Premise: There should be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol is a mixture of alcohol and gasoline, and has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds no more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants remove by photosynthesis.

Hypothesis: Cars burn on the average slightly more gasohol per kilometer than they do gasoline does not strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Widespread use of the Internet has led to an increase in certain crimes such as information theft and to new crimes like hacking. This seems due, at least in part, to the impersonal nature of the Internet. People seem to feel more free to harm others through the Internet than in person, suggesting that people feel less morally constrained when they use the Internet. For this reason, steps should be taken to educate people about the ethical use of the Internet.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the more educated that people are about the ethical usage of the Internet, the greater the amount of harm that they can do to others' most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: In the establishment of civilized society, Western Europe has broken the original family name relationship and established a regional-centered political relationship. Unlike Western Europe, China has established a national system based on the relationship of surnames and the relationship between blood and blood when it established a civilized society.

Hypothesis: In Chinese civilization, home is the foundation of the country, the country is the enlargement of the home is correct for a country that is dominated by patriarchal relations of families.


Premise: Animal skulls contain calcium and are difficult to dissolve in water. Someone once did an experiment in which 5 kilograms of pig bones plus 5 kilograms of water were boiled in a pressure cooker for 10 hours. the results showed that the calcium content in a bowl of bone soup was only 10 milligrams, which was less than 20 percent of the calcium content in a bag of milk. Bone soup also dissolves a lot of intraosseous fat, which can cause other health problems. Therefore, drinking bone soup may not be the best dietary therapy for osteoporosis, it is important to pay attention to dietary diversification and eat more calcium-rich foods, such as milk, tofu, shrimp skin, laver and so on.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that a diversified diet is the most scientific in daily life.


Premise: Express delivery dare not open the door, check the water meter is not allowed to enter the house, always use your hands to press to see if there is water in the meat, go to the supermarket to buy milk bread can not see the shelf life will not easily pay the bill. Doubting everything seems to have become the psychological public knowledge of many people in today's society, and ordinary people have become old unbelievers, which has seriously damaged the credibility of the government, experts and the media. An authoritative survey shows that the overall trust in Chinese society has declined, with less than half of the respondents believing that most people in society are credible.

Hypothesis: There are people in society who do not think that a few people in society can be trusted based on the conclusions of the above survey.


Premise: Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If the rights and interests of farmers' survival are not damaged, the rights and interests of farmers' assets will be violated' must be true if the above statements are true.


Premise: Students who want to engage in media work apply for journalism and communication. Li Jin applied for journalism and communication. He must want to engage in media work.

Hypothesis: Some students who want to work in the media have applied for journalism and communication supports the assertion most.


Premise: Sarah: Some schools seek to foster a habit of volunteering in their students by requiring them to perform community service. But since a person who has been forced to do something has not really volunteered and since the habit of volunteering cannot be said to have been fostered in a person who has not yet volunteered for anything, there is no way this policy can succeed by itself. Paul: I disagree. Some students forced to perform community service have enjoyed it so much that they subsequently actually volunteer to do something similar. In such cases, the policy can clearly be said to have fostered a habit of volunteering.

Hypothesis: Paul responds to Sarah's argument by arguing that Sarah is assuming just what she sets out to prove.


Premise: Commentator: Human behavior cannot be fully understood without inquiring into nonphysical aspects of persons. As evidence of this, I submit the following: suppose that we had a complete scientific account of the physical aspects of some particular human action -- every neurological, physiological, and environmental event involved. Even with all that we would obviously still not truly comprehend the action or know why it occurred.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It fails to indicate whether the speaker is aware of any evidence that could undermine the conclusion' most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning.


Premise: Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that we should not approve of bringing the economy fully into the planned track.


Premise: Environmental activist groups, which clean up waste left on beaches, in parks, and along the side of the road, report that glass bottles make up an ever-increasing percentage of waste they remove. It is clear that attempts to decrease the amount of glass that people litter are failing.

Hypothesis: An increasing proportion of the paper, plastics, and metal cans that the groups used to remove is now being recycled most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The  uncreated syndrome, or NIH syndrome, is a cultural phenomenon in society, companies, and organizations. People are reluctant to use, buy or accept a product, research or knowledge,the reason is not technical or legal, but simply that it comes from elsewhere.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, the statement "Residents of a country with a strong patriotic attachment buy only locally produced mobile phones" is related to uncreated syndrome.


Premise: The likes and dislikes of the people should be considered, but their legal concept also needs to be guided by strict law enforcement. In this guidance, the role and re.sponsibility of law enforcement agencies are beyond doubt. Without screening whether the demands of the people are legitimate, they are rational and blindly cater to them. As a result, they can only let the legal blind revel.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this sentence is that People's concept of legal system is very weak.


Premise: Evaporative heat dissipation: refers to a heat dissipation method in which the moisture of body fluids transforms from liquid to gas on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes (mainly respiratory mucous membranes), and at the same time takes away a large amount of heat.

Hypothesis: Sweating profusely in the sweltering heat belongs to evaporative heat dissipation according to the above definition.


Premise: Researchers in South Australia estimate changes in shark populations inhabiting local waters by monitoring what is termed the catch per unit effort (CPUE). The CPUE for any species of shark is the number of those sharks that commercial sharkfishing boats catch per hour for each kilometer of gill net set out in the water. Since 1973 the CPUE for a particular species of shark has remained fairly constant. Ttherefore, the population of that species in the waters around South Australia must be at approximately its 1973 level.

Hypothesis: Since 1980 commercial shark-fishing boats have used sophisticated electronic equipment that enables them to locate sharks with greater accuracy most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: A group norm is a code of conduct and standard established by group members applied in a specific environment. It can be divided into two types: descriptive norms and prescriptive norms. Descriptive norms indicate what people should do in a specific situation. It simply tells people which behaviors are effective and suitable. Prescriptive norms specify what people must do in a specific situation, and what behaviors are approved or opposed by people.

Hypothesis: Water conservation slogan is according to the above definition, a descriptive norm.


Premise: Just as insect bites can cause itching, skin contact with plant toxins can also cause itching. Studies on itching of oak leaves have found that when they come into contact with plant toxins, skin cells release histamine that causes redness, swelling and itching. Antihistamine drugs such as diphenhydramine can treat this kind of itching, but there is no suitable drug to treat itching caused by allergic eczema. For the latter, the best advice is wear loose clothes and don't scratch with your hands under any circumstances.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The symptoms of skin itching are the same, but the mechanism may be different' is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: Philosopher: Scientists talk about the pursuit of truth, but, like most people, they are self-interested. Accordingly, the professional activities of most scientists are directed toward personal career enhancement, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. Hence, the activities of the scientific community are largely directed toward enhancing the status of that community as a whole, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth.

Hypothesis: The argument improperly infers that each and every scientist has a certain characteristic from the premise that most scientists have that characteristic. This flaw in reasoning weakens the philosopher's argument.


Premise: Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card' most strongly supports the psychologists' interpretation of the studies.


Premise: Whether it is European literature in the 19th century represented by Balzac or modern Chinese literature led by Lu Xun, most of them hold high the banner of realism, reclaim life and shape models. Literary creation since the new era basically adheres to the position of realism, is good at exposing and criticizing the negative objective reality in life, which is completely necessary and very valuable. However, in fact, realistic creation takes humanitarian thought as a weapon and pays attention not only to the analysis of the dark side of society, but also to the display of the highlights of life. Not only the accuracy and profundity of criticizing the dark side of society, but also the writer's care and sympathy for the fate of the characters.

Hypothesis: The main criticism of the above words in literary creation since the new period is that writers lack attention to real life.


Premise: If the city starts requiring residents to sort the materials that they put out for recycling, then many residents will put more recyclables in with their regular garbage. This will result in more recyclables being buried in the city' s landfill. However, because of the cost of having city workers do the sorting, the sanitation department will not stay within its budget unless the sorting requirement for residents is implemented.

Hypothesis: Implementing the sorting requirement would not cause the city's annual cost of sending garbage to its landfill to exceed its current annual cost of sorting recyclables logically follows from the information above.


Premise: Soft addiction refers to those compulsive habits, behaviors or restorative emotions. It does not involve any substances with direct biological effects, but is based on certain phenomena that have strong psychological and behavioral effects.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Wang always sending his health knowledge, which he is infatuated with, to the moments, causing disgust among his friends is not the phenomenon of soft addiction.


Premise: Two kinds of things have opposite characteristics in nature, size, appearance and so on. When people recognize one thing, they will think of another thing from the opposite. This kind of association is called contrastive association.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Xiang: the swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people uses contrastive association.


Premise: A farmer tied an iron ring to the trunk of an elm tree on his farm to facilitate the tying of cattle. As the iron circle of the elm tree grew slowly, the skin of the mathematical elm tree left a deep scar.A year later, it was found that all the elm trees dozens of miles away from elm disease died, but the elm tree which was tied with an iron ring and left a deep scar survived. Botanical studies found that it absorbed a large amount of iron from the rust ring to develop immunity to fungi.

Hypothesis: The truth of this passage is that scars sometimes become a nourishment of life.


Premise: Categorization refers to the individual's perception and judgment of the position of himself or others in society, which is not only based on the criteria of different classification of social systems in real society, but also based on the process of social comparison between himself and others. Classification is divided into social classification and self-classification. Social categorization is a subjective psychological process in which individuals divide others into different groups based on the similarity of sharing. Self-categorization means that the process of an individual from an independent individual to a member of a group is realized through classification, and the attribution of the group and the orientation of membership are realized through de-personalization.

Hypothesis: Doctor Wang is often very proud of his profession is the self-classification according to the above definition.


Premise: One adaptation that enables an animal species to survive despite predation by other species is effective camouflage. Yet some prey species with few or no other adaptations to counteract predation have endured for a long time with black-and-white coloration that seems unlikely to provide effective camouflage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Conspicuous black-and-white areas help animals of the same species avoid encounters with one another' most contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy mentioned above.


Premise: Friendly buying: The act of buying products at or above the wholesale or market price to tide over the producers in the event of large overstocking caused by natural disasters or other irresistible factors.

Hypothesis: After days of torrential rain caused flash floods, dozens of mu of local watermelon farmers' watermelons that were about to be sold in the market were flooded. After learning the news, the counterpart city purchased all the watermelons of the local farmers at the market price is an example of friendly procurement.


Premise: In the early stages of highway development, their trend can still follow the landform, that is, along the edge of the river or forest. But now, the highway is ubiquitous, and the animal populations that could roam freely such as wolves and bears are divided into scattered. Compared with the populations of large animals, the populations of smaller animals have greater fluctuations in numbers and are more prone to mixed habitation.

Hypothesis: The impact of highway development on animals can be inferred from this text.


Premise: A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged. As evidence for this claim, the investor cited the company' s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor' s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but <b> in this case it is clearly not justified </b>. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand. <b> In Burton' s case it indicates no such thing </b>, however: the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion states the conclusion of the argument as a whole, and the second boldfaced portion states an intermediate conclusion that is drawn in order to support that conclusion.


Premise: On one of the busiest streets in a city, a department store was robbed of a batch of property. After the incident, the local Public Security Bureau arrested three major suspects after investigation. They were A, B and C. Later, after interrogation, the following facts were found out: 1. the criminal escaped with the stolen goods by driving; 2. C will never commit a crime without A; 3. B can't drive; 4. The criminal is one or a group of these three people.

Hypothesis: A was guilty can be inferred from above.


Premise: Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, red symbolizes enthusiasm. As soon as I see red, my blood boils. Xiao Li wrote two words in red and said to Xiao Zhang, do you feel blood boiling?

Hypothesis: "Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, 'Flowers bloom all year round. Flowers are like beautiful women. Everyone likes to see them.'" is consistent with the given stem.


Premise: Dumping refers to a behavior in which monopolistic capitalists sell goods at prices far lower than domestic and foreign markets, or even lower than production costs, for a certain period of time in order to defeat competitors and seize foreign markets.

Hypothesis: In order to squeeze across China's national industry, Japanese photographic equipment companies sell their film to Chinese consumers at a price below cost is considered dumping.


Premise: Some researchers believe that The traditional Chinese agricultural culture is fundamentally different from the nomadic culture in Europe and America and the Marine culture in Japan, which has a profound impact on people's way of life and ideas, as well as the national defense construction. Thousands of years of agricultural economy and culture is the root cause of some Chinese people's weak sense of national defense and weakened military spirit.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The residual concept of small-scale peasant economy is the fundamental reason for the weakening of the warrior spirit of contemporary Chinese people' most weakens the conclusion.


Premise: Frugality should be the standard for selecting state cadres. How can a person who doesn't know how to be frugal be responsible for managing money for the people?

Hypothesis: Unless you live frugally, you can't become a competent state cadre is consistent with the conclusion of the title stem, except.


Premise: The British banking association organizes a training course every year to help bank staff identify counterfeit banknotes. During the training, students can't touch any counterfeit banknotes. They use real banknotes during training and talk about the characteristics of real banknotes in class. Experts explain that students get used to the feeling of real banknotes through repeated contact with real banknotes, fingers and eyes. Once they encounter counterfeit banknotes at work in the future, they will feel very uncomfortable.  Although they know nothing about the characteristics of counterfeit banknotes, they subconsciously tell them: this is not real banknotes! according to statistics, the staff who have received this training have much better recognition ability of counterfeit banknotes.

Hypothesis: Strengthening the right information helps to improve discrimination is intended to be illustrated in this paragraph.


Premise: Robert: The school board is considering adopting a year-round academic schedule that eliminates the traditional three-month summer vacation. This schedule should be adopted, since teachers need to cover more new material during the school year than they do now. Samantha: The proposed schedule will not permit teachers to cover more new material. Even though the schedule eliminates summer vacation, it adds six new two-week breaks, so the total number of school days will be about the same as before.

Hypothesis: Teachers spend no more than a day of class time reviewing old material when students have been away from school for only a few weeks, but have to spend up to a month of class time reviewing after a three-month summer vacation is a response Robert could make that would counter Samantha's argument.


Premise: At one sitting, a typical doughnut eater consumes 4 doughnuts containing a total of 680 calories and 40 grams of fat. The typical bagel eater consumes exactly one bagel, at 500 calories and one or two grams of fat per sitting, though the addition of spreads can raise calorie and fat content to the four-doughnut range. Thus, as far as total calorie content is concerned, there is very little difference between what a typical doughnut eater and a typical bagel eater each consumes at one sitting.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that most bagel eaters are not fully aware of the calorie and fat content of a bagel.


Premise: The latest research shows that drinking green tea regularly is good for the cardiovascular system.The researchers followed and studied more than 100,000 participants for seven years.Participants were divided into two groups: those who drank green tea more than three times a week (those who drank green tea more than three times a week) and those who did not drink green tea (those who never drank green tea or drank green tea less than three times a week). The researchers found that those who drank green tea had a 20% lower risk of heart disease and stroke and a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke than those who did not drink green tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Participants in the green tea group were generally older than those in the non-green tea group' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Nimby effect: residents' aversion to public facilities that may cause environmental pollution near their homes. Out of health and safety concerns, residents sometimes appear highly emotional collective boycott or even resistance behavior.

Hypothesis: For half a year, residents of a village have flocked to the urban Management Committee every day to petition for the cancellation of plans to build a large garbage transfer station near their village is not part of the Nimby effect.


Premise: Automobile ownership was rare in Sabresia as recently as 30 years ago, but with continuing growth of personal income there, automobile ownership has become steadily more common. Consequently, there are now far more automobiles on Sabresia' s roads than there were 30 years ago, and the annual number of automobile accidents has increased significantly. Yet the annual number of deaths and injuries resulting from automobile accidents has not increased significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because of a vigorous market in used cars, the average age of cars on the road has actually increased throughout the years of steady growth in automobile ownership' most helps to explain why deaths and injuries resulting from automobile accidents have not increased significantly.


Premise: Some good things are not cheap. Therefore, not all cheap things are good things.

Hypothesis: Some southerners are not Cantonese. Therefore, not all Cantonese are southerners is not a valid option for the above conclusion.


Premise: An online forum compared the recent year with the posts on social issues posted by netizens five years ago, and found that posts such as picking up money, poverty alleviation, and acting bravely for righteousness have increased by 50%. On the other hand, the number of posts related to wrongdoing, evasion and murder has increased by 90%. Thus it can be seen that the social atmosphere is deteriorating rapidly.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that some people have made a profit by spreading rumors on the internet most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Essayist: Human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality. Yet aging and death are normal and inevitable, indeed even desirable. Just imagine the ethical, social, and economic consequences that would result if it ever became possible to prevent them.

Hypothesis: The claim that human history is filled with the longing for eternal youth and immortality introduces the subject of the argument, but plays no logical role in establishing the main conclusion.


Premise: Certain messenger molecules fight damage to the lungs from noxious air by telling the muscle cells encircling the lungs' airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs. An asthma attack occurs when the messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily, in response to harmless things like pollen or household dust.

Hypothesis: Researchers do not yet know how the body produces the messenger molecules that trigger asthma attacks points to the most serious flaw of a plan to develop a medication that would prevent asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messages sent by the messenger molecules referred to above.


Premise: Social integration: refers to the process of adjusting or coordinating the contradictions and conflicts between various parts of society, so that the entire society becomes a unified and well-functioning system. Through social integration, the various parts of the social system that are both independent and interconnected Comply with each other and form a state of equilibrium.

Hypothesis: New social class people born in economic development is not social integration according to the above definition.


Premise: First legislator: Medical research is predominantly done on groups of patients that include only men. For example, the effects of coffee drinking on health are evaluated only for men, and studies are lacking on hormone treatments for older women. Government-sponsored medical research should be required to include studies of women. Second legislator: Considerations of male / female balance such as this are inappropriate with respect to research; they have no place in science.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Restriction to males of the patient base on which data are collected results in inadequate science' most directly counters the second legislator's objection.


Premise: There are two main sources for formula milk to be contaminated by Enterobacter sakazakii:one is that the milk powder  contains a small amount of Enterobacter sakazakii; the other is to enter the formula through the surrounding environment and bacteria-contaminated equipment or hands.Therefore, the World Health Organization recommends that no less than 70 degrees Celsius of water to prepare infant formula.

Hypothesis: A prerequisite for the conclusion that water above 70 degrees Celsius can kill Enterobacter sakazakii is that the statement is true.


Premise: Blockchain technology runs in a completely P2P network. It does not belong to anyone and no one knows where it runs, so it has excellent confidentiality and security. An encrypted communication trust that does not need a centralized network is a technical weapon in the intelligent era in urgent need of cognitive restart. Some people may doubt that the significance of blockchain is exaggerated, for example, it may not be applied in the field of superstructure, However, its use in law and even culture and entertainment has been put on the agenda: for example, notaries are used to confirm and verify the signatures on legal documents such as contracts and contracts. Using blockchain technology, these documents can be digitally saved and become a part of the digital ledger. Some companies hope to apply blockchain technology to legal documents to provide time stamps and fingerprints of media documents, This eliminates the need for a notary's rubber stamp.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain that in real life, people's doubts about blockchain are unreasonable.


Premise: A person's personality includes personality orientation and personality psychological characteristic. Personality orientation refers to a person's attitude towards objective reality, which is the basic motivation for people's activities, including needs, motivations, interests, ideals, world outlook, outlook on life, and values. Personality psychological characteristic refers to the typical, stable characteristics that individuals often show.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, emotion is not the concept of personality.


Premise: Thoroughbred horse racing is an expensive commodity. A disease caused by genetic defects threatens thoroughbred horses, ranging from loss of racing ability to paralysis and even death. Therefore, horse breeders believe that once such defects are found, horse breeding should be stopped. This view is one-sided. Because generally speaking, this disease can be controlled through diet and medical treatment. In addition, horses with such genetic defects are often particularly beautiful, which is what equestrian performances pay special attention to.

Hypothesis: The method used in the demonstration of the topic stem most accurately summarizes the statement: "The arguments of the horse breeders mentioned above do not accord with the facts."


Premise: At the shareholders meeting of a travel agency, the general manager proposed: According to the current overall plan of the company, I propose to open at least one of the two routes in Europe and North America, but the South American route cannot be opened immediately due to route problems. The chairman objected.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the chairman is that if the South American line cannot be opened immediately, then neither the European line nor the North American line can be opened.


Premise: A.I has been used in medical services for a long time. The performance of the robot doctor looks magical, but in the eyes of A.I experts, these medical applications belong to the category of image recognition in computer vision and the image recognition technology supported by big data has surpassed the performance of human beings in many aspects. It is normal to show strength in the field of medical imaging.

Hypothesis: A.I has become mature in medical image recognition is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Ecologist: Landfills are generally designed to hold ten years' worth of waste. Some people maintain that as the number of active landfills consequently dwindles over the coming decade, there will inevitably be a crisis in landfill availability. However, their prediction obviously relies on the unlikely assumption that no new landfills will open as currently active ones close and is ttherefore unsound.

Hypothesis: The claim that there will be a crisis in landfill availability plays the role of the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: The four people investigated in one incident were victims, witnesses, rescuers and bystanders. They made the following statements during the investigation: [1] A:B is not an bystanders.[2] B:C is not a witness.[3] D:A is not a rescuer.[4] C: B is not an eyewitness. Further investigation revealed that their statements were false if they were about the victim and true if they were about someone else.

Hypothesis: The victim is C.


Premise: With the rising price of oil, some countries use microorganisms to ferment sugar cane, sugar beet and cassava into alcohol to replace oil. This alcohol has the characteristics of complete combustion, high efficiency and no pollution. It can be used to dilute gasoline to obtain ethanol gasoline. For example, Brazil has refitted dozens of cars to use ethanol gasoline or alcohol as fuel, greatly reducing air pollution.

Hypothesis: According to the above, alcohol can completely replace gasoline is correct.


Premise: The map is originally a shape, it should not have people, and there can be no people, if there is a person in the map, it is not a map, but a picture. In the strict sense, this sentence should be a theorem, but when it comes to some tourist pictures, it is likely to turn a corner-there are often both scenery and characters in tourism. This is just like Mount Tai, Qin Shihuang must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Terracotta Warriors, emperors of the Ming Dynasty must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Ming Tombs, and Empress Dowager Cixi must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Summer Palace. Because in that environment, many scenes are produced by human activities as the starting point, but also because of human activities, its aesthetic value has increased.

Hypothesis: The author of this passage considers that a tourist map is a kind of map.


Premise: Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President' s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President' s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects in districts controlled by the President's party is on which the press secretary's argument depends.


Premise: From May 1, 2019 to the end of 2019, a total of 113 accidents occurred in new energy vehicles, and fire accidents accounted for a certain proportion. Among the vehicles in fire accidents, passenger cars account for 6%, special-purpose vehicles take the second place, and buses are the lowest. This shows that among the new energy vehicles, the safety of passenger vehicles is much lower than that of special vehicles and buses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the fire accidents of new energy vehicles, the number of casualties of passenger vehicles is far less than that of special vehicles and buses' is the most likely to question the above conclusion.


Premise: Professor Harrison, an American linguist, said: imagine that if the whales are going extinct for no reason, or if the pyramids are about to collapse and the Amazon forest is cut down, people will be very angry and try their best to stop it. Because those are the common heritage of mankind and are visible to the naked eye.Language is the wealth of more ancient, complex and sophisticated human beings and each language is a unique ideological world that reflects a unique way of human existence.Every language has unlimited expression possibilities, unlimited collocation possibilities and their vocabulary, pronunciation system and grammar are combined in an exquisite structure that is greater than any building built by our hands.

Hypothesis: The professor is meant to emphasize that we should protect and save those languages that will die out.


Premise: Everything should have a limit, just like cooking, when the fire is small, it will not be well-cooked; when the fire is over, it will burn; only when it is moderate, you can have a delicious meal. But this limit is not a kind of eclecticism, different things has also have different limits.

Hypothesis: Only by knowing the limits of things, can they be done well is indicated by the previous information.


Premise: High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the city' s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year' s rate. This is encouraging evidence that the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.

Hypothesis: If true about the last year, the statement 'There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The suicide wave that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years' would best challenge the conclusion of the passage.


Premise: Historian: The Land Party achieved its only national victory in Banestria in 1935. It received most of its support that year in rural and semirural areas, where the bulk of Banestria' s population lived at the time. The economic woes of the years surrounding that election hit agricultural and small business interests the hardest, and the Land Party specifically targeted those groups in 1935. I conclude that the success of the Land Party that year was due to the combination of the Land Party' s specifically addressing the concerns of these groups and the depth of the economic problems people in these groups were facing.

Hypothesis: In preceding elections the Land Party made no attempt to address the interests of economically distressed urban groups does not strengthen the historian's argument.


Premise: Leading cadres cannot achieve strict self-discipline if they do not have bottom-line thinking. Only by not forgetting their original aspirations can they always maintain the bottom-line thinking. Only by always sticking to their ideals and beliefs can they not forget their original Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline only if they do not forget their original aspirations.

Hypothesis: Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline as long as they don't forget their original aspirations can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: A team from a foreign university studied 102 different kinds of venomous snakes, investigated their venom, food and habitat, and found that snakes living in a three-dimensional environment such as trees or water are less toxic than snakes in a two-dimensional environment (that is, ground). The researchers speculate that this is because snakes living in a three-dimensional environment encounter more things, encounter prey more frequently, and do not need highly toxic venom to ensure that each hunt is successful.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The prey encountered in the trees or in the water is much smaller than that on the ground, and snakes need to hunt more to feed' is the most likely to question the researchers' conjecture.


Premise: Columnist: If you received an unsigned letter, you would likely have some doubts about the truth of its contents. But news stories often include statements from anonymous sources, and these are usually quoted with the utmost respect. It makes sense to be skeptical of these sources, for, as in the case of the writer of an unsigned letter, their anonymity makes it possible for them to plant inaccurate or slanted statements without ever having to answer for them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'pointing out that a certain attitude would presumably be adopted in one situation, in order to support the claim that a similar attitude would be justified in an analogous situation' is the way in which the columnist's argument proceeds.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: If YOU put S in the sixth week, the seventh week must be the week in which YOU put R.


Premise: Indirect financing means that units or individuals with temporarily idle monetary funds purchase securities issued by banks, trusts, insurance and other financial institutions in the form of deposits, and provide their temporarily idle funds to these financial intermediaries first, and then these financial institutions borrow, discount and purchase securities, Provide funds to some units for use. These units that obtain funds realize indirect financing.

Hypothesis: Banks absorbing and storing funds and lending to private enterprises is an example of indirect financing according to the above definition.


Premise: Modern flamingos derive their pink coloration from pigments stored in tiny shrimp that they filter from shallow, salty waters. The shrimp get this pigment from tiny red algae that they filter through their leg bristles. In the Jurassic period (about 200 million years ago), both algae and shrimp were an excellent source of food for any larger animal equipped to sieve them out of the water through an anatomical strainer. The Argentine pterodactyl possessed a row of thin, bristlelike teeth through which it pumped water, straining out any tiny food particles in the process. Thus, because it was able to filter both algae and shrimp, it is reasonable to conclude that the pterodactyl acquired a pink coloration.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'The Argentine pterodactyl inhabited the shores of shallow freshwater seas in Jurassic South America' strengthens the argument for the existence of a pink pterodactyl.


Premise: A psychological study found that people from the lowest economic brackets had the highest rates of metabolic syndrome in middle age, regardless of how successful they were. The study also found that although metabolic syndrome was associated with childhood living conditions, those in this group with a loving mother were less likely to develop the syndrome. The reason is that loving mothers are compassionate, tell their children how to deal with stress and encourage them to eat healthy and live a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we can actually design a program that guides mothers in teaching their children how to cope with stress, live healthy lives, and take control of their destiny.

Hypothesis: Designing a mother-specific coaching program can help reduce the rate of metabolic syndrome in specific groups can be inferred.


Premise: Not all people can become civil servants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some people are bound to become civil servants' can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: From January to June this year, Zhujiang Road is expected to sell 200000 computers, which is only 45% of the sales in the same period last year.It can be seen that the sales of computers on Zhujiang Road this year will be less than last year.

Hypothesis: Computer prices are expected to fall sharply in the second half of this year weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Four people are talking about Lao Tian's deposit. A said, Lao Tian has a deposit of at least 5,000 yuan. B said, No, there is at least ten thousand yuan. C said, his savings is less than twenty thousand. Ding said, there is at least one hundred yuan in Lao Tian's passbook. In fact, only one of them is right.

Hypothesis: Lao Tian's deposit is between 5,000 yuan and 20,000 yuan can be derived from this.


Premise: Budget constraints have made police officials consider reassigning a considerable number of officers from traffic enforcement to work on higher-priority, serious crimes. Reducing traffic enforcement for this reason would be counterproductive, however, in light of the tendency of criminals to use cars when engaged in the commission of serious crimes. An officer stopping a car for a traffic violation can make a search that turns up evidence of serious crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The great majority of persons who are stopped by officers for traffic violations are not guilty of any serious crimes' most strengthens the argument given.


Premise: Flavanols are small molecules found in many fruits, vegetables and cocoa, and people can easily ingest foods containing flavanols in their daily life. If you eat foods rich in flavanols, it will promote cardiovascular function. The improvement of cardiovascular function is helpful to improve cerebrovascular function. Some substance is beneficial to cerebrovascular function, but it will have a positive impact on cognitive function.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that if you want to improve cognitive function, you should eat foods rich in flavanols is correct.


Premise: Some philosophers have pointed out that life should in fact pursue two simple, material is the simplicity of life and interpersonal relationships. With these two simple hearts, it has a vast space and beautiful quiet. But most modern people are very complex in these two aspects, material life is the endless pursuit of wealth. Interpersonal relationships are an endless entanglement of interests, and they take up almost all the space in life. With these two kinds of complexity, it has produced the trouble of modern people.

Hypothesis: According to the philosopher above, only when it is simple in material life or interpersonal relationship, most of the troubles of modern people will not occur.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: If the age of Y is the second earliest, the age of K may be earlier than that of S.


Premise: Express delivery dare not open the door, check the water meter is not allowed to enter the house, always use your hands to press to see if there is water in the meat, go to the supermarket to buy milk bread can not see the shelf life will not easily pay the bill. Doubting everything seems to have become the psychological public knowledge of many people in today's society, and ordinary people have become old unbelievers, which has seriously damaged the credibility of the government, experts and the media. An authoritative survey shows that the overall trust in Chinese society has declined, with less than half of the respondents believing that most people in society are credible.

Hypothesis: There are people in society who do not think that the majority of people in society can be trusted can be drawn based on the conclusions of the above survey.


Premise: During gambling, people tend to believe that past events affect the probability of future events. This is known as the gambler's fallacy. British scientists recruited 31 patients with insula injury and asked them to play a coin-operated machine. Other brain regions also recruited 13 patients with injury and 16 healthy comparison research, the study found that in addition to the insula injured subjects, others to be the result of almost won, the desire to continue to participate in the game are strengthened, who demonstrated the gambler's fallacy, scientists believe that the gambler insula area may be hyperactive, makes it easy to do Beyond logical reasoning, future treatments for gambling addiction might be targeted at the insula, with drugs or psychotherapy to reduce insula activity.

Hypothesis: The statement "Individuals with insula injury have difficulty estimating the probability of future events" is consistent with the question.


Premise: Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal has recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since __.

Hypothesis: The only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: In order to enrich the spare-time life of employees, a certain company allocates a fixed amount of funds each year for the travel benefits of its employees. Some employees of the company have spontaneously established a travel companion association, and some people in the travel companion association are the technical backbone of the company. Recently, the Some of the leaders of the company are preparing to embezzle the funds for other purposes.This idea has been approved by all members of the company's management, but the members of the Travel Friends Association did not agree with the decision of the company's management.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be derived that some management members are technical backbones.


Premise: Most adults in country X consume an increasing amount of fat as they grow older. However, for nearly all adults in country X, the percentage of fat in a person' s diet stays the same throughout adult life.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that adults in country X generally eat more when they are older than they did earlier in their adulthood is supported by the statements above.


Premise: All passwords of this safe are a combination of 4 Arabic numerals and 4 English letters. Known: (1) If the 4 English letters are not arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is greater than 15; (2) If the 4 English letters are arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is equal to 15; (3) ) The sum of the numbers in the password combination is either equal to 18 or less than 15.

Hypothesis: A possible combination of passwords is 18ac42de.


Premise: Contract: It is an agreement between the parties to establish, modify, and terminate civil relations. A contract established in accordance with the law is protected by law. The establishment of a contract must follow two principles: 1. the principle of legality; 2. the principle of equality and mutual benefit, consensus, and equal compensation.

Hypothesis: The school needs to requisition land to expand its campus. After negotiation, it will sign a contract with the property owners around the school to purchase at a price of 2500 yuan per square meter. The payment will be paid first and then the demolition will be carried after that. If the contract is not fulfilled within one month, liquidated damages will be paid is not part of a contract according to the above definition.


Premise: Some people say that watching TV can affect pupils' learning, but a survey of one school found that pupils who watched more TV did better than those who watched less. From this point of view, watching TV will not affect the learning of primary students.

Hypothesis: The parents of the pupils in the school have let their children watch some educational TV programs most weaken the above reasoning.


Premise: It has been proposed to solve the energy crisis on earth by exploiting helium-3 on the moon. Helium-3 can be used as fuel in fusion reactors. This proposal is absurd. Even if man can mine helium-3 on the moon, it will be at least 50 years later to build the fusion reactor. It will be too late to solve the energy crisis facing the earth today.

Hypothesis: The exploitation of helium-3 on the moon cannot solve the recent energy crisis on earth best summarizes the meaning of the stem.


Premise: In 1923, the Preparatory Conference for the Unification of Mandarin decided to adopt the Beijing phonetic standard to promote language and dialect throughout the country, not as a tool of communication, but as a cultural carrier.At present, the miniaturization of dialects, even if the culture of one side fades, maintaining the coexistence of dialect national language and common language is conducive to maintaining cultural diversity. While popularizing Putonghua, dialects should also be given some room for expression.And the dialect is not large, applied to one side of the land, but also can enrich the color of the common language, such as happy to pay for the high and unfinished buildings and other words have entered the common language vocabulary, and have some development.

Hypothesis: Promoting bilingualism is conducive to maintaining the characteristics of traditional culture and local culture is the gist of the above.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after years of application, Korean Xiaojin finally got an American green card. He thought that he was more like an American than anyone else does not belong to convert fanaticism.


Premise: The pollution problem caused by garbage exudates is most serious in countries with an annual per capita output of between $4000 and $5000, while it is less serious in relatively poor or rich countries. In the initial stage of industrial development, the pollution problem is relatively serious. When industrial development can create enough means to deal with such problems, the pollution problem will be reduced. At present, the per capita output value of country X is US $5000 per year, and the pollution caused by garbage exudates in country X will gradually decrease in the next few years.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that in the next few years, the industrialization process of country X will be affected by the problem of pollution control.


Premise: As long as a person is honest, he must be a law-abiding citizen.

Hypothesis: The Mu who never lied was arrested for illegally cutting down the forest is the most rebuttal to this.


Premise: One should always capitalize the main words and the first and last words of a title. But one should never capitalize articles, or prepositions and conjunctions with fewer than five letters, when they occur in the middle of a title.

Hypothesis: If a word is neither a main word nor a first or last word of a title, then it should not be capitalized can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: A shooting case occurred in a city. After investigation, the police arrested Li and identified him as the murderer. The reasoning process of the police is as follows: the deceased was shot while passing through the building of city bank, and according to the people on the scene at that time, the bullet was shot from the third floor of the building. That is to say, only those who stayed on the third floor of the building when the deceased was shot can commit the crime. It was proved that Li was on the third floor of the building, so Li was the murderer.

Hypothesis: Only when the yard is wet can it rain. The yard was wet, so it rained is similar to the wrong reasoning of the police.


Premise: An animal's eggs hatch through the heat generated by microbes in the soil and compost when they decompose organic matter, but these microbes (including bacteria) can also penetrate the eggshell and infect the embryo, which is naturally more than 20%. However, in Australia, there is a bird called the clump pheasant, whose eggs are only 9% likely to be infected, and the researchers found that their eggshells contain lysozyme, which the researchers believe is likely to be a key factor in defending against bacterial invasion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of lysozyme in the eggshell of Cong Tsui pheasant is about the same as that of other animals' does not undermine the above conclusion.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: If the statement "G and Y are assigned to the sales department" is true, the allocation of seven employees can be fully determined.


Premise: Cezanne' s art inspired the next generation of artists, twentieth-century modernist creators of abstract art. While most experts rank Cezanne as an early modernist, a small few reject this idea. Fran^oise Cachin, for example, bluntly states that such an ascription is overplayed,  and says that Cezanne' s work is too often observed from a modern point of view.

Hypothesis: Modern art owes less to Cezanne than many experts believe is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Speculation is the purchase of goods for later sale (or temporary sale) in order to profit from changes in their prices.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Mr. Wang bought a house for his own use. After the house price rose, Mr. Wang sold the house to make a profit' is speculation.


Premise: Dumping is defined as selling a product in another country for less than production cost. Shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G below the cost of producing shrimp in Country G. So Country F' s producers are dumping shrimp.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the argument above, it is necessary to determine whether shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G for considerably less than production cost or just slightly less.


Premise: The strange phenomenon of the strange slope that occurred in the land of China has become a hot land for people to explore with its incredible magical power. Interestingly, the strange slope similar to easy uphill and strenuous downhill, in Many countries around the world have also found many places.

Hypothesis: The option that is incorrect based on the above materials is that many people pay close attention to the incredible power of the strange slope phenomenon.


Premise: Xiao Sun cannot swim and play tennis.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, if Xiao Sun can play tennis, he cannot swim must be true.


Premise: Roses are perhaps the most complex flowers we can see. Its flower shape, color and fragrance are ever-changing, ranging from elegant roses to curly garden roses and gems-dazzling modern hybrid roses. Today, there are more than 200 kinds of roses growing all over the world. As people constantly try to get more beautiful, fragrant, longer-blooming roses through hybridization, the common horticultural and commercial rose varieties have been updated at the rate of every five years. It is very difficult to identify a kind of rose, and even the opinions of experts often vary greatly, because the species of roses are very easy to change and cross easily; hybrid roses can not only be selected by manual control, but also form naturally in large numbers.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that natural attributes and man-made requirements lead to the complexity of rose varieties.


Hypothesis: Most honest people obey the law is the most rebuttal to this.


Premise: Half a dozen Q40 airliners have crashed in the past two years. The manufacturer has countered claims that the Q40' s design is faulty by pointing out that, in each of the accidents, investigations indicated pilot error as the cause.

Hypothesis: Each of the investigations identified several factors other than pilot error as subsidiary causes provides the strongest support for the manufacturer's position.


Premise: Psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer; the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder. Their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past. However, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states. Ttherefore, these survey results do not justify the psychologists' claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder.

Hypothesis: The author criticizes the psychologists' claim by questioning an assumption that the author attributes to the psychologists.


Premise: Company separation refers to the act of dividing the company into two or more independent companies in accordance with legal procedures.

Hypothesis: In order to expand its production and operation, company A has established two subsidiaries with legal personality in country A and country B, and moved company A to country C does not belong to company separation according to the above definition.


Premise: Reflex refers to the regular response of an organism to stimuli with the help of the nervous system. Unconditioned reflex is an innate reflex that can be learned without learning. It is a simple reflex without any conditions, and it is an instinctive behavior. Conditioned reflexes are learned by organisms in their acquired life, only those that occur under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang went out to work and accidentally lost his belongings. He didn't eat for a few days. When he was very hungry, his stomach groaned and he swallowed when he saw food fits the definition of unconditional reflection.


Premise: Several companies that make herbal teas containing ginseng assert in their marketing that ginseng counteracts the effects of stress. As a result, many people buy these products hoping to improve their health. Yet no definitive scientific study links ginseng with the relief of stress. Thus, these marketing campaigns make false claims.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument rejects an argument without evaluating its logical strength.


Premise: Generally speaking, the oil quality standard is set by the petrochemical industry, and the environmental protection department does not have the relevant oil quality supervision power. Therefore, it is difficult for the environmental protection department to take effective measures in the face of the massive emission of pollutants and the aggravation of air pollution caused by urban traffic flow.

Hypothesis: To improve the quality of oil needs the petrochemical industry to improve the corresponding standards needs to be added as a premise to draw the above conclusion.


Premise: Lying is often more difficult than telling the truth, because telling the truth only needs to be stated according to the facts, and lying often wants to get appreciation or attention, or to avoid scolding and express their wishes, which must have strong imagination and logical thinking ability.

Hypothesis: People who lack imagination and logical thinking are not good at lying can be inferred.


Premise: If people leave culture, leave the creation and accumulation of culture, and leave the value and meaning of the cultural world, they will naturally lose the meaning of realistic cultural value, and it will be impossible to really realize human essence. On the other hand, if culture leaves people, it will become water without a source.

Hypothesis: Without culture, people can realize human essence in other ways is the argument supported by this sentence.


Premise: Taking citizen satisfaction and happiness as the ultimate standard to test government work means that people-oriented is really becoming the core ruling concept of the government.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the sentence is that People oriented has been the core concept of the government.


Premise: Notice to subscribers: In order for us to provide you with efficient and reliable newspaper service, please note the following policies. You will be billed for home delivery every four weeks, in advance. If you do not receive delivery, call us promptly to receive a replacement copy. Credit can be given only if the missed copy is reported to us within twenty-four hours and only if a replacement copy is unavailable. Request for temporary nondelivery must be made at least three days prior to the first day on which delivery is to stop. No subscription will be canceled unless the subscriber explicitly requests the cancellation beforehand and in writing.

Hypothesis: The Daily Gazette denies Mr. Rathanan's request that he not be charged for the past two weeks of delivery of The Daily Gazette because he did not send in his advance payment two weeks ago and stated that his inaction was intended as cancellation. This denial could not be justified solely on the basis of the policy stated above.


Premise: In the late Qing and early Ming dynasties, a group of Westerners went to the mountains of southwestern China for scientific research or poaching. Some of them found a small koala in the mountains, because the locals called it mountain bear or maoxiong. They also called it maoxiong in the article, why did maoxiong later become panda? After the Republic of China, some traditional books and periodicals changed from vertical to horizontal. However, the fundamental reason is that there is no clear classification of it in the field of zoology.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the misname panda has existed for a long time.


Premise: Reptiles are not amphibians, and all amphibians are oviparous. So all oviparous animals are not reptiles.

Hypothesis: If you fail the exam, you have to take a second exam. The students who have the second exam can't participate in the selection of three good students. Therefore, all those who can't participate in the selection of three good students have failed the exam is the same as the problem-based reasoning form.


Premise: The new type of tablet is faster than the traditional tablet. It is installed with a new operating system. Therefore, the sales of the new type of tablet are better than that of the traditional tablet.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The use environment of some tablet users is different from that of ordinary people' can weaken the above view the most.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Korean Xiaojin getting an American green card and thinking he is more American than anyone else does not belong to convert fanaticism.


Premise: early education, which originated in Germany, is an interactive activity that allows children to achieve physical, emotional, intellectual, personality, spiritual and other aspects of coordinated development and healthy growth in the process of playing and communicating with their parents. to put it simply, it is a way of interaction between parents and children, which aims to promote the growth of children. The early education of Chinese families is a different story. In a survey of early education, it is found that advanced education for young children is mainly focused on literacy, reading, computer, English and Japanese, etc.; except that many kindergartens have been involved in characteristic classes, parents spend more time taking their children to attend training courses and work on Chinese, English and math.

Hypothesis: Early Education has deviated from the essence in China conforms to the context.


Premise: Legal evil interest refers to the thing generated from the original thing according to a certain legal relationship. It is the legal income that the owner of the original thing should obtain from specific civil legal activities such as leasing and investment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the money lent by a to B, B bought the lottery and won the grand prize of 100,000 yuan' is a legal evil interest according to the above definition.


Premise: Pursuit what the people like, forsake what the people hate. Green mountains are beautiful, and blue skies are happiness too. Developing the economy is for people's wellbeing, so is protecting the ecological environment. We should not only create more material and spiritual wealth to meet people's ever-growing needs for a better life, but also provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's ever-growing needs for a beautiful environment. We should continue to ensure that ecology benefits and benefits the people, focus on solving prominent environmental problems that harm people's health, speed up efforts to improve the quality of the environment, provide more quality ecological products, strive to achieve social equity and justice, and constantly meet people's growing needs for a beautiful environment.

Hypothesis: A sound ecological environment is emphasized to be the well-being of people's livelihood is a literal meaning.


Premise: Objectively speaking, in order to realize self-driving, it is far from enough to rely on the upgrading of the car itself, and it is also necessary to upgrade the urban road to intelligent management so as to achieve the linkage between the car and the urban transportation system. Cars can have more eyes to observe the surrounding road conditions and discover potential dangers. However, in the current technology and environment is not perfect, driverless cars can not be as accurate as the human brain, can not rush on the road. This is also what self-driving developers should pay attention to. Research and development should be thoughtful rather than radical. After all, whether self-driving can cope with a complex road environment must be tested by a road test.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the application of autopilot technology needs to move forward steadily.


Premise: It is a principle of economics that a nation can experience economic growth only when consumer confidence is balanced with a small amount of consumer skepticism.

Hypothesis: Any nation in which the prevailing attitude of consumers is exclusively confidence will not experience economic growth is an application of the economic principle above.


Premise: This region must find new ways to help business grow. After all, shoe manufacturing used to be a major local industry, but recently has experienced severe setbacks due to overseas competition, so there is a need for expansion into new manufacturing areas. Moreover, our outdated public policy generally inhibits business growth.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument is that the region needs to find new ways to enhance business growth.


Premise: Beta Corporation claims that it no longer has enough work for the 60 computer data-entry workers that it is laying off. These workers have heard, however, that the company is buying 100 new computers. So the workers concluded that the company' s real reason for laying them off is to fill their jobs with lower-paid workers.

Hypothesis: Beta Corporation's new computers will allow its current management and sales staff to perform many of the tasks that the data-entry workers were previously doing would most undermine the workers' conclusion.


Premise: When many people browse the Internet, once they encounter the content that goes directly to the heart, the first thing is to find the QR code for forwarding, scan the phone quickly, store it, and share it at any time, which has become an unimaginative rule. On social media, negative emotions are often triggered by retweeted content, such as jealousy, slowness, or even anger, and the more controversial opinions and claims are, the more likely they are to be forwarded. Wharton School professors found that anger tops the list of easily shared emotions on social media, a study of China's Weibo service found. Rage spreads faster than happiness, sadness and disgust. Reflex retweets make people become indiscriminate responders, thinking less and less independently.

Hypothesis: The negative retweet of social media is the most suitable option for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: Phobia is an irrational and inappropriate fear of an object or environment. Once faced with such an object or environment, phobia patients develop an extreme sense of fear, even though there is no danger at the time.

Hypothesis: Qian's inability to sleep well after watching a Japanese horror movie is a phobia according to the above definition.


Premise: People who do not believe that others distrust them are confident in their own abilities, so people who tend to trust others think of a difficult task as a challenge rather than a threat, since this is precisely how people who are confident in their own abilities regard such tasks.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above follows logically if the assumption 'People tend to distrust those who they believe lack self-confidence' is made.


Premise: The proposed change to the patent system is bound to have a chilling effect on scientific research. Under current rules, researchers have one full year after the initial publication of a new discovery to patent the discovery. This allows research results to be shared widely prior to the patent application. The proposed change would have the application precede initial publication, which would delay the communication of discoveries.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if the current rules for patent applications facilitate progress in scientific research by rewarding the communication of discoveries is assumed.


Premise: In every case of political unrest in a certain country, the police have discovered that some unknown person or persons organized and fomented that unrest. Clearly, ttherefore, behind all the cases of political unrest in that country there has been a single mastermind who organized and fomented them all.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which every telephone number in North America has an area code, so there must be at least as many area codes as telephone numbers in North America.


Premise: In the face of increasingly severe environmental pollution and ecological imbalances, the slogan We have only one earth has a strong shock, and it reminds people to pay attention to the importance of environmental protection.

Hypothesis: In the universe, even if there are other planets suitable for human habitation, humans cannot move to that planet is closest to the idea of the proponent of this slogan.


Premise: Zhang, Wang, Li and Zhao entered the semifinals of table tennis. The four coaches of A, B, C and D have the following predictions on the results of the semi-finals: A: Xiao Zhang did not make the finals unless Xiao Li made the finals. B: Xiao Zhang entered the finals, but Xiao Li did not enter the finals. C: If Xiao Wang enters the final, Xiao Zhao has not entered the final. D: Both Xiao Wang and Xiao Li did not make the finals.

Hypothesis: C's prediction is correct, Xiao Wang has not made the finals, if only one of the four coaches' predictions is wrong.


Premise: As a country's general election is approaching, international politics expert Researcher Chen predicts that the outcome of the election will be that Party A controls the government or Party B controls the government. If Party A wins control of the government, the country will have economic problems; if Party B wins control of the government, the country will fall into a military crisis.

Hypothesis: Based on the above prediction of Researcher Chen, it can be drawn that the country may not experience economic problems or fall into a military crisis.


Premise: Recently, a research team surveyed 519 young people between the ages of 18 and 25 who had never smoked traditional cigarettes by means of a questionnaire. The survey included these young people's e-cigarette use and intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. Wait. Among young people who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, those who are vaping are more likely to try traditional cigarettes, and regulatory policies on e-cigarettes should pay attention to protecting young people, the study said.

Hypothesis: The statement "60% of respondents who are vaping say they will definitely try traditional cigarettes in the future" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Export subsidy refers to the cash subsidy or financial preference given by a government to exporters when exporting certain commodities in order to reduce the price of export commodities and strengthen their competitiveness in foreign markets.

Hypothesis: The export of bicycles produced by a company enjoying preferential tax policies is not an export subsidy according to the above definition.


Premise: As cultural knowledge becomes more and more important, people spend more and more time on reading, and the proportion of literati students with myopia is getting higher and higher. Even among urban workers and township farmers, many people can be seen wearing myopic glasses. However, few scholars with myopia, let alone ordinary people, were found in ancient China.

Hypothesis: Except for "The ancients lived at a slow pace and did not have to worry about traffic safety, so even if they suffered from myopia, the harm was very small," all of the other factors can explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Many masterpieces in ancient Chinese painting and calligraphy are works of very small size, but this does not prevent the appreciation and worship of calligraphers and painters of later generations. On the contrary, in the current painting world, the fervour of the painting and calligraphy market has attracted a large number of new investors who lack experience in art to join. Because they lack cognition of the value judgment of painting and calligraphy, they mistakenly think that the bigger the painting is, the higher the value must be, and they buy some worthless masterpieces indiscriminately, and finally complain repeatedly. And some artists in order to cater to the market preferences, also no longer the immanent quality of single-minded focus on work, but is keen on their mood, blindly pursuing big, so big and empty, and the lack of ink and the connotation of blockbuster flood the market continuously, disrupted the market already, also make oneself more and more distant from the distance from the real art.

Hypothesis: The creative mentality of some artists is closely related to market value is true according to the passage.


Premise: Close to his undergraduate graduation, Li Ming has achieved excellent results in all his courses. According to the regulations of the University, if his course scores are excellent in the last semester, he can be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student. Li Ming failed to get an excellent grade in one subject in the last semester, so he can't be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student.

Hypothesis: The above argument has loopholes, because it ignores that curriculum achievement is only one aspect of measuring students' quality is the most appropriate evaluation of the above argument.


Premise: Moralist: TV talk shows are contributing to the moral decline in our country. By constantly being shown the least moral people in our society, viewers begin to think that such people are the norm, and that there is something wrong with being morally upright. TV talk show host: Well, if there is such a decline, it' s not because of TV talk shows: we simply show people what they want to see. What can be wrong with letting the viewers decide? Furthermore, if restrictions were put on my show, that would amount to censorship, which is wrong.

Hypothesis: The TV talk show host's and the moralist's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about whether TV talk shows, by presenting immoral guests, are causing a moral decline.


Premise: Hydrological rhythm refers to the periodic and rhythmic changes of lake water regime. The generalized hydrological rhythm includes circadian, monthly, seasonal and interannual rhythms. Under normal circumstances, due to factors such as watershed climate and underlying surface, it is relatively stable. The multi-year average water level of the lake tends to be stable, that is, the normal annual average water level of the lake is relatively stable. The circadian rhythm has little impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, the narrow hydrological rhythm refers to the monthly and seasonal rhythm.

Hypothesis: The water surface area of Poyang Lake continues to shrink due to the dual effects of continuous reduction of rainfall and water inflow relates to hydrological rhythm in a narrow sense according to the above definition.


Premise: Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic. New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10, 000 kilometers away. Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Loggerhead hatchlings in Japanese waters have been declining in number for the last decade while the number of nesting sites near the Baja peninsula has remained constant' most seriously weakens the reasoning above.


Premise: The legislature of the Philippines voted recently to abolish the death penalty. In contrast, the death penalty remains legal in the United States. The difference in the legality of capital punishment demonstrates that the majority of American citizens believe in the death penalty, while the majority of Filipino citizens do not.

Hypothesis: The legal status of capital punishment in the United States and the Philippines aligns with how the majority of citizens in those respective countries view the death penalty is an assumption upon which the above argument depends.


Premise: All poor countries have been plagued, and all democratic countries have not been plagued, so all democratic countries are not poor countries.

Hypothesis: All lies are inconsistent with the facts, and the truth is consistent with the facts, so all truths are not lies is similar to the above reasoning structure.


Premise: Beber's law means that when someone experiences a strong stimulus, the first big stimulus can dilute the influence of the second small stimulus.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the verse 'I dreamt vaguely that I rode a war horse in iron armor across the frozen river' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law.


Premise: Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The school's requirements for the English proficiency of students for admission are the same as those for the completion of each subject after admission' is the assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on.


Premise: As a force, cultural power is not a force of direct effect, and its manifestation must be through certain genres or media, either enduring people's ideas or spiritual ideas, or materialized in certain material or spiritual products, and cultural power really exists only through spiritual or material carriers, that is to say, cultural power is not an immediate and obvious force. It is impossible for people to control and control things at will, which is one of the root reasons why people's understanding of cultural power has been very vague for thousands of years.

Hypothesis: The interpretation of cultural power is dependent in nature is expressed by the author in this passage.


Premise: The students in a certain class are all football fans. During the 2014 World Cup, all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the German team, and all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the Brazilian team. Some students who support the American team support the German team, and some students who support the American team support the Brazilian team.

Hypothesis: Some students who support the German team must support neither the Brazilian team nor the American team if the above statement is true.


Premise: The Carell formula means that we are in a position where we can concentrate on solving problems only if we force ourselves to face the worst-case scenario and accept it mentally.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'A businessman owed a large amount of debt due to poor management. He came to his relatives' farm disheartened and wanted to spend the rest of his life here. However, with the encouragement of melon farmers, he finally rose again' belongs to the Carell formula.


Premise: Jianghai District of a certain city decided to renew the appearance of four roads in Dongfeng Road, Xihe Road, Nantang Road and Beihai Road. In order to understand the opinions of the masses and formulate a new plan in line with public opinion, four comrades A, B, C and D from the relevant departments of the district government work together to carry out research. It is known that each person chooses two roads and there are exactly two people who choose each road: in the survey of each road, B and C are never in the same group. In addition, we also know: (1) if A chooses Dongfeng Road, D also chooses Dongfeng Road; (2) if C chooses Nantang Road, D also chooses Nantang Road; (3) A does not choose Nantang Road.

Hypothesis: C choose Dongfeng Road and Xihe Road can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: Astronomical exploration is to reveal the mysteries of the universe, while astrology is busy calculating good or bad luck for a specific person: chemistry reveals that water is made up of molecules, while the concept of so-called small molecular water concocted by manufacturers has become a typical commercial hoax: in the Soviet era, Lysenko genetics, which could not stand strict scrutiny, was so popular for a while. It is the result of Lysenko's attempt to eliminate academic competitors and Soviet authorities' attempt to scientifically prove the triumph of ideology, not that it itself is incomparably correct.

Hypothesis: The text 'It is utilitarian, and its spread has a special purpose' is intended to illustrate pseudoscience.


Premise: Oscar: I have been accused of plagiarizing the work of Ethel Myers in my recent article. But that accusation is unwarranted. Although I admit I used passages from Myers' book without attribution, Myers gave me permission in private correspondence to do so. Millie: Myers cannot give you permission to plagiarize. Plagiarism is wrong, not only because it violates authors' rights to their own words, but also because it misleads readers: it is fundamentally a type of lie. A lie is no less a lie if another person agrees to the deception.

Hypothesis: An author is entitled to quote freely without attribution the work of a writer if that writer relinquishes his or her exclusive right to the material would justify Oscar's judgment.


Premise: Industrial waste gas emissions are an important reason for the increase in greenhouse gases, but there are also a large amount of greenhouse gases coming from underwater. The bottom sediments of water bodies such as lakes, ponds and rivers will produce methane, which mainly emerges from the water surface in the form of bubbles and enters the atmosphere. It has been found that nutrient-rich water sediments will release more methane. Therefore, some experts suggest that in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from water bodies, the abuse of chemical fertilizers should be restricted.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that fertilizers can easily pollute the environment through water bodies.


Premise: There are always advantages and disadvantages in doing one thing, and there are almost no advantages without disadvantages. Huainan Zi - The Instruction of The World says: Everyone knows that benefiting is the cause of illness, but the sage knows that benefiting is the cause of illness. It seems that the ancients have noticed the dialectical relationship between advantages and disadvantages.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "We should try our best to do no harm" fits the text.


Premise: Silent Spring, written by Rachel Carson, an American popular science writer, is regarded as the first work of modern environmental protection movement in the West. Taking DDT as the main case, this book draws the conclusion that chemicals are seriously harmful to human health and the earth's environment. The publication of this book has triggered a national debate in western countries.

Hypothesis: The use of alternatives to DDT in developed countries is also harmful to the environment does not undermine Rachel Carson's conclusion if the statements are true.


Premise: Early childhood education in the United States focuses on cultivating children's critical thinking. An important point is to distinguish between fact statements and opinion statements. Fact statements can be verified. There are true and false but not good or bad; opinions are mostly subjective. Experience, influenced by values, etc.

Hypothesis: The slogan includes the statement that the horizontally opposed engine and left and right symmetrical full-time four-wheel drive make a Jie brand car.


Premise: The last foreign blockbuster, The Da Vinci Code, was only in Tokai for a week. The total box office of each theater withPoseidonshould be able to break 10 million yuan.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the box office appeal of the disaster film Poseidon, which uses a lot of computer stunts, is to be expected is most likely implied by the author.


Premise: The same number of cucumber seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses. Magnesium salt was applied in the first greenhouse, but not in the second. The first one produced 10 kilograms of cucumbers and the second one produced 5 kilograms. Since nothing else was applied to the greenhouse except water, the higher yield of the first greenhouse must be due to magnesium salt.

Hypothesis: The statement that the soil quality and sunshine amount of the two experimental greenhouses are different weakens the above argument most.


Premise: Technological innovation is a complete process from the generation of new products or processes to market application. It includes a series of activities from the generation of new ideas, research, development, commercial production to promotion; From commercial production to promotion, it is the process of promoting the creation of brand intellectual property rights.

Hypothesis: By introducing international advanced technology, the iron and steel company has built an ultra-thin tropical production line, realizing the production mode of focusing on thin and replacing cold with heat, filling the gap in China belongs to technological innovation according to the above definition.


Premise: Law refers to the inevitable connection between things. This connection keeps recurring and often works under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: Mr. Jiang was terrified when he saw someone walking on the iron cable at high altitude is not a law.


Premise: But if a public place is uncomfortable it is not well designed, and all comfortable public places have spacious interiors If all of the interior decorator' s statements are true, then which one of the following must be true?

Hypothesis: Any well-designed coffeehouse or restaurant has a spacious interior, according to the interior decorator.


Premise: There are five volcanic islands E, F, G, H and I along the eastern coast of a country, which are arranged in a straight line from north to south. At the same time, it is found that: (1) F is adjacent to H and to the north of H. (2) I and E are adjacent. (3) G is somewhere to the north of F.

Hypothesis: The possible order of the group of islands is 4 if G is found to be the northernmost island.


Premise: According to a psychological theory, if one wants to be happy, one must maintain a close relationship with the people around him, but the great painters in the world often spend their time alone, and they do not have close interpersonal relationships most of their time.Therefore, the above argument of this psychological theory is not valid.

Hypothesis: An artist who has made great achievements cannot be unhappy is most likely to be assumed by the above argument.


Premise: The survey shows that very few people aged 85-90 are left-handed. Sociologists believe that this is because 80 years ago, if children ate or wrote with their left hand, they would be beaten, so they were forced to use their right hand.

Hypothesis: Using the right hand is smarter. There is no scientific basis can be strengthened by this survey.


Premise: A famous foodie in French history has an interesting point: natural foodies are generally of medium build, with a round face, bright eyes, small forehead, low nose, plump lips, and square chin; while people who are born without a mouthful are generally thin and long faces. With large eyes and nose, no matter how tall he is, he always gives people a lanky feeling. This view of food faces is also the intuitive impression of most people of gourmet today. But, gluttonous Although it is closely related to obesity, it is not an inevitable causal relationship.Thin people who know how to eat and are good at eating are everywhere.

Hypothesis: Some thin people neither know how to eat nor are they good at eating can be derived based on the above statement.


Premise: <b> Weight loss programs that guarantee results mislead their customers. </b> No program can ensure that someone who follows it will lose weight. These programs prey upon unhappy and insecure people who are often driven more by emotion than by reason. <b> Moreover, many people who lose weight while on a program eventually regain the weight within a year. </b> So while the programs' claims may be true for a short period, customers will be disappointed in the long run.

Hypothesis: The two portions in boldface play the following roles: The first is evidence in support of the author's main point; the second is the author's main point.


Premise: One study found that treating the same disease with cheaper drugs was as effective as treating the same disease with more expensive drugs at the same time. Therefore, should vigorously promote the lower price of drugs to reduce medical costs.

Hypothesis: The statement that the lower-priced drugs were higher than the higher-priced drugs in the number of times they were taken per unit time and in the dose to be taken each time would most weaken this conclusion.


Premise: Some new employees become government cadres as soon as they enter the factory. In the re-election of the factory, all Hunan workers supported Li Yang's election as factory director, and all government cadres opposed Li Yang's election as factory director.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, some new employees are not from Hunan must be true.


Premise: One of the 10 computer manuals published by company T in 2005 was made for home computers. Exactly five of the advertisements released by company T featured those manuals written for home computers. Since 20 advertisements were released by company T in 2006, no more than one-quarter of them featured the computer manuals published by company T in 2005.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'None of the graphics used in the advertisements released by company T in 2006 were done by professional artists' is true, then it allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Ordinary consumers are limited by the status of professional and vulnerable groups and cannot effectively identify false or distorted negative information. Even if companies try to clarify, in the current public opinion dissemination environment of good things don't go out, bad things spread thousands of miles, the strong memory effect will It makes it difficult for people who pursue risk aversion to change their original misconceptions, and they will still use it as a guide for consumer decision-making for a long time in the future, which makes it difficult to clarify the injustice of some law-abiding companies, and also gives Businesses have suffered serious losses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The media popularize professional knowledge to the society by taking advantage of its convenience and easy compatibility with the public cognitive structure' would most weaken the above argument.


Premise: It is impossible to hope to bring more convenience to life through the Cloud serviceof information technology, but at the same time do not want to bear the risk of personal information being leaked.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Either choose not to use the cloud service, or choose to take the risk of personal information being leaked. It's inevitable' best describes the situation described in the passage.