Premise: In response to several bacterial infections traced to its apple juice, McElligott now flash pasteurizes its apple juice by quickly heating and immediately rechilling it. Intensive pasteurization, in which juice is heated for an hour, eliminates bacteria more effectively than does any other method, but is likely to destroy the original flavor. However, because McElligott' s citrus juices have not been linked to any bacterial infections, they remain unpasteurized.

Hypothesis: The statement "McElligott's apple juice is less likely to contain infectious bacteria than are McElligott's citrus juices" provides the most support for the information given above.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: Five kinds of arrangements are available if R is arranged in the fifth week and O in the second week.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: H or G, or both will definitely take part in the competition.


Premise: Shortly after Isaac Newton circulated some of his theories of light in 1672, his colleague Robert Hooke claimed that most of those theories were based on Hooke' s own work. A modern reader might interpret Newton' s famous comment, if I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants,  as a conciliatory gesture acknowledging indebtedness to Hooke and other contemporary scientists for some of his theories. Conciliatory gestures acknowledging indebtedness were uncharacteristic of Newton, however, and in his day such allusions to giants typically referred to the ancient Greeks, not to contemporary scientists.

Hypothesis: Newton did not intend the quoted comment to be an acknowledgment that his theories of light were largely derived from Hooke's is the statement that is most strongly supported by the statements in the passage.


Premise: Pandas are rapidly disappearing from the wild. Ttherefore, in order to preserve the species, existing pandas should be captured and placed in zoos around the world.

Hypothesis: Sufficient quantities of bamboo, the panda's only food, cannot be made available outside the panda's native habitat most seriously weakens the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: The world is undergoing major development, transformation and adjustment. Peace and development remain the call of our times. The world is moving towards multi-polarity, economic globalization, it application, and cultural diversity. The transformation of the global governance system and the international order is accelerating. Countries are increasingly interconnected and interdependent. At the same time, the world faces growing instability and uncertainty. The world economy lacks momentum for growth, the gap between rich and poor is growing, regional hotspot issues keep flaring up, and non-traditional security threats such as terrorism, cyber security, major infectious diseases and climate change continue to spread. Mankind faces many common challenges.

Hypothesis: The passage follows the topic of why we think that the world is in an era of development and radical change.


Premise: Flaubert, a French writer, once said: science and art break up at the foot of the mountain and converge at the peak.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the meaning of the above sentence is that science and art use different languages, but the content is the same.


Premise: Skilled technique or enough time (more than one month) is regarded as necessary conditions to complete a handicraft. Xiao Zhou only took 25 days to complete a handicraft, which shows that Xiao Zhou has mastered skill.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Xiao Zhao's salary is not high, but his monthly financial condition is relatively good, indicating that Xiao Zhao is good at financial management' resembles the most to the above.


Premise: In the eyes of ordinary people, literature can transcend time and space and spread for thousands of years. For a certain science, it is difficult to be popular for a long time due to its time limitations. Tang poetry and Song Ci are still widely spread by people, and how many Chinese people remember the important achievements of the development of science and technology in the Tang and Song Dynasties? Of course, in ancient China, including modern times, science and technology were far from developed, and science seemed far away from popularity. But even in the West where science was developed, the popularity of science could not be compared with literature and art. Although the European Renaissance was not only a cultural revolution, but also a scientific revolution, accompanied by the birth of a large number of scientific achievements, But not many people know it. To make science popular requires a tolerant social environment and more talents.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, science and literature can be equally popular.


Premise: Remote sensing geophysical prospecting refers to the method of detecting electromagnetic wave information radiated (or reflected) by ground objects with various sensors at a considerable distance to find out various geological or geological conditions.

Hypothesis: The scout uses mine detection devices to find mines buried in the ground belongs to remote sensing geophysical prospecting according to the above definition.


Premise: One feature of the global food economy is the simultaneous import and export of the same items, a phenomenon known as redundant trade.  In California, for example, domestic cherries are exported to Canada and Japan, while a nearly equivalent number of cherries are imported from Chile, Italy, and Germany. California also exports and imports nearly identical amounts of lettuce and almonds. Although shipping fresh fruits and vegetables is an expensive undertaking, there is a justifiable economic rationale for redundant trade.

Hypothesis: Undertaking free trade with one's political allies helps to maintain international goodwill most strongly supports the conclusion above.


Premise: During the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases disappeared in heavily polluted British industrial cities: black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore. Biologists believe that air pollution may have eliminated these two diseases.

Hypothesis: Black spot disease and tar spot disease recur when urban air pollution is reduced will most strongly support the above argument.


Premise: A lottery sales station has been selling an anonymous, unreported scratch-and-read lottery ticket in the past six months. The lottery ticket has 2 hidden two-digit numbers on the left and 6 hidden two-digit numbers on the right. Customers can scratch the lottery ticket after purchase. If a certain number scratched on the right is the same as a certain number on the left, the smaller number _____ scratched under the right number is the winning amount. According to the information provided by the Welfare Lottery Center: The possible winning amounts for this kind of lottery are: 60 yuan, 800 yuan, 6000 yuan, 8000 yuan, 60,000 yuan, 100,000 yuan, and each lottery ticket has at most one winning number. Zhang San bought a lottery ticket at a Welfare Lottery sales station after get off work. After scratching it off, he found that the number on the right was 15, which was the same as the number scratched out on the left. Looking at the number in the small font below it was 8,000 yuan. He was extremely happy. Li Si, who sells lottery tickets, immediately gave him 8,000 yuan, and Zhang San happily went to the restaurant to have a big meal with his friends. After the conflict broke out, the two started a lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The least likely statement to happen is Li Si thinks Zhang San really won the lottery.


Premise: weeds originally means useless or unbeautiful herbs, while the so-called useful and beautiful actually depend on people's perspective. The word weed is a convenient label with a strong subjective color, so it is not a scientific classification term.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All words with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms' is the hypothesis that makes the above conclusion valid.


Premise: John: You told me once that no United States citizen who supports union labor should buy an imported car. Yet you are buying an Alma. Since Alma is one of the biggest makers of imports, I infer that you no longer support unions. Harry: I still support labor unions. Even though Alma is a foreign car company, the car I am buying, the Alma Deluxe, is designed, engineered, and manufactured in the United States.

Hypothesis: Harry's method of defending his purchase of an Alma is to point out that one of the statements John makes in support of his argument is false.


Premise: The cities of Oldtown and Spoonville are the same in area and size of population. Since certain health problems that are caused by crowded living conditions are widespread in Oldtown, such problems must be as widespread in Spoonville.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to indicate whether average life expectancy is lowered as a result of living in crowded conditions.


Premise: Problems caused by the leaching of pollutants from dumps and landfills are worst in countries with an annual per capita economic output of $4, 000 to $5, 000, and less severe for considerably poorer and considerably richer countries. This is so because pollution problems increase during the early stages of a country' s industrial development but then diminish as increasing industrial development generates adequate resources to tackle such problems. Ttherefore, problems caused by such leaching in Country X, where the annual per capita economic output is now $5, 000, should begin to diminish in the next few years.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that within the next few years, Country X will impose a system of fines for illegal waste disposal by its industrial companies.


Premise: In recent years, hot social events have frequently occupied our line of sight, from the incident of tainted milk powder to the incident of dyed steamed bread, which has undoubtedly brought huge psychological burden and mental confusion to the general public. The salt grab incident that once caused a sensation throughout the country is even more an impact on the normal social order. Obviously, these hot social events have a destructive or even devastating impact on people's social life. But the most serious impact is the continuous spread of negative effects caused by these social hot events, which leads to public confusion and unease.

Hypothesis: The author's intention, according to this passage, is to highlight the negative effects of criticizing hot social events on the public.


Hypothesis: The statements in the passage, if true, most strongly support the idea that Newton intended to credit some contemporary scientists other than Hooke for some of the advances that Newton made in the theory of light.


Premise: If a city wants to develop the exhibition industry well, it needs to build a nest to attract the phoenix, which first has the foundation of software and hardware, and then attracts exhibition activities. Having complete exhibition facilities and ideal traffic conditions only shows that a city has the hardware foundation for the development of convention and exhibition industry. in order to attract a sufficient number of high-quality exhibition activities, it is also necessary to improve the level of public services and build a good business environment, so as to strengthen the construction of soft power.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, City B having made great efforts to improve the level of public service and attracting a sufficient number of high-quality exhibition activities is not possible.


Premise: A common non-stick coating for non-stick pans is Teflon coating. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate is a processing aid used in a very small amount in the production. Data suggest that high doses of ammonium perfluorooctanoate may lead to elevated cholesterol levels, thyroid disease, and infertility. Teflon has very stable physical and chemical properties at normal temperature and normal conditions. Cookware with Teflon non-stick coating will not change in the temperature range from normal temperature to 260 °C, but when the temperature exceeds 260 °C, the coating will not change. The layer gradually transitions to an unstable state, and decomposition occurs when the temperature exceeds 350 °C. During normal cooking, the boiling point of water is 100°C, and stir-frying with a higher temperature is usually only about 200°C. Even if frying is used, the oil temperature will not exceed 250°C. However, if you like to dry the pot and add oil after cooking, the temperature in the pot will easily exceed 260°C.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Nonstick coating breaks down while cooking can lead to higher cholesterol levels' cannot be launched.


Premise: Police commissioner: Last year our city experienced a 15 percent decrease in the rate of violent crime. At the beginning of that year a new mandatory sentencing law was enacted, which requires that all violent criminals serve time in prison. Since no other major policy changes were made last year, the drop in the crime rate must have been due to the new mandatory sentencing law.

Hypothesis: The statement 'At the beginning of last year, the police department's definition of violent crime was broadened to include 2 crimes not previously classified as violent' most seriously weakens the police commissioner's argument.


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must establish a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform can be deduced from the above.


Premise: New technology is a great changer. However, will the speed of life and death of new technology connive at the superficiality of WYSIWYG and bring about the phenomenon of both flowers and wild? Some people have been saddened by the thinning of cultural air and think that China is entering a cultural mini-era. Libraries are getting better and better, but there are fewer and fewer good books and readers; physical bookstores and newsstands are withering and cities are losing their cultural lungs. No wonder some people cry to save reading from computers and mobile phones. It is even said that only by unplugging the Internet cable and turning off the mobile phone can we return to the real cultural life.

Hypothesis: The development of new technology is the direct cause of the mini era of Chinese culture is correct.


Premise: It is generally believed that the eruption of the Toba volcano more than 70,000 years ago caused the cooling of the global climate and the deterioration of the environment, and eventually led to the extinction of human beings outside tropical Africa. A recent genetic study of living populations suggests that between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago, there was a process in which Africans replaced populations in other regions, and the complete substitution hypothesis holds true about the origin of modern humans. That is, Africans are the direct ancestors of people in other regions.

Hypothesis: The statement "From 100000 to 40, 000 years ago, the chain of human evolution in East Asia has never been interrupted" would most question the above researchers' arguments.


Premise: Legal and moral paradoxes: many people think that ethical behavior is not illegal, but in reality, some acts that conform to general moral principles are prohibited by law.

Hypothesis: In order to solve the difficulty of schooling for children of migrant workers, B established a low-fee elementary school. He was accused of illegally running the school and had to close it. As a result, many children dropped out of school again does not belong to the phenomenon of Legal and moral paradoxes.


Premise: David: Forbidding companies from hiring permanent replacements for striking employees would be profoundly unfair. Such companies would have little leverage in their negotiations with strikers. Lin: No, the companies would still have sufficient leverage in negotiations if they hired temporary replacements.

Hypothesis: The statement "David and Lin disagree over how much leverage should be accorded companies in their negotiations with strikers" is most strongly supported by the exchange between David and Lin.


Premise: The researchers used X-rays to take images of rhesus monkeys making various sounds as they ate, yawned and yelled at each other. The results show that macaques can easily make many different sounds, including the five most basic vowels in the English alphabet. The researchers speculate that rhesus monkeys cannot speak thousands of words and complete sentences because their brains are different from those of humans.

Hypothesis: The rich language expression ability of human beings mainly comes from the unique highly developed language functional areas of the brain best supports the above researchers' conjecture.


Premise: Professor Zhang pointed out that during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination was divided into four levels, namely, the college examination, the township examination, the imperial examination and the palace examination. Hospital test held in the county, the examination of the said members; Township test held every three years in the provinces and cities, students are eligible to participate in the examination, known as juren, the first name of Jieyuan; The test was held in the second year after the test in the capital of the ministry of Rites. Those who won the test were called gongshi, the first name of gongshi was Huiyuan; The temple examination was held in the year of the examination, presided over by the emperor, gongshi to be eligible to participate in, admission points three jia, a three, two, three a a number of each, collectively referred to as Jinshi, a first name Zhuangyuan.

Hypothesis: In the Huiyuan, never in all present is impossible according to professor Zhang's statement.


Premise: The number of human genes is almost the same as that of mammals such as cats and dogs, and very close to that of mice. What is even more exasperating is that rice has twice as many genes as humans.

Hypothesis: The point of view you want to express in this paragraph is that the number of genes in mammals is about the same.


Premise: Due to gene mutation, cells proliferate and differentiate uncontrollably, and eventually develop into malignant tumors. There are many abnormal proteins encoded by mutant genes on the surface of cancer cells. It is reasonable to say that these abnormal proteins should be recognized by the body's immune system in time, and trigger an immune response to remove cancer cells at one stroke. However, due to the rapid development of tumor cells, they are very good at camouflage, Moreover, it is constantly mutated. In the face of fierce and resourceful tumor cells, the originally powerful immune cells seem to be unable and even turn a blind eye to some tumor cells. The immunosuppression formed in the tumor microenvironment makes the immune system paralyzed.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, the study that involves researchers sequencing the DNA of tumor cells and healthy cells of each patient to identify tumor specific mutations and identify related abnormal proteins may contribute to the development of effective antitumor drugs.


Premise: In the United States, 45% of the blood donated by blood donors is type O blood, which is essential in an emergency because there is no time to test the blood type of the recipient in an emergency. Type O blood is available for anyone to use. The uniqueness of type O blood is that it is consistent with all types of blood, so people of all blood types can accept it, but because of its characteristics, type O blood is in short supply.

Hypothesis: Blood donors with blood type O are becoming more and more popular is correct.


Premise: At present, our country is in the critical stage of industrial structure adjustment. In the current world economic crisis, the sustainability of our existing foreign trade-oriented economic model is getting smaller and smaller. Agriculture is the safe haven of the economic crisis. Only by strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and improving the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and the competitiveness of the grain market, can we comprehensively increase the income of farmers, promote the great development of the rural economy and the great upgrading of the broad rural market demand, and expand domestic demand in an all-round way,promote the smooth transformation of China's export-oriented economy to inward-oriented economy.

Hypothesis: The policy of strengthening farmers and benefiting farmers is an inevitable requirement for the transformation of our country's current economic development mode is the most accurate summary of the main point of this passage.


Premise: Deviant innovation means that while encouraging employees to innovate, organizations set up corresponding rules and regulations to restrict their innovative ideas and behaviors in order to prevent excessive autonomy from deviating from the track of organizational development. After their innovative solutions are rejected, some employees still believe that their innovative solutions will eventually bring benefits to the organization, and continue to covertly carry out the practice of innovation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, clothing designer Xiao Wang designed a series of new accessories for the company, which was denied because it was inconsistent with the orientation of the company's development, and he continued to improve quietly is deviant innovation.


Premise: Materialist dialectics tells us that we must look at the problem in a comprehensive way, not with partial generalizations; we must look at the problem in a connected manner to prevent isolated views; we must look at the problem in a developmental way, not at the problem statically.

Hypothesis: Not only to see the thing itself, but also to see its connection with the surrounding things is incorrect.


Premise: Jianghai District of a certain city decided to renew the appearance of four roads in Dongfeng Road, Xihe Road, Nantang Road and Beihai Road. In order to understand the opinions of the masses and formulate a new plan in line with public opinion, four comrades A, B, C and D from the relevant departments of the district government work together to carry out research. It is known that each person chooses two roads and there are exactly two people who choose each road: in the survey of each road, B and C are never in the same group. In addition, we also know: (1) if A chooses Dongfeng Road, D also chooses Dongfeng Road; (2) if C chooses Nantang Road, D also chooses Nantang Road; (3) A does not choose Nantang Road.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, A choose Xihe Road and Beihai Road can be inferred.


Premise: Climax means that according to the logical relationship of things, using sentences with similar structure, the meaning is arranged according to different degrees, such as size, number, height, weight, distance and so on, to express the reason that the level is progressive.

Hypothesis: The statement "The first is politeness, the second is righteousness, the third is honesty, and the fourth is shame. If you are polite, you will not deviate; if you are righteous, you will not rush forward; if you are honest, you will not hide your mistakes; if you are ashamed, you will not follow evil thoughts. Therefore, if people do not deviate, the position of the rulers will be secure; if they do not rush forward, the people will not be cunning and fraudulent; if they do not hide their mistakes, their conduct will naturally be correct; if they do not follow the bad guys, evil things will not happen" does not use the Climax.


Premise: Host: some netizens call you a Sinology wizard, and some netizens call you a Sinology master. Which name do you think is more suitable for you?

Hypothesis: Improper questions in the above questions also exist in various, except for 'Do you think the 911 terrorist attack is inevitable, or do you think it is possible to avoid it?'


Premise: One group of researchers reported that compared with people with a heart rate of less than 58 beats per minute, people with a heart rate of more than 78 beats per minute were 39% more likely to have a heart attack or other cardiovascular problems, and a 77% higher risk of dying from the disease. the overall mortality rate is 65% higher. The researchers point out that long-term rapid heartbeats lead to cardiovascular disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Various cardiovascular diseases affect the blood circulation function of the body, causing the heart to beat too fast' would best question the researcher's point of view.


Premise: Reverse urbanization refers to the phenomenon that urban residents take the initiative to flow from urban areas to suburban or rural areas due to work, life, environment and other reasons.

Hypothesis: Mr. Li, a citizen, has worked and lived in the city center for many years. Last year, he changed jobs to an enterprise in the suburbs and bought an apartment near his unit. He felt that his work and life was very convenient belongs to the reverse urbanization.


Premise: Social values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is a kind of altruism and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.

Hypothesis: The value 'Views of society' does not belong to social values.


Premise: The issue of food security has become a focus of our government and society. From the international background, affected by the American subprime crisis, asset prices represented by stocks and real estate are falling rapidly all over the world. Because of the decline in the stock and real estate markets, a huge amount of hot money around the world has shifted the focus of speculation to oil and food, leading to rising prices of oil and food, two commodities that affect human clothing, food, housing and transportation. From a domestic point of view, after this year's bumper summer grain harvest, grain prices continue to hover at low prices, widening the price gap with the international market. At the same time, the prices of vegetables, pork and many materials are rising, but grain prices have not risen significantly. Once China's existing grain price system is lost, it will directly affect the normal operation of our economy and social stability.

Hypothesis: Substantially raising domestic grain prices and narrowing the price gap at home and abroad are important strategies for China to deal with the global food crisis is not in line with the idea of this text.


Premise: All living organisms need metabolism, otherwise life will stop. The same is true of civilization, if it is closed to itself for a long time, it is bound to decline. Exchange and mutual learning is the essential requirement of the development of civilization. Only by communicating with other civilizations and learning from each other's strong points to make up for their weaknesses can we maintain exuberant vitality.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that if a civilization does not maintain its exuberant vitality, it will not learn from other civilizations.


Premise: Under normal circumstances, the left anterior temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex of human brain will inhibit the neural activities of the visual system located at the back of the brain and responsible for processing eye signals. However, in patients with FTD (frontotemporal dementia), these two regions may not be able to send inhibitory signals. In this way, the brain can behave in some pathological abnormal behaviors. But it will also release the patient's artistic sensitivity or other creativity. It can be said that FTD is a window to the palace of art.

Hypothesis: The statement "The artistic talent acquired by FTD patients can only be the result of family inheritance" most questions the above conclusion.


Hypothesis: The grain price difference and its expansion in domestic and foreign markets is a potential factor affecting China's food security is not in line with the idea of this text.


Premise: Ability trap means that people always like to do things that are good at and can bring self-confidence and satisfaction, which leads to the strengthening of a single ability and the weakening of other abilities, which makes it difficult to adapt to the new requirements of social changes.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang has been repairing his bike for many years and has a good life. In the past two years, fewer and fewer people have come to repair bicycles, and their income is not as good as before. He has failed to learn how to repair motorcycles several times, and now he can only repair tires for electric cars belongs to the ability trap.


Premise: Supervisor: Our next budget proposal will probably be approved, because normally about half of all budget proposals that the vice president considers are approved, and our last five budget proposals have all been turned down.

Hypothesis: The supervisor's reasoning is flawed because it presumes, without giving warrant, that the last five budget proposals' having been turned down guarantees that the next five budget proposals will be approved.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: L and H are the most unlikely singer for Y to accompany.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: If X is not assigned as an engineer, then F and Y may be assigned as engineers.


Premise: The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely predicted to result in a corresponding decline in television viewing. Recent studies have found that, in the United States, people who own computers watch, on average, significantly less television than people who do not own computers. In itself, however, this finding does very little to show that computer use tends to reduce television viewing time, since __.

Hypothesis: Computer owners in the United States predominantly belong to demographic groups that have long been known to spend less time watching television than the population as a whole does, which most logically completes the argument.


Premise: A working group plans to conduct field research and initially determine that only one region in eastern, western or northern Guangdong will be selected. In this regard, three people in the working group A, B, C put forward the following opinions: A: eastern Guangdong is more representative in this survey and should go to eastern Guangdong. B: I have already been to northern Guangdong in the last round of research, so we should choose other regions this time. C: I think it is more appropriate to choose western or northern Guangdong to conduct field research.

Hypothesis: The working group adopted opinion of C must be correct.


Premise: Accident: refers to an accident caused by accidental factors due to the intentional or negligent act of the parties.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ming bumped his classmates while playing during recess belongs to accident according to the above definition.


Premise: Don't try to be quick for a walk, but also have fun and enjoy it. There are geese flying across the sky, flowers around, bees and butterflies lightly, regardless of the fast pace such as flying, go forward bravely? Bowing your head and leaning up is all fun, so you mustn't be dismissive. You don't have to stipulate how far you go for a walk, and don't stop until you reach the target; don't give people the impression that you are climbing over mountains to occupy the highlands, or you are not sick, fast or slow, or careless.

Hypothesis: The main feature of this text describing walking is that the most important thing in walking is to show the true nature of freedom.


Premise: The Breton Symphony Orchestra board of directors and the musicians' union are currently in contract negotiations. The musicians' union is considering proposing a new contract that would demand the following: a 10% increase in musician salaries, the creation of a new financial bonus system for musicians who have been with the orchestra for at least six years, and a limit on the number of rehearsals per week.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'What percentage of the orchestra's revenue is generated from ticket sales' is LEAST important in helping the union to determine whether the board will be inclined to accept the new contract proposal.


Premise: The more we are in a flashy place, the more we hope to encounter a spiritual habitat. Although we live in a commercial society, the bookstore is still a place of comfort for the soul. From cities to shopping malls, if there is a bookstore with strong cultural flavor, it will certainly make people feel a different atmosphere. Bookstores are stationed in shopping malls, which can not only bring passenger flow to shopping malls, but also improve the taste of shopping malls. With a similar cultural mall model that combines reading, leisure and other cultural products, a special cultural chain can be built within the shopping mall.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, the city makes people feel different because it has a bookstore with strong cultural flavor.


Premise: It has been proposed to solve the energy crisis on earth by exploiting helium-3 on the moon. Helium-3 can be used as fuel in fusion reactors. This proposal is absurd. Even if man can mine helium-3 on the moon, it will be at least 50 years later to build the fusion reactor. It will be too late to solve the energy crisis facing the earth today.

Hypothesis: The best summary of the meaning of the stem is that if the energy crisis facing the earth today cannot be solved within 50 years, it will be too late.


Premise: Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President' s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President' s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.

Hypothesis: The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects in districts controlled by the President's party is an assumption on which the press secretary's argument depends.


Premise: The important parts of any university professor' s job include not only classroom teaching but also research, publication, and lectures to colleagues and the public. This is why university professors who are good classroom teachers but have not engaged in any other scholarly activities are usually denied tenure.

Hypothesis: Some university professors have been denied tenure even though they have done an important part of their jobs well is the statement that most strongly supports the information above.


Premise: Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent and it can only be the product of culture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The vast majority of the inhabitants of primitive tribes can only represent a number of less than 5 or less' can best support the views of opponents.


Premise: Law refers to the inevitable connection between things. This connection keeps recurring and often works under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: The Earth goes around the sun is not a law.


Premise: American researchers have preliminarily confirmed that broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables are rich in compounds called cyanogen isosulfate(ITC), which can preferentially kill the mutant P53 gene and leave the P53 gene. The protein composed of P53 genes can help prevent the growth of cancer cells, but once the P53 gene is mutated, there will not be protection. And the mutated P53 gene is related to almost half of human cancers.

Hypothesis: The reason why broccoli can prevent cancer is that broccoli can prevent the normal P53 gene from mutating.


Premise: The essence of strategic game lies in the interdependence of participants' decisions, which is reflected in two ways: the first way is sequential, and the participants take turns; The second way is to take place at the same time, and the participants make moves at the same time. However, everyone must understand that there are other active participants in the game. Everyone should put himself in the position of others to evaluate the results of his action.

Hypothesis: In the process of game, participants influence and restrict each other is consistent with this paragraph.


Premise: Skilled technique or enough time (more than one month) is regarded as necessary conditions to complete a handicraft. Xiao Zhou only took 25 days to complete a handicraft, which shows that Xiao Zhou has mastered skill.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Xiao Zhao's salary is not high, but his monthly financial condition is relatively good, indicating that Xiao Zhao is good at financial management' resembles the most to the above.


Premise: Ethicist: People who avoid alcoholic beverages simply because they regard them as a luxury beyond their financial means should not be praised for their abstinence. Similarly, those who avoid alcohol simply because they lack the desire to partake should not be praised, unless this disinclination has somehow resulted from an arduous process of disciplining oneself to refrain from acting indiscriminately on one' s desires.

Hypothesis: A person should be blamed for an action only if that action was not motivated by a desire to be virtuous or if the person did not have to overcome any obstacles in order to perform that action is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the ethicist's claims.


Premise: According to the current laws and regulations, all workers who have formed a labor relationship with the employer, whether they sign a labor contract or have a de facto labor relationship, whether they are the original so-called internal employees or the so-called informal personnel. For example, migrant workers and temporary workers are all regular employees of the company, what is different is into the unit sooner or later different or the length of the employment contract is different.

Hypothesis: There is no difference between workers in their relationship with the company.


Premise: According to sources who can be expected to know, Dr. Maria Esposito is going to run in the mayoral election. But if Dr. Esposito runs, Jerome Krasman will certainly not run against her. Ttherefore Dr. Esposito will be the only candidate in the election.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which the press release says that the rock group Rollercoaster is playing a concert on Saturday, it won't be playing on Friday if it plays on Saturday, so Saturday will be the only day this week on which Rollercoaster will perform.


Premise: It would not be surprising to discover that the trade routes between China and the West were opened many centuries, even millennia, earlier than 200 B. C. , contrary to what is currently believed. After all, what made the Great Silk Road so attractive as a trade route linking China and the West -- level terrain, easily traversable mountain passes, and desert oases -- would also have made it an attractive route for the original emigrants to China from Africa and the Middle East, and this early migration began at least one million years ago.

Hypothesis: It is offered as evidence against the claim that trade routes between China and Africa preceded those eventually established between China and the Middle East that a migration from Africa and the Middle East to China occurred at least one million years ago figures in the above reasoning.


Premise: The development of modern agriculture cannot be separated from the two basic requirements of ecological safety and product safety. Therefore, the prevention and control of agricultural pollution should be one of the important tasks of modern agricultural development. Unlike industrial pollution and urban pollution, pollution involves a wide range and strong concealment. The assessment is difficult, and it is not suitable to establish a punishment mechanism. At the same time, due to the relatively low income level of farmers, it is impossible to carry out pollution charges. This compensation mechanism is essentially the cost of ecological construction and protection (including giving up Loss of development opportunities) to compensate.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this text is that the prevention and control of agricultural pollution should establish an incentive and compensation concept.


Premise: On the first day of the course, a philosophy professor told the class that no student has ever earned an A without reading all of the mandatory books. Jorge read all of the mandatory books and suggested course materials for his philosophy course. Ttherefore, Jorge will earn an A in his philosophy course.

Hypothesis: The argument commits the mistake of confusing a necessary and sufficient condition in its reasoning.


Premise: A just government never restricts the right of its citizens to act upon their desires except when their acting upon their desires is a direct threat to the health or property of other of its citizens.

Hypothesis: An unjust government would abolish many public services if these services did not require compulsory labor is a judgment that most closely conforms to the principle cited above.


Premise: Seven athletes took part in the men's 5km final: S, T, U, W, X, Y and Z. The clothes worn by athletes are either red or green, and no athletes reach the finish line at the same time. The known information is as follows: for athletes who arrive at the finish line one after another, their clothes are not all red. Y reached the finish line some time before T and W. Two of the athletes who reached the finish line before Y happened to be dressed in red. S is the sixth athlete to reach the finish line. Z arrives at the finish line at some time before U.

Hypothesis: S must have green clothes if there happen to be three athletes whose clothes are green.


Premise: Care obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to a person who especially needs others to rely on himself and always loves to provide others with care they don't need. Moreover, this person also forces others to accept their own care, so that others can't be independent. When others rely on themselves, he will feel satisfied and valuable. This symptom will suppress people's nerves, At the same time, it brings a lot of inconvenience to relatives, friends and even ordinary colleagues.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang renting a house near his daughter's university is care obsessive-compulsive disorder.


Premise: Contract of gift refers to a contract in which one party to a contract gives its property to the other party without compensation. The party giving the property is called the giver and the party receiving the property is called the grantee.

Hypothesis: A contract of gift may result if A provides his residence for free to use by friend B during the period of studying abroad.


Premise: In the cinema chain in the United States, whether it is a blockbuster movie or a low-cost production, the ticket price is the same. This does not seem to be in line with the economic theory that the size of demand determines the price. Some researchers pointed out that the ticket prices of all movies released in any theater at the same time were the same, and this phenomenon formed in the 1970s. This is not only the case in the film industry, but also sports events and performances. Although in certain times and in certain regions, mobile pricing can make film companies and theaters obtain higher revenue, but for theaters, keeping the same ticket prices for different movies still has more advantages than disadvantages.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Reasons why the same ticket price for different movies is more beneficial to the cinema' is most likely to be said next in this passage.


Premise: If people leave culture, leave the creation and accumulation of culture, and leave the value and meaning of the cultural world, they will naturally lose the meaning of realistic cultural value, and it will be impossible to really realize human essence. On the other hand, if culture leaves people, it will become water without a source.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement that culture and the realization of human essence are interdependent.


Premise: Since people are social animals and cannot do anything without the interpersonal environment, who can win the trust and cooperation of others fastest with the lowest communication cost per unit time has a great chance of success. At all times, at home and abroad, those who can achieve great things often win in the comprehensive quality of communication, organization and action. No matter socialized mass production in the industrial era, or the business competition in the market economy environment, it is necessary to put this kind of interpersonal knowledge through the behavior of every economic man.

Hypothesis: Communication, organization and action can achieve great things is consistent with the above words.


Premise: The strange phenomenon of the strange slope that occurred in the land of China has become a hot land for people to explore with its incredible magical power. Interestingly, the strange slope similar to easy uphill and strenuous downhill, in Many countries around the world have also found many places.

Hypothesis: The option "Up to now, people are still unable to explain the phenomenon of strange slope" is incorrect based on the above materials.


Premise: With the passage of the new tax reform laws, the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.

Hypothesis: Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers most undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: A market research company compared the expenditure of family children's education and cultivation in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou, and found that the expenditure level paid by families to schools for children's education in the three places was the lowest in Beijing. In terms of other education expenditure, the expenditure level of families in Shanghai is significantly lower. On the overall level, the pocket money obtained by children in Shanghai and the living expenses borne by their parents are also lower than those in Beijing.

Hypothesis: The level of expenditure on other education is between Beijing and Shanghai is correct about Guangzhou families.


Premise: The value of the burden of proof mainly refers to the decisive effect of the burden of proof borne by the plaintiff, the defendant or the third party in the lawsuit on the success or failure of the lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The burden of proof rests primarily with the plaintiff, the defendant, or a third party can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Business ethicist: Managers of corporations have an obligation to serve shareholders as the shareholders would want to be served. Ttherefore, corporate managers have an obligation to act in the shareholders' best interest.

Hypothesis: The business ethicist's conclusion follows logically if shareholders would want to be served only in ways that are in their own best interest is assumed.


Premise: Critic: The idealized world portrayed in romance literature is diametrically opposed to the debased world portrayed in satirical literature. Nevertheless, the major characters in both types of works have moral qualities that reflect the worlds in which they are presented. Comedy and tragedy, meanwhile, require that the moral qualities of major characters change during the course of the action. Ttherefore, neither tragedy nor comedy can be classified as satirical literature or romance literature.

Hypothesis: The assumption that 'In romance literature and satirical literature, characters' moral qualities do not change during the course of the action' is necessary for the critic's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the argument is that it avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal.


Premise: Only people who are willing to compromise should undergo mediation to resolve their conflicts. Actual litigation should be pursued only when one is sure that one' s position is correct. People whose conflicts are based on ideology are unwilling to compromise.

Hypothesis: People whose conflicts are not based on ideology should attempt to resolve their conflicts by means of litigation must be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Fifty years ago, the world's population was only about half of what it is today. Mankind once hoped to organize the imminent food crisis with the so-called green revolution. The rapid increase in the use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers has achieved some results, but mankind has also paid a heavy ecological cost. Statistics show that compared with the time our parents lived, the current global food production has nearly doubled, but the price is also huge; the consumption of surface water and groundwater by agricultural production has double.

Hypothesis: Mankind's lack of understanding of the nature of the food crisis is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: The Peter Principle is a conclusion drawn by the Laurence J. Peter, an American academic, after studying the phenomenon of promotion in organizations. That is, in organizations where it is customary to promote people who are competent at a certain level, employees tend to rise to their ineptitude. The Peter principle is sometimes called the climb principle.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang has been recently promoted to head of operations because of his strong sales performance is consistent with Peter's principle.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet table are served, there are a total of 7 hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan dishes: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese dishes: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions: (1) Sichuan cuisine and Cantonese cuisine cannot be served continuously. (2) P cannot go before Q unless the second goes on Q. (3) P must go before X. (4) M must go before K, and K must go before N.

Hypothesis: The order of serving from first to seventh is Q, M, X, P, K, N, L, and L is eligible.


Premise: Sociologist: Research shows, contrary to popular opinion, that, all other things being equal, most people who have pets are less happy than most people who do not. Ttherefore, any person who wants to be as happy as possible would do well to consider not having a pet.

Hypothesis: Some people who have pets are happier than most people who do not most seriously weakens the sociologist's argument.


Premise: Editorial: Teenagers tend to wake up around 8: 00 A. M. , the time when they stop releasing melatonin, and are sleepy if made to wake up earlier. Since sleepiness can impair driving ability, car accidents involving teenagers driving to school could be reduced if the school day began later than 8: 00 A. M. Indeed, when the schedule for Granville' s high school was changed so that school began at 8: 30 A. M. rather than earlier, the overall number of car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville declined.

Hypothesis: Car accidents involving teenage drivers rose in the region surrounding Granville during the time they declined in Granville provides the most support for the argument in the editorial.


Premise: The school principal insisted that student failures are caused by bad teaching. In a relatively short time failing grades disappeared from the school. The principal happily recognized this as evidence that the teaching had improved at the school.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the above is most similar to that in which the nutritionist insisted that the weight gain that team members complained of was caused by their thinking of food too often. The nutritionist was happy to conclude that the weight gain had stopped once the team members reported that they had stopped thinking of food so often.


Premise: Vandenburg: This art museum is not adhering to its purpose. Its founders intended it to devote as much attention to contemporary art as to the art of earlier periods, but its collection of contemporary art is far smaller than its other collections. Simpson: The relatively small size of the museum' s contemporary art collection is appropriate. It' s an art museum, not an ethnographic museum designed to collect every style of every period. Its contemporary art collection is small because its curators believe that there is little high-quality contemporary art.

Hypothesis: The principle that the intentions of an art museum's curators should not determine what is collected by that museum, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in Simpson's response to Vandenburg.


Premise: Dynamic stereotypy refers to a temporary contact system established under the condition of a fixed program. In this system, each conditional spike is presented in strict sequence and time to obtain the exact and constant effect of each stimulus. The final effect is to establish a dynamic stereotypy in the activities of the cerebral cortex.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Basketball stars practice shooting more than a thousand times a day' does not accord with this theory.


Premise: Real right is one of the most basic civil rights, and property law is an important cornerstone of building socialist market economy. A property law involves 1.3 billion people, involves huge public and private property, and the long deliberation process precisely embodies the spirit of scientific legislation and democratic legislation.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that real right is one of the most basic civil rights.


Premise: After reading a large number of biographies of poets in the Tang Dynasty, I found that most of the poets before the Mid-Tang Dynasty were arrogant. Du Fu was supposed to be a warm and careful person, but he boasted unequivocally: when I was young, I had already served as a guest to visit the king's capital. However, as a matter of fact, du Fu had never been a high-ranking official in his life, how could he be invited by the emperor to visit Wangdu? As long as you read a lot of books carefully, you will be very good at writing articles.  Li Bai's I was originally a madman of the State of Chu, singing Phoenix songs and laughing at Kong Qiu, I look up to the sky and laugh when I go out.how can I grovel to serve the rich and powerful, so that I can't have a comfortable smile? Everyone is familiar with these. the emperor visited the lake and called him to write a preface to the poem. He refused to board the boat because he was drunk and claimed to be the fairy of wine. Although this sentence is written by du Fu, it can be called a bosom friend in Li Bai's personality.

Hypothesis: The author's arrogant attitude towards Li du's poems is that they appreciate them very much.


Premise: Although a major part of some fireproof buildings are made of refractory materials, they can be spread and completely destroyed by flammable materials in foyers and other passageways. These buildings may even suffer severe structural damage from the collapse of metal beams and columns.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that the damage caused by fire is less than that caused by the collapse of metal supports.


Premise: There is little plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical. Obviously, people must assess one another and not all assessments will be positive. However, there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental. To be judgmental is not merely to assess someone negatively, but to do so prior to a serious effort at understanding.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental.


Premise: At present, people obtain electricity by building dams on rivers and building hydropower stations, but there are few places on the earth suitable for dams, and dams will also destroy the ecological environment. In contrast, the surface of the earth covered by the ocean. The waves on the sea are rolling, Day and night, there is a huge amount of energy, the collection of wave energy is suitable for a wide sea area, and the ecological environment is less damaged. Therefore, collecting wave energy for power generation will have more advantages than building a dam on a river.

Hypothesis: It is estimated that the wave energy that can be developed and utilized in the world is up to 2.5 TW. At present, some low-power wave energy equipment has been promoted to be used in navigation buoys, lighthouses, etc. if true, the above point of view can't be questioned.


Premise: Letter to the editor: You say that if the government were to confiscate a portion of the wages of convicted burglars when they reenter the workforce, it would be a form of stealing, hence an abuse of power. Yet under the proposal now being considered, the government would confiscate such wages in order to fund an account to compensate burglary victims. So even if confiscating a portion of burglars' wages were a form of stealing, it would still be justified.

Hypothesis: A crime is justified only if it is a means of compensating people who deserve compensation is the principle that most helps to support the argument in the letter to the editor.


Premise: Carpal tunnel syndrome, a nerve disorder that affects the hands and wrists, is often caused by repetitive motions such as typing on a keyboard. A recent study of office workers found that, among those who do similar amounts of typing, workers reporting the least control over their own work had almost three times the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome as did those who reported the most control.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among office workers who rarely use keyboards, the rate of carpal tunnel syndrome is much higher for those who feel that they lack control over their own work' most helps to explain the study's findings.


Premise: When girls are educated in single-sex secondary schools, they tend to do better academically than girls who attend mixed-sex schools. Since Alice achieved higher grades than any other woman in her first year at the university, she was probably educated at a single-sex school.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning used in the argument above is closely paralleled by the statement: When babies are taught to swim, they have more than the average number of ear infections as they grow up. Janice has more ear infections than any other person at the local swimming club, so she probably was taught to swim when she was a baby.


Premise: The gray squirrel, introduced into local woodlands ten years ago, threatens the indigenous population of an endangered owl species, because the squirrels' habitual stripping of tree bark destroys the trees in which the owls nest. Some local officials have advocated setting out poison for the gray squirrels. The officials argue that this measure, while eliminating the squirrels, would pose no threat to the owl population, since the poison would be placed in containers accessible only to squirrels and other rodents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The owls whose nesting sites are currently being destroyed by the gray squirrels feed primarily on rodents' most calls into question the officials' argument.


Premise: Allowing more steel imports would depress domestic steel prices and harm domestic steel manufacturers. Since the present government will not do anything that would harm the domestic steel industry, it will not lift restrictions on steel imports.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which the installation of bright floodlights on campus would render the astronomy department's telescope useless. The astronomy department will not support any proposal that would render its telescope useless; it will therefore not support proposals to install bright floodlights on campus.


Premise: The molecular structure of DNA is not immutable, under the influence of various physical and chemical factors or environmental factors.The sequence of several pairs of DNA, that is, the genetic code, may change, resulting in gene mutations, even if very low frequency mutations occur in the process of DNA replication under normal circumstances.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, DNA may mutate is correct.


Premise: Consumer: If you buy a watch at a department store and use it only in the way it was intended to be used, but the watch stops working the next day, then the department store will refund your money. So by this very reasonable standard, Bingham' s Jewelry Store should give me a refund even though they themselves are not a department store, since the watch I bought from them stopped working the very next day.

Hypothesis: The consumer's argument relies on the assumption that the consumer did not use the watch in a way contrary to the way it was intended to be used.


Premise: Orange juice has orange juice in many potential positive roles, especially because it contains flavonoid antioxidants such as hesperidin and naringin. Research evidence has shown that orange juice can reduce the risk of leukemia in children and help prevent breast cancer, liver cancer and colon cancer. According to the findings, the biological effects of orange juice are largely affected by its components. The change of its composition depends on climate, soil, fruit maturity and storage method after picking.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that not all orange juice has the same anti-cancer effect.


Premise: Intuitive thinking: It is a way of thinking that the human brain can quickly understand and make judgments about new problems, new things and new phenomena that suddenly appear.

Hypothesis: People got inspiration from the composition of insect eyes and developed many advanced night vision weapons is not a kind of intuitive thinking.


Premise: The key for a city to achieve high-quality development is to establish a sound modern industrial system by promoting the development of the local manufacturing industry. The construction and development of the city's industrial park is very important to establish and improve the modern industrial system, so it is also the key to promote high-quality development.

Hypothesis: The structure of the following option is most similar to the structure of the above inference: "To do a good job in the three major battles is not only a prerequisite for building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, but also a necessary basis for achieving high-quality development. Therefore, only by fighting the three major battles can we achieve all-round economic and social development."


Premise: The essence of strategic game lies in the interdependence of participants' decisions, which is reflected in two ways: the first way is sequential, and the participants take turns; The second way is to take place at the same time, and the participants make moves at the same time. However, everyone must understand that there are other active participants in the game. Everyone should put himself in the position of others to evaluate the results of his action.

Hypothesis: In the process of game, participants influence and restrict each other is consistent with this paragraph.


Premise: Skinner's operational conditioning theory is a fundamental part of the reinforcement principle.Skinner referred to reinforcement as any event in which conditioning increases the probability of an individual's operant response. He distinguished between two types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. The increase in stimulus is positive reinforcement when there is an increase in the probability of an increase in a stimulus in the environment. And negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus in the environment decreases while the probability of a behavioral response increases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The school dismisses a student whose behavior has improved' is not positive reinforcement.


Premise: Seven people in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan, and purple stand in a row. The teacher asks the seven people to report the number one by one. The students with multiples should stand behind the two students behind them in turn from front to back; finally, the students with multiples of 4 should stand at the top of the team, and purple student should stand in the middle of the team to form a new team.

Hypothesis: There are two people between yellow and green can be inferred.


Premise: In the United States proven oil reserves -- the amount of oil considered extractable from known fields -- are at the same level as they were ten years ago. Yet over this same period no new oil fields of any consequence have been discovered, and the annual consumption of domestically produced oil has increased.

Hypothesis: Oil exploration in the United States has slowed due to increased concern over the environmental impact of such exploration best reconciles the discrepancy described above.


Premise: Overlord clause: some operators unilaterally formulate unequal standard contracts, notices, statements, store announcements or industry practices for consumers to evade legal obligations and reduce their own responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The glass of a clothing store says: the goods sold during the discount period are not refundable is overlord clause.


Premise: Jonah emotion means that people are afraid to do what they can do well in the face of the success they will achieve, or even evade the realization of their potential.

Hypothesis: Xiao Lu's nervousness and decision to withdraw from the competition before the competition belong to Jonah's mood.


Premise: Font tower, also known as font, treasure tower, word incinerator, tribute pavilion and so on, as the name implies, is a tower-shaped building that burns character paper in ancient times. The ancients believed that writing was sacred and noble, and that written paper should not be discarded at will, even if the waste paper needed to be washed and incinerated. When burning words and paper, it is very solemn, not only with special personnel, but also with special etiquette. Villagers in some places also organize cherish associations. In addition to volunteering, people volunteer to take to the streets to collect words and paper. After all the used subsets of Confucian classics are worn and broken, they should be sacrificed in the font tower for ten or eight years, and then set on fire and incinerated after a memorial ceremony on an auspicious day. From the Ming Dynasty, the word Kuta appeared in southern China, to the Qing Dynasty, the belief in cherishing the word paper reached its peak, and now most of the remaining character towers were built in the Qing Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The author's main intention, according to the passage, is to elaborate on the concrete ritual of ancient people cherishing and honoring words.


Premise: When the United States promotes democracy abroad, policy makers focus on the laws and institutions of other countries rather than their legitimate cultures. They argue that people will sacrifice near-term security and stability for the chance to vote. They used military intervention to promote democratic values without considering the problems it brought and without considering the values and interests of those they hoped to persuade.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that Believes the United States has made three major mistakes in promoting democracy abroad.


Premise: In the treatment of patients with recurrent severe colds, some doctors often use one antibiotic continuously, which will have two side effects: one is that it often destroys the balance of bacteria in the patient's body; the other is to make the patient develop drug resistance. Because bacteria that are not killed by antibiotics begin to become drug-resistant, and they may continue to reproduce.

Hypothesis: The use of Chinese medicine instead of antibiotics is the most likely method to solve the above problem.


Premise: With the development and transformation of the eastern coastal areas, industrial transfer and the economic rise of the central and western regions, traditional labor exporting places such as Chongqing, Hunan and Sichuan are ushering in an upsurge of returning home to start a business. Among these entrepreneurs, there are not only returning migrant workers, enterprise managers, but also college students and company employees. With strong nostalgia, they seize the great opportunities for the development of their hometown and bring funds. At present, this trend is in the ascendant. It has brought strong impetus to the urbanization and industrialization of the central and western regions, and also changed China's economic landscape.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Returning home to start a business in the central and western regions mainly benefits from the development and transformation in the east' is inaccurate in understanding the above words.


Premise: Reverse incentive refers to the phenomenon that the original intention of policy design and the actual implementation effect are contrary to one's wishes. Once the reverse incentive effect is stimulated, it will not only worsen the current situation and damage the credit of policy makers, but also further strengthen the relevant negative consequences and eventually lead to a vicious cycle.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The teacher helps shy students overcome nervous problems by deliberately asking questions in class' is not a reverse incentive according to the above definition.


Premise: Some paleontologists believe that certain species of dinosaurs guarded their young in protective nests long after the young hatched. As evidence, they cite the discovery of fossilized hadrosaur babies and adolescents in carefully designed nests. But similar nests for hatchlings and adolescents are constructed by modern crocodiles, even though crocodiles guard their young only for a very brief time after they hatch. Hence, __.

Hypothesis: Paleontologists who believe that hadrosaurs guarded their young long after the young hatched have no evidence to support this belief most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Criticism that the press ignores positive stories and focuses solely on salacious stories neglects to consider that the press must make a profit to survive. Because of the need to make a profit, the press must focus on stories that will draw an audience. The only alternative to a profit-driven press is a government-supported press. A government-supported press would have pressure to curtail any critique of the government, thereby limiting the power of the press.

Hypothesis: The power of the press comes from its ability to critique the government can properly be inferred from the passage.


Premise: Research indicates that 90 percent of extreme insomniacs consume large amount of coffee. Since Tom drinks a lot of coffee, it is quite likely that he is an extreme insomniac.

Hypothesis: It fails to acknowledge the possibility that Tom is among the 10 percent of people who drink large amounts of coffee who are not extreme insomniacs most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning.


Premise: After conducting 5.1 million ocean tests around the world between the 1950s and 1990s, scientists at the Oceanographic Digital Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pointed out thatDuring global warming, most of the heat is absorbed by the ocean. In the past 40 years, the sea water temperature has increased by an average of 0.31 degrees Celsius within 300 meters below the surface and by an average of 0.06 degrees Celsius within three kilometers.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, American scientists point out that most of the heat is absorbed by the ocean during global warming is correct.


Premise: In a study of the relationship between aggression and television viewing in nursery school children, many interesting interactions among family styles, aggression, and television viewing were found. High aggression occurred in both high-viewing and low-viewing children and this seemed to be related to parental lifestyle. High-achieving, competitive, middle-class parents, whose children did not watch much television, had more aggressive children than parents who planned their lives in an organized, child-centered way, which included larger amounts of television viewing.

Hypothesis: Low levels of television viewing often lead to high levels of aggression among children is the conclusion that is best supported by the passage.


Premise: People walk through the city, not only the walk of space, but also the passage of time. The integrity of time series is the context and genealogy of a city, and it is the blood and temperament of a city. Money and technology can make a city tall quickly, but not a city long. The value of a modern handicraft made of a lot of gold, silver and jewelry may not be comparable to that of a simple or even damaged Song Dynasty porcelain vase, and the value between them lies only in time.

Hypothesis: The it in this paragraph refers to the integrity of time series.


Premise: If we say that the local industrialization of agriculture means the local urbanization of rural areas, then together with the flow of farmers to the city and the realization of urbanization in the city, can we combine together to realize the overall planning of urban and rural areas? Changsha County, on the outskirts of Changsha City, Hunan Province, seems to have confessed a possible opportunity for urban and rural co-ordination in a country.

Hypothesis: The example of Changsha County shows that agricultural local industrialization is not equal to rural local urbanization is most likely to be described next in this article.


Premise: Many most beautiful events unearthed by the media show that although contemporary Chinese society has encountered severe turbulence and reconstruction in the level of moral values in the period of rapid transformation, virtue still spreads in our real life. spread in every corner of society. The most beautiful event is the ordinary acts of ordinary people, and it is the ordinary actions of these ordinary people that well interpret the essence of morality, that is, people's independent reflection and conscious requirements of their own life. It embodies the pursuit of people's intrinsic value, rather than passively making their behavior conform to norms. This provides a useful inspiration for the moral construction of contemporary Chinese society.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main point of the passage is that the most beautiful comes from the ordinary.


Premise: Fifty years ago, the world's population was only about half of what it is today. Mankind once hoped to organize the imminent food crisis with the so-called green revolution. The rapid increase in the use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers has achieved some results, but mankind has also paid a heavy ecological cost. Statistics show that compared with the time our parents lived, the current global food production has nearly doubled, but the price is also huge; the consumption of surface water and groundwater by agricultural production has double.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that solving problems cannot be done at the expense of the ecological environment.


Premise: The comparison effect refers to the phenomenon of mutual influence and promotion in turn between some relevant economic variables in social and economic activities or economic interest subjects in interest distribution.

Hypothesis: After comparing the number of thieves arrested by the public security bureaus of the two counties, the provincial public security department believes that public security in county A is good is a comparison effect.


Premise: I can put myself in the position of relating some external symbols to some internal events, for example, moaning and contortion of the face to the feeling of pain. I know from my pain experience that when I feel pain, I tend to moan and contort my face. So as soon as I see other people with the same external symbols, I take it for granted that they have the same internal events as I do. After all, I and others are obviously similar in behavior and general physical function, so why not also in inner activity?

Hypothesis: The statement 'People are similar in many ways' best supports the above argument.


Premise: Not all works of art represent something, but some do, and their doing so is relevant to our aesthetic experience of them; representation is ttherefore an aesthetically relevant property. Whether a work of art possesses this property is dependent upon context. Yet there are no clear criteria for determining whether context-dependent properties are present in an object, so there cannot be any clear criteria for determining whether an object qualifies as art.

Hypothesis: An object may have some aesthetic properties and not be a work of art is a possibility that the reasoning above fails to exclude.


Premise: Archaeologist: The fact that the ancient Egyptians and the Maya both built pyramids is often taken as evidence of a historical link between Old- and New-World civilizations that is earlier than any yet documented. But while these buildings are similar to each other, there are important differences in both design and function. The Egyptian pyramids were exclusively tombs for rulers, whereas the Mayan pyramids were used as temples. This shows conclusively that there was no such link between Old- and New-World civilizations.

Hypothesis: The argument equivocates with respect to the term evidence most accurately describes a flaw in the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: Property ownership refers to the right of the property owner to possess, use, benefit and dispose of his property according to law.

Hypothesis: Lost or drifting objects found by individuals are not enjoyed by the person concerned as property ownership.


Premise: Physics professor: Some scientists claim that superheated plasma in which electrical resistance fails is a factor in causing so-called ball lightning.  If this were so, then such lightning would emit intense light and, since plasma has gaslike properties, would rise in the air. However, the instances of ball lightning that I observed were of low intensity and floated horizontally before vanishing. Thus, superheated plasma with failed electrical resistance is never a factor in causing ball lightning.

Hypothesis: The physics professor's conclusion follows logically if it is assumed that ball lightning can occur as the result of several different factors.


Premise: Civil juristic acts refer to the legal acts of citizens or legal persons to establish, modify, and terminate civil rights and civil obligations, including civil juristic acts with a time limit and civil juristic acts with conditions. The conditions attached to a civil juristic act are agreed by the actor to occur in the future Uncertain legal facts. A civil juristic act with a time limit refers to a civil juristic act in which a certain period is agreed in a civil juristic act, and the arrival of that period is a prerequisite for the occurrence, modification, and elimination of the actor's civil rights, obligations.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A said to B, If my daughter is transferred to work in another place, I will rent the house to you are conditional civil legal acts.


Premise: Chili peppers relieve indigestion. People who suffer from indigestion after a spicy meal may be shocked and can't believe it. However, this is the conclusion drawn by Italian experts through experiments. They gave the subjects with indigestion a pill containing chili ingredients before meals, and after five weeks, 60% of the subjects' discomfort symptoms were relieved.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Capsaicin in chili peppers can block the secretion of a neurotransmitter to some extent' can best refute the above experimental conclusions.


Premise: In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria' s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities. The very largest trucks-those with three trailers-had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.

Hypothesis: So far only the best, most experienced drivers for Partorian trucking companies have been driving triple-trailer trucks most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In accordance with the administrative authority, the state administrative organs conduct a comprehensive inspection of the morality, ability, diligence and performance of national civil servants and pay attention to the actual performance assessment. Assessment is the basis for the management of civil servants and the basis for training, reward and punishment, appointment and removal, and salary increase or decrease; assessment has incentive function and is an important way to improve administrative efficiency; assessment also has a guiding function; at the same time, assessment is conducive to the supervision of civil servants, prevent civil servants at all levels from being masters, break away from the masses to engage in specialization, and even abuse power for personal gain and violate the law and discipline.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that the assessment of civil servants is a national requirement and it is of great significance.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: The second upper L could be true.


Premise: Excessively dense urban layout is not only easy to produce heat island effect, but also does not meet the requirements of ecological aesthetics. Therefore, urban construction should open the layout as far as possible, reasonably interval the city groups, so that the city looks smooth and orderly, not crowded, not cluttered.

Hypothesis: The heavy burden of schoolwork in primary and secondary schools is a big problem affecting the happy and healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the burden of schoolwork to the end and eliminate blind areas such as online training is most similar to the logic of the discussion process.


Premise: Policy losses refer to the losses incurred by enterprises due to national price restrictions and other reasons in the process of realizing the social public welfare service objectives stipulated by the government and producing and operating certain commodities in order to ensure the coordinated development of the national economy and the stability of people's life. Such losses shall be reasonably compensated after being reviewed by the financial department.

Hypothesis: The state issued the policy of raising the minimum purchase protection price of wheat. In order to explore the market, a grain and oil enterprise snapped up a large number of wheat and sold a large amount of flour below the market price, resulting in losses is a policy loss according to the above definition.


Premise: Film historians have made two major criticisms of Depression-era filmmakers: first, that they were too uncritical of the economic status quo; and second, that they self-indulgently created films reflecting their own dreams and desires. However, these filmmakers made their movies with an eye to profit, and so they provided what their audiences most wanted in a film: a chance to imagine being wealthy enough not to have a care in the world. Thus, the second criticism cannot be accurate.

Hypothesis: To avoid self-indulgence, filmmakers should take a critical stance toward the existing economic system and should allow audiences to form their own personal aspirations is assumed.


Premise: With the increasing intensity of the US presidential campaign, a political advertisement appeared on the website of an anti-Bush democratic political group called moving forward, comparing Bush to Nazi head Hitler, causing anger among Republicans and American Jewish groups. In fact, this controversial advertisement is only one of the entries in the Bush 30 seconds political advertising contest launched by the moving forward website, and there are as many as 1512 advertisements attacking Bush's erroneous policy from all aspects.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the malicious attack on Bush and the resulting anger of the Republican Party and the Jewish community in the United States.


Premise: Grain can be traded in the futures market before harvest. If the rice production is predicted to be insufficient, the price of rice futures will rise; if the rice harvest is predicted, the price of rice futures will fall. Suppose this morning, Meteorologists predict that it will rain in rice producing areas tomorrow.  Because sufficient rain is very important to the current growth of rice, today's rice futures prices will drop significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Meteorologists' forecast of tomorrow's rainfall is likely to extend beyond the grain-producing areas' weakens the above view most severely.


Premise: The law of sufficient reason means that in the same thought and argument, a thought is always determined to be true for sufficient reasons. There are two logical requirements for the law of sufficient reason: first, the reason must be true; second, there must be a logical relationship between the reason and the inference.

Hypothesis: One's father is good at swimming, and his son is also good at swimming, meets the law of sufficient reason according to the above definition.


Premise: Cicero in ancient Rome once said, elegance and beauty cannot be separated from health. Lorenzo Barra, a humanist of the Italian Renaissance, stressed that health is a precious quality, a gift of the body and a gift of nature.many healthy people are not beautiful, but no beautiful person is unhealthy, he wrote.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some healthy people are beautiful' cannot be inferred from Loren Barra's argument.


Premise: If your home is a new building after 2006, it will have an exterior insulation.

Hypothesis: All new buildings built after 2006 have insulation with exterior walls is correct based on the above materials.


Premise: Rhett: Otto gives me a ride to work every morning and expects me to help pay for fuel. But I shouldn' t have to pay. Giving me a ride doesn' t increase the amount he spends on fuel, since he has to go right by my house anyway. Barbara: By that flawed logic, you would be entitled to the warm air that heats the unused spare room of my house, if you could divert it to your house without increasing my expenses.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Rhett and Barbara disagree over whether giving Rhett a ride to work increases Otto's fuel expenses.


Premise: Change the concept of development and effectively enhance the consciousness and firmness of coordinated development. Our party puts forward the concept of coordinated development in order to make up for the shortcomings of development and solve the problem of unbalanced development. Although China's economic and social development has made great achievements, there are also problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development. There is an urgent need to change the concept of development, especially to enhance the integrity of development, coordination. In the current decisive period of building a well-off society in an all-round way, we must change our ideas, unify our thoughts and actions with the new development concept, correctly handle the major relations in development, broaden the development space in coordinated development, strengthen the potential for development in making up for shortcomings, enhance the country's soft power while enhancing the country's hard power, and make the coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization, synchronous lifting.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis is on changing the concept of development and enhancing the country's soft power.


Premise: After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.

Hypothesis: Mechanization and urbanization came after the rise of agriculture is the most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Top-level design: it refers to the systematic solution to the problem at the highest level by comprehensively considering all levels and elements of the system, tracing the source, commanding the overall situation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'In order to make good use of these resources, the government under its jurisdiction organized experts at home and abroad to study the island development plan' does not meet the requirements of top-level design.


Premise: The 1980s have been characterized as a period of selfish individualism that threatens the cohesion of society. But this characterization is true of any time. Throughout history all human actions have been motivated by selfishness. When the deeper implications are considered, even the simplest unselfish acts prove to be instances of selfish concern for the human species.

Hypothesis: The argument relies on two different uses of the term selfish is a flaw in the argument.


Premise: Nature constantly adjusts the atmospheric carbon level. An increase in the level causes the atmosphere to hold more heat, which causes more water to evaporate from the oceans, which causes increased rain. Rain washes some carbon from the air into the oceans, where it eventually becomes part of the seabed. A decrease in atmospheric carbon causes the atmosphere to hold less heat, which causes decreased evaporation from the oceans, which causes less rain, and thus less carbon is washed into the oceans. Yet some environmentalists worry that burning fossil fuels may raise atmospheric carbon to a dangerous level. It is true that a sustained increase would threaten human life. But the environmentalists should relax -- nature will continually adjust the carbon level.

Hypothesis: A decrease in the level of carbon in the atmosphere does not cause decreased evaporation of ocean water. This is not inferred from the information in the passage.


Premise: There are three conditions for a unit to recruit employees: first, rich knowledge; Second, skilled; Third, be hardworking. There are four job seekers who meet at least one of the conditions: A, B, C and D. It is known that: 1. A and B are not all knowledgeable; 2. A and D have the same level of knowledge; 3. C and D have the same degree of hard work; 4. Three of the four are knowledgeable, two are hardworking and one is skilled.

Hypothesis: A should be after assessment, the unit found that only one of them met all the conditions.


Premise: Manufacturers sometimes discount the price of a product to retailers for a promotion period when the product is advertised to consumers. Such promotions often result in a dramatic increase in amount of product sold by the manufacturers to retailers. Nevertheless. the manufacturers could often make more profit by not holding the promotions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For many consumer products the period of advertising discounted prices to consumers is about a week, not sufficiently long for consumers to become used to the sale price' most strongly supports the claim above about the manufacturers' profit.


Premise: Technology diffusion is the application and promotion of innovative technology in other economic fields and in a wider geographical space. From a geographical point of view, technology diffusion is the flow and transfer of technology in space, which is composed of suppliers, receivers and transmission channels of new technology.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the production creativity of a company is applied to its own artistic creation by a foreign artist belongs to technology diffusion.


Hypothesis: Some buildings built before 2006 also have insulation on the exterior walls is correct based on the above materials.


Premise: Heart disease is closely related to fat embolism in arteries. But a new study shows that fat molecules come not only from food, but also from certain bacteria in the mouth. Based on this, the researchers believe that oral disease is often associated with heart disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Cytokines caused by oral diseases can destroy the insulin glands and reduce the necessary insulin secretion of the human body, which can easily lead to the occurrence of diabetes' can best support the above researchers' point of view.


Premise: In an electoral society, every politician has to pander to the voters in order to get elected. Cheng Bian was a super politician who wanted to be elected. So he will try his best to pander to voters. In many cases, you can't pander to voters without writing a lot of lip service. In fact, Cheng Bian was elected.

Hypothesis: Mr Cheng must have made a lot of empty promises to voters is the conclusion that can best be deduced from the question.


Premise: People generally think that the thinking of scientists is based on strict logical reasoning, rather than Image thinking. However, research shows that Nobel Prize winners use image thinking methods more than ordinary scientists, because image thinking helps make a major scientific breakthroughs.

Hypothesis: The above conclusion is based on the assumption that Nobel Prize winners have the ability to make creative thinking through image thinking.


Premise: The senator has long held to the general principle that no true work of art is obscene, and thus that there is no conflict between the need to encourage free artistic expression and the need to protect the sensibilities of the public from obscenity. When well-known works generally viewed as obscene are cited as possible counterexamples, the senator justifies accepting the principle by saying that if these works really are obscene then they cannot be works of art.

Hypothesis: The senator's reasoning contains the error of assuming what it seeks to establish.


Premise: The relative number of intensity is the ratio of two different but related indexes, which is used to explain the comprehensive index of intensity, density and universality of phenomenon.

Hypothesis: In 2007, the average monthly salary of urban employees in a certain region was 1,800 yuan is the relative number of intensity according to the above definition.