, the government is considering whether to approve the synthetic hormone BST for use in dairy cows. BST increases milk production but also leads to recurring udder inflammation, decreased fertility, and symptoms of stress in cows who receive the hormone. All of these problems can be kept under control with constant veterinary care, but such levels of veterinary help would cost big farms far less per cow than they would small farms.

Hypothesis: At the present time milk from cows raised on small farms is safer to drink than milk from cows raised on big farms is the claim most strongly supported by the statements above if the statements are true.


Premise: Super-high-speed rail is closely related to mass travel. The attraction is that it can travel much faster than high-speed rail trains, with speeds ranging from 600 km to 1,200 km per hour. There are even claims to be more than 4,000 km. A common feature of these super-high-speed trains is that they operate in sealed vacuum or low-pressure pipelines. Specifically, by pumping air into a low-pressure environment close to a vacuum, using either aerodynamic suspension or magnetic suspension drive technology, the train will be able to travel around the clock with no wheel-rail resistance, ultra-high speed operation in low air resistance and low noise mode.

Hypothesis: Equipment maintenance in a vacuum tube running on a super-high-speed train would be extremely difficult and expensive would most doubt the possibility of a super-high-speed rail.


Premise: Substitution effect means that when the collection of a certain tax and the change of tax rate affect the relative price or relative benefit, people choose another consumption or activity to replace the original consumption or activity.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that "After China's entry into WTO, the tax rate of many imported goods has been reduced, and people buy more of these goods" does not involve substitution effect.


Premise: Copernicus's heliocentric theory contradicted the religious thoughts of the time, the dominant Aristotelian physics, and people's common sense. At first it was opposed by many people until Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation. It was gradually recognized by astronomers.

Hypothesis: People used to think that the sun revolves around the earth cannot be derived from this.


Premise: The pigments are mainly anthocyanins and other phenolic substances, their colors constitute the color of the wine and bring their own aroma and delicate taste to the wine. The color of aged wine mainly comes from tannins. Tannins not only contribute to the color of the wine, but also act on the mouth to create a sense of bitterness, thus promoting people's appetite. The tannin content is too high, the bitter taste is heavy and the wine is rough; if the tannin content is too low, the wine is weak and light. In addition, tannins can also mask the sour taste, so red wine is obviously less sour than white wine because of its rich tannins.

Hypothesis: Tannins can affect the color of wine and the taste and appetite of drinkers can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Malik said Austin was surprised that Premier Zhou said the Chinese people's government believed that any resolution on China's complaint passed by the Security Council without the participation of representatives of the Chinese people would be illegal.

Hypothesis: All three options express surprise.


Premise: Value rationality means that the actor pays attention to the value represented by the behavior itself, that is, whether to achieve social fairness, justice, loyalty, honor, etc., regardless of means and consequences. Value rationality focuses on the rationality of behavior from the perspective of specific values certain substantive,

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, enforcing justice on behalf of Heaven meets the requirements of value rationality.


Premise: Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and about 75 percent of the sun today is hydrogen. This suggests that hydrogen was the main component of the solar system when it formed. With the formation of the Sun, most of the solar system's material was concentrated in the Sun, while outside the sun, the elements were stratified: close to the Sun, the temperature was very high, leaving only the relatively heavy elements such as silicon, iron, oxygen, these elements together to form mercury, Venus, Earth and other rocky planets; Farther away from the Sun, as temperatures cool, the proportions of these elements decrease, and the planet's atmosphere becomes dominated by hydrogen, with some nitrogen, such as Jupiter and Saturn; At the edge of the solar system, there are few heavy elements, mostly water ice, methane and so on.

Hypothesis: The main text introduction is The distribution of different elements in the solar system.


Premise: Advertisement proof is the proof document, certificate and material to show whether the advertiser's subject qualification is legal and whether the advertisement content is true and legal.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a certificate issued upon approval according to law indicating that an advertisement publisher is qualified to publish advertisements can be used as advertisement proof.


Premise: People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where that issue is relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The more complicated the issue being litigated, the less likely it is that a juror without specialized knowledge of the field involved will be able to comprehend the testimony being given' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Personal morality consists of moral cognition, moral emotion, moral will and moral behavior. Moral cognition is the primary link for the transformation of social moral requirements into personal internal morality and the basis for the formation of morality.

Hypothesis: We should strengthen moral construction in the field of social life and family life is correct.


Premise: The reason why Chinese culture has always maintained strong vitality in thousands of years of historical evolution is that Chinese culture not only has distinct national characteristics, but also is good at absorbing different nationalities and different countries. the relevant factors of different regions to improve their own cultural mechanism and cultivate the organic elements of cultural ability. This is why the ancient Babylonian culture and the ancient Indian culture have died out one after another, but the Chinese culture has been enduring for thousands of years and continues to create new and then create new miracles of civilization.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that the disappearance of ancient Babylonian culture stems from the lack of distinct national characteristics.


Premise: People have been arguing about which cat or dog is smarter. Recently, some scientists have not only studied the size of the animal's brain capacity, but also the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, and found that cats usually seem to have an intelligence-dominant attitude, but the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex of cats is only ordinary golden hair. Half of the dog. From this, they all came to the conclusion: dogs are smarter than cats.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the aforementioned scientists concluded is that cats have fewer brain nerve cells than dogs because cats are not as social as dogs.


Premise: A scenic spot has formulated a new preferential ticket policy. According to this policy, not some students enjoy preferential tickets in this scenic spot. All those who enjoy preferential tickets in this scenic spot are over 12 years old.

Hypothesis: Some students over the age of 12 enjoy preferential tickets at this scenic spot can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Xiao Zhu was in good shape on his birthday. He specially invited four good friends Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Liu and Xiao Li to dinner at home. Xiao Zhu's mother prepared a rich dinner for them. According to local customs, Xiao Zhu ate an egg specially cooked for him by his mother. During the meal, everyone jokingly warned Xiao Wang, who has the worst intestines and stomach, not to eat too much, Be careful with diarrhea. Everyone tasted every dish on the table. Xiao Wang ate the most despite everyone's warning. As a result, Xiao Zhu had diarrhea soon after dinner, but others had no problem.

Hypothesis: Dishes on the table can't be eaten with eggs, otherwise it will cause diarrhea is the best explanation for Xiao Zhu's diarrhea.


Premise: At this Games, all athletes participating in the freestyle swimming participated in the breaststroke.

Hypothesis: Some athletes who did not participate in the breaststroke competition participated in the butterfly stroke can be added to say that some athletes who participated in the butterfly did not participate in the freestyle.


Premise: Natural elimination breeding method means to reduce the interference and determine the breeding method of improved variety through natural growth of the selected variety.

Hypothesis: Some of the plants that grow on the same hillside are lush, some are small and yellow. There's a big difference and that's what natural selection is all about is a natural elimination breeding method.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: If both K and L are members of two groups, and the printing group has exactly three members, then F is in the bookbinding group must be true.


Premise: In a company, Li Ming helped Wang Gang, and Wang Gang helped Zhao Xian. Li Ming paid more taxes than Zhao Xian.

Hypothesis: Someone helped a man who paid less taxes than him can be introduced.


Premise: Moral hazard: After a certain contract, the agent conducts activities under the condition that the principal cannot supervise or the supervision cost exceeds the supervision benefit, and this kind of activity will bring losses to the principal.

Hypothesis: The terminally ill person concealed his condition and bought a huge amount of life insurance is not a moral hazard according to the above definition.


Premise: The large amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels does not actually cause the greenhouse effect-that is, the increase in global average temperature. Because if the supply of carbon dioxide rises, plants will consume more of the gas, so they will grow taller and lushly, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will eventually remain stable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Methane produced by rotting plans, which is another gas that can significantly cause the greenhouse effect' if it is correct, will most severely weaken the conclusion that the large amount of carbon dioxide currently released into the atmosphere will not cause the greenhouse effect.


Premise: The Russian antivirus software provider Kaspersky Lab announced on June 15 that an international virus writing team named 29a has recently created the world's first virus that can be transmitted between mobile phones. Kaspersky Lab said that on the 15th, the 29a team sent the code of the worm called Kabil to some anti-virus vendors, who confirmed that the virus has the function of spreading between mobile phones.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph of text, which is used as news in a newspaper, is 'The world's first virus spreading between mobile phones was born'.


Premise: Conformity refers to the phenomenon that individual's ideas and behaviors change in a direction consistent with the majority of people due to the guidance or pressure of the masses.

Hypothesis: Buying lottery tickets is not a conformity phenomenon.


Premise: All of Cuizhu's college classmates work in a German-funded enterprise. Xi Lan is a university classmate of Cuizhu, and Jian Song is the department manager of the German-funded enterprise. Some of the employees of the German-funded company are from Huai'an. The employees of the German-funded company have gone to Germany to study, and they all speak German.

Hypothesis: Xilan can speak German can be derived from the following statements.


Premise: The financing for a large construction project was provided by a bank. When the funds were used up before the completion of the project, the bank approved further loans. Now, as the funds are used up again and the project is still not completed, the bank refuses to provide further loans, although the project will fall through without these loans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bank has found several other projects. These projects can promote faster recovery of the principal, If the loans to them are now approved to start these projects' best explains why the bank's current reaction is different from their previous.


Premise: Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck. Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as any one with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the painting. The animals in the painting are all vivid representations of actual animals, including armadillos. Yet armadillos are native only to the Americas, and van Eyck died decades before Europeans reached the Americas.

Hypothesis: The first presents the main conclusion of the argument and the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion is the role played by the two highlighted portions in the argument.


Premise: In the years after the implementation of the three-guarantee law in the United States, car companies suffered huge losses by paying refunds to returns. Therefore, before the implementation of the liability regulations for repair, replacement and return of Household Automobile products (referred to as the three-guarantee Law) in 2014, people in the industry predicted that the three-guarantee law would have a great impact on automobile manufacturers. However, over the past year since the implementation of the three-guarantee law, the reporter's survey of a number of 4S stores in Beijing, Sichuan and other places shows that the case of returning and changing cars according to the three-guarantee law is zero.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The key provisions of the three-guarantee law to protect the interests of car owners are lack of maneuverability, which makes it difficult to return and replace the car successfully' best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Since 1997, Hong Kong has fallen into a relatively serious economic recession. In this year, Hong Kong began to implement one country, two systems policy. Some people claim that it is one country, two systems that caused Hong Kong's economic recession.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Why did Britain, which used to control Hong Kong, also had a bad economic situation during this period?' is most relevant for refuting the above.


Premise: A good way to get over one' s fear of an activity one finds terrifying is to do it repeatedly. For instance, over half of people who have parachuted only once report being extremely frightened by the experience, while less than 1 percent of those who have parachuted ten times or more report being frightened by it.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument neglects to consider those people who have parachuted more than once but fewer than ten times.


Premise: Community home care for the aged refers to the way of providing professional and social services to the elderly living at home to solve all kinds of practical difficulties in daily life with the family as the core and the community as the support.

Hypothesis: Mrs. Zhou, who has retired for many years, goes to the community elderly care service center every morning to learn folk dance with professional teachers. She goes there as a volunteer in the afternoon and goes home in the evening. The center will also regularly send full-time personnel to her home for physical examination and other services belongs to the community home care for the aged.


Premise: Relevant studies have shown that mobile phones are more harmful than computers. Because of the small screen of it, people are more focused when playing mobile phones, so it hurts the eyes even more. When using computers, people's limbs can move, but people who addicted to playing with mobile phones often have little activity, which is more detrimental to their physical and mental health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The background light of the computer is more likely to cause the user's vision loss and headaches than the mobile phone' weakens the above view most.


Premise: Science cannot adequately explain emotional phenomena such as feeling frustrated, falling in love, or being moved by a painting. Since they cannot be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology, human emotions must not be physical phenomena.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'Every physical phenomenon can be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology' is required for the conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: Generally, the alcohol concentration used for disinfection is 70%-75%. This concentration of alcohol has the best permeability and the best antivirus effect, and if the concentration is higher, it will not be able to achieve the effect of disinfection. Therefore, the higher the alcohol concentration, the better the disinfection effect.

Hypothesis: The statement '95% alcohol can form a protective shell on the surface of the virus to prevent the penetration of alcohol' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: To prevent a newly built dam on the Chiff River from blocking the route of fish migrating to breeding grounds upstream, the dam includes a fish pass, a mechanism designed to allow fish through the dam. Before the construction of the dam and fish pass, several thousand fish a day swam upriver during spawning season. But in the first season after the project' s completion, only 300 per day made the journey. Clearly, the fish pass is defective.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The construction of the dam stirred up potentially toxic river sediments that were carried downstream' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Administrative act: refers to the act of state administrative organs and their staff in exercising administrative rights and producing legal consequences in order to achieve the purpose of State Administration,

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, forcibly searching a prisoner's private house without a certificate is an administrative act.


Premise: When zongzi was first exported, the name was a lengthy noun explanation. With the passage of time, zongzi was known and loved by people in many countries, and returned to its own name zongzi. Similarly, erhu, Taiji, Facebook, Yin and Yang, Mapo tofu and other things with strong Chinese style have also experienced a step-by-step process from free translation to transliteration.

Hypothesis: Things with strong Chinese style are more suitable for free translation is intended to be explained by this passage.


Premise: The utilization mode of mineral resources in our country is still relatively extensive, the phenomenon of mining the rich and abandoning the poor in some places, opening more than one mine and opening small mines is more common. The total recovery rate of mineral resources in China is about 30% and 35% respectively, which is 20 percentage points lower than the advanced level of foreign countries. Among the large and medium-sized mines, almost no comprehensive utilization has been carried out, accounting for 43%. With the further increase of the development intensity of mineral resources, it will be more and more difficult to protect and restore the mine environment.

Hypothesis: The main way to emphasize the mineral resources of our country is to make great efforts to improve the intensity of mineral resources development.


Premise: People cannot devote themselves to the study of natural processes unless they have leisure, and people have leisure when resources are plentiful, not when resources are scarce. Although some anthropologists claim that agriculture, the cultivation of crops, actually began under conditions of drought and hunger, the early societies that domesticated plants must first have discovered how the plants they cultivated reproduced themselves and grew to maturity. These complex discoveries were the result of the active study of natural processes.

Hypothesis: The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that agriculture first began in societies that at some time in their history had plentiful resources.


Premise: A certain moral system holds that performing good actions is praiseworthy only when one overcomes a powerful temptation in order to perform them. Yet this same moral system also holds that performing good actions out of habit is sometimes praiseworthy.

Hypothesis: People who perform good actions out of habit have often acquired this habit after years of having resisted temptation does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the moral system described above.


Premise: A study shows that young people in their 80s and 90s prefer popular songs to songs that are less interested in bel canto and national singing and so on.  Bel Canto, national and other singing methods are gradually eliminated by the times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many middle aged people like Bel canto and national singing' is the most valid rebuttal to the above conclusion.


Premise: The Fed's influence on the Wall Street-centric securities trading market is also huge. The U.S. government itself does not have the right to issue currency. To obtain U.S. dollars, the U.S. government must mortgage future U.S. taxes to the Fed in the form of national debt, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is issued as an agent. Various U.S. government bonds have been invested in the securities exchange market. More importantly, the Fed's adjustments to the number of U.S. dollars and interest rates directly affect the trend of Wall Street and even the global economy.

Hypothesis: The issuance of US dollars and the adjustment of interest rates may be an important means of the U.S. government to influence the world economy can be derived from this.


Premise: Due to the emergence of the information revolution, our educational theory and model are facing a great change and challenge at the turn of the century. In the next few years, interactive multimedia system will be widely used in the educational field because of its rich functions, powerful influence, convenience and cheapness, thus setting off a new type of educational revolution.

Hypothesis: The central idea of this passage is that the application of powerful multimedia in the field of education will lead to a new type of educational revolution.


Premise: Art restorers who have been studying the factors that cause Renaissance oil paintings to deteriorate physically when subject to climatic changes have found that the oil paint used in these paintings actually adjusts to these changes well. The restorers ttherefore hypothesize that it is a layer of material called gesso, which is under the paint, that causes the deterioration.

Hypothesis: Renaissance oil paintings are often painted on wooden panels, which swell when humidity increases and contract when it declines most strongly supports the restorers' hypothesis.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Kevin are selected at different times; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: If Guo Yanran is selected, Qiu Zhijie must also be selected.


Premise: The method of seeking common ground, also known as contract law, is one of the ways to explore the causal relationship between things. Its basic content is that in several occasions where the studied phenomenon A appears, only one antecedent situation is the same, then the same antecedent situation is the reason for the studied phenomenon A.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'The teeth of residents in some communities are very healthy, and residents also pay attention to the protection of teeth. Through investigation and study, it is found that there is natural fluoride in the water source of these communities, which shows that the fluoride in the water source is the reason why the teeth of the residents in these communities are healthy' belongs to the method of seeking common ground.


Premise: The yoke of conformity thinking refers to a kind of bad mindset that is consistent with the majority in cognitive judgment and problem solving.

Hypothesis: Adults often turn their children's left-handed habits around is not a yoke of conformity thinking.


Premise: The last foreign blockbuster, The Da Vinci Code, was only in Tokai for a week. The total box office of each theater withPoseidonshould be able to break 10 million yuan.

Hypothesis: The assumption that both films are high-quality productions and the daily ticket price and attendance are expected to be about the same is most likely implied by the author.


Premise: On the nights immediately following the mysterious Tunguska event, which destroyed a tract of Siberian wilderness in 1908, eyewitnesses reported seeing noctilucent clouds -- brilliant night-visible clouds made up of ice particles that form rarely and only at very high altitudes. Recently, noctilucent clouds have been observed on the nights following launches of rockets that release large amounts of water vapor into the upper atmosphere. This shows that it was a comet impact and not the impact of an asteroid that caused the destruction in Siberia.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that comets but not asteroids release large amounts of water vapor into the upper atmosphere when they collide with Earth.


Premise: The space agency believes that excellent astronauts should have three requirements: first, they must have rich knowledge; second, they must have proficient technology; third, they must have strong will. Existing A, B,  C and D Four outstanding pilots signed up for the election. Known: 1.A and B have the same level of willpower 2.B and C have the same level of knowledge 3.C and D are not all knowledgeable 4.Three of the four people are knowledgeable, two of them are strong willed, and one is skilled. The space agency found only one of them  meets all the requirements of an excellent astronaut.

Hypothesis: Option C fully meets the requirements of an excellent astronaut.


Premise: Although the cold winter is the high incidence of cardiovascular disease, but in the hot and sultry Indian summer season, the humidity in the air is increased, oxygen content is reduced, usually suffering from hypertension, coronary heart disease often feel uncomfortable, chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness and other symptoms. In addition, high temperature weather will make the human body sweat too much, blood concentration, if not timely supplement water, easy to form plaques; Acute myocardial infarction occurs when plaque breaks off and clots form, blocking blood vessels. In addition, people often do not get a good sleep on hot summer nights, which is also an important cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Sultry weather can also make people mood swings, mood irritability, which is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease. In this period of time, because of work overworked and lack of rest, especially to guard against sudden attack of myocardial infarction.

Hypothesis: The best heading for this paragraph is "Cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases."


Premise: Critics: officials prohibit setting off firecrackers in cities on the grounds that firecrackers hurt people and cause fires, rather than trying to find ways to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, which implies conscious or unconscious cultural discrimination. Smoking causes illness or fire every year, which is much more common than that caused by fireworks. Why can't we help it?. Banning fireworks not only implies cultural discrimination, but also removes the last festive atmosphere of the Spring Festival.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Customs that set off the festive atmosphere, such as posting Spring Festival couplets, offering sacrifices to ancestors and welcoming the God of Wealth have disappeared during the Spring Festival in the city' is the hypothesis on which the critic's conclusion depends.


Premise: Green design means that in the whole product cycle, the environmental attributes of the product, such as detachability, recyclability, maintainability and reusability are emphatically considered. And the environmental attributes are seen as the design goal to ensure that the quality of the product reaches the optimal state while meeting the needs for environmental protection.

Hypothesis: Sun villages in Dubai skillfully arranged solar collectors to maximize sunshine time is in line with the green design concept according to the above definition.


Premise: Politician: Homelessness is a serious social problem, but further government spending to provide low-income housing is not the cure for homelessness. The most cursory glance at the real-estate section of any major newspaper is enough to show that there is no lack of housing units available to rent. So the frequent claim that people are homeless because of a lack of available housing is wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement that homelessness is a serious social problem is required in order to establish the conclusion in the argument.


Premise: Front-line workers, service workers or migrant workers are the majority of our people. Most workers experience the advantages and disadvantages of the social system mainly through social security, social security and the wage and welfare of the employing unit. This part of the interests can not be protected, there will naturally be some dissatisfaction, the longer the accumulation, the stronger the anti-social tendency. The harmonious society should be a society in which the interests of all aspects are coordinated effectively, and the discontented mood should be resolved in time to avoid the antagonistic contradiction and the social instability.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that labor relations need to be transformed.


Premise: Self-control is not only about control oneself, but also includes the ability to eliminate interference from irrelevant stimuli and persist in completing related tasks (even tasks that one does not like). There are different views from various schools in academic circles on whether self-control is stable  and unchangeable  or can be consumed. Psychologists divided the experimental subjects into two groups and asked them to solve problems in the same field. One group could only eat radishes when solving problems, and the other group could also eat biscuits. As a result, the group that only ate radishes gave up earlier because they not only resisted the temptation of biscuits but also consumed self-control. From this, psychologists conclude that people's self-control is limited, and overuse of it will lead to a decrease.

Hypothesis: Biscuits and radishes have different allures to test subjects should be added as a prerequisite for the rationality of the above conclusion.


Premise: Psychological implication refers to the use of implicit and indirect methods to affect the psychology and behavior of others. The effect of suggestion often makes others unconsciously act in a certain way, or accept certain opinions or beliefs uncritically.

Hypothesis: Don't smoke in the classroom! has no psychological implication.


Premise: In 1988, a significant percentage of seals in the Baltic Sea died from viral diseases; off the coast of Scotland, however, the death rate due to viral diseases was approximately half what it was for the Baltic seals. The Baltic seals had significantly higher levels of pollutants in their blood than did the Scottish seals. Since pollutants are known to impair marine mammals' ability to fight off viral infection, it is likely that the higher death rate among the Baltic seals was due to the higher levels of pollutants in their blood.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The kinds of pollutants found in the Baltic Sea are significantly different from those that have been detected in the waters off the coast of Scotland' provides the most additional support for the argument.


Premise: Green consumption, also known as sustainable consumption, refers to a new consumption behavior and process characterized by moderate consumption control, avoiding or reducing damage to the environment, advocating nature and protecting ecology.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, eat the original ecological rare game to reduce the processing cost is not green consumption.


Premise: In the recruitment examination for the open selection of deputy section chiefs in a certain department, a total of 7 people signed up, including A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. According to statistics, the highest academic qualifications of the seven people are bachelor's degree and doctor's degree respectively. Among them, there are 3 PhD graduates and 3 women. It is known that the educational levels of A, B and C are the same, while those of F and G are different; the genders of E, F and G are the same, and the genders of A and D are different. In the end, a female doctor was hired.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, D is a female doctor can be inferred.


Premise: Using supercomputer to simulate the universe and combined with a variety of other calculations, the research team proved that in our accelerating universe, the causality network curve describing the large-scale space-time structure is a power function curve with significant clustering characteristics, which is surprisingly similar to many complex networks such as the Internet, social networks, biological networks and so on.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that there is some similarity law in the evolution of complex systems.


Premise: At home, the concept of privatization seems to be the division of state-owned assets. In essence, it is a matter of protecting the ownership of private property. If there is no legal basis for the protection of this right, the state-owned assets can be divided and the divided property can be confiscated at any time.

Hypothesis: The system of privatization is based on the legal right to own private property is most strongly supported if the above is true.


Premise: In the spring and fall, eastern pipistrelle bats roost deep inside caves. They feed at night on flying insects and must leave the cave to catch their prey. Flying insects are much more abundant on warm nights than on cool ones. Researchers found that many more bats leave the caves on warm nights than on cool nights, even though the temperature within the caves where the bats roost remains virtually the same from one night to the next.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Eastern pipistrelle bats can detect changes in barometric pressure within the caves that correlate closely with changes in temperature outside the caves' most helps to explain the researchers' findings.


Premise: Article 9 of my country's Law on the Protection of Juveniles stipulates: People's governments at all levels implement the management of compulsory education; it is both a statutory right and a statutory obligation. In the case of minors not filing a lawsuit, governments at all levels can rely on their powers. File a civil lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The inference that my country has achieved universal compulsory education can be made from the given information.


Premise: In today's society, QR code payment methods have been widely used in offline micro-payment scenarios such as catering stores, supermarkets, and convenience stores. However, there are still hidden risks in the bar-code generation mechanism and transmission process, and many cases involving payment security risks have also been triggered.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Static bar-codes are easy to be tampered with or altered, and easy to carry Trojan or other viruses' can explain the conclusion in the question.


Premise: Government decision-making and efficiency are usually commendable, but they are no exception. If there is no perfect framework of democratic control and supervision, the high efficiency of the government will sometimes become the high efficiency that harms the rights and interests of the people and damages the long-term social, cultural and environmental interests of a place. For example, efficient demolition without full and equal consultation with the public and full evaluation of the cultural destructive power of demolition will inevitably seriously damage the rights and interests of demolition households and destroy the cultural inheritance of the city. We don't want to be so efficient.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The government's decision-making and efficiency are not necessarily a good thing' is the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Mencius once said this sentence in Gao Zi Shang: Reason and righteousness please my heart, and meat please my mouth. This statement is truthful, exquisite, and quite enlightening. The practice of life has also been told time and time again. We, all the reason that fits my heart, always explain the profound things in a simple way. For example, chu huan means that delicacies such as beef and mutton fits my taste. maybe the speaker is sincere, but the listener doesn't care, or the speaker is hoarse and the listener is sleepy. After all, the appeal does not depend on the high voice, let alone the power of the microphone, but should be as dazzling, eye-catching, beautiful and enlightening as the peacock opens the screen.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is to talk about art and make the principles easy to accept.


Premise: Closed-loop thinking refers to a way of thinking in which tips and responses in various ways are used to form a closed loop in each operation in the process of work and study, so as to grasp the process in real time and adjust the direction in time.

Hypothesis: The option "The manager asked Xiao Li to draw up a work plan within a week. After careful research, Xiao Li completed the plan and e-mailed it to the manager. More than ten days later, the manager specifically asked him: has the plan been written yet? Xiao Li said in surprise, I have sent it to you a long time ago" does not belong to closed-loop thinking.


Premise: Man-made environmental anomaly refers to a phenomenon in which one or more environmental elements of the natural environment have changed significantly due to human behavior within a certain geographic area, which disrupts the relative balance of the ecosystem.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are abundant oil resources stored underground in a certain place. Recently, the well water in nearby villages has become turbid and accompanied by a pungent smell. It has been tested to contain a large number of heavy metals and is not suitable for drinking' is a human-made environmental abnormality according to the above definition.


Premise: Just look at the growing machine replacement craze, in the current tight labor supply background, it has not seen an obvious negative impact on employment. Moreover, the deepening of the industry and the refinement of the division of labor brought about by the scientific and technological revolution may lead to more job opportunities. But the categorical denial that there is no contradiction between machine replacement and full employment is overly optimistic. At present, employees who engage in repetitive, routine and high-risk jobs are most likely to be eliminated in the man-machine competition. In the face of the renewal of science and technology, we should not easily give up the traditional manufacturing industry which is conducive to increasing employment in the structural reform, and we also need to speed up the development of modern service industries that are conducive to absorbing the employed population.

Hypothesis: The gist of the passage is that in the structural reform, attention should be paid to taking measures to alleviate the impact of machines on employment.


Premise: Journalists agree universally that lying is absolutely taboo. Yet, while many reporters claim that spoken words ought to be quoted verbatim, many others believe that tightening a quote from a person who is interviewed is legitimate on grounds that the speaker' s remarks would have been more concise if the speaker had written them instead. Also, many reporters believe that, to expose wrongdoing, failing to identify oneself as a reporter is permissible, while others condemn such behavior as a type of lying.

Hypothesis: Reporters disagree on what sort of behavior qualifies as lying is most supported by the information above.


Premise: Some members of a gymnastics team are from Guangxi.

Hypothesis: The objects of the above judgment are all members of a gymnastics team.


Premise: The earliest foundation of Beijing was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. in the following thousand years, Beijing had four large-scale development, or expansion, or new construction, namely, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the convex wall of Beijing was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing of the Ming Dynasty, leaving the overall layout system unchanged until modern times.

Hypothesis: It can be seen that Beijing expanded its outer city in the early Ming Dynasty is correct.


Premise: People aged 46 to 55 spend more money per capita than people of any other age group. So it is puzzling that when companies advertise consumer products on television, they focus almost exclusively on people aged 25 and under. Indeed, those who make decisions about television advertising think that the value of a television advertising slot depends entirely on the number of people aged 25 and under who can be expected to be watching at that time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When companies advertise consumer products in print media, they focus primarily on people aged 26 and over' most helps to explain the puzzling facts stated above.


Premise: In winter, a city's public transport system added temporary buses on many lines as a supplement to these lines. However, for a period of time, the passenger congestion on the original line has not been alleviated.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The driver and conductor of the temporary bus have signed a contract with the company' does not explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: New legislation would require a seven-day waiting period in the sale of handguns to private individuals, in order that records of prisons could be checked and the sale of handguns to people likely to hurt other people thereby prevented. People opposed to this legislation claim that prison records are so full of errors that the proposed law would prevent as many law-abiding citizens as criminals from having access to handguns.

Hypothesis: The principle 'No restrictions should be placed on the sale of merchandise unless sale of that merchandise could endanger innocent people' would do the most to justify opposition to the new legislation on the basis of the claim made by people opposed to the new legislation, if the claim is true.


Premise: The pollution problem caused by garbage exudates is most serious in countries with an annual per capita output of between $4000 and $5000, while it is less serious in relatively poor or rich countries. In the initial stage of industrial development, the pollution problem is relatively serious. When industrial development can create enough means to deal with such problems, the pollution problem will be reduced. At present, the per capita output value of country X is US $5000 per year, and the pollution caused by garbage exudates in country X will gradually decrease in the next few years.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that In the next few years, the industrial development of country X will grow.


Premise: Moralist: Humans have a natural disposition to altruism -- that is, to behavior that serves the needs of others regardless of one' s own needs -- but that very disposition prevents some acts of altruism from counting as moral. Reason plays an essential role in any moral behavior. Only behavior that is intended to be in accordance with a formal set of rules, or moral code, can be considered moral behavior.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the moralist's argument is that all moral behavior is motivated by altruism.


Premise: People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where that issue is relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.

Hypothesis: The statement "The more a juror knows about a particular scientific or technical issue involved in a trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating parties before the trial begins" most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In the setting of bus stop names, convenience for citizens should be regarded as the first principle. at the same time, some station names also have certain urban characteristics and retain cultural functions such as urban historical information. Today, with the rapid development of the city and the ever-changing appearance, the original meaning is lost due to layout adjustment and environmental changes, coupled with some new or changed routes continue to produce new stations, bus stop names change and increase or decrease occur from time to time. On the other hand, some large shopping malls, cultural and technological companies not only have a good reputation, but are familiar to the public, and can be used as landmark buildings, or even the business cards of cities, to use these enterprise names to name bus stops in a market-oriented way of operation. There's nothing wrong with it.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Big shopping malls can be used as bus stops' explains the gist of the passage.


Premise: People who browse the web for medical information often cannot discriminate between scientifically valid information and quackery. Much of the quackery is particularly appealing to readers with no medical background because it is usually written more clearly than scientific papers. Thus, people who rely on the web when attempting to diagnose their medical conditions are likely to do themselves more harm than good.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the argument is that people who attempt to diagnose their medical conditions are likely to do themselves more harm than good unless they rely exclusively on scientifically valid information.


Premise: Pre-qin schools of thought and their exponents, Confucianism and Taoism are the two largest, and the Confucianism and Taoism are the two main lines of Chinese traditional culture. The analects of Confucius, Lao zi, respectively, is a major representative of Confucian and Taoist thought, the Confucian and Taoist thought source caught, it is easier to grasp the context of Chinese traditional culture, also can avoid the unilateral understanding of Chinese traditional culture, It is easy to compare Confucianism and Taoism.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the text is that in order to carry forward traditional Chinese culture, we must first understand the Analects of Confucius and Laozi.


Premise: Traditional animal resources protection measures are mainly to delimit protected areas or establish the basis for species conservation. These measures can well protect species diversity, but there are also some disadvantages: the protected area is large, and poaching is prohibited repeatedly; The establishment of improved seed base to protect local varieties has large investment and long time, and is prone to inbreeding and species decline. The advent of new biotechnology achievements such as test tube, cloning and cryopreservation has opened up a new way for the protection and utilization of animal genetic resources, and the construction of animal Noah's Ark is no longer a fantasy.

Hypothesis: The protection of animal resources has contributed to the birth of new achievements in biotechnology is introduced in the passage.


Premise: Neuroscientists subjected volunteers with amusia -- difficulty telling different melodies apart and remembering simple tunes -- to shifts in pitch comparable to those that occur when someone plays one piano key and then another. The volunteers were unable to discern a difference between the tones. But the volunteers were able to track timed sequences of musical tones and perceive slight changes in timing.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support the hypothesis that whereas perception of timing can apparently be learned, discernment of pitch is most likely innate.


Premise: There are three conditions for a unit to recruit employees: first, rich knowledge; Second, skilled; Third, be hardworking. There are four job seekers who meet at least one of the conditions: A, B, C and D. It is known that: 1. A and B are not all knowledgeable; 2. A and D have the same level of knowledge; 3. C and D have the same degree of hard work; 4. Three of the four are knowledgeable, two are hardworking and one is skilled.

Hypothesis: The unit found that only one of them met all the conditions, and that person should be A.


Premise: The pollution problem caused by the burial of industrial waste is most prominent in the moderately developed countries, while it is not prominent in the developed and underdeveloped countries. Underdeveloped countries are because there is not much industrial waste that can be processed. Developed countries are either because they have effectively reduced industrial waste, or because they have effectively processed industrial waste. Country H is a moderately developed country. Therefore, the pollution caused by the burial of industrial waste will be substantially changed in five years.

Hypothesis: Country H will become a developed country within five years is most likely to be assumed by the above argument.


Premise: Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.

Hypothesis: It has white flowers but lacks fuzzy seeds can be properly inferred about the specimen of plant X in the biologist's garden from the biologist's statements.


Premise: If you do a job just to make a living and don't like it, it's just your occupation. You do a job just because you like it and you don't care whether it brings benefits or not. this job is your career. Ideally, occupation and career are consistent and you can do what you like and make a living.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is Goal and reality.


Premise: Under normal circumstances, the victims of injury will express their interest demands through legal channels, but if the system is unfair or ineffective, more social injury behaviors will be triggered. Not only can the strong further hurt the weak, but they can also be hurt by the weak. Vulnerable people can also cause harm to other vulnerable people, resulting in bullying of the weak by the weak. In this way, the whole society will be filled with hostility, which will bring serious uneasiness and anxiety to daily life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only when the system is just and effective can it prevent more social harm' can be derived from the given information.


Premise: Pundit: Clearly, the two major political parties in this city have become sharply divided on the issues. In the last four elections, for example, the parties were separated by less than 1 percent of the vote.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument takes for granted that an almost even division in votes indicates a sharp division on issues.


Premise: Xiao Zhao and Xiao Liu are very familiar and good friends. The two are very close. During the epidemic, Xiao Zhao sent a warning WeChat to colleagues in the same room in the unit, and Xiao Liu also sent a message to everyone he knew in the community. Alerted on WeChat, and further confirmed and reminded by phone. Xiao Zhao and Xiao Liu exchanged phone calls to remind each other not to walk with each other in the near future. Xiao Zhao sent Xiao Liu a warning WeChat, but Xiao Liu did not send Xiao Zhao a warning WeChat.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it is impossible for Xiao Zhao to have not been to Xiao Liu's house recently.


Premise: Internal administrative actions refer to administrative actions within the administrative system or within the administrative agency, and are not within the scope of the people's courts for administrative litigation. Disputes arising from the dissatisfaction of such decisions by the staff of the administrative agency should be addressed by the higher-level agency or the supervisory personnel agency.

Hypothesis: The people's government of a certain place  issued an educational development program, requiring relevant departments to increase investment in education for primary and secondary schools, and strengthen their services to primary and secondary schools is internal administrative actions according to the above definition.


Premise: Economist: the personal income tax in the United States is a progressive tax, and the tax law is extremely complicated. People who want to pay taxes honestly often make mistakes in declaration because of misunderstandings, while people who deliberately evade taxes can always find loopholes in the tax law. Generally speaking, the space of tax avoidance is proportional to the complexity of the tax system, and the ability of tax avoidance is proportional to the level of taxpayers' income. Most of the tax avoidance space caused by the complex tax system will be used by the rich, so that the progressive tax can not reach the progressive degree stipulated in the tax law, and its function of regulation and distribution is also greatly weakened.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Between 1988 and 2006, the income of the richest people in the United States rose from 15% to 22% of national income, but their average tax rate fell from 24% to 22.8%' provides the strongest support for the above argument of economists.


Premise: A recent poll of a large number of households found that 47 percent of those with a cat had at least one person with a university degree, while 38 percent of households with a dog had at least one person with a university degree. Clearly, people who hold university degrees are more likely to live in a household with a cat than one with a dog.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument takes for granted that there are not significantly more households with a dog than ones with a cat.


Premise: Increasing the electrical load carried on a transmission line increases the line' s temperature, and too great a load will cause the line to exceed its maximum operating temperature. The line' s temperature is also affected by wind speed and direction: Strong winds cool the line more than light winds, and wind blowing across a line cools it more than does wind blowing parallel to it.

Hypothesis: The electrical load that a transmission line can carry without reaching its maximum operating temperature increases when the wind speed increases is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Physical evidence refers to material traces and articles that can prove the true circumstances of a case. Physical evidence is characterized by its shape, quality, characteristics and location, reflecting the facts of certain cases, which one can use to prove the facts of the case.

Hypothesis: A stolen vehicle recovered by the police in a certain area during an operation against motor vehicle theft is the physical evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: Selena: Asteroid impact on the Earth caused the extinction of the dinosaurs by raising vast clouds of dust, thus blocking the Sun' s rays and cooling the planet beyond the capacity of the dinosaurs, or perhaps the vegetation that supported them, to adapt. A worldwide dust layer provides evidence of asteroid impact at approximately the correct time, and a huge crater exists on the edge of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. Trent: That asteroid crater is not large enough for the requisite amount of dust to have been produced. Besides, the extinction of dinosaur species took many years, not just one or two. So the extinctions must have been due not to asteroid impact on the Earth but to some other kind of cause.

Hypothesis: Trent's argument assumes that dinosaurs in the neighborhood of an asteroid impact but not within the zone of direct impact would have survived such an impact.


Premise: Skilled technique or enough time (more than one month) is regarded as necessary conditions to complete a handicraft. Xiao Zhou only took 25 days to complete a handicraft, which shows that Xiao Zhou has mastered skill.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Xiao Zhao's salary is not high, but his monthly financial condition is relatively good, indicating that Xiao Zhao is good at financial management' resembles the most to the above.


Premise: Sharing economy is an economy in which ownership and use rights are separated. Through Internet technology, it integrates a large number of fragment resources together to maximize the matching of supply and demand in the whole society. On the one hand, a large amount of idle resources in the hands of individuals and enterprises can be fully used through the sharing economy, so as to reduce the waste of resources; on the other hand, the main reason for the existing overcapacity and product backlog is that the production enterprises are unable to understand the demand in time, while the sharing economy can solve the problem of information asymmetry with the help of big data to achieve on-demand production to achieve effective distribution and efficient use of resources. All these can slow down the excessive consumption of resources to some extent, thus reduce the emission of pollutants and effectively reduce the probability of environmental pollution.

Hypothesis: The sharing economy can effectively relieve the pressure on resources and the environment is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: Feedforward control means to eliminate the possible deviation in the bud by observing the situation, sorting out the information, mastering the law, predicting the trend, correctly predicting the possible problems in the future, and taking measures in advance.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an e-commerce network that has formulated several schemes to deal with possible market changes belongs to feedforward control.


Premise: If the government institutes criminal justice reform, then the percentage of citizens in prison will decrease. If the government does not institute criminal justice reform during this legislative session, then the government will go bankrupt. All attempts at criminal justice reform require 60 Purple Party politicians to hold office. There are currently 55 Purple Party politicians in office during this legislative session.

Hypothesis: A bipartisan compromise will prevent the government from going bankrupt during this legislative session must follow according to the passage above.


Premise: The traditional view of understanding the working mechanism of visual perception can be traced back to Descartes, a French philosopher in the 16th century. Descartes believes that the brain will first construct a mirror model of the external world, and then in the brain, we observe the world like watching a movie. According to this view, inverted glasses will also invert the internal mirror model, and the brain generates visual perception according to this inverted mirror. However, more and more people began to question this explanation, and Degenna was one of them. The visual phenomenon he experienced on the 30th day of the experiment made him completely stand on the opposite of Cartesian mirror theory.

Hypothesis: The most likely statement to be said in the above paragraph is Degenna's experimental results.


Premise: The Stockholm effect, also known as Stockholm syndrome, or hostage complex or hostage syndrome, refers to a phenomenon in which the victim of a crime has been subject to the perpetrator for a long time, and after being rescued, the perpetrator will have emotions, and even help the perpetrator.

Hypothesis: Xiaoli falling in love with the robber at first sight and dropping the accusation does not belong to the Stockholm effect according to the above definition.


Premise: The national academic conference held by a certain society received nearly a thousand conference papers each time. In order to ensure the quality of the conference exchange papers, the academic conference organizing committee decided to select only 10% of the conference papers as conference exchange papers.

Hypothesis: The organizing committee of the academic conference can make an accurate judgment on the quality of the paper is an assumption most likely to be based on the decision of the organizing committee of the academic conference.


Premise: Firms adopting profit-related-pay (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm' s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts.

Hypothesis: Many firms in the metalworking industry have modernized production equipment in the last five years, and most of these introduced PRP contracts at the same time would most seriously weaken the argument that PRP contracts increase worker productivity, on the basis of the evidence above.


Premise: In an experiment, volunteers should remember a series of words that appear on the screen, but they will be interrupted during the math.Researchers asked if volunteers deepened, and eventually scored volunteers brain operation capacity by memory words.The results show that those who have a math problem is a dedication, remember the words but more, prove that they have more brain operation capacity.Researchers believe that those who often go often be smarter because they can remember a lot of information, and the evaluation is flexible.

Hypothesis: In life, when doing anything, the brain is distracted most of the time, usually undetected is an answer that does not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Dashan, a Canadian actor who came to China, was once stopped by traffic police when he exceeded the required speed on the outskirts of Beijing. Dashan asked, how many kilometers per hour will you be fined? The traffic police said: if you reach a speed of 80 kilometers per hour, you will have to pay a fine. Dashan said, I've only been driving for half an hour, and it's not more than 50 kilometers. The traffic policeman was stunned. Dashan argued again: well, in the remaining half an hour, I will only run 29 kilometers. You might as well follow me. If you exceed one meter, I will not only accept the punishment, but also invite you to eat Mongolian Hot Pot! When the traffic police heard this, they couldn't laugh or cry, but they didn't know how to argue with him for a moment.

Hypothesis: Dashan's excuse in this paragraph is a logical misinterpretation and there is no lack of black humor.