Premise: Real estate agent: Upon selling a home, the sellers are legally entitled to remove any items that are not permanent fixtures. Legally, large appliances like dishwashers are not permanent fixtures. However, since many prospective buyers of the home are likely to assume that large appliances in the home would be included with its purchase, sellers who will be keeping the appliances are morally obliged either to remove them before showing the home or to indicate in some other way that the appliances are not included.

Hypothesis: If a home's sellers have indicated in some way that a large appliance is included with the home's purchase, then they are morally obliged not to remove that appliance after showing the home is a principle that most helps to justify the real estate agent's argumentation.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: The option Y cannot be the earliest porcelain.


Premise: Sonic boom is that when the aircraft breaks through the sound barrier, due to the compression of the air can not spread rapidly, it will gradually form a shock surface. The highly concentrated acoustic energy on the shock surface causes a loud sound, which makes people feel a short and extremely strong explosion. Sonic boom occur only when they break through the sound barrier, that is, flying at supersonic speeds. The sonic booms cloud is a conical cloud with the aircraft as the central axis and spreads uniformly from the front of the wing to all sides. It is mainly due to the fact that the velocity of the air flow is faster than the conduction speed of the air when breaking through the speed of sound, which can not effectively pull down the airflow, resulting in a decrease in density, a decrease in air pressure, and water vapor condensing into tiny water droplets, which looks like a cloud-like state to the naked eye. Sonic boom cloud often appear in transonic flights, but not only in transonic flights.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when a sonic boom is produced, there will be a sonic boom cloud.


Premise: The careful design of some products makes the products convenient and efficient, brings comfort to customers, and customers don't have to read complex instructions or ask for help from others. On the contrary, some products are designed without considering users' habits and needs, so people will encounter difficulties or confusion in the process of use. This kind of products are called Norman Products.

Hypothesis: The shape and size of car radio buttons are the same as those of other equipment switches. It is difficult for users to distinguish which radio button is, according to the above definition, a Norman Product.


Premise: When you think about the origin of the fertile land, you can't help but feel a feeling that can be passed down from generation to generation. The planet on which we live was a lonely boulder in the oldest times, without a layer of soil. It took hundreds of millions of years for the power of the sun's wind and rain and the remains of primitive creatures to create layers of soil, and only a thin layer of soil was added to the earth every thousand years. Think of our loess plateau in North China, where the soil is 50 meters thick. That should be the masterpiece of nature for how long!

Hypothesis: With the power of the sun, wind and rain, coupled with the remains of primitive creatures, it took hundreds of millions of years to create layers of soil for the earth has a wrong understanding of the original text.


Premise: The Campus Food Festival of Jianghai University opened. Five people from a female dormitory actively signed up for the activity. Their names are Jin can, Mu Xin, Narcissus, Huoshan and Tulun. The organizers require each applicant to make only one dish to participate in the evaluation, but bring their own ingredients. Limited to conditions, the dormitory has only five kinds of ingredients: Flammulina velutipes, fungus, peach, ham and potatoes. It is required that only 2 people can choose each kind of food. Each person can only choose two kinds of ingredients, and the first word of the name of the food selected by each person is different from his or her surname. It is known that: (1) if Jin can chooses peaches, daffodils do not choose Flammulina velutipes; (2) if Mu Xin chooses Flammulina velutipes or potatoes, she must also choose Auricularia auricula; (3) if Huo Shan chooses peaches, she must also choose fungus and potatoes; (4) if Mu Xin chooses ham, Huoshan does not choose Flammulina velutipes.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Huoshan chooses fungus and peach is correct.


Premise: A traveler wants to go to the railway station. In the morning, he starts from the hotel and arrives at an intersection. The intersection leads to four directions: Southeast and northwest. There are hotels, hotels, bookstores and railway stations in the four directions. The bookshop is in the northeast of the hotel and the hotel is in the northwest of the railway station.

Hypothesis: The traveler should go south to reach the railway station.


Premise: Economies of Scope is an economy brought about by the business scope rather than scale of manufacturers. It is an economic phenomenon that the cost of producing two products at the same time is lower than that of producing the second product respectively

Hypothesis: A dairy factory that produces cheese and yogurt together, and has improved their products and increased their sales volume as a result of their production processes learning from each other, belongs to Economies of Scope according to the above definition.


Premise: Semantic generalization refers to a word that originally refers to a specific thing or phenomenon, and later can generally refer to a number of related things or phenomena.

Hypothesis: In ancient times, river specifically refers to the Yellow River, but now it can also refer to other rivers belongs to semantic generalization.


Premise: Since ancient times, the study of rhetoric has always included the level of ethics. The so-called rhetoric is the skill, skill or art of using language to persuade others effectively. The ethical value of rhetoric as a public discourse includes good motivation, goodwill to others and the truth of the content of the discourse. If you leave or turn your back on such ethical values, speech skills will become a kind of improper rhetoric, a means that can be used to achieve an end, an improper sophistry or clever speech.

Hypothesis: The central topic of this passage is the connotation of ethical value.


Premise: Mysterious ancient tracks cut into limestone have recently been found on the island of Malta. The tracks wander, sometimes disappearing under modem structures. Their origin and purpose are unknown, but evidence indicates that they could have connected settlements or water sources. One archaeologist hypothesizes, based on the tracks' physical appearance and surroundings, that they were made in about 1000 B. C. by animal-drawn carts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Areas near the tracks have yielded relatively large amounts of fossilized animal excrement dating from approximately 1000 B. C.' most helps to support the archaeologist's hypothesis mentioned above.


Premise: In a certain institute, all the engineers are union members, some managers are masters, some engineers are masters, all union members have applied for credit cards, there is no manager to apply for credit cards.

Hypothesis: A manager who doesn't apply for a credit card is a counterexample of the above premise.


Premise: Courtyard economy refers to a form of operation in which farmers make full use of the family courtyard space, surrounding non contracted empty land and various resources to engage in highly intensive commodity production, mainly including planting, breeding and processing industry.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, planting flowers and plants on the balcony to beautify the living environment is a courtyard economy.


Premise: Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level.

Hypothesis: The assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on is that the school's requirements for the English proficiency of students for admission are the same as those for the completion of each subject after admission.


Premise: Sunflowers growing in pots were placed, with their roots submerged, in the pond contaminated with radioactive elements. The sunflowers kept growing; in the process, they absorbed radioactive elements. Within twelve days, 85 percent of the radioactive elements were removed from the water, which is no less than can be accomplished with the much more expensive conventional filtration techniques. Scientists ttherefore propose using sunflowers for decontamination wherever there are radioactively contaminated ponds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some plants other than sunflowers can also remove radioactive elements from water' points to a limitation on the applicability of the proposed method of decontamination.


Premise: When the famous art collector Vidmar died, a public auction of her collection, the largest privately owned, was held. I can' t possibly afford any of those works because hers is among the most valuable collections ever assembled by a single person,  declared art lover MacNeil.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in MacNeil's argument is most closely parallel to the statement 'This paragraph is long. So the sentences that comprise it are long.'


Premise: As far as the world is concerned, in mature markets, large enterprises earn more profits through continuous innovation. Only in the immature market, there is room to make high profits by other means. In an era of increasingly symmetrical information, abnormal high profits are abnormal, and enterprises that make use of factors such as immature consumer psychology to obtain high profits will no longer be welcome. As the domestic market and consumers become more mature and rational, the future of enterprises will provide consumers with better and more diverse products.

Hypothesis: In the future, enterprises can make high profits only through more fancy marketing is not in line with the author's point of view.


Premise: It is often said that reading can increase knowledge and cultivate sentiment. Some experts have pointed out that reading can also cure diseases, especially for mental diseases caused by some social factors, such as depression, depression, panic and so on.

Hypothesis: Patients can get emotional recognition and comfort from reading intentionally or unintentionally and release their inner anxiety can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Linguistics is a discipline that studies the patterns and evolutional laws of language structure. The search for pattern and law is the common goal of linguistics and other sciences. However, scientific goals are far from enough. The common methodological features of modern science, such as deduction and induction, qualitative and quantitative, description and interpretation, hypothesis and testing, are exactly what Chinese traditional linguistics lacks. At the same time, Chinese linguistics is also faced with the problem of internationalization. Our voice in the international academic community of linguistics is still very weak. The reason for this situation can not be completely attributed to the different objects of study, and the international academic language is the language barrier of English, and there are also problems of research ideas and research methods.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the problems of research ideas and methods restricting the scientization and internationalization of Chinese linguistics.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers and processes them into powder or oil, which is then mixed with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat the taste of insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirms the practice of the company and points out that eating insects helps to deal with food shortages and malnutrition around the world.

Hypothesis: Insects are rich in protein, fat, vitamins, iron and other nutrients, which are large and low-cost supplementary foods is a prerequisite that must be added if the above argument is to be established.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If F was a member of the committee in a given year, G may not be a member of the committee in that year.


Premise: In the first phase of the Industrial Revolution, machines were invented whose main advantage was that they worked faster than human workers. This technology became widely used because it was economically attractive; many unskilled workers could be replaced by just a few skilled workers. Today managers are looking for technology that will allow them to replace highly paid skilled workers with a smaller number of less-skilled workers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Employers utilize new technology because it allows them to reduce labor costs' best illustrates the examples presented above.


Premise: Only those with good logical thinking ability and physics major background can be qualified for this position.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, Xiao Li, who had never studied physics, cannot be qualified for the post.


Premise: Nostalgia is a lingering feeling of people. The reason why nostalgia lasts forever after being washed over the years is not because it has much charm in itself, but because it can provide people with material for reflection, so that people can trigger the perception of life or draw power from it in the process of some kind of drastic or broken change that people have experienced or are experiencing.

Hypothesis: The reason for nostalgia is that old things have a specific positive effect on people matches the content of this passage.


Premise: Structural mobility refers to large-scale changes in the social environment, social class, and the nature and distribution of the population caused by changes in production technology or social structure, which are often not shifted by human wills.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the movement of a large number of citizens of a certain country into neighboring countries due to a domestic military coup is not a structural mobility.


Premise: Nowadays, people often complain that it is difficult for them to get enough sleep, and the quality of sleep is often poor. Some experts believe this has something to do with many products of modern technology, such as Changming street lamps, televisions, computers and mobile phones, where the light generated by artificial light sources and electronic devices disturbs sleep and makes it difficult for people to fall asleep.

Hypothesis: When individuals are exposed to light, falling asleep becomes more difficult than before, and sleep is fragmented can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: If O happens to be scheduled the week before J, K is scheduled a week before G must be true.


Premise: The development of the Internet of things, an emerging industry, is strong. In only a few years, the industrial scale of the Internet of things has shown a compound growth rate of more than 30% a year. Intellectual property rights such as patents provide strong support for the rapid rise of this sunrise industry. It is predicted that in the next few years, the global Internet of things market will grow rapidly. China's Internet of things market will reach 750 billion yuan in 2015, and the market prospect will far exceed the computer, Internet, mobile communications and other markets. From the current situation of patent applications in China, the number of core technology patents and international patent applications submitted through the Patent Cooperation Treaty is obviously insufficient. Therefore, industry experts point out that it is necessary to accelerate the patent layout of the Internet of things industry in China.

Hypothesis: The statement "The development of Internet of things industry in China needs the support of independent intellectual property rights" does not match the meaning of this passage.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: Any benefits that an aesthetic sense would have given to cave-dwelling humans are poorly understood most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: After many elimination competitions, four contestants A, B, C and D competed for the final ranking, and there was no juxtaposition of the rankings.Analysts predict that ,1. The first place is A or B; 2. If C is not the first place, nor is it the first place; 3. A is not the first place.

Hypothesis: The option "D" is number one in the analyst's prediction if only one sentence is correct.


Premise: Limonene, commonly known as lemon essential oil, is usually used to make citrus flavors. It is one of the chemical constituents that are used in many fragrances such as air fresheners, body sprays, etc. Limonene is not terrible in itself, because it does not cause great harm to human body. In fact, it can be used as seasoning agent for food. However, once it is sprayed into the air, limonene will soon change. When limonene is exposed to ozone, which generally exists in the air, two limonene molecules will form a single molecule compound methanol. When a large number of limonene in the room is converted into methanol, its effects will be very different.

Hypothesis: Using limonene as a food flavoring agent will do harm to human body can be introduced.


Premise: Manager: This company' s supply chain will develop significant weaknesses unless we make changes to our vendor contracts now. Some will argue that this problem is so far in the future that there is no need to address it today. But that is an irresponsible approach. Just imagine if a financial planner offered the same counsel to a 30-year-old client: Don' t worry, Jane, retirement is 35 years away; you don' t need to save anything now.  That planner would be guilty of gross malpractice.

Hypothesis: The overall conclusion drawn in the manager's argument is that some people argue that the supply-chain problem is so far in the future that there is no need to address it now.


Premise: Have you ever thought about the question that when you go somewhere, the return journey seems to be very short and takes very little time? why? This is because we do not know the exact length of the mileage is only estimated by some other clues, when we go to a strange place, the journey seems to be longer than the round trip.Because what we saw at that time was a series of new things, but on the return trip, we only need to identify some road signs instead of forming new memories, so the brain feels that time shortens and space becomes smaller.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, the correct option is that time affects our sense of space.


Premise: Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart' s show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.

Hypothesis: The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether the number of patrons attracted by the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be larger than the number of patrons who do not come in the spring because Venus is on loan.


Premise: Psychologist: Satisfaction and happiness with one' s family cannot exist unless families have established strong values of mutual trust, love, and respect. Such bonds are formed and strengthened only through making these key values the basis for all actions within the family. It is obvious then that widespread reliance on movies and electronic media for entertainment has an inherently corrosive effect on one' s family life.

Hypothesis: People who rely on movies and electronic media for entertainment are generally not as happy with their families as those who do not is an assumption on which the psychiatrist's argument depends.


Premise: F, G, H and J are university classmates. They all took part in the postgraduate examination, but in the end, only one person was admitted to the postgraduate examination. The other three became composers, high school teachers and civil servants. During the review of the graduate exam, one day they sat together to predict everyone's future life. F said: G will definitely not become a composer; G: H will definitely be admitted to graduate school; H: J will not become a civil servant; J predicts that he will marry a foreign wife in the future. But only one of their predictions was correct, and the person who was correct was admitted to graduate school.

Hypothesis: The statement that "H became a civil servant" can be inferred from this to be false.


Premise: Critics: Not so. The farms the academy selected to study were the ones that seemed most likely to be successful in using natural methods. What about the farmers who have tried such methods and failed? Which one of the following is the most adequate evaluation of the logical force of the critics' response?

Hypothesis: The critics show that the result of the study would have been different if twice as many farms had been studied.


Premise: Physics professor: Some scientists claim that superheated plasma in which electrical resistance fails is a factor in causing so-called ball lightning.  If this were so, then such lightning would emit intense light and, since plasma has gaslike properties, would rise in the air. However, the instances of ball lightning that I observed were of low intensity and floated horizontally before vanishing. Thus, superheated plasma with failed electrical resistance is never a factor in causing ball lightning.

Hypothesis: All types of ball lightning have the same cause is an assumption required by the physics professor's conclusion.


Premise: Asa general rule, the larger a social group of primates, the more time its members spend grooming one another. The main purpose of this social grooming is the maintenance of social cohesion. Furthermore, group size among primates tends to increase proportionally with the size of the neocortex, the seat of higher thought in the brain. Extrapolating upon the relationship between group size and neocortex size, we can infer that early human groups were quite large. But unexpectedly, there is strong evidence that, apart from parents grooming their children, these humans spent virtually no time grooming one another.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Early humans developed languages, which provided a more effective way of maintaining social cohesion than social grooming' would do most to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Achieved-status refers to a person's social status obtained by going through some kind of open and competitive struggle or having some special ability.

Hypothesis: Do those gentry have bule blood certainly is consistent with the statement of achieved-status.


Premise: The gray squirrel, introduced into local woodlands ten years ago, threatens the indigenous population of an endangered owl species, because the squirrels' habitual stripping of tree bark destroys the trees in which the owls nest. Some local officials have advocated setting out poison for the gray squirrels. The officials argue that this measure, while eliminating the squirrels, would pose no threat to the owl population, since the poison would be placed in containers accessible only to squirrels and other rodents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No indigenous population of any other bird species apart from the endangered owls is threatened by the gray squirrels' most calls into question the officials' argument.


Premise: Alissa: If, as the mayor says, the city can no longer continue to fund both the children' s museum and local children' s television programming, then it should cease funding the television programming. The interactive character of the exhibits at the museum makes for a richer educational experience than watching television, which is largely passive. Greta: We should stop funding the museum, not the television programming, because, as the mayor has also pointed out, the museum reaches a much smaller audience.

Hypothesis: On the basis of their statements, it can be inferred that Alissa and Greta disagree on whether the city should cease funding local children's television programming if continuing to fund it would mean that the city would have to cease funding the children's museum.


Premise: Among the 40 countries participating in the Third International Mathematics and Science, the United States is ranked 28th in mathematics, England is ranked 25th, Scotland is 29th, and the 4 richest countries and regions in East Asia (Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong) rank in the top 4 in mathematics, but the United States' children's education expenditure is three times that of South Korea. The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Slovenia perform significantly better than their economically developed Western neighbors, although their education funding is much lower than that of Western countries.

Hypothesis: Generally speaking, the education level of children in a country does not depend on how much the country spends is correct.


Premise: The parody on the Internet means that there is no restriction on the object of the parody. The concept of harmony requires members of society to be honest and friendly, while parody completely ignores the feelings of others. parody says it is humor, but does not regard itself as the object of parody. And the idea requires that one's own interests be expressed in a rational way, while the parody does not consider whether the means adopted are reasonable and legitimate. Innovation lies in creating new things, and parody is keen to point the spearhead at famous characters and classic works, which precisely shows its lack of innovative ability. Parody constantly impacts the moral bottom line, legal bottom line and mainstream consciousness of the society, which leads to the emergence of cultural nihilism and requires a high degree of vigilance.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Firmly establish the socialist concept of honor and disgrace and consciously resist the trend of parody on the Internet.'


Premise: Experienced gardeners advise against planting snap peas after late April because peas do not develop properly in warm weather. This year, however, the weather was unusually cool into late June, and ttherefore the fact that these snap peas were planted in mid-May is unlikely to result in crop failure despite the experts' warnings.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning displayed above is most closely paralleled in the statement 'Where flowers are to be planted under shade trees, gardening experts often advise using impatiens since impatiens does well in conditions of shade; however, it is unlikely to do well under maple trees since maple tree roots are so near the surface that they absorb all available moisture.'


Premise: All venous blood samples were tested and no positive HIV antibodies were found.

Hypothesis: Some venous blood samples have not been tested, or positive HIV antibodies have been found must be true if the above assertion is false.


Premise: A research institution investigated and analyzed 208 patients with symptoms such as heartache and arrhythmia. When they began to receive surgical treatment, they reported their views on the condition through a questionnaire. About 20% of them were very worried about the deterioration of the condition, some were even afraid of death, and others were not so worried. Later, the follow-up survey showed that, the recurrence rate in half a year after operation was higher in people with serious worry before operation than in others. Researchers believe that worry is not conducive to the recovery of heart disease

Hypothesis: Worry is a potential threat to health, and people lead to many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and so on best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Acme Corporation offers unskilled workers excellent opportunities for advancement. As evidence, consider the fact that the president of the company, Ms. Garon, worked as an assembly line worker, an entry-level position requiring no special skills, when she first started at Acme.

Hypothesis: Acme regularly hires top graduates of business schools and employs them briefly in each of a succession of entry-level positions before promoting them to management most weakens the reasoning above.


Premise: Intelligence refers to the use of certain media (carriers) , across space and time to specific users to solve the scientific research, production, business needs of specific knowledge and information.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, every time before going on a trip, Xiao Sun and his friends check the route on the internet with an electronic map and send the route to their mobile phones is not intelligence.


Premise: Over the past year, China has been increasing its investment in Africa, which has caused unease in Western countries, and criticisms such as China has plundered resources of Africa have been heard incessantly. A Chinese official retorted: one of the most important bases for criticism is that China takes oil from Africa, but last year China accounted for only 8.7% of all oil exports from Africa, while Europe accounted for 36%. The United States accounted for 33%. If 8.7% of imports are suspected of plundering resources, what about 36% and 33%?

Hypothesis: If Europe and the United States are suspected of plundering resources of Africa, then China has not plundered the resources of Africa.


Premise: Information industry refers to the group of related industries directly related to the production, circulation, distribution and consumption of information industry and information services in national economic activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a company training enterprise information managers for social compensation according to the development of national information process is not the information industry.


Premise: Critics: as the practice of electronic monitoring of employees becomes more and more common, it is becoming more and more intrusive to personal privacy. I have also heard more and more defences from employers for this practice. They explain that the purpose of monitoring is to keep employees honest, efficient and polite to customers. In my opinion, this explanation is obviously in the service of the employer himself and does not justify the unreasonable invasion of personal privacy at all.

Hypothesis: The option 'attack employers' motives rather than refute their defenses' best points out the flaw in the critic's argument.


Premise: Economic activity is people's production, exchange, distribution, consumption and closely related activities under the premise of certain economic relations. Economic relations are the mutual relations formed by people in economic activities. Among all kinds of economic relations, the dominant one is production relations.

Hypothesis: On mutual assistance and cooperation in agricultural production relates to the premise discussed above.


Premise: A certain cultivated herb is one of a group of closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations of metals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the growth of this herb have discovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, in test-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Hence, the herb's high histidine production must be the key feature that allows it to grow in metal-rich soils.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most important to determine whether others of the closely related group of plants also produce histidine in large quantities.


Premise: Foster: Many species of extremely large North American mammals became extinct during the last ice age, which was also the time of the first human migration to North America. These species could not survive the dramatic changes wrought by this human migration. Fisch: Those extinctions were caused by the dramatic shift to a harsher climate. The climate changed so rapidly that the species could not adapt.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Similar species living in parts of the world where there were dramatic changes in climate did not become extinct' most strengthens Fisch's argument.


Premise: Etiquette firmly opposes both obscene and malicious talk, but this does not imply that speech needs to be restricted by law. Etiquette does not necessarily even oppose the expression of offensive ideas. Rather, it dictates that there are situations in which the expression of potentially offensive, disturbing, or controversial ideas is inappropriate and that, where appropriate, the expression and discussion of such ideas is to be done in a civil manner.

Hypothesis: The judgment that journalists at a news conference should not ask a politician potentially embarrassing questions about a controversial policy issue most closely corresponds to the principles of etiquette stated above.


Premise: Ethicist: People who avoid alcoholic beverages simply because they regard them as a luxury beyond their financial means should not be praised for their abstinence. Similarly, those who avoid alcohol simply because they lack the desire to partake should not be praised, unless this disinclination has somehow resulted from an arduous process of disciplining oneself to refrain from acting indiscriminately on one' s desires.

Hypothesis: The principle 'A person is praiseworthy for a particular behavior only if, in order to adopt that behavior, the person at some point had to overcome a desire to do something that she or he felt able to afford to do' most helps to justify the ethicist's claims.


Premise: Psychiatrist: Breaking any habit is difficult, especially when it involves an addictive substance. People who break a habit are more likely to be motivated by immediate concerns than by long-term ones. Ttherefore, people who succeed in breaking their addiction to smoking cigarettes are more likely to be motivated by the social pressure against smoking -- which is an immediate concern -- than by health concerns, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'most people who succeed in quitting smoking succeed only after several attempts' supports the conclusion of the psychiatrist's argument.


Premise: Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain' s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication.

Hypothesis: Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Mayor: There has been a long debate in city council about how to accommodate projected increases in automobile traffic. Today, our choice is clear: either we adopt my plan to build a new expressway, or we do nothing. Doing nothing is not a viable option because our existing system of roads would be in gridlock within ten years given even a conservative estimate of future traffic levels. City council should ttherefore adopt my plan.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the mayor's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it presents a choice that is limited to two options, without giving reasons for not considering any other options.


Premise: Plants must blossom before they can produce seeds there are two kinds of dragons, the Russian dragon and the French dragon, they look very similar. Russian dragons blossom, but French dragons do not blossom.However, the leaves of the Russian dragon pole do not have the unique fragrance that makes the French dragon pole an ideal seasoning.

Hypothesis: A plant that grows from the seeds of a dragon, not a French dragon can be inferred from the above discussion.


Premise: Put the happiness sensor on the surface of the human body or implanted into the human body, and the happiness index of people every moment can be measured through various indicators. No happiness sensor will be perfect, and there is no need. The thermometer was also very inaccurate when it was invented, but with the passage of time, the design of the thermometer has become increasingly refined, and it is now an indispensable commodity. Scientists believe that happiness Sensors will follow a similar evolutionary process. Although they will always have a certain degree of uncertainty in assessing people's psychological state, wearable sensors are more low-key and easier to use than traditional tools to measure happiness.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize that human beings do not need perfect happiness sensors.


Premise: Policy losses refer to the losses incurred by enterprises due to national price restrictions and other reasons in the process of realizing the social public welfare service objectives stipulated by the government and producing and operating certain commodities in order to ensure the coordinated development of the national economy and the stability of people's life. Such losses shall be reasonably compensated after being reviewed by the financial department.

Hypothesis: In the process of operating the parity grain and oil stipulated by the government, the grain purchase and sales enterprise in a county suffered losses due to the high national grain protection price but the low sales price of finished grain and oil products, and the financial department gave quota subsidies is a policy loss according to the above definition.


Premise: Adult frogs are vulnerable to dehydration because of their highly permeable skins. Unlike large adult frogs, small adult frogs have such a low ratio of body weight to skin surface area that they cannot survive in arid climates. The animals' moisture requirements constitute the most important factor determining where frogs can live in the Yucatan peninsula, which has an arid climate in the north and a wet climate in the south.

Hypothesis: The information above most strongly supports the conclusion that large adult frogs can live in more of the area than small adult frogs can.


Premise: Both Zhang Fei and Li Bai applied for the MBA this year, and there are four assertions about their exams as follows: (1) at least one of them passed the exam; (2) Zhang Fei did not necessarily pass the exam; (3) Li Bai did pass the exam; (4) it is not that Zhang Fei may not have passed the exam. The final admission results show that two of the four assertions are true and two are false.

Hypothesis: Li Bai passed the exam, but Zhang Fei failed can be inferred from the above conditions.


Premise: Illusion is a kind of visual error. When people observe an object, because the object is interfered by shape, light, and color, plus people's physical and psychological reasons, they misrecognize the object, which will produce judgments that are inconsistent with the reality.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the illusion of seeing trees moving outside the window while sitting on a moving train is not an illusion.


Premise: Computer manufacturers and retailers tell us that the complexity involved in connecting the various components of personal computers is not a widespread obstacle to their use, but this is wrong. Customers who install accessories to their personal computers have to take full responsibility for the setting of jumpers and switches to satisfy mysterious specifications. Many accessories require extra software that can cause other accessories to stop working; adding a modem, for instance, may disable a printer.

Hypothesis: A personal computer is usually sold as part of a package that includes accessories and free installation most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: When a group is unable to reach a consensus, group members are often accused of being stubborn, bull-headed, or unyielding. Such epithets often seem abusive, are difficult to prove, and rarely help the group reach a resolution. Those who wish to make such an accusation stick, however, should choose unyielding,  because one can always appeal to the fact that the accused has not yielded; obviously if one acknowledges that a person has not yielded, then one cannot deny that the person is unyielding, at least on this issue.

Hypothesis: The argumentative technique employed above is conditionally advocating a tactic on the grounds that it results in an argument that would help the group to reach a consensus on the issue in question.


Premise: Among the students admitted to the university in a certain city, the proportion of female students is higher than that of male students. According to this fact, Mr. Wang thinks that girls in this city study better than boys.

Hypothesis: Among the examinees, the proportion of boys is lower than that of girls weakens Mr. Wang's conclusion the most.


Premise: The French novelist Colette (1873-1954) has been widely praised for the vividness of her language. But many critics complain that her novels are indifferent to important moral questions. This charge is unfair. Each of her novels is a poetic condensation of a major emotional crisis in the life of an ordinary person of her time. Such emotional crises almost invariably raise important moral questions.

Hypothesis: A novel that poetically condenses a major emotional crisis does not have to be indifferent to the important moral questions raised by that crisis is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Zhao Qiansun three geologists are identifying a piece of ore. Zhao said, this is not iron, nor is it signed. 'It's not iron, it's copper, ' Mr. Qian said. 'It's not copper, it's iron, ' Sun said.So that one of them was right, one was wrong, and one was only half right.

Hypothesis: This ore is iron ore is correct based on the above condition.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: Dr. Liu treats at least one male patient is definitely true according to the information above.


Premise: In the face of parents' doubts about the excessive formaldehyde in the classroom decorated for two months in a primary school, the principal of the primary school responded: I have been to all the classrooms one by one and didn't smell any peculiar smell, so the formaldehyde doesn't exceed the standard.

Hypothesis: Formaldehyde is a colorless and tasteless gas. It is impossible to judge whether formaldehyde exceeds the standard by the taste of the room can best refute the certification of the primary school principal.


Premise: Among North American school-age children, there is a strong positive correlation between obesity and the amount of television watched. Ttherefore, with the arrival of interactive television, obesity among North American school-age children will increase.

Hypothesis: The assumption that North American school-age children will increase their television viewing with the arrival of interactive television is required by the argument.


Premise: Although the pesticide TDX has been widely used by fruit growers since the early 1960' s, a regulation in force since 1960 has prohibited sale of fruit on which any TDX residue can be detected. That regulation is about to be replaced by one that allows sale of fruit on which trace amounts of TDX residue are detected. In fact, however, the change will not allow more TDX on fruit than was allowed in the 1960' s, because __.

Hypothesis: The presence of TDX on fruit in greater than trace amounts has not been shown to cause any harm even to children who eat large amounts of fruit most logically completes the argument.


Premise: The pigments are mainly anthocyanins and other phenolic substances, their colors constitute the color of the wine and bring their own aroma and delicate taste to the wine. The color of aged wine mainly comes from tannins. Tannins not only contribute to the color of the wine, but also act on the mouth to create a sense of bitterness, thus promoting people's appetite. The tannin content is too high, the bitter taste is heavy and the wine is rough; if the tannin content is too low, the wine is weak and light. In addition, tannins can also mask the sour taste, so red wine is obviously less sour than white wine because of its rich tannins.

Hypothesis: Aged wine boosts appetite and its color comes from tannins can be inferred from the given options.


Premise: Bacteriophage is a kind of bacteria, which can prey on bacteria. At present, with the development of medical implantation technology, more and more patients receive medical implants such as urinary catheters and cardiac stents, but it also brings the risk of bacterial infection. Therefore, some researchers believe that if bacteriophages are adsorbed on the surface of implant materials and then were put into patients, the infection caused by implants could be avoided.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Where there are bacteria, there may be corresponding bacteriophages, but their number is different' can most weaken the above conclusion if it is true.


Premise: A new law gives ownership of patents-documents providing exclusive right to make and sell an invention-to universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored university research. Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching.

Hypothesis: Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several profit-making corporations would cast the most doubt on the viability of the college administrators' plan described above.


Premise: All kindergartens face the same problem: for those parents who cannot come to pick up their children in time after the kindergarten is over, kindergarten teachers have no choice but to wait, so many kindergartens charge parents who pick up their children late. However, there are surveys. It is shown that the number of parents who pick up their children late after the fee has not been reduced, but has increased.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the fee, more parents think that even if they come late to pick up their children, they don't have to feel guilty, as long as they pay' best explains the above survey results.


Premise: On July 14, 2015, after difficult negotiations in the euro zone, the Greek debt crisis was temporarily quieted down. If the Greek debt crisis is not resolved, it will have a negative impact on the economy of the euro zone. But Greece can only return to the path of economic development through extensive reforms. Greece can either reduce welfare or achieve substantial economic growth, otherwise, the debt crisis will be difficult to solve.

Hypothesis: If Greece is to solve its debt crisis, but cannot achieve substantial economic growth, it must reduce welfare if the above statement is true.


Premise: More than 400 East Asian languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Qiang and Burmese, are considered to share a common ancestral language, collectively known as the Sino-Tibetan language family, whose mother tongue is second only to the Indo-European family. For a long time, linguists have long disputed the genetic relationship, the time of differentiation and the place of origin of each language branch within the Sino-Tibetan language family. Recently, the research team of Fudan University announced that, using analytical methods such as linguistics and genetics, they found that the Sino-Tibetan language family originated in northern China in the Neolithic Age and was divided for the first time about 6,000 years ago. The results were recently published online in the British journal Nature in the form of original research papers.

Hypothesis: The research paradigm provided by this study is not likely to be introduced in this passage next.


Premise: Lu Xun can be said to be the most complex literary individual since ancient times. His complexity has gone beyond the boundaries of pure literature. He represents the transformation of the times, the cold analysis of the national soul, and the bold innovation of thinking methods. As Professor Yan Jiayan said, Lu Xun used the writing style of Pi Li Yang Qiu, which was unknowingly spoken out verbally, but actually had some praise, criticism and comments, which also inspired the reader's judgment.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that Lu Xun's works are the most profound and complex.


Premise: The famous scientist and historian of science Price puts forward that if K represents the number of people involved in a certain professional field, then the square root of this number is roughly equal to the number of top-ranked people who have contributed half of the field.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'A country's publishing association has counted the country's journals and found that there are about 150 economic-related journals, of all economic-related scientific research papers, half of them are published in 13 journals' is in line with Price's point of view.


Premise: Generally speaking, broken objects are always unbeautiful. But how to explain the fact that the remains of so many ancient buildings, sculptures and even daily necessities are considered beautiful? It may be because these remains with aesthetic value are of great value, either because of their considerable scale, or because of important practical functions, such as magnificent palaces, mausoleums, temples, city walls, ancient bridges, ancient pagodas, etc., it contains the extraordinary wisdom and great hard work of our predecessors, whether it is destroyed in war or natural disasters, it will arouse people's regret and caress the remains to think of the whole. There are a large number of such ancient buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage project, such as the Great Wall of China, the Parthenon in Greece, Angkor Wat in Cambodia and so on.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is how to appreciate ancient architecture.


Premise: An economist of one country pointed out: unless the country takes drastic measures to cure the stubborn problems of the economy, it is impossible for the economy to grow steadily. Without steady economic growth, public debt will continue to rise.

Hypothesis: If the public debt does not keep rising, it shows that the country has taken drastic measures to cure the stubborn problems of the economy.


Premise: The role of cultural decoration refers to the phenomenon that people will come up with various reasons to forgive themselves or justify their failures after being frustrated.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang was not rated as an advanced element, he believed that he had a bad relationship with the leader of the judge does not belong to the role of cultural decoration.


Premise: The use of money causes a civilization to decline. That this is true is shown by the way the troubles of Western civilization began with the invention of money. While real money (gold and silver) is bad enough, imitation money (paper money) is a horror. The decline of Western civilization exactly parallels the increasing use of money -- both real money and worthless paper money -- as a substitute for things of intrinsic value.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The rate of exchange between gold and paper money has fluctuated greatly in Western civilization' could contribute most to a refutation of the argument.


Premise: AD hoc modification refers to modifying or adding some new assumptions to a scientific theory so that it is not verifiable or testable in order to avoid the risk of disproving it.

Hypothesis: Adherents of Aristotle, insisting that all heavenly bodies were perfect spheres, proposed that the moon was filled with undetectable material that would keep it perfectly spherical is AD hoc modification.


Premise: In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started popping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania' s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

Hypothesis: Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania's movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania's claim.


Premise: Most people resent Mandarin and speak polite mandarin, such as attach great importance to it, personally ask, research and so on.If you do not speak Mandarin or polite words, some officials feel that they have nothing to say, or have no sense of superiority.

Hypothesis: When you hear officials say research, some ordinary people are disgusted is true according to the above statement.


Premise: Complaints that milk bottlers take enormous markups on the bottled milk sold to consumers are most likely to arise when least warranted by the actual spread between the price that bottlers pay for raw milk and the price at which they sell bottled milk. The complaints occur when the bottled-milk price rises, yet these price increases most often merely reflect the rising price of the raw milk that bottlers buy from dairy farmers. When the raw-milk price is rising, the bottlers' markups are actually smallest proportionate to the retail price. When the raw-milk price is falling, however, the markups are greatest.

Hypothesis: If all of the statements above are true, then Milk bottlers generally do not respond to a decrease in raw-milk prices by straightaway proportionately lowering the price of the bottled milk they sell must also be true on the basis of them.


Premise: Ruth: To become a politician, a person should be required to have a diversity of experience. The more diverse one' s experience, the more one will understand the need for compromise. Stephanie: To be worthy of public trust, it is not enough, as you suggest, that one simply have varied experience. Such a person would not necessarily be worthy of public trust.

Hypothesis: The response attributes to Ruth a view that is more vulnerable to criticism than any she actually expresses accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in Stephanie's response to Ruth's statements.


Premise: Though Earth' s human population is increasing, it currently uses only a relatively small fraction of the supply of fresh water. Thus, claims that water shortages will plague humankind in the near future unless population growth trends change are simply mistaken.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The percentage of fresh water used for agriculture is likely to grow more quickly than is the percentage used for industry' most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.


Premise: Some people say that all students who are admitted to the university are students who study hard, and Zhang San did not enter the university, so Zhang San is not a student who studies hard.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that "All successful people have to dress and eat. I am not successful now, so I don't have to dress and eat" clearly shows that the above argument is not valid.


Premise: A, B, C and D were arrested on suspicion of theft from a jewelry store.  The statements of the four are as follows: A: The perpetrator is C.  B: Ding is the criminal. C: If I commit the crime, Ding is the principal criminal.  D: I did not commit the crime.  Only one of the four statements is false.

Hypothesis: It was A who lied and B who committed the crime is true if the above is true.


Premise: The responsible judicature in ancient China means that judicial personnel must be responsible for their own actions. In Legalist thought, the theory of responsible judicature originated from the theory of responsible administration, because judicial power and administrative power were not separated at that time. The theory of responsible administration requires that the subject of administrative law enforcement must bear responsibility for his own actions. For this reason, the Qin Dynasty established a perfect supervision system to supervise the administrative law enforcement and investigate the illegal acts of the law enforcement subjects. At that time, judicial power was a part of executive power, so the supervision of administrative power included the supervision of judicial power. If the subject of supervision finds that judicial personnel have the problem of judicial injustice, they will punish them. It can be said that the supervision system was the premise of the establishment of the judicial responsibility system at that time. The judicial responsibility system of the Qin Dynasty is groundbreaking, as exemplified by the charges such as not being straight stipulated in the Law of the Qin Dynasty. Responsible judicature is also a kind of judicature of governing officials. Legalists advocate governing officials but not people and require that the style of officials should be brought into the track of the rule of law.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is the origin of responsible judicature and Legalist thought in Ancient China.


Premise: In recent years, people's living conditions are getting better and better, and the requirements for tourism ---are getting higher and higher. In the past, the way of tourism ---- has been gradually replaced by the way of in-depth experience and paying attention to culture and interaction. it is under this background that the development of the integration of culture and tourism --- has become a hot spot.

Hypothesis: Quality, just looking at the flowers, came into being


Premise: If Xiao Zhao goes on a trip, then Xiao Qian, Xiao Sun and Xiao Li will go together.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, then the statement "If Xiao Zhao didn't travel, then Xiao Qian, Xiao Sun and Xiao Li didn't go" is also true.


Premise: In reality, migrant workers are often faced with the problem of insufficient evidence and difficult to obtain evidence when safeguarding their rights. Statistics of cases heard by a court in city B show that about 80% of the cases in which migrant workers claim wages are due to migrant workers' lack of relevant evidence. Although labor contracts, wage cards, wage slips, bank transfer records, attendance sheets, work permits and other materials can be used as evidence that migrant workers are owed wages, but many migrant workers work with contractors only pay in cash, but there is no evidence. Coupled with the awareness that some migrant workers are lack of evidence, it may also lead to insufficient evidence to protect their rights after being owed wages.

Hypothesis: Use laws and regulations to solve the problem of insufficient evidence after migrant workers are being owed wages is most likely to be described in this passage next.


Premise: Will the technological revolution aggravate unemployment? This is a problem that has plagued people for a long time. From some statistics, people have found an interesting phenomenon. Although the United States has invested heavily in computer technology and other areas over the past years, its current unemployment rate (approximately 5.5%) is not higher than the unemployment rate in the early 1960s, while the unemployment rate in Western Europe is 11%, where investment in computers has always been less than in the United States.

Hypothesis: Information technology will not cause unemployment can be logically deduced from the above.


Premise: Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart' s show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.

Hypothesis: The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether getting the Rembrandt etchings from the Hart Institute is likely to increase attendance at the print exhibition.


Premise: In the face of the energy crisis, some countries are looking for alternative energy sources,using corn to process ethanol gasoline for vehicles is no longer new, Therefore, many people believe that using corn to produce energy can not only digest the aged grain in stock, but also develop oil as an alternative energy, which will be one of the trends of energy development in the future and a policy of benefiting the nation and the people.

Hypothesis: Using corn as energy for production can appropriately increase the price of corn, thereby increasing farmers' income and farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain cannot weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: In an experiment, volunteers walked individually through a dark, abandoned theater. Half of the volunteers had been told that the theater was haunted and the other half that it was under renovation. The first half reported significantly more unusual experiences than the second did. The researchers concluded that reports of encounters with ghosts and other supernatural entities generally result from prior expectations of such experiences.

Hypothesis: If true, none of the volunteers in the second half believing that the unusual experiences they reported were supernatural would most seriously weaken the researchers' reasoning.


Premise: The vast majority of first-year engineering students at Bighorn University are registered in Physics 121. Simone is registered in Physics 121; thus it seems likely that she is a first-year engineering student.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Some engineering students at Bighorn University take Physics 121 in their second year, but none take it in later years' is assumed, the conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: Principle: Any person or business knowingly aiding someone' s infringement on a copyright is also guilty of copyright infringement. Application: Grandview Department Store, which features a self-service photo-printing kiosk, is guilty of copyright infringement since a customer using the kiosk infringed on a wedding photographer' s copyright by printing photographs whose copyright is held by the photographer.

Hypothesis: The assumption that owners of self-service facilities should monitor those facilities in order to ensure that they are not used for illegal or unethical purposes most helps to justify the application of the principle.


Premise: Service-oriented public relations refers to the public relations activities in which the organization mainly provides various affordable services and obtains the understanding and praise of the public through practical actions, so as to establish a good image of the organization.

Hypothesis: A water heater manufacturer regularly sending precautions for the use of the water heater to users and changing the filter screen for users free every year is an example of service-oriented public relations according to the definition given above.


Premise: Because of their ignorance of Weibo, a director and a director divulged their privacy and exposed their immoral behavior on Weibo, which were investigated and dealt with by the relevant departments. Some netizens were cynical about their actions, lamenting: knowledge changes fate. No knowledge changes fate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether you have knowledge or not, it will change your destiny' is closest to the meaning expressed by the netizen.


Premise: The popularization of computer and the emergence of the network are changing the way of social information transmission, also changing people's entertainment, but also make the traditional media by a huge impact. Many people spend so much time in front of the computer that they even become Internet autistic.

Hypothesis: Not being in contact with others is a cause of Internet autism can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: The town of Springhill frequently must declare a water emergency, making it temporarily unlawful to use water for such nonessential purposes as car washing. These emergencies could be avoided if Springhill would introduce permanent economic incentives for water conservation. Actually, Springhill discourages conservation because each household pays a modest monthly flat fee for any amount of water below a certain usage threshold, and a substantial per-liter rate only after the threshold is reached.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The threshold remains at the predetermined level specified by law until a change is approved by the Springhill town council' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Students in a first-year undergraduate course were divided into two groups. All the students in both groups were given newspaper articles identical in every respect, except for the headline, which was different for each group. When the students were later asked questions about the contents of the article, the answers given by the two groups were markedly different, though within each group the answers were similar.

Hypothesis: Newspaper headlines influence a reader's interpretation of the corresponding articles is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers, processes them into powder or oil, and then mixes them with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirmed the company's practice and pointed out that eating insects is conducive to dealing with worldwide food shortages and malnutrition.

Hypothesis: An authoritative foreign research institution said that in this century, eating insects is conducive to the growth of population and the increase of consumption of the protein can be used as the premise of the argument.


Premise: German doctor Merlin and Russian Minkowski, who worked together on digestive function, found that in experimental dogs. The pancreas of dogs was removed, and  the urine of such dogs always attracted flocks of bees. The tests showed that dogs had high levels of sugar in their urine. Scientists speculate that the pancreas may be linked to diabetes

Hypothesis: Doctor used insulin to control diabetes supports for the above conclusions strongly.


Premise: Information pollution refers to the phenomenon that the elements of harmful, deceptive or misleading information are mixed in the process of information dissemination, thus affecting the normal acquisition and utilization of effective information.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang's Wechat moments have seen all kinds of health-preserving and pseudoscience messages forwarded by his parents every day belongs to information pollution.


Premise: Conditional commitment refers to a commitment made by one party to the other party with conditions in social activities.

Hypothesis: Xiao Yu made a rule for herself that she will refuse to go to her friends' parties if she does not lose five pounds. This is a conditional commitment.


Premise: Foster: Many species of extremely large North American mammals became extinct during the last ice age, which was also the time of the first human migration to North America. These species could not survive the dramatic changes wrought by this human migration. Fisch: Those extinctions were caused by the dramatic shift to a harsher climate. The climate changed so rapidly that the species could not adapt.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The huge size of the mammals made it difficult for them to migrate the great distances to milder environments' most strengthens Fisch's argument.


Premise: When someone at home was a guest, his child was sitting on a stool, watching cartoons while being naughty, and accidentally fell off the stool, and then cried. At this time, many parents will feel very angry, so they reprimand their children:  Watching a cartoon is naughty, I fell, and you still have a face to cry? From a psychological point of view, this kind of criticism is probably just that the parents are venting their inner anger, and the educational significance of the child is minimal or even counterproductive: falling down 'S child is in sorrow, unable to grasp the deep meaning behind the parents' criticism, and can only hear the parents' scolding, so they may cry harder. At this time, if there are other children next to seeing this scene, they will only get It came to the conclusion that you can't cry if you fall, or you will be scolded by adults. In fact, the attitude and way parents treat their children are related to the children's mental health, and public criticism of children will affect the formation and development of children's self-esteem. Blindly beaten Scolding and scolding will not only make the child feel humiliated in front of outsiders, but also make the child form a negative thinking that something bad happens to you deserve it.

Hypothesis: The core point of this passage is that when parents are educating their children, if they are angry inside, the education is of little significance.


Premise: The crime of misappropriating public funds refers to persons engaged in public affairs in state organs, state-owned companies, enterprises, institutions, and people's organizations who use their positions to supervise, manage, operate, and handle public property rights and conveniences,misappropriating public funds for personal use for illegal activities, or embezzling public funds of more than 50,000 yuan for profit-making activities, or embezzling public funds of more than 50,000 yuan and not repaying them for more than three months.

Hypothesis: The director of a provincial poverty alleviation office took advantage of his position to put 60,000 yuan of poverty relief funds in the stock market in the name of his children, two months later, he made money and returned it constitutes the crime of misappropriation public funds.


Premise: W-12 is a virus that seriously harms the growth of grains and causes a large reduction in grain production every year. Scientists have found that inserting a gene extracted from W-12 into a grain gene that is susceptible to infection can make The grain produces antibodies to W-12, which greatly reduces losses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When plants acquire antibodies to certain viruses through genetic mutations, they will also change some of their growth characteristics' does not strengthen the above conclusion if the following items are true.


Premise: Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with Gödel's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of Gödel.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ignore the possibility that some senior logic teachers are unfamiliar with Gödel's theorems' accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning.


Premise: Computers perform actions that are closer to thinking than anything nonhuman animals do. But computers do not have volitional powers, although some nonhuman animals do.

Hypothesis: It is necessary to have volitional powers in order to think is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: To date, most of the proposals that have been endorsed by the Citizens League have been passed by the city council. Thus, any future proposal that is endorsed by the Citizens League will probably be passed as well.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which the argument 'Most of the editors who have worked for the local newspaper have not been sympathetic to local farmers. Thus, if the newspaper hires someone who is sympathetic to local farmers, they will probably not be hired as an editor' is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Roses are perhaps the most complex flowers we can see. Its flower shape, color and fragrance are ever-changing, ranging from elegant roses to curly garden roses and gems-dazzling modern hybrid roses. Today, there are more than 200 kinds of roses growing all over the world. As people constantly try to get more beautiful, fragrant, longer-blooming roses through hybridization, the common horticultural and commercial rose varieties have been updated at the rate of every five years. It is very difficult to identify a kind of rose, and even the opinions of experts often vary greatly, because the species of roses are very easy to change and cross easily; hybrid roses can not only be selected by manual control, but also form naturally in large numbers.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that hybrid technology plays a significant role in the cultivation of new rose varieties.


Premise: Politician: The current crisis in mathematics education must be overcome if we are to remain competitive in the global economy. Alleviating this crisis requires the employment of successful teaching methods. No method of teaching a subject can succeed that does not get students to spend a significant amount of time outside of class studying that subject.

Hypothesis: The current crisis in mathematics education will not be overcome unless students spend a significant amount of time outside of class studying mathematics follows logically from the statements above.


Premise: The principle of equality before the law rules out using media access and renown as valid considerations in the sentencing of convicted criminals. Nevertheless, movie stars found guilty of drug abuse in well-publicized trials are often sentenced to perform community service, while unknown defendants convicted of the same crimes usually serve prison sentences.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that 'The sentencing of movie stars to community service instead of prison constitutes a violation of the principle of equality before the law in many cases' is most strongly supported by the statements above, if true.


Premise: The actual situation is just the opposite of the theoretical expectation.In the United States, for example, there are 15.1 million full-time civil servants in its population of more than 200 million, or about one in a dozen on average. This vast bureaucracy wastes a third of the defense budget on unhelpful rules and regulations, doing things that need not be done. The Department of Defense Rules and regulations are almost unrivalled in their complexity. There are 800 pages of regulations for military housing and 8,800 pages for civilian military personnel.

Hypothesis: The gap between theoretical expectations and reality is most likely to be described in the article next.


Premise: Screenwriter-style viewers refer to those who don't mind being told of their core content and clues when watching movies and TV series, and even inquire about the plot introduction in advance, and go through various film reviews. This kind of movie viewers pursue the feeling of controlling the development of the plot and do not like to show Unexpectedly.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li is a screenwriter-style viewer according to the above definition.


Premise: To win democratic elections that are not fully subsidized by the government, nonwealthy candidates must be supported by wealthy patrons. This makes plausible the belief that these candidates will compromise their views to win that support. But since the wealthy are dispersed among the various political parties in roughly equal proportion to their percentage in the overall population, this belief is false.

Hypothesis: The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider that in democracies in which elections are not fully subsidized by the government, positions endorsed by political parties might be much less varied than the positions taken by candidates.


Premise: If capable people are not influenced by the outside world to pursue perfect solutions to problems, but limit their exploration and find satisfactory answers, they can save a lot of energy.

Hypothesis: The view expressed in the above paragraph is that people don't always have to find perfect solutions to problems.


Premise: A blogger declared: my analysis of the future trend of housing prices has been followed by more than 1000 netizens, I counted, 85% of the posts agree with me.This shows that most people agree with me.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most of the people who follow the blogger's article are loyal fans' most questions the blogger's conclusion.


Premise: Beck: Our computer program estimates municipal automotive use based on weekly data. Some staff question the accuracy of the program' s estimates. But because the figures it provides are remarkably consistent from week to week, we can be confident of its accuracy.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Beck's argument is flawed in that it fails to consider that the program could produce consistent but inaccurate output.


Premise: The four offices of a certain agency, A, B, C, and D, are preparing for in-depth investigations at the grassroots level. The places they are preparing to investigate are Hongxing Township, Chaoyang Township, Yongfeng Street, and Xingfu Street. Each room chooses exactly one place and it is different. Known: (1) Either A chooses Xingfu Street, or B chooses Xingfu Street, and the two must be one of them;(2) either A chooses Red Star Township or C chooses Yongfeng County Street; (3) if C chooses Yongfeng County Street, D chooses Happy Street.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that D chose Yongfeng Street.


Premise: A long time ago, potatoes were called ghost apples in France, and farmers were reluctant to introduce them. An agronomist came up with a way to plant potatoes on a piece of land and was guarded by an armed King's guard in military dress. At night, the guard deliberately withdrew. As a result, people came to steal potatoes and introduced them into their own fields. In this way, potato planting has been rapidly promoted in France.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate conclusion that can be inferred is that people tend to break rules and restrictions.


Premise: Some studies have shown that confiding your troubles to others is an effective way to relieve stress, but in real life, more than 40% of people do not confide in their troubles to others, and this group of people often feel that their work and life are more stressful. Therefore, the more often a person confides his troubles to others, the less stress he feels in work and life.

Hypothesis: By default, stress-relieving behavior is necessary for individuals can best point out the shortcomings of the above argument.


Premise: Synaesthesia is a psychological phenomenon in which one sense causes another to change.

Hypothesis: The bedroom is decorated with warm colors to make people feel warm takes advantage of synaesthesia.


Premise: During World War II, the air forces of the United States and Britain bombed Germany and suffered heavy losses. Experts found that the belly of all the returning planes was covered with bullet marks, but the wings were intact. They concluded that the belly of the plane is very vulnerable to gunfire and that the protection of the belly should be improved. It was later confirmed that they were affected by survivor bias when these experts speculated, because the reality was that all the planes that were hit on the wing crashed, while most of the planes that were only hit in the belly returned.

Hypothesis: In a random sampling survey with a large enough sample, it is found that in China, the TV program with the largest audience is News Network does not have a similar survivor bias.


Premise: Travel agent: Studies show that people who travel frequently normally earn substantially more money, enjoy more time with their family, and have better physical health than people who do not travel often. Traveling is often described as a pleasurable experience. It is wonderful to see that traveling also increases a person' s quality of life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'people who have more money, time to spend with their families, and better physical health are more likely to travel frequently' is the reason the conclusion above is unwarranted.


Hypothesis: The statement 'By default, increasing the frequency of behavior helps to enhance the effect of behavior' can best point out the shortcomings of the above argument.


Premise: The problem faced by a developing country is that in order to maintain its economic development, we must constantly strengthen the competitiveness of domestic enterprises; in order to maintain social stability, we must constantly establish and improve social security systems such as old-age pension, medical care, unemployment and so on. In order to establish and improve the social security system, enterprises need to pay a certain proportion of social insurance premiums for their employees every year. If the enterprise pays such a proportion of social insurance premiums for its employees every year, it will reduce the competitiveness of the enterprise.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the country cannot maintain its economic development or its social stability can be deduced from the above statement.


Premise: Excessively dense urban layout is not only easy to produce heat island effect, but also does not meet the requirements of ecological aesthetics. Therefore, urban construction should open the layout as far as possible, reasonably interval the city groups, so that the city looks smooth and orderly, not crowded, not cluttered.

Hypothesis: The most similar logic to the discussion process is the statement that perfect legal service is an important part of the business environment and a measure of a city's attractiveness.


Premise: After the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the massive development and utilization of energy has become the mainstream of the economic development of various countries, and the scale of its development degree directly determines the economic growth of a country. In particular, the large-scale development and utilization of coal and the supply of a large amount of cheap oil have rewritten the economic development history of industrialized countries. The energy strategy studied by economics is mainly how to ensure the increasing demand of economic and social development with the increasing energy supply, and any research and development to improve the level of energy consumption is considered uneconomical and uneconomical. This energy strategy has played a positive role in encouraging people to develop and utilize energy and ensuring the rapid growth of infrastructure and industry in industrialized countries, but there is no restriction on the development of energy, resulting in the destruction and waste of energy resources. it has formed environmental pollution and public hazards that can not be cured up to now.

Hypothesis: The economic significance of energy strategy is far from offsetting its harm to the environment can be concluded based on this.


Premise: A group of children were arguing about what day it was. A said: today is not Sunday.B said: today is Friday. C said :the day before yesterday was Saturday. D said :yesterday was Tuesday.E said: today is Tuesday. F said: today is neither Monday nor Tuesday, it's not even Wednesday. In fact, only one of them got it right.

Hypothesis: Today is Sunday.


Premise: According to probability theory, tossing a fair coin has almost equal probability of getting heads and tails. I bet with people that if the coin toss comes heads, I win; if it comes tails, I lose. I tossed a coin 6 times and it all came up tails, and I've lost 6 times in a row. So my next few tosses are definitely heads up and will definitely win back.

Hypothesis: It doesn't make sense, because each toss is an independent event, unrelated to the previous results is an appropriate evaluation of I's reasoning.


Premise: With the increasing aging of society, there are more and more empty nesters in many communities. They cannot take care of the little things in their lives and need special care from the society. At present, there is still a lack of social care for some elderly people living alone. During the holidays, although the relevant departments come to deliver food, oil, clothing, money and other condolences, but for the empty nest elderly, the care is not in place and the measures are not effective. In this case, it is necessary to set up some traditional nursing homes, homes for the elderly, community mutual aid societies and other places that are more suitable for empty nesters to spend their twilight years, which can not only meet the needs of the elderly, but also relieve the worries of their children. At the same time, it also strengthens the communication and mutual assistance among the people in the community, so that more and more old people live a rich and colorful life in their twilight years.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that we need to give life and spiritual help to the empty nesters.


Premise: Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhao joined the study group. Everyone chooses one of these three books from the first volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, the second volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and the third volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and then selects one or three topics from this book to study, and talk about the experience. It is known that: (1) the books selected by Xiao Zhang and Xiao Zhao are different, and the number of topics they choose to study is also different. (2) one person chose a topic to study. Two people chose two topics to study. (3) Xiao Li chose the three topics in the third volume of Xi Jinping on Governance. (4) each book was selected. Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao selected the first volume of Xi Jinping on governing the country.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang chose two topics to study can be inferred.


Premise: Reptiles are not amphibians, and all amphibians are oviparous. So all oviparous animals are not reptiles.

Hypothesis: Excessive doting on children will cause them to often cry. Frequent crying will make children have gastrointestinal problems. Therefore, children's gastrointestinal problems may be caused by parents' doting is the same as the problem-based reasoning form.


Premise: The term post-1980s, which first appeared in online forums in 2001, refers to a group of poets born in the 1980s who are active in online forums To refer to the entire group of young people born in the 1980s.

Hypothesis: The best heading for this paragraph is 'The origin of post-80s'.


Premise: 1.Xiao Zhang is one of the senior employees of Pepsi-Cola Company in China. 2.It is possible that Xiao Zhang only drinks Coca-Cola.

Hypothesis: A premise implied by the statement of 2. is that the two coke tastes very similar.


Premise: The pollution problem caused by the burial of industrial waste is most prominent in the moderately developed countries, while it is not prominent in the developed and underdeveloped countries. Underdeveloped countries are because there is not much industrial waste that can be processed. Developed countries are either because they have effectively reduced industrial waste, or because they have effectively processed industrial waste. Country H is a moderately developed country. Therefore, the pollution caused by the burial of industrial waste will be substantially changed in five years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Country H will maintain its development level unchanged for five years' is most likely to be assumed by the above argument.


Premise: Qin Mu Gong asked Bole to recommend his successor. Bole said Jiufanggao could afford the post. Under the orders of Lord Mu, Jiufanggao went out to look for horses and returned three months later to say that the horses had been found.  Mu Gong asked: where is the horse? Jiufanggao replied: yellow male horse.  Mu Gong sent someone to pick up the horse, and the horse taker reported that it was a black mare. Mu Gong is not happy, responsibility Bole: the person you recommend can't even distinguish between the yellow and black male and female of a horse, how can you tell whether it is good or bad?As Jiufanggao observed, the mystery between heaven and earth: he got its subtlety, gave up its roughness, examined its interior and forgot its appearance, saw what he should have seen, but did not see what he did not have to see, inspected the places he should have explored, and abandoned the places he did not have to explore. People like Jiufanggao who are good at identifying Chollima are indeed more valuable than Chollima.  When the horse arrives, it is really a good horse in the world.

Hypothesis: Seeing what you see, not seeing what you don't see is the key to understanding things correctly supports the main point above.


Premise: The actual situation is just the opposite of the theoretical expectation.In the United States, for example, there are 15.1 million full-time civil servants in its population of more than 200 million, or about one in a dozen on average. This vast bureaucracy wastes a third of the defense budget on unhelpful rules and regulations, doing things that need not be done. The Department of Defense Rules and regulations are almost unrivalled in their complexity. There are 800 pages of regulations for military housing and 8,800 pages for civilian military personnel.

Hypothesis: The historical roots of the enormous size of the US government is most likely to be described in the article next.


Premise: A university actively guided college students to carry out summer social practice activities and achieved remarkable results. The school and a township jointly selected two students with excellent academic and academic performance to serve as village officials in the township. After multiple assessments, four people A, B, C, and D Discuss the possibility of being selected together.A said: I will not be selected. B said: If I am selected, then C will be selected. C said: If B is selected, D will be selected. Ding said: B Will be selected but C will not be selected.

Hypothesis: The judgment that B and D will be selected must be true if only one of the four guessed correctly.


Premise: Some theories are quite abstract. Therefore, some abstract theories are difficult to understand.

Hypothesis: In order for this reasoning to be correct, the prerequisite that all theories are hard to understand must be added.


Premise: The basic rights and obligations of citizens refer to the minimum legal rights and obligations that Chinese citizens should enjoy and perform as recognized by the constitution.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the correct statement is that fundamental rights indicate the constitutional status of citizens and constitute the basis of a national rights system.


Premise: Sea turtle hatchlings leaving their hatching grounds on Florida beaches reach ocean currents by swimming to the northeast, as defined by the north of the Earth' s magnetic field. Florida hatchlings placed in a large indoor tank also swim toward the northeast. But when the tank is surrounded by an artificial magnetic field twice as strong as the Earth' s field and opposite in direction, the hatchlings swim in the direction opposite to that in which they swim without the artificial magnetic field.

Hypothesis: The information in the statements above most strongly supports the conclusion that the direction in which ocean currents flow is determined by the magnetic field of the Earth.


Premise: No matter what article is selected into the Chinese teaching material, it is no longer an independent work in the original sense, but an organic part of the whole teaching material system, which is the basis of basic skills training.

Hypothesis: An organic part of the whole teaching material system refers to the reliance of basic skills training.


Premise: Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children' s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, ttherefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for.

Hypothesis: Individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework to assign the children they teach is an assumption on which the educational theorist's argument relies.


Hypothesis: The assumption that individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework to assign the children they teach is on which the educational theorist's argument relies.


Premise: Wechat provides a vibrant public life, which makes it difficult to reach a consensus on public discussion rules. The renovation speed of social tools is far faster than the formation speed of public discussion rules. In other words, this rapidly gushing discussion enthusiasm and the pleasure of just getting rid of realistic rules make people unwilling to be subject to any framework, so that in recent years, what rules to follow to debate, It has also become a common topic of public debate. As an expert said, shared media can promote the development of social forces independent of the state, but it obviously needs a long multi-dimensional collision and repeated struggle to take shape. Wechat not only promotes the freedom of individual discourse and the equality of discourse power, but also makes this standing in line and tearing more frequent and lower cost.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is very difficult to form new rules of public discussion under shared media" is what the passage mainly says.


Premise: Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans and the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.

Hypothesis: Over time, natural selection can even turn different groups of the same species on two islands into distinct species, according to records from one archipelago would most strengthen the researcher's argument.


Premise: Cold chain refers to a special supply chain system in which perishable food is always in the low temperature environment necessary for products in all links of product processing, storage, transportation, distribution and retail after being purchased or fished from the origin, so as to ensure food quality and safety, reduce loss and prevent pollution.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In order to save energy, the refrigerator selling popsicles in the canteen of the campus supermarket stops for one hour every five hours' is an example of cold chains according to the definition above.