Premise: Many bird and reptile species use hissing as a threat device against potential predators. The way these species produce hissing sounds is similar enough that it is likely that this behavior developed in an early common ancestor. At the time this common ancestor would have lived, however, none of its potential predators would have yet acquired the anatomy necessary to hear hissing sounds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Like its potential predators, the common ancestor of bird and reptile species would have lacked the anatomy necessary to hear hissing sounds' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: A survey on the leisure life of 13 members of a certain community found that (1) members who like swimming do not like Tai Chi; (2) members who do not like outings like Tai Chi;(3) members who like outings do not like climbing.

Hypothesis: Members who like swimming don't like climbing can be inferred.


Premise: Infectious disease outbreaks among wild animals due to virus invasion. A new study found that animals living in tropical, subtropical or low-altitude areas are at constant risk of infectious diseases due to their hot living environment. Animals living at low temperatures, such as high latitudes and altitudes, used to be protected from viruses because of long winters, but now winters are getting warmer and shorter. As a result, rising temperatures will exacerbate outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife.

Hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between the temperature and the risk of infectious diseases of wild animals, that is, the higher the temperature, the higher the risk of infectious diseases, if true, best supports the above statement.


Premise: Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimes committed by local teenagers. In response, the city government has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in the late evening. Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p. m. and 6 p. m.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The crimes committed by teenagers in the afternoon are mostly small thefts and inconsequential vandalism' most substantially weakens the argument.


Premise: According to a report by the People's Daily on November 22, 2000, from January to October that year, Jilin Province's industrial profits were 7.64 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 6 times over the same period last year. State-owned enterprises reduced losses by 1.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 42.2%. The profit is 6.74 billion yuan, an increase of 8 times, and these two indicators are in the forefront of the country.

Hypothesis: Jilin Province's state-owned enterprises have achieved an overall turnaround from loss to profit according to the statistics from January to October of that year.


Premise: When public opinion is in a position of direct power, when it is unequal, public opinion will not be able to gain respect for its rights, and it will not be possible to protect itself in front of power, let alone let power be obedient.Therefore, in order for public opinion to really play a role, there is no other way but to give public opinion the power. Rights, in particular, need to understand that public opinion is the premise and basis of power action, and respect for public opinion is reflected, and everything is not done in accordance with public opinion.When it is limited to certain conditions and cannot act in accordance with public opinion, confess the reasons to the public and ask the public for understanding, which is the only way to achieve a win-win situation between power and public opinion.

Hypothesis: The main point of view of the author is that the key to the win-win situation of power and public opinion lies in the public's knowledge and understanding.


Premise: The new socket products of a brand include lightning protection parts, which can ensure that the connected electrical appliances will not be damaged after lightning strikes. It was proposed that such parts should be installed in all socket products of the brand as standard accessories; Others believe that this will increase the product cost and reduce its price competitive advantage in the industry. Moreover, the domestic industry standard does not require the product to add lightning protection parts, so it is not necessary to install lightning protection parts.

Hypothesis: In the forthcoming national standard, it is mandatory that all socket products include lightning protection components weakens the above objection most.


Premise: Role pressure refers to the fact that in an organization or a specific social environment, there are unfavorable factors that interfere with the action of the role task, which causes the individual to fall into a dilemma of knowing what to do.

Hypothesis: Women in the workplace are in a hurry to go to work, buy groceries, cook, and communicate with family members, etc., always feel that they don't have the time to truly belong to them is role pressure.


Premise: Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For the vast majority of migrants workers, the homestead and responsible land in their rural hometown is their last guarantee of survival' must be true if the above statements are true.


Premise: Canadian researchers tracked the weight gain of 757 3-to 4-month-old babies for three years. The results showed that children who were already overweight or even obese at the age of 3 had different intestinal flora from those of normal weight. After a further study of the living environment of the babies tested, the researchers found that the babies who grew up in the families with the highest use of disinfectants contained twice as many helicobacteria in their intestines as the average. Spirillaceae bacteria feed on undigested carbohydrate fiber in the human body, which is broken down to provide the body with extra calories. The increase of this kind of bacteria causes the child to produce too much heat in the body and begin to gain weight at an early age.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that it is necessary to control calorie intake in infants and young children.


Premise: Because the death of a spouse creates a void in one' s life and leads to depression, it is very difficult to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse. The ability to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse is improved by filling the void with another important element. In one study, half of those attempting to recover after the death of a spouse were told to embark on a new career, and the other half were told to take time off work to fully comprehend their loss. After one year, those in the first group reported lower rates of depression and positive feelings about their lives, and the second group reported higher rates of depression and negative feelings about their lives.

Hypothesis: Work, or engaging in time and energy-consuming activities, can often lead to depression in otherwise healthy people each of the following, if true, strengthens the argument above EXCEPT.


Premise: Information Cocoon Room: refers to people in their own field of information will be accustomed to be quoted by interest to guide, and finally bind themselves, like a silkworm, and finally shackled in their own,In the Cocoon Room.

Hypothesis: A man basically spends his time in Tianya community at night, browsing various forum posts and leaving messages does not belong to the information cocoon room.


Premise: Sabina: The words used in expressing facts affect neither the facts nor the conclusions those facts will support. Moreover, if the words are clearly defined and consistently used, the actual words chosen make no difference to an argument' s soundness. Thus, how an argument is expressed can have no bearing on whether it is a good argument. Emile: Badly chosen words can make even the soundest argument a poor one. After all, many words have social and political connotations that influence people' s response to claims expressed in those words, regardless of how carefully and explicitly those words are defined. Since whether people will acknowledge a fact is affected by how the fact is expressed, the conclusions they actually draw are also affected.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Emile and Sabina is whether a factor that affects neither the truth of an argument's premises nor the logical relation between its premises and its conclusion can cause an argument to be a bad one.


Premise: The giant-toothed shark, which became extinct 2.6 million years ago, is more than 15 meters long and has a powerful bite force, and its 3-meter-wide jaw can crush a car. However, a recent study shows that giant-toothed sharks prefer minke whales less than 5 meters long rather than larger baleen whales. However, due to climate change, the population of minke whales has plummeted. Based on this, the researchers believe that giant-toothed sharks became extinct due to lack of food.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Giant tooth sharks also like to prey on smaller seals and now extinct dwarf sperm whales' weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: In a study, shoppers who shopped in a grocery store without a shopping list and bought only items that were on sale for half price or less spent far more money on a comparable number of items than did shoppers in the same store who used a list and bought no sale items.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The grocery store in the study carries many expensive items that few other grocery stores carry' most helps to explain the apparent paradox in the study's results.


Premise: Selena: Asteroid impact on the Earth caused the extinction of the dinosaurs by raising vast clouds of dust, thus blocking the Sun' s rays and cooling the planet beyond the capacity of the dinosaurs, or perhaps the vegetation that supported them, to adapt. A worldwide dust layer provides evidence of asteroid impact at approximately the correct time, and a huge crater exists on the edge of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. Trent: That asteroid crater is not large enough for the requisite amount of dust to have been produced. Besides, the extinction of dinosaur species took many years, not just one or two. So the extinctions must have been due not to asteroid impact on the Earth but to some other kind of cause.

Hypothesis: Trent's argument assumes that no more than one large asteroid struck the Earth during the period when the dinosaurs were becoming extinct.


Premise: A common phenomenon is that some best-selling popular science books imported from abroad do not sell well at home. Some people explain that this has something to do with the division of liberal arts and science that we have followed for many years. The division of liberal arts and sciences has artificially caused the separation of natural sciences and humanities and social sciences, resulting in the reader market of popular science books has not really formed.

Hypothesis: Due to the lack of science background, non-natural scientists stay away from science will best strengthen the above point of view.


Premise: It is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease. Most diseases are caused by very prolific microorganisms whose response to the pressures medicines exert on them is predictable: they quickly evolve immunities to those medicines while maintaining their power to infect and even kill humans.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease" most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that it is a generalization used to predict the response of microorganisms to the medicines humans use to kill them.


Premise: Travel agent: Studies show that people who travel frequently normally earn substantially more money, enjoy more time with their family, and have better physical health than people who do not travel often. Traveling is often described as a pleasurable experience. It is wonderful to see that traveling also increases a person' s quality of life.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is unwarranted because the travel agent erroneously assumes that earning more money, spending time with family, and having better physical health are the only things that increase a person's pleasure while not traveling.


Premise: Reverse incentive refers to the phenomenon that the original intention of policy design and the actual implementation effect are contrary to one's wishes. Once the reverse incentive effect is stimulated, it will not only worsen the current situation and damage the credit of policy makers, but also further strengthen the relevant negative consequences and eventually lead to a vicious cycle.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the teacher helping shy students overcome nervous problems by deliberately asking questions in class is not a reverse incentive.


Premise: Brain scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson' s disease. This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson' s disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to develop Parkinson' s disease.

Hypothesis: The argument contains a reasoning error because it neglects to specify how the information provided by brain scans could be used either in treating Parkinson's disease or in monitoring the progression of the disease.


Premise: There is a very complex relationship between genes, traits and diseases. the most primitive way to decipher this relationship is the gene linkage analysis established in the middle of the last century: by comparing the similarities and differences of chromosome bands or genetic markers of different members of families affected by genetic diseases, locate disease-causing genes on chromosomes. This method has made a lot of achievements in the study of single-gene genetic diseases, but its disadvantage is that the resolution is limited, so it is difficult to accurately locate a single gene.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that gene analysis is helpful to the accurate treatment of genetic diseases.


Premise: In 1995, the proportion of married young couples between the ages of 25 and 30 living with their parents or in laws was 15%, while in 2002, the proportion rose to 46%. Therefore, in 2002, it was more difficult for married young couples in this age group to live independently.

Hypothesis: The above conclusion is based on the assumption that young couples in this age group who can't stand on their own prefer to live with their peers rather than with both parents.


Premise: Customer active socialization is a process in which customers actively learn knowledge and information related to their role in order to participate effectively in the service process.

Hypothesis: After retiring, Aunt Zhang watched TV health programs every night to to learn how to preserve health is the customer active socialization according to the above definition.


Premise: Violent charity that acquires its own satisfaction at the expense of the dignity of the recipient. Violent charity is a generalization of the high-profile way of doing good deeds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The leaders of the company ordered the employees to lose money' does not belong to violent charity according to the above definition.


Premise: Xiao Zeng opened an account in a bank and handled online banking business, but soon after, Xiao Zeng found that 30000 yuan in his account had been transferred through online operation without his knowledge, and the password of the account was only known by himself and never leaked to others. Xiao Zeng found the bank and asked the bank to bear the responsibility, and the bank was very sure that the responsibility could not lie with him, It must be in Xiao Zeng. Although Xiao Zeng didn't deliberately disclose the password, he may have done it unintentionally

Hypothesis: The bank's online banking system is impeccable is most supported the bank's view.


Premise: It is a win-win move to make use of the human resources of the sanitation workers and connect them with the standard demand for shared bicycle parking: although the concurrent ownership of bicycles will increase the labor burden of the sanitation workers, their income will also increase; the participation of sanitation workers in the management of bicycles will help bicycle enterprises to reduce losses and costs, and spend more funds on the development of enterprises. For the management of the city, bicycles are arranged in an orderly manner, and the appearance of the city will be better.

Hypothesis: Managing bicycles can increase the income of sanitation workers is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: The king wanted to choose the smartest and bravest son-in-law for his daughter. Like all the suitors, he declared that he had locked the princess and the two lions into three houses respectively, and then wrote a sentence on the doors of the three houses to let the suitors open the doors they thought they could open. The door of the first room said there are lions in this house and the door of the second room said The princess is in the first room. the door of the third room reads there is a lion in this house.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The princess is in the third room' is correct.


Premise: Suppose if Zhang Nan and Lin Feng are not volunteers, then Yangmei is a volunteer is the premise, Lin Feng is a volunteer is the conclusion

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that Zhang Nan is a volunteer.


Premise: Landscape architect: If the screen between these two areas is to be a hedge, that hedge must be of either hemlocks or Leyland cypress trees. However, Leyland cypress trees cannot be grown this far north. So if the screen is to be a hedge, it will be a hemlock hedge.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the landscape architect's argument is most similar to the statement: 'If there is to be an entrance on the north side of the building, it will have to be approached by a ramp. However, a ramp would become impossibly slippery in winter, so there will be no entrance on the north side.'


Premise: Only with sufficient capital investment and technical personnel can a company's products have high-tech content. This high-tech content is essential for a product to occupy the market stably for a long time.

Hypothesis: The situation in which Yangtze River TV failed to occupy the market steadily for a long time because the product lacks high-tech content can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Students asked by a psychologist to tell a lie before discussion groups vastly overestimated how many people in the discussion groups could tell they were lying. Other research has found that when volleyball players perform unusually poorly on the court, teammates notice this far less often than the players expect. Finally, in one research experiment a student wearing a funny T-shirt entered a room full of people. Questioning revealed that only a small fraction of the people in the room noticed the shirt, contrary to the student' s expectations.

Hypothesis: People tend not to notice the appearance or behavior of others is best illustrated by the statements above.


Premise: Linguist: Each language has a word that captures a concept or emotional state in a way that no other language does. To capture such a breadth of expression, an artificial language should be created that contains words corresponding to all the different concepts and emotional states captured by the world's languages. That is not to say that such a language would contain as many words as there are in all the world's languages. Rather, only for those words that have no corresponding word in another language. While such a plan is hugely ambitious, the resulting language would be more thorough than any existing language.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above depends on the assumption that extinct languages do not offer up words that capture concepts and emotional states in ways that fundamentally differ from those of existing languages.


Premise: At present, more and more parents are gradually aware of the importance of EQ and are fascinated by the promotion of children's EQ training by training institutions. Tens of thousands of tuition fees a year can not stop their enthusiasm. There are several possible reasons analyzed by experts: one is that they are aware of the need to cultivate their children's EQ, and the other is that parents feel that there is something wrong with their children's education. They prefer to send their children out for education rather than look for reasons from their own educational ideas, which is actually an expression of shirking responsibility; in addition, there are self-fulfilling values forged in the daily work mode of white-collar workers, which makes young parents too anxious in the process of educating their children, which is also the reason for the popularity of training courses.

Hypothesis: How to rationally understand EQ training is most likely to be discussed next.


Premise: Rebound effect refers to improving energy efficiency and saving energy consumption through technological progress. However, technological progress will also promote the expansion of economic scale and generate new demand for energy, so as to partially or even completely offset the saved energy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the improvement of engine efficiency reducing driving cost and leading to more people choosing cars instead of walking can effectively control the rebound effect.


Premise: The threshold effect refers to the phenomenon of putting forward a small request before putting forward a larger request, so as to increase the possibility of others accepting a larger request.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Smart merchants often set the price far more than the actual due price when selling goods, and then let customers accept a relatively low price when bargaining. In fact, this low price is still higher than the due price of goods, but customers often enjoy it' belongs to the threshold effect according to the above definition.


Premise: The gray rhino growing on the African savannah has a huge body, giving people the illusion of being slow and safe and harmless, so they often ignore the existence of danger-when the gray rhino is provoked and attacked, it will show amazing Explosive force, the probability of stopping it is close to zero, and eventually it will cause a very destructive disaster. High probability and strong destructive power are the most important features of the grey rhino event. Many crisis events are more like grey rhino than black swans. They do not originate from unpredictable, small-probability events (black swans), but are the result of the continuous evolution of high-probability, high-risk events (grey rhino) whose existence has long been known to exist, but is due to institutional or cognitive Limitations, not actively prevented and responded to, and eventually escalated into a comprehensive systemic crisis.

Hypothesis: According to the above text, the statement that behind many black swan events is the grey rhino crisis is correct.


Premise: Intelligence refers to the use of certain media (carriers) , across space and time to specific users to solve the scientific research, production, business needs of specific knowledge and information.

Hypothesis: A school cafeteria ordered 2,000 jin by phone when a TV station reported that potatoes from a certain area had been piled up in large quantities and sold cheaply is not intelligence based on the above definition.


Premise: Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart' s show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.

Hypothesis: The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether getting the Rembrandt etchings from the Hart Institute is likely to increase attendance at the print exhibition.


Premise: Some scientific issues are so complex and counterintuitive that they cannot be well understood by readers of popular magazines. Nonetheless, stories about these difficult scientific issues are frequently the ones that these readers would find most fascinating. Unfortunately, this means that some of the scientific stories that would be most interesting to readers are usually not covered in popular magazines since__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'popular magazines cannot stay in business unless they regularly publish stories that their readers find interesting' strongly supports the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Violent crime in this town is becoming a serious problem. Compared to last year, local law enforcement agencies have responded to 17 percent more calls involving violent crimes, showing that the average citizen of this town is more likely than ever to become a victim of a violent crime.

Hypothesis: In response to worries about violent crime, the town has recently opened a community center providing supervised activities for teenagers most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In computer language, there is a logical operation in which if two digits are zero on the same digit, the sum is zero, one is zero, one is one, or both are one, and the sum is one.

Hypothesis: If the sum is one, then both numbers must be one is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: In the early days of its formation, the Earth was a rapidly rotating body in the state of lava, and most of the iron was in its core; some molten liquid was thrown from the surface of this rotating body, and later condensed to form the Moon.

Hypothesis: The proportion of iron in the Moon's core is smaller than that in the Earth's core can most support the view that the above theory about the origin of the Moon is correct.


Premise: Babies show a strong desire to master the environment at an early age. Due to the slow development of their movement control skills, their activities are limited. They do not have enough skills to dominate the environment to survive independently. In this sense, it should be said that they are unable to stand on their own feet.

Hypothesis: The statement 'They are completely unable to survive on their own' means that the baby is unable to stand on its own feet mentioned above.


Premise: String pair means that in a verse or couplet, the sentence and the pair are not opposite in meaning and grammatical structure, but are inherited from top to bottom. The two sentences cannot be separated from each other or reversed. There is a certain sequence in their language structures.

Hypothesis: If you want to see enough scenery and scenery for thousands of miles, you have to go up to a higher tower is a string pair according to the above definition.


Premise: Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding and affirming a behavior with an attractive outcome in the hope of repeating the behavior under similar conditions. Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal or reduction of unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs, which can also increase the frequency of the behavior.

Hypothesis: Get off lightly and make meritorious deeds is positive reinforcement according to the above definition.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, 6 are selected to perform, and the performance is divided into two teams: Team 1 and Team 2. Each team consists of three positions: front, middle and back, and the magicians who play happen to each occupy one position. The selection and position arrangement of the magicians must meet the following conditions: (1) If G or H are arranged to play, they must be in front. bit. (2) If K is assigned to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is assigned to play, he must be on Team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be on the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, then Q is in the middle of team 1.

Hypothesis: Front: G Middle: Q Back: P is an acceptable arrangement for 2 teams to perform.


Premise: Corruption refers to the act of a state official taking advantage of his position to solicit other people's property or illegally collecting other people's financial affairs for the benefit of others.

Hypothesis: Director Li of the Administration for Industry and Commerce of a certain city, due to personal grievances, deliberately made it difficult for Zhang to apply to start a company. Zhang paid the money and asked Liu who is familiar with Director Li to clear him. Liu received 5,000 yuan from Zhang, But did


Premise: Researcher: Dinosaur fossils come in various forms, including mineralized bones and tracks in dried mud flats. However, mineralized dinosaur bones and dinosaur tracks in dried mud flats are rarely found together. This isn' t surprising, because creatures that scavenged dinosaur carcasses most likely frequented mud flats to find food.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Dinosaur tracks are also found in locations other than mud flats' would most strengthen the researcher's argument.


Premise: Scientists have found that the rift and expansion at the bottom of the ocean never stops. The discovery may answer a question that has attracted people's attention. The Earth's daily time is 700 seconds longer than the previous day, that is, 0.5 seconds longer than the previous day, and it is predicted that in another 200 million years, there will be only 250 days in a year.

Hypothesis: The bottom of the ocean rifts and expands, and the earth's rotation slows down is the most accurate answer to a question that has attracted people's attention.


Premise: There are two types of activities organized by the community: the health type and the leisure type. According to the statistics of all the participants, the organizers found that some of the elderly in the community participated in all the health-preserving activities and some participated in all the leisure activities.

Hypothesis: According to this statistics, any activity organized by the community must be attended by the elderly in the community.


Premise: A research institution investigated and analyzed 208 patients with symptoms such as heartache and arrhythmia. When they began to receive surgical treatment, they reported their views on the condition through a questionnaire. About 20% of them were very worried about the deterioration of the condition, some were even afraid of death, and others were not so worried. Later, the follow-up survey showed that, the recurrence rate in half a year after operation was higher in people with serious worry before operation than in others. Researchers believe that worry is not conducive to the recovery of heart disease

Hypothesis: Those with serious worry have chemicals in their blood that increase the risk of heart disease best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Florist: Some people like to have green carnations on St. Patrick' s Day. But flowers that are naturally green are extremely rare. Thus, it is very difficult for plant breeders to produce green carnations. Before St. Patrick' s Day, then, it is wise for florists to stock up on white carnations, which are fairly inexpensive and quite easy to dye green.

Hypothesis: It is a good idea for florists to stock up on white carnations before St. Patrick's Day most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the florist's argument.


Premise: Health refers to a person with normal intelligence, reasonable behavior, can adapt to normal work, social interaction or study, and can resist general diseases.

Hypothesis: Xiao Cong, Zhang's 19-year-old son, who has been in the second grade for 11 years but has never had any serious illness since childhood and can do a good job of physical work, belongs to health according to the definition of health.


Premise: Different from the new concept of urban development in developed countries, many cities in China are still obsessed with building garden city. It is not bad to understand garden city as a cluster of flowers and trees. The problem is that many places understand garden city as low-density and wide roads, especially in the blind pursuit of wide roads in the construction of new towns, big square and big green belt, this is wrong.

Hypothesis: The construction of garden city should not blindly pursue low-density and wide roads is most likely to be in line with the above author's point of view.


Premise: Firms adopting profit-related-pay (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm' s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts.

Hypothesis: The statement "In firms in the metalworking industry where PRP contracts are in place, the average take-home pay is 15 percent higher than it is in those firms where workers have more traditional contracts" would most seriously weaken the argument that PRP contracts increase worker productivity.


Premise: Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that if wise people make and implement economic plans, the planned economy will be more effective than the market economy.


Premise: Within the earth' s core, which is iron, pressure increases with depth. Because the temperature at which iron melts increases with pressure, the inner core is solid and the outer core is molten. Physicists can determine the melting temperature of iron at any given pressure and the pressure for any given depth in the earth. Ttherefore, the actual temperature at the boundary of the earth' s outer and inner cores-the melting temperature of iron there-can be determined, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the depth beneath the earth's surface of the boundary between the outer and inner cores is known' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Although the school would receive financial benefits if it had soft drink vending machines in the cafeteria, we should not allow them. Allowing soft drink machines there would not be in our students' interest. If our students start drinking more soft drinks, they will be less healthy.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that if the soft drink vending machines were placed in the cafeteria, students would consume more soft drinks as a result.


Premise: All that is beautiful is true, all that is true is beyond doubt and beautiful things are existing.

Hypothesis: There are real things that are beautiful can be inferred.


Premise: Smog has regularly blanketed large areas of China in recent years. In the haze days, the weather forecast repeatedly reminds people to strengthen prevention, try to avoid outdoor activities, even if outdoor activities also need to take necessary protective measures. However, there are always a lot of brave people who don't take such warnings seriously and do all kinds of outdoor activities on smoggy days without wearing masks at all.

Hypothesis: The reason why these brave people do not wear masks in smoggy days could not be 'Haze will not cause sudden death, but the harm to people is long-term and serious.'


Premise: Negative reinforcement: refers to the occurrence of a behavior. With the removal of stimulation or the reduction of stimulation intensity, the behavior is enhanced,

Hypothesis: Sasha burping at the table and her mother looking at her angrily at once belongs to negative reinforcement.


Premise: Role conflict refers to the contradiction and conflict that occurs when a person plays a role or plays several different roles at the same time due to incompetence.

Hypothesis: In a primary school in a remote mountainous area, a teacher taught both mathematics and Chinese, but the students did well in both subjects is not a role conflict.


Premise: Because of the need for work, a certain unit decided to select four of its three women (Xiao Wang, Xiao Li Xiao Sun) and five men (Xiao Zhang, Xiao Jin, Xiao Wu Xiao Meng, Xiao Yu) to form a negotiating group to participate in an important negotiation. The selection conditions are as follows: (1) the members of the group should have both women and men. (2) Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang can't both be selected. (3) Xiao Li and Xiao Sun can't both be selected. (4) if Xiao Yu is chosen, Xiao Wu will not be chosen.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Zhang is selected, either Xiao Li or Xiao Sun is correct.


Premise: Advertisement proof is the proof document, certificate and material to show whether the advertiser's subject qualification is legal and whether the advertisement content is true and legal.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, production license certificate and product quality certificate approved and issued according to law, indicating that the advertiser has the right to produce a certain product can be used as advertisement proof.


Premise: Red tourism refers to the revolutionary memorial site after the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, the memorial and the revolutionary spirit carried as the attraction, organize and receive tourists to visit and tour, realize the learning of the revolutionary spirit, accept the revolutionary traditional education and the spirit of inspiration. Relax and increase the experience of tourism activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, storytelling does not belong to the characteristics of red tourism.


Premise: Labor disputes: refers to the disputes between workers and employers due to the implementation of labor laws, regulations or the performance of labor contracts, collective contracts.

Hypothesis: A dispute between workers and their employer over non-payment of overtime pay is a labor dispute according to the above definition.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release of authoritative information and open and transparent response to public concerns can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain social stability. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization technology to launch products such as Real-time epidemic situation dynamic, Co-ride patient query system and Fever Clinic Map, which simultaneously popularize scientific protection knowledge, effectively meet the information needs of the public, and guide the masses to look at the epidemic rationally. Enhance self-prevention awareness and protection ability.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the enhancement of the ability of self-protection by means of technology.


Premise: A certain naval force has 7 ships of A, B, C, D, E, H, and G. It is planned to form two fleets to sail. There are 3 ships in the first formation and 4 ships in the second formation. The formation must meet the following conditions: (1) The aircraft carrier must be listed in the second formation; (2) E and C have at most one formation in the first formation; 3) A and C are not in the same formation; (4) If B is arranged in the first formation, D must also be arranged in the first formation.

Hypothesis: If A is in the second formation, E must also be in the second formation.


Premise: Human society is not an one-dimensional linear development, the advantages and disadvantages between gains and losses need to be carefully weighed. At a time of the rapid development of block printing, Su Dongpo marveled at the fact that young students like to read, scramble to print classics and ancient books, and read as many as 10,000 pages every day, but do not like to learn. Isn't that the case with us today? Electronic media does bring convenience and equality to literature access, but do human beings trapped in the ocean of information absorb and inherit more knowledge than ever before, and thus produce higher wisdom?

Hypothesis: The main point of view expressed in this passage is that although it is convenient to acquire knowledge at present, there are also hidden disadvantages.


Premise: Though ice cream is an excellent source of calcium, dairy farmers report that during the past ten years there has been a sharp decline in ice cream sales. And during the same period, sales of cheddar cheese have nearly doubled. Ttherefore, more and more people must be choosing to increase their intake of calcium by eating cheddar cheese rather than ice cream.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it presumes, without providing justification, that ice cream is a better source of calcium than is cheddar cheese.


Premise: A solid wood flooring seller solemnly promised in the text of its contract: The floors sold in our shop are definitely made of wood and are responsible for free installation, except for the cost of materials required for installation. Free warranty for one year, except for losses caused by non-fault of the company, if there is fraud, the company is willing to bear legal liability and pay more than 1000 times as compensation. Our company reserves the right to interpret the terms of this contract.

Hypothesis: The company's contract is not actually binding on its actions is a correct evaluation of the company and the contract.


Premise: Stockholm Syndrome refers to the emotions of the victim after being controlled by the criminal for a period of time, and even help the criminal in turn.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where a man deceives a woman to his hometown using job hunting as a bait, the woman tries to escape several times but not succeeds, after giving birth to a child, she settles in the local area with the man and even assists him in human trafficking activities does not belong to Stockholm Syndrome.


Premise: Consumer health advocate: Your candy company adds caffeine to your chocolate candy bars so that each one delivers a specified amount of caffeine. Since caffeine is highly addictive, this indicates that you intend to keep your customers addicted. Candy manufacturer: Our manufacturing process results in there being less caffeine in each chocolate candy bar than in the unprocessed cacao beans from which the chocolate is made.

Hypothesis: The candy manufacturer's response is flawed as a refutation of the consumer health advocate's argument because it treats the consumer health advocate's argument as though it were about each candy bar rather than about the manufacturer's candy in general.


Premise: Adaptation refers to the action of the same stimulus on the sensory organ, causing a change in the sensory ability of the sensory organ to appropriate stimulation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when a part of the body is in pain, feeling the pain subside by clenching your lips or clenching your fists does not fit the concept of adaptation.


Premise: Super-high-speed rail is closely related to mass travel. The attraction is that it can travel much faster than high-speed rail trains, with speeds ranging from 600 km to 1,200 km per hour. There are even claims to be more than 4,000 km. A common feature of these super-high-speed trains is that they operate in sealed vacuum or low-pressure pipelines. Specifically, by pumping air into a low-pressure environment close to a vacuum, using either aerodynamic suspension or magnetic suspension drive technology, the train will be able to travel around the clock with no wheel-rail resistance, ultra-high speed operation in low air resistance and low noise mode.

Hypothesis: Some of the equipment necessary for super-high-speed rail in vacuum or low-pressure pipelines will not work would most doubt the possibility of a super-high-speed rail.


Premise: When zongzi was first exported, the name was a lengthy noun explanation. With the passage of time, zongzi was known and loved by people in many countries, and returned to its own name zongzi. Similarly, erhu, Taiji, Facebook, Yin and Yang, Mapo tofu and other things with strong Chinese style have also experienced a step-by-step process from free translation to transliteration.

Hypothesis: The international identity of culture has always been silent is intended to be explained by this passage.


Premise: The likes and dislikes of the people should be considered, but their legal concept also needs to be guided by strict law enforcement. In this guidance, the role and re.sponsibility of law enforcement agencies are beyond doubt. Without screening whether the demands of the people are legitimate, they are rational and blindly cater to them. As a result, they can only let the legal blind revel.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this sentence is that People's concept of legal system needs guidance.


Premise: When the products of several competing suppliers are perceived by consumers to be essentially the same, classical economics predicts that price competition will reduce prices to the same minimal levels and all suppliers' profits to the same minimal levels. Ttherefore, if classical economics is true, and given suppliers' desire to make as much profit as possible, it should be expected that__.

Hypothesis: Suppliers in crowded markets will have more incentive to reduce prices and increase sales than to introduce innovations that would distinguish their product from their competitors' products.


Premise: Several major power enterprises in country T recently jointly announced that they will give up domestic coal unless the price of domestic coal is reduced. The spokesman said that at present, the price of imported coal has been reduced to less than US $100 per ton, while the price of domestic coal remains high. However, people in the coal industry said that once the price of coal continues to decline, small and medium-sized coal mines will survive hard, The production power of large coal mining enterprises will also be seriously insufficient, and the whole domestic coal production industry will face a severe situation. After a period of time, people in the industry judged that the current domestic coal production enterprises have a severe situation.

Hypothesis: The judgment of the industry must be based on the fact that domestic coal enterprises reduced coal production during this period.


Premise: Psychological research abroad has shown that when someone offends you, if you choose to forgive the offender, the offender will be more likely to feel remorse and have inner guilt. Therefore, the possibility of similar offenses happening again will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: If the offended person forgives the offender, it may help to reform the offender can be inferred according to the above point of view.


Premise: Three-dimensional agriculture refers to the full utilization of crops in time and space. According to the different characteristics of different crops, such as high stalk and short stalk, rich light and shade tolerance, early and late maturity, deep and shallow roots, legumes and gramineous, use them in The time and space differences in the growth process are rationally implemented scientific interplanting, interplanting, mixed seeding, rotation and other supporting plantings, forming a variety of crops, multi-level, multi-sequential three-dimensional intercropping planting structure.

Hypothesis: B raises fish in the fish ponds he contracted, and also planted a lot of lotus roots belongs to three-dimensional agriculture according to the above definition.


Premise: People like to look out at the ideal view from a semi-enclosed, safe house. If they can choose freely, the home environment they choose is always both. On the one hand, it is a safe shelter, on the other hand, it has a broad vision to develop outward and forage. People of different genders may have slightly different choices, at least among Western landscape painters: female painters emphasize safe housing and the prospect is usually small, while male painters emphasize open prospects. In addition, female painters seem to prefer to place their characters in or near their homes, while male painters often put their characters in an endless space.

Hypothesis: It can be seen that the author appreciates the preference of male painters for the open prospect of housing misunderstands this passage.


Premise: Four classmates make a promise. If both A and B choose to work for company, D chooses to work for government. Only A chooses to work for company, does C choose to work for company. The final result is that both B and D have entered the company, and the four all fulfilled the promise

Hypothesis: Neither A nor C chose to work for company and to be sure.


Premise: For me, in 50 years of spring, summer, autumn and winter, flowers bloom and fall, never give up and follow each other. When I was a teenager, I was obsessed with chasing her, and she always left me far behind; When I was young, I walked with her hand in hand, warm, bitter, and dreams echoed in each other's hearts; When we were middle-aged, we were on each side of the sky, lovesickness, love and nostalgia, which were dense in our strong memory; When I was old, I unconsciously ran ahead of Nian. Although I slowed down again and again, as soon as I looked back, Nian's shadow lay on me. I couldn't pull it down and throw it away. Since then, I no longer love Nian, love Nian and think about Nian. I began to fear Nian and even hate Nian.

Hypothesis: Nian in catching up with each other, let's race with the old area, which also verifies the process and quality of our life is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Farmer: Because water content is what makes popcorn pop, the kernels must dry at just the right speed to trap the correct amount of water. The best way to achieve this effect is to have the sun dry the corn while the corn is still in the field, but I always dry the ears on a screen in a warm, dry room.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The region in which the farmer grows popcorn experiences a long, cloudy season that begins shortly before the popcorn in fields would begin to dry' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the farmer's theory and practice.


Premise: In the bodies of reptiles, some industrial by-products cause elevated hormonal activity. Hormones govern the development of certain body parts, and in reptiles abnormal development of these parts occurs only with elevated hormonal activity. Recently, several alligators with the telltale developmental abnormalities were discovered in a swamp. So, apparently, industrial by-products have entered the swamp' s ecosystem.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider whether elevated hormonal activity can result from factors other than the presence of industrial by-products.


Premise: Enterprise strategic alliance is a long-term alliance and cooperation agreement between two or more economic entities (generally referring to enterprises, if certain departments between enterprises have reached an alliance relationship, this definition also works) in order to achieve specific strategic goals and take shared risks and shared benefits

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the cooperation agreement between three domestic mobile phone manufacturers to jointly develop high-end mobile phones belongs to enterprise strategic alliances.


Premise: Mr. Zhang put the four treasures of the study in a cabinet with four drawers, and asked the students to guess which floor the pen, ink, paper and inkstone were on. According to the order of pen, ink, paper and inkstone, Xiao Li guessed that the four treasures were installed on the first, second, third and fourth floors, Xiao Wang guessed that the four treasures were installed on the first, third, fourth and second floors, and Xiao Zhao guessed that the four treasures were installed on the fourth, third, first and second floors, Xiao Yang guessed that the four treasures were installed on the fourth, second, third and first floors in turn. Mr. Zhang said that Xiao Zhao didn't guess right, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang guessed right one, and Xiao Yang guessed right two.

Hypothesis: The third drawer is not filled with inkstone can be inferred.


Premise: For the first few weeks after birth, the dunnart has such poor control over its respiratory muscles that it cannot use them to breathe. Instead, this tiny marsupial breathes through its thin skin, which gradually thickens as the dunnart matures inside its mother' s pouch. The dunnart is unique among warm-blooded animals, the rest of which need thick skin throughout their lives to maintain body temperature and reduce water loss.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Its mother's pouch keeps a newborn dunnart warm and reduces water loss through its skin' most helps explain how newborn dunnarts manage to survive despite their thin skins.


Premise: People can see objects because they block the passage of light waves. If you want to make a ball invisible, you can cover it with a layer of metamaterial arranged in the shape of a concentric circle, which can block all light waves and does not reflect or absorb. The blocked waves meet again on the other side of the object and continue to travel in a straight line. To the observer, the object seems to become non-existent and visual invisibility is realized. in short, the metamaterial used in the invisibility cloak allows radar waves, light, or other waves to pass around the object without being bounced. in order to achieve an invisible effect. In the future, the invisibility cloak will be first used in the military field to improve the concealment and security of operations. But if anyone can achieve invisibility, it will also cause a series of social problems.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this passage is that objects block light waves so that people can see.


Premise: Consumer advocate: There is no doubt that the government is responsible for the increased cost of gasoline, because the government' s policies have significantly increased consumer demand for fuel, and as a result of increasing demand, the price of gasoline has risen steadily.

Hypothesis: The government can bear responsibility for that which it indirectly causes is an assumption required by the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: During the four hundred years of Qin and Han dynasties, politics and culture promoted each other and formed a complementary mechanism. the effect was that unity was considered reasonable and normal, while division was considered unreasonable and abnormal. This stereotype caused by Qin and Han culture has a profound impact on Chinese history in the year 2000. National unity strengthens the speed and intensity of multicultural integration, while the integrated unified culture has strong cohesion and centripetal force, which in turn increases political unity.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that there is a close relationship between politics and culture.


Premise: Only Canadian films are shown at the Lac Nichoutec Film Festival. This year, most of the films that won prizes at that festival also won prizes at international film festivals.

Hypothesis: If the above statements are true, some of the films that won prizes at international film festivals this year were Canadian films.


Premise: In judicial trials, positive misjudgment refers to the conviction of the innocent as guilty, which is the so-called wrong judgment; negative misjudgment refers to the conviction of guilt as innocence, which is the so-called wrong release. And the fundamental principle of judicial justice is that don't let a bad person go, and don't wrong a good person. A jurist believes that the current measurement of whether a court has implemented the principle of judicial justice in handling cases is sufficiently good should depend on whether its positive misjudgment rate is low enough.

Hypothesis: Most of the losses caused by wrong release are reparable; while the harm caused by the wrong judgment to the victim is irreparable can most strongly support the above-mentioned jurist's point of view.


Premise: Why did ancient Greece have a city-state system, but the eastern countries have long had absolute monarchies? Aristotle believed that absolute monarchy is often seen among barbarians, and is very close to same tyrant or tyranny. Because the temperament of the barbarian peoples is inherently more national and more servile than that of the Greeks, and the barbarians of Asia are more servile than the barbarians of Europe, so they are willing to accept dictatorship and not rebel.

Hypothesis: Aristotle's explanation is emotionally difficult for most Orientals to accept is one of the statements that can weaken Aristotle's interpretation if it is true.


Premise: Some scientists have expressed reservations about quantum theory because of its counterintuitive consequences. But despite rigorous attempts to show that quantum theory' s predictions were inaccurate, they were shown to be accurate within the generally accepted statistical margin of error. These results, which have not been equaled by quantum theory' s competitors, warrant acceptance of quantum theory.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'A scientific theory should be accepted if it has fewer counterintuitive consequences than do its competitors' most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: Principle: A government should reduce taxes on imports if doing so would financially benefit many consumers in its domestic economy. There is a notable exception, however: it should never reduce import taxes if one or more of its domestic industries would be significantly harmed by the added competition. Conclusion: The government should not reduce taxes on textile imports.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The added competition produced by any reduction of taxes on imports would significantly harm the domestic textile industry' is from which the conclusion can be properly drawn using the principle.


Premise: Chairman: if Xiao Li is promoted, Xiao Sun will not be promoted.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li and Xiao Sun can't be promoted is in line with the chairman's opinion.


Premise: Federal investigators, called in at the request of the management of Ploutos National Bank, recently apprehended a ring of seven embezzlers from among the bank' s employees. The bank management decided to call in the federal investigators when they were unable to account for millions of dollars missing in their budget for this year. All the funds those seven individuals embezzled have been returned to the bank, and that accounts for about two thirds of the total amount missing. All seven of the accused have plea-bargained to avoid trial and are now serving in prison on reduced sentences.

Hypothesis: Federal investigators have the means at their disposal to detect any large illegal transfers of money is the conclusion that can most properly be drawn from the information above.


Premise: Commercial bribery refers to the behavior of relevant personnel who can affect market transactions, such as principals, employees, partners, agents and staff of relevant government departments, in order to strive for trading opportunities, especially to obtain market advantages over competitors, by secretly paying property or other rewards and other improper means.

Hypothesis: A builder invested 1 million yuan to establish an orphanage and establish a good social image. Later, he won the bid in the project bidding of the municipal government is a commercial bribery according to the above definition.


Premise: Low carbon transportation refers to low carbon dioxide emission, low energy consumption, less pollution and environment-friendly transportation.

Hypothesis: Take a taxi does not belong to low-carbon transportation


Premise: In the face of the current complex international and domestic situation, China's future industrial development will gradually present two major grasps: one is to adapt to the changing trend of demand structure and speed up the technological transformation of traditional industries; the second is to scientifically judge the future market demand changes and technological development trends, and speed up the development of strategic emerging industries. At present, the pattern of global economic competition is undergoing profound changes, scientific and technological development is giving birth to new revolutionary breakthroughs, and the development of strategic emerging industries has become a major strategy for major countries in the world to seize the commanding heights of the new round of economic and scientific and technological development.

Hypothesis: The most likely content of this passage is that China should speed up the development of strategic emerging industries.


Premise: People cannot devote themselves to the study of natural processes unless they have leisure, and people have leisure when resources are plentiful, not when resources are scarce. Although some anthropologists claim that agriculture, the cultivation of crops, actually began under conditions of drought and hunger, the early societies that domesticated plants must first have discovered how the plants they cultivated reproduced themselves and grew to maturity. These complex discoveries were the result of the active study of natural processes.

Hypothesis: The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that early agricultural societies knew more about the natural sciences than did early nonagricultural societies.


Premise: Book collector: The demand for out-of-print books is increasing. It has been spurred by the rise of the Internet, the search capabilities of which make it much easier to locate the out-of-print books one seeks.

Hypothesis: The book collector's statements, if true, most strongly support the statement that the amount of demand for out-of-print books is affected by the ease of finding such books.


Premise: Xiao Chen was refused entry to the ancient book library by the staff because he did not have the status of a graduate student. Xiao Chen showed the pass of the rare book library of ancient books and said: According to the regulations, I can enter the ancient book library. The rule of it is that non-graduate students are not allowed to enter the ancient book library, and only those who have a pass for the pass of the rare book library of ancient books can enter the rare book library of ancient books.

Hypothesis: Xiao Chen's understanding of the rules of the ancient book library is that those who are allowed to enter the ancient book library are not necessarily allowed to enter the rare book library of ancient books.


Premise: A school of economics introduced 30 textbooks from abroad, including 12 financial textbooks, 10 non-financial English textbooks, 7 non-financial textbooks imported from the United States, and 9 non-English textbooks imported from countries outside the United States.

Hypothesis: No more than 8 non-English financial textbooks are imported from countries outside the United States can be inferred based on the above.


Premise: Company X and Company Y have each been building a rocket ship able to travel to Mars. After five years of design and construction, the rocket ships have been unveiled to the public, which instantly notices the rocket ships are so similar in design as to be indistinguishable. Ttherefore, one of the companies must have had information pertaining to the design of the other rocket ship.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is only one possible design given the current materials that confers the aerodynamic requirements to reach Mars' would most call into question the validity of the argument.


Premise: Zhang Nan is a staff member of a research institute, and his friends are all doctors or professors. Wang Xiao is a staff member of the research institute, and Zhao Lin is a middle school classmate of Zhang Nan.

Hypothesis: If the above information is true, then Zhao Lin must be a PhD or professor if she is Zhang Nan's friend.


Premise: On New Year's day in 1990, the total sales volume of social goods in China increased by 1.3% over the same period of last year. The sales volume of color TV sets increased, the clothing was basically flat, and the products such as tape recorders and refrigerators decreased in varying degrees. We should take into account the fact that the Spring Festival in 1989 was in February, while the Spring Festival and new year's day in 1990 were in January. We know that the Spring Festival is the most valued Festival by the Chinese people, It is also the peak of consumption in a year.

Hypothesis: By the end of January 1990, China's weak market situation has taken an obvious turn for the better.


Premise: A long time ago, potatoes were called ghost apples in France, and farmers were reluctant to introduce them. An agronomist came up with a way to plant potatoes on a piece of land and was guarded by an armed King's guard in military dress. At night, the guard deliberately withdrew. As a result, people came to steal potatoes and introduced them into their own fields. In this way, potato planting has been rapidly promoted in France.

Hypothesis: People tend to break rules and restrictions is the most appropriate conclusion that can be inferred.


Premise: The distinction between behavioral offenses and consequential offenses is to determine the completed and attempted crimes. Behavioral offenses refer to only performing the behavior described in the constitutive elements, without the occurrence of material harmful results to constitute an accomplished crime. It requires that the behavior of the perpetrator has a certain material harmful result before it can constitute a completed crime.

Hypothesis: Intentional homicide refers to the act of deliberately and illegally depriving others' lives is a completed crime that is a behavioral offense according to the above definition.


Premise: China's available geothermal energy reserves exceed the combined energy reserves of all fossil fuels in the country, and the technology of converting geothermal into electricity in some areas has become a reality. China's possible energy shortage in the next century will be completely solved.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Some scientists firmly believe that the problem of energy shortage can be solved by improving energy efficiency and encouraging energy conservation" can most weaken the author's above point of view.


Premise: All living organisms need to be metabolized, otherwise life will stop. Civilization is the same, if it is self-closed for a long time, it will inevitably decline. Communication and mutual learning are the essential requirements for the development of civilizations. Only by communicating and learning from other civilizations and absorbing the strengths of others, To make up for one's shortcomings, in order to maintain a vigorous life.

Hypothesis: If a civilization does not maintain its vigorous vitality, it will not absorb the strengths of others from other civilizations to make up for its own shortcomings can be derived.


Premise: S enterprise and J enterprise produce and sale the same instrument. Both the wages of employees in the S and J Enterprises account for 40% of the production instrument. S enterprises are seeking a competitive advantage over J enterprises. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, s enterprises should reduce the wages of employees.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The salary paid by S enterprises to its enterprises is on average 10% higher than that of J company' would most weaken this argument.


Premise: Philosopher: We should not disapprove of the unearthing of truths that we would rather not acknowledge or that, by their dissemination, might influence society in pernicious ways.

Hypothesis: A law enforcement officer should not act upon illegally obtained information, even though such action might, in some cases, result in a benefit to society conforms most closely to the principle stated by the philosopher.


Premise: Human society is not an one-dimensional linear development, the advantages and disadvantages between gains and losses need to be carefully weighed. At a time of the rapid development of block printing, Su Dongpo marveled at the fact that young students like to read, scramble to print classics and ancient books, and read as many as 10,000 pages every day, but do not like to learn. Isn't that the case with us today? Electronic media does bring convenience and equality to literature access, but do human beings trapped in the ocean of information absorb and inherit more knowledge than ever before, and thus produce higher wisdom?

Hypothesis: The main point of view expressed in this passage is that the advantages and disadvantages brought by the development of information technology need to be carefully weighed.


Premise: Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.

Hypothesis: According to the above intention, Mr. Zhang must have bought at least one kind of tulips and peonies.


Premise: The development of digital economy and the protection of personal information should not be an either-or choice. However, whether it is the rise and fall of traditional industries or the change of economic new business type in recent years, many lessons remind us that development and norms are very easy to take care of one at the expense of the other. Data is the food of the digital economy, and the digital economy is seen as a good opportunity for China's economy to overtake at the corner. However, the conflict between the digital economy and the protection of information data has become increasingly prominent. The absence of basic norms for the protection of personal information, weak and slow implementation of supervision, and frequent platform infringement, if many problems can not be solved as soon as possible, it is bound to drag down the digital economy itself.

Hypothesis: The contradiction between the collection of data and the protection of personal rights and interests is difficult to reconcile is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: The incidence rate of social anxiety disorder was investigated by college students who studied pickled cabbage, yogurt and other foods. It was found that eating fermented food could significantly reduce the incidence of social anxiety symptoms. The possible reason is that fermented foods contain probiotics that can promote digestion and absorption and improve intestinal environment, and promote emotional health through improving digestion function.

Hypothesis: The incidence rate of pickled cabbage consumption and social anxiety disorder among the students in the country is the highest in the world, if true, questions the above research conclusions most.


Premise: For years scientists have been scanning the skies in the hope of finding life on other planets. But in spite of the ever-increasing sophistication of the equipment they employ, some of it costing hundreds of millions of dollars, not the first shred of evidence of such life has been forthcoming. And there is no reason to think that these scientists will be anymore successful in the future, no matter how much money is invested in the search. The dream of finding extraterrestrial life is destined to remain a dream, as science' s experience up to this point should indicate.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that scientists searching for extraterrestrial life will not find it.


Premise: A, B, C and D are classmates. A said: My classmates are all league member. B said: D is not a league member. C said: Someone in my class is not a league member. D said: Neither is B league member.

Hypothesis: The one who is telling lies is A, C is not a league member of the team can be deduced to be true if only one person is known to be lying.


Premise: Scientist: Given the human tendency to explore and colonize new areas, some people believe that the galaxy will eventually be colonized by trillions of humans. If so, the vast majority of humans ever to live would be alive during this period of colonization. Since all of us are humans and we have no reason to think we are unrepresentative, the odds are overwhelming that we would be alive during this period, too. But, because we are not alive during this period, the odds are slim that such colonization will ever happen.

Hypothesis: The scientist's argument proceeds by taking for granted that dependable predictions about the future cannot ever be made simply on the basis of the present facts.


Premise: If we say that the local industrialization of agriculture means the local urbanization of rural areas, then together with the flow of farmers to the city and the realization of urbanization in the city, can we combine together to realize the overall planning of urban and rural areas? Changsha County, on the outskirts of Changsha City, Hunan Province, seems to have confessed a possible opportunity for urban and rural co-ordination in a country.

Hypothesis: The example of Changsha County shows that agricultural local industrialization is not equal to rural local urbanization is most likely to be described next in this article.


Premise: A very popular ice-cream shop recently raised the price of an ice-cream soda by $0. 20, from $1. 80 to $2. 00. Within a week of the price increase, all of the waiters-and waitresses had quit.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The waiters and waitresses received fewer tips than before because the increased price deprived customers of change that many had left as tips' would most help to explain the resignations of the waiters and waitresses.


Premise: Whether one is buying men' s or women' s clothing, it pays to consider fashion trends. A classic suit may stay in style for as long as five years, so it is worthwhile to pay more to get a well-constructed one. A trendy hat that will go out of style in a year or two should be purchased as cheaply as possible.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the reasoning above is that the amount of money one spends on a garment should be roughly proportionate to the length of time one plans to keep wearing it.


Premise: Household consumption refers to the total value of material and service products consumed directly by residents. It includes material consumption such as food and clothing in personal life, as well as all kinds of labor consumption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, cultural and educational supplies purchased by families is household consumption.


Premise: Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest' s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, <b> black bears have also played an important role in this decline </b>. In the past ten years, the forest' s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

Hypothesis: The boldface portion in the hunter's argument plays the role of an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Only a minority of those who engage in political action do so out of a sense of social justice. Ttherefore, some people who have a sense of social justice do not engage in political action.

Hypothesis: The argument that 'some of those who want to win prestigious academic prizes are not scholars' uses flawed reasoning similar to that used in the argument above.


Premise: Corruption refers to the act of a state official taking advantage of his position to solicit other people's property or illegally collecting other people's financial affairs for the benefit of others.

Hypothesis: Yang is the deputy head of a certain county and is in charge of foreign trade. Yang is naturally greedy and believes that everyone below should pay tribute to him. However, he is afraid that his hands will be dirty, so he instructs his wife to trade foreign trade within the county's jurisdiction.


Premise: According to the 2012 Global cost of living Survey released recently by Mercer, one of the world's largest human resources service agencies, Tokyo is the city with the highest cost of living in the world; Hong Kong, China ranked 9th; and Shanghai and Beijing in mainland China ranked 16th and 17th respectively. New York is the city with the highest cost of living in the United States, but ranks 33rd in the world. Mercer announced the cost of living, especially referring to the cost of living of overseas personnel stationed by government agencies and multinational companies in various cities. this is not the same thing as the usual cost of living, confusing the two different cost of living is not only not conducive to scientific comparison, but also easy to lead to emotional tendencies.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the cost of living for residents in big cities in my country is not very high.


Premise: Statistics show that people who practice Taijiquan all the year round have the same average life expectancy as those who never practice Taijiquan. Thus it can be seen that practicing Taijiquan can not strengthen the body and prolong life.

Hypothesis: There are many frail and sick people who insist on practicing Taijiquan all the year round would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: Charity is a choice based on the brilliance of humanity. The brilliance of human nature is always illuminated from the inside out, from the near to the far. Filial Piety says, those who love others rather than their relatives are called immoral. As the western proverb also goes, charity begins at home. Life can have poetry and distance, but charity should not have darkness under the lamp. Start to understand charity from the people around you, start to practice charity from the things you can do, put kindness and kindness into your daily life, and make it an expression of love, a social responsibility and a way of life. This is the meaning of charity. The most valuable value of charity, as the embodiment of one's good knowledge and ability, lies not only in the great things it has done, but also in the small things it fills around.

Hypothesis: Charity should start from the small things around us is emphasized in the above text.


Premise: Nowadays, the young and new generation of parents have generally received perfect higher education and some of them have the experience of studying and living abroad, so they have their own understanding and requirements for their children's enlightening education. Imported cartoons, no matter in narrative style or in means of expression, are closer to their aesthetic standards. At the same time, children's understanding ability is also increasing, they can observe and understand the world earlier. In fact, China is not without such animation resources, such as Journey to the West has become a classic, repeatedly adapted and popular, because its mythological system is the projection of reality. The key question is whether domestic producers have the ability to think deeply and explore reality.

Hypothesis: The author's point of view is that the depression of domestic animation stems from poor producers, according to the above passage.


Premise: Virtual expression: refers to a way of expressing imaginary rather than real occurrences.

Hypothesis: Even if this machine is repaired, it won't play a big role is not a virtual expression.


Premise: Consumer advocate: One advertisement that is deceptive, and thus morally wrong, states that gram for gram, the refined sugar used in our chocolate pies is no more fattening than the sugars found in fruits and vegetables.  This is like trying to persuade someone that chocolate pies are not fattening by saying that, calorie for calorie, they are no more fattening than celery. True, but it would take a whole shopping cart full of celery to equal a chocolate pie' s worth of calories. Advertiser: This advertisement cannot be called deceptive. It is, after all, true.

Hypothesis: A true statement should be regarded as deceptive only if the person making the statement believes it to be false, and thus intends the people reading or hearing it to acquire a false belief would do most to support the consumer advocate's position against the advertiser's response.


Premise: If all works of art evoke intense feelings, and this sculpture is a work of art, then it follows that this sculpture evokes intense feelings. But this sculpture does not evoke intense feelings at all. So either this sculpture is not a work of art, or not all works of art evoke intense feelings.

Hypothesis: The argument "If all vitamins are safe in large doses, and betacarotene is a vitamin, then it follows that beta-carotene is safe in large doses. But betacarotene is not safe in large doses. So not all vitamins are safe in large doses, or betacarotene is not a vitamin" is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: Openness of village affairs: An Act by a rural grass-roots autonomous organization to take appropriate measures to publicize information about the village's public affairs to the villagers and accept the supervision of the masses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Village committee documents called migrant workers and farmers one by one to inform them of the progress of the village kindergarten project they funded' is not an act of the openness of village affairs.


Premise: Physician: In comparing our country with two other countries of roughly the same population size, I found that even though we face the same dietary, bacterial, and stress-related causes of ulcers as they do, prescriptions for ulcer medicines in all socioeconomic strata are much rarer here than in those two countries. It' s clear that we suffer significantly fewer ulcers, per capita, than they do.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Several other countries not covered in the physician's comparisons have more prescriptions for ulcer medication than does the physician's country' most strengthens the physician's argument.


Premise: Fifty years ago, the world's population was only about half of what it is today. Mankind once hoped to organize the imminent food crisis with the so-called green revolution. The rapid increase in the use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers has achieved some results, but mankind has also paid a heavy ecological cost. Statistics show that compared with the time our parents lived, the current global food production has nearly doubled, but the price is also huge; the consumption of surface water and groundwater by agricultural production has double.

Hypothesis: Solving problems cannot be done at the expense of the ecological environment is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: Reverse urbanization refers to the phenomenon that urban residents take the initiative to flow from urban areas to suburban or rural areas due to work, life, environment and other reasons.

Hypothesis: Mr. Li, a citizen, has worked and lived in the city center for many years. Last year, he changed jobs to an enterprise in the suburbs and bought an apartment near his unit. He felt that his work and life was very convenient belongs to the reverse urbanization.


Premise: Honest cadres are cadres of good conduct, wholeheartedly for the people are strict with themselves cadres. The degeneration of some corrupt elements is the result of relaxing strict requirements on themselves. The cadre that seeks personal gain wholeheartedly is not a cadre of moral integrity, a cadre that seeks personal gain is also impossible to become a cadre of one mind for the people.Zhang Runtime is a respectable cadre.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhang Aga is not a cadre who seeks personal gain is correct.


Premise: By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of black ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Ttherefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: After a follow-up study of 9 people wearing contact lenses and 11 people who did not wear contact lenses, the researchers found that compared with those without contact lenses, the average number of bacteria on the eyeball of people wearing contact lenses increased by an average of two times. There were also differences in the composition of eyeball surface flora between the two groups. Pseudomonas, a bacterium that causes corneal ulcer, is more common in the eyes of people with contact lenses. It can be seen that changing the flora in the eyes with contact lenses is more likely to lead to eye infection

Hypothesis: Since the emergence of soft contact lenses, the prevalence of corneal ulcer has increased significantly best supports the above argument.


Premise: Essayist: Human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality. Yet aging and death are normal and inevitable, indeed even desirable. Just imagine the ethical, social, and economic consequences that would result if it ever became possible to prevent them.

Hypothesis: The claim that human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality is one of the conclusions of the argument, though it is not the main conclusion.


Premise: At present, there are 3 kinds of GM rice waiting for commercial planting approval, each involving at least 12 foreign patents; 5 kinds of GM rice are in the process of research and development, each involving 10 foreign patents. Some experts believe that rice is the main food crop in China, and if GM rice is allowed to be planted commercially, the state's control over the main food crops may be threatened.

Hypothesis: The statement 'GM rice has the advantage of resistance to specific pests, but there are few of these pests in rice in China' would most strongly support the expert's view.


Premise: For most people, the impression of the Great Wall is magnificent and winding, such as Badaling, Juyongguan, Shanhaiguan, Mutianyu and other scenic spots. However, they account for less than the whole great wall, and most of the rest are submerged in the wilderness, so the protection situation is worrying.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Great Wall in the scenic area is more vulnerable to damage by tourists and can not be repaired in time' supports the above conclusion best.


Premise: 1.The popularization of computers 2.The computer management society 3.The decline of ethical concepts of computer technicians 4.The leaks of computer management information 5.The increase of computer professionals 6.Informatization of the overall business management of the enterprise

Hypothesis: The most likely outcome based on comprehensive analysis of various facts is an increase in computer allergies.


Premise: Material evidence refers to material traces and objects that can prove the true circumstances of a case.  Physical evidence is characterized by its appearance, quality, characteristics and location, reflecting some facts of the case, which can be used to prove the truth of the case.

Hypothesis: There was a traffic accident on the expressway, the scene photo taken by the traffic police when surveying the scene belongs to material evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: There are 40-500 milligrams of theobromine per 100 grams of chocolate. Theobromine stimulates smooth muscle and accelerates nerve conduction. But unlike caffeine, theobromine has almost no effect on the central nervous system. Every 100 grams of chocolate contains 70 milligrams of caffeine. The role of caffeine is to increase alertness, promote supernormal performance, improve observation, resist fatigue and improve the efficiency of mental activity. Chocolate also contains amphetamine. It also has a refreshing effect and can stimulate the secretion of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is that chocolate has the effect of promoting nerve excitement.


Premise: In a trial, the judges voted for all the contestants,

Hypothesis: All the contestants got at least one pass ticket can be deduced from this.


Premise: Film historians have made two major criticisms of Depression-era filmmakers: first, that they were too uncritical of the economic status quo; and second, that they self-indulgently created films reflecting their own dreams and desires. However, these filmmakers made their movies with an eye to profit, and so they provided what their audiences most wanted in a film: a chance to imagine being wealthy enough not to have a care in the world. Thus, the second criticism cannot be accurate.

Hypothesis: It cannot be self-indulgent for a filmmaker to give an audience what it most wants is the assumption of the argument.


Premise: Relevant studies have shown that mobile phones are more harmful than computers. Because of the small screen of it, people are more focused when playing mobile phones, so it hurts the eyes even more. When using computers, people's limbs can move, but people who addicted to playing with mobile phones often have little activity, which is more detrimental to their physical and mental health.

Hypothesis: People who use computers for a long time are prone to computer diseases such as mouse hands and cervical spondylosis weakens the above view most.


Premise: Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being wise does not mean that he is wise, and being wise does not mean that he is wise. Some of the people I've met are intelligent and some are wise, but no one has both qualities at the same time.

Hypothesis: No one is both intelligent and wise cannot be true if the essayist's statement is valid.


Premise: Dai Wei has hardly suffered from stomach trouble after eating milk-made food. Just because he occasionally had stomach pain after eating the milk-made food, it was concluded that his allergy to milk-made food was unreasonable.

Hypothesis: Dogs and cats are sometimes restless before the earthquake, so there is no reason to conclude that dogs and cats have the ability to sense earthquakes in advance, because in most cases, there is no earthquake after the restlessness of dogs and cats is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: The key exhibition hall of the museum basically has no divided space, which ensures the smooth and spacious exhibition hall as far as possible. And put the obvious specimens in the most eye-catching position in this exhibition hall, which allows the audience to see the most wonderful display as soon as they enter the exhibition area. In every big space. Appropriate use of the wrong layer of the way to open up an interactive area. Special introduction of relevant scientific knowledge, at the same time, this wrong layer is also a good watch viewing point of view.

Hypothesis: A characteristic of museum exhibits is the combination of space and interaction according to the article.


Premise: Keeler wanted the institute to receive bad publicity. He and Greene were the only ones in a position to tell the press about the institute' s potentially embarrassing affiliations, but Greene had no reason to do so. Ttherefore, it must have been Keeler who notified the press.

Hypothesis: Carter and Whitequill were the only ones who had any motive to bribe the public official. But Whitequill would have been too fearful that the bribery might somehow be made public. Carter, ttherefore, must be the person who bribed the public official is the argument that is most closely


Premise: Gamification management: refers to the management behavior of using scoring, ranking, competition and other elements in the game in a scene that is not a game. Its use in the work environment can often increase the emotional investment of employees, thereby improving efficiency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A translation software company mobilizing office staff to participate in finding faults to find language translation errors is a game management behavior.


Premise: If unit A does not break the rules, then unit B will not be praised. Unit B gets praise, or unit B's staff sun does not get praise. If the audit is no problem, Unit A did not break the rules.

Hypothesis: If the above conditions are true, the statement that Unit B's staff Sun did not get praise can lead to the conclusion that there is a problem with the audit.


Premise: A middle school has tried out the evaluation system of students' behavior since 2010. Recently, the student affairs office of the school investigated students' satisfaction with the evaluation system. The data show that the students with high scores have high satisfaction with the evaluation system. As a result, the student affairs office has come to the conclusion that all the students with good performance are satisfied with the evaluation system.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the conclusion of the student affairs office of the school is based on is that the students with high scores were inspired by the evaluation system and consciously improved their behavior.


Premise: Fair use refers to the non-commercial use of published works by others under the circumstances expressly stipulated by the law, without the permission of the copyright owner and without payment to them. The circumstances expressly stipulated by the law mainly include: (1) Personal study, research or appreciation, using the published works of others; (2) Free performance of published works; (3) Copying, painting, photography, and video recording of art works installed or displayed in outdoor public places; (4) Translate published works created in Chinese language into minority languages for publication and distribution.

Hypothesis: Ding Wei wrote the paper and copied Geng's papers published in a certain journal for reference is fair use according to the above regulations.


Premise: It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. In fact, however, simply talking to other people--that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills--suffices. Evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills.

Hypothesis: Many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited.


Premise: Scientific exploration is not held up because of a failure or an imperfect link. For example, in order to make scientific use of space, there are no accidents in the process of exploration, but this does not stop human beings from continuing to explore space. The same is true of the use of nuclear energy. Nuclear power plant explosions in history have caused many people in the world to look abrupt when they talk about nuclear power and have a bias against the future peaceful use of nuclear energy. But in fact, the peaceful use of nuclear energy is an important milestone in human progress.

Hypothesis: The option that is mainly introduced in the above words is that human beings should be cautious in the use and development of nuclear energy.


Premise: A good writer, like a famous tea, is the cohesion of the aura of years, mountains and rivers. In addition to acquired skill training, talent and growth environment are inseparable. The backbone of Chinese contemporary literary world, such as Mo Yan, Jia Pingwa, Alai, Chi Zijian and so on, clearly reflects the profound shaping of his writing by the regional environment. Most of these writers were born in remote villages, and their works are mainly local themes, and many of them take their hometown as a literary base. This reflects a phenomenon of contemporary Chinese literature, that is, works with local themes account for the vast majority. Even if most of the writing and reading groups live in the city, the intersection between them is still rural: writers who live in the city, write novels about the country, and read to readers who live in the city but have local memories.

Hypothesis: The changing trend of narrative theme in contemporary Chinese literature is most likely to be described next.


Premise: According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night' s sleep immediately lifted their depression. Yet sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects.

Hypothesis: The fact that sleep-deprivation is not used as a treatment for depression is best explained by the fact that, for a small percentage of depressed patients, missing a night's sleep induces a temporary sense of euphoria.