Premise: Fearing competition from stores that rent video games for home use, owners of stores that sell video games lobbied for protective legislation. Citing as a precedent legislation that postpones home film rentals until one year after general release to theaters, the video sellers proposed as an equitable solution a plan that would postpone rental of any video game until it had been available for sale for one year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who rent video games tend to play them by themselves, whereas people who rent films invite friends and neighbors to watch' would support an objection by owners of video rental stores that the fairness of the proposed legislation is not supported by the precedent cited.


Premise: A community recently conducted a survey on the relationship between pet ownership and happiness in family life. The survey interviewed 100 families, including the type of pets, the time of keeping pets, the education and occupation of family members, and so on. The results show that the happiness of family members in families with pets is generally higher than that in families without pets. This shows that keeping pets helps to improve the happiness of family life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The people who keep pets in this community are usually the residents with better living conditions' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Although he later stepped into philosophical pessimism, it had nothing to do with his life. In the real world, he can be regarded as a lucky man.

Hypothesis: The most correct understanding of the above words is that his luck in the real world led to his philosophical pessimism.


Premise: Dana: It is wrong to think that the same educational methods should be used with all children. Many children have been raised in more communal environments than others and would ttherefore learn better through group, rather than individual, activities. A child' s accustomed style of learning should always dictate what method is used. Pat: No, not always. The flexibility of being able to work either on one' s own or in a group is invaluable in a world where both skills are in demand.

Hypothesis: The conversation lends the most support to the claim that Dana and Pat disagree on the statement that 'All children should learn to adapt to various educational methods.'


Premise: Caterpillars of all species produce an identical hormone called juvenile hormone that maintains feeding behavior. Only when a caterpillar has grown to the right size for pupation to take place does a special enzyme halt the production of juvenile hormone. This enzyme can be synthesized and will, on being ingested by immature caterpillars, kill them by stopping them from feeding.

Hypothesis: Many agricultural pests do not go through a caterpillar stage most strongly supports the view that it would NOT be advisable to try to eradicate agricultural pests that go through a caterpillar stage by spraying croplands with the enzyme mentioned above.


Premise: Dr. Libokov: Certain islands near New Zealand are home to the tuatara, reptiles that are the sole surviving members of the sphenodontidans. Sphenodontidans were plentiful throughout the world during the age of the dinosaurs. But the survival of sphenodontidans near New Zealand, and their total disappearance elsewhere, is no mystery. New Zealand and nearby islands have no native land mammals. Land mammals, plentiful elsewhere, undoubtedly became major predators of sphenodontidans and their eggs, leading to their extinction. Dr. Santos: In fact, the tuatara thrive only on a few islands near New Zealand. On all those where land mammals, such as rats, dogs, or cats, have been introduced in recent years, the tuatara are now extinct or nearly so.

Hypothesis: Dr. Santos' response provides additional evidence in support of Dr. Libokov's hypothesis.


Premise: One adaptation that enables an animal species to survive despite predation by other species is effective camouflage. Yet some prey species with few or no other adaptations to counteract predation have endured for a long time with black-and-white coloration that seems unlikely to provide effective camouflage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Animals of many predatory species do not perceive color or pattern in the same manner as humans do' most contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy mentioned above.


Premise: Advertisement: Most power hedge trimmers on the market do an adequate job of trimming hedges, but many power hedge trimmers are dangerous to operate and can cause serious injury when used by untrained operators. Bolter Industries' hedge trimmer has been tested by National Laboratories, the most trusted name in safety testing. So you know, if you buy a Bolter' s, you are buying a power hedge trimmer whose safety is assured.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'How important to the average buyer of a power hedge trimmer is safety of operation' would be most useful in evaluating the truth of the conclusion drawn in the advertisement.


Premise: Wildlife conservation organizations: if there is no trade, there will be no killing; without killing, man and nature can live in harmony.

Hypothesis: As long as the trade is banned, man and nature will live in harmony if the above statement is true.


Premise: Behavioral science research shows that relationships at work are usually less complex and more relaxed. It may be because this interpersonal relationship is more regular, more predictable, and therefore easier to coordinate. Because people know that they have to work together and cooperate with each other every day in order to get some work done.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this passage is that maintaining good interpersonal relationships requires joint efforts.


Premise: Archaeologist: The earliest evidence of controlled fire use in Europe dates to just 400, 000 years ago. This casts doubt on the commonly held view that, because of Europe' s cold winter climate, mastery of fire was a necessary prerequisite for humans' migration there.

Hypothesis: There were humans inhabiting Europe prior to 400,000 years ago is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent and it can only be the product of culture.

Hypothesis: The statement "The vast majority of the inhabitants of primitive tribes can only represent a number of less than 5 or less" if true, can best support the views of opponents.


Premise: Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members' inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Ttherefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if the statement 'In terms of the criteria used to award royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions' were inserted into the argument as an additional premise.


Premise: Today's Mars stands in stark contrast to its early history, when it was warmer and wetter and perhaps more hospitable to life. Future Mars missions will dig deeper for evidence of life, which may still take refuge underground.

Hypothesis: The surface of Mars is not suitable for any life is presupposed by the above statement.


Premise: Stealth aircraft can be stealthy mainly by using a series of stealth high and new technologies, including stealth materials for body skeleton and skin, surface stealth coating materials, shape stealth structure, infrared radiation reduction technology, noise reduction technology and electronic interference technology, etc. There are several kinds of stealth materials for making stealth aircraft skeleton and skin, the most commonly used are carbon fiber reinforced resin composites, carbon fiber and carbon matrix carbon-carbon composites, silicon carbide wire reinforced aluminum composites and so on. these composites are light in weight and can absorb radar waves. In the skin of the American B-2 stealth bomber, a honeycomb sandwich material is also used as a lining to further improve the ability of the body to absorb radar waves. In order to obtain the perfect double insurance effect, the outer surface of the whole fuselage is also coated with a layer of nickel-cobalt ferrite or a stealth coating composed of metal and metal oxide ultra-fine powder. This kind of coating can increase the magnetic loss of irradiated radar waves and play the role of absorbing and transmitting waves.

Hypothesis: Reveal the invisible material that makes the aircraft invisible is the best option for heading this text.


Premise: C died of poisoning. For this reason, A and B were interrogated by the judge. A said that if it was murder, it must have been done by B. B says that if it's not suicide, it's murder. The judge made the following assumptions: (1) if neither A nor B lied, then it was an accident. (2) if one of A and B lied, then it was not an accident. The final facts show that the judge's assumption is correct.

Hypothesis: The statement 'C is suicide' most severely weakens the above argument.


Premise: Knowledge marketing refers to injecting certain knowledge content and cultural connotation into the advertising, publicity and public relations of enterprises in the marketing process of enterprises, helping consumers increase commodity related and practical information and knowledge, and improve their consumption and quality of life, so as to achieve the purpose of promoting products, establishing image and improving brand competitiveness.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A health product manufacturer going deep into the community to hold a healthy life lecture for residents, and promoting its health products in the lecture belongs to knowledge marketing.


Premise: All venous blood samples were tested and no positive HIV antibodies were found.

Hypothesis: Some venous blood samples have not been tested, or positive HIV antibodies have been found if the above assertion is false.


Premise: Book publishers have traditionally published a few books that they thought were of intrinsic merit even though these books were unlikely to make a profit. Nowadays, however, fewer of these books are being published. It seems, ttherefore, that publishers now, more than ever, are more interested in making money than in publishing books of intrinsic value.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There has been a notable decline in the quality of books written in recent years' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The rate of health complications of patients on intravenous (IV) therapy at a particular hospital was higher than usual. Government inspectors found that the typical IV solutions used in this hospital had somewhat high concentrations of sodium and potassium, which were raising patients' blood pressure and taxing their kidneys. The government inspectors mandated lowering the sodium and potassium in these IV preparations, and threatened with a possible government fine. In compliance, the hospital lowered the sodium and potassium levels in the IV solutions to the correct levels. Nevertheless, patients on IV therapy at that hospital continued to have a high rate of health complications.

Hypothesis: A high proportion of patients at this hospital are older, and older patients are more vulnerable to infections that can accompany IVs helps to explain why acting on the government inspectors' recommendations failed to achieve its goal.


Premise: A charity called on companies to donate tents to an area hit by torrential rain. As a token of gratitude, a certain area asked the organization which companies had donated. After investigation, we found that: (1) none of the four enterprises donated; (2) the D enterprise did not donate; (3) at least one enterprise of the B enterprise and the D enterprise did not donate; and (4) there were indeed corporate donations among the four enterprises. It was later learned that two of the above four situations were true and two were false.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Enterprise D made a donation.


Premise: In the face of parents' doubts about the excessive formaldehyde in the classroom decorated for two months in a primary school, the principal of the primary school responded: I have been to all the classrooms one by one and didn't smell any peculiar smell, so the formaldehyde doesn't exceed the standard.

Hypothesis: Even for rooms without peculiar smell after decoration, formaldehyde may exceed the standard within a few months after decoration can best refute the certification of the primary school principal.


Premise: As an edible sugar, fructose has been widely used in the food processing industry. Fructose is kept in the blood after entering human cells. Its metabolic pathway in the human body is independent of insulin. The intake of human body does not cause fluctuations in blood glucose and insulin levels. Therefore, fructose has a smaller effect on glucose in patients with diabetes than glucose, and blood sugar in diabetic patients does not increase after fructose intake. Fructose is a kind of sugar beneficial to health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When fructose enters the body, it is easier to convert into triglycerides than glucose, and finally produce more fat, which is stored in the viscera' does not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on the human brain, and if you keep persistent exercising, the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease will be reduced.

Hypothesis: If the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is reduced, it must be the result of persistent exercise can be inferred.


Premise: The effort involved in lying produces measurable physiological reactions such as a speedup of the heartbeat. Since lying is accompanied by physiological reactions, lie-detector tests that can detect these reactions are a sure way of determining when someone is lying.

Hypothesis: For people who are not lying, the tension of taking a lie-detector test can produce physiological reactions identical to the ones that accompany the act of lying most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Categorization refers to the individual's perception and judgment of the position of himself or others in society, which is not only based on the criteria of different classification of social systems in real society, but also based on the process of social comparison between himself and others. Classification is divided into social classification and self-classification. Social categorization is a subjective psychological process in which individuals divide others into different groups based on the similarity of sharing. Self-categorization means that the process of an individual from an independent individual to a member of a group is realized through classification, and the attribution of the group and the orientation of membership are realized through de-personalization.

Hypothesis: Doctor Wang is often very proud of his profession is the self-classification according to the above definition.


Premise: The well-being of the people in the current sense is different from the simple state of food and clothing in the history, but includes extremely rich contents: not only the rights and dignity of the people, but also the income and consumption of the people, as well as freedom, security, social security and spiritual life.

Hypothesis: The main statement according to the above text is that people's well-being has shifted from material to spiritual.


Premise: Essayist: Only happiness is intrinsically valuable; other things are valuable only insofar as they contribute to happiness. Some philosophers argue that the fact that we do not approve of a bad person' s being happy shows that we value happiness only when it is deserved. This supposedly shows that we find something besides happiness to be intrinsically valuable. But the happiness people deserve is determined by the amount of happiness they bring to others. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the only way to be assured of happiness is to bring happiness to those who have done something to deserve it' most logically completes the final sentence of the essayist's argument.


Premise: Economist: the personal income tax in the United States is a progressive tax, and the tax law is extremely complicated. People who want to pay taxes honestly often make mistakes in declaration because of misunderstandings, while people who deliberately evade taxes can always find loopholes in the tax law. Generally speaking, the space of tax avoidance is proportional to the complexity of the tax system, and the ability of tax avoidance is proportional to the level of taxpayers' income. Most of the tax avoidance space caused by the complex tax system will be used by the rich, so that the progressive tax can not reach the progressive degree stipulated in the tax law, and its function of regulation and distribution is also greatly weakened.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In 1981, Americans put forward the idea of abolishing the progressive tax rate and implementing a single tax rate' provides the strongest support for the above argument of economists.


Premise: Mysterious ancient tracks cut into limestone have recently been found on the island of Malta. The tracks wander, sometimes disappearing under modem structures. Their origin and purpose are unknown, but evidence indicates that they could have connected settlements or water sources. One archaeologist hypothesizes, based on the tracks' physical appearance and surroundings, that they were made in about 1000 B. C. by animal-drawn carts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some of the tracks connect areas that are sources of fresh water on Malta today' most helps to support the archaeologist's hypothesis mentioned above.


Premise: Xiao Chen was refused entry to the ancient book library by the staff because he did not have the status of a graduate student. Xiao Chen showed the pass of the rare book library of ancient books and said: According to the regulations, I can enter the ancient book library. The rule of it is that non-graduate students are not allowed to enter the ancient book library, and only those who have a pass for the pass of the rare book library of ancient books can enter the rare book library of ancient books.

Hypothesis: Xiao Chen's understanding of the rules of the ancient book library is that if you have a pass of the rare book library of ancient books, you can enter the ancient book library.


Premise: Judging the sex of human remains in archeological research is of great significance for understanding the structure of ancient society. Scientists have discovered that tooth enamel contains amelogenin, and the gene encoding this protein happens to be located on the sex chromosomes-X and Y chromosomes, the researcher It is believed that the method of using teeth to determine the sex of the remains can be used for archaeological research.

Hypothesis: Teeth are the easiest to find and best preserved parts of ancient human remains, if true, best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Attention can be divided into two types: seemingly attentive and seemingly inattentive. Attention seems to mean paying attention to something on the surface, but actually thinking about something else in mind. Inattention seems to mean that you don't seem to pay attention to something but actually pay great attention to it in your heart.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the scout finding the suspect in the crowd, pretending not to see it, and then creeping up and catching him unexpectedly does not seem to pay attention to.


Premise: Although the fact is that the sanitation inspection procedures of institutions that prepare banquets are much stricter than those of ordinary restaurants, there are more food poisoning cases reported to the municipal health department than ordinary restaurants.

Hypothesis: People are unlikely to establish a connection between eating a meal and the disease that ensues, unless the disease affects an interconnected group can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Principle: Even if an art auction house identifies the descriptions in its catalog as opinions, it is guilty of misrepresentation if such a description is a deliberate attempt to mislead bidders. Application: Although Healy' s, an art auction house, states that all descriptions in its catalog are opinions, Healy' s was guilty of misrepresentation when its catalog described a vase as dating from the mid-eighteenth century when it was actually a modern reproduction.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Without consulting anyone with expertise in authenticating vases, Healy's described the vase as dating from the mid-eighteenth century merely in order to increase its auction price' most justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: Generally speaking, the amount of deposits obtained by the bank determines the bank's ability to lend. However, in many cases, it is a well-known fact that the number of bank loans exceeds the amount of deposits it receives. If the number of such loans is excessive, it will lead to inflation.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that a relatively stable lending policy can bring benefits to both banks and depositors.


Premise: People from different language groups and cultures need to communicate with each other and must find communication tools. On one level, they can rely on specially trained professionals who can proficiently use two or more languages for interpretation and translation. But this is inconvenient, and the time and cost are expensive. Therefore, throughout history, there has been a common language. In the ancient world and the medieval world, it was Latin, in the West for centuries it was French, and in Africa. Swahili was spoken in many areas, and English was spoken in most parts of the world in the second half of the 20th century.

Hypothesis: The option 'Human beings have conducted long-term exploration to find a universal language' is meant to illustrate.


Premise: A, B, C, and D are comparing their heights. A said:I am the highest. B said: I am not the shortest. C said: although I am shorter than A, there are still people shorter than me. D Say: I'm probably the shortest. The actual measurement showed that only one person was wrong.

Hypothesis: The correct order for the four people from high to short is B,A,C,D.


Premise: Humans have been fighting against malaria for centuries, but it has always been a temporary solution but not a permanent cure and unable to block the source of malaria infection. Recently, researchers have developed a genetically modified mosquito that has the ability to no longer infect malaria and can hinder the reproduction of wild mosquitoes, thereby effectively cutting off the transmission route of malaria between humans and mosquitoes, and over time, the stubborn disease of malaria can be eradicated.

Hypothesis: The reproductive ability of genetically modified mosquitoes has increased significantly after 9 generations, which may lead to the extinction of wild mosquito populations would best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Green design refers to the consideration of the environmental properties of the product throughout the product cycle, such as detachability, recyclability, maintainability, reusability and so on, and takes it as the design goal. While meeting the conditions of environmental protection, ensure that the quality of the product reaches the optimal state.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, using green plants instead of bricks, stone, steel, and cement to build walls is consistent with the concept of green design.


Premise: The cost of making in China has been rising in recent years, and the cost of making in China is close to that of the United States, according to data from the Boston Consulting Group of the United States. Based on the United States (100), the manufacturing index in China is 96, that is, the same product costs $1 to be made in the United States and $0.96 to be made in China. Although labor costs in China have risen, the income of Chinese workers is significantly lower than that of workers in the same industry in the United States.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'In recent years, the cost of fixed assets, energy, etc., which have been invested in China, are on the rise' is true, it can best explain the above seemingly contradictory phenomena.


Premise: Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, red symbolizes enthusiasm. As soon as I see red, my blood boils. Xiao Li wrote two words in red and said to Xiao Zhang, do you feel blood boiling?

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, "Is the sea salty? Otherwise, go and taste those two words to see if it tastes salty?" is consistent with the given stem.


Premise: General Manager: It is recommended that both Xiao Li and Xiao Sun be promoted. Chairman: I have different opinions.

Hypothesis: The statement "Both Xiao Li and Xiao Sun are not promoted" fits the chairman's meaning.


Premise: Technology is radically improving the quality of life in some communities, and not only by direct application of innovations. After all, the design, production, testing, and marketing of new technology has itself become a growing industry that is turning around the fortunes of once-ailing communities. The companies involved create jobs, add to the tax base, and contribute to an upbeat spirit of renewal.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the argument as a whole is that either the creation or the direct application of technological innovations is radically improving the quality of life in most communities.


Premise: Mr. Li decided not to visit mountains and Jiuzhai in the future. He must have visited Wu Yue and Jiu Zhai

Hypothesis: Lung diseases are largely related to smoking. Patients with lung tumors usually choose to quit smoking. Li Gang plans to quit smoking recently. He must have found lung tumors is most similar to the logical reasoning structure of the above sentence.


Premise: Researcher Wang: the mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation put forward by our government inspires every entrepreneur. For entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to have a perseverance. No matter what difficulties you encounter in starting a business, you must stick to it. Professor Li: for entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to dare to try new technologies. Because there are some new technologies that some big companies do not dare to try easily, this brings opportunities for entrepreneurs to succeed.

Hypothesis: The most accurate point of the difference between Professor Wang and Professor Li is that the most important thing is to persist in the spirit, not afraid of difficulties, or dare to try new technologies and seize the opportunity for career success.


Premise: For most people, the impression of the Great Wall is magnificent and winding, such as Badaling, Juyongguan, Shanhaiguan, Mutianyu and other scenic spots. However, they account for less than the whole great wall, and most of the rest are submerged in the wilderness, so the protection situation is worrying.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ancient Great Wall in remote areas has been stolen and excavated' supports the above conclusion best.


Premise: In a factory, there is an employee dormitory with 7 people A, B, C, D, E, F, J and G, each of whom needs to be on duty one day in turn every week, and only one person is arranged to be on duty every day. The arrangement of their duty also needs to meet the following conditions :(1) B is on duty on Tuesday or Saturday; (2) If A is on duty on Monday, then C is on duty on Wednesday and E is on duty on Friday; (3) If A is not on duty on Monday, then he is on duty on Thursday and G on duty on Friday; (4) If B is on duty on Tuesday, he is on duty on Saturday.

Hypothesis: A is on duty on Monday must be false if H is on Thursday.


Premise: Leisure sports refers to various forms of sports activities that people voluntarily choose and engage in under the relatively free social living environment and conditions. It is not only a social phenomenon of sports, but also an existing form of sports. It is one of the main ways of social leisure activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, marathon runner Xiao Li plays with his friends during the holidays belongs to leisure sports.


Premise: Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, ttherefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

Hypothesis: None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated is an assumption on which the author's argument relies.


Premise: Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level.

Hypothesis: The assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on is that the school may have unfair discrimination in assessing the scores of Chinese students.


Premise: The food safety problem has always been a chronic disease in our country, and the reasons for it, experts said. This is related to the huge profits of certain food industries. It is necessary to expand the production of these industries and increase the supply, and the food safety problem will gradually disappear.

Hypothesis: Milk powder is currently oversupply in our country, and leather milk has recently revived in the market best refutes the above view.


Premise: The column settings of a literary journal website are usually adjusted at any time based on reader feedback and page views. In September last year, a batch of new columns appeared on the revised website. Among them, 5 columns are serials of comedy and humor, 3 columns are serials of long-form science fiction novels, and 2 columns are literary criticism. As of January this year, only 7 of these newly launched columns are still being updated, 5 of which are serials of comedy and humor.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, there is only one column in the category of long-form science fiction novel that continues to be updated.


Premise: Xiao Zhang asked Xiao Li to go to the shopping mall the next day. Xiao Li said, If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I will go climbing. The next day, it started to drizzle. Xiao Zhang thought Xiao Li would not go climbing anymore, so he went to Xiao Li's dormitory for him, but he knew that Xiao Li was still going to climb the mountain. When the two met again, Xiao Zhang blamed Xiao Li for breaking his promise, since it was raining, why did you still go climbing? Xiao Li said that he did not break his promise, and Xiao Zhang's assertion is illogical.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang's assertion is illogical is an appropriate statement regarding the argument between the two.


Premise: A foreign professor recently pointed out that a person with a baby face means he will enjoy a longer life, because people's living conditions are easily reflected in their faces. Since the spring of 1990, the professor's team has conducted physical and cognitive tests on 1826 pairs of twins over the age of 70 and took pictures of their faces. Without knowing their exact age, three research assistants first assessed the age of twins in different age groups and found that even twins were very different in age. The team then followed the twins' lives in their later years for several years until they died. The older the twins, the more likely they are to die first, according to the survey.

Hypothesis: Appearance age is the concentrated embodiment of everyone's living environment, living conditions and mentality, and has little to do with life aging is the most likely to refute the professor's findings.


Premise: Advertisement: The new Reflex computer represents a conceptual advance. Unlike traditional computers, the Reflex has a built-in monitoring function that continuously checks all other computer operations and lets you know if they are malfunctioning in any way, thus preventing the loss of data. With the Reflex, ttherefore, you' ll never lose data again!

Hypothesis: The statement 'The monitoring function of the Reflex does not reduce the computer's speed' is an assumption on which the advertisement's argument depends.


Premise: Not all the elderly are suitable to participate in investment activities and the vast majority of investments require investors to have a wealth of professional knowledge. But most elderly people are so deficient in this respect that they can only be fooled by some swindlers. Compared with the stock market, funds and other securities investments, the elderly are more likely to be fooled into investing in works of art. If they do not have enough identification ability, they will be deceived and think that they have encountered the beauty of picking up leaks.

Hypothesis: Some elderly people do not have enough ability to identify, but will encounter the leak of the good things can be inferred based on the above statement.


Premise: Even though trading in ivory has been outlawed by international agreement, some piano makers still use ivory, often obtained illegally, to cover piano keys. Recently, experts have devised a synthetic ivory that, unlike earlier ivory substitutes, has found favor with concert pianists throughout the world. But because piano makers have never been major consumers of ivory, the development of the synthetic ivory will ttherefore probably do little to help curb the killing of elephants, from whose tusks most natural ivory is obtained.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The most common use for natural ivory is in ornamental carvings, which are prized not only for the quality of their workmanship but also for the authenticity of their materials' most helps to strengthen the argument.


Premise: Red admiral butterflies fly in a highly irregular fashion, constantly varying their speed, wing strokes, and flight path. While predators avoid poisonous butterfly species, nonpoisonous butterflies like the red admiral need to elude predators to survive. Scientists ttherefore hypothesize that the red admiral' s flight style, which is clearly not energy efficient, evolved as a means of avoiding predators.

Hypothesis: No species of poisonous butterfly has an irregular flight style like that of the red admiral most strengthens the support for the scientists' hypothesis.


Premise: If a person's behavior has a harmful impact on others and society, others or society can certainly blame and interfere with him. But what if this is not the case? For example, if a person smokes in the house where he lives alone, a person yells in the wilderness, and a person surfs the Internet in the middle of the night, should we care? In my opinion, whether or not to interfere with an act depends on whether such interference is conducive to the improvement of the public interest, whether it infringes upon the legitimate rights of the parties, and so on.

Hypothesis: The speaker in the subject is most willing to say that acts that do not harm the interests of others should not be criticized and interfered by society.


Premise: In today's society, QR code payment methods have been widely used in offline micro-payment scenarios such as catering stores, supermarkets, and convenience stores. However, there are still hidden risks in the bar-code generation mechanism and transmission process, and many cases involving payment security risks have also been triggered.

Hypothesis: After the advanced token technology is used for mutation processing, the real card number information can be protected can explain the conclusion in the question.


Premise: Throughout the history of world pop music, you will find that it is basically the history of the fusion of black and white cultures, and the original material is always provided by blacks, and then whites steal it and perfect it. Finally, as a new commodity, Jamaica has become the biggest beneficiary of this integration because of its special geographical location, and this model has naturally been extended to the field of track and field. Finally achieved the glory of track and field in Jamaica.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the Special significance of Geographic location in cultural exchange.


Premise: Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through tissues like infectious diseases. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. Therefore, if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements.

Hypothesis: The option 'Diseases caused by prions can be effectively treated' can be inferred from this paragraph.


Premise: With the passage of the new tax reform laws, the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Under the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no longer be required to do so' most undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: Openness of village affairs: An Act by a rural grass-roots autonomous organization to take appropriate measures to publicize information about the village's public affairs to the villagers and accept the supervision of the masses.

Hypothesis: Township party committees sending cadres to seek the views of party members on the election for the new term of the village party branch is not an act of the openness of village affairs.


Premise: Projective identity refers to a behavior pattern in which a person induces others to respond in an established way, which is reflected in interpersonal relationships. It is often that A projects the good or bad object in his heart onto B and thinks that B is good or bad. And B accepts this projection fantasy, so he treats A in the way envisaged by A, Then A further verified his hypothesis and thought that B was the person he thought.

Hypothesis: Poor families can also cultivate talented people is projective identity according to the above definition.


Premise: Absolute public goods refer to goods that are used by some people without excluding and affecting the use of the goods by others, and can not distinguish users from non users and charge users.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Comfort station' is an absolute public good according to the above definition.


Premise: The companies that are the prime purchasers of computer software will not buy a software package if the costs of training staff to use it are high, and we know that it is expensive to teach people a software package that demands the memorization of unfamiliar commands. As a result, to be successful, commercial computer software cannot require users to memorize unfamiliar commands.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above follows logically if the assumption that if most prime purchasers of computer software buy a software product, that product will be successful is made.


Premise: According to the current laws and regulations, all workers who have formed a labor relationship with the employer, whether they sign a labor contract or have a de facto labor relationship, whether they are the original so-called internal employees or the so-called informal personnel. For example, migrant workers and temporary workers are all regular employees of the company, what is different is into the unit sooner or later different or the length of the employment contract is different.

Hypothesis: There is no difference between workers in terms of their identity.


Premise: Scientist: Given the human tendency to explore and colonize new areas, some people believe that the galaxy will eventually be colonized by trillions of humans. If so, the vast majority of humans ever to live would be alive during this period of colonization. Since all of us are humans and we have no reason to think we are unrepresentative, the odds are overwhelming that we would be alive during this period, too. But, because we are not alive during this period, the odds are slim that such colonization will ever happen.

Hypothesis: The scientist's argument proceeds by taking for granted that dependable predictions about the future cannot ever be made simply on the basis of the present facts.


Premise: German doctor Merlin and Russian Minkowski, who worked together on digestive function, found that in experimental dogs. The pancreas of dogs was removed, and  the urine of such dogs always attracted flocks of bees. The tests showed that dogs had high levels of sugar in their urine. Scientists speculate that the pancreas may be linked to diabetes

Hypothesis: Pancreatic cancer can aggravate diabetes supports the above conclusions strongly.


Premise: Data show that since the drink driving criminalization, drink driving caused by traffic accidents, has dropped by 40%. Therefore, criminal law is more effective than ideological education in shaping people's behavior.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since the drink driving into the criminal, all sectors of the community have increased the drink driving serious consequences of publicity and education efforts' best refutes the above conclusions.


Premise: An expert on the current multi-lateral aviation security questions issued a statement. He said regional planes are subject to the same safety standards as big Boeing and Airbus planes, as well as the same structural strength for large and small planes. Passengers feel the regional turbulence, because the larger the aircraft, the more anti-interference ability, so feel stable. In fact, there is no difference in safety between regional and regional planes.

Hypothesis: In mature markets such as North America and Europe, regional planes account for nearly 40% of the total, which most challenges the expert's opinion.


Premise: early education, which originated in Germany, is an interactive activity that allows children to achieve physical, emotional, intellectual, personality, spiritual and other aspects of coordinated development and healthy growth in the process of playing and communicating with their parents. to put it simply, it is a way of interaction between parents and children, which aims to promote the growth of children. The early education of Chinese families is a different story. In a survey of early education, it is found that advanced education for young children is mainly focused on literacy, reading, computer, English and Japanese, etc.; except that many kindergartens have been involved in characteristic classes, parents spend more time taking their children to attend training courses and work on Chinese, English and math.

Hypothesis: China's early education should focus on knowledge learning conforms to the context.


Premise: One study involved 80 young people aged 13 to 25 with early symptoms of schizophrenia. Half were randomly assigned to take fish oil tablets for 3 months and the other half were given a placebo for 3 months. The researchers followed the subjects for seven years and found that only 10 percent of those taking fish oil tablets developed schizophrenia, compared with 40 percent of those taking a placebo. Therefore, the researchers concluded that taking fish oil tablets may help prevent schizophrenia in adolescents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Subjects were given fish oil tablets for a shorter period of time. It did not produce a stable and significant effect' is the least likely to challenge the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: The parody on the Internet means that there is no restriction on the object of the parody. The concept of harmony requires members of society to be honest and friendly, while parody completely ignores the feelings of others. parody says it is humor, but does not regard itself as the object of parody. And the idea requires that one's own interests be expressed in a rational way, while the parody does not consider whether the means adopted are reasonable and legitimate. Innovation lies in creating new things, and parody is keen to point the spearhead at famous characters and classic works, which precisely shows its lack of innovative ability. Parody constantly impacts the moral bottom line, legal bottom line and mainstream consciousness of the society, which leads to the emergence of cultural nihilism and requires a high degree of vigilance.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Firmly establish the socialist concept of honor and disgrace and consciously resist the trend of parody on the Internet.'


Premise: The governance of climate warming should be to find a way for carbon dioxide, not just to reduce emissions or simply bury it.For this reason, scientists put forward the concept of futannongye. After capturing the carbon dioxide produced by human activities, especially industrial production, it will be released in a small confined artificial climate at a concentration several times higher than the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, and use relevant science and technology to create a highly efficient photosynthetic environment that will greatly increasing the yield of agricultural and forestry crops.Scientists believe that the futannongye will be an important way to solve the problem of climate warming.

Hypothesis: Man-made climate zones are hard pressed to use sunlight efficiently to facilitate photosynthesis would best support the scientists' conclusions.


Premise: On the page does the German Shepherd Dog understand English, the book corrects my understanding of Jenny Goodall. The author criticizes: there is a woman in the United States who claims to be a scientist who claims to be able to talk to Gigi, the mother orangutan. She said Gigi told her interesting stories about death and heaven in orangutan Esperanto, and she answered in dumb language. Unfortunately, other researchers who imitated her found nothing, indicating that this so-called communication is actually based on fantasy.

Hypothesis: The author's original knowledge of Jenny Goodall is that Jenny Goodall can talk to Gigi, the mother orangutan.


Premise: With the increasing scale of modern enterprises, there is less and less direct connection between managers and managed. To a large extent, managers of today's large enterprises deal with their subordinates through reports to obtain information and manage.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'cause tension in the relationship between managers and worker' supports the view that the growing size of a business is a reflection of this.


Premise: Politician: The law should not require people to wear seat belts in cars. People are allowed to ride motorcycles without seat belts, and riding a motorcycle even while wearing a seat belt would be more dangerous than riding in a car without wearing one.

Hypothesis: The argument that amusement parks should allow people to stand while riding roller coasters is most similar in its flawed reasoning to the politician's argument.


Premise: Music appreciation does not only exist as a part of music acceptance, but also affects music creation and edges in the way of feedback. Its aesthetic judgment and aesthetic choice can often affect the aesthetic choice of composers and performers. Every serious musician can't help but listen to the information feedback of music appreciation to adjust and improve his artistic creation.

Hypothesis: The aesthetic view of music appreciation is also very important for musicians can be inferred from the above materials.


Premise: The new type of tablet is faster than the traditional tablet. It is installed with a new operating system. Therefore, the sales of the new type of tablet are better than that of the traditional tablet.

Hypothesis: No matter what operating system the tablet uses, the usage habits vary from person to person can weaken the above view the most.


Premise: Professor Harrison, an American linguist, said: imagine that if the whales are going extinct for no reason, or if the pyramids are about to collapse and the Amazon forest is cut down, people will be very angry and try their best to stop it. Because those are the common heritage of mankind and are visible to the naked eye.Language is the wealth of more ancient, complex and sophisticated human beings and each language is a unique ideological world that reflects a unique way of human existence.Every language has unlimited expression possibilities, unlimited collocation possibilities and their vocabulary, pronunciation system and grammar are combined in an exquisite structure that is greater than any building built by our hands.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Language, like the ecological environment, is the common property of mankind' is what the professor is meant to emphasize in this passage.


Premise: In a restaurant, all the dishes belong to Sichuan cuisine or Cantonese cuisine. There is Sichuan cuisine in Mr. Zhang's order. Therefore, Mr. Zhang ordered no Cantonese cuisine.

Hypothesis: The restaurant rule: you cannot order Sichuan cuisine if you order Cantonese cuisine, and vice versa should be added to make the above argument true.


Premise: Care obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to a person who especially needs others to rely on himself and always loves to provide others with care they don't need. Moreover, this person also forces others to accept their own care, so that others can't be independent. When others rely on themselves, he will feel satisfied and valuable. This symptom will suppress people's nerves, At the same time, it brings a lot of inconvenience to relatives, friends and even ordinary colleagues.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Liu living in his own home from primary school to university is care obsessive-compulsive disorder.


Premise: The pollution problem caused by garbage exudates is most serious in countries with an annual per capita output of between $4000 and $5000, while it is less serious in relatively poor or rich countries. In the initial stage of industrial development, the pollution problem is relatively serious. When industrial development can create enough means to deal with such problems, the pollution problem will be reduced. At present, the per capita output value of country X is US $5000 per year, and the pollution caused by garbage exudates in country X will gradually decrease in the next few years.

Hypothesis: In the next few years, the industrial development of country X will grow is the hypothesis on which the above argument depends.


Premise: Harbin people are all northerners, and some Harbin people are not workers.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is correct, then some northerners are workers must also be true.


Premise: Music professor: Because rap musicians can work alone in a recording studio, they need not accommodate supporting musicians' wishes. Further, learning to rap is not as formal a process as learning an instrument. Thus, rap is an extremely individualistic and nontraditional musical form. Music critic: But rap appeals to tradition by using bits of older songs. Besides, the themes and styles of rap have developed into a tradition. And successful rap musicians do not perform purely idiosyncratically but conform their work to the preferences of the public.

Hypothesis: The music critic challenges the conclusion concerning rap music by offering additional observations that the music professor does not take into account in his argument.


Premise: At the beginning of this century, Wigner put forward the theory of continental drift, which met with strong opposition because his theory was based on the assumption of unidentified forces sufficient to cause continental drift. We can now accept Wigner's theory. This is not because we have identified the power to cause the continent to drift, but because the new instruments eventually enable us to confirm the movement of the continent through observation.

Hypothesis: With the help of probability theory and mathematical statistics, science has shifted from the description of a single phenomenon to the study of things as a whole is best illustrated by the above examples.


Premise: The United States adopted this policy after the 9.11 terrorist attack: Either stand with us against terrorism, then you are our friend; or do not stand with us, then you are our enemy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Either you are a virtuous person, then you will selflessly contribute everything; or you are a despicable person, then you will use all means for self-interest' is not the same as the expression in the above.


Premise: Inertial thinking is a special psychological preparation or tendency for activities caused by previous activities, which is manifested in that it solves a problem this time. The next time it encounters a similar problem or seemingly the same problem, it can't help but follow the way or order of the last thought

Hypothesis: When the situation remains unchanged, inertial thinking is conducive to the emergence of new methods cannot be launched according to the above paragraph.


Premise: On the road to success, all shortcuts are detours, and all detours are necessary. Therefore, attaching to the strong is not a shortcut to success.

Hypothesis: Attaching to the strong is a detour can be added as a premise to make the above conclusion valid.


Premise: A travel agency booked air tickets for three passengers. The three passengers were John from the British, Thomas from the American and Brown from the French. The three of them went to the United Kingdom, one to the United States, and one to Switzerland. It is known that John did not intend to go to the United States and Thomas did not intend to go to Switzerland. Brown did not go to the United States or Switzerland.

Hypothesis: Thomas goes to England, Brown goes to France, and John goes to America is correct.


Premise: As the world's first comprehensive scientific and technological work on agriculture and handicraft production, Exploitation of the Works of Nature attaches great importance to theoretical elaboration rather than simple technical description, otherwise it is not much better than those recipes. Some experts believe that Exploitation of the Works of Nature is not only a representative technical book in China, but also in East Asia. It covers a wide range of technologies, which is unmatched by European technical books.

Hypothesis: The most essential difference between Exploitation of the Works of Nature and recipes lies in that the former attaches importance to theory and the latter attaches importance to technology.


Premise: Advanced entanglement refers to the helplessness, depression, and pain of people with correct insights when their views are not accepted, not believed, and powerless to develop things.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "The world is turbid only I clear transparent (not join in the dirty), the world are drunk only I sober" reflects advanced entanglement.


Premise: From the perspective of top-level design, the cultivation and construction of craftsman spirit in China should be based on building a cooperative guarantee platform, carrying out pluralistic dialogue among different subjects, constructing a cooperative development mechanism of industry, teaching and research, and strengthening the function of spiritual cultivation in vocational colleges. From the perspective of coordinated development, the main body of craftsman spirit in our country urgently needs to strengthen the market management system, cultivate high-quality consumer market, constantly improve the salary system of technical and skilled personnel and construct vocational colleges according to their own role orientation and functional attributes, training center, enterprise three-station interaction mechanism.

Hypothesis: The main description of this paragraph is building a collaborative platform is the focus of cultivating the spirit of craftsmen.


Premise: Researchers examined 100 people suffering from herniated disks in their backs. Five of them were found to have a defect in a particular gene. The researchers also examined 100 people who had no problems with the disks in their backs; none had the genetic defect. They concluded that the genetic defect increases the likelihood of herniated disks.

Hypothesis: The statement "When the researchers examined the families of the 5 subjects who had the defective gene, they found that 30 family members also had the defective gene, and each of them suffered from herniated disks" most strengthens the researchers' reasoning.


Premise: In a Chinese medicine preparation, there must be at least one kind of ginseng or Codonopsis pilosula, and the following conditions must be met: 1) if there is Codonopsis pilosula, there must be Atractylodes macrocephala. 2) there can be at most one kind of Atractylodes macrocephala and ginseng. 3) if there is ginseng, there must be Polygonum multiflorum.4) if there is Polygonum multiflorum, there must be Atractylodes macrocephala.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, there is no Atractylodes macrocephala in the Chinese medicine preparation.


Premise: Science and art are like the two sides of a coin, which are based on human creativity and pursue the universality of truth. Scientific communication is also a kind of creative activity, in which practitioners transform science into content that is easy for the public to understand by various means and ways, so as to realize communication, stimulate people's awareness and appreciation of science, and form an objective and rational attitude towards science. In this process, it is also necessary to combine science with art. From the perspective of academic peer communication, many famous academic journals have artistic covers, which are the result of the combination of science and art. Science communication for the general public needs to combine education with fun, and its significance is nothing more than to emphasize that the dissemination of information should be grafted into artistic means, so as to touch the nerves of the public and resonate with them.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is "Grafting Art, science becomes popular culture."


Premise: The Daily Express newspaper organized development training and assessed all employees participating in development on the last day. If the assessment result reached 3 points or more, it was recorded as excellent. Before the assessment, several people discussed the results. Chen Dong said: Xiao Jun and Xiao Xia have good physical quality, and at least one of them is excellent. Niu Li said: The training time is too short, and everyone doesn't practice enough. No one can be excellent this time, said Ma Fang. How is it possible? Some people have participated in training before, and they are sure to do well.

Hypothesis: Ma Fang is right. Some people are excellent, but others are not is a conclusion that can be drawn assuming that only one of the three people's guesses has been verified.


Premise: Bonding strategy refers to a strategy for bonding different objects or components in different objects into a new image.

Hypothesis: In order to solve the financial difficulties of the company, the leadership decided to borrow 2,000 yuan from each employee, calculated according to the bank's interest for the same period is not part of the bonding strategy.


Premise: A lottery sales station has been selling an anonymous, unreported scratch-and-read lottery ticket in the past six months. The lottery ticket has 2 hidden two-digit numbers on the left and 6 hidden two-digit numbers on the right. Customers can scratch the lottery ticket after purchase. If a certain number scratched on the right is the same as a certain number on the left, the smaller number _____ scratched under the right number is the winning amount. According to the information provided by the Welfare Lottery Center: The possible winning amounts for this kind of lottery are: 60 yuan, 800 yuan, 6000 yuan, 8000 yuan, 60,000 yuan, 100,000 yuan, and each lottery ticket has at most one winning number. Zhang San bought a lottery ticket at a Welfare Lottery sales station after get off work. After scratching it off, he found that the number on the right was 15, which was the same as the number scratched out on the left. Looking at the number in the small font below it was 8,000 yuan. He was extremely happy. Li Si, who sells lottery tickets, immediately gave him 8,000 yuan, and Zhang San happily went to the restaurant to have a big meal with his friends. After the conflict broke out, the two started a lawsuit.

Hypothesis: Li Si really thinks that Zhang San won the prize of 8,000 yuan is the least likely to happen.


Premise: To be great, an artwork must express a deep emotion, such as sorrow or love. But an artwork cannot express an emotion that the artwork' s creator is incapable of experiencing.

Hypothesis: Only artworks that succeed in expressing deep emotions are the products of great artists can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Some companies in fields where skilled employees are hard to find make signing an agreement not to compete a condition of employment. In such an agreement the employee promises not to go to work for a competing firm for a set period after leaving his or her current employer. Courts are increasingly ruling that these agreements are not binding. Yet paradoxically, for people who signed such agreements when working for competing firms, many firms are unwilling to consider hiring them during the period covered by the agreement.

Hypothesis: Many companies consider their employees' established relationships with clients and other people outside the company to be valuable company assets, which helps to resolve the paradox.


Premise: Consumer health advocate: Your candy company adds caffeine to your chocolate candy bars so that each one delivers a specified amount of caffeine. Since caffeine is highly addictive, this indicates that you intend to keep your customers addicted. Candy manufacturer: Our manufacturing process results in there being less caffeine in each chocolate candy bar than in the unprocessed cacao beans from which the chocolate is made.

Hypothesis: The candy manufacturer's response is flawed as a refutation of the consumer health advocate's argument because it treats the consumer health advocate's argument as though it were about each candy bar rather than about the manufacturer's candy in general.


Premise: Canadian researchers tracked the weight gain of 757 3-to 4-month-old babies for three years. The results showed that children who were already overweight or even obese at the age of 3 had different intestinal flora from those of normal weight. After a further study of the living environment of the babies tested, the researchers found that the babies who grew up in the families with the highest use of disinfectants contained twice as many helicobacteria in their intestines as the average. Spirillaceae bacteria feed on undigested carbohydrate fiber in the human body, which is broken down to provide the body with extra calories. The increase of this kind of bacteria causes the child to produce too much heat in the body and begin to gain weight at an early age.

Hypothesis: The main content of the text is that it is necessary to control calorie intake in infants and young children.


Premise: In the era of mobile reading, the influence of self-media cannot be underestimated. Due to its wider communication paths and distribution channels, it has received a high degree of public attention, and self-media people have a certain right to speak. Compared with traditional media organizations, some self-media people are indeed not inferior, and their credibility has brought them benefits. However, credibility is a double-edged sword. We-media people must not only see the interests behind the traffic, but also recognize the negative effects of abusing their credibility. Miscalculated. The consequences of abusing the right to speak will directly affect the credibility that you have built up so hard, and you will lose the support and attention of the public.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that self-media people should seek public support.


Premise: Civil libertarian: The categorical prohibition of any nonviolent means of expression inevitably poisons a society' s intellectual atmosphere. Ttherefore, those advocating censorship of all potentially offensive art are pursuing a course that is harmful to society. Censorship advocate: You' re wrong, because many people are in agreement about what constitutes potentially offensive art.

Hypothesis: The censorship advocate's rebuttal is flawed because it attacks the civil libertarian's character instead of the argument.


Premise: The infant's early characteristics can arouse the love and nurturing of adults. Many animals have the characteristics of human babies in shape and behavior.Therefore, people are easily attracted to such animals and make them pets.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many empty-nesters like to keep pets' best supports the above conclusions if it is correct.


Premise: Somewhere along the way, the term leftover woman was coined to refer to single, well-educated, older urban women who are under great pressure to find a mate. The average age at which Chinese women marry is indeed rising. In Shanghai, the number has increased from 29 in 2007 to 30.3 in 2013. Marriage rates drop sharply after women turn 30, but by the age of 35, more than 90 percent of Chinese women are married and there are not many leftover women. The phenomenon of leftover women in China is not as serious as it might seem.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The idea that women should marry men better than themselves has had an effect on the best women' is not a cause of the leftover women phenomenon in China.


Premise: The word totem comes from the Indian word totem, meaning its relatives, its mark. In the beliefs of primitive people, the people of this clan are believed to be derived from a certain species, that is, have a close affinity with a certain animal or natural objects. Therefore, totem belief has a relationship with ancestor worship. The second meaning of totem is sign. Totem sign plays an important role in primitive society, and it is the earliest social organization sign and symbol, it has the function of uniting the group, close blood relationship, maintaining social organization and distinguishing from each other

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Mongolian people regard heaven as the eternal supreme god, and the meaning of Genghis Khan is the king relies on power of heaven' is not a totem phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: Half a dozen Q40 airliners have crashed in the past two years. The manufacturer has countered claims that the Q40' s design is faulty by pointing out that, in each of the accidents, investigations indicated pilot error as the cause.

Hypothesis: In four of the crashes, the pilot's error involved disregarding instructions or information supplied by air-traffic control provides the strongest support for the manufacturer's position.


Premise: If one wants to succeed, then one should act as though one were genuinely confident about one' s abilities, even if one actually distrusts one' s skills. Success is much more easily obtained by those who genuinely believe themselves capable of succeeding than by those filled with self-doubts.

Hypothesis: Genuine confidence is often a by-product of pretended self-confidence most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Some new employees become government cadres as soon as they enter the factory. In the re-election of the factory, all Hunan workers supported Li Yang's election as factory director, and all government cadres opposed Li Yang's election as factory director.


Premise: The world is in a period of great development, change and adjustment, and peace and development remain the themes of the times. World multi-polarization, economic globalization, social informatization and cultural diversity are developing in depth, changes in the global governance system and the international order are accelerating, countries are increasingly interconnected and interdependent, the balance of international power is becoming more balanced, and the general trend of peaceful development is irreversible. The instability and uncertainty facing the world are prominent, the momentum of world economic growth is insufficient, the polarization between the rich and the poor is becoming more and more serious, regional hot spot issues emerge one after another, terrorism, cyber security, major infectious diseases, climate change and other non-traditional security threats continue to spread, and mankind is facing many common challenges.

Hypothesis: People of all countries should make concerted efforts to address the various risks and challenges we face might follow from the above text.


Premise: In the Six Dynasties, the famous talker Liu Zun talked a lot, but he also admired people who didn't talk. He was very happy to see Jiang Quan not speaking often, and said: Jiang Quan can't speak, but it's really admirable to be able to not speak. Jiang Quan knew that he was not talking, but he knew how to hide. Not everyone knows where his shortcomings are, so as to be a teacher, there are countless people who can talk about it. It is excusable to be able to talk and love to talk; many people know that they are not good at talking. It happens that they keep talking and explode their shortness, which is often annoying. Therefore, it can be said that Jiang Quan's doing this is actually an extremely rare kind of intelligence.

Hypothesis: Being able to speak without saying is a kind of extremely rare intelligence, if correct, can best support the above statement.


Premise: Social morality refers to the moral norms gradually formed in human long-term social practice and should be followed by every social citizen in performing social obligations or activities involving social public interests. In essence, it is the moral norms, cultural concepts and ideological traditions accumulated in social practice by a country, a nation or a group in the long history.

Hypothesis: Xiao Liu is recognized as a good comrade by his unit, but he just likes to wear trendy clothes does not belong to the category of social morality.


Premise: After examining the options, the budget committee discovered that QI' s office-phone system would be inexpensive enough to be within the cost limit that had been set for the committee. However, Corelink' s system must also be inexpensive enough to be within the limit, since it is even less expensive than QI' s system.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by the statement 'John's blood-alcohol level was far above the legal limit for driving, so even if it turns out that Paul's blood-alcohol level was lower than John's, it too must have been above the legal limit.'


Premise: There are three foreign students sitting side by side on the bench. It is known that: (1) at least one of the two people on the right of the Sudanese student is a French student. (2) among the two French students on the left, there is a French student. (3) at least one of the two people on the left of the boy is a girl. (4) one of the two people on the right of the girl is also a girl.

Hypothesis: Girl from Sudan, girl from France, boy from France is true for these three people.


Premise: The labeling of otherwise high-calorie foods as sugar-free,  based on the replacement of all sugar by artificial sweeteners, should be prohibited by law. Such a prohibition is indicated because many consumers who need to lose weight will interpret the label sugar-free as synonymous with low in calories and harm themselves by building weight-loss diets around foods labeled sugar-free.  Manufacturers of sugar-free foods are well aware of this tendency on the part of consumers.

Hypothesis: Product labels that are literally incorrect, but in such an obvious manner that no rational consumer would rely on them, should nevertheless be prohibited by law most helps to justify the conclusion in the passage.


Premise: The president of the company believes that the prosecution procedure should allow prosecutors and defendants to choose mediators who will help them solve the problem. The cost of prosecution is high, and the mediator is likely to solve most of these problems. However, the suggestion from the company's human resources department is to start mediation later in the prosecution process, which has little effect.

Hypothesis: As the debate in court goes on, the attitude between opponents will toughen, making compromise less likely strongly supports the criticism of the president of the company to the criticism of the HR.


Premise: Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.

Hypothesis: According to the above intention, at least one kind of daisies and roses has been bought.


Premise: It is generally believed that advertisers will do whatever it takes to attract customers. But this is not always the case for advertisers. Recently, in order to expand the sales section, a family magazine called Haven has changed its name to purgatory, which mainly features violent and pornographic content. As a result, some perennial advertisers of Harbor magazine refused to renew their contracts and switch to other publications, which shows that these advertisers consider not only economic interests, but also moral responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Magazines that publish violent and pornographic content usually have high sales but low credibility' can best weaken the above argument.


Premise: Commentator: In academic scholarship, sources are always cited, and methodology and theoretical assumptions are set out, so as to allow critical study, replication, and expansion of scholarship. In open-source software, the code in which the program is written can be viewed and modified by individual users for their purposes without getting permission from the producer or paying a fee. In contrast, the code of proprietary software is kept secret, and modifications can be made only by the producer, for a fee. This shows that open-source software better matches the values embodied in academic scholarship, and since scholarship is central to the mission of universities, universities should use only open-source software.

Hypothesis: The commentator's reasoning most closely conforms to the principle that universities should choose the type of software technology that best matches the values embodied in the activities that are central to the mission of universities.


Premise: If China wants to make great achievements in the 21st century, it should not only make efforts on the general skills of international competition and interaction, but more importantly, it should have a clear understanding of the evolution and development trend of world political characteristics in time, so as to stimulate greater strategic wisdom, have a keen insight into the possible trends of the world in the future, timely eliminate all kinds of drawbacks that are not suitable for future development, and safeguard national security and interests. Seek the all-round development of society. In other words, the mission of international strategy is not and cannot be to design some kind of self-righteous outcome for the world.

Hypothesis: China's international strategy should clearly recognize the evolution of world political characteristics and the general trend of development is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: A, B, and C sell their products. Among the three products, one is counterfeit, and the other two are genuine. A said: My product is genuine, and B's product is counterfeit; B said: My product is genuine, and C's product is counterfeit; C said: B's product is genuine, A's product is counterfeit. It is known that one of A, B, and C told all turth, one half turth, half lie, and the other told all lies

Hypothesis: A sells counterfeit goods.


Premise: Mary to Jamal: You acknowledge that as the legitimate owner of this business I have the legal right to sell it whenever I wish. But also you claim that because loyal employees will suffer if I sell it, I ttherefore have no right to do so. Obviously, your statements taken together are absurd.

Hypothesis: Mary's reasoning is most vulnerable to the criticism that she overlooks the possibility that when Jamal claims that she has no right to sell the business, he simply means she has no right to do so at this time.


Premise: Television host: While it' s true that the defendant presented a strong alibi and considerable exculpatory evidence and was quickly acquitted by the jury, I still believe that there must be good reason to think that the defendant is not completely innocent in the case. Otherwise, the prosecutor would not have brought charges in the first place.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the television host's argument is flawed in that the argument places undue reliance on the judgments of an authority figure.


Premise: Lobsters and other crustaceans eaten by humans are more likely to contract gill diseases when sewage contaminates their water. Under a recent proposal, millions of gallons of local sewage each day would be rerouted many kilometers offshore. Although this would substantially reduce the amount of sewage in the harbor where lobsters are caught, the proposal is pointless, because hardly any lobsters live long enough to be harmed by those diseases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lobsters, like other crustaceans, live longer in the open ocean than in industrial harbors' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Related marketing means that businesses find the relevance of the marketing content of products and brands through the integration of resources, so as to achieve deep and multifaceted guidance.

Hypothesis: By building an experience space, a TV manufacturer can make customers feel the visual experience brought by the LCD screen, so as to promote the sales of TV sets does not reflect related marketing according to the above definition.


Premise: A certain auto repair shop services a particular make of car in the downtown region of a particular city. Three years ago, 4% of all repairs at this shop were not successful --- the mechanics were not able to restore the car to a drivable state. This year, only 2% of all repairs were not successful. Clearly, the mechanics training course, given over a year ago, has considerably increased the skill of mechanics at this particular shop, so that fewer cars are beyond their ability to repair.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Three years ago, statewide smog regulations had the effect of removing the oldest and most unreliable vehicles from the road' does not weaken the argument.


Premise: It is reported that a mature female rat reproduces once in about 20 days. A small litter can give birth to six or seven small mice, and as many as a dozen small mice. And a little mouse can reach sexual maturity and reproductive ability at 1.5 to 2.5 months. Interestingly, scientists discovered that mice have a family planning function. When the total number of rats in an area is large, the rats will slow down their frequency of reproduction, and when there are fewer rats or people are mass extermination of rats, they will speed up reproduction and make the rats multiply rapidly.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that mice have a short lifespan, so their life cycle is also short.


Premise: Morton: In order to succeed in today' s society, one must have a college degree. Skeptics have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. This success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful.

Hypothesis: Morton's argument is flawed because it fails to consider the status of alleged counterexamples.


Premise: Psychologist: Some people contend that children should never be reprimanded. Any criticism, let alone punishment, they say, harms children' s self-esteem. This view is laudable in its challenge to the belief that children should be punished whenever they misbehave, yet it gives a dangerous answer to the question of how often punishment should be inflicted. When parents never reprimand their children, they are in effect rewarding them for unacceptable behavior, and rewarded behavior tends to recur.

Hypothesis: The view that children should never be reprimanded functions in the psychologist's argument as a statement of a position that the psychologist's argument is designed to establish as true.


Premise: The twin towers effect refers to the phenomenon that two powerful neighboring economies unite and make use of their respective ability to gather radiation to jointly promote the development of the surrounding region.

Hypothesis: The twin towers effect belongs to a certain city that has integrated the core areas with strong economic foundation and limited development space with the suburbs with weak foundation but great potential for development, and the comprehensive strength of the city has been significantly improved soon.


Premise: The protection of patents and trade secrets of biotechnology and other high-tech achievements in the existing intellectual property system promotes invention and creation; the existing intellectual property system protects the copyright of computer software and literary works (including written and audio-visual works, etc.), it promotes intellectual creation in the industrial and cultural fields. However, in protecting the flow of today's intellectual creation and creation, people have neglected the protection of the intellectual property rights of their sources for a long time. Traditional knowledge, especially the expression of folk literature, is an important part of this source.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this passage is that it is very important to protect traditional knowledge and folk literature.


Premise: Columnist: If you received an unsigned letter, you would likely have some doubts about the truth of its contents. But news stories often include statements from anonymous sources, and these are usually quoted with the utmost respect. It makes sense to be skeptical of these sources, for, as in the case of the writer of an unsigned letter, their anonymity makes it possible for them to plant inaccurate or slanted statements without ever having to answer for them.

Hypothesis: The columnist's argument proceeds by inferring that an attitude would be justified in all situations of a given type on the grounds that this attitude is justified in a hypothetical situation of that type.


Premise: Firms adopting profit-related-pay (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm' s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts.

Hypothesis: The statement "In firms in the metalworking industry where PRP contracts are in place, the average take-home pay is 15 percent higher than it is in those firms where workers have more traditional contracts" would most seriously weaken the argument that PRP contracts increase worker productivity.


Premise: In order to enrich the spare-time life of employees, a certain company allocates a fixed amount of funds each year for the travel benefits of its employees. Some employees of the company have spontaneously established a travel companion association, and some people in the travel companion association are the technical backbone of the company. Recently, the Some of the leaders of the company are preparing to embezzle the funds for other purposes.This idea has been approved by all members of the company's management, but the members of the Travel Friends Association did not agree with the decision of the company's management.

Hypothesis: Some management members are technical backbones can be derived based on the above statement.


Premise: A common genetic mutation that lowers levels of the enzyme cathepsin C severely reduces a person' s ability to ward off periodontitis, or gum disease. The enzyme triggers immunological reactions that destroy diseased cells and eliminate infections in the mouth. But researchers are developing ways to restore the enzyme to normal levels. Once that happens, we will be able to eliminate periodontitis.

Hypothesis: Researchers will soon succeed in finding means of restoring cathepsin C to normal levels is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: With the help of DNA preserved in animal fossils and specimens, and using increasingly advanced cloning and genetic technology, humans have been able to revive some long-extinct animals, such as mammoths, dodos, dinosaurs and so on. At the same time, there is also a big discussion in the scientific community about whether human beings should resurrect extinct animals. Supporters believe that resurrected animals are expected to restore the damaged ecological environment in some areas. For example, mammoths live on the vast grasslands of Siberia, and their droppings are excellent fertilizers for nourishing the grasslands. After the mammoth became extinct, the prairie lacking fertilizer was gradually replaced by the tundra. If the mammoth can be revived and returned to Siberia, it will help to reduce the area of the tundra and gradually restore the grassland ecosystem.

Hypothesis: Most of these animals gradually disappeared in the process of human development, and it was human activities that led to their extinction can best refute the views of the above supporters.


Premise: Spectroscopic analysis has revealed the existence of frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide on the surface of Pluto. Such ices have a tendency to vaporize, producing an atmosphere. Since the proportion of any gas in such an atmosphere depends directly on how readily the corresponding ice vaporizes, astronomers have concluded that the components of Pluto' s atmosphere are nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, in order of decreasing abundance.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there is no more frozen nitrogen on the surface of Pluto than there is either frozen carbon monoxide or methane is required by the astronomers' argument.


Premise: Expert: A group of researchers claims to have shown that for an antenna to work equally well at all frequencies, it must be symmetrical in shape and have what is known as a fractal structure. Yet the new antenna developed by these researchers, which satisfies both of these criteria, in fact works better at frequencies below 250 megahertz than at frequencies above 250 megahertz. Hence, their claim is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The expert's argument is flawed because it contradicts itself by denying in its conclusion the claim of scientific authorities that it relies on in its premises.


Premise: Liu Jiang, director of the Index research office of the Development research Center of the State Post Bureau, said that from January to April, the volume of express delivery business was 17.07 billion pieces, up 24.8% year on year, more than three times the growth rate of the service industry production index in the same period, leading the modern service industry. In the first four months of this year, the total business revenue of China's express delivery service enterprises reached 213.54 billion yuan, up 22.8% year on year. The average daily express processing capacity of the industry reaches 160 million pieces, and the highest is 180 million pieces. The monthly express business volume is close to 5 billion pieces.

Hypothesis: 'High order operation of express delivery' would be a good title for an article.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The legal Department is in the Xin Building is not possible if the sales department is located in the Wu building.


Premise: In a democratic society, when a political interest group exceeds a certain size, the diverse and sometimes conflicting economic interests that can be found in almost any large group of people tend to surface. Once these conflicting interests have surfaced, they can make it impossible for the political interest group to unite behind a common program. Yet to have the political impact necessary to influence legislation, a group must be united.

Hypothesis: The statement "Political interest groups generally start out effectively but lose their effectiveness over time" most strongly supports which one of the following views, according to the statements above.


Premise: The computer is a leader in modern office supplies, but it was originally invented only for fast computing. If the inventors of computers could imagine the needs of our society in the first place, maybe they will spend more time in mythical fantasies.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The era of computer inventors is very different from our society today' does not correspond to the meaning of the preceding paragraph.


Premise: Archaeologist: Neanderthals, a human-like species living 60, 000 years ago, probably preserved meat by smoking it. Burnt lichen and grass have been found in many Neanderthal fireplaces. A fire of lichen and grass produces a lot of smoke but does not produce nearly as much heat or light as a wood fire.

Hypothesis: Some of the fireplaces containing burnt lichen are in regions in which lichen is not believed to have been plentiful and so would have had to have been brought in from some distance would most weaken the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: In accordance with the administrative authority, the state administrative organs conduct a comprehensive inspection of the morality, ability, diligence and performance of national civil servants and pay attention to the actual performance assessment. Assessment is the basis for the management of civil servants and the basis for training, reward and punishment, appointment and removal, and salary increase or decrease; assessment has incentive function and is an important way to improve administrative efficiency; assessment also has a guiding function; at the same time, assessment is conducive to the supervision of civil servants, prevent civil servants at all levels from being masters, break away from the masses to engage in specialization, and even abuse power for personal gain and violate the law and discipline.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that the assessment of civil servants is a national requirement and it is of great significance.


Premise: A working group plans to conduct field research and initially determine that only one region in eastern, western or northern Guangdong will be selected. In this regard, three people in the working group A, B, C put forward the following opinions: A: eastern Guangdong is more representative in this survey and should go to eastern Guangdong. B: I have already been to northern Guangdong in the last round of research, so we should choose other regions this time. C: I think it is more appropriate to choose western or northern Guangdong to conduct field research.

Hypothesis: The working group adopted opinion of C is correct.


Premise: Contract of gift refers to a contract in which one party to a contract gives its property to the other party without compensation. The party giving the property is called the giver and the party receiving the property is called the grantee.

Hypothesis: A computer company giving 15 new computers to his alma mater on the occasion of the school celebration may result in a contract of gift according to the above definition.


Premise: DataCom, a company that filed many patents last year, was financially more successful last year than were its competitors, none of which filed many patents. It is ttherefore likely that DataCom owed its greater financial success to the fact that it filed many patents last year.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives no reason to exclude the possibility that other differences between DataCom and its competitors accounted for its comparative financial success.


Premise: In good politics, public power must be restricted. The ways of restricting public power can be divided into two types, one is rigid restriction, the other is soft restriction, that is, moral restriction on power. To restrict power, we should not only improve the system and make the restriction of power rigid, but also give full play to the role of official morality and let conscience restrict power.

Hypothesis: The statement that "Good politics is created by conscientious officials" is true of the argument in this paragraph.


Premise: Asthma, a chronic breathing disorder, is significantly more common today among adult competitive swimmers than it is among competitive athletes who specialize in other sports. Although chlorine is now known to be a lung irritant and swimming pool water is generally chlorinated, it would be rash to assume that frequent exposure to chlorine is the explanation of the high incidence of asthma among these swimmers, since __ .

Hypothesis: Until a few years ago, physicians routinely recommended competitive swimming to children with asthma, in the belief that this form of exercise could alleviate asthma symptoms most logically completes the argument given.


Premise: Farmer: Because water content is what makes popcorn pop, the kernels must dry at just the right speed to trap the correct amount of water. The best way to achieve this effect is to have the sun dry the corn while the corn is still in the field, but I always dry the ears on a screen in a warm, dry room.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When popcorn does not dry sufficiently, it will still pop, but it will take several minutes to do so, even under optimal popping conditions' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the farmer's theory and practice.


Premise: Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced only in cells that are actively dividing. For this reason it is generally absent from body tissues in adults. Bone marrow is an exception to this rule, however, since even in adults, bone marrow cells continually divide to replace old blood cells. Cancers are another exception, because their cells are rapidly dividing.

Hypothesis: The information provided most strongly supports the statement that cancer of the bone marrow develops more rapidly than cancer growing in any other kind of adult tissue.


Premise: Studies have shown that about 2 million years ago, humans began to use stone tools to process food, such as cutting meat and smashing plants. At the same time, humans gradually evolved to form smaller teeth and face shapes, as well as weaker chewing muscles and biting power. Therefore. Researchers speculate that the use of tools weakens the power of chewing, which leads to changes in the shape of human faces.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Early humans evolved smaller chewing structures. It is a process that made other changes possible, such as an increase in brain size' would most weaken the above-mentioned researcher's point of view.


Premise: The defect of cell outer wall is called wall deficient or L-type bacteria in medicine. Taking penicillin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus as an example, when the dose is sufficient and the action time is sufficient, the synthesis of Staphylococcus cell wall is seriously blocked, resulting in the failure of reproduction and death; If the antibiotic dose is insufficient or the course of treatment is too short, some of the Staphylococcus with strong endurance can be preserved in the form of cell wall defect. This cell is called Staphylococcus aureus L-form. These flawless bacteria can still reproduce and repair into the original bacteria sooner or later.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the meaning of incomplete skin in the text is bacterial cell wall damage.


Premise: It is impossible that all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin.

Hypothesis: Inevitably, all Hong Kong people can speak Mandarin has the closest meaning to the above judgment.


Premise: While studying Williams syndrome, experts accidentally found that people with musical and mathematical talents are actually caused by genetic disorders or deletions and the same genetic disorder can also lead to psychosis such as schizophrenia. Most children born with Williams syndrome have 20 genes misaligned with chromosome 7. This happens to one out of every 20,000 people in the world.

Hypothesis: The significance of chromosome 7 to human beings is most likely to be highlighted by the author next.