Premise: Generally speaking, broken objects are always unbeautiful. But how to explain the fact that the remains of so many ancient buildings, sculptures and even daily necessities are considered beautiful? It may be because these remains with aesthetic value are of great value, either because of their considerable scale, or because of important practical functions, such as magnificent palaces, mausoleums, temples, city walls, ancient bridges, ancient pagodas, etc., it contains the extraordinary wisdom and great hard work of our predecessors, whether it is destroyed in war or natural disasters, it will arouse people's regret and caress the remains to think of the whole. There are a large number of such ancient buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage project, such as the Great Wall of China, the Parthenon in Greece, Angkor Wat in Cambodia and so on.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is 'Why ruins are beautiful.'


Premise: It is necessary to guard against the phenomenon of big and small years in vegetable production due to subjective factors. Garlic prices were low in 2008, and some farmers lost information about growing garlic. Garlic production reduction in 2009, garlic prices have been rising since then. Therefore, vegetable production should be planned, information symmetry should be maintained on species, variety structure and market time, and the detection and early warning mechanism of agricultural products should be improved so as to guide farmers' production and stabilize market supply.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that politics and law should take measures to ensure the stability of vegetable prices.


Premise: When a threat to life is common, as are automobile and industrial accidents, only unusual instances tend to be prominently reported by the news media. Instances of rare threats, such as product tampering, however, are seen as news by reporters and are universally reported in featured stories. People in general tend to estimate the risk of various threats by how frequently those threats come to their attention.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People tend to magnify the risk of a threat if the threat seems particularly dreadful or if those who would be affected have no control over it' is most strongly supported on the basis of the statements above.


Premise: Researchers recently found that there is an area called thalamic pillow deep in the brain. It's like a receptionist for information. It is responsible for classifying and sorting out the information of external stimuli, and focuses people's attention on the most important information about behavior and survival. The researchers point out that the discovery is expected to lead to new treatments for disorders caused by lack of attention, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and so on.

Hypothesis: Some schizophrenias are not caused by lack of attention is assumed by the above argument.


Premise: Internationally, there is no lack of government led establishment of social groups. The purpose of government led establishment of social groups is to expand the scope and space of their functions. Some people call such non-governmental organizations governmental non-governmental organizations, which objectively often become quasi departments performing certain functions of the executive government.

Hypothesis: Many governments led social organizations can often perform government functions is a view directly supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: Violent crime in this town is becoming a serious problem. Compared to last year, local law enforcement agencies have responded to 17 percent more calls involving violent crimes, showing that the average citizen of this town is more likely than ever to become a victim of a violent crime.

Hypothesis: As a result of the town's community outreach programs, more people than ever are willing to report violent crimes to the proper authorities most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Moral integrity in business is of the highest concern, for businesses that lose their integrity cannot survive. By definition, a business that has lost its integrity is no longer integrated; hence businesses that lose their integrity literally disintegrate.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument takes for granted that the survival of businesses is the only important ethical concern.


Premise: In class, the teacher brought a piece of ore for A, B, C 3 students to identify. It's not iron, it's not lead,  A said. It's not iron, it's copper,  B said. It's not copper, it's iron, C said. The teacher concluded: Of the three, one person's two judgments are correct. The other person's two judgments are wrong, and one person's two judgments one-on-one wrong.

Hypothesis: Based on the above criteria, this ore is copper is correct.


Premise: Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that human beings enjoy or should enjoy according to their essence. On the surface, human rights are superficial and transcending national boundaries, and they represent the rights of the whole human being,but this is only an ideal.As far as the reality of human rights is concerned, it is always restricted by certain conditions. Like any other right, it can never exceed the economic structure of the society and the development of social culture restricted by the economic structure.

Hypothesis: Don't brutally interfere with human rights issues in other countries can be inferred.


Premise: Editorial: A recently passed law limits freedom of speech in order to silence dissenters. It has been said that those who are ignorant of history will repeat its patterns. If this is true, then those responsible for passing the law must be ignorant of a great deal of history. Historically, silencing dissenters has tended to promote undemocratic policies and the establishment of authoritarian regimes.

Hypothesis: The editorialist's reasoning is flawed in that it fails to take into account that even those who are not ignorant of history may repeat its patterns.


Premise: One study showed that eating celery could help curb aggressive emotions. 151 women were surveyed. Of the women who said they ate celery regularly, 95 percent said they were rarely aggressive or outright provoked. Of the women who didn't eat celery regularly, 53 percent said they were often anxious, angry, and aggressive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those women who often eat celery pay more attention to fitness, and fitness consumes a lot of physical energy, is very tired, and suppresses aggressive emotions' weakens the above conclusion, except.


Premise: Memory is divided into left brain memory and right brain memory, the so-called memory but not thinking ability, precisely because this memory is the memory of the left brain. If right brain memory is developed, things could be very different. Creativity is a property of the right brain, and right brain memory proficiency not only helps develop right brain memory, but also stimulates creativity, sensibility, inspiration and intuition.

Hypothesis: A good memory makes a bad invention is not true.


Premise: At a party, A likes to eat Sichuan cuisine, all the fishes that B likes to eat are Sichuan cuisine, C likes to eat all Sichuan cuisine. Fried pork in scoop is not Sichuan cuisine, but Mapo tofu is Sichuan cuisine.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, C does not like to eat fried pork in scoop must be true.


Premise: In a transportation company, a certain syndrome often attributed to stress by medical experts afflicts a significantly higher percentage of workers in Department F than in any other department. We can conclude, ttherefore, that the work done in Department F subjects workers to higher stress levels than does the work in the other departments in the company.

Hypothesis: Job-related stress has been the most frequently cited cause for dissatisfaction among workers at the company most helps to support the argument.


Premise: People's daily thinking and activities, even tiny ones, contain conscious initiative and some kind of creativity, and all the actions of the computer are controlled by pre-programmed programs, so it is impossible for the computer to own the initiative and creativity that people have.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People can write computer programs that simulate people's initiative and creativity' can be used as a supplement to strongly support the reasoning from the above.


Premise: If a person's behavior has a harmful impact on others and society, others or society can certainly blame and interfere with him. But what if this is not the case? For example, if a person smokes in the house where he lives alone, a person yells in the wilderness, and a person surfs the Internet in the middle of the night, should we care? In my opinion, whether or not to interfere with an act depends on whether such interference is conducive to the improvement of the public interest, whether it infringes upon the legitimate rights of the parties, and so on.

Hypothesis: The speaker in the subject is most willing to say that interference with individual behavior does not improve the interests of society as a whole.


Premise: Purebred dogs are prone to genetically determined abnormalities. Although such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. Since nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs.

Hypothesis: A dog that does not have genetically determined abnormalities may nevertheless have offspring with such abnormalities most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The model in which the government cooperates with private enterprises to complete a certain project (referred to as PPP) can enable the government to obtain funds, and also allow social capital to enter the fields of public utilities such as electricity and railways. The problem in this model is that the government defaults or the investors default and cause economic losses to the other party. In previous PPP projects, government default was not a small probability event. Although local government defaults are not uncommon, investors are still actively investing in PPP projects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The PPP model is relatively complicated, and the negotiating ability and PPP professional ability of local governments are not as good as that of investors' best explains the above seemingly contradictory phenomenon.


Premise: Surveys in several provinces have found that spending a lot of time on social networking does not affect the willingness of extroverts to socialize face-to-face, and that introverts do not become socialites even if they do not socialize online. Therefore, some researchers believe that the fear that social networking will hinder traditional socialization is unnecessary.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the help of online social networking, many people's ability and self-confidence in traditional social networking have been improved' is most helpful in supporting the above conclusions.


Premise: Up until about 2 billion years ago, the sun was 30 percent dimmer than it is now. If the sun were that dim now, our oceans would be completely frozen. According to fossil evidence, however, life and liquid water were both present as early as 3. 8 billion years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Our atmosphere currently holds in significantly less heat than it did 3. 8 billion years ago' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: There are two kinds of horror stories: experiments about mad scientists and ferocious monsters. In the horror stories about monsters, monsters symbolize the psychological confusion of the protagonist. The horror stories about mad scientists typically express the author's feelings: scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human exploration. Despite these differences, these two types of horror stories have the following characteristics in common: they describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature: they both want to frighten the reader.

Hypothesis: Some stories that use symbolism describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: It is known that birds can sense the earth's magnetic field and use them to navigate. Recently, scientists in a country found that birds actually use their right eyes to view the earth's magnetic field. To test this theory, when birds began to migrate, scientists in the country put several Robin birds into a funnel-shaped and huge cage, and put a special metal eye mask that can shield the earth's magnetic field on one eye of some Robin birds. The walls of the cage are coated with marking substances. Birds can fly out only through the narrow mouth of the cage. If the bird touches the cage wall, it will stick a marker to judge whether the bird can find its direction.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bird without eye mask and the bird with eye mask on the left eye flew out of the cage smoothly, and the bird with eye mask on the right eye flew in either direction' can best support the researchers' findings if correct.


Premise: As long as the diagnosis is accurate and the treatment is prompt, the patient will not die. Now the patient is unfortunately dead.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, then if the cause of the patient's death was an inexact diagnosis, the delay in treatment would not have been the cause.


Premise: Matthew effect refers to the achievement of success and progress in a particular area (such as money, fame, status, etc.) , which creates a cumulative advantage for any individual, group, or region, there will be more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The state has always invested heavily in the construction of famous schools. Schools that invest heavily in hardware and software will have a hard time not continuing to be elite' is not a Matthew effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, researchers have discovered the first type of gene mutation that helps fight Alzheimer's disease. People who carry this type of gene mutation have a greatly reduced risk of developing dementia symptoms after entering old age. Researchers conducted health surveys and gene sequencing on 1795 study subjects. Later, it was discovered that the gene that affects Alzheimer's disease, the amyloid precursor protein gene, has different types of mutations, and some people who carry one of these types of mutations are relatively less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. The researchers explained that Alzheimer's disease The cause of the disease is the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the brain. This is caused by beta-amyloid precursor protein lyase 1 cutting large pieces of protein into small pieces. This mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene Type can limit the function of beta amyloid precursor protein lyase 1, thereby reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Hypothesis: Studies have found that people with active beta-amyloid precursor protein lyase 1 have a greatly increased proportion of people with Alzheimer's disease can support the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: According to the calculation of grain supply, although China's grain self-sufficiency rate dropped to 90% in 2011, it mainly imports soybeans rather than grains and the self-sufficiency rate of the main grain varieties rice, wheat and corn still exceeds 98%.

Hypothesis: The rate of grain self-sufficiency in China is still very high is described in this passage.


Premise: One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled SuperOXY,  that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since <b> the amount of oxygen in the blood of someone who is exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb </b>.

Hypothesis: The statement "frequent physical exercise increases the body's ability to take in and use oxygen" would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface.


Premise: Scientist: It seems likely that the earliest dinosaurs to fly did so by gliding out of trees rather than, as some scientists think, by lifting off the ground from a running start. Animals gliding from trees are able to fly with very simple wings. Such wings represent evolutionary middle stages toward developing the large wings that we associate with flying dinosaurs.

Hypothesis: Early flying dinosaurs built their nests at the base of trees strengthens the scientist's argument EXCEPT.


Premise: Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.

Hypothesis: At an international academic conference, Professor Chen gave a presentation in English with a strong Sichuan accent, which was barely understood by most of the foreign scholars attending the conference does not belong to code-switching.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The arrangement of Legal Department, R & D Department, sales Department, Finance Department, production Department, personnel Department meets the requirement of arranging the office buildings of each department from front to back.


Premise: Different from the new concept of urban development in developed countries, many cities in China are still obsessed with building garden city. It is not bad to understand garden city as a cluster of flowers and trees. The problem is that many places understand garden city as low-density and wide roads, especially in the blind pursuit of wide roads in the construction of new towns, big square and big green belt, this is wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Garden city has become an outdated concept of urban development' is most likely to be in line with the above author's point of view.


Premise: Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence shown by artificial systems. The core issues of artificial intelligence include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, movement and the ability to manipulate objects.

Hypothesis: The technological breakthrough of Chinese chess programs learning new tactics according to previous chess games and avoiding failure because of similar mistakes has nothing to do with artificial intelligence.


Premise: During the war between the United States and a European country, the United States Navy widely distributed posters throughout the country to recruit soldiers. The most famous advertisement at that time said that the death rate of the United States Navy was lower than that of New York citizens. Facing questions, the responsible Navy official explained: According to statistics, the annual death rate of New York citizens is 16%, and even in wartime, the death rate of U.S. Navy soldiers is only 9%.

Hypothesis: New Yorkers in the above statistics include infants, the elderly and patients with poor survival ability best explains the above conclusions.


Premise: John wants to win the annual Mayfield raffle next year because he needs the Mayfield raffle' s prize. If he enters more than one raffle next year, the likelihood of his winning one of them would be greater than if he entered only a single raffle. Hence, to have this greater likelihood of winning the Mayfield prize, John should enter several other raffles next year.

Hypothesis: The argument exhibits the flaw in reasoning that it assumes that an event, if it is highly improbable, cannot possibly occur.


Premise: It is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease. Most diseases are caused by very prolific microorganisms whose response to the pressures medicines exert on them is predictable: they quickly evolve immunities to those medicines while maintaining their power to infect and even kill humans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is a conclusion for which a description of the responses of microorganisms to the medicines designed to cure the diseases they cause is offered as support' most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that it is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease.


Premise: Tom: Critics of recent high court decisions claim that judges' willingness to abide by earlier decisions is necessary to avoid legal chaos. Since high courts of the past often repudiated legal precedents and no harm to the legal system ensued, these critics' objections must be politically motivated and ought to be ignored. Mary: High courts have repudiated precedents in the past, but they were careful to do so only when the previous rulings were old and had clearly become outdated. The recently overturned rulings were themselves recent. Overturning any recent legal ruling diminishes the law, which comes to be viewed as unstable and capricious.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Tom and Mary is whether the overturning of recent high court precedents was politically motivated.


Premise: In winter, a city's public transport system added temporary buses on many lines as a supplement to these lines. However, for a period of time, the passenger congestion on the original line has not been alleviated.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For a period of time, people are still unclear about the parking stations and operating hours of the new temporary buses' does not explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Three good friends are going out for a trip on the May Day holiday. Their attitude to the way they travel is as follows: Wang may take a car, any car is OK; Li may not take a car, but take a bus; Zhang may not take a car, take a taxi if you want to go. If they express their opinion according to their attitude: do not take a car; take a bus, take a taxi.

Hypothesis: At least two people agree with each opinion is not possible based on the information given above.


Premise: Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen went to take part in the Olympic Games. There are three kinds of mathematics, physics and chemistry in the Olympic Games, and each person only takes part in one. Jianguo, Xiaojie and Daniul made the following guesses: Jianguo: Dandan participated in the math competition and Xiaoying participated in the physics competition. Xiao Jie: Shuzhen didn't take part in the physics competition. Xiaoying took part in the math competition. Dandan did not take part in the math competition, while Xiaoying took part in the chemistry competition.

Hypothesis: If their guesses are half right, Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen took part in math, physics and chemistry competitions respectively.


Premise: The essence of strategic game lies in the interdependence of participants' decisions, which is reflected in two ways: the first way is sequential, and the participants take turns; The second way is to take place at the same time, and the participants make moves at the same time. However, everyone must understand that there are other active participants in the game. Everyone should put himself in the position of others to evaluate the results of his action.

Hypothesis: The result of each step in the game directly affects the overall situation is consistent with this paragraph.


Premise: Because the statement all gray rabbits are rabbits is true, it follows by analogy that the statement all suspected criminals are criminals is also true.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is flawed because it fails to recognize that the relationship between being a criminal and being a rabbit is not of the same kind as that between being suspected and being gray.


Premise: Transfer income refers to income from non-production and exchange processes, such as various forms of transfer income such as subsidies, gifts and inheritance income.

Hypothesis: The transfer of income is voluntary by the giver and has nothing to do with the competition of production and exchange is correct about transfer income.


Premise: People from different language groups and cultures need to communicate with each other and must find communication tools. On one level, they can rely on specially trained professionals who can proficiently use two or more languages for interpretation and translation. But this is inconvenient, and the time and cost are expensive. Therefore, throughout history, there has been a common language. In the ancient world and the medieval world, it was Latin, in the West for centuries it was French, and in Africa. Swahili was spoken in many areas, and English was spoken in most parts of the world in the second half of the 20th century.

Hypothesis: The universal language is an effective means of dealing with language differences is meant to illustrate.


Premise: Linguist: One group of art critics claims that postimpressionist paintings are not really art and so should be neither studied nor displayed. Another group of critics disagrees, insisting that these paintings are works of art. But since the second group grants that there are paintings that are not works of art and should ttherefore be ignored in the manner suggested by the first group, their disagreement is not over the meaning of the word art.

Hypothesis: The claim that there are paintings that are not works of art plays the role of being a claim whose acceptance by critics who differ on other issues is cited by the argument as evidence of its truth in the linguist's argument.


Premise: The case of Xu Yunhe in Tianjin: while driving, Xu Yunhe encountered Mrs. Wang crossing the guardrail in the center of the road. Mrs. Wang fell to the ground and was injured. Xu helped her up. Mrs. Wang insisted that she was hit by Xu. After judicial identification, Xu's car did not touch her. The court of first instance held that Xu was only four or five meters away from Mrs. Wang when she saw her, and that she must have fallen because she was frightened by Xu's car and ordered Xu to bear 40% of the responsibility and compensate Mrs. Wang 108606 yuan.

Hypothesis: The statement "The judge reasoned against common sense: Mrs. Wang crossed the guardrail illegally and should have expected a car in the driveway, while being frightened was usually when she saw something unexpected" best points out the flaws in the first instance of the case.


Premise: Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.

Hypothesis: According to the above intention, Mr. Zhang must have bought at least one kind of tulips and peonies.


Premise: There are three conditions for a unit to recruit employees: first, rich knowledge; Second, skilled; Third, be hardworking. There are four job seekers who meet at least one of the conditions: A, B, C and D. It is known that: 1. A and B are not all knowledgeable; 2. A and D have the same level of knowledge; 3. C and D have the same degree of hard work; 4. Three of the four are knowledgeable, two are hardworking and one is skilled.

Hypothesis: After assessment, the unit found that only one of them met all the conditions and he should be D.


Premise: Sociologist: The claim that there is a large number of violent crimes in our society is false, for this claim is based upon the large number of stories in newspapers about violent crimes. But since violent crimes are very rare occurrences, newspapers are likely to print stories about them.

Hypothesis: The sociologist's argument is flawed because it assumes without warrant that the newspaper stories in question are not biased.


Premise: Storytelling appears to be a universal aspect of both past and present cultures. Comparative study of traditional narratives from widely separated epochs and diverse cultures reveals common themes such as creation, tribal origin, mystical beings and quasi-historical figures, and common story types such as fables and tales in which animals assume human personalities.

Hypothesis: The evidence cited above from the study of traditional narratives most supports the statement that certain human concerns and interests arise in all of the world's cultures.


Premise: In a mountainous area of an Asian country, the physique of newborns born in February and March is generally not as good as that of newborns born in other months. After investigation, the staff of the local medical institute believe that the main reason for this phenomenon is the lack of food in winter and the inability of pregnant women to supplement nutrition, resulting in the weakness of newborns.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The few winter foods in this mountainous area generally lack some trace elements, which is urgently needed by newborns' best supports the above findings.


Premise: According to a study concerning environmental economics, any manufacturer that offers an environmentally sound lawnmower, such as a manual push mower, will almost certainly reap a huge profit because consumers say that they want a mower that requires neither gasoline nor electricity. A spokesman for the trade association of gasoline lawnmower manufacturers asserted that this claim had little factual support.

Hypothesis: The last manufacturer of manual push lawnmowers just declared bankruptcy because of declining profits would best support the claim made by the spokesperson.


Premise: An institutional unit is an entity that can own resources, assume liabilities, engage in economic activities and conduct economic transactions with other units.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Changsha Huanghua Airport is an institutional unit.


Premise: The latest report by an international paleontology research team showed that the eunotosaurus living in South Africa 280 million years ago is the ancestor of modern tortoises. They survived the mass extinction from Permian to Triassic. At that time, in order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they worked hard to dig into the ground. At the same time, to ensure that their digging movement of forelimbs was strong enough, their body needed a stable support, which resulted in the continuous widening of their ribs. It can be concluded that the tortoise has a shell to adapt to the environment. And the shell is not for protection, but for digging holes underground.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The forelimbs of the eunotosaurus are strong enough, so they do not need the protection of the tortoise shell' should be added as a prerequisite for the rationality of the above conclusion.


Premise: On February 18, the 59th Session of the United Nations General Assembly's Legal Committee adopted a political declaration by a vote of 71 to 31, with 43 abstentions, calling on all countries to ban any form of human cloning that is contrary to human dignity. After 3 days of fierce debate, the law Committee of the 18th afternoon still failed to reach an agreement on the wording of the UN Declaration on human cloning. That evening, countries for and against therapeutic cloning agreed to put to a vote the proposed declaration supported by their respective camps. The proposal put forward by Honduras, which opposes therapeutic cloning, was adopted after oIS member states declared that they would not support either proposal. The United States, Germany, the Netherlands and Brazil voted in favor, while the Chinese government voted against.

Hypothesis: The Chinese government's veto does not mean that China supports reproductive cloning, that is, human cloning experiments, but opposes a ban on therapeutic cloning research for the purpose of curing diseases and saving lives is not the correct reason for voting against the Chinese government.


Premise: In an experiment, volunteers walked individually through a dark, abandoned theater. Half of the volunteers had been told that the theater was haunted and the other half that it was under renovation. The first half reported significantly more unusual experiences than the second did. The researchers concluded that reports of encounters with ghosts and other supernatural entities generally result from prior expectations of such experiences.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that all of the volunteers in the first half believed that the researchers' statement that the theater was haunted was a lie would most seriously weaken the researchers' reasoning.


Premise: A city has two pillar industries, traditional handicraft and tourism. The development of traditional handicraft industry will inevitably lead to pollution and damage the ecological environment. However, a good ecological environment is a necessary condition for the development of tourism.

Hypothesis: The city cannot develop traditional handicrafts and tourism at the same time can be inferred from the above conclusion.


Premise: The column settings of a literary journal website are usually adjusted at any time based on reader feedback and page views. In September last year, a batch of new columns appeared on the revised website. Among them, 5 columns are serials of comedy and humor, 3 columns are serials of long-form science fiction novels, and 2 columns are literary criticism. As of January this year, only 7 of these newly launched columns are still being updated, 5 of which are serials of comedy and humor.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, at least one column in the category of long-form science fiction novel has been offline.


Premise: Personal foreign currency deposits at the Bank of China's Beijing branch have exceeded 1 billion US dollars, and a large proportion of the bank's cumulative foreign exchange loans of 2 billion US dollars come from residents' personal deposits.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the bank's personal foreign currency deposits have accounted for 1/2 of the total deposits.


Premise: Indirect committed, also known as indirect committed crime, refers to the use of others for props to commit a crime of the act. The exploiter achieves his criminal intent by dominating the tool behavior of the exploited.The exploiter and the exploited do not constitute a joint crime. It includes two scenarios, the first one is to use the inability of criminal responsibility to commit crimes, and the second one is to use the negligence of others or unwitting behavior crime.

Hypothesis: The option 'A let their own adult child B false accusation c, did not think B fabricated facts is the fact that C objective existence. A, C is a person with full criminal responsibility capacity, B is a person without criminal responsibility' is an indirect principal according to the above definition.


Premise: Premeditated intention refers to the mental attitude of the perpetrator to commit a criminal act after a period of preparation after a criminal intention.

Hypothesis: A young man released after serving his sentence finds a young woman on the road at night and rapes her is not premeditated intention.


Premise: Although aspirin has been proven to eliminate moderate fever associated with some illnesses, many doctors no longer routinely recommend its use for this purpose. A moderate fever stimulates the activity of the body's disease-fighting white blood cells and also inhibits the growth of many strains of disease-causing bacteria.

Hypothesis: Aspirin, an effective painkiller, alleviates the pain and discomfort of many illnesses is the conclusion most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: A blogger declared: my analysis of the future trend of housing prices has been followed by more than 1000 netizens, I counted, 85% of the posts agree with me.This shows that most people agree with me.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The blogger's other articles with high approval ratings later proved to be wrong' most questions the blogger's conclusion.


Premise: In an experiment, the researcher asked college students to recall their grades in high school and told them that the researcher would get their real grades from high school, so it didn't make any sense to lie. The results showed that the participants recalled five-fifths of their grades. All of them are inconsistent with the actual situation, and the probability of being mistakenly recorded for different grades is also different. The higher the score, the less likely to be mistaken: when you get an A. It can always be accurately recalled, but when you get an F, it is hard to remember.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Wrong memories make us feel good about ourselves, which is good for our health' can be concluded from the above information.


Premise: Negative reinforcement: refers to the occurrence of a behavior. With the removal of stimulation or the reduction of stimulation intensity, the behavior is enhanced,

Hypothesis: A woman waiting for a car in the rain holding up her umbrella belongs to negative reinforcement.


Premise: Perry: Worker-owned businesses require workers to spend time on management decision-making and investment strategy, tasks that are not directly productive. Also, such businesses have less extensive divisions of labor than do investor-owned businesses. Such inefficiencies can lead to low profitability, and thus increase the risk for lenders. Ttherefore, lenders seeking to reduce their risk should not make loans to worker-owned businesses.

Hypothesis: In most worker-owned businesses, workers compensate for inefficiencies by working longer hours than do workers in investor-owned businesses most seriously weakens Perry's argument.


Premise: Zhang San went to a store to buy chocolates. The shopkeeper  showed him four boxes and wrote a sentence on each box. The first box: There are lychees in all the boxes. The second box: There are apples in this box. The third box: There is no chocolate in this box. The fourth box: There are no lychees in some boxes. The shopkeeper said to Zhang San: There is only one truth in the four sentences. There is only one truth in four sentences. which box do you see the chocolate in?

Hypothesis: The correct answer is that the chocolates are in the third box.


Premise: In my opinion, as a strict aesthetic proposition, the statement Small is beautiful is untenable. For example, classical poets like to chant small bridges and flowing water, small mouths like cherries, but there are many people take the opposite hobby, to praise the bridge across the sea or Sophia Loren mouth.

Hypothesis: Large and small, which form is beautiful, belong to radish and cabbage, each has his own love can be inferred.


Premise: The crime of corruption is an intentional crime. A is not an intentional crime, so A is not a corruption crime.

Hypothesis: The reasoning 'Hermaphroditic plants reproduce themselves. The terrestrial snail is hermaphroditic, but allogeneic, so the terrestrial snail is not the plant' has the most similar logic to the above.


Premise: The scale effect refers to the effect that the average cost of products decreases continuously with the increase of output. Because of the relative geographical concentration, the mutual influence of technology and the spread of cost-saving methods, the related enterprises form the external economies of scale. The production cost, information cost and management cost of its products decrease with the increase of output, which enhances the competitiveness of its products. The scale advantage of the enterprise group also constitutes its cost advantage.

Hypothesis: The scale effect is Walmart's direct sourcing model which eliminates unnecessary middlemen and significantly reduces product costs.


Premise: Politician: Governments should tax any harmful substance that is available to the general public at a level that the tax would discourage continued use of the substance.

Hypothesis: The tax on products that emit fluorocarbons, substances that have proven to be harmful to the earth's ozone layer, is lowered to stimulate the development of new, less environmentally harmful ways of using these substances is an application of the politician's principle of taxation.


Premise: A university actively guided college students to carry out summer social practice activities and achieved remarkable results. The school and a township jointly selected two students with excellent academic and academic performance to serve as village officials in the township. After multiple assessments, four people A, B, C, and D Discuss the possibility of being selected together.A said: I will not be selected. B said: If I am selected, then C will be selected. C said: If B is selected, D will be selected. Ding said: B Will be selected but C will not be selected.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four guessed correctly, A and B will be selected.


Premise: The new type of tablet is faster than the traditional tablet. It is installed with a new operating system. Therefore, the sales of the new type of tablet are better than that of the traditional tablet.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The use environment of some tablet users is different from that of ordinary people' can weaken the above view the most.


Premise: Horizontal communication and vertical communication are two instrumental communication styles in the process of building social capital. Horizontal communication refers to the process in which an individual establishes extensive connections with groups with similar social status around him, while vertical communication refers to the process in which an individual establishes relationships actively with groups in the society dominated by dominant resources.

Hypothesis: Liu is very satisfied with his family's nanny. In order to let the nanny after the spring festival to continue to come to work, he gave the nanny visit round-trip tickets is according to the above definition, vertical communication.


Premise: Constance: The traditional definition of full employment as a 5 percent unemployment rate is correct, because at levels below 5 percent, inflation rises. Brigita: That traditional definition of full employment was developed before the rise of temporary and part-time work and the fall in benefit levels. When people are juggling several part-time jobs with no benefits, or working in a series of temporary assignments, as is now the case, 5 percent unemployment is not full employment.

Hypothesis: The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that Constance and Brigita disagree with each other about what definition of full employment is applicable under contemporary economic conditions.


Premise: In an exam, a student was caught cheating, and the teacher told him: If you don't want to get caught, don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: People who are caught doing stupid things often have bad luck is different from the above conclusions.


Premise: Xiao Zhu was in good shape on his birthday. He specially invited four good friends Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Liu and Xiao Li to dinner at home. Xiao Zhu's mother prepared a rich dinner for them. According to local customs, Xiao Zhu ate an egg specially cooked for him by his mother. During the meal, everyone jokingly warned Xiao Wang, who has the worst intestines and stomach, not to eat too much, Be careful with diarrhea. Everyone tasted every dish on the table. Xiao Wang ate the most despite everyone's warning. As a result, Xiao Zhu had diarrhea soon after dinner, but others had no problem.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The raw materials used in a dish are likely to be out of season dishes or genetically modified foods. Eating too much is easy to cause diarrhea' is the best explanation for Xiao Zhu's diarrhea.


Premise: Hereditary refers to a self reproduction process in which organisms take in substances from the environment, build themselves and produce copies similar to their parents according to the same development path and mode experienced by their parents.

Hypothesis: Zhao has mental illness, and his father had this mental illness before he died is hereditary.


Premise: Because the suspect sells the fake medicine to the pharmacy, the coverage is very wide and the social harm is extremely big. In particular, first-aid drugs such as heart-saving pills, once patients make fake drugs in river, the consequences are unimaginable. An investigation by a public security bureau found that those fake drugs not only have high manufacturing technology and packaging level, but also are popular well-known brands in the current market. The sales volume is astonishing and the purchase price is close to the production cost.

Hypothesis: There must be a fake pharmaceutical factory and distribution network with a huge production capacity can be inferred.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: If the third is M, the fourth one goes K may be true.


Premise: In the course of his reading, George Orwell probably encountered certain storytelling conventions over and over again, and these are the devices he would have most likely used in his work. That is why it does not follow that, even though his 1984 resembles other books of its futuristic genre, Orwell read those books; it is possible that he and the other authors were simply drawing on the same body of literary conventions.

Hypothesis: A recent film that involves car chases, explosions, and clever villains is not necessarily directly influenced by other films of the action genre most closely illustrates the principle that the passage illustrates.


Premise: In the debate on whether to implement the last elimination system for civil servants, Zhang Hong's argument is that the implementation of the last elimination system can promote people to work actively and improve the work efficiency of the organ. Jin Jing's view is: the question is whether a civil servant should be eliminated after he has completed his own work. After some organs tried out the last elimination system, their work efficiency was indeed improved.

Hypothesis: Only Zhang Hong's view has been strengthened best evaluates the impact of this fact on their views.


Premise: 1990 editorial: Local pay phone calls have cost a quarter apiece ever since the 1970s, when a soft drink from a vending machine cost about the same. The price of a soft drink has more than doubled since, so phone companies should be allowed to raise the price of pay phone calls too.

Hypothesis: Between the 1970s and 1990 the cost of ingredients for soft drinks increased at a greater rate than the cost of telephone equipment most weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: The space technology was born out of the ballistic missile technology developed during World War II and it is very difficult to calculate the trajectory by manpower, which led to the birth of the world's first computer and the entry of mankind into the information age. The United States promotes the birth and development of integrated circuits in order to expand its space superiority and meet the needs of space flight. Today, goods codes can be found everywhere in supermarkets and the technology was born when Apollo used bar codes to manage spacecraft during the Apollo moon landing. . According to statistics, 80% of the more than 1100 new materials developed and used in China this year are completed under the guidance of aerospace technology. At present, there are nearly 2000 space technology achievements and used in communications, textile, oil, transportation, medical and other industries.

Hypothesis: The main message the author wants to convey through this passage is the indirect influence brought by the development of the space technology.


Premise: In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia' s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia' s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, ttherefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.

Hypothesis: No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Digital dilemma refers to the phenomenon that the elderly are not familiar with the use of digital products because of their living habits, cultural level and other factors, which brings trouble to their daily life.

Hypothesis: Lao Chen's mobile phone has enabled the function of mobile payment, but he has never used it. Although he will encounter some trouble occasionally, he doesn't think it's a big deal is not a digital dilemma.


Premise: Compared with offline teaching, due to the difference in time and space, online teaching relies more on the guidance and help of teachers, and has a greater demand for resources. However, in the era of knowledge economy, teachers have long ceased to be knowledge monopolies, and individuals in the network society may become both knowledge consumers and producers. Therefore, to promote the participation of social forces in the supply of online education resources, it is necessary to change the traditional education pattern of schools going alone, and to accept the online education services of enterprises with an open attitude. For example, schools can appropriately take the form of outsourcing, purchase online course services from educational institutions and enterprises that have passed the qualification review, and provide dual-engine-driven teaching services of intelligence + real people. In addition, the two sides can strengthen collaborative innovation in resource support, learning situation monitoring, evaluation feedback, etc., to promote the healthy development of online education.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate the development trend of educational services as intelligence plus real people.


Premise: When a city experiences a sharp decline in population, the city' s tax revenues, which pay for such city services as police protection and maintenance of water lines, also decrease. The area to be policed and the number and length of the water lines to be maintained, however, do not decrease. Attempting to make up the tax revenue lost by raising tax rates is not feasible, since higher tax rates would cause even more residents to leave.

Hypothesis: The information given most strongly supports the general claim that if a city's tax rates are held stable over a period of time, neither the population nor the levels of city services provided will tend to decline over that period.


Premise: The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Ttherefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children' s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that schools would each improve all of their academic offerings and would not tend to specialize in one particular field to the exclusion of others.


Premise: Five undergraduate students, Xiaohua, Xiaofeng, Xiaoming, Xiaogang and Xiaoqiang, live in a dormitory. When determining the instructor of the thesis for the academic year, they will be assigned to one of Mr. Zhang, Mr. Wang and Mr. Li respectively. Mr. Zhang only studies ancient literature, Mr. Wang only studies lexicology and ancient philology, and Mr. Li only studies syntax and lexicology. Each instructor can guide up to two people, and each student is interested in only one research direction of the assigned instructor. It is known that: (1) Xiaofeng and Xiaogang were assigned to Mr. Wang; (2) Xiao Hua was assigned to Mr. Li.

Hypothesis: If each student is assigned to the instructor according to his or her own interests, Xiaoming is interested in ancient literature, and Xiaoqiang is interested in ancient literature does not conform to the statement of the subject.


Premise: Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members' inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Ttherefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if the statement 'In terms of the criteria used to award royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions' were inserted into the argument as an additional premise.


Premise: The four people investigated in one incident were victims, witnesses, rescuers and bystanders. They made the following statements during the investigation: [1] A:B is not an bystanders.[2] B:C is not a witness.[3] D:A is not a rescuer.[4] C: B is not an eyewitness. Further investigation revealed that their statements were false if they were about the victim and true if they were about someone else.

Hypothesis: The victim is C.


Premise: On August 3, 2003, a 110000-year-old human tooth fossil about 3 cm in length was unearthed in Zhangkoudong Ancient Human site in Jiuxiang, Yiliang County.As soon as the excavation was announced, it immediately attracted wide attention from the media and experts. Many experts involved in the excavation believe that the appearance of this human tooth fossil shows that Zhangkoudong already had human activities as early as 110000 years ago, and it will rewrite the conclusion that human beings in Kunming area, as defined by the Longtan Mountain Ancient Human site in Chenggong County, have a history of only 30,000 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some experts have analyzed the long axis of the tooth, the shape of the crown, the protrusion of the lip and tongue of the crown and the enamel of the fossil, and think that the fossil is not a fossil of human incisor, but a fossil of deer tooth' can best question the views of the above experts if it is true.


Premise: Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that if wise people make and implement economic plans, the planned economy will be more effective than the market economy.


Premise: The group-buying industry does have the worry of terminal illness. From the realistic environment of the group-buying industry, in the short term, the capital is drying up day by day, the endogenous development is weak and the industry reshuffle storm is approaching. In a chaotic pattern, only with the continuous occurrence of death cases can we clarify the market, prevent Bad money drives out good, and blow all the sand before we see gold. At the same time, the author believes that the heavy lessons of the dead will stimulate the survival desire of the living. I hope that when death begins to fall on the group-buying industry, the collapse of peers can touch the souls of valuable survivors, push each other and themselves, show compassion, and reflect on themselves in order to find ways to strengthen their bodies. For the whipping of capital, the followers of the group-buying industry do not expect the public to sympathize with you: good products and valuable services are the best media to interact with the public; only the soul of innovation is immortal, can Phoenix Nirvana.

Hypothesis: The option 'Good advice' does not accord with the author's attitude towards group buying.


Premise: Columnist: If you received an unsigned letter, you would likely have some doubts about the truth of its contents. But news stories often include statements from anonymous sources, and these are usually quoted with the utmost respect. It makes sense to be skeptical of these sources, for, as in the case of the writer of an unsigned letter, their anonymity makes it possible for them to plant inaccurate or slanted statements without ever having to answer for them.

Hypothesis: The columnist's argument proceeds by inferring that an attitude would be justified in all situations of a given type on the grounds that this attitude is justified in a hypothetical situation of that type.


Premise: A just government never restricts the right of its citizens to act upon their desires except when their acting upon their desires is a direct threat to the health or property of other of its citizens.

Hypothesis: A just government would not ban the sale of sports cars, but it could prohibit unrestricted racing of them on public highways most closely conforms to the principle cited above.


Premise: At the shareholders meeting of a travel agency, the general manager proposed: According to the current overall plan of the company, I propose to open at least one of the two routes in Europe and North America, but the South American route cannot be opened immediately due to route problems. The chairman objected.

Hypothesis: At most one of the two European lines and North American lines will be opened, but the South American line will be opened immediately most accurately expresses the meaning of the chairman.


Premise: After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.

Hypothesis: The most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion is that from 33,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the human way of life has not changed significantly.


Premise: At present, there are 3 kinds of GM rice waiting for commercial planting approval, each involving at least 12 foreign patents; 5 kinds of GM rice are in the process of research and development, each involving 10 foreign patents. Some experts believe that rice is the main food crop in China, and if GM rice is allowed to be planted commercially, the state's control over the main food crops may be threatened.

Hypothesis: If GM rice is grown commercially in China, foreign patent holders will prohibit Chinese farmers from keeping seeds, forcing them to buy seeds at high prices every sowing season would most strongly support the expert's view.


Premise: It is widely believed that lancelets -- small, primitive sea animals -- do not have hearts. Each lancelet has a contracting vessel, but this vessel is considered an artery rather than a heart. However, this vessel is indeed a heart. After all, it strongly resembles the structure of the heart of certain other sea animals. Moreover, the muscular contractions in the lancelet' s vessel closely resemble the muscular contractions of other animals' hearts.

Hypothesis: A vessel whose structure and actions closely resemble those of other animal hearts is a heart is the assumption required for the argument's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: Consumption of iodized salt can prevent goiter, but excessive amount may cause harm to the human body. In this regard, some experts have pointed out that as long as the consumption does not exceed the standards set by professional departments, its harm can be completely avoided. Therefore, there is no need for people to worry about the consumption of iodized salt.

Hypothesis: For the above conclusion to be established, current data showing that iodized salt only has side effects on a very small number of people can be a prerequisite.


Premise: The energy an animal must expend to move uphill is proportional to its body weight, whereas the animal' s energy output available to perform this task is proportional to its surface area. This is the reason that small animals, like squirrels, can run up a tree trunk almost as fast as they can move on level ground, whereas large animals tend to slow down when they are moving uphill.

Hypothesis: Small animals can move more rapidly than large animals can is an assumption on which the explanation above depends.


Premise: Fuxian Lake insect is a unique species in the Devonian Chengjiang fauna, which belongs to the primitive type of true arthropods. The adult is 10 cm long and has 31 body segments. The exoskeleton is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the number of dorsal and ventral segments is different. Devonian straight shrimp is the ancestor of modern insects, and the fossils of insects in Fuxian Lake are similar to those of straight shrimps, which indirectly indicates that the insects in Fuxian Lake are the distant ancestors of insects. The researchers also found that the digestive tract of the Fuxian lake worm is full of sediment, indicating that it is a mud-eating animal.

Hypothesis: The distant ancestors of insects also had creatures that did not eat mud is the only option that cannot support the above argument.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: The statement 'F is in the bookbinding group' must be true if both K and L are members of two groups and the printing group has exactly three members.


Premise: Matthew effect refers to the achievement of success and progress in a particular area (such as money, fame, status, etc.) , which creates a cumulative advantage for any individual, group, or region, there will be more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Manager Chen likes to buy lottery tickets. Recently, he even bought a new car. The neighbors envied him and asked him about the number selection method is not a Matthew effect.


Premise: Scientists hypothesize that a particular type of fat known as P-fat is required for the development of eyesight. Researchers were led to this hypothesis by observing that babies who are fed formulas low in P-fat tend to have worse eyesight than babies fed mother' s milk, which is high in P-fat. It has also been shown that babies that are five to six weeks premature tend to have worse eyesight than babies carried to term.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Babies generally prefer mother's milk to formulas low in P-fat' most supports the scientists' hypothesis.


Premise: At present, the utilization rate of Russian arable land in the far East is less than 50%, and the Russian Ministry of Economic Development intends to lease agricultural land to Asia-Pacific countries for a long time. The Ministry believes that without the injection of foreign capital and labor, Russia will not be able to achieve the revitalization of the far East on its own. However, if foreign capital and labor enter the far East, the region may be alienated by foreign immigrants.

Hypothesis: If we do not rely on our own strength and realize the revitalization of the far East, Russia will face the problem that the region may be alienated by foreign immigrants if the judgment of the Russian Ministry of Economic Development is correct.


Premise: Administrative leadership, as a kind of behavior, refers to the process of dominating, leading and guiding the leader under a certain administrative environment in order to achieve certain administrative goals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The tax bureau called on taxpayers to make online declarations' does not belong to the executive leadership.


Premise: Anthropologist: Violence is an extreme form of aggression, and is distinct from the self-expression sufficient for survival under normal conditions. Human beings in certain situations react to unpleasant stimuli with violence -- but only because they are conditioned by their culture to react in this manner.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the anthropologist's statements is that violent behavior is a product of one's cultural environment.


Premise: At present, our country is in the critical stage of industrial structure adjustment. In the current world economic crisis, the sustainability of our existing foreign trade-oriented economic model is getting smaller and smaller. Agriculture is the safe haven of the economic crisis. Only by strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and improving the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and the competitiveness of the grain market, can we comprehensively increase the income of farmers, promote the great development of the rural economy and the great upgrading of the broad rural market demand, and expand domestic demand in an all-round way,promote the smooth transformation of China's export-oriented economy to inward-oriented economy.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main point of this passage is that at present, the most effective way to expand domestic demand in my country should be to vigorously develop agriculture.


Premise: Psychologist: Some people contend that children should never be reprimanded. Any criticism, let alone punishment, they say, harms children' s self-esteem. This view is laudable in its challenge to the belief that children should be punished whenever they misbehave, yet it gives a dangerous answer to the question of how often punishment should be inflicted. When parents never reprimand their children, they are in effect rewarding them for unacceptable behavior, and rewarded behavior tends to recur.

Hypothesis: The view that children should never be reprimanded functions in the psychologist's argument as a statement of a position that the psychologist's argument is designed to establish as true.


Premise: When doctors vaccinate a patient, their intention is to expose him or her to a weakened form of a disease-causing pathogen and thus to make the patient better able to resist the pathogen and less likely to develop a severe form of that disease later.

Hypothesis: Some police departments energetically pursue those who commit minor crimes; in doing so they intend to provide examples to deter people who might be tempted to commit more-serious crimes best illustrates the principle that the passage illustrates.


Premise: The reason why river and ocean can become the king of all creeks is because they can be under a hundred creeks. The reason why the saint is above the people is because he is humble to the people. The reason why the saint can lead the people is because he puts his own self-interest behind the people.

Hypothesis: Escape is the answer to the question "escape."


Premise: After repeated verification, Xiao Li, the quality inspector, reported to the factory director: the products produced in the 726 workshop are all qualified, so the unqualified products are not produced in the 726 workshop.

Hypothesis: All truths are not afraid of criticism, so it is not the truth that is afraid of criticism is most similar to Xiao Li's reasoning structure.


Premise: Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.

Hypothesis: At an international academic conference, Professor Chen gave a presentation in English with a strong Sichuan accent, which was barely understood by most of the foreign scholars attending the conference does not belong to code-switching.


Premise: A hypothesis is a hypothetical explanation of the universal regularity and causality of unknown things based on known scientific principles and certain factual materials.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The gradual warming of the world's climate is a factor of the atmosphere, a factor of the ocean, or a factor of the earth's interior' is not a hypothesis.


Premise: American researchers have preliminarily confirmed that broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables are rich in compounds called cyanogen isosulfate(ITC), which can preferentially kill the mutant P53 gene and leave the P53 gene. The protein composed of P53 genes can help prevent the growth of cancer cells, but once the P53 gene is mutated, there will not be protection. And the mutated P53 gene is related to almost half of human cancers.

Hypothesis: The reason why broccoli can prevent cancer is because it contains substances that can eliminate the mutant P53 gene and retain the normal P53 gene.


Premise: Crimes involving the use of guns are more likely to lead to homicides than other types of crimes, but most crimes involving the use of guns do not lead to homicides.Therefore, it is not necessary to distinguish the illegal use of guns as a serious criminal offence from other criminal offences in criminal law.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Promiscuous sex is more likely to be infected with AIDS than regular sex. However, only a small proportion of people who have promiscuous sex are infected with AIDS. Therefore, there is no need to emphasize the harm of promiscuous sex in the publicity of AIDS prevention' is the most similar to the logical loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: Along the mudflats of Garantia exist two types of annelids: earthworms and lugworms. Earthworms tend to emerge from the mud early in the morning when there is more moisture and nutrients. As a result, earthworms have access to more nutrients and thus reproduce far faster than the lugworm, which spends much of the day submerged in the mud. Nonetheless, the lugworm population far outnumbers that of the earthworm.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lugworms have specialized taste receptors, which allow them to access nutrients below ground far more easily than earthworms can' helps LEAST to resolve the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: Synomone is a biologically released information chemical that can cause other receiving organisms to produce a response that is beneficial to both the releaser and the recipient.

Hypothesis: After being attacked by Macrosiphum avenae, wheat releases methyl salicylate, which can attract heterochromatic lady beetle, the natural enemy of Macrosiphum avenae is related to synomone according to the above definition.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Businesses are typically motivated primarily by the desire to make as great a profit as possible, and advertising helps businesses to achieve this goal. But it is clear that the motive of maximizing profits does not impel businesses to present accurate information in their advertisements. It follows that consumers should be skeptical of the claims made in advertisements.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those who create advertisements are less concerned with the accuracy than with the creativity of advertisements' does not strengthen the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: When it comes to the impact of ocean acidification, the treasure crab with a fishery value of about 2.20 dollars per year may be impacted by the reduction of its own food source and will face a strong downturn in the next 50 years. However, pteropods, copepods and small marine organisms with shells vulnerable to acidification may experience a slight decline because they are rich enough to withstand most of the impact. At the same time, marine mammals and seabirds are less affected by ocean acidification.

Hypothesis: Ocean acidification affects the development of marine life can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Artificial intelligence can imitate human intelligence and behavior, perceive the environment and make decisions and plans in a complex and changeable unknown environment, so as to actively perform tasks or complete set goals.

Hypothesis: The robot dog newly developed by Sony Corporation of Japan can identify men and women according to the characteristics of people's clothes and appearance, and greet different people with Hello, Mr. and Hello, Miss belongs to the category of artificial intelligence according to the definition.


Premise: Since the Americas Summit was held in Miami in December last year, Latin American countries have accelerated the pace of establishing free trade zones, and the integration process has entered a new period.

Hypothesis: The integration of Latin America is formed cannot be reflected.


Premise: It is reported that a mature female rat reproduces once in about 20 days. A small litter can give birth to six or seven small mice, and as many as a dozen small mice. And a little mouse can reach sexual maturity and reproductive ability at 1.5 to 2.5 months. Interestingly, scientists discovered that mice have a family planning function. When the total number of rats in an area is large, the rats will slow down their frequency of reproduction, and when there are fewer rats or people are mass extermination of rats, they will speed up reproduction and make the rats multiply rapidly.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that there is self-regulation of the number of births in mice.


Premise: All-optical communication is a new optical wave communication without any photoelectric conversion. In all-optical communication system, image and voice information are directly converted into optical signals and transmitted in transmission media. In the all-optical communication system composed of camera optical system, optical fiber system and receiving optical amplification system, there is no photoelectric conversion, so there is no electronic component, the signal distortion is small, and it can work continuously in the high temperature environment above 100  degree. It is an ideal way of communication.

Hypothesis: The information medium of all-optical communication system is light wave does not fit into this paragraph.


Premise: Zhang Li, a single white-collar worker, has accumulated a deposit after five years of work. As the amount of the deposit is not enough to buy a house, consider temporarily diversifying it into stocks, gold, funds, treasury bonds and foreign exchange. The investment of the deposit needs to meet the following conditions: (1) if the investment ratio of gold is higher than 1/2, the rest will be invested in treasury bonds and stocks; (2) if the investment ratio of stocks is less than 1/3, then the rest cannot be invested in foreign exchange or treasury bonds; (3) if the proportion of foreign exchange investment is less than 1/4, the rest will be invested in funds or gold; (4) the investment ratio of treasury bonds can not be less than 1/6.

Hypothesis: The proportion of stock investment is not less than 1 / 4 can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: Art historian: Great works of art have often elicited outrage when first presented; in Europe, Stravinsky' s Rite of Spring prompted a riot, and Manet' s Dejeuner sur 1' herbe elicited outrage and derision. So, since it is clear that art is often shocking, we should not hesitate to use public funds to support works of art that many people find shocking.

Hypothesis: Art used to be more shocking than it currently is is an assumption that the art historian's argument requires in order for its conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Only one person can win the first place in a university essay contest. Who won the first prize? In their ranking predictions for the six contestants, A, B, C, D, E and F, the four made the following prediction: A: either I or B will win the first place. B: first place goes to either A or C. C: If E doesn't come first, F must have come first. D: First Place will never be A. After the game, only one person was found to be right.

Hypothesis: D is the first.


Premise: Because the suspect sells the fake medicine to the pharmacy, the coverage is very wide and the social harm is extremely big. In particular, first-aid drugs such as heart-saving pills, once patients make fake drugs in river, the consequences are unimaginable. An investigation by a public security bureau found that those fake drugs not only have high manufacturing technology and packaging level, but also are popular well-known brands in the current market. The sales volume is astonishing and the purchase price is close to the production cost.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that there must be a fake pharmaceutical factory and distribution network with a huge production capacity.


Premise: Network neutrality means that within the scope permitted by law, all Internet users can access network content, operate applications, access equipment and select service providers according to their own choices. This principle requires network operators to treat all Internet content and access equally, prevent them from controlling the priority of transmission data from commercial interests and ensure the neutrality of network data transmission.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'A network operator collects broadband usage fees from network users' violates the principle of network neutrality.


Premise: Plant species differ in that renewed growth in spring can be triggered by day length or by temperature or else by a combination of both. Day length is the same, year after year, for any given date. Ttherefore, any plant species that starts to grow again on widely different dates in different years resumes growth at least in part in response to temperature.

Hypothesis: The argument that if on any particular day store management has decided that three detectives will be needed, it must be because business that day is expected to be heavy is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: Firms adopting profit-related-pay (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm' s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts.

Hypothesis: Many firms in the metalworking industry have modernized production equipment in the last five years, and most of these introduced PRP contracts at the same time, which would most seriously weaken the argument that PRP contracts increase worker productivity.


Premise: American economist Malthus proposed: The trend of population growth is always faster than the growth of production. If it is not controlled, the population will always grow in a geometric progression, while the means of subsistence can only grow in arithmetic progression.When the population expands to the limit where the means of subsistence can only survive, hunger, war and disease will appear.

Hypothesis: Population growth is the direct cause of all wars and diseases can be inferred. Please note that this statement is not necessarily true. It is important to consider all available evidence and to consider the limitations and potential biases of any argument before making a conclusion.


Premise: Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain' s levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self-prescribed medication.

Hypothesis: Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: The threshold effect refers to the phenomenon of putting forward a small request before putting forward a larger request, so as to increase the possibility of others accepting a larger request.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the threshold effect belongs to the scenario where a survey shows that 48% of urban residents are willing to donate to save endangered species. If people are asked to sign the petition for saving endangered species (almost everyone will agree to sign) and then ask them to donate, the number of people willing to donate will increase by 20%.


Premise: The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40, 000 is higher in Merton county than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of $60, 000 or more is highest in Sommer county.

Hypothesis: The number of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is greater in Merton than in Sommer county can properly be concluded on the basis of the statements above.


Premise: Organizational identity refers to the consistency between organizational members and the organization they join in terms of behavior or concept. They feel that they have not only a rational sense of contract and responsibility, but also an irrational sense of belonging and dependence in the organization, as well as the result of doing their best to organizational activities on this psychological basis.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "I will consciously maintain the good image of the company all the time" does not belong to organizational identity.


Premise: A certain country's economy is dominated by agriculture. In 2001, it suffered a severe drought that was unprecedented in a century. International organizations called on the people of all countries to extend a helping hand to the country.

Hypothesis: The country's agricultural productivity is low can be inferred.


Premise: One study showed that eating celery could help curb aggressive emotions. 151 women were surveyed. Of the women who said they ate celery regularly, 95 percent said they were rarely aggressive or outright provoked. Of the women who didn't eat celery regularly, 53 percent said they were often anxious, angry, and aggressive.

Hypothesis: Celery has the effects of calming the liver and clearing heat, eliminating vexation and swelling, detoxifying and promoting the lungs, strengthening the stomach and blood, lowering blood pressure, and strengthening the brain and calming weakens the above conclusion, except.


Premise: The problem faced by a developing country is that in order to maintain its economic development, we must constantly strengthen the competitiveness of domestic enterprises; in order to maintain social stability, we must constantly establish and improve social security systems such as old-age pension, medical care, unemployment and so on. In order to establish and improve the social security system, enterprises need to pay a certain proportion of social insurance premiums for their employees every year. If the enterprise pays such a proportion of social insurance premiums for its employees every year, it will reduce the competitiveness of the enterprise.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the country can either maintain its economic development or maintain its social stability can be deduced from the above statement.


Premise: Critics have argued that because Freudianism holds that people have unconscious desires that can defeat their attempts to follow rational life plans, it is incompatible with the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought. But it is a central tenet of Freudianism that through psychoanalysis one can become conscious of one' s previously unconscious desires, enabling one to avoid being defeated by them. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: Freudianism reflects the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought more than any other psychological theory most logically completes the argument.


Premise: An authoritative opinion poll conducted an investigation into the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks around the world and found that 40% thought it was caused by the unfair foreign policy of the United States, 55% thought it was caused by the conflict between Islamic civilization and Western civilization, 23% thought it was caused by the evil nature of terrorists, and 19% did not express their opinions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many respondents believe that the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks are not single, but complex' is the most reasonable explanation for the apparent contradiction in the above statements.


Premise: People with depression have a strong suicidal tendency, and many people think that depression is a mental illness. In the middle of the 20th century, medical research found that the concentration of three neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain of depressed suicides is lower than that of normal people. Medical scientists speculate that it is the imbalance in the concentration of these three neurotransmitters that leads to depression.

Hypothesis: The statement that drugs developed to maintain the concentration balance of the three neurotransmitters are effective in the treatment of depression gives the strongest support to the conclusions of the medical scientists.


Premise: The goblin fern, which requires a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor, is disappearing from North American forests. In spots where it has recently vanished, the leaf litter is unusually thin and, unlike those places where this fern still thrives, is teeming with the European earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, which eats leaf litter. L. rubellus is thus probably responsible for the fern' s disappearance.

Hypothesis: L. rubellus does not favor habitats where the leaf litter layer is considerably thinner than what is required by goblin ferns is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: A psychological study found that people from the lowest economic brackets had the highest rates of metabolic syndrome in middle age, regardless of how successful they were. The study also found that although metabolic syndrome was associated with childhood living conditions, those in this group with a loving mother were less likely to develop the syndrome. The reason is that loving mothers are compassionate, tell their children how to deal with stress and encourage them to eat healthy and live a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we can actually design a program that guides mothers in teaching their children how to cope with stress, live healthy lives, and take control of their destiny.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because the father does not teach the child to maintain a good lifestyle, the father has no effect on the child's health' can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: A research study revealed that, in most cases, once existing highways near urban areas are widened and extended in an attempt to reduce traffic congestion and resulting delays for motorists, these problems actually increase rather than decrease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Widened and extended roads tend to attract many more motorists than used them before their improvement' most helps to explain the discrepancy between the intended results of the highway improvements and the results revealed in the study.


Premise: Columnist: Taking a strong position on an issue makes one likely to misinterpret or ignore additional evidence that conflicts with one' s stand. But in order to understand an issue fully, it is essential to consider such evidence impartially. Thus, it is best not to take a strong position on an issue unless one has already considered all important evidence conflicting with that position.

Hypothesis: The principle that it is reasonable to take a strong position on an issue if one fully understands the issue and has considered the evidence regarding that issue impartially is the one that the columnist's reasoning most closely conforms to.


Premise: Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.

Hypothesis: For the vast majority of migrant workers, the homestead and responsible land in their rural hometown is their last guarantee of survival, if the above statements are true.


Hypothesis: Some households in Merton county have an annual income between $40,000 and $60,000 can properly be concluded on the basis of the statements above if they are true.


Premise: The arithmetic mean describes the average trend of a set of data and is the sum of all data divided by the number of data. When used in statistics, it should be noted that the arithmetic mean cannot be calculated when extreme values, ambiguous data or data of different qualities are present.

Hypothesis: The calculation of the average number of left-behind children in the districts and counties of a city is suitable for calculating the arithmetic mean according to the above definition.


Premise: Nutritionist: it is a lie to advertise that any health product can cure diseases. However, for people who eat irregularly, it is necessary to take some health products.

Hypothesis: If the nutritionist's opinion is accepted, some health products are necessary for some people must be accepted.


Premise: Scientists found that one of the main reasons for the rapid increase of diabetes in children under the age of 5 is that they are not exposed to bacteria and germs in childhood. Those who live in rural areas have more opportunities to get along with pets because of the earlier exposure to the substances carrying bacteria, and the risk of allergies, asthma, eczema and other diseases is very low. An environment in which bacteria are eliminated too thoroughly may harm children's health.

Hypothesis: Many harmful bacteria are in peace with the human body at ordinary times and when the human body's immunity declines, the bacteria begin to invade the human body can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Whether it is European literature in the 19th century represented by Balzac or modern Chinese literature led by Lu Xun, most of them hold high the banner of realism, reclaim life and shape models. Literary creation since the new era basically adheres to the position of realism, is good at exposing and criticizing the negative objective reality in life, which is completely necessary and very valuable. However, in fact, realistic creation takes humanitarian thought as a weapon and pays attention not only to the analysis of the dark side of society, but also to the display of the highlights of life. Not only the accuracy and profundity of criticizing the dark side of society, but also the writer's care and sympathy for the fate of the characters.

Hypothesis: Some novels have a negative tendency is the main criticism of the above words in literary creation since the new period.


Premise: When mercury-vapor streetlights are used in areas inhabited by insect-eating bats, the bats feed almost exclusively around the lights, because the lights attract flying insects. In Greenville, the mercury-vapor streetlights are about to be replaced with energy-saving sodium streetlights, which do not attract insects. This change is likely to result in a drop in the population of insect-eating bats in Greenville, since __

Hypothesis: In the absence of local concentrations of the flying insects on which bats feed, the bats expend much more energy on hunting for food, requiring much larger quantities of insects to sustain each bat.


Premise: This region must find new ways to help business grow. After all, shoe manufacturing used to be a major local industry, but recently has experienced severe setbacks due to overseas competition, so there is a need for expansion into new manufacturing areas. Moreover, our outdated public policy generally inhibits business growth.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that business in the region must expand into new areas of manufacturing.


Premise: Any government action that intrudes on the right of privacy of an individual is unconstitutional. Ttherefore, the requirement that students in public school submit to random locker searches is unconstitutional.

Hypothesis: The requirement is clearly posted throughout each school most weakens the conclusion that random locker searches in public schools are unconstitutional.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: G, H, M, W can be used as a complete and accurate list of students going to England.


Premise: The increase of hurricane intensity is closely related to the rise of ocean temperature. The latest research results should arouse people's vigilance. These additional heat in the ocean is made by human beings. Opening or stepping on the accelerator may lead to the birth of a destructive hurricane.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of this passage is that hurricane intensity is closely related to human activities.


Premise: Even if there are 100 reasons to fade the halo of the profession aura, and there are 10,000 more reasons to require the profession not to step on the bottom line and abandon the bottom line, whether it is moving out, the lack of conscience is still attributed to the bondage of the system in order to survive.Blaming everything on the external environment is harmful to professional ethics.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is 'Never break the bottom line of professional ethics.'


Premise: Second left-behind refers to left-behind children in rural areas who are moved to cities by their parents and are surrounded by strangers without friends or playmates because their parents are busy with their work every day.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, children with different accents play together in the nearby grocery store and square is second left-behind.


Premise: A sports arena is considering a new stadium design, one in which each block of seats would be in an enclosed weather-proof room with a view of the playing field and a large screen TV showing the action of play, including the instant replays typical of television broadcasts of sports games. The developer reasons that exposure to elements and lack of access to instant replays significantly limits the typical spectator' s enjoyment of the live game.

Hypothesis: The stadium design would be unlikely to increase the pleasure the spectators take from live games if they enjoyed feeling the immediate camaraderie with the crowd of other spectators at the game.


Premise: Distributed Energy is a new type of power generation system built in or near the user's place. It can generate electricity and other forms of energy and satisfy the needs of local users first.It is managed and controlled by users.

Hypothesis: A wind power station was built in a township in the western region to generate electricity for the production and living of the village is the distributed energy according to the above definition.


Premise: Asian countries have avoided the global depression in recent years, the most important reason is that they were not involved in the 2008 financial crisis. However, a recent survey shows that Asia's debt level is growing at a terrible rate. In some ways, this is partly reasonable. Many countries' ultra-low interest policies encourage loans, and debt growth is a natural product of wealth growth. But it is worth being vigilant, Asian countries need to rely on a larger debt scale to maintain economic growth. This signal shows that Asia's economic health is not as good as reflected by the growth rate of GD. P. Asia's current debt water is generally lower than that of Europe and is still in the safe range, but the rapid growth of debt will make the economy more vulnerable to shocks.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that Asian countries lack stamina for economic growth.