Premise: Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.

Hypothesis: When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above.


Premise: Soaring carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming, putting glaciers in the Himalayas where Mount Everest is at risk of shrinking dramatically. The study shows that the rapid melting of glaciers occurs in the glacial-concentrated areas of Mount Everest at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 meters, and these places will only see ice in winter and not during the warmer season. Experts theorize that the rate of glacier loss in the Himalayas is likely to accelerate based on future climate change trends, and if temperatures continue to rise as predicted over the course of the century, the region's glaciers will eventually disappear.

Hypothesis: The statement "Glacier coverage around Mount Everest has decreased by 3% in the past 50 years" would most weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Psychiatrist: While the first appearance of a phobia is usually preceded by a traumatizing event, not everyone who is traumatized by an event develops a phobia. Furthermore, many people with phobias have never been traumatized. These two considerations show that traumatizing events do not contribute to the occurrence of phobias.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the psychiatrist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument takes for granted that a type of phenomenon contributes to the occurrence of another type of phenomenon only if phenomena of these two types are invariably associated.


Premise: Material evidence refers to material traces and objects that can prove the true circumstances of a case.  Physical evidence is characterized by its appearance, quality, characteristics and location, reflecting some facts of the case, which can be used to prove the truth of the case.

Hypothesis: The scene photo taken by the traffic police when surveying the scene belongs to material evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: Red tourism is an innovative way to strengthen and improve patriotism education, revolutionary tradition education, civic moral education, minors' ideological and moral construction and college students' ideological and political education in the new era. Red tourism, red is the connotation, resources, characteristics, brand, tourism is the essence, that is, red tourism in essence is a tourism activity, but can not be directly equated with patriotism education, revolutionary tradition education.

Hypothesis: The text means to tell us that red tourism has strong political, economic and cultural functions.


Premise: When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements. This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.

Hypothesis: The statement that the Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: I and W cannot be assigned to the production department.


Premise: Adults who drink coffee regularly are 2.5 times more likely to develop heart disease than those who drink less coffee, a study has found. It can be concluded that a substance in coffee can cause heart disease in people.

Hypothesis: The option that people at high risk of heart disease are more likely to fall in love with coffee best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: Anna: Did you know that rainbows always occur opposite the sun, appearing high in the sky when the sun is low, and low in the sky when the sun is high? The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder claimed that this was so, in the first century A. D. William: His claim cannot be correct. After all, Pliny the Elder wrote that there are tribes of dogheaded people and beings with no heads or necks but with eyes on their shoulders, and said that smearing snails on your forehead cures headaches!

Hypothesis: William's argument against Anna's claims about rainbows is most vulnerable to criticism because it illicitly infers that, because Pliny the Elder made some incorrect assertions, Pliny the Elder's assertions about rainbows are also incorrect.


Premise: See micro-knowledge means that when you see a little sign, you can know its development trend or the essence of the problem.

Hypothesis: The knowledge of the micro-knowledge is best reflected in the statement 'Seeing a leaf fall and knowing that autumn is coming'.


Premise: When zongzi was first exported, the name was a lengthy noun explanation. With the passage of time, zongzi was known and loved by people in many countries, and returned to its own name zongzi. Similarly, erhu, Taiji, Facebook, Yin and Yang, Mapo tofu and other things with strong Chinese style have also experienced a step-by-step process from free translation to transliteration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Things with strong Chinese style are more suitable for free translation' is intended to explain by this passage.


Premise: The family intends to travel to Northern Europe together, and each expresses the following wishes: Father: If they go to Norway, they will not go to Denmark and Iceland; Mother: If they do not go to Iceland, they will go to Norway and Denmark; Son: If they do not go to Norway, they will go to Sweden and Iceland. Finland.

Hypothesis: The final solution fulfills the wishes of each of the above, which can be concluded to be Sweden, Finland and Iceland.


Premise: In nature, microscopic objects generally refer to particles with a spatial scale of less than 10-6 cm and a mass of less than 10-15 grams, including molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, elementary particles and other material levels. Microscopic particles and various phenomena in extremely small spaces. , Generally referred to as microscopic phenomena. Microscopic particles and microscopic phenomena are collectively referred to as the microscopic world. The motion of the microscopic world obeys the laws reflected by quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics.

Hypothesis: The most accurate retelling of the main meaning of this passage is 'What is a micro phenomenon'.


Premise: A new medical technology can be used clinically only if it is effective and safe. In 1998, American scientists successfully made human embryonic stem cells grow and proliferate in vitro. if this stem cell technology is combined with cloning technology, the necessary tissue cells can be cultured from patients' somatic cells to replace patients' damaged cells. to treat a variety of difficult diseases, this is the so-called therapeutic cloning. But now therapeutic cloning is still a long way from clinical use.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'So far, it is quite difficult to obtain human embryonic stem cells' will give the above conclusion the strongest support.


Premise: A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company' s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, ttherefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.

Hypothesis: The argument above assumes that there is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.


Premise: Broadcaster: Our radio station has a responsibility to serve the public interest. Hence, when our critics contend that our recent expose of events in the private lives of local celebrities was excessively intrusive, we can only reply that the overwhelming public interest in these matters makes it our responsibility to publicize them.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the broadcaster's defense of the radio station's practice is confusing legal responsibility with moral obligation.


Premise: Advertisement: Hypnosis videos work to alter behavior by subliminally directing the subconscious to act in certain ways. Directions to the subconscious must, however, be repeated many times in order to be effective. Hypnosis videos from Mesmosis, Inc. induce a hypnotic stale and then issue an initial command to the subject' s subconscious to experience each subsequent instruction as if it had been repeated 1, 000 times. Because of the initial instruction, the subsequent instructions on Mesmosis videos are extremely effective -- it is as if they had actually been repeated 1, 000 times!

Hypothesis: The advertisement's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it takes for granted that the effectiveness of a direction to the subconscious is always directly proportional to the number of times the direction is repeated.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: Surrendering refers to the behavior of a criminal who takes the initiative to confess the crime to the public security organ, the people's procuratorate, the people's court or other relevant units after committing a crime, and is willing to accept legal action.

Hypothesis: Going to the public security agency with his parents to confess his crime after many persuasion from his parents is a typical surrendering behavior for Li, who was wanted by the public security agency for theft and had been fleeing for many years.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an objective-value fallacy is when there should be more exchanges and communication between people, more understanding and tolerance, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world.


Premise: The Blackridge Company, a software retailer, recently implemented a service offering free telephone support for its customers. After 3 months of service, the average length of a technical support call was 15 minutes, 3 minutes higher than the company's target length of 12 minutes. After studying the operations of the new telephone support division, the company discovered that customer support agents were putting customers on hold for an average of 4 minutes per call while these agents researched possible solutions to the technical issues at hand.

Hypothesis: The Blackridge Company could reduce the average length of its customer support calls by better training customer support agents in the technical aspects of the software, assuming that this is a realistic possibility.


Premise: To be horrific, a monster must be threatening. Whether or not it presents psychological, moral or social dangers, or triggers enduring infantile fears, if a monster is physically dangerous then it is threatening. In fact, even a physically benign monster is horrific if it inspires revulsion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If a monster is both horrific and psychologically threatening, then it does not inspire revulsion' logically follows from the statements above.


Premise: Joanna: The only way for a company to be successful, after emerging from bankruptcy, is to produce the same goods or services that it did before going bankrupt. It is futile for such a company to try to learn a whole new business. Ruth: Wrong. The Kelton Company was a major mining operation that went into bankruptcy. On emerging from bankruptcy, Kelton turned its mines into landfills and is presently a highly successful waste-management concern.

Hypothesis: Ruth presents a counterexample to a claim in countering Joanna's argument.


Premise: Synomone is a biologically released information chemical that can cause other receiving organisms to produce a response that is beneficial to both the releaser and the recipient.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the azadirachtin contained in the seeds, leaves and bark of the neem family Neem has a killing effect on almost all pests is related to synomone.


Premise: In the process of studying the situation of a certain town, the following information has been obtained: (1) the villagers in the rich village of Zhang are very industrious; (2) some villagers in the relatively poor village of Li are also very industrious.

Hypothesis: People who are very industrious but not from Li Village must be villagers of Zhang Village can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems, for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large mammals is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: This company will not be training any more pilots in the foreseeable future, since we have 400 trained pilots on our waiting list who are seeking employment. The other five major companies each have roughly the same number of trained pilots on their waiting lists, and since the projected requirement of each company is for not many more than 100 additional pilots, there will be no shortage of personnel despite the current upswing in the aviation industry.

Hypothesis: Most of the trained pilots who are on a waiting list for a job are on the waiting lists of all the major companies, if true, casts the most doubt on the accuracy of the above conclusion.


Premise: In fact, a kind of cultural poverty is shadowing criticism as old arts such as fiction and drama fade from the limelight and give way to new arts such as film and television,a kind of cultural poverty is hanging over all kinds of criticism. In the face of a powerful industrial culture , cultural criticism has become almost promotional advertising.

Hypothesis: The taste of cultural criticism of all kinds is in decline means that a kind of cultural poverty is overshadowing all kinds of criticism.


Premise: There is little plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical. Obviously, people must assess one another and not all assessments will be positive. However, there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental. To be judgmental is not merely to assess someone negatively, but to do so prior to a serious effort at understanding.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that there is some plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical.


Premise: In a large residential building, there is a rule that no pets are allowed. A group of pet lovers tried to change that rule but failed. The rule-changing procedure outlined in the building' s regulations states that only if a group of tenants can obtain the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on a petition to change a rule will the proposed change be put to a majority vote of all the tenants in the building. It follows that the pet lovers were voted down on their proposal by the majority of the tenants.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that the signatures of less than 10 percent of the tenants were obtained on the pet lovers' petition.


Premise: Four classmates make a promise. If both A and B choose to work for company, D chooses to work for government. Only A chooses to work for company, does C choose to work for company. The final result is that both B and D have entered the company, and the four all fulfilled the promise

Hypothesis: Only C did not choose to work for company is the correct answer to the question "And to be sure:".


Premise: Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog-reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used, we can expect an increased incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Hypothesis: Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health strengthens the toxicologist's argument EXCEPT.


Premise: Ampicillin and other modern antibiotics kill a much wider variety of bacteria than penicillin does. They also carry higher profit margins, so drug companies now have an incentive to stop manufacturing the older, less profitable antibiotics. This could cause a penicillin shortage, forcing doctors to use the much more powerful new antibiotics in cases where they might otherwise be unnecessary. Thus, these newer antibiotics are likely to result in an outbreak of diseases caused by drug-resistant bacteria, since __.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is most strongly supported if drug-resistant bacteria flourish in the absence of competition from a wide variety of other bacteria.


Premise: Psychologist: Some people contend that children should never be reprimanded. Any criticism, let alone punishment, they say, harms children' s self-esteem. This view is laudable in its challenge to the belief that children should be punished whenever they misbehave, yet it gives a dangerous answer to the question of how often punishment should be inflicted. When parents never reprimand their children, they are in effect rewarding them for unacceptable behavior, and rewarded behavior tends to recur.

Hypothesis: The view that children should never be reprimanded has a serious flaw though is not without value in the psychologist's argument.


Premise: People generally believe that happiness can increase health, is conducive to longevity, while unhappy is the direct cause of poor health, but recently researchers have found that after the survey of more than 300 people living conditions, happy or not happy does not mean that the risk of death will become lower or higher, accordingly they pointed out that the disease could lead to unhappiness, But unhappiness itself is not detrimental to health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some people suffering from serious diseases are optimistic and active in fighting against the disease, and their happiness is relatively high' would challenge the researchers' argument.


Premise: Last August the XT chain of gasoline stations had a temporary sales promotion in effect. In the promotion , any customer who made a purchase of ten or more gallons of gasoline was entitled to a free car wash . For the month of August , XT experienced a ten percent increase in gasoline sales as compared to sales in August the previous year so evidently the promotion was successful as a means of boosting sales.

Hypothesis: In the areas in which XT's gasoline stations operate , how did total combined gasoline sales for all gasoline stations last August compare with sales for the previous August would be most helpful to answer in evaluating the argument.


Premise: A moderately large city is redesigning its central downtown area and is considering a plan that would reduce the number of lanes for automobiles and trucks and increase those for bicycles and pedestrians. The intent is to attract more workers and shoppers to downtown businesses by making downtown easier to reach and more pleasant to move around in.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "In other moderately sized cities where measures were taken to make downtowns more accessible for walkers and cyclists, downtown businesses began to thrive" would most strongly support the prediction that the plan would achieve its goal.


Premise: Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children' s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, ttherefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for.

Hypothesis: Individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework to assign the children they teach is an assumption on which the educational theorist's argument relies.


Premise: Redundancy design means that sufficient room shall be reserved in the process of human resources appointment, use, dismissal and promotion, so as to make the overall operation process of human resources have a certain flexibility. When a decision deviates, there shall be room for correction and re decision-making.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an employee of the design department resigning, and the company immediately selecting someone from the quality inspection department to take a part-time job, while the human resources department began to recruit people urgently is not a redundant design.


Premise: There is a Eurocentric bias in view of world culture. In the cultural axis period, each cultural area has its core thought, and each core thought has its contribution to the world culture. The core of Chinese thought is the combination of Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism. The thoughts represented by Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism have made contributions to world culture.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument rests is that Greece is one of the cultural areas of the Cultural Axis period.


Premise: Bonding strategy refers to a strategy for bonding different objects or components in different objects into a new image.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, borrowing 2,000 yuan from each employee, calculated according to the bank's interest for the same period, is not part of the bonding strategy.


Premise: There is one difference between science and art: science emphasizes the latest discoveries, the latest laws and equations, and the pattern is always renovated, and always runs straight forward. Art is not so convenient. No matter ancient or modern, there are no existing laws or equations can be used for plagiarism and application, so that art can form a relay race like scientific research. The subtle essence of this is that fathers cannot be taught to sons, and mothers cannot be taught to daughters. Everything has to be started from scratch on their own.

Hypothesis: The subtle essence of this is all artistic achievements in ancient and modern China and abroad.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There should be more communication and understanding and tolerance between people, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world' is an objective-value fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: To subdue bad people, sometimes we should treat them by their way. Bad people will do good things, but good people become bad as long as they have done bad things.

Hypothesis: A person who has done good things is not necessarily a good man can be inferred.


Premise: Physiologists have found that human brain hair, which is in charge of advanced cognitive functions such as memory and thinking, has six layers under normal circumstances. If the fetus lacks an enzyme called Cdk5, the development of cerebral cortex will become extremely slow and can not finally form the layered structure of normal cerebral cortex, which will seriously affect children's cognitive development. Some people in the medical industry speculate that using this discovery, It is expected to develop drugs to generally improve students' learning ability

Hypothesis: Students' learning ability is mainly obtained through acquired learning cannot question the above speculation.


Premise: The pessimist complains about the wind, while the optimist expects the wind to turn. Realistic people adjust the sails. Love is to take the risk of no return, hope is to risk disappointment, but the reason to risk is because the greatest danger in life is to take no risk at all. The difference between an optimist and a pessimist is funny. The former sees a doughnut and the latter sees the hole.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of this passage is 'Optimists and pessimists'.


Premise: James: Chemists have recently invented a new technique for extracting rhodium, an element necessary for manufacturing catalytic converters for automobiles, from nuclear waste. Catalytic converters function to remove noxious gases from automobile exhaust. The use of nuclear power is ttherefore contributing in at least one way to creating a cleaner environment. Marta: The technique you mention, though effective, is still at an experimental stage, so there has been no shift in the sources of the rhodium currently used in manufacturing catalytic converters.

Hypothesis: Marta responds to James's argument by casting doubt on the accuracy of the claims made by James in support of his conclusion.


Premise: Editor: Many candidates say that if elected they will reduce governmental intrusion into voters' lives. But voters actually elect politicians who instead promise that the government will provide assistance to solve their most pressing problems. Governmental assistance, however, costs money, and money can come only from taxes, which can be considered a form of governmental intrusion. Thus, governmental intrusion into the lives of voters will rarely be substantially reduced over time in a democracy.

Hypothesis: Politicians never promise what they really intend to do once in office would most strengthen the editor's argument.


Premise: Literary agents have a very keen sense of smell, and their desire to find good things is endless. They are well aware of the dynamics of the literary world, and their main job every day is to figure out what kind of works sell well. To this end, they track all large newspapers and literary magazines, read a large number of critical articles, and communicate privately with writers, editors and other people in the publishing industry, and obtain various internal news in this way.

Hypothesis: The emergence of literary economics poses a threat to publishers supports the main point above.


Premise: Senator Strongwood reported that, contrary to a study cited by the administration, a thorough study by his own party concluded that a reduction in the capital gains tax would lead to an increase in the federal deficit. Hooray for common sense,  he said. Everyone knows that when you cut taxes you lose revenue.  He concluded that the administration' s plan for reducing the capital gains tax was now dead, because he could not imagine any senator voting to increase the deficit.

Hypothesis: Senator Strongwood assumes that a study commissioned by his party must be more objective than one commissioned by the administration in advancing his argument.


Premise: There is a view that the structure of the game is nothing more than children put together, moving and carrying, without the involvement of teachers too much. In fact, if the structure of the game can be carried out well, it can not only train children's collocation ability, spatial imagination ability, thinking ability, but also can promote children's hand, brain, eye coordination ability and cultivate children's aesthetic ability of plastic art. But for structural play to work as well as it does, the teacher must not only participate, but also demonstrate, direct, and point at the right time. Otherwise, this effect cannot be achieved.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the text is that preschool teachers have a great relationship with the formation of children's ability.


Premise: To watch the total solar eclipse, you should wear professional glasses. Yongkang brand and Shidu brand solar eclipse glasses use lenses of the same quality. Because the price of Yongkang brand solar eclipse glasses is low, when you buy Yongkang brand rather than Shidu brand solar eclipse glasses, you can buy glasses with the same viewing effect at a lower price.

Hypothesis: The statement "The viewing effect of eclipse glasses is only determined by the quality of the lens" is the premise of the above conclusion.


Premise: Thangka is a kind of painting form with rich Tibetan cultural characteristics. It has a history of more than 1300 years since the rise of the Tubo Dynasty. It is a cultural treasure of the snowy plateau. In addition to religion, it also has historical and folk contents, so it is also called an encyclopedia for understanding Tibet. Therefore, if you want to understand the history of Tibet, in addition to reading rigorous but slightly rigid history books, you can also choose a pleasant and pleasant way-- appreciate thangka, talk to many ancients, and imagine historical events. appreciate the rich spiritual world of Tibetans and understand the unique Tibetan folk customs, which is a process that makes history three-dimensional and sensible.

Hypothesis: Thangka can provide you with a comfortable and easy way to learn about Tibet can be inferred from this text.


Premise: It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either by mail or in medical journals. A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications. Opponents object that the general population lacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications. But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common.

Hypothesis: Establishing whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised would be most useful in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Environmental impact assessment refers to the investigation, prediction and evaluation of what impact the plan or project will have on the atmosphere, water, soil, organisms and the environmental system composed of them, and what impact the results of these impacts will have on human health and living environment, as well as the natural environment, economy, culture and historical environment, Based on this, the countermeasures and measures to prevent or reduce environmental pollution and damage are formulated.

Hypothesis: The behavior of organizing relevant departments to evaluate the effect of a viaduct on daylighting and deciding how to deal with it belongs to environmental impact assessment according to the definition given above.


Premise: If I borrow a generator from a neighbor, then I am morally obligated to return it when my immediate need for it is over. But suppose, instead, I borrow a car, and when I go to return it, the neighbor from whom I borrowed it is very drunk and wants to drive the car; then the obligation to return the car immediately is much less clear. So not all cases of borrowing are equivalent.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that although having borrowed something usually creates an obligation to return it promptly, this is not always the case.


Premise: In recent years, with the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, China's overall innovation capability has been continuously enhanced, continuously injecting new momentum into high-quality development and opening up a new world of economic growth. The sudden epidemic inevitably has a great impact on economic and social development, and the value of innovation-driven is more prominent. From vaccine drug research and development to big data group prevention and control, from telecommuting and online classrooms to unmanned sales and contactless services, the changes brought about by science and technology have not only given us the strength to overcome the epidemic, but also affected social production and life in an unprecedented way.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is "Innovation drive contains unlimited potential."


Premise: Brain-like computing technology is generally divided into three levels: the structure level imitates the brain, the device level approaches the brain and the intelligence level surpasses the brain. Among them, the structure level imitates the brain refers to the analysis of the brain as a material and physiological object to obtain the basic unit (each The function and connection relationship (network structure) of neuron-like neurons and neuronal synapses, etc.; the device level approaches the brain refers to the development of devices that can simulate the functions of neurons and neuronal synapses, so that under limited physical space and power consumption conditions Construct a neural network system on the scale of the human brain; The level of intelligence beyond the brain refers to the brain-like computer through information stimulation, training and learning to produce intelligence similar to the human brain.

Hypothesis: Adjust the synaptic connection relationship and connection frequency and intensity of neural network is not belonging to the level of the intelligence level surpasses the brain.


Premise: If Wang is admitted to the doctorate and Xiao Liu is not admitted to the doctorate, then Wenli will not be admitted to the doctorate.

Hypothesis: If the above propositions are correct, the statement "Wang was admitted to the doctorate with Wen Li" can infer that Xiao Liu has been admitted to the doctorate.


Premise: The maintenance of most roads takes more time and money than budgeted, but the maintenance of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangzhou Expressway and similar roads in the summer and night of the previous year did not cost more time or money than budgeted. Therefore, in summer, night maintenance Major roads may save time and money.

Hypothesis: In summer, there are fewer vehicles on the road at night, and the temperature is more comfortable, allowing road repairers to work faster best supports the above conclusions.


Premise: During gambling, people tend to believe that past events affect the probability of future events. This is known as the gambler's fallacy. British scientists recruited 31 patients with insula injury and asked them to play a coin-operated machine. Other brain regions also recruited 13 patients with injury and 16 healthy comparison research, the study found that in addition to the insula injured subjects, others to be the result of almost won, the desire to continue to participate in the game are strengthened, who demonstrated the gambler's fallacy, scientists believe that the gambler insula area may be hyperactive, makes it easy to do Beyond logical reasoning, future treatments for gambling addiction might be targeted at the insula, with drugs or psychotherapy to reduce insula activity.

Hypothesis: The statement that decreased activity in the insula may inhibit the urge to gamble is consistent.


Premise: A park in France plans to hire crows as cleaners. But some people also expressed doubts about whether the Crow cleanerscould make a difference.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In experiments, trained Crow cleaners can only pick up a very limited daily weight of light and small garbage, which has almost zero effect on the cleaning of the park' would most support this group's suspicions.


Premise: In daily life, some people save trouble when taking medicine. After putting the pills in their mouths, they do not drink water or just take a sip of water, and then swallow hard, thinking they have finished taking the medicine. Some people think that this way of taking medicine is not advisable.

Hypothesis: When taking the medicine, drinking too little water will make the tablets stay in the esophagus for a longer time and even cause side effects, if true, best supports these people's views.


Premise: Not all the elderly are suitable to participate in investment activities and the vast majority of investments require investors to have a wealth of professional knowledge. But most elderly people are so deficient in this respect that they can only be fooled by some swindlers. Compared with the stock market, funds and other securities investments, the elderly are more likely to be fooled into investing in works of art. If they do not have enough identification ability, they will be deceived and think that they have encountered the beauty of picking up leaks.

Hypothesis: If some old people do not want to be deceived, they must have sufficient discrimination ability can be inferred based on the above statement.


Premise: Environmentalism is a belief and a strong desire to rebuild the relationship between man and nature. To realize this desire, we must establish a sense of natural community, that is, the role of human conqueror in the community must become an ordinary member of the community. It implies respect for each member, It also includes respect for the community itself. Only by establishing such a moral consciousness can people feel their obligations to the community when using their rights in the community. This depends not only on the scientific understanding of the nature, but also on the feelings for nature established on the basis of understanding.

Hypothesis: The last sentence of the above text refers to the establishment of natural community consciousness.


Premise: On the page does the German Shepherd Dog understand English, the book corrects my understanding of Jenny Goodall. The author criticizes: there is a woman in the United States who claims to be a scientist who claims to be able to talk to Gigi, the mother orangutan. She said Gigi told her interesting stories about death and heaven in orangutan Esperanto, and she answered in dumb language. Unfortunately, other researchers who imitated her found nothing, indicating that this so-called communication is actually based on fantasy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Jenny Goodall can talk to Gigi, the mother orangutan' is the author's original knowledge of Jenny Goodall.


Premise: Economists believe that the government's control over energy use is redundant, and the market can completely adjust the contradiction between energy supply and demand. If energy is really tight, then it is reflected in the market that energy prices will naturally rise, and the rise in energy prices will be a problem. On the one hand, people will reduce the use of energy because of the increase in usage costs, and on the other hand, because of the increase in profits, energy suppliers will increase the supply.

Hypothesis: People's demand for energy is inelastic can effectively challenge the assertion.


Premise: Seven people in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan, and purple stand in a row. The teacher asks the seven people to report the number one by one. The students with multiples should stand behind the two students behind them in turn from front to back; finally, the students with multiples of 4 should stand at the top of the team, and purple student should stand in the middle of the team to form a new team.

Hypothesis: There are two people between yellow and green can be inferred.


Premise: The 21st century is the century of the ocean. Over the past few years, the characteristics of the development, competition and control of the ocean by the world's powers have begun to take shape, and the most important thing is to march into the deep sea. Although this round of invisible deep-sea secret war seems calm, it hides opportunities, and will have a profound impact on the future global political pattern, military strategy and international relations. At the same time, controlling the deep sea is crucial to winning land wars, air warfare and even space warfare will also be of decisive significance.

Hypothesis: The above paragraph highlights controlling the impact of the deep sea on the future situation.


Premise: Two different dates have been offered as the approximate end point of the last ice age in North America. The first date was established by testing insect fragments found in samples of sediments to determine when warmth-adapted open-ground beetles replaced cold-adapted arctic beetles. The second date was established by testing pollen grains in those same samples to determine when ice masses yielded to spruce forests. The first date is more than 500 years earlier than the second.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Toward the end of the ice age, warmth-adapted open-ground beetles ceased to inhabit areas where the predominant tree cover consisted of spruce forests' most strongly supports the conclusion about the last ice age and its aftermath in North America.


Premise: Every morning, the mother makes breakfast for her son in primary school. Five kinds of breakfast are noodles, dumplings, porridge, fried rice with eggs, pancakes, etc., but she only makes one of them for her son every day. It is known that: (1) making noodles is easier, twice a week, twice a week, three days apart in a week, (2) making porridge is made the day before or after the first noodle making, only once a week. (3) dumplings are also made only once a week, but this time is only once before the second noodle making. (4) making fried rice with eggs is also limited to four days apart from the day the first noodle is made in a week.(5) there was a time when the cake was made before the first time it was made noodles.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Thursday is the day for dumplings.


Premise: All venous blood samples were tested and no positive HIV antibodies were found.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is false, then some venous blood samples have not been tested, but positive HIV antibodies have been found.


Premise: Selena claims to have psychic powers. So if we find out whether Selena' s claim is true, we will thereby determine whether it is possible to have psychic powers.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed that if it is possible to have psychic powers, then Selena has them.


Premise: It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. In fact, however, simply talking to other people--that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills--suffices. Evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The tasks evaluating mental sharpness for which data were compiled by the study were more akin to mathematics problems than to conversation' most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited.


Premise: According to my country's inheritance law, the first-order legal inheritance is: spouse, children, parents, and the second-order legal heirs are: brothers and sisters, stepparents, and grandparents. After the legal inheritance begins, the first-order heirs inherit. Heirs in the second order do not inherit. If there is no heir in the first order, the heirs in the second order will inherit. Several people who have an inheritance relationship with each other die in the same event. If the time of death cannot be determined, it is presumed that there is no heir to die first. If the deceased have their own heirs, if several deceased persons have different identities, it is presumed that the elders died first; if several deceased persons are of the same generation, they are presumed to die at the same time, and no inheritance will occur to each other, and their respective heirs will inherit separately.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition and provisions of statutory inheritance, if divorced Liu Yi and his son (a minor), his younger brother Liu Er died in a car accident, and the time of death cannot be determined, Liu San can also divide the inheritance.


Premise: Even through an ordinary transparent material such as glass or water, the speed of light slows down slightly because light interacts with the atoms that make up the material. But in this case, the effect is weak, and any attempt to enhance it will lead to light absorption. Therefore, it is important to slow down the speed of light so that it will not be absorbed. Welch did this through the chamber. This method places rubidium atoms in a very delicate quantum state in which rubidium atoms cannot absorb light.At the same time, the interaction of the two beams produces another beam of light with a long wavelength, which travels much slower than the original two beams.

Hypothesis: Creating cheap and efficient light sources to avoid absorption is not part of Welch's experiment.


Premise: In the Internet era, everyone is the outlet of value; in the global village era, everyone is the business card of the country, and more importantly, the great times and great changes, so that the Chinese people have incomparably rich possibilities of life and have a more colorful life experience. Dreams and struggles, successes and setbacks, laughter and tears are the most touching stories. Learn to discover stories, tell stories, tell their own stories, the stories around us, we can better show the world a real, three-dimensional, vivid China.

Hypothesis: The statement "The world is interested in the Chinese story of reform and opening up" has an accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: Jonah emotion means that people are afraid to do what they can do well in the face of the success they will achieve, or even evade the realization of their potential.

Hypothesis: Xiao Lu's mood belongs to Jonah's mood.


Premise: When foreign banks enter emerging market countries, in order to maintain their own survival, the main bodies of banking in emerging market countries will strive for a larger market share as much as possible. fully expand their competitive advantages and strive to provide customers with quality and cheap financial products and financial services. This process will inevitably lead to the improvement of banking micro-efficiency.

Hypothesis: The content of this process is the process of foreign banks entering emerging market countries.


Premise: Psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer; the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder. Their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past. However, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states. Ttherefore, these survey results do not justify the psychologists' claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder.

Hypothesis: The statement 'fewer people actually suffer from seasonal affective disorder than psychologists had previously thought' demonstrates the author's criticism of the psychologists' claim.


Premise: According to the daily mail of Britain, Fuji photographic film company of Japan will use its film technology to innovate skin care products and enter the beauty industry. The collagen in photosensitive emulsion can prevent the film from being oxidized, It is similar to using collagen to protect skin from ultraviolet radiation. Some consumers loyal to Fuji brand think this is good news for beauty lovers.

Hypothesis: The implicit assumption that consumers draw the above conclusions is that Fuji has a huge production capacity to produce skin care products containing collagen.


Premise: Calmness is a kind of emotional state with weak calm, long duration and dispersion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang, who is in love, is highly motivated to work is not calmness according to the above definition.


Premise: Archaeologist: Neanderthals, a human-like species living 60, 000 years ago, probably preserved meat by smoking it. Burnt lichen and grass have been found in many Neanderthal fireplaces. A fire of lichen and grass produces a lot of smoke but does not produce nearly as much heat or light as a wood fire.

Hypothesis: In the region containing the Neanderthal fireplaces in which lichen and grass were burnt, no plants that could be burned more effectively to produce heat or light were available 60, 000 years ago would most weaken the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: Pundit: Clearly, the two major political parties in this city have become sharply divided on the issues. In the last four elections, for example, the parties were separated by less than 1 percent of the vote.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it presumes, without argument, that sharp division is a bad thing.


Premise: There are few perfect things in the world, even they don't exist. There are many things in the world, which are really perfect precisely because of their shortcomings. Incomplete and broken things sometimes magically produce a great power to shock our hearts. Therefore, we should open our mind and let our life go, appreciate the perfect gift brought to us by defects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Rare things are precious' is inaccurate in understanding the above paragraph.


Premise: The financing for a large construction project was provided by a bank. When the funds were used up before the completion of the project, the bank approved further loans. Now, as the funds are used up again and the project is still not completed, the bank refuses to provide further loans, although the project will fall through without these loans.

Hypothesis: The bank reassessed the potential income of the completed project and concluded that the total income that the project can generate will be lower than the total interest of the old loans plus the new ones best explains why the bank's current reaction is different from their previous.


Premise: At one sitting, a typical doughnut eater consumes 4 doughnuts containing a total of 680 calories and 40 grams of fat. The typical bagel eater consumes exactly one bagel, at 500 calories and one or two grams of fat per sitting, though the addition of spreads can raise calorie and fat content to the four-doughnut range. Thus, as far as total calorie content is concerned, there is very little difference between what a typical doughnut eater and a typical bagel eater each consumes at one sitting.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that the typical doughnut eater does not add to doughnuts any substances that increase the total caloric intake.


Premise: Any government action that intrudes on the right of privacy of an individual is unconstitutional. Ttherefore, the requirement that students in public school submit to random locker searches is unconstitutional.

Hypothesis: The Supreme Court, which is the final arbiter on issues of civil rights, has ruled that students in public school have no right to privacy on public school grounds most weakens the conclusion that random locker searches in public schools are unconstitutional.


Premise: Until recently, endosulfan was one of the most widely used pesticides. Some others -- toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordane -- were banned or restricted in many countries in the 1980s but linger in the environment. All four have a weak effect individually in increasing estrogen levels in women. Scientists have found, however, that their potential to cause health hazards increases dramatically when the chemicals are combined. For example, a mixture of endosulfan and dieldrin had 160 to 1, 600 times more estrogen-boosting potency than either chemical did individually. Increased estrogen is associated with an increased cancer risk in women.

Hypothesis: Because of its hazards when combined with other chemicals, endosulfan is more dangerous than most other pesticides is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: A government ought to protect and encourage free speech, because free speech is an activity that is conducive to a healthy nation and thus is in the best interest of its people.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion above follows logically if the assumption that universal human rights that are in the best interest of the people ought to be protected and encouraged by a nation's government is made.


Premise: The frequent occurrence of violent injuries to doctors may have made many people feel powerless, but powerlessness does not mean that they are numb. According to the data released by the Supreme people's Procuratorate in March 2019, procuratorial organs prosecuted a total of 3202 people for crimes such as violent injury to doctors and gathering crowds to disturb doctors in 2018. Although the number has dropped by 29% compared with the same period last year, the absolute number is still not low. And this is only a case clearly brought into the judicial track. In this regard, of course, we can not exaggerate and magnify the conflict between doctors and patients, but in the governance side, we can not underestimate the probability of its occurrence. It is true that the professional environment of doctors and level of security doctors still need to be improved.

Hypothesis: The governance of the relationship between doctors and patients still needs to be strengthened according to this passage.


Premise: As a visual symbol of mass communication, a trademark must have a specific meaning and clearly convey its specific information in a concise image. Therefore, a trademark with only image beauty but no rich connotation can not be called a sign, which is only a pattern or graphic. At the same time, we must also understand that, Every enterprise must have many characteristics. It is impossible to try to cover all information with one image, and it is also undesirable to try to accommodate all characteristics in a trademark. This requires designers to refine the unique attributes of the object through analysis and screening, so as to perfectly integrate it with the visual image, so as to create a brand-new and clearly indicative symbol.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that trademark should be the perfect unity of image and connotation.


Premise: Explaining causality: It refers to explaining the causal connection among certain facts.

Hypothesis: Xiaoqiu poured such deep feelings into her song, how could Xiaoli not hear her? is not an explaining causality.


Premise: Human self-esteem can be divided into conditional self-esteem and unconditional self-esteem. The former is self-esteem obtained by reaching some preset standards. The sense of self-worth depends on the realization of these standards, rather than the true needs of the self. Conditional self-esteem people often do not understand their own needs, and their self-esteem standards are internalized. If the parents' love is conditional, they will reward their desires and punish the undesirable behaviors, which imposes standards of behavior on the children. Children will unconsciously regard this standard as their life pursuit. Conditional self-esteem is often expressed through strong self-awareness. Such people always see themselves through the eyes of others.

Hypothesis: Man's true needs are the source of conditional self-esteem is consistent with the meaning of this text.


Premise: Taking the life course of three generations of Bai and Lu families as the line, Bailuyuan presents the historical development track of the life form of the local society from the perspective of the changes of the times, and reflects the persistence and change, tear and struggle of Chinese traditional patriarchal culture. It also describes the struggle and pain of many individual lives in specific time and space and social relations. Furthermore, it praises the eternal kindness and warmth in our national cultural tradition and morality. Moreover, the presentation of this profound theme in the work is artistic, full and perceptible. With its lukewarm and slow flow of life, it integrates into the times, regions, customs, folklore and other elements, showing the true life on Bailuyuan richly and stereoscopically, rising the fireworks of the world.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that the Bailuyuan shows the struggle and pain of individual life is correct.


Premise: Challenger: The mayor claims she has vindicated those who supported her in the last election by fulfilling her promise to increase employment opportunities in our city, citing the 8 percent increase in the number of jobs in the city since she took office. But during her administration, the national government relocated an office to our city, bringing along nearly the entire staff from the outside. The 8 percent increase merely represents the jobs held by these newcomers. Mayor: Clearly my opponent does not dispute the employment statistics. The unemployed voters in this city want jobs. The 8 percent increase in the number of jobs during my term exceeds that of any of my predecessors.

Hypothesis: As a response to the challenger, the mayor's answer is flawed in that it takes for granted that those who supported the mayor in the last election believed job availability to be a significant city issue.


Premise: Deviant innovation means that while encouraging employees to innovate, organizations set up corresponding rules and regulations to restrict their innovative ideas and behaviors in order to prevent excessive autonomy from deviating from the track of organizational development. After their innovative solutions are rejected, some employees still believe that their innovative solutions will eventually bring benefits to the organization, and continue to covertly carry out the practice of innovation.

Hypothesis: Programmer Xiao Zhang secretly designs an APP software for his friends during office hours is deviant innovation according to the above definition.


Premise: Green public relations refers to a series of public relations activities in which enterprises influence public relations with the concept of ecological and economic sustainable development, select media with green characteristics to carry out communication activities, shape enterprise image with green characteristics, win public trust and support, and bring more convenience and competitive advantages to enterprises

Hypothesis: A fast food enterprise launched a publicity campaign of planting a tree, advocated reducing packaging to save resources, and created a good business environment and social atmosphere belongs to green public relations according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, some scientists have studied the impact of climate change on human society in history. They found that more than 80% of the world's countries and regions had twice as many wars in cold climates as in warm periods; in China, wars, widespread unrest and dynasty replacement over the past 1000 years mostly corresponded to particularly long cold periods; there was a close link between Europe's Little Ice Age from 1550 to 1850 and witch hunts in European history and even the French Revolution. As a result, they concluded that cooling climate will lead to social conflicts and dynasty replacement.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Climate change is always happening, social conflicts, and dynasties are always happening. Things that change together do not necessarily have a causal connection' would most question the above-mentioned scientist's point of view.


Premise: According to a survey report in 2017, more than 80 percent of households believe that reading is an important way for children to understand the world and acquire knowledge, and more than 60 percent believe that reading is of great significance for children to develop loving learning habits and healthy character. In real life, more than 30% of the minor children of the surveyed families can read every day, and more than 60% of the children can read between half an hour and an hour at a time. But only 30% of the parents surveyed often accompany their children to read, and nearly 60% of families let their children read by themselves. Interestingly, although parents themselves have taken up too much time by mobile phones, computers and TV, some parents want to squeeze their children's time to play with electronic products and watch TV with the help of reading.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Do you check your cell phone while your children read books?'


Premise: Copernicus's heliocentric theory contradicted the religious thoughts of the time, the dominant Aristotelian physics, and people's common sense. At first it was opposed by many people until Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation. It was gradually recognized by astronomers.

Hypothesis: People used to think that the sun revolves around the earth cannot be derived from this.


Premise: Three good friends are going out for a trip on the May Day holiday. Their attitude to the way they travel is as follows: Wang may take a car, any car is OK; Li may not take a car, but take a bus; Zhang may not take a car, take a taxi if you want to go. If they express their opinion according to their attitude: do not take a car; take a bus, take a taxi.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it is not possible that there was one person who agreed with all of them.


Premise: Ecological threshold refers to a point or an interval at which the ecosystem changes rapidly from one state to another. The driving force for this transformation comes from the weak additional changes of one or more key ecological factors. The Ecological Threshold Zone implies the gradual transformation process of the ecosystem from one stable state to another, rather than the sudden transformation like the point threshold.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, if it is found that the local ecosystem will be threatened by serious drought if the temperature rises by 3.75% of the benchmark temperature, then 3.75% is its ecological threshold is wrong.


Premise: From the perspective of the history of landscape painting, although the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty had their surnames Zhao, their painting styles were very different, and they were usually divided into two parts; the Ming Dynasty was the world of Zhu Yuanzhang. The ruler is neither a family nor a surname, and the time span is more than 540 years, but they are often told together. This is because political history and art history are not necessarily parallel. In other words, the main trends in the history of painting in the Ming and Qing dynasties are almost all under the influence of the generationless style of painting, copying is flourishing and creativity is declining, unlike the paintings of the Song Dynasties, which have significantly different characteristics.

Hypothesis: There are similarities in the paintings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is consistent with the original text.


Premise: The Mogao Grottoes are the crystallization of the clever and wisdom of ancient ancestors. The Mogao Grottoes are located in the oasis of the Gobi desert, which reflects the idea of Buddhism and secular isolation and integration with nature. The surrounding green trees form a unique and peaceful scenery. The highest point of the caves in the honeycomb arrangement of Mogao Grottoes is no more than 40 meters. In winter, the wind and sand blowing from the west passes through the top of the cave and cannot blow the cave: summer, opposite The Sanwei Mountain has become a natural barrier, so that the wind and sand blowing from the east cannot threaten the cave. In this way, the Mogao Grottoes have become the safest zone in the dry area. Because of this, even though the Mogao Grottoes have been thousands of years old, they are still 492 caves from 11 dynasties and a large number of murals and sculptures have been well preserved, leaving a precious cultural and artistic heritage for the world.

Hypothesis: The natural environment and unique and quiet scenery of Mogao Grottoes is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: In today's social and cultural practice, we must pay more attention to whether the current traditional cultural craze has really touched the humanistic spirit of traditional culture and whether it has really improved people's spiritual realm. Generally speaking, the form of culture should be consciously the content of culture. Service, if you ignore the content of culture, especially the pursuit of the humanistic spirit that runs through it, you will inevitably go astray and deviate from our original intention to promote traditional culture. Culture is alive and cannot be solidified simply, nor can we only pay attention to the form and ignore the inheritance of its connotation.

Hypothesis: We must highlight the instrumental value of traditional culture with a practical mentality.


Premise: The final product refers to the products and services produced within a certain period of time and purchased by its final user. The final product is used for final use. It is different from an intermediate product used for resale and for the production of a product.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bread produced by the bakery is sold to the residents, and the bread here is the final product' is true about the final product.


Premise: There is no wear, aging, aging and other problems in the long-term operation and use of the software. In the operation and use of any mechanical and electronic equipment, its failure rate mostly follows the U-shaped curve . That is because the parts are not yet flexible when they are first put into use, and they are often prone to problems. After a period of operation, it can be stabilized. When the equipment has experienced a considerable period of operation, there will be wear, aging and other problems, which will suddenly increase the failure rate. This means that it has reached the end of life and is about to be scrapped.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The performance of software is very different from that of mechanical and electronic equipment in operation and use' does not fit the meaning of the article.


Premise: Researchers wanted to know if secondhand tobacco smoke is a significant factor in contracting lung diseases. They conducted a study comparing the health of a group of nonsmoking spouses of smokers with that of a group of nonsmoking spouses of nonsmokers. It was discovered that the spouses of smokers were significantly more susceptible to lung diseases than were the spouses of nonsmokers. The researchers concluded that secondhand tobacco smoke is indeed a factor in the development of lung diseases.

Hypothesis: The fact that the members of the group of spouses of smokers were on average several months younger than the members of the group of spouses of nonsmokers most calls into question the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Henry: Some scientists explain the dance of honeybees as the means by which honeybees communicate the location of whatever food source they have just visited to other members of the hive. But honeybees do not need so complicated a mechanism to communicate that information. Forager honeybees returning to their hive simply leave a scent trail from the food source they have just visited. There must ttherefore be some other explanation for the honeybees' dance. Winifred: Not necessarily. Most animals have several ways of accomplishing critical tasks. Bees of some species can navigate using either the position of the Sun or the memory of landmarks. Similarly, for honeybees, scent trails are a supplementary not an exclusive means of communicating.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Henry and Winifred is whether honeybees communicate the location of food sources through their dance.


Premise: Inverted force: refers to the process in which some negative factors push things in a positive direction under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "In view of the increasing number of small property housing in some areas, some experts have written that small property housing to a certain extent to solve the housing problem of low - and middle-income groups. The government is investigating the issue" is not Inverted force.


Premise: The demand for biofuels has increased rapidly in recent years. Global ethanol production tripled between 2000 and 2007, will double again by 2017, and biodiesel production will more than double in 10 years. These biofuels are produced by corn, sugar and oil crops, so the expansion of production is bound to lead to a spike in the prices of those crops.

Hypothesis: If agricultural commodity prices fall, then biofuels production has not improved can be derived if the above view is correct.


Premise: Zhang Li, a single white-collar worker, has accumulated a deposit after five years of work. As the amount of the deposit is not enough to buy a house, consider temporarily diversifying it into stocks, gold, funds, treasury bonds and foreign exchange. The investment of the deposit needs to meet the following conditions: (1) if the investment ratio of gold is higher than 1/2, the rest will be invested in treasury bonds and stocks; (2) if the investment ratio of stocks is less than 1/3, then the rest cannot be invested in foreign exchange or treasury bonds; (3) if the proportion of foreign exchange investment is less than 1/4, the rest will be invested in funds or gold; (4) the investment ratio of treasury bonds can not be less than 1/6.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, the proportion of foreign exchange investment is not less than 1/3 can be derived.


Premise: Interpol Wang returned to the Bureau after investigating a murder scene. The guard Lao Zhang asked him what the result was. Wang said he knew that the murderer had been to the scene. Lao Zhang knew that Interpol Wang was teasing him, because he didn't need Wang to tell him at all. He knew that if someone was a murderer, he must be at the scene at the time of the crime.

Hypothesis: If Wang Wu was not at the scene of the crime, he would not be a murderer can be inferred according to the answer.


Premise: The Zigoni effect refers to the phenomenon that the unfinished work has a better memory effect than the completed work.It was discovered in 1927 by the German psychologist Zigoni in a memory experiment.

Hypothesis: The Zigoni effect includes Xiao Li's determination to make unremitting efforts to complete tasks he is looking for and never give up halfway.


Premise: Xiao Li said to Xiao Xia You only have to strengthen exercise and eat more health products in order to stay healthy. Xiao Xia said I don't agree with you.

Hypothesis: Xiao Xia agrees with the judgment that one can maintain physical health by strengthening exercise, but eating more health products is not necessary.


Premise: As long as the diagnosis is accurate and the treatment is prompt, the patient will not die. Now the patient is unfortunately dead.

Hypothesis: If the diagnosis of the patient is correct, the cause of death must have been untimely treatment must also be true if the above assertion is true.


Premise: During the prevention and control of COVID-19 's epidemic situation, public security organs in some areas used police UAV to carry out air patrol inspection, prevention and control, transportation, disinfection, temperature measurement and other airspace policing tasks in a non-contact situation. When the police UAV is used to prevent and control the epidemic, the basic strategy to deal with the outstanding problems such as the imbalance between supply and demand of talents and the lack of air law enforcement capacity is to strengthen the construction of the police aviation team and improve the law enforcement process of the police UAV, so as to realize the continuous improvement of the team mechanism and the air law enforcement procedure mechanism. The development of police UAV should pay attention to the balance between law enforcement strike capability and prevention and control service capability, and constantly promote the diversity and flexibility of law enforcement means and UAV applications, so as to better serve the government in dealing with major epidemic situations.

Hypothesis: The law enforcement process needs to be improved is used for epidemic prevention and control by police UAV highlighted above.


Premise: On the nights immediately following the mysterious Tunguska event, which destroyed a tract of Siberian wilderness in 1908, eyewitnesses reported seeing noctilucent clouds -- brilliant night-visible clouds made up of ice particles that form rarely and only at very high altitudes. Recently, noctilucent clouds have been observed on the nights following launches of rockets that release large amounts of water vapor into the upper atmosphere. This shows that it was a comet impact and not the impact of an asteroid that caused the destruction in Siberia.

Hypothesis: The fact that noctilucent clouds are made of ice particles in the upper atmosphere was only recently discovered is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Charity is a choice based on the brilliance of humanity. The brilliance of human nature is always illuminated from the inside out, from the near to the far. Filial Piety says, those who love others rather than their relatives are called immoral. As the western proverb also goes, charity begins at home. Life can have poetry and distance, but charity should not have darkness under the lamp. Start to understand charity from the people around you, start to practice charity from the things you can do, put kindness and kindness into your daily life, and make it an expression of love, a social responsibility and a way of life. This is the meaning of charity. The most valuable value of charity, as the embodiment of one's good knowledge and ability, lies not only in the great things it has done, but also in the small things it fills around.

Hypothesis: Charity should start from the small things around us is emphasized in the above text.


Premise: At home, the concept of privatization seems to be the division of state-owned assets. In essence, it is a matter of protecting the ownership of private property. If there is no legal basis for the protection of this right, the state-owned assets can be divided and the divided property can be confiscated at any time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The system of privatization is based on the legal right to own private property' is most strongly supported if the above is true.


Premise: There are two major problems in China's resource prices. First, resource prices are basically government pricing or government guidance prices, which only reflect the cost of resource development, do not fully cover the cost of environmental damage and production safety, and the resource tax is also very low. More importantly, they do not really reflect the relationship between market supply and demand, the scarcity of resources, resulting in low resource prices. Second, the price comparison relationship between resource products is unreasonable.

Hypothesis: The price comparison relationship between China's resource products is unreasonable is the best retelling of the main meaning of this passage.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: The number N to speak is the first place if J speaks before F.


Premise: The worsening environment of the Earth will endanger our health. Each of us should raise the consciousness of environmental protection and undertake the obligation of protecting green environment.

Hypothesis: It is not that some people should not undertake the responsibility of protecting the environment can be inferred.


Premise: Money maples, alias double whorl, is a plant of the genus Acer in the Aceraceae family. It grows on the edge of the forest or in the sparse forest at an altitude of 1000 to 2000 meters, and can be as high as 15 meters. It is endemic to China. Its leaves are opposite, odd-pinnate compound leaves; early summer white flowers, monoecious, panicles; fruit divided into two nutlets, each with wide wings, shaped like money. Due to the deforestation of trees, the adult plants of Acer mongolica are extremely rare, coupled with the weak ability of natural regeneration, it is difficult to grow young trees, which need to be protected like giant pandas.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the passage is that environmental damage leads to the scarcity of money maple.


Premise: Endorsement brand refers to the supporting brand behind a product brand and service brand. The endorsement brand is also called the parent brand, which is the endorsement brand. It can be divided into two categories: one is the hard endorsement brand, which takes the form of enterprise total brand + sub-brand. The general brand of an enterprise is generally a big brand with a long history, high visibility and intangible asset value, and the sub-brand needs to attract consumers with the general brand. Second, soft endorsement brand, that is, the endorsement brand is not directly in front of the sub-brand, the sub-brand is the protagonist of the circulation, the general brand of the enterprise is only to provide credit guarantee for the sub-brand.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the products of some pharmaceutical enterprises all containing the brand of 999, such as Sanjiu Weiqin and 999 Ganmao Ling, are hard endorsement brands.


Premise: A study of ticket sales at a summer theater festival found that people who bought tickets to individual plays had a no-show rate of less than 1 percent, while those who paid in advance for all ten plays being performed that summer had a no-show rate of nearly 30 percent. This may be at least in part because the greater the awareness customers retain about the cost of an item, the more likely they are to use it.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Usually, people who bought tickets to individual plays did so immediately prior to each performance that they attended' would, if true, best serve as an alternative explanation of the results of the study.


Premise: The vast majority of first-year engineering students at Bighorn University are registered in Physics 121. Simone is registered in Physics 121; thus it seems likely that she is a first-year engineering student.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The number of first-year engineering students at Bighorn University is slightly larger than the total number of students registered in Physics 121' enables the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: After several attempts to distract his young parrot from chewing on furniture, George reluctantly took an expert' s advice and gently hit the parrot' s beak whenever the bird started to chew furniture. The bird stopped chewing furniture, but it is now afraid of hands and will sometimes bite. Since chewing on the furniture would not have hurt the bird, George should not have hit it. When Carla' s puppy escaped from her yard, it bounded into a busy street. Although Carla does not generally approve of physical discipline, she hit the puppy sharply with her hand. Now the puppy enters the street only when accompanied by Carla, so Carla was justified in disciplining the puppy.

Hypothesis: When training an animal, physical discipline should be used only when such discipline is necessary to correct behavior that could result in serious harm to the animal would justify the judgments about George's and Carla's actions.


Premise: A study found that girls who use drugs (such as ecstasy) are two to three times more likely to suffer from depression than girls who do not; boys who alcoholism alcohol are 5 times more likely to suffer from depression than boys who do not alcoholism. Times. In addition, depression can reduce the impulse to make mistakes in children who do not have bad behaviors, but it can make children who have had the above bad behaviors behave more out of the ordinary.

Hypothesis: If the above judgment is true, most of the children without bad habits have harmonious and happy families must be true.


Premise: Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years. On installation, the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.

Hypothesis: A steady increase in the price of oil beginning soon after the new burner is installed, if it occurred, would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above.


Premise: Carolyn: The artist Marc Quinn has displayed, behind a glass plate, biologically replicated fragments of Sir John Sulston' s DNA, calling it a conceptual portrait of Sulston. But to be a portrait, something must bear a recognizable resemblance to its subject. Arnold: I disagree. Quinn' s conceptual portrait is a maximally realistic portrait, for it holds actual instructions according to which Sulston was created.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides most support for the claim that Carolyn and Arnold disagree over whether the object described by Quinn as a conceptual portrait of Sir John Sulston is actually a portrait of Sulston.


Premise: Quasi-motion means that under certain conditions of time and space, people see motion between stationary objects, or continuous displacement where there is no continuous displacement.

Hypothesis: The option 'The coastal capital seems to be floating on the surface of the water, and the water and sky meet and the waves roll through the clouds' does not belong to the quasi-motion phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: The researchers asked volunteers to stare at a dot on the screen for a long time in a dark room, while using infrared cameras to track their eye movements and blinks in real time. Every time the volunteers blinked, the dot moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers said afterwards that they were not aware of the slight change. After about 30 blinks, the volunteers' eyes adapted to the synchronous movement of the dots and could automatically shift to the new dots after blinking.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain that blinking can stabilize the line of sight.


Premise: Winston: The Public Transportation Authority (PTA) cannot fulfill its mandate to operate without a budget deficit unless it eliminates service during late-night periods of low ridership. Since the fares collected during these periods are less than the cost of providing the service, these cuts would reduce the deficit and should be made. Transit law prohibits unauthorized fare increases, and fare-increase authorization would take two years. Ping: Such service cuts might cost the PTA more in lost fares than they would save in costs, for the PTA would lose those riders who leave home during the day but must return late at night. Thus the PTA would lose two fares, while realizing cost savings for only one leg of such trips.

Hypothesis: The relationship of Ping's response to Winston's argument is that Ping's response questions Winston's proposal by raising considerations not addressed by Winston.


Premise: In a trial, the judges voted for all the contestants,

Hypothesis: All the contestants got at least one pass ticket can be deduced from this.


Premise: Outsiders in any field often believe that they can bring in fresh, useful solutions that have been overlooked by insiders. But in fact, attempts at creativity that are not grounded in relevant experience are futile. Problems can be solved only by people who really understand them, and no one gains such understanding without experience.

Hypothesis: Creative solutions in a field always come from people with experience in that field is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: When the director group of a large evening party conducted the final review of the festival, six programs have not yet been determined to pass. These six programs are Song A, Song B, Crosstalk C, Crosstalk D, Dance E, and Magic F. With comprehensive consideration of various factors, the director team determined the following plans: (1) Song A and Song B must be passed at least one; (2) If the cross talk C cannot pass or the cross talk D cannot pass, then the song A cannot pass; (3) If the cross talk C cannot pass, then magic F can't pass; (4) Only dance E can pass, song B can pass. The director team finally determined that dance E can't pass.

Hypothesis: It is impossible to determine whether the two cross talk programs will pass can be inferred.


Premise: Why are you always unhappy? Because of your lack of faith, your life has lost its direction. You have lost the means to control happiness. As a result, many people choose unhappiness in happiness. At the same time, without faith, it is easy to build values on some external things, even compare with each other, look up to the success of others and feel humble; Look up to the happiness of others, lament your own misfortune, compare the success of others, and resent your own disappointment; Compare the happiness of others and magnify your own pain

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, it can be deduced that if you don't base your values on some external things, it means you have faith.


Premise: All of the athletes lined up in the park this afternoon were waiting to participate in a charity run. Blake, Tina, and Sara had all signed up to participate in the charity run. No professional runners would sign up to participate in a charity run.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then neither Tina nor Sara is a professional runner.


Premise: Herbicides allow cereal crops to be grown very efficiently, with virtually no competition from weeds. In Britain, partridge populations have been steadily decreasing since herbicide use became widespread. Some environmentalists claim that these birds, which live in and around cereal crop fields, are being poisoned by the herbicides. However, tests show no more than trace quantities of herbicides in partridges on herbicide-treated land. Ttherefore, something other than herbicide use must be responsible for the population decrease.

Hypothesis: The elimination of certain weeds from cereal crop fields has reduced the population of the small insects that live on those weeds and that form a major part of partridge chicks' diet most seriously weakens the argument about Britain.


Premise: Jung said: all cultures will eventually accumulate into personality. The attachment and yearning for home constitute the cultural personality of the Chinese people for thousands of years, so that family affection has become the cultural birthmark of the Chinese people, and going home for the Spring Festival has become the most important festival ceremony of the Spring Festival. Year after year, the reunion stories of hundreds of millions of families are always staged in the Spring Festival, and the largest periodic migration of mankind has become a vivid witness to the enduring cultural tide of the Spring Festival.

Hypothesis: The mistake of enhancing the persuasive power of the description of the phenomenon is explained by the function of the first sentence of the underlined paragraph.


Premise: Administrative counterpart refers to a citizen, a legal person or other organization in a managed position in administrative management.

Hypothesis: A county procuratorate was an administrative counterpart when it applied to the municipal construction committee to approve the construction of a staff dormitory building is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: Professor Lin suffers from bronchitis. In order to achieve curative effect, Dr. Zhang asked Professor Lin to quit smoking immediately.

Hypothesis: Smoking in patients with bronchitis will seriously affect the treatment effect must be assumed in order to make Dr. Zhang's request persuasive.


Premise: While traveling in Russia, the French writer Dumas came to a city and decided to visit the largest bookstore in the city. When the owner heard that the writer was coming, he put duma's books on all the shelves, to duma's delight. Duma went into the bookstore and looked. 'The boss said,' All...... Sold out.

Hypothesis: The joke is about the boss's answer being contrary to his wishes.


Premise: Xiao Zhang asked Xiao Li to go to the shopping mall the next day. Xiao Li said, If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I will go climbing. The next day, it started to drizzle. Xiao Zhang thought Xiao Li would not go climbing anymore, so he went to Xiao Li's dormitory for him, but he knew that Xiao Li was still going to climb the mountain. When the two met again, Xiao Zhang blamed Xiao Li for breaking his promise, since it was raining, why did you still go climbing? Xiao Li said that he did not break his promise, and Xiao Zhang's assertion is illogical.

Hypothesis: The statement 'This argument between Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li is meaningless' is appropriate regarding the argument between the two.


Premise: Good officials should not only be honest in performing official duties, but also be able to do practical things. What the people expect is a reform official, and a promising official is not a non-official. It can be said that some cadres do not dare to do anything, dare not innovate, and are afraid of taking responsibility. Without a tolerant and harmonious entrepreneurial environment, cadres will be timid in their work and dare not surpass and explore, let alone reform and innovation. It is frightening to see some comrades held accountable for their mistakes. In order to promote cadres to dare to think and dare to do, it is necessary to adhere to the three zones, that is, to separate the mistakes made in advance and trial from those committed knowingly, to distinguish exploratory experiments from those who fail to abide by the law and to distinguish unintentional negligence from seeking self-interest.

Hypothesis: Good officials should not only be honest in performing official duties, but also dare to innovate and take responsibility is intended to be described in the above paragraph.


Premise: Product recall refers to the recall of products that have been delivered to wholesalers, retailers or end users by manufacturers. The typical reason for product recall is that the sold products are found to have defects. The product recall system is aimed at the batch problems caused by manufacturers, among which the identification of quality defects and the identification of manufacturers' responsibilities are the most critical core.

Hypothesis: Due to lax quality control, a batch of defective products from a factory flowed into the market, and the manufacturer told consumers to return them belongs to product recall according to the above definition.


Premise: Politician: Governments should tax any harmful substance that is available to the general public at a level that the tax would discourage continued use of the substance.

Hypothesis: The application of the politician's principle of taxation is raising the tax on a pesticide that contains an organic compound harmful to human beings to give people an incentive to purchase pesticides not containing the compound.


Premise: Genetic discrimination refers to the prediction of genetic tendency from the perspective of genes, which has a negative effect on the social activities of people who carry some Disadvantageous genesor Defective genes after the disclosure and disclosure of genetic information.

Hypothesis: Small Feng in a large company work, economic income is quite rich, 1.78 meters tall, a good-looking talent, but because of illness, talk about a lot of girlfriends have failed, so far have not found a lover is not related to genetic discrimination.


Premise: Primary group refers to the social group formed by face-to-face interaction with close interpersonal relationship and strong emotional color. Secondary group refers to the social group whose members gather together for a specific goal and form a formal relationship through clear rules and regulations.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Xiao Wang was admitted to graduate school, and his colleagues in the company congratulated him' relates to secondary groups.


Premise: In any field, experience is required for a proficient person to become an expert. Through experience, a proficient person gradually develops a repertory of model situations that allows an immediate, intuitive response to each new situation. This is the hallmark of expertise, and for this reason computerized expert systems cannot be as good as human experts. Although computers have the ability to store millions of bits of information, the knowledge of human experts, who benefit from the experience of thousands of situations, is not stored within their brains in the form of rules and facts.

Hypothesis: The argument requires the assumption of future advances in computer technology will not render computers capable of sorting through greater amounts of information.


Premise: It is well documented that people have positive responses to some words, such as kind and wonderful,  and negative responses to others, such as evil and nausea.  Recently, psychological experiments have revealed that people also have positive or negative responses to many nonsense words. This shows that people' s responses to words are conditioned not only by what the words mean, but also by how they sound.

Hypothesis: The statement 'people's responses to words are engendered not only by what the words mean, but also by how they sound' is supported by the claim that people have positive or negative responses to many nonsense words in the argument.


Premise: Wasps that reproduce by parasitism can inject just the right number of eggs into the eggs of various insects suitable for their offspring. If it injects too many eggs into the host's eggs, its larvae will die because they do not get enough space and nutrition in the competition with each other; if too few eggs are injected into the larvae, the excess nutrients in the host eggs will spoil, which in turn will lead to the death of the larvae.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that the size of wasp eggs determines the survival rate of wasp larvae based on the information provided.


Premise: Nowadays, the young and new generation of parents have generally received perfect higher education and some of them have the experience of studying and living abroad, so they have their own understanding and requirements for their children's enlightening education. Imported cartoons, no matter in narrative style or in means of expression, are closer to their aesthetic standards. At the same time, children's understanding ability is also increasing, they can observe and understand the world earlier. In fact, China is not without such animation resources, such as Journey to the West has become a classic, repeatedly adapted and popular, because its mythological system is the projection of reality. The key question is whether domestic producers have the ability to think deeply and explore reality.

Hypothesis: The author's point of view according to the above passage is that in fact, there is no shortage of excellent animation materials in China.


Premise: Mate is a beverage found in much of South America. While it is uncertain where mate was first made, there are more varieties of it found in Paraguay than anywhere else. Also, mate is used more widely there than anywhere else. Ttherefore, Paraguay is likely the place where mate originated.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that it is rare for there to be a great variety of types of a beverage in a place where the beverage has not been in use for a very long time would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: No computer will ever be able to do everything that some human minds can do, for there are some problems that cannot be solved by following any set of mechanically applicable rules. Yet computers can only solve problems by following some set of mechanically applicable rules.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that at least one problem solvable by following some set of mechanically applicable rules is not solvable by any human mind.