Premise: A university sports meeting is about to be held, the school of Economics and Management plans to form a representative team of 12 people to participate in the competition, the players will be selected from the students of 4 grades of the college. College regulations: each grade must choose one or two of the five events in long-distance running, sprint, high jump, long jump, shot put to participate in the competition, the rest of the events can be arbitrary choice; If a grade chooses to run, it cannot choose to sprint or jump; If a grade chooses the long jump, can not choose to run or shot put; Each team member participates in only one event. The number of players selected for the representative team varies from grade to grade. The number of players in two grades multiplied by the number of players in the other grade.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, five people can be selected in a grade.


Premise: There are six switches S, T, W, X, Y, and Z in a circuit. The following conditions must be met to use these switches: (1) If W is turned on, then X should also be turned on; (2) Only when S is turned off , thenT can also be turned off; (3) T and X cannot be turned on at the same time, nor can they be turned off at the same time; (4) If Y and Z are turned on at the same time, W must also be turned on.

Hypothesis: If both S and Z are now turned on, T is turned on and Y is turned off must be true.


Premise: If someone agrees to act as a mediator between the two parties to the conflict, he must waive the right to take sides afterwards. Because taking sides after mediation is tantamount to stating that previous justice was disguised.

Hypothesis: If you can't maintain a fair posture, you can't be a good mediator best emphasizes the above description.


Premise: Environmentalists worry that the large-scale use of plastic packaging will pollute the environment and try to make manufacturers find ways to recycle plastic materials. However, despite their efforts, the recycling rate of plastic products is only 6.5%. The recycling rate of glass containers is 33%.

Hypothesis: The quality of products produced from recycled plastic is poor, while recycled glass does not have such a problem, if true, is not helpful in explaining the relatively low recycling rate of plastic products.


Premise: It is not necessary to use a strong melody to create a successful (or even great) work, but a beautiful, easy-to-hum melody will always give ordinary laymen more joy. Many people who have not studied or analyzed music are easily attracted by composers who are good at melody. Comparing the composers of the Baroque period with some composers of the 20th century; both classical composers and romantic composers make their melody more easy to catch, and long and short melody are easy to master.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, classical composers can make their melody easier to catch compared with modern composers.


Premise: Sociologists study folktales because they provide a means of understanding the distinctive values of a culture. However, the folktales in almost all cultures are adaptations of the same ancient narratives to the local milieu.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because no single person is the author of a folktale, folktales must reflect the values of a culture rather than those of an individual' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Generally speaking, the amount of deposits obtained by the bank determines the bank's ability to lend. However, in many cases, it is a well-known fact that the number of bank loans exceeds the amount of deposits it receives. If the number of such loans is excessive, it will lead to inflation.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that bank deposits are much less than loans, which will lead to inflation.


Premise: Mayor: There has been a long debate in city council about how to accommodate projected increases in automobile traffic. Today, our choice is clear: either we adopt my plan to build a new expressway, or we do nothing. Doing nothing is not a viable option because our existing system of roads would be in gridlock within ten years given even a conservative estimate of future traffic levels. City council should ttherefore adopt my plan.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the mayor's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it takes for granted that the options it considers are mutually exclusive.


Premise: American economist Malthus proposed: The trend of population growth is always faster than the growth of production. If it is not controlled, the population will always grow in a geometric progression, while the means of subsistence can only grow in arithmetic progression.When the population expands to the limit where the means of subsistence can only survive, hunger, war and disease will appear.

Hypothesis: The incoordination between the rate of population growth and the rate of production growth will lead to follow-up problems such as wars can be inferred.


Premise: A study by the University of London in the United States found that over-reliance on GPS navigation will block the hippocampal gyrus of the brain to form new memories; accustomed to electronic products will cause many people to communicate only in fragmented language; and replacing traditional reading with games and TV programs will lead to a decline in people's reading and thinking ability. As a result, researchers believe that high technology can make people stupid.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the help of high-tech equipment, human beings can have a more accurate understanding of nature, so as to improve their cognitive level of the world' can most weaken the above researchers' point of view.


Premise: Social insurance is a system adopted by the state to distribute and redistribute national income by coercive means, to form a special consumption fund, and to provide workers with a system of social assistance to help ensure their basic life in the event of incapacity or loss of employment opportunities.

Hypothesis: Passenger personal injury insurance is social insurance.


Premise: Management science was gradually formed and developed after World War 2. It is based on engineering science, using operations research, systems engineering and other science and computer technology to solve sales management, material management, production management, and personnel management In order to achieve a management theory and method that effectively utilizes human, material and financial resources.

Hypothesis: Management science is a new comprehensive discipline that uses knowledge of multiple disciplines to solve problems mainly supports the argument of this passage.


Premise: A bag of incense money was lost in the monastery. The abbot found three young monks, A, B and C, to inquire. The three men stated one by one, and A said, I didn't steal it. B said, A stole it. C said, I didn't steal it. D, who was on the side, learned the truth and commented, only one of you stole it, and only one of you was right.

Hypothesis: C stole the incense money.


Premise: Only cadres study law. I'm not a cadre, so I don't have to study law.

Hypothesis: As long as you pass the exam, you'll be admitted to the Nanjing University and Zhang failed the exam, so he couldn't get into the Nanjing University is the most similar to the above reasoning structure.


Premise: Certain groups of Asian snails include both left-handed and right-handed species, with shells coiling to the left and right, respectively. Some left-handed species have evolved from right-handed ones. Also, researchers found that snaileating snakes in the same habitat have asymmetrical jaws, allowing them to grasp right-handed snail shells more easily. If these snakes ate more right-handed snails over time, this would have given left-handed snails an evolutionary advantage over right-handed snails, with the left handed snails eventually becoming a new species. Thus, the snakes' asymmetrical jaws probably helped drive the emergence of the left-handed snail species.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Some right-handed snails in this habitat have shells with a very narrow opening that helps prevent snakes from extracting the snails from inside their shells' would most strengthen the argument that asymmetrical snake jaws helped drive left-handed snail evolution.


Premise: Product positioning in management refers to the determination of the function, quality, price, packaging, sales channels and service methods of a product (or service) in order to satisfy the target market.

Hypothesis: Our service will make you enjoy the beauty does not fall within the scope of product positioning in management science based on the above definition.


Premise: Ann will either take a leave of absence from Technocomp and return in a year or else she will quit her job there; but she would not do either one unless she were offered a one-year teaching fellowship at a prestigious university. Technocomp will allow her to take a leave of absence if it does not find out that she has been offered the fellowship, but not otherwise. Ttherefore, Ann will quit her job at Technocomp only if Technocomp finds out she has been offered the fellowship.

Hypothesis: Ann would be offered the fellowship only if she quit her job at Technocomp allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The organs most prone to cancer include lung, stomach, large intestine, breast and so on. The high-temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get cancer. Therefore, you can raise your body temperature by exercising, drinking hot water, bathing and other methods to fight cancer.

Hypothesis: Hyperthermia may help radiotherapy or some chemotherapy play a better role, but the research data to prove its reliability are still insufficient can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: The Testament of William Thorpe was published around 1530 as an appendix to Thorpe's longer Examination. Many scholars, however, doubt the attribution of the Testament to Thorpe because, whereas the Examination is dated 1406, the Testament is dated 1460. One scholar has recently argued that the 1460 date be amended to 1409, based on the observation that when these numbers are expressed as Roman numerals, MCCCCLX and MCCCCIX, it becomes easy to see how the dates might have become confused through scribal error.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Testament alludes to a date, Friday, September 20, as apparently contemporaneous with the writing of the Testament, and September 20 fell on a Friday in 1409 but not in 1460' would most support the scholar's hypothesis concerning the date of the Testament.


Premise: Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog-reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used, we can expect an increased incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Hypothesis: Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health does not strengthen the toxicologist's argument.


Premise: Kendrick: Governments that try to prevent cigarettes from being advertised are justified in doing so, since such advertisements encourage people to engage in an unhealthy practice. But cigarette advertisements should remain legal since advertisements for fatty foods are legal, even though those advertisements also encourage people to engage in unhealthy practices.

Hypothesis: The statement "Governments should try to prevent the advertisement of cigarettes by means of financial disincentives rather than by legal prohibition" most helps to resolve the apparent conflict between Kendrick's statements.


Premise: The schematic function of a sentence refers to the expression of a certain notice, warning, command or request through a sentence, with the purpose of asking others to do or not to do a certain behavior in accordance with the thought expressed in the sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Prohibit the production of fake and shoddy products' does not reflect the schematic function of the sentence.


Premise: As the ancients said: if you set up a good legal system in the world, the world will be at peace; if you establish a good legal system in a country, a country will be at peace.

Hypothesis: The option "Smart people will change their strategies and methods according to different times, and people with great wisdom will formulate corresponding management methods with different directions of development" is most similar to the formal structure of the above-mentioned ancients.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'G and Y are assigned to the sales department' is true, then the allocation of seven employees can be fully determined.


Premise: Sea turtle hatchlings leaving their hatching grounds on Florida beaches reach ocean currents by swimming to the northeast, as defined by the north of the Earth' s magnetic field. Florida hatchlings placed in a large indoor tank also swim toward the northeast. But when the tank is surrounded by an artificial magnetic field twice as strong as the Earth' s field and opposite in direction, the hatchlings swim in the direction opposite to that in which they swim without the artificial magnetic field.

Hypothesis: Baby sea turtles are able to sense the magnetic field of the Earth is the information in the statements above most strongly supports.


Premise: Network neutrality means that within the scope permitted by law, all Internet users can access network content, operate applications, access equipment and select service providers according to their own choices. This principle requires network operators to treat all Internet content and access equally, prevent them from controlling the priority of transmission data from commercial interests and ensure the neutrality of network data transmission.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, collecting broadband usage fees from network users violates the principle of network neutrality.


Premise: Documentary evidence refers to evidence that corroborates the facts of a case by recording the content or expressing ideas.

Hypothesis: The hospital designated by the judicial organ presents a light injury assessment is a documentary evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: Crisis management refers to how the government deals with and responds to a sudden incident. Crisis management is more comprehensive, including not only the treatment of the outbreak, duration and recession of the crisis, but also the treatment of the incubation period, that is, when the crisis has not yet occurred, the government should have a kind of early warning ability and then have the ability to deal with the crisis.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, crisis management includes crisis intervention.


Premise: Scientists have been arguing about who was the ancestor of birds for a long time. There are mainly three theories about the origin of birds: the origin of slotted teeth, the origin of dinosaurs and the sister group of crocodiles, among which the origin of slotted teeth and the origin of dinosaurs have been hotly debated recently. The newly discovered fossils in recent years, especially a series of fossils found in western Liaoning, China, have once again stirred up the debate about the origin of birds, proving that birds are really descendants of dinosaurs.

Hypothesis: Using an electron microscope, scientists found a melanosome in dinosaur fossils, which is also found in bird feathers, which is a continuation of dinosaur genes best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: In the past three years, the sales volume of Jetta brand computers has increased rapidly. During the same period, the cost of TV advertising of the brand has also increased significantly. Therefore, some people believe that the growth of Jetta brand computer sales is due to the promotional role of TV advertising.

Hypothesis: Few people who have noticed Jetta brand computer TV advertisements buy the product weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Commercial bribery refers to the behavior of relevant personnel who can affect market transactions, such as principals, employees, partners, agents and staff of relevant government departments, in order to strive for trading opportunities, especially to obtain market advantages over competitors, by secretly paying property or other rewards and other improper means.

Hypothesis: Doctor Li buying foreign medical equipment at a high price and the manufacturer providing free accommodation for Li's daughter studying abroad for one year is a commercial bribery according to the above definition.


Premise: Henry: Some scientists explain the dance of honeybees as the means by which honeybees communicate the location of whatever food source they have just visited to other members of the hive. But honeybees do not need so complicated a mechanism to communicate that information. Forager honeybees returning to their hive simply leave a scent trail from the food source they have just visited. There must ttherefore be some other explanation for the honeybees' dance. Winifred: Not necessarily. Most animals have several ways of accomplishing critical tasks. Bees of some species can navigate using either the position of the Sun or the memory of landmarks. Similarly, for honeybees, scent trails are a supplementary not an exclusive means of communicating.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Henry and Winifred is whether there is more than one valid explanation for the dance of the honeybees.


Premise: A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's assertion that illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories is most likely to be not true if this option is correct.


Premise: Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.

Hypothesis: The average hourly output per worker has not risen as much as had been anticipated when modern labor-saving technologies were first introduced is most strongly supported by the statements above if they are true.


Premise: Out of deep concern for the lives of peasant workers entering the city, when the writers narrate the stories of peasants entering the city, the metropolis can not help holding a stern moral standpoint. These stories are often reduced to a kind of narrative of suffering or accusing literature. In this narrative picture, the city and the countryside are often abstracted into two opposing worlds of value, and the struggle of farmers in the city is always interpreted as an elegy about the destruction of simple values.

Hypothesis: The main point of this text is that modern literary creation should pay more attention to the lives of migrant workers in cities.


Premise: All professors with outstanding academic levels are deeply loved by students, and all professors with outstanding academic levels focus on cultivating students' professional basic knowledge.Therefore, some professors who are well-loved by students do not advocate focusing only on academic frontier issues.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that professors with outstanding academic standards do not advocate focusing only on academic frontier issues.


Premise: Editorial: The town would not need to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their household garbage. However, while telling residents that they must sort their garbage would get some of them to do so, many would resent the order and refuse to comply. The current voluntary system, then, is to be preferred, because it costs about as much as a nonvoluntary system would and it does not engender nearly as much resentment.

Hypothesis: The contention that the town would not have to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their garbage is a fact granted by the editorial that lends some support to an alternative to the practice that the editorial defends as preferable.


Premise: Some people mistakenly believe that since we do not have direct access to the distant past we cannot learn much about it. Contemporary historians and archaeologists find current geography, geology, and climate to be rich in clues about a given region' s distant history. However, the more distant the period we are studying is, the less useful the study of the present becomes.

Hypothesis: The principle that the passage illustrates is that astronomers often draw inferences about the earlier years of our solar system on the basis of recently collected data, but they have been able to infer comparatively little about the origin of our solar system.


Premise: Essayist: Common sense, which is always progressing, is nothing but a collection of theories that have been tested over time and found useful. When alternative theories that prove even more useful are developed, they gradually take the place of theories already embodied in common sense. This causes common sense to progress, but, because it absorbs new theories slowly, it always contains some obsolete theories.

Hypothesis: At least some theories that have been tested over time and found useful are less useful than some other theories that have not been fully absorbed into the body of common sense must be true if all of the essayist's statements are true.


Premise: A famous foodie in French history has an interesting point: natural foodies are generally of medium build, with a round face, bright eyes, small forehead, low nose, plump lips, and square chin; while people who are born without a mouthful are generally thin and long faces. With large eyes and nose, no matter how tall he is, he always gives people a lanky feeling. This view of food faces is also the intuitive impression of most people of gourmet today. But, gluttonous Although it is closely related to obesity, it is not an inevitable causal relationship.Thin people who know how to eat and are good at eating are everywhere.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, some thin people know how to eat and are good at eating can be derived.


Premise: Physician: In comparing our country with two other countries of roughly the same population size, I found that even though we face the same dietary, bacterial, and stress-related causes of ulcers as they do, prescriptions for ulcer medicines in all socioeconomic strata are much rarer here than in those two countries. It' s clear that we suffer significantly fewer ulcers, per capita, than they do.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A person in the physician's country who is suffering from ulcers is just as likely to obtain a prescription for the ailment as is a person suffering from ulcers in one of the other two countries' most strengthens the physician's argument.


Premise: The baby has built up a certain model of the outside world in his mind, a certain view of the outside world. If the model fits the outside world, they are satisfied; If it is not, that is, the desired result does not occur, they feel dissatisfied.

Hypothesis: If a baby smiles at a familiar face, it means that he wanted to consolidate a model in his mind according to the text.


Premise: Fan culture refers to the social and cultural phenomena such as excessive worship, excessive consumption and gratuitous payment caused by the individual or group's psychology of pursuing a particular object.

Hypothesis: Many strange young people organized themselves in order to let singer Xiao Yang win in the talent show. They are busily canvassing votes and sponsorship on the rooftop is not a fan culture.


Premise: General Manager: It is recommended that both Xiao Li and Xiao Sun be promoted. Chairman: I have different opinions.

Hypothesis: Unless Xiao Li is not promoted, Xiao Sun is not promoted fits the chairman's meaning.


Premise: Statistics in a country for four consecutive years show that the time of daylight saving time changes is 4% higher than other times car accident. These statistics show that the change of time has seriously affected the attention of drivers in a country.

Hypothesis: The prerequisite for the conclusion is that the observed increase in accident rates is almost always attributable to the increase in the number of minor accidents.


Premise: City dog licensing records show that more cocker spaniels are registered to addresses in the Flynn Heights neighborhood than to addresses in all other neighborhoods combined. So if an animal control officer finds a stray cocker spaniel anywhere near Flynn Heights, it is likely that the dog belongs to someone in Flynn Heights.

Hypothesis: Knowing whether residents of Flynn Heights are more likely to license their dogs than residents of other neighborhoods would be most useful to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Claude: Because of the relatively high number of middle-aged people in the workforce, there will be fewer opportunities for promotion into upper-management positions. Since this will decrease people' s incentive to work hard, economic productivity and the quality of life will diminish. Thelma: This glut of middle-aged workers will lead many people to form their own companies. They will work hard and thus increase economic productivity, improving the quality of life even if many of the companies ultimately fail.

Hypothesis: Claude and Thelma are committed to agreeing that economic productivity will be affected by the number of middle-aged people in the workforce on the basis of their statements.


Premise: Morality belongs to the category of social ideology. The word morality comes from ancient Greek, which refers to customs at that time. Tao refers to the universal laws and rules that must be followed in the movement and change of things. Virtue refers to morality, virtue and morality. In our country, the first thing to combine the word morality into one word is the piece persuading Learning written by Xun Kuang during the warring States period. He said: We do not stop until we have learned to the degree of propriety. This is the ultimate of morality. He believes that when people learn etiquette and deal with the relationship between people according to the requirements of etiquette, they have reached the highest moral level.

Hypothesis: The connotation of morality is mainly described in this passage.


Premise: A science magazine published an article about a kind of rubber that can heal itself. The molecules in ordinary rubber are held together by strong covalent bonds that break and cannot be restored. Instead, the researchers developed a molecular rope that combines hard-to-get hydrogen and covalent bonds and allows them to mix evenly at the molecular scale to create a transparent, tough rubber that self-heals. When pulled, the new rubber develops a network of grooves that look like cracks but do not break completely and form fibrous junctions. When the tension disappears, the rubber returns to its original shape. The technology could be used to make tyres for military equipment that do not need to be replaced immediately after damage, improving their battlefield survivability.

Hypothesis: Scientific principles does not mention self-healing rubber.


Premise: 1.The popularization of computers 2.The computer management society 3.The decline of ethical concepts of computer technicians 4.The leaks of computer management information 5.The increase of computer professionals 6.Informatization of the overall business management of the enterprise

Hypothesis: Based on the following various facts, after comprehensive analysis, the most likely outcome is an increase in computer allergies.


Premise: The Mogao Grottoes are the crystallization of the clever and wisdom of ancient ancestors. The Mogao Grottoes are located in the oasis of the Gobi desert, which reflects the idea of Buddhism and secular isolation and integration with nature. The surrounding green trees form a unique and peaceful scenery. The highest point of the caves in the honeycomb arrangement of Mogao Grottoes is no more than 40 meters. In winter, the wind and sand blowing from the west passes through the top of the cave and cannot blow the cave: summer, opposite The Sanwei Mountain has become a natural barrier, so that the wind and sand blowing from the east cannot threaten the cave. In this way, the Mogao Grottoes have become the safest zone in the dry area. Because of this, even though the Mogao Grottoes have been thousands of years old, they are still 492 caves from 11 dynasties and a large number of murals and sculptures have been well preserved, leaving a precious cultural and artistic heritage for the world.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate reasons for the preservation of Mogao Grottoes and its murals.


Premise: Toddlers are not being malicious when they bite people. For example, a child may want a toy, and feel that the person he or she bites is preventing him or her from having it.

Hypothesis: Biting people is sometimes a way for toddlers to try to solve problems is the situation as described above most closely conforms to which one of the following generalizations.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: If X accompanies L and H, then Y must accompany F.


Premise: Copernicus's heliocentric theory contradicted the religious thoughts of the time, the dominant Aristotelian physics, and people's common sense. At first it was opposed by many people until Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation. It was gradually recognized by astronomers.

Hypothesis: The religious thoughts of the time regarded the sun as sacred cannot be derived from this.


Premise: Nearly every criminal trial includes eyewitness testimony, and cognitive psychologists have hypothesized that misidentification by eyewitnesses is a common reason for mistaken convictions in criminal trials.

Hypothesis: Judges often instruct juries about those circumstances under which testimony of eyewitnesses is fallible supports the cognitive psychologists' hypothesis EXCEPT.


Premise: In the second half of last year, an award-winning solicitation campaign for cases of logical language application in newspapers and periodicals was organized by the Chinese Logic Society and other units, which inspected four central-level newspapers and 24 provincial-level newspapers. According to experts, there are 5.8 mistakes in each newspaper on average. These mistakes include unclear concepts, improper judgment, wrong reasoning, and so on, such as saying that National Day is the birthday of the motherland, thinking that three top three are the top three, calling unfounded rumors as baseless rumors, and nearly 500 people. has tripled. For a long time, such ridiculous statements have emerged one after another.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that we must attach great importance to the application of Chinese and logic.


Premise: Consider three numbers: 0.9, 1, 1.1, and the difference between the latter number and its previous number is only 0.1. If you multiply each number with itself 10 times, 0.9 becomes 0.31, 1 is still 1, 1.1 becomes 2.85, it is nearly 10 times that of 0.31, and nearly 3 times that of 1. This is how the gap arises!

Hypothesis: Everyone must be careful of every step of life: a small victory may lead to a big victory, and a small victory may lead to a big mistake cannot be reasonably inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Computer store manager: Last year we made an average of 13 percent profit on the high-end computer models -- those priced over $1, 000 -- that we sold, while low-end models -- those priced below $1, 000 -- typically returned at least 25 percent profit. Since there is a limit to how many models we can display and sell, we should sell only low-end models. This would maximize our profits, since we would probably sell as many low-end models if that is all we sold as we would sell both kinds combined if we continued to sell both.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to recognize that future sales of low-end computers may not be the same as past sales is the reason the manager's argument is vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: Symbiotic marketing refers to two or more enterprises, through the sharing of marketing resources, to reduce costs, improve efficiency, enhance market competitiveness for the purpose of a marketing strategy.

Hypothesis: A, B, C three small home appliance enterprises, decided to establish a market consumption information sharing mechanism. Regularly inform and coordinate the production of small household appliances varieties, quality and prices is symbiotic marketing as defined above.


Premise: Twenty years ago the Republic of Rosinia produced nearly 100 million tons of potatoes, but last year the harvest barely reached 60 million tons. Agricultural researchers, who have failed to develop new higher-yielding strains of potatoes, are to blame for this decrease, since they have been concerned only with their own research and not with the needs of Rosinia.

Hypothesis: The assumption that strains of potatoes most commonly grown in Rosinia could not have produced the yields last year that they once did is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Columnist: If you received an unsigned letter, you would likely have some doubts about the truth of its contents. But news stories often include statements from anonymous sources, and these are usually quoted with the utmost respect. It makes sense to be skeptical of these sources, for, as in the case of the writer of an unsigned letter, their anonymity makes it possible for them to plant inaccurate or slanted statements without ever having to answer for them.

Hypothesis: The columnist's argument proceeds by pointing out that a certain attitude would presumably be adopted in one situation, in order to support the claim that a similar attitude would be justified in an analogous situation.


Premise: Hea Sook: One should not readily believe urban legends. Most legends are propagated because the moral lesson underlying them supports a political agenda. People will repeat a tale if it fits their purpose. They may not deliberately spread untruths, but neither are they particularly motivated to investigate deeply to determine if the tale they are telling is true. Kayla: But people would not repeat stories that they did not believe were true. Ttherefore, one can safely assume that if a story has been repeated by enough people then it is more likely to be true.

Hypothesis: Kayla's reply is most vulnerable to the criticism that it does not specify how many people need to repeat a story before someone is justified in believing it.


Premise: Fuxian Lake insect is a unique species in the Devonian Chengjiang fauna, which belongs to the primitive type of true arthropods. The adult is 10 cm long and has 31 body segments. The exoskeleton is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the number of dorsal and ventral segments is different. Devonian straight shrimp is the ancestor of modern insects, and the fossils of insects in Fuxian Lake are similar to those of straight shrimps, which indirectly indicates that the insects in Fuxian Lake are the distant ancestors of insects. The researchers also found that the digestive tract of the Fuxian lake worm is full of sediment, indicating that it is a mud-eating animal.

Hypothesis: All creatures similar to Devonian prawns are the distant ancestors of insects except for which of the following, other options can support the above argument.


Premise: Leona: If the average consumption of eggs in the United States were cut in half, an estimated 5, 000 lives might be saved each year. Thomas: How can that be? That would mean that if people adopt this single change in diet for ten years, the population ten years from now will be greater by 50, 000 people than it otherwise would have been.

Hypothesis: If egg consumption were reduced by more than half, the estimated number of lives saved each year could be even more than 5, 000 is a statement that Leona could offer Thomas to clarify her own claim and to address the point he has made.


Premise: Zhang San went to a store to buy chocolates. The shopkeeper  showed him four boxes and wrote a sentence on each box. The first box: There are lychees in all the boxes. The second box: There are apples in this box. The third box: There is no chocolate in this box. The fourth box: There are no lychees in some boxes. The shopkeeper said to Zhang San: There is only one truth in the four sentences. There is only one truth in four sentences. which box do you see the chocolate in?

Hypothesis: The correct answer is that the chocolates are in the fourth box.


Premise: The whole thought of Laozi is developed around the central concept of Dao. However, the 73 characters of Dao in Laozi have different meanings although the symbol form is unified. In some places, Dao refers to the origin of the existence of the world, in some places, Tao refers to a law, and in some places, Dao refers to a standard of life, which reflects the unified outlook on life of Dao.

Hypothesis: The Dao in Lao Tzu's saying, 'Dao is a process in which everything grows from little to more, from simple to complex' is a metaphysical noumenon.


Premise: Knowledge management: build a quantitative and qualitative knowledge system in the organization, so that the information and knowledge in the organization can be continuously fed back into the knowledge system through the process of obtaining, creating, sharing, integrating, recording, accessing, updating or innovating, forming an uninterrupted accumulation of personal and organizational knowledge,  becoming a cycle of organizational intelligence and intelligent capital for management and application in the enterprise organization, which helps enterprises make correct decisions to respond to market changes. It is a process of creating, acquiring and using knowledge in order to enhance the performance of an organization.

Hypothesis: Smnrtall implemented layoffs throughout the company based on last year's annual report figures are not knowledge management according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, the latest data analysis of the Aeronautics and Space Administration in a certain country confirmed that the signal detected by the Curiosity Mars rover on Mars in June 2013 was a methane signal. Based on this, some people inferred that the methane may come from organisms living in Gale crater, which indicates that there must be life on Mars.

Hypothesis: The statement that methane found on Mars may be caused by the impact of meteorites, causing the methane gas stored in the ground to be continuously released would most question the above inference.


Premise: Gamification management: refers to the management behavior of using scoring, ranking, competition and other elements in the game in a scene that is not a game. Its use in the work environment can often increase the emotional investment of employees, thereby improving efficiency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a translation software company mobilizing office staff to participate in finding faults to find language translation errors is a game management behavior.


Premise: In the establishment of civilized society, Western Europe has broken the original family name relationship and established a regional-centered political relationship. Unlike Western Europe, China has established a national system based on the relationship of surnames and the relationship between blood and blood when it established a civilized society.

Hypothesis: The civilization of Western Europe is more advanced than that of China is correct if such a country is dominated by patriarchal relations of families.


Premise: Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain' s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication.

Hypothesis: Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Extended products refer to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing products.

Hypothesis: A 4S store promised that customers who buy a car worth more than 250,000 will be given one year of insurance are extended products.


Premise: There are three types of robots A, B and C in a laboratory. Type A can recognize color, type B can recognize shape, and type C can neither recognize color nor shape. The laboratory experimented with red ball, blue ball, red square and blue square on robots 1 and 2 and ordered them to pick up the red ball, but 1 picked up the red square and 2 picked up the blue ball.

Hypothesis: 1 is not type B and 2 is not type A is correct according to the above experiment.


Premise: The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Ttherefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children' s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that in selecting schools, parents would tend to prefer a reasonable level of academic quality to greater sports opportunities or more convenient location.


Premise: Anthropologists measured human skulls at various periods in history and found that the average brain capacity of contemporary adults is 1349 milliliters, compared with the brain capacity of Mesolithic humans, the brain capacity of men is reduced by 10%. The brain capacity of women is reduced by 17%. The researchers believe that in an era of increasingly clear division of labor, people with a cooperative spirit have more opportunities to survive and reproduce than others, and survival of the friendliest is an important reason for the shrinking human brain.

Hypothesis: Cooperation will reduce human aggressiveness, and the reduction of aggressiveness will lead to lighter body and less brain capacity best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect. However, when running toward an insect, the beetles intermittently stop, and then, a moment later, resume their attack. Perhaps they cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment' s rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that while running tiger beetles are unable to process the resulting rapidly changing visual information, and so quickly go blind and stop.

Hypothesis: The statement "The beetles maintain a fixed time interval between pauses, although when an insect that had been stationary begins to flee, the beetle increases its speed after its next pause" would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects.


Premise: John of Worcester, an English monk, recorded the sighting, on December 8, 1128, of two unusually large sunspots. Five days later a brilliant aurora borealis (northern lights) was observed in southern Korea. Sunspot activity is typically followed by the appearance of an aurora borealis, after a span of time that averages five days. Thus, the Korean sighting helps to confirm John of Worcester' s sighting.

Hypothesis: The statement 'An aurora borealis can sometimes occur even when there has been no significant sunspot activity in the previous week' strengthens the argument.


Premise: Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhao joined the study group. Everyone chooses one of these three books from the first volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, the second volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and the third volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and then selects one or three topics from this book to study, and talk about the experience. It is known that: (1) the books selected by Xiao Zhang and Xiao Zhao are different, and the number of topics they choose to study is also different. (2) one person chose a topic to study. Two people chose two topics to study. (3) Xiao Li chose the three topics in the third volume of Xi Jinping on Governance. (4) each book was selected. Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao selected the first volume of Xi Jinping on governing the country.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao chose the two topics in Volume 1 to study can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Unmanned banks, using intelligent devices instead of tedious manual operations, of course, is the trend of the future. Reducing manpower expenditure and allowing limited manpower to give full play to the value of limited manpower may be the biggest driving force for banks to actively promote unmanned technology.However, banks can not reduce the level of service in order to reduce costs, ignore the actual needs of some groups, nor can they shirk their responsibility to protect the safety of customers' assets in the uninhabited future. In the application of technology, we can find the common pain point of users in order to better play with unmanned banks. After all, the purpose of the application of intelligent technology, in the final analysis, is to improve the service level of the banking industry, so that every user can enjoy better service.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the development of unmanned banks should be based on the actual needs of users.


Premise: Dr. Jones: The new technology dubbed telemedicine will provide sustained improvement in at least rural patient care since it allows rural physicians to televise medical examinations to specialists who live at great distances -- specialists who will thus be able to provide advice the rural patient would otherwise not receive. Dr. Carabella: Not so. Telemedicine might help rural patient care initially. However, small hospitals will soon realize that they can minimize expenses by replacing physicians with technicians who can use telemedicine to transmit examinations to large medical centers, resulting in fewer patients being able to receive traditional, direct medical examination. Eventually, it will be the rare individual who ever gets truly personal attention. Hence, rural as well as urban patient care will suffer.

Hypothesis: Dr. Carabella uses the strategy of describing the application of the technology discussed by Dr. Jones as one step that initiates a process that leads to an undesirable end in responding to Dr. Jones.


Premise: The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells' provides the most support for the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: Premeditated intention refers to the mental attitude of the perpetrator to commit a criminal act after a period of preparation after a criminal intention.

Hypothesis: A certain relationship with his wife, while its sleep strangled it, and then destroyed the body to disappear is not premeditated intention.


Premise: Robbery is an act of forcibly seizing public and private property by violence, coercion or other means on the spot for the purpose of illegal possession.

Hypothesis: One night, when I saw Zhao walking alone in the street, I acted maliciously, raped him, and took away his bags and other things that showed his identity belongs to robbery.


Premise: The ancients recorded the years with dry branch. Methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentahexyl, hexyl ,nonyl ,and decyl  are ten dry, also known asTiangan.Zi,Chou,Yin,Mao,Chen,Si,Wu,Wei,Shen,You,Xu,Hai was already 12 branches, also known as the Earth Branch.In turn, the dry days are used to distribute the branches of the earth, such as Jiazi, Yichou and Bingyin,,, Gui you, Jia xu, Yi hai, Bing zi, etc., are repeated every 60 years, commonly known as sixty Huajiazi. According to the chronology of the stem and branch, the year 2014 is the year of Jia Wu, and the year 2015 is the year of Yi Wei.

Hypothesis: According to the chronology of the dry branches, the year 2087 is Dingwei year can be derived based on the above statement.


Premise: Impression management refers to the efforts of individuals to show themselves in front of others in order to make others form a positive impression of themselves.

Hypothesis: The three-year-old Xiao Li is very naughty in kindergarten and often paints on the walls. The teacher has said that he is still like this many times is not considered to be impression management according to the above definition.


Premise: Xiao Wang complained that his mother always turned on the TV too loudly, which affected his reading, and asked his mother to turn off the TV. But his mother said that the sound of the TV was not loud, because his father had been reading the newspaper all the time and did not say that the TV sound was too loud, so she refused to turn down the TV sound.

Hypothesis: Father brought his own earplugs while reading the newspaper, which worked well can best indicate that the mother's refusal to turn down the TV sound is wrong.


Premise: The development of digital economy and the protection of personal information should not be an either-or choice. However, whether it is the rise and fall of traditional industries or the change of economic new business type in recent years, many lessons remind us that development and norms are very easy to take care of one at the expense of the other. Data is the food of the digital economy, and the digital economy is seen as a good opportunity for China's economy to overtake at the corner. However, the conflict between the digital economy and the protection of information data has become increasingly prominent. The absence of basic norms for the protection of personal information, weak and slow implementation of supervision, and frequent platform infringement, if many problems can not be solved as soon as possible, it is bound to drag down the digital economy itself.

Hypothesis: It is urgent to protect personal information in accordance with rules and regulations in the era of digital economy is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: On July 14, 2015, after difficult negotiations in the euro zone, the Greek debt crisis was temporarily quieted down. If the Greek debt crisis is not resolved, it will have a negative impact on the economy of the euro zone. But Greece can only return to the path of economic development through extensive reforms. Greece can either reduce welfare or achieve substantial economic growth, otherwise, the debt crisis will be difficult to solve.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it must be true that if Greece is to solve its debt crisis but cannot achieve substantial economic growth, it must reduce welfare.


Premise: For the average person who needs a transfusion, blood from a relative is more likely to be infected with hepatitis than is blood from a blood bank. Ttherefore, the risk of contracting hepatitis from a transfusion is higher for people receiving blood from relatives than for people receiving blood from blood banks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Blood transfusions only rarely result in the recipient being infected with hepatitis' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The government-owned gas company has begun selling stoves and other gas appliances to create a larger market for its gas. Merchants who sell such products complain that the competition will hurt their businesses. That may well be; however, the government-owned gas company is within its rights. After all, the owner of a private gas company might well decide to sell such appliances and surely there would be nothing wrong with that.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Government-owned companies have the right to do whatever private businesses have the right to do' most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: At present, the most recognized theory about elementary particles is the standard theory. It was established about 30 years ago, and all discovered elementary particles can be explained according to this theory. For more than 100 years, protons, neutrons, electrons and other elementary particles have been discovered one after another. In the face of these achievements, some people believe that the elementary particles in the universe have been discovered almost, and even if there are, they can be explained by existing theories, Therefore, it will not bring too much surprise to people.

Hypothesis: The newly discovered elementary particles do not match the prediction made by the standard theory can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: Recently, the senior leaders of a certain group have studied the direction of development. General Manager Wang believes that it is necessary to develop both nanotechnology and biomedical technology: deputy General Manager Zhao believes that only by developing intelligent technology can biomedical technology be developed; Deputy General Manager Li believes that if nanotechnology and biomedical technology are developed, then intelligent technology should also be developed. Finally, after the study of the board of directors, only one of the opinions can be adopted.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, the research decision of the board of directors is to develop nanotechnology and intelligent technology, but not biomedical technology.


Premise: The online world is supposed to be very active during this unusual Spring Festival holiday. A sudden epidemic has forced many people to stay at home and pass the time by surfing the Internet. However, although many young people have previously regarded the home life as an ideal state. But when Weibo browsing to the brain pain and chasing the drama to the boredom, people found that this kind of home life is not so full and comfortable. At the same time, there are endless feelings about emptiness and boredom. Can the interaction of the network really alleviate people's loneliness? Through the Internet, we seem to be connected, but in fact we live in our own bubble and fall into a new state of loneliness, such as the anxiety about interpersonal relationships, the vagueness of the transformation of identity online and offline, the tension of a new time and space, and so on.

Hypothesis: In the internet, we fall into a new state of loneliness is explained above.


Premise: Toddlers are not being malicious when they bite people. For example, a child may want a toy, and feel that the person he or she bites is preventing him or her from having it.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Resorting to biting people is in some cases an effective way for toddlers to get what they want' most closely conforms to the situation described above.


Premise: S enterprise and J enterprise produce and sale the same instrument. Both the wages of employees in the S and J Enterprises account for 40% of the production instrument. S enterprises are seeking a competitive advantage over J enterprises. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, s enterprises should reduce the wages of employees.

Hypothesis: Lower wages will reduce the quality of the work of employees, which will lead to a decline in sales would most weaken this argument.


Premise: In economics, the emergence of individual organizations with higher efficiency within the system will destroy or inhibit the existence and development of other organizations with lower efficiency. People call this effect tIp effect. Due to the unbalanced development among individuals, regions and countries, the tIp effect is common.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a grain production enterprise adopting advanced cultivation technology can help avoid the tip effect.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: The next speaker after M is F if L speaks before lunch and M is not the sixth speaker.


Premise: Some people mistakenly believe that since we do not have direct access to the distant past we cannot learn much about it. Contemporary historians and archaeologists find current geography, geology, and climate to be rich in clues about a given region' s distant history. However, the more distant the period we are studying is, the less useful the study of the present becomes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'We often extrapolate from ordinary sensory experience to things beyond such experience and form a rash judgment, such as the claim that the earth is the center of the universe because it appears that way to us' most closely conforms to the principle that the passage illustrates.


Premise: For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, ttherefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Hypothesis: Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Budget constraints have made police officials consider reassigning a considerable number of officers from traffic enforcement to work on higher-priority, serious crimes. Reducing traffic enforcement for this reason would be counterproductive, however, in light of the tendency of criminals to use cars when engaged in the commission of serious crimes. An officer stopping a car for a traffic violation can make a search that turns up evidence of serious crime.

Hypothesis: The statement "Those willing to break the law to commit serious crimes are often in committing such crimes unwilling to observe what they regard as the lesser constraints of traffic law" most strengthens the argument given.


Premise: On the issue of whether to quit smoking, there are always some unwise people. Unless they quit smoking successfully, they will have to bear all the consequences for the deterioration of their health. Lao Li has been smoking for 20 years, but he is afraid of losing his healthy body and good life, and doesn't want to bear the consequences of the deterioration of his health because of his unwise.

Hypothesis: Lao Li can't succeed in quitting smoking because he always makes unwise choices can be infered


Premise: It has recently been found that job prospects for college graduates have never been better. The trend is likely to continue over the next decade. A recent survey found that most employers simply did not know that the number of students graduating would drop by 25 percent over the past ten years, and had not anticipated or planned for this trend. Most employers were not aware that, although the supply of graduates currently meets demand, this situation could change. The same survey revealed that the number of undergraduates choosing to study subjects in high demand, like mathematics and engineering, has dropped substantially. This trend is likely to continue over the next decade.

Hypothesis: Soon, there is likely to be a shortage of graduates to fill certain vacancies can properly be concluded from the passage above.


Premise: For more than one hundred years, modern language science has experienced three important periods, which are represented by historical comparative linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational generative linguistics.

Hypothesis: The most accurate retelling of the paragraph is that modern linguistics has gone through three periods: historical comparative linguistics, structuralist linguistics and transformational generative linguistics.


Premise: Without the emergence of new scientific and technological views of Darwin, Marconi and other experts, the world's first science fiction would not have been produced; without general relativity and the development of quantum mechanics, the golden age of science fiction would not have been ushered in; without atomic physics and the development of space science, there would be no disaster science fiction or super space adventure novels.

Hypothesis: The development of science fiction depends on the progress of science and technology is the main idea of this passage.


Premise: In recent years, trace management has been widely used in grass-roots work. Its advantage is that through the retained text, pictures and other work materials, effectively restore the work of serving the masses for future verification. In order to strengthen the trace management, a grass-roots unit has greatly increased the proportion of work materials in the assessment score. Obviously, such an approach will cause local grass-roots cadres to spend a lot of energy on keeping traces of work.

Hypothesis: The underlying hypothesis of the above argument is most likely to be that some grass-roots cadres lack a sense of service to the masses.


Premise: It is necessary to pay attention to avoid the hollowing out of the industry in the development of the service industry. However, it is wrong and dangerous to think that the rapid development of modern service industry in China's economic growth must lead to industrial hollowing out. Holding this view in practical work will make China's economy lose an important window for the rapid development of modern service industry. In fact, the formation of an industrial structure dominated by the service industry does not mean the decline of the status of the manufacturing industry, nor does it represent deindustrialization, let alone start the process of industrial hollowing out.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis in this passage is that the rapid development of modern service industry cannot lead to industrial hollowing out.


Premise: Classical Roman architecture is beautiful, primarily because of its use of rounded arches and its symmetry. Postmodern architecture is dramatic, primarily because of its creative use both of materials and of the surrounding environment. An architectural style that combines elements of both classical Roman and postmodern architecture would ttherefore be both beautiful and dramatic.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it presumes, without providing justification, that for an architectural style to have certain qualities, its components must have those qualities.


Premise: One should always capitalize the main words and the first and last words of a title. But one should never capitalize articles, or prepositions and conjunctions with fewer than five letters, when they occur in the middle of a title.

Hypothesis: If a word is neither a main word nor a first or last word of a title, then it should not be capitalized can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: The week that you must put R in is the seventh week.


Premise: In the eyes of many people, it is always good marriage. In fact, this view is not correct. Marriage not only means physical loyalty, but also includes emotional mutual support. So it cannot be said that as long as there is no third party, There is no problem with marriage. At present, there are many marriages in China that follow a pattern: husbands and wives are not derailed, but neither of them can get comfort, nourishment and healing from marriage. In fact, there is no one who makes mistakes unilaterally, everyone is Need to put more effort into my marriage.

Hypothesis: Based on the above discussion, it can be derived that only when there is a third party, there will be problems in the marriage.


Premise: Parents worry that their children's over-reliance on mobile phones will damage their eyesight and see bad information. However, it is worth noting that, in addition to the influence of these shallow levels, the most important thing is that mobile learning improves students' information search ability, but also neglects the training of students' analytical ability and creative ability because of the availability of answers. these are the most important and core parts of learning.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that mobile learning improves students' information search ability.


Premise: Cognitive scientist: Using the pioneering work of comparative psychologist Gordon Gallup as a model, several studies have investigated animals' capacity for mirror self-recognition (MSR). Most animals exposed to a mirror respond only with social behavior, such as aggression. However, in the case of the great apes, repeated exposure to mirrors leads to self-directed behaviors, such as exploring the inside of the mouth, suggesting that these animals recognize the reflection as an image of self. The implication of these studies is that the great apes have a capacity for self-awareness unique among nonhuman species.

Hypothesis: If an animal does not have the capacity for MSR, it does not have the capacity for self-awareness is an assumption made by the cognitive scientist in the argument above.


Premise: Statistics are divided into qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data includes categorical and ordinal data. Categorical data refers to non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain category, which is the result of classifying things and expressed in words; sequential data refers to non-numeric data that can be assigned to an ordered category. Quantitative data are data that represent specific numerical observations. ①Cities can be divided into megacities, large cities, medium cities and small cities according to the size of the city; ②Marital status: 1-unmarried, 2-married, 3-divorced, 4-widowed; ③The distance from place A to place B is 200 kilometers, 320 kilometers to C and 100 kilometers to D; ④ A hospital has a construction area of 50,000 square meters, 3,182 open beds and 687 clinicians.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, only ② is classified data.


Premise: From newspapers to cafes to American-style shopping malls, Kuwaiti people have a dislike for the country that almost single-handedly rescued them from Iraqi military occupation. On the tidy streets of the capital Kuwait, people have speculated that, Washington prefers Saddam Hussein to remain in power to ensure that Kuwait and its weak neighbors can be firmly placed under the control of the United States.

Hypothesis: The statement "Kuwaiti dissatisfaction with the U.S. is growing" best matches the semantics of the above text.


Premise: Social responsibility is the responsibility or obligation of citizens, enterprises and various organizations to the public interest of the country or society. Social responsibility means that the actors have certain responsibilities to the society. People are the animals of the society. Only in the society can the true nature of people be reflected.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, citizen's non-moral responsibility is a civil social responsibility.


Premise: Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years. On installation, the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.

Hypothesis: Another manufacturer's introduction to the market of a similarly efficient burner would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live poetically in the countryside is an objective-value fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: After the Second World War, the charter of the newly formed United Nations established an eleven-member Security Council and charged it with taking collective action in response to threats to world peace. The charter further provided that the five nations that were then the major powers would permanently have sole authority to cast vetoes. The reason given for this arrangement was that the burden of maintaining world peace would rest on the world' s major powers, and no nation should be required to assume the burden of enforcing a decision it found repugnant.

Hypothesis: The statement 'no nation that was not among the major powers at the end of the Second World War would become a major power' is the reason given for the structure of the Security Council.


Premise: In Australia, in years with below-average rainfall, less water goes into rivers and more water is extracted from rivers for drinking and irrigation. Consequently, in such years, water levels drop considerably and the rivers flow more slowly. Because algae grow better the more slowly the water in which they are growing moves, such years are generally beneficial to populations of algae. But, by contrast, populations of algae drop in periods of extreme drought.

Hypothesis: Algae cannot survive in the absence of water, if true, does most to explain the contrast.


Premise: Compared with the previous marketing system, the overseas marketing system of multinational enterprises is very different. Some more effective marketing strategies in the domestic market may not be suitable for the overseas market. If you copy the domestic marketing strategy, you may be frustrated in developing the overseas market, and adopting the appropriate strategy of regional differentiation will improve the effect of overseas marketing, it plays an important role in promoting the development of overseas markets. In fact, the vast majority of multinational enterprises that adopt differentiated marketing strategy are successful enterprises. Of course, some multinational enterprises that do not adopt differentiated marketing strategy also succeed. However, all successful multinational enterprises have a common feature, that is, they all focus on the long-term development of enterprises, It has a relatively perfect strategic management system.

Hypothesis: Some multinational enterprises that focus on the long-term development of enterprises and have a relatively complete strategic management system are multinational enterprises that do not adopt differentiated marketing strategy must be correct if the above statements are correct.


Premise: Some people will not feel tired even if they are under high-intensity pressure for a long time, while others will feel tired after doing a little work, which may be related to different genes in addition to different physique or habits. Through the observation of the genome of 50 patients with chronic syndrome, the research team of the University of Glasgow in England found that some genes of these patients are the same age, Healthy people of the same sex have different genes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is a unique gene in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome' can best support the application of the research results in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.


Premise: Music historian: Some critics lament the fact that impoverished postwar recording studios forced early bebop musicians to record extremely short solos, thus leaving a misleading record of their music. But these musicians' beautifully concise playing makes the recordings superb artistic works instead of mere representations of their live solos. Furthermore, the conciseness characteristic of early bebop musicians' recordings fostered a compactness in their subsequent live playing, which the playing of the next generation lacks.

Hypothesis: The music historian's statements, if true, most strongly support the statement 'The difficult postwar recording conditions had some beneficial consequences for bebop.'


Premise: In a recent study, researchers collected current prices for the 300 most common pharmaceutical drugs from the leading wholesalers specializing in bulk sales. It was found that these prices average 60 to 80 percent below the suggested wholesale prices listed for the same drugs in the current annual edition of a widely used, independently published pharmaceutical price guidebook.

Hypothesis: Wholesale prices for pharmaceutical drugs often fluctuate dramatically from one month to the next would not help to explain the situation described above.


Premise: Virtual human resource management refers to a human resource management method based on cooperative relationship and making full use of modern information network technology to help enterprises obtain, develop and plan intellectual and labor capital. It can meet the requirements of the development of enterprise management virtualization, externalize a large number of human resource management activities or realize independent management by employees, Thus, enterprises can focus on the core human resource management and improve the efficiency of human resource management

Hypothesis: A group designs all its advertisements by the same advertising company does not belong to virtual HR management according to the above definition.


Premise: Aroca County' s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property. The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county. Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because __.

Hypothesis: If true, the fact that many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Social punishment: refers to the restrictions and punishments from other departments that are not directly related to the trust-breaking behaviors of the personnel.

Hypothesis: On the eve of the Spring Festival, some contractors who maliciously delayed the wages of migrant workers were exposed by relevant departments and various media, causing close attention from all walks of life. According to regulations from the banking, insurance and railway departments, these violators will be restricted when they apply for credit cards, buy insurance and tickets for bullet trains and high-speed trains is a social punishment.


Premise: One study involved 80 young people aged 13 to 25 with early symptoms of schizophrenia. Half were randomly assigned to take fish oil tablets for 3 months and the other half were given a placebo for 3 months. The researchers followed the subjects for seven years and found that only 10 percent of those taking fish oil tablets developed schizophrenia, compared with 40 percent of those taking a placebo. Therefore, the researchers concluded that taking fish oil tablets may help prevent schizophrenia in adolescents.

Hypothesis: Subjects were given fish oil tablets for a shorter period of time and it did not produce a stable and significant effect is the least likely to challenge the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: No one can avoid making mistakes. Not everyone will make serious mistakes.

Hypothesis: If the above judgment is correct, everyone must make mistakes, but some people may not make serious mistakes must be correct.


Premise: The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon of demand variation and amplification in the supply chain. It means that when the information flow is transmitted from the final client to the original supplier, the sharing of information cannot be effectively realized, which makes the phenomenon of information distortion amplify step by step, leading to greater and greater fluctuations in demand information.

Hypothesis: The bullwhip effect is when a new product is on the market and the supply exceeds demand, retailer A temporarily increases the order quantity to wholesaler B according to the sales of the product, and B places an order with the merchandise sales center according to the order quantity submitted by different retailers.


Premise: The development and utilization of limited natural resources, the allocation of public resources, and the market access of specific industries directly related to public interests can establish administrative licenses. Administrative agencies shall make decisions on these matters through fair competition such as bidding and auctions. Where laws and administrative regulations have other provisions, follow those provisions. Based on this provision, the use and allocation of a large number of limited public resources in society can set administrative licenses. And licenses in this field are franchises.

Hypothesis: The auction of taxi licenses using market-based auctions and bidding methods belongs to administrative franchise according to the above definition.


Premise: A study was designed to establish what effect, if any, the long-term operation of offshore oil rigs had on animal life on the bottom of the sea. The study compared the sea-bottom communities near rigs with those located in control sites several miles from any rig and found no significant differences. The researchers concluded that oil rigs had no adverse effect on sea-bottom animals.

Hypothesis: Only part of any oil discharged into the ocean reaches the ocean floor: some oil evaporates, and some remains in the water as suspended drops most seriously weakens the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Where the legal representative or person in charge of a legal person or other organization enters into a contract beyond his authority, the act of representation is valid unless the opposite party knows or should know that he has exceeded his authority.

Hypothesis: When the opposite party knows or should know that it entered into a contract with itself beyond its authority, the representative act of the person in charge of the legal person is valid can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Unjust enrichment: gain without legal or contractual basis at the expense of others. Among them, the beneficiary is the debtor and has the obligation to return the unjust enrichment. The injured person is the creditor and has the right to request the beneficiary to return the undeserved gain.

Hypothesis: Xiao Mei, a cashier at the mall, giving the customer a change of 100 yuan instead of 10 yuan is an example of unjust enrichment according to the above definition.


Premise: When you think of society as a complex system, pay attention to the dynamic coordination of multiple factors to better promote social harmony. If you encounter problems, start from the concept, make simple qualitative and judgment, and strive for consistency Either one or the other. This kind of simplification, one-sidedness, and extremeness of thinking is incompatible with the harmonious society.

Hypothesis: Seeking common ground while reserving differences is a concept for building a harmonious society is the main point of this passage.


Premise: Humans have been battling disease since the dawn of time, and the most frightening of all diseases is the widespread infectious disease. In just a few short years, the threat of a major epidemic has become abundantly clear. In particular, the H 1 N 1 pandemic has been surprisingly rapid and widespread. This aroused people's vigilance, therefore, the human fight against infectious diseases has no end period.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Man can conquer nature. Many catastrophic diseases in history have been defeated by man in the end' is the least likely to support the above conclusion.


Premise: Why did ancient Greece have a city-state system, but the eastern countries have long had absolute monarchies? Aristotle believed that absolute monarchy is often seen among barbarians, and is very close to same tyrant or tyranny. Because the temperament of the barbarian peoples is inherently more national and more servile than that of the Greeks, and the barbarians of Asia are more servile than the barbarians of Europe, so they are willing to accept dictatorship and not rebel.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The difference between civilized and barbarian is due to differences in culture and social organization' can weaken Aristotle's interpretation if any of the following statements are true.


Premise: Scientists have found that the rift and expansion at the bottom of the ocean never stops. The discovery may answer a question that has attracted people's attention. The Earth's daily time is 700 seconds longer than the previous day, that is, 0.5 seconds longer than the previous day, and it is predicted that in another 200 million years, there will be only 250 days in a year.

Hypothesis: The rift and subsidence at the bottom of the ocean expands and the rotation of the earth accelerates is the most accurate answer to a question that has attracted people's attention.


Premise: Public health expert: Until recently people believed that applications of biochemical research would eventually achieve complete victory over the microorganisms that cause human disease. However, current medical research shows that those microorganisms reproduce so rapidly that medicines developed for killing one variety will only spur the evolution of other varieties that are immune to those medicines. The most rational public health strategy, ttherefore, would place much more emphasis than at present on fully informing people about the transmission of diseases caused by microorganisms, with a view to minimizing the incidence of such diseases.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the public health expert is that there is good reason to make a particular change to public health policy.


Premise: In the second half of last year, an award-winning solicitation campaign for cases of logical language application in newspapers and periodicals was organized by the Chinese Logic Society and other units, which inspected four central-level newspapers and 24 provincial-level newspapers. According to experts, there are 5.8 mistakes in each newspaper on average. These mistakes include unclear concepts, improper judgment, wrong reasoning, and so on, such as saying that National Day is the birthday of the motherland, thinking that three top three are the top three, calling unfounded rumors as baseless rumors, and nearly 500 people. has tripled. For a long time, such ridiculous statements have emerged one after another.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that there is an urgent need to improve the Chinese accomplishment of authors, editors and other personnel.


Premise: Throughout the history of world pop music, you will find that it is basically the history of the fusion of black and white cultures, and the original material is always provided by blacks, and then whites steal it and perfect it. Finally, as a new commodity, Jamaica has become the biggest beneficiary of this integration because of its special geographical location, and this model has naturally been extended to the field of track and field. Finally achieved the glory of track and field in Jamaica.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the benefits of cultural integration to Jamaica.


Premise: Knowledge economy refers to that the contribution of scientific and technological progress, including intellectual property resources, to economic growth is greater than the contribution of traditional factors of production, such as labor, natural resources, capital, etc. Knowledge economy is an economy based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and experience.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, using intellectual property investment to set up an enterprise when establishing a company is not a knowledge economy.


Premise: Note that it is psychological activity, pointing and concentrating on certain objects, that is accompanied by feeling. A common psychological characteristic of psychological processes such as memory, thinking, and imagination. Note has the characteristics of stability, distribution, transfer, wherein attention to transfer refers to a person can be active, purposeful, timely attention from one object or activity to another object or activity.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusions, Mr. Wang can concentrate both at work and in his spare time activities is attention-shifting.


Premise: Symbiosis means that two organisms live together, depend on each other, and benefit each other. If they are separated from each other, both or one of them cannot survive.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Trichogramma laying eggs in the eggs of red rice borer and using it as a source of nutrients for growth and development belongs to symbiosis.


Premise: The development of history is not independent, it is an organism. Just like a person, from youth to old age, there is something consistent in his body, not to say that everything has to be done from scratch at a stage. Such basic morals as filial piety, honesty and trustworthiness can exist beyond ideology. I call it human gene. It is not only inherited, but also inherited to some extent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The development of history is inseparable from the consistent thing of human genes' is incorrect.


Premise: Environmental rights refer to citizens enjoy the right to use environmental resources from the bottom up in an environment that is not polluted or destroyed.

Hypothesis: Xiao Xu's demand that the supermarket restore its sanitation rights is not an environmental right.


Premise: In the past decade, a decreasing percentage of money spent on treating disease X went to pay for standard methods of treatment, which are known to be effective though they are expensive and painful. An increasing percentage is being spent on nonstandard treatments, which cause little discomfort. Unfortunately, the nonstandard treatments have proved to be ineffective. Obviously, less money is being spent now on effective treatments of disease X than was spent ten years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The total amount of money spent on treating disease X slowly declined during the past decade' if assumed, allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: In 1995, the proportion of married young couples between the ages of 25 and 30 living with their parents or in laws was 15%, while in 2002, the proportion rose to 46%. Therefore, in 2002, it was more difficult for married young couples in this age group to live independently.

Hypothesis: The above conclusion is based on the assumption that young couples in this age group will not choose to live with their parents as long as they can live independently.


Premise: In any field, experience is required for a proficient person to become an expert. Through experience, a proficient person gradually develops a repertory of model situations that allows an immediate, intuitive response to each new situation. This is the hallmark of expertise, and for this reason computerized expert systems cannot be as good as human experts. Although computers have the ability to store millions of bits of information, the knowledge of human experts, who benefit from the experience of thousands of situations, is not stored within their brains in the form of rules and facts.

Hypothesis: The argument requires the assumption of the knowledge of human experts cannot be adequately rendered into the type of information that a computer can store.


Premise: To win democratic elections that are not fully subsidized by the government, nonwealthy candidates must be supported by wealthy patrons. This makes plausible the belief that these candidates will compromise their views to win that support. But since the wealthy are dispersed among the various political parties in roughly equal proportion to their percentage in the overall population, this belief is false.

Hypothesis: The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider that in democracies, government-subsidized elections ensure that the views expressed by the people who run for office might not be overly influenced by the opinions of the wealthiest people in those countries.


Premise: Weibo registration is very simple, visitors as long as register an e-mail address, set a password to become Weibo users. Writing Weibo is not demanding: you only need to write a few words to vent your feelings. Therefore, as long as users can type on the computer or send text messages, they can publish their feelings in a short and quick form. In addition, Weibo's interface setting makes information browsing more convenient, and the content of one Weibo message is only equivalent to two or three mobile phone text messages, which doesn't take long. In this era of excess information and people's attention is severely divided, Weibo is more in line with the needs of fast reading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The content of weibo more caters to the reading needs of modern people' does not match the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Linguist: Each language has a word that captures a concept or emotional state in a way that no other language does. To capture such a breadth of expression, an artificial language should be created that contains words corresponding to all the different concepts and emotional states captured by the world's languages. That is not to say that such a language would contain as many words as there are in all the world's languages. Rather, only for those words that have no corresponding word in another language. While such a plan is hugely ambitious, the resulting language would be more thorough than any existing language.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above depends on the assumption that the range of concepts and emotional states is the only indication of a language's thoroughness.


Premise: Unit crime: refers to an act that endangers the society and should be punished according to law by a company, enterprise, institution, organ or organization that seeks benefits for the unit and is committed in the name of the unit after being decided by the decision-making body or the person in charge of the unit.

Hypothesis: Unit crime is the action of Li, the person in charge of a company, distributing the huge year-end profits to his subordinates in the form of dividends in the name of the company.


Premise: There are two primitive tribes in a primeval forest. The totem worship of the two tribes is different. Tribe A worships snakes and thinks snakes are their ancestors. Tribe B worships birds and thinks birds are their ancestors. The totem worship of people in these two tribes is completely the same as that of their tribe. If the tribes are intermarried, the children born belong to this tribe. If the tribes are intermarried, The children born belong to the mother's tribe,

Hypothesis: The statement "Someone's mother is from tribe A" must be wrong if someone is known to worship birds.


Premise: When a high-pressure peak encounters a low-pressure peak, precipitation usually occurs. Meteorologists can predict when and where they meet by measuring the speed of two moving peaks.

Hypothesis: Certain precipitation predictions are based on the general response of high and low pressure peaks can be derived.


Premise: Humor appeal advertising: refers to the use of humor to dilute the direct utilitarian of advertising, reduce people's rebellious psychology of advertising, so that consumers in the relaxed and happy to accept their business or cultural information.

Hypothesis: The electronic screen advertisement in a shopping mall that offers a new mobile phone with three number cards installed and the option to send it for free as a solution to carrying many mobile phones is a humorous appeal advertisement.


Premise: The so-called memory representation refers to the image of things perceived by people in the human brain.

Hypothesis: Xiao Hong can recite the multiplication formula skillfully is designed for memory content that does not belong to memory representation.


Premise: Hairy rhinoceros fossils are mostly found in northern Eurasia, and occasionally found in Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Tibet and other places. The hairy rhinoceros has a unique structure-a nasal septum, simply the bone in the middle of the nose. The study found that the nasal septum of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils is only an incomplete bone, and the nasal septum of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils found earlier in northern Asia and Siberia is more complete than that of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros. This shows that the Tibetan hairy rhinoceros has a more primitive form.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In winter, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is like a training base for ice age animals, where haired rhinoceros are trained for cold tolerance' can best support the above statement.


Premise: Magazine article: The Environmental Commissioner' s new proposals are called Fresh Thinking on the Environment, and a nationwide debate on them has been announced. Well, fresh thinkingfrom such an unlikely source as the commissioner does deserve closer inspection. Unfortunately we discovered that these proposals are virtually identical to those issued three months ago by Tsarque Inc. under the heading New Environmentalism (Tsarque Inc. ' s chief is a close friend of the commissioner). Since Tsarque Inc. ' s polluting has marked it as an environmental nightmare, in our opinion the nationwide debate can end here.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the magazine article's reasoning is that it dismisses the proposals because of their source rather than because of their substance.


Premise: Similar empirical knowledge of ancient Greece and ancient China produced similar theoretical insights, such as Aristotle's and Mohist Classics' understanding of leverage principle. However, the initial mechanics theory of ancient Greece soon developed into a synthesis of theoretical knowledge, while the mechanical tradition of Chinese Mohism was interrupted after the warring states period. Ancient Chinese science is not good at observing and recognizing the movement of objects and forming a systematic theory, which is an obvious weakness. In contrast, the Chinese have made more outstanding achievements in solving practical problems.

Hypothesis: The reasons for the interruption of scientific tradition in ancient China are intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Install a metal rod at the top of a tall building, connect it with a metal plate buried underground, and discharge through the tip of the metal rod to gradually neutralize the electricity carried by the clouds and the electricity on the ground, so as to protect the building from lightning.This phenomenon is known as the lightning rod effect in the management community. It refers to the method of management, that is, to conduct guidance before things happen, to prevent accidents or disasters before they occur, and to lead the positive development of the situation, that is, if it is good and good, it will certainly be peaceful if it can be guided.

Hypothesis: In the reconstruction of a garage in a residential area, the property owner extensively solicited the opinions of the owners and reached a consensus so that the project could be carried out smoothly has nothing to do with the lightning rod effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Countries with a small highly educated population are destined to be economically and politically weak. However, countries with a large highly educated population have a serious financial commitment to public education. So any country with a government that can make such a commitment will get rid of economic and political weakness.

Hypothesis: A person who knows how to teach can understand the personality of the students he teaches is most similar to the above argument.