Premise: After the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the massive development and utilization of energy has become the mainstream of the economic development of various countries, and the scale of its development degree directly determines the economic growth of a country. In particular, the large-scale development and utilization of coal and the supply of a large amount of cheap oil have rewritten the economic development history of industrialized countries. The energy strategy studied by economics is mainly how to ensure the increasing demand of economic and social development with the increasing energy supply, and any research and development to improve the level of energy consumption is considered uneconomical and uneconomical. This energy strategy has played a positive role in encouraging people to develop and utilize energy and ensuring the rapid growth of infrastructure and industry in industrialized countries, but there is no restriction on the development of energy, resulting in the destruction and waste of energy resources. it has formed environmental pollution and public hazards that can not be cured up to now.

Hypothesis: The lack of reasonable planning for energy development has led to the disorder of energy development after the industrial revolution can be concluded based on this.


Premise: New research shows that drinking green tea regularly is good for the cardiovascular system. The researchers followed more than 100,000 participants for seven years. Participants were divided into two groups: habitual tea drinkers (those who drank green tea more than three times a week) and those who never or did not drink green tea (those who drank green tea less than three times a week). The researchers found that people who had the habit of drinking green tea had a 20% lower risk of heart disease and stroke and a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke than those who had never or had no habit of drinking green tea.

Hypothesis: Flavonols in green tea can prevent blood clots and platelet agglomeration best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: In the Internet age, people are constantly sharing and communicating in the digital world because they want to prove their existence, but in fact, this desire for connection is not so much a cure as a disease.It expresses our anxiety of being afraid of loneliness, but it does not solve the problem. On the contrary, it makes us more isolated from the outside world. At the same time, we have lost the ability to be alone, and this solitude allows us to focus on thinking and find ourselves.When you find yourself, you can have a better connection with others at the same time.

Hypothesis: Learn to be alone, otherwise you will be more lonely can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: A local talent market is looking for practitioners in four positions of cleaning, property, network management and sales. Four young people from A, B, C and D come to apply. It was learned afterwards that each person only chose one kind of position to apply for and one of them applied for each kind of position. In addition, we also know: (1) if D applies for network management, then A applies for property; (2) if B does not apply for cleaning, then A applies for cleaning and C applies for sales; (3) if B applies for cleaning, then C applies for sales. D also applied for cleaning.

Hypothesis: B apply for the position of network management can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: There is a theory that about 50 million years ago, the ancestors of ring-tailed lemurs, flying foxes and other mammals came to the island of Madagascar, an island in the Indian Ocean, on a natural raft. According to this theory, mammals from the southeastern part of the African continent drifted to Madagascar that year, and they used large logs or floating vegetation. Before the drifting story was staged, the storm swept them into the sea and was driven by ocean currents. These ancient refugees drifted for several weeks and came to Madagascar.

Hypothesis: If true, 50 million years ago, the ocean currents around the two continental plates flowed eastward, that is, to Madagascar would not support the above drifting theory.


Premise: Government department head: We already have a code of ethics that companies doing business with the department are urged to abide by. The fact that virtually all of the companies have agreed to abide by it indicates that it is successful. Ttherefore, neither stronger ethics regulations nor enforcement mechanisms are necessary to ensure ethical behavior by companies doing business with the department.

Hypothesis: A government investigation found that most of the companies that agreed to abide by the department's code of ethics are not complying with it most casts doubt on the department head's conclusion.


Premise: Scientific outlook on development is to adhere to the people-oriented approach, establish a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development concept, and promote the all-round development of the economy, society and people.

Hypothesis: Increasing the proportion of renewable energy utilization is not in line with scientific outlook on development.


Premise: Tom: Critics of recent high court decisions claim that judges' willingness to abide by earlier decisions is necessary to avoid legal chaos. Since high courts of the past often repudiated legal precedents and no harm to the legal system ensued, these critics' objections must be politically motivated and ought to be ignored. Mary: High courts have repudiated precedents in the past, but they were careful to do so only when the previous rulings were old and had clearly become outdated. The recently overturned rulings were themselves recent. Overturning any recent legal ruling diminishes the law, which comes to be viewed as unstable and capricious.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Tom and Mary is whether the overturning of recent high court precedents will harm the legal system.


Premise: The fast, continuous, and unpredictable competitive environment requires companies to be small in scale, simplified in structure, and at the same time have sufficient technical reserves and the ability to resist capital risks. The current way to solve this contradiction is usually to establish a win-win principle on a global scale. Virtual enterprise. A virtual enterprise is a dynamic alliance between enterprises. Each member enterprise participating in the virtual enterprise has a certain degree of autonomy. When a market opportunity appears, the franchise enterprises will organize together to jointly develop, produce and sell new products. Once the product is found to be unprofitable, it will automatically disband. Therefore, the virtual enterprise is considered to be the most competitive enterprise operation mode in the 21st century.

Hypothesis: Virtual enterprises can quickly concentrate the strongest design, processing and sales forces to achieve rapid response to the market, if true, best supports the above view.


Premise: The football match in Master Cup 2003 China robot competition is going on. Three professors predict the final results: Professor Zhao said: The champion is not Tsinghua University team or Zhejiang University team. Professor Qian said: The champion is not Tsinghua University team, but China University of Science and Technology team. Professor Sun said: The champion is not the China University of Science and Technology team, but the Tsinghua University team. The competition results show that only one of them is right in both judgments, one is right and one is wrong, and the other is all wrong.

Hypothesis: The Zhejiang University team is likely to win the championship based on the above.


Premise: While conditions on Mars are no longer favorable for the evolution of life, scientists point out that in many ways Mars resembles portions of Antarctica, which do manage to support colonies of microbes. But these organisms require liquid water, as do all forms of life. And if there is liquid water on Mars at all, it is only seasonal and in small amounts.

Hypothesis: If there is liquid water on Mars, then there are colonies of microbes on Mars is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members' inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Ttherefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if the statement 'In the experience of most universities, educational software programs are more marketable than are books and articles' were inserted into the argument as an additional premise.


Premise: A scientific study provides evidence that crows are capable of recognizing threatening people and can even pass their concerns on to other crows. Researchers wearing rubber caveman masks trapped wild crows and then released them in the same area. Years later, people wearing the same masks near where the crows had been trapped were shrieked at and dive-bombed by crows.

Hypothesis: The assumption that even in places where crows have never been captured, most crows will shriek at and dive-bomb people wearing caveman masks is required by the argument.


Premise: Educator: If there is a crisis in education today, it is one of maintaining quality. People love to reduce serious learning to degrees and certificates. But one also can obtain these credentials by plodding through courses without ever learning much of value. When that happens, the credentials one receives are almost meaningless.

Hypothesis: A person benefits from an education only to the extent that he or she invests effort in it must be true if the educator's statements are true.


Premise: Scientists have found that the rift and expansion at the bottom of the ocean never stops. The discovery may answer a question that has attracted people's attention. The Earth's daily time is 700 seconds longer than the previous day, that is, 0.5 seconds longer than the previous day, and it is predicted that in another 200 million years, there will be only 250 days in a year.

Hypothesis: The bottom of the ocean rifts and expands, and the earth's rotation slows down is the most accurate answer to a question that has attracted people's attention.


Premise: We business generally refers to a small individual behavior that takes an individual as a unit, uses the carrier channels derived from the Web3.0 era, combines the traditional methods with the Internet, has no regional restrictions, and can move to achieve a new breakthrough in the sales channel

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhang's clothing store in the city center has a good business. He sells more on wechat is we business.


Premise: Co-dependency refers that a person especially needs others to rely on himself and always loves to provide others with care that they don't need. Moreover, this kind of person also forces others to accept his care, so that others can't be independent. When others rely on him, he will feel satisfied and valuable. This symptom will suppress people's nerves and bring a lot of inconvenience to relatives, friends and even colleagues as well.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mr. Liu lived in his own home from primary school to university does not belong to co-dependency.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E live in houses 1,2,3,4 and 5 in the same neighborhood. It is now known that A and B are not neighbors. B's room number is smaller than D's. The number of rooms in room C is even number. Room number A is 3 higher than E.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, D lives in room number 3.


Premise: Mice that have been given morphine are very likely to develop blood poisoning because bacteria that normally reside in the intestine typically respond to morphine by migrating into the bloodstream. However, when mice are given both morphine and the new drug naltrexone, blood poisoning is much less frequent, although it does still occur. These results provide support for researchers' prediction that naltrexone will turn out to be toxic to certain types of bacteria.

Hypothesis: If it were discovered to be true that naltrexone inhibits morphine from triggering the migration of intestinal bacteria into the bloodstream, it would most seriously weaken the support for the researchers' prediction.


Premise: A community recently conducted a survey on the relationship between pet ownership and happiness in family life. The survey interviewed 100 families, including the type of pets, the time of keeping pets, the education and occupation of family members, and so on. The results show that the happiness of family members in families with pets is generally higher than that in families without pets. This shows that keeping pets helps to improve the happiness of family life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Families usually keep pets because their members have plenty of time and have a high sense of happiness in family life' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Political scientist: The economies of a number of European countries are currently in severe difficulty. Germany is the only neighboring country that has the resources to resuscitate these economies. Ttherefore, Germany should begin aiding these economically troubled countries.

Hypothesis: The principle that any nation that alone has the capacity to economically resuscitate neighboring countries should exercise that capacity most helps to justify the political scientist's reasoning.


Premise: The traditional view is that most of the methane that causes Greenhouse Effect comes from wetlands and the digestive tract of ruminants, but green plants that can absorb carbon dioxide also release methane. Scientists have found that the astonishing result is that the annual amount of methane released by the world's green plants is 60 million to 240 million tons, accounting for 10% to 40% of the world's total annual methane emissions, of which about 2/3 come from tropical areas with rich vegetation.

Hypothesis: If green plants are not taken into account, excluding all other factors, there are still a large number of sources of methane in the world that cannot be explained is the statement that cannot support the views of scientists.


Premise: In the paintings by seventeenth-century Dutch artist Vermeer, we find several recurrent items: a satin jacket, a certain Turkish carpet, and wooden chairs with lion' s head finials. These reappearing objects might seem to evince a dearth of props. Yet we know that many of the props Vermeer used were expensive. Thus, while we might speculate about exactly why Vermeer worked with a small number of familiar objects, it was clearly not for lack of props that the recurrent items were used.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if it is assumed that the several recurrent items that appeared in Vermeer's paintings had special sentimental importance for him.


Premise: Mall manager: By congregating in large groups near the stores in our mall, teenagers create an atmosphere in which many adult shoppers feel uncomfortable. As a result, the adults have begun to spend less time shopping than they have in the past. The mall' s goal in this situation is to prevent a significant loss in overall sales, so merchants should do their utmost to discourage teenagers from congregating near stores. Merchant: But the amount spent by teenagers who congregate near mall stores constitutes a significant percentage of the total amount spent in those stores.

Hypothesis: The merchant's response to the manager's argument is most accurately described as using the information cited by the manager to make an additional recommendation that would help achieve the goal.


Premise: The high cost of production is severely limiting which operas are available to the public. These costs necessitate reliance on large corporate sponsors, who in return demand that only the most famous operas be produced. Determining which operas will be produced should rest only with ticket purchasers at the box office, not with large corporate sponsors. If we reduce production budgets so that operas can be supported exclusively by box-office receipts and donations from individuals, then the public will be able to see less famous operas.

Hypothesis: Without the support of large corporate sponsors, opera companies could not afford to produce any but the most famous of operas would weaken the argument.


Premise: Wildlife conservation organizations: if there is no trade, there will be no killing; without killing, man and nature can live in harmony.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then as long as the trade is banned, man and nature will live in harmony.


Premise: The distinction between behavioral offenses and consequential offenses is to determine the completed and attempted crimes. Behavioral offenses refer to only performing the behavior described in the constitutive elements, without the occurrence of material harmful results to constitute an accomplished crime. It requires that the behavior of the perpetrator has a certain material harmful result before it can constitute a completed crime.

Hypothesis: Robbery refers to the act of forcibly stealing public and private property by violence, coercion or other methods for the purpose of illegal possession is a behavioral offense, according to the above definition.


Premise: Household indebtedness, which some theorists regard as causing recession, was high preceding the recent recession, but so was the value of assets owned by households. Admittedly, if most of the assets were owned by quite affluent households, and most of the debt was owed by low-income households, high household debt levels could have been the cause of the recession despite high asset values: low-income households might have decreased spending in order to pay off debts while the quite affluent ones might simply have failed to increase spending. But, in fact, quite affluent people must have owed most of the household debt, since money is not lent to those without assets. Ttherefore, the real cause must lie elsewhere.

Hypothesis: The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that high levels of household debt did not cause the recent recession.


Premise: The average salary of the main players of the team is very high. Because they represent the best of the profession and they are the best of the country's thousands of players each year. They must not be paid more than the average businessman, doctor or lawyer. They must be paid more than the big business, the best surgeons and the partners of major law firms.

Hypothesis: The author's point of view is that the main players need the same skills as well-paid businessmen, doctors and lawyers.


Premise: There are two kinds of horror stories: those that describe a mad scientist' s experiments and those that describe a monstrous beast. In some horror stories about monstrous beasts, the monster symbolizes a psychological disturbance in the protagonist. Horror stories about mad scientists, on the other hand, typically express the author' s feeling that scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human endeavor. However, despite these differences, both kinds of horror stories share two features: they describe violations of the laws of nature and they are intended to produce dread in the reader.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, some stories that employ symbolism describe violations of the laws of nature would also have to be true.


Premise: At present, there is still a phenomenon of arbitrary fees in education in China, with a variety of names, the proportion of family education expenditure in family personal consumption is too high, and the educational burden of families and children is heavy. In Beijing, when a child graduates from primary school to high school, various education-related expenses are conservatively estimated at more than 100000 yuan.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the problem of education in China, which is that there are many kinds of education fees.


Premise: Ultraviolet penetration ability is strong, can reach the dermis, the skin tanned, very harmful to the skin, even in the non-summer period, although the intensity of ultraviolet light is weak, it still exists, but long time accumulation is easy to make skin injury, melanin precipitation, skin aging and relaxation problems. So women who want to be beautiful must wear sunscreen every day.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of ultraviolet radiation in an indoor space half a meter away from a window is about 40 percent of that in an outdoor space, and 15 percent of that in an indoor space 1.5 meters away from a window. Therefore, sunscreen is not necessary when staying indoors' is the most likely to undermine the conclusion.


Hypothesis: Some scientists stressed that the recent increase in methane levels and global warming have nothing to do with forests and plants are innocent cannot support the views of scientists.


Premise: Under the conditions of a market economy, each operator of commodity production is an independent economic entity and has full autonomy.Therefore, what they produce and how they produce are their own decisions.

Hypothesis: The statement "The operators of commodity production enjoy full autonomy, which means that they decide what to produce" most weakens this conclusion.


Premise: Lopez: Our university is not committed to liberal arts, as evidenced by its decision to close the classics department. The study of classical antiquity is crucial to the liberal arts, and it has been so since the Renaissance. Warrington; Although the study of classical works is essential to the liberal arts, a classics department isn' t, since other departments often engage in that study.

Hypothesis: Warrington's argument proceeds by presenting a consideration in order to undermine the reasoning in Lopez's argument.


Premise: Scientists have found that the rift and expansion at the bottom of the ocean never stops. The discovery may answer a question that has attracted people's attention. The Earth's daily time is 700 seconds longer than the previous day, that is, 0.5 seconds longer than the previous day, and it is predicted that in another 200 million years, there will be only 250 days in a year.

Hypothesis: The most accurate answer to a question that has attracted people's attention is the statement "The rift and subsidence at the bottom of the ocean expands and the rotation of the earth accelerates."


Premise: Researchers at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom asked two groups of volunteers to play puzzle games and watch documentaries about sports cars, and then asked them to perform indoor cycling endurance tests. As a result, the first group members who thought they were exhausted were more likely to give up than the second group. However, the researchers found that there was no difference in blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and cardiac output between the two groups of volunteers.

Hypothesis: Manual labor can stimulate the potential of mental workers can be derived.


Premise: The Dai bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna use square columns to raise their houses to prevent moisture and mosquito blood harassment. The reason why square columns are used instead of circular columns is to prevent snakes from climbing into the bamboo buildings.

Hypothesis: Snakes cannot crawl around square posts is most likely to be the assumption of the above statement.


Premise: A certain unit has enrolled 8 fresh graduates this year, of which A and B are liberal arts students, C, D and E are science students, and F, G and H are engineering students. Among the 8 people, A, C and F are ladies. The unit intends to select five people to form a research and development team, in which there should be at least one liberal arts student, one science student and one engineering student, and at least one woman should participate in the team. In addition, the following conditions should be met: (1) at most one person will participate in C and G; (2) if B attends, D will also participate; (3) both E and H will either participate or not.

Hypothesis: If A does not participate, it may be true that all three engineering students attended.


Premise: The air-gun bullet marks on the glass are different from those on the other shots.This is because although the air gun has rifling, it uses spring compressed air as the power to launch the warhead, which has the advantages of low speed, low energy and light weight (0.5 grams per air gun), so when the air gun hits the glass, it acts on the glass for a long time and the force is small. The penetration ability is small, and its glass smashing marks are also different from those of stone glass.

Hypothesis: The most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage is that the marks of air guns breaking glass are different from those of other guns.


Premise: The emergence of computers has changed our lives to a great extent. Sitting in front of the computer typing, browsing, more and more instead of pen writing, holding books to read. But the computer not only brings convenience, but also has a strong impact on the traditional culture, even some excellent traditional culture is gradually away from us. Calligraphy is the treasure of Chinese culture and the embodiment of the national spirit, but in front of the computer, the group of practicing calligraphy is shrinking, and the charming calligraphy works are gradually fading out of people's sight. It is urgent to protect traditional culture and calligraphy art.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is "It is urgent to protect the art of calligraphy in the computer age."


Premise: Many scholars claim that Shakespeare' s portrayal of Richard III was extremely inaccurate, arguing that he derived that portrayal from propagandists opposed to Richard III. But these claims are irrelevant for appreciating Shakespeare' s work. The character of Richard III as portrayed in Shakespeare' s drama is fascinating and illuminating both aesthetically and morally, regardless of its relation to historical fact.

Hypothesis: Shakespeare's historical importance puts him beyond the scope of all literary criticism is a principle that most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: A medical journal used a questionnaire survey to determine whether a particular change in its format would increase its readership. Sixty-two percent of those who returned the questionnaire supported that change. On the basis of this outcome, the decision was made to introduce the new format.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It was determined that the new format would be less costly than the old format' would provide the best evidence that the journal's decision will have the desired effect.


Premise: At present, the utilization rate of Russian arable land in the far East is less than 50%, and the Russian Ministry of Economic Development intends to lease agricultural land to Asia-Pacific countries for a long time. The Ministry believes that without the injection of foreign capital and labor, Russia will not be able to achieve the revitalization of the far East on its own. However, if foreign capital and labor enter the far East, the region may be alienated by foreign immigrants.

Hypothesis: If the judgment of the Russian Ministry of Economic Development is correct, then Russia must continue to improve its systems while introducing foreign capital and labor into the far East in order to avoid the problem of the region being alienated by foreign immigrants.


Premise: To subdue bad people, sometimes we should treat them by their way. Bad people will do good things, but good people become bad as long as they have done bad things.

Hypothesis: A person who has done bad things is not necessarily a bad man can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Nature is the environment for the development and continuation of human life. At the same time, productive labor, as a medium in the process of material exchange between man and nature, is the starting point for the formation and development of human social relations. In the process of processing natural materials, people form the relationship between people-- relations of production, and thus form national, class, family and other complex social relations.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement that man is a part of nature, because man is also an animal.


Premise: The skulls and pelvis of some dinosaurs have the same characteristics as those of all modern birds, but not all dinosaurs have such characteristics. Some scientists claim that all animals with such characteristics are dinosaurs.

Hypothesis: Some ancient dinosaurs are no different from modern birds can be deduced from the above statements and the claims of scientists.


Premise: As a new thing, bike sharing has developed rapidly recently. The shadow of bike sharing can be seen almost everywhere in the streets and alleys of the city. Bike sharing constitutes a new and beautiful scenery in the city and also provides convenience for people's travel. However, some citizens are worried about the whole bicycle production industry. They believe that the emergence of bike sharing and a large number of bikes are put into use.This makes many individuals who plan to buy Bicycles no longer buy bicycles.  As a result, the production and sales of the whole bicycle industry decreased

Hypothesis: The statement 'Bicycle manufacturers of different brands will face more fierce market competition. Some manufacturers will produce and sell more bicycles in cooperation with shared bicycle operation companies' weakens the conclusion of these citizens.


Premise: Humans have been battling disease since the dawn of time, and the most frightening of all diseases is the widespread infectious disease. In just a few short years, the threat of a major epidemic has become abundantly clear. In particular, the H 1 N 1 pandemic has been surprisingly rapid and widespread. This aroused people's vigilance, therefore, the human fight against infectious diseases has no end period.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The virus mutates to survive' is the least likely to support the above conclusion.


Premise: The rule of information influence means that people tend to have a positive psychological reaction to very familiar, vivid and distinctive information, which is not only very sensitive, but also easy to be impressed.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when Xiao Li was reading a mystery novel, he found that the author's writing method was completely different from the novel he had read before, so he became more interested does not reflect the law of information influence.


Premise: Addictionhas been defined as dependence on and abuse of a psychoactive substance.  Dependence and abuse do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, cancer patients can become dependent on morphine to relieve their pain, but this is not abusing the drug. Correspondingly, a person can abuse a drug without being dependent on it. Ttherefore, the definition of addiction is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The assumption that cancer patients who are dependent on morphine are addicted to it is relevant to the argument.


Premise: Screenwriter moviegoers are those who don't mind being spoiled by spoilers and even inquire about plot introductions and review all kinds of movies in advance. This kind of moviegoers pursue the feeling of controlling the development of the plot and don't like surprises.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li belongs to the screenwriter moviegoers according to the above definition because he is fond of suspense movies, likes to revel in brain-burning plots, and often assumes that he is a detective.


Premise: With regard to all kinds of criticisms, leading cadres should adopt the attitude of correcting the shortcomings and mistakes pointed out by others, and if they do not, they should encourage themselves so that they will not make the same mistakes in the future. Create an atmosphere in which people who give advice are innocent as long as they are well-intentioned, even if the proposal is not correct. Even if the person who listens to the opinion does not have the shortcomings and mistakes mentioned by the other party, he can warn himself with what he has heard. Only in this way can people tell everything they know and talk endlessly. Only by following the flow of advice and supporting those who tell the truth can leading cadres make scientific decisions or make scientific decisions; only when they are willing and good at listening to different opinions can they create a political ecology with a clear spirit.

Hypothesis: Leading cadres must be kind to criticism, sincerely and willing to accept the opinions of others, and support those who tell the truth can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: At present, the concept of TV programs focusing on media convergence and multi-terminal communication is not new. As long as the programs delivering content on different terminals claim to be media convergence. Technology expands media types and channels. Real media convergence should draw lessons from Internet users' thinking, customize content based on multi-level real needs of users from different channels, and form mutual information sharing relationship with users, forming key points of media convergence.

Hypothesis: The key to media convergence is to form a relationship of sharing information between content producers and users based on users' needs is emphasized by the text.


Premise: The basketball team coach stipulates that if player No. 1 plays and player No. 3 does not play, at least one of players No. 5 and No. 7 must play.

Hypothesis: The sufficient condition for No. 1 player not to play, if the coach's regulations are implemented, is that No. 3, No. 5 and No. 7 did not play.


Premise: Pizzerias are the only restaurants that routinely record the names, addresses, and menu selections of their customers. Simply by organizing these data, they can easily identify regular, average, and infrequent customers. Ttherefore, pizzerias utilize direct-mail marketing more effectively than do other restaurants.

Hypothesis: If the assumption that restaurants that routinely record names, addresses, and menu selections of their customers always utilize direct-mail marketing more effectively than do any other restaurants is made, then the argument's conclusion can be properly inferred.


Premise: Golden collar refers to the advanced scientific and technical personnel who master modern science and technology and can create a lot of wealth and thus have a higher income.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a golden collar is the owner of a computer marketing company.


Premise: The researchers asked volunteers to stare at a dot on the screen for a long time in a dark room, while using infrared cameras to track their eye movements and blinks in real time. Every time the volunteers blinked, the dot moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers said afterwards that they were not aware of the slight change. After about 30 blinks, the volunteers' eyes adapted to the synchronous movement of the dots and could automatically shift to the new dots after blinking.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain that the eyeball moves in the blink of an eye, and the eyeball always returns to the position where it was when the eyes were reopened.


Premise: The so-called history, popularly speaking, is the fact that it has already happened. In terms of time scale, history is a reality that increases the marker of the time scale. The so-called reality is the fact that is happening, so it can also be said that from the time scale, it is a historical fact with zero scale. In fact, if you look at the timeline, the reality as the zero scale of time has been constantly changing. This change makes most of the facts on the timeline of the scale rapidly become history, but they have different time scales.

Hypothesis: The author focuses on the idea that new historical facts are happening all the time through this passage.


Premise: By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of black ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Ttherefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

Hypothesis: Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Speaker: Like many contemporary critics, Smith argues that the true meaning of an author' s statements can be understood only through insight into the author' s social circumstances. But this same line of analysis can be applied to Smith' s own words. Thus, if she is right we should be able, at least in part, to discern from Smith' s social circumstances the true meaning of Smith' s statements. This, in turn, suggests that Smith herself is not aware of the true meaning of her own words.

Hypothesis: Smith's theory about the relation of social circumstances to the understanding of meaning lacks insight is the assumption required for the speaker's main conclusion to logically follow.


Premise: The fact that the Chinese women's volleyball team won the championship in the Athens Olympic Games makes us realise many truths. For example, failure must not be accepted when it has not determined. When there is still a faint hope of victory, try your best to win! Otherwise, you are not real strong.

Hypothesis: Only when failure becomes an unchangeable fact, the real strong man will accept failure can be deduced from the above.


Premise: Cactus is a leafless, jointed, prickly evergreen and guardian plant. No matter it is born in deserts, cliffs, or parks or roadsides, she can be calm and carefree. Smile to welcome sunrise and sunset.?. Whether she is as fat as a hill or as thin as a lonely peak, she can enjoy herself and lose weight without trying to lose weight. She is blessed with no worries, nourishes her by not thinking about sorrow inside, and has the taste of Mo Si infinite things outside her body, and a limited cup in her lifetime.

Hypothesis: The main description of this text is that the life of cactus is strong and the taste of cactus is natural.


Premise: Value rationality means that the actor pays attention to the value represented by the behavior itself, that is, whether to achieve social fairness, justice, loyalty, honor, etc., regardless of means and consequences. Value rationality focuses on the rationality of behavior from the perspective of specific values certain substantive,

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Drop one's benefactor as soon as his help is not required' meets the requirements of value rationality.


Premise: In today's economic globalization, western cultural classics and traditions are still surviving and continuing. In the United States, the president is sworn in according to the Bible, and pupils recite the oath of a nation under the protection of God every week. In China, primary school students no longer study the classics, and there are no people to take the oath of office according to the Analects of Confucius. China has become a country that has almost lost all its cultural classics and traditions.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the cultural classics and traditions of a country and a nation play an irreplaceable role in science.


Premise: Every politician has to please his voters. Although Ma Ying-jeou is an honest man, he is also a politician. No one can please his voters without occasional ambiguity.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, Ma Ying-jeou will say some vague words must be true.


Premise: The results showed that after heating sweet corn for 10 minutes, 25 minutes and 50 minutes at 115  degree, its anti free radical activity increased by 22%, 44% and 53% respectively. Therefore, the longer the heating time, the better the anti-aging effect of corn.

Hypothesis: After heating for 65 minutes, the anti free radical activity of maize decreased cannot weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Previous studies have suggested that volcanic eruptions release large amounts of heat and cause the global warming, but recent studies have found that volcanic eruptions not only do not cause the global warming, but can also reduce its impact.

Hypothesis: The study found that Sulfur dioxide, a volcanic substance, can form water particles with atmospheric material and reflect sunlight, reducing heat radiation to the ground and slowing global warming is true to support the above conclusion.


Premise: The media affects the value choice of the audience. From the perspective of audience theory and cultural norms of communication, the reason why the mass media can indirectly influence people's behavior is that the messages it sends out can form a normative force of moral culture. people unwittingly explain social phenomena and facts according to the reference framework gradually provided by the media, and show their views and propositions, so the content of communication can promote the change of the object.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that social phenomena are rooted in the mass media.


Premise: Nearly everyone has complained of a mistaken utility bill that cannot easily be corrected or of computer files that cannot readily be retrieved. Yet few people today would tolerate waiting in long lines while clerks search for information that can now be found in seconds, and almost no one who has used a word processor would return to a typewriter.

Hypothesis: The information above conforms most closely to the principle that if people do not complain about some technology, then it is probably not a significant factor in their daily lives.


Premise: When mercury-vapor streetlights are used in areas inhabited by insect-eating bats, the bats feed almost exclusively around the lights, because the lights attract flying insects. In Greenville, the mercury-vapor streetlights are about to be replaced with energy-saving sodium streetlights, which do not attract insects. This change is likely to result in a drop in the population of insect-eating bats in Greenville, since __

Hypothesis: In the absence of local concentrations of the flying insects on which bats feed, the bats expend much more energy on hunting for food, requiring much larger quantities of insects to sustain each bat.


Premise: Extinction is inevitable for all biological species. In fact, the vast majority of all species that have ever lived are now extinct. Since all species die out eventually, there is no justification for trying to protect species that are presently endangered, even those that can be saved from extinction now.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by the argument that there is no reason to take a route that will avoid the normal traffic jams because traffic jams can occur along any route.


Premise: Computers perform actions that are closer to thinking than anything nonhuman animals do. But computers do not have volitional powers, although some nonhuman animals do.

Hypothesis: Having volitional powers need not involve thinking is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: A common non-stick coating for non-stick pans is Teflon coating. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate is a processing aid used in a very small amount in the production. Data suggest that high doses of ammonium perfluorooctanoate may lead to elevated cholesterol levels, thyroid disease, and infertility. Teflon has very stable physical and chemical properties at normal temperature and normal conditions. Cookware with Teflon non-stick coating will not change in the temperature range from normal temperature to 260 °C, but when the temperature exceeds 260 °C, the coating will not change. The layer gradually transitions to an unstable state, and decomposition occurs when the temperature exceeds 350 °C. During normal cooking, the boiling point of water is 100°C, and stir-frying with a higher temperature is usually only about 200°C. Even if frying is used, the oil temperature will not exceed 250°C. However, if you like to dry the pot and add oil after cooking, the temperature in the pot will easily exceed 260°C.

Hypothesis: Nonstick coating breaking down while cooking cannot be launched and can lead to higher cholesterol levels.


Premise: The development of foreign investment economy and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan economy within a certain range is of great significance to strengthen China's modernization. It can make up for the relative shortage of funds and build a number of urgently needed projects in the national economy. We can introduce advanced technology and scientific management methods to improve China's production technology and economic management level. It can increase national and local fiscal revenue and accumulate construction funds. It can also expand employment, improve people's living standards, expand exports and increase foreign exchange income.

Hypothesis: To develop foreign investment economy and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan investment economy within a certain range can increase construction funds is the central idea of the paragraph.


Premise: All poor countries have been plagued, and all democratic countries have not been plagued, so all democratic countries are not poor countries.

Hypothesis: The statement "All corruption is a crime, and all Changji people are not criminals, so all embezzlers are not Changji people" is similar to the above reasoning structure.


Premise: A natural history museum contains several displays of wild animals. These displays are created by drying and mounting animal skins. In some of the older displays, the animals' skins have started to deteriorate because of low humidity and the heat of the lights. The older displays are lit by tungsten lamps but the newer ones are lit by compact fluorescent lamps designed for use in museums. These lamps give off as much light as the tungsten lamps but less heat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some of the older displays will last longer if the tungsten lamps that illuminate them are replaced by compact fluorescent lamps' most strongly supports the statements above.


Premise: A few days ago, young people known as Internet aborigines are becoming the main consumers of cultural products such as movies and TV dramas, and their preferences shape the direction of the market and the direction of creation. On the positive side, this is conducive to the formation of an effective docking between the supply and demand of creative products, so as to stimulate production and activate the market potential, but on the other hand, over-reliance on market demand may also lead to the creator's medium-and long-term loss. The new generation of young people have diverse interests and do not have a high degree of attention. in many cases, the resulting market demand does not have medium-and long-term vitality. If creators and producers blindly follow the ever-changing interests of young people, they will inevitably lose sight of one or the other and fall into a passive position. Therefore, creators and producers should carefully study the social basis and real and effective needs behind these interests.

Hypothesis: Lack of innovation in content and form highlights the problems in the cultural and creative industry.


Premise: In the past, the shaping of our peasant image formed two habitual modes: one is to tell positively how the protagonist turns an enemy into a friend by means of humiliation, self-sacrifice or good character in the binary opposition between reform and conservatism or between advanced and backward, winning the trust of the villagers and making progress in the reform; the other is to resolve the contradiction through a series of skit or comic stories of the protagonist and maintain its attraction to the audience. The aesthetic consequence of these two habitual models is that the image of farmers has become an almost immutable symbol, lacking in richness and attractiveness and there is a huge gap between peasant image and real life. This model is a flattening of reality itself.

Hypothesis: The most likely content of this passage is the shortcomings of a single description of the image of farmers.


Premise: Fan culture refers to the social and cultural phenomena such as excessive worship, excessive consumption and gratuitous payment caused by the individual or group's psychology of pursuing a particular object.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang is a reporter for an entertainment magazine. His main task is to report on the development of the entertainment circle. Sometimes to track down a star, he doesn't even bother to eat is not a fan culture.


Premise: If all primate brains may have frontal cortex is true,

Hypothesis: Not all primate brains have frontal cortex, which is not necessary must be true.


Premise: M: The Greek alphabet must have been invented by some individual who knew the Phoenician writing system and who wanted to have some way of recording Homeric epics and thereby preserving expressions of a highly developed tradition of oral poetry. P: Your hypothesis is laughable! What would have been the point of such a person' s writing Homeric epics down? Surely a person who knew them well enough to write them down would not need to read them; and no one else could read them, according to your hypothesis.

Hypothesis: Providing an alternative interpretation of evidence put forward by M is an argumentative strategy that P uses in responding to M.


Premise: In a study, shoppers who shopped in a grocery store without a shopping list and bought only items that were on sale for half price or less spent far more money on a comparable number of items than did shoppers in the same store who used a list and bought no sale items.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The grocery store in the study carries many expensive items that few other grocery stores carry' most helps to explain the apparent paradox in the study's results.


Premise: Dyslexia refers to the phenomenon that children with normal intelligence and no obvious physical impairment, but their reading performance is significantly lower than that of children of the same age by more than two grades.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, dyslexia is the fifth grade Xiaojian being lively and active, but having Chinese performance at the second grade level, while often getting full marks in mathematics.


Premise: On the one hand, due to the intelligent trend of artificial intelligence and robots, the proportion of labor cost in the total investment in manufacturing industry will be further reduced, so as to accelerate the weakening of China's factor low-cost advantage; On the other hand, developed countries use their first mover advantage in the industrial revolution to continuously strengthen their global competitive advantage and high-end position in the value chain. If China cannot quickly adapt to the trend of the new industrial revolution, the technological gap between China and foreign countries may further expand due to the disruptive and revolutionary changes in social economy caused by intelligent manufacturing technology, It may also inhibit China's industrial transformation and upgrading and block the original strict industrial catch-up path, which is not conducive to China's manufacturing industry rising to the high end of the global value chain.

Hypothesis: The challenge of industrial revolution to China's manufacturing industry is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: The four people investigated in one incident were victims, witnesses, rescuers and bystanders. They made the following statements during the investigation: [1] A:B is not an bystanders.[2] B:C is not a witness.[3] D:A is not a rescuer.[4] C: B is not an eyewitness. Further investigation revealed that their statements were false if they were about the victim and true if they were about someone else.

Hypothesis: D is the victim.


Premise: Synomone is a biologically released information chemical that can cause other receiving organisms to produce a response that is beneficial to both the releaser and the recipient.

Hypothesis: After being attack by Macrosiphum avenae, wheat releases methyl salicylate, which can attract heterochromatic lady beetle, the natural enemy of Macrosiphum avenae is related to synomone according to the above definition.


Premise: Essayist: Some linguists claim that competent speakers of a language have explicit knowledge of the rules of grammar for that language. However, linguistic ability is not the possession and utilization of a body of knowledge, or rules of grammar, but is more similar to a skill like riding a bicycle. Just as the typical cyclist does not need to know physics, neither does the language user need to know grammar rules.

Hypothesis: There is a difference between knowing a set of rules and behaving in accordance with a set of rules most accurately expresses a principle underlying the essayist's argument.


Premise: Consider three numbers: 0.9, 1, 1.1, and the difference between the latter number and its previous number is only 0.1. If you multiply each number with itself 10 times, 0.9 becomes 0.31, 1 is still 1, 1.1 becomes 2.85, it is nearly 10 times that of 0.31, and nearly 3 times that of 1. This is how the gap arises!

Hypothesis: Details determine success or failure, character determines fate cannot be reasonably inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Although computers have strong functions in many aspects, experiments have shown that in computing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, operating a computer is not faster and more accurate than using an abacus.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Computers do not care about the size of numbers, whereas abacus does not. In the experiment, it was just a small number' can greatly weaken the persuasiveness of the above experiment.


Premise: In order to solve a series of global problems such as food security and energy shortage, the scientific community is stepping up its research on projects such as genetically modified food and clean new energy, with a view to leading people out of the food and energy crisis. From this we can see that the development of science no longer strictly follows this conventional route: scientific problems no longer originate from simple, pictorial scientific curiosity.  Science in the routine era is coming.

Hypothesis: The term 'Science in the routine era' in this passage means scientific research that points to urgent, urgent, and high-risk issues.


Premise: Scientist: Given the human tendency to explore and colonize new areas, some people believe that the galaxy will eventually be colonized by trillions of humans. If so, the vast majority of humans ever to live would be alive during this period of colonization. Since all of us are humans and we have no reason to think we are unrepresentative, the odds are overwhelming that we would be alive during this period, too. But, because we are not alive during this period, the odds are slim that such colonization will ever happen.

Hypothesis: The scientist's argument proceeds by inferring that since an event that is taken to be likely on a given hypothesis has not occurred, the hypothesis is probably false.


Premise: Some critics of space exploration programs claim that they are too costly to be justified. Moreover, there is the very real risk of a debilitating explosion -- most experts say something like a 1-in-70 chance per flight. Budgetary pressures to make the programs cheaper only serve to undermine safety: one program' s managers uncovered a series of manufacturing flaws that critics contend are a direct consequence of the pressure to produce results as quickly and cheaply as possible.

Hypothesis: Attempts to solve one problem can lead to the exacerbation of another problem is the proposition that the passage most closely conforms to.


Premise: There is a very complex relationship between genes, traits and diseases. the most primitive way to decipher this relationship is the gene linkage analysis established in the middle of the last century: by comparing the similarities and differences of chromosome bands or genetic markers of different members of families affected by genetic diseases, locate disease-causing genes on chromosomes. This method has made a lot of achievements in the study of single-gene genetic diseases, but its disadvantage is that the resolution is limited, so it is difficult to accurately locate a single gene.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that there are obvious defects in the method of gene linkage analysis.


Premise: Purebred dogs are prone to genetically determined abnormalities. Although such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. Since nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs.

Hypothesis: A dog that does not have genetically determined abnormalities may nevertheless have offspring with such abnormalities if true, most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Peak experience: in the process of pursuing self-realization, after the pursuit of basic needs and satisfaction, a kind of psychological satisfaction and sense of accomplishment which is at the top and transcends space-time and self-realization.

Hypothesis: The joy after decades of hard work and finally success is not a peak experience.


Premise: Statistics show that the safety of civil aviation flight has been greatly improved in recent years. For example, a country had 0.2 fatal accidents per 1 million flights in 2008, compared with 1.4 in 1989. According to the statistics of these years, the incidence of malignant accidents in civil aviation shows a downward trend as a whole. From this, it can be seen that it is becoming safer and safer to travel by air.

Hypothesis: In recent years, the probability of narrow escape in aircraft accidents is higher than before cannot reinforce the above conclusion.


Premise: After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.

Hypothesis: The most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion is that Mechanization and urbanization came after the rise of agriculture.


Premise: Butterfly with its gorgeous colors and beautiful dance, won the Flying Flower, Dance Girl of Nature and other reputations. The rich colors and different patterns of butterfly wings create this beautiful spirit. Some butterflies sparkle with metallic light when they dance in the sun, some butterflies can have a single color, and some butterflies can be dazzling in color. Some people even collected patterns in the shape of Arabic numerals 1-9 and 26 English letters on butterfly wings.

Hypothesis: The main content described in this text is that the wings of butterflies are rich and colorful, and there are all kinds of wonders.


Premise: False safety means that the brain is extremely excited under high tension, but it is not easy to cause problems; while in a state of close to success, the spirit becomes more and more relaxed, and there is a sense of security immediately, but it is precisely this moment of relaxation that leads to great disaster.

Hypothesis: In a special industry such as thermal power plants, during the peak period of electricity consumption and under bad weather, there is generally no accidents of human misoperation; but in normal times, accidents are not uncommon is false safety.


Premise: Editorial: Contrary to popular belief, teaching preschoolers is not especially difficult, for they develop strict systems (e. g. , for sorting toys by shape), which help them to learn, and they are always intensely curious about something new in their world.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Children intensely curious about new things have very short attention spans' most seriously weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: Statistics in a country for four consecutive years show that the time of daylight saving time changes is 4% higher than other times car accident. These statistics show that the change of time has seriously affected the attention of drivers in a country.

Hypothesis: The prerequisite for this conclusion is that there are no other factors such as school holidays and holidays that lead to an increase in car accidents.


Premise: In rural planning and construction, we should highlight rural, regional and national characteristics, respect local traditional customs and customs, and not lose typical regional characteristics, distinctive national characteristics and excellent cultural traditions.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of this sentence is that rural planning and construction should highlight characteristics.


Premise: If a President is elected, then he or she won the nomination of a major party and received at least 270 Electoral College votes, even if he or she did not win the popular vote.

Hypothesis: Some Presidents have received less than 270 Electoral College votes must be true.


Premise: Environmentalist: Pollution from gasoline burned by cars contributes to serious environmental problems. But the cost of these problems is not reflected in gasoline prices, and hence usually does not affect consumers' decisions about how much to drive. Heavier taxes on gasoline, however, would reflect this cost, and as a result consumers would pollute less.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Consumers would purchase less gasoline, on average, if the cost of the environmental problems to which pollution from driving contributes were fully reflected in the price of gasoline' most strongly supports which one of the following.


Premise: Geologists in central Australia underground found two 3 km away from the surface of the diameter of more than 200 kilometers of mysterious natural landscape, the landscape of quartz sand with clusters of fine lines, in most of these fine lines are parallel to each other straight line, geologists believe that the landscape is likely to be formed a giant impact crater, And the structure of the quartz sand is evidence of the fracture.

Hypothesis: Only after a high-speed meteorite impact does the quartz sand in the strata show a fracture structure containing parallel lines is a necessary premise for the above argument.


Premise: Editor: Many candidates say that if elected they will reduce governmental intrusion into voters' lives. But voters actually elect politicians who instead promise that the government will provide assistance to solve their most pressing problems. Governmental assistance, however, costs money, and money can come only from taxes, which can be considered a form of governmental intrusion. Thus, governmental intrusion into the lives of voters will rarely be substantially reduced over time in a democracy.

Hypothesis: Politicians who win their elections usually keep their campaign promises would most strengthen the editor's argument.


Premise: Wechat provides a vibrant public life, which makes it difficult to reach a consensus on public discussion rules. The renovation speed of social tools is far faster than the formation speed of public discussion rules. In other words, this rapidly gushing discussion enthusiasm and the pleasure of just getting rid of realistic rules make people unwilling to be subject to any framework, so that in recent years, what rules to follow to debate, It has also become a common topic of public debate. As an expert said, shared media can promote the development of social forces independent of the state, but it obviously needs a long multi-dimensional collision and repeated struggle to take shape. Wechat not only promotes the freedom of individual discourse and the equality of discourse power, but also makes this standing in line and tearing more frequent and lower cost.

Hypothesis: The evolution of social tools has brought great impact and challenges to the rules of public discussion is the main content of this passage.


Premise: Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections?' would be most useful in evaluating the journalist's argument.


Premise: Navigation satellites are located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals throughout their coverage area. Beyond 20,000 kilometers, a whole new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, the most talked about being pulsar navigation. Pulsars are neutron stars that emit radio or X-ray radiation in the direction of their magnetic poles. They pulse when the axis of rotation does not coincide with the magnetic poles and sweeps across the Earth. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they are comparable to the best atomic clocks on Earth that they are also known as the atomic clocks of the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know where they are, you can use them for interstellar voyages.

Hypothesis: Some of the current difficulties of interstellar navigation is most likely to be introduced next.


Premise: Rational expectation means that when people anticipate an economic phenomenon, if they are rational, they will make full use of the information they get to act without making systematic mistakes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Liu immediately buying a house nearby after hearing rumors of a key middle school being built in the south of the city belongs to rational expectation.


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: Once the firm consciousness of taking the road of reform is established, the construction of socialist material civilization can be strengthened can be deduced from the above.


Premise: When many people browse the Internet, once they encounter the content that goes directly to the heart, the first thing is to find the QR code for forwarding, scan the phone quickly, store it, and share it at any time, which has become an unimaginative rule. On social media, negative emotions are often triggered by retweeted content, such as jealousy, slowness, or even anger, and the more controversial opinions and claims are, the more likely they are to be forwarded. Wharton School professors found that anger tops the list of easily shared emotions on social media, a study of China's Weibo service found. Rage spreads faster than happiness, sadness and disgust. Reflex retweets make people become indiscriminate responders, thinking less and less independently.

Hypothesis: The title of this paragraph is 'The inexplicable retweet of social media'.


Premise: Smog has regularly blanketed large areas of China in recent years. In the haze days, the weather forecast repeatedly reminds people to strengthen prevention, try to avoid outdoor activities, even if outdoor activities also need to take necessary protective measures. However, there are always a lot of brave people who don't take such warnings seriously and do all kinds of outdoor activities on smoggy days without wearing masks at all.

Hypothesis: The reason why these brave people do not wear masks in smoggy days could not be 'Haze will not cause sudden death, but the harm to people is long-term and serious.'


Premise: Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.

Hypothesis: For the vast majority of migrants workers, the homestead and responsible land in their rural hometown is their last guarantee of survival if the above statements are true.


Premise: The so-called viewpoint of information processing is to compare the human brain with the computer and regard the human brain as an information processing system similar to the computer. But this analogy is only functional, that is, it can only be an analogy at the behavioral level, regardless of the difference between biological cells and electronic components. In other words, this analogy involves only software, not hardware.

Hypothesis: The hardware in this paragraph is biological cells and electronic components.


Premise: After a follow-up study of 9 people wearing contact lenses and 11 people who did not wear contact lenses, the researchers found that compared with those without contact lenses, the average number of bacteria on the eyeball of people wearing contact lenses increased by an average of two times. There were also differences in the composition of eyeball surface flora between the two groups. Pseudomonas, a bacterium that causes corneal ulcer, is more common in the eyes of people with contact lenses. It can be seen that changing the flora in the eyes with contact lenses is more likely to lead to eye infection

Hypothesis: Since the emergence of soft contact lenses, the prevalence of corneal ulcer has increased significantly, if true, best supports the above argument.


Premise: The latest report by an international paleontology research team showed that the eunotosaurus living in South Africa 280 million years ago is the ancestor of modern tortoises. They survived the mass extinction from Permian to Triassic. At that time, in order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they worked hard to dig into the ground. At the same time, to ensure that their digging movement of forelimbs was strong enough, their body needed a stable support, which resulted in the continuous widening of their ribs. It can be concluded that the tortoise has a shell to adapt to the environment. And the shell is not for protection, but for digging holes underground.

Hypothesis: The forelimbs of the eunotosaurus are strong enough, so they do not need the protection of the tortoise shell should be added as a prerequisite for the rationality of the above conclusion.


Premise: Appreciation activity is not only a re-creation of the artistic image created by the artist, but also a re-evaluation of the life that the artist has evaluated in his works. Only after re-evaluation can appreciators draw their own conclusions about the social significance of the works of art and receive education from them.

Hypothesis: The process of transforming an image in a work into an image in one's own mind is the explanation of recreation according to the above conclusion.


Premise: Seasonal variation refers to the regular and obvious fluctuation of some objective phenomena in a year with the change of seasons.

Hypothesis: From June to August 2006, the sales volume of watermelon in Changsha City was the highest in the whole year is an example of seasonal variation.


Premise: Taking citizen satisfaction and happiness as the ultimate standard to test government work means that people-oriented is really becoming the core ruling concept of the government.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the sentence is that people oriented should be the core concept of government governance.


Premise: Thinking: refers to the human brain's reflection of objective and indirect generalizations. Thinking can be divided into (1) action thinking, which refers to the thinking supported by actual actions in the thinking process according to the object or the state of thinking in the thinking process. Its characteristic is that the task is intuitive, given in a concrete form, and the solution is actual action; (2) Thinking in images refers to the process of analyzing, synthesizing, abstracting, and summarizing appearances. It is characterized by vivid , vivid and objective Image; (3) Abstract thinking refers to the process of using concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms to reflect the law of movement of objective things, and to recognize the essential characteristics and internal connections of things.

Hypothesis: The option 'Holmes, by finding no other exit in the house, concluded that the murderer must have exited the chimney on the roof, even though the chimney was small' meets the definition of action thinking.


Premise: Although computers can help people communicate, computer games hinder the development of teenagers' communication skills. They spend their spare time playing computer games instead of communicating with others. Therefore, young people who spend their spare time playing computer games have worse communication skills than other children.

Hypothesis: The assumption that most children have other things to do besides playing computer games is most likely the basis for the above conclusions.


Premise: Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level.

Hypothesis: The assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on is that the school's requirements for the English proficiency of students for admission are the same as those for the completion of each subject after admission.


Premise: For the United States meat industry, there is good news and bad news. The bad news is that over the last three years people in the United States have been eating less meat. The good news, is that during this same time period meat producers' profits have risen steadily.

Hypothesis: Meat producers have invested large amounts of money in advertising in order to win back consumers who have decreased their meat consumption contributes most to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy above.


Premise: Human beings can only know knowledge, that is, known and unknown, but can not know non knowledge, let alone how many non knowledge exist. An accomplished scientist not only knows known and unknown in his mind far more than ordinary people, but also keeps a high degree of vigilance to non knowledge at any time. Once the opportunity appears, he can break through the shackles of known in his mind and try his best to transform non knowledge into knowledge.

Hypothesis: The transformation of non-knowledge into known needs to go through unknown can be inferred from above.


Premise: The slogan at the entrance of a forest farm clearly reads, No destruction of forests! Violators will be fined! One day, a nearby villager Yang went to the forest farm to cut down a tree and was waiting to be transported down the mountain by the forest ranger. Zhang found that Zhang not only criticized Yang, but also asked for a fine on Yang. Yang was dissatisfied with the fierce debate between the two sides. Yang said, I cut down a tree, not a forest, you should not fine me.

Hypothesis: Cutting down a tree is destroying the forest. Whoever destroys the forest will be fined is Zhang's logical rebuttal.


Premise: Claude: When I' m having lunch with job candidates, I watch to see if they salt their food without first tasting it. If they do, I count that against them, because they' re making decisions based on inadequate information. Larissa: That' s silly. It' s perfectly reasonable for me to wear a sweater whenever I go into a supermarket, because I already know supermarkets are always too cool inside to suit me. And I never open a credit card offer that comes in the mail, because I already know that no matter how low its interest rate may be, it will never be worthwhile for me.

Hypothesis: The principle that in matters involving personal preference, performing an action without first ascertaining whether it is appropriate in the specific circumstances should not be taken as good evidence of faulty decision making, because the action may be based on a reasoned policy relating to knowledge of a general fact about the circumstances can most reasonably be interpreted as invoked by Larissa's two analogies to criticize Claude's policy.


Premise: In recent years, many companies have competed to develop brain-training game software. there are dozens of puzzle games on the market. Although this kind of software manual is written in a variety of ways, it only emphasizes two points when it comes to its functions: enhancing brain functions such as attention, memory and information processing speed and slowing down the inevitable decline of brain function with age. Almost all of these companies claim that their game software programs are based on the latest scientific research.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the scientific nature of the development of puzzle game software is worth discussing.


Premise: It is choking when the water is sucked into the trachea and into the lungs. If you only put some water in a person's nose without letting him inhale it, he will not choke. Elephants are a case in point. If you look carefully, you will find that when drinking water, the elephant sucks some water through its nose (not into its lungs), then raises its head and puts the water from its nose into its mouth to drink. In the process, it only uses the nose as a tool to absorb water, not as an organ to drink water.

Hypothesis: The point to be demonstrated in this paragraph is that elephants like to suck a little water from their noses and put them in their mouths to drink.


Premise: When the famous art collector Vidmar died, a public auction of her collection, the largest privately owned, was held. I can' t possibly afford any of those works because hers is among the most valuable collections ever assembled by a single person,  declared art lover MacNeil.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in which each word in the book is in French and the whole book is in French is most closely parallel to that in MacNeil's argument.


Premise: The gold standard rule means that in terms of brand positioning and advertising performance, set up a statement for the brand that can make it better than similar brands, thus reflecting that the brand is superior and superior. The contents of the gold standard rule can be as follows: emphasize leadership and professionalism; highlight the superior quality of products; establish scientific rules of use; highlight the advanced nature of the brand in technology, technology, etc.; spread the egotistical brand value and image and so on.

Hypothesis: The slogan of a health product is Cranes dance in Changshan, my heart flies! does not apply the gold standard rule according to the above definition.


Premise: Morton: In order to succeed in today' s society, one must have a college degree. Skeptics have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. This success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful.

Hypothesis: Morton's argument is flawed because it assumes what it sets out to conclude.


Premise: Xiao Li said, I passed all the exams this time and got my motor vehicle driver's license.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Li's statement is not true, then Xiao Li failed in at least one subject.


Premise: Tabloid magazines that report alien landings and celebrity sightings may be considered plebeian, but the public evidently prefers them to weekly newsmagazines that report more conventional news. A comparison of newsstand revenues shows far higher sales volumes for tabloids than for weekly newsmagazines.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider whether the news is any less conventional in tabloid magazines than in weekly newsmagazines.


Premise: Dana: It is wrong to think that the same educational methods should be used with all children. Many children have been raised in more communal environments than others and would ttherefore learn better through group, rather than individual, activities. A child' s accustomed style of learning should always dictate what method is used. Pat: No, not always. The flexibility of being able to work either on one' s own or in a group is invaluable in a world where both skills are in demand.

Hypothesis: The conversation lends the most support to the claim that Dana and Pat disagree on the idea that all children can learn valuable skills from individual activities.


Premise: The obesity rate of children from poor families is nearly twice as high as that of children from rich families, according to statistics from a Chinese health department. According to government data released in December 2012, more than 24.3 percent of 11-year-olds from poor families were overweight, compared with 13.7 percent of children from affluent families. As a result, experts believe that the poorer the family, the more likely children are to be overweight.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Children from poor families often attend different schools from those from rich families' best supports the conclusion.


Premise: Anthropologists measured human skulls at various periods in history and found that the average brain capacity of contemporary adults is 1349 milliliters, compared with the brain capacity of Mesolithic humans, the brain capacity of men is reduced by 10%. The brain capacity of women is reduced by 17%. The researchers believe that in an era of increasingly clear division of labor, people with a cooperative spirit have more opportunities to survive and reproduce than others, and survival of the friendliest is an important reason for the shrinking human brain.

Hypothesis: Cooperation will reduce human aggressiveness, and the reduction of aggressiveness will lead to lighter body and less brain capacity best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Smith' s new grazing land consists entirely of fescue grass. Half of the grass contains a species of fungus that makes cows ill when they eat it. Smith' s cows will most likely learn to graze exclusively on the grass that does not contain the fungus, since, like many other animals, cows will avoid eating a patch of grass if they sense a substance in it that has made them ill.

Hypothesis: At least one other species of fungus is contained in the fescue grass that does not contain the fungus that makes cows ill is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: G is the next speaker after M if L speaks before lunch and M is not the sixth speaker.


Premise: Goethe said, if people want to pursue something, they have to make mistakes. Of course, this does not mean that you should not try to prevent and reduce mistakes, or that you can take a nonchalant attitude towards mistakes, but that you should not be timid and timid because you are afraid of mistakes. We are also afraid of this and that, and we will not be able to achieve a career.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that if one wants to invent and make a career, one should not be afraid of mistakes.


Premise: Commodity is the product of labor produced for exchange.

Hypothesis: Pigs fed by professional pig farmers is not a commodity.


Premise: For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, ttherefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Hypothesis: Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: With regard to the current increase in trading volume in the real estate market, some analysts believe that China's real estate engine may restart. If so, this will lead China's economy out of the doldrums against a backdrop of foreign demand difficulties. Compared with the situation in Japan in 1986, if the government guides properly, China's economy may take the lead in getting out of the predicament because of the restart of the real estate industry. Of course, based on the experience of the United States at that time, economic restart may be a relatively long process.

Hypothesis: With the restart and revitalization of the real estate industry, China's economy will be the first to get out of the trough is correct based on the above conclusion.


Premise: Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.

Hypothesis: Mr. Ma receives visiting customers and explains his company to them in Mandarin. Knowing that there are two shaanxi customers, immediately hold up the Shaanxi dialect and they talked about a few words does not belong to code-switching.


Premise: One study involved 80 young people aged 13 to 25 with early symptoms of schizophrenia. Half were randomly assigned to take fish oil tablets for 3 months and the other half were given a placebo for 3 months. The researchers followed the subjects for seven years and found that only 10 percent of those taking fish oil tablets developed schizophrenia, compared with 40 percent of those taking a placebo. Therefore, the researchers concluded that taking fish oil tablets may help prevent schizophrenia in adolescents.

Hypothesis: Fish oil tablets have been tried in adults with schizophrenia, but experiments have found no effect is the least likely to challenge the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: Early childhood education in the United States focuses on cultivating children's critical thinking. An important point is to distinguish between fact statements and opinion statements. Fact statements can be verified. There are true and false but not good or bad; opinions are mostly subjective. Experience, influenced by values, etc.

Hypothesis: The slogan for the Liang brand 65-inch frameless all-glass ultra-thin TV is "giving you a general view of the sea," which takes into account both facts and opinions.


Premise: Certain instruments used in veterinary surgery can be made either of stainless steel or of nylon. In a study of such instruments, 50 complete sterilizations of a set of nylon instruments required 3. 4 times the amount of energy used to manufacture that set of instruments, whereas 50 complete sterilizations of a set of stainless steel instruments required 2. 1 times the amount of energy required to manufacture that set of instruments.

Hypothesis: The statement "The 50 complete sterilizations of the nylon instruments used more energy than did the 50 complete sterilizations of the stainless steel instruments" could not be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Differential competition means that many enterprises in the same industry adopt flexible and personalized means to establish a good corporate image and win the market in the short-term fierce competition.

Hypothesis: In the general depressed environment of physical bookstores, a bookstore located in a busy neighborhood has always maintained its market positioning and committed to selling high-grade professional books. It has become a local cultural landmark belongs to differential competition.


Premise: If a crisis occurs, the company can take very effective measures to eliminate the crisis, which can actually increase the company's reputation. A very good reputation may be destroyed in an instant because of an incident; while a bad reputation often takes a long time to eliminate it.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is easier to destroy a good reputation than to eliminate a bad one" is most supported if the above statement is true.


Premise: A successful chess-playing computer would prove either that a machine can think or that chess does not involve thinking. In either case the conception of human intelligence would certainly change.

Hypothesis: The statement 'a successful chess-playing computer would not model a human approach to chess playing' is the reasoning above that is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it does not consider the possibility.


Premise: Economies of Scope is an economy brought about by the business scope rather than scale of manufacturers. It is an economic phenomenon that the cost of producing two products at the same time is lower than that of producing the second product respectively

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the expansion of the production line of a brewery that acquired a small brewery with operating losses, resulting in reduced raw material procurement cost and improved beer production efficiency for both plants, belongs to Economies of Scope.


Premise: The lack of legal aid makes it difficult for the legislative and judicial progress in the protection of criminal human rights to benefit all or even most of the criminal suspects and defendants, resulting in a binary imbalance. Because lawyers can make use of the advantages of resources such as legal knowledge and litigation experience to guide the handling of cases in a direction that is beneficial to their clients, the acceptance rate of their defense opinions such as voluntary surrender and meritorious service is relatively high, so criminal suspects with defense lawyers, defendants are more qualified and likely to enjoy the institutional dividend brought about by the progress of the rule of law than those without defense lawyers. Get more opportunities for leniency and even acquittal.

Hypothesis: The lack of legal aid may affect the realization of the rights and interests of criminal suspects and defendants is what the author intends to explain through this passage.


Premise: In a report analyzing the results of the 2008 Olympic wrestling program, it is suggested that in the competition. Athletes in red suits won about 55 % of the rounds. Defeated the competitor in  blue suits. Therefore, wearing a red suit in a wrestling event is beneficial to  an athlete winnng.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that athletes in red suits also won more races in a boxing competition can weaken the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: With the passage of the new tax reform laws, the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.

Hypothesis: Under the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no longer be required to do so most undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: One of the things lenders do in evaluating the risk of a potential borrower defaulting on a loan is to consider the potential borrower' s credit score. In general, the higher the credit score, the less the risk of default. Yet for mortgage loans, the proportion of defaults is much higher for borrowers with the highest credit scores than for other borrowers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mortgage lenders are much less likely to consider risk factors other than credit score when evaluating borrowers with the highest credit scores' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the statements above.


Premise: Most ancient Chinese scientific works are empirical summaries rather than theoretical discussions. All the inventions recorded are to solve practical problems in national and social life, rather than trying to make a major breakthrough in a certain research field. In terms of research methods, Chinese science and technology attaches importance to comprehensive overall research and grasp things as a whole, Instead of separating the research objects from the complex connections, studying their entities and attributes independently and exploring their mysteries in detail, this made the science and technology in ancient China not develop to a higher level.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this paragraph is that solving practical problems is the driving force to promote the development of science and technology in ancient China.


Premise: On the first day of trout season a team of biologists went with local trout anglers to the Macawber River. Each angler who caught at least 2 trout chose exactly 2 of these trout for the biologists to weigh. A total of 90 fish were weighed. The measurements show that at the beginning of this season the average trout in the Macawber River weighed approximately 1. 6 kilograms.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it makes a generalization from a sample that is unlikely to be representative.


Premise: Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, ttherefore, only if we adopt this plan.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the commissioner's argument is flawed because this argument confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution.


Premise: A company is looking for a business manager, Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li to apply for the job. Xiao Zhang said, if I become a business manager, I will forge ahead and develop new business. Xiao Li said, if I become a manager, I will optimize management and reduce personnel. In the end, one of them became a business manager and successfully realized his work proposition.

Hypothesis: The company has not only opened up new business, but also reduced its personnel must be true.


Premise: The area of floating ice in the Arctic sea area is gradually decreasing, with a total reduction of about 20%, making it difficult for polar bears to have a long-term foothold on the floating ice. In addition, some countries hunt and kill a large number of seals, making it less and less for polar bears to prey on seals on the floating ice. When we came to a bay near 80 degrees north latitude on the northwest coast of Spitsbergen Island, the Arctic, We were surprised to shoot the whole process of polar bear fishing. We saw that polar bears changed their habit of feeding on seals and not going into the water and began to jump out of the cold water to catch fish.

Hypothesis: The passage fully shows that environmental changes have changed the living habits of polar bears.


Premise: A report that watermelons contain swelling agents may affect their health, which has little impact on consumers, and few consumers intend to change their buying habits of watermelons. Still, in July, a month after the report, watermelon sales in a large supermarket chain fell sharply.

Hypothesis: The statement "There are many kinds of fruits on the market in July, and consumers buy other fruits to replace watermelons" can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Compared with the previous marketing system, the overseas marketing system of multinational enterprises is very different. Some more effective marketing strategies in the domestic market may not be suitable for the overseas market. If you copy the domestic marketing strategy, you may be frustrated in developing the overseas market, and adopting the appropriate strategy of regional differentiation will improve the effect of overseas marketing, it plays an important role in promoting the development of overseas markets. In fact, the vast majority of multinational enterprises that adopt differentiated marketing strategy are successful enterprises. Of course, some multinational enterprises that do not adopt differentiated marketing strategy also succeed. However, all successful multinational enterprises have a common feature, that is, they all focus on the long-term development of enterprises, It has a relatively perfect strategic management system.

Hypothesis: Some multinational enterprises that focus on the long-term development of enterprises and have a relatively complete strategic management system are multinational enterprises that do not adopt differentiated marketing strategy must be correct if the above statements are correct.