"""
Lab 4: Data Cleaning & Preprocessing
=====================================
BIM5021 - Nhà kho dữ liệu và Tích hợp
Chương 4: Tiền xử lý dữ liệu

Mục tiêu:
- Đánh giá chất lượng dữ liệu (Data Quality Assessment)
- Xử lý Missing Values (nhiều phương pháp)
- Phát hiện và xử lý Outliers (IQR, Z-score)
- Normalization (Min-Max, Z-Score, Robust)
- PCA (Principal Component Analysis)
- Feature Engineering cho Olist dataset

Yêu cầu: pip install pandas numpy scikit-learn matplotlib seaborn
"""

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler, StandardScaler, RobustScaler
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
from sklearn.impute import KNNImputer
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')


# ==============================================================================
# PHẦN 1: Tạo Sample Dataset (mô phỏng Olist)
# ==============================================================================

def create_sample_olist():
    """Tạo sample dataset mô phỏng Olist với các vấn đề data quality."""
    np.random.seed(42)
    n = 1000
    
    # Tạo dữ liệu với các vấn đề data quality có chủ đích
    df = pd.DataFrame({
        'order_id': [f'ORD_{i:05d}' for i in range(n)],
        'price': np.concatenate([
            np.random.lognormal(4, 1, n-10),   # Normal prices
            np.array([-50, -10, 0, 0, 0,        # Negative/zero (errors)
                      5000, 8000, 12000, 15000, 20000])  # Outliers
        ]),
        'freight_value': np.concatenate([
            np.random.exponential(30, n-5),
            np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, -5, 500])  # Missing + errors
        ]),
        'review_score': np.random.choice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, np.nan], n,
                                          p=[0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.1]),
        'product_weight_g': np.concatenate([
            np.random.lognormal(6, 1.2, n-3),
            np.array([np.nan, np.nan, 0])  # Missing + zero
        ]),
        'product_length_cm': np.random.uniform(5, 100, n),
        'product_height_cm': np.random.uniform(2, 80, n),
        'product_width_cm': np.random.uniform(5, 60, n),
        'customer_state': np.random.choice(
            ['SP', 'RJ', 'MG', 'RS', 'PR', 'BA', 'SC', None],
            n, p=[0.3, 0.15, 0.1, 0.1, 0.08, 0.07, 0.05, 0.15]
        ),
        'delivery_days': np.concatenate([
            np.random.exponential(10, n-5),
            np.array([np.nan, np.nan, -2, 0, 120])  # Missing + errors + outlier
        ]),
        'order_status': np.random.choice(
            ['delivered', 'shipped', 'canceled', 'processing', 'DELIVERED', 'Delivered'],
            n, p=[0.6, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.1]
        ),
    })
    
    # Shuffle
    df = df.sample(frac=1, random_state=42).reset_index(drop=True)
    
    print("=" * 70)
    print("  SAMPLE DATASET CREATED")
    print("=" * 70)
    print(f"  Shape: {df.shape}")
    print(f"  Columns: {list(df.columns)}")
    print(f"\n  First 5 rows:")
    print(df.head().to_string())
    
    return df


# ==============================================================================
# PHẦN 2: Data Quality Assessment
# ==============================================================================

def assess_data_quality(df: pd.DataFrame):
    """Đánh giá chất lượng dữ liệu toàn diện."""
    
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("  DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT")
    print("=" * 70)
    
    # 2.1 Missing Values
    print("\n--- 1. Missing Values ---")
    missing = df.isnull().sum()
    missing_pct = (missing / len(df) * 100).round(2)
    missing_report = pd.DataFrame({
        'Missing Count': missing,
        'Missing %': missing_pct,
        'Data Type': df.dtypes
    })
    missing_report = missing_report[missing_report['Missing Count'] > 0].sort_values(
        'Missing %', ascending=False
    )
    print(missing_report.to_string())
    
    # 2.2 Duplicates
    print("\n--- 2. Duplicates ---")
    dup_count = df.duplicated().sum()
    dup_id = df['order_id'].duplicated().sum()
    print(f"  Full row duplicates: {dup_count}")
    print(f"  Duplicate order_ids: {dup_id}")
    
    # 2.3 Negative/Invalid Values
    print("\n--- 3. Invalid Values ---")
    numeric_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number]).columns
    for col in numeric_cols:
        neg_count = (df[col] < 0).sum()
        zero_count = (df[col] == 0).sum()
        if neg_count > 0 or (zero_count > 0 and col != 'review_score'):
            print(f"  {col}: {neg_count} negative, {zero_count} zeros")
    
    # 2.4 Consistency check
    print("\n--- 4. Consistency ---")
    if 'order_status' in df.columns:
        print(f"  order_status unique values: {df['order_status'].unique()}")
        print(f"  → Inconsistency: mixed case (delivered, DELIVERED, Delivered)")
    
    # 2.5 Outliers (IQR method)
    print("\n--- 5. Outliers (IQR Method) ---")
    for col in ['price', 'freight_value', 'delivery_days', 'product_weight_g']:
        if col in df.columns:
            data = df[col].dropna()
            Q1 = data.quantile(0.25)
            Q3 = data.quantile(0.75)
            IQR = Q3 - Q1
            lower = Q1 - 1.5 * IQR
            upper = Q3 + 1.5 * IQR
            outliers = ((data < lower) | (data > upper)).sum()
            print(f"  {col}: Q1={Q1:.1f}, Q3={Q3:.1f}, IQR={IQR:.1f}, "
                  f"bounds=[{lower:.1f}, {upper:.1f}], outliers={outliers} ({outliers/len(data)*100:.1f}%)")
    
    # 2.6 Summary Score
    print("\n--- 6. Quality Score ---")
    total_cells = df.shape[0] * df.shape[1]
    missing_cells = df.isnull().sum().sum()
    completeness = (1 - missing_cells / total_cells) * 100
    print(f"  Completeness: {completeness:.1f}%")
    print(f"  Total issues found: missing={missing_cells}, duplicates={dup_count}")


# ==============================================================================
# PHẦN 3: Data Cleaning
# ==============================================================================

def clean_data(df: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
    """Làm sạch dữ liệu."""
    
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("  DATA CLEANING")
    print("=" * 70)
    
    df_clean = df.copy()
    original_shape = df_clean.shape
    
    # 3.1 Standardize categorical values
    print("\n--- Step 1: Standardize Categories ---")
    if 'order_status' in df_clean.columns:
        before = df_clean['order_status'].nunique()
        df_clean['order_status'] = df_clean['order_status'].str.lower().str.strip()
        after = df_clean['order_status'].nunique()
        print(f"  order_status: {before} → {after} unique values")
    
    if 'customer_state' in df_clean.columns:
        df_clean['customer_state'] = df_clean['customer_state'].str.upper().str.strip()
    
    # 3.2 Handle invalid values
    print("\n--- Step 2: Fix Invalid Values ---")
    # Remove negative prices
    neg_price = (df_clean['price'] < 0).sum()
    df_clean.loc[df_clean['price'] < 0, 'price'] = np.nan
    print(f"  price: {neg_price} negative values → set to NaN")
    
    # Remove negative freight
    neg_freight = (df_clean['freight_value'] < 0).sum()
    df_clean.loc[df_clean['freight_value'] < 0, 'freight_value'] = np.nan
    print(f"  freight_value: {neg_freight} negative values → set to NaN")
    
    # Remove negative delivery_days
    neg_delivery = (df_clean['delivery_days'] < 0).sum()
    df_clean.loc[df_clean['delivery_days'] < 0, 'delivery_days'] = np.nan
    print(f"  delivery_days: {neg_delivery} negative values → set to NaN")
    
    # 3.3 Handle missing values
    print("\n--- Step 3: Impute Missing Values ---")
    
    # Numerical: median imputation (robust to outliers)
    for col in ['price', 'freight_value', 'product_weight_g', 'delivery_days']:
        if col in df_clean.columns:
            n_missing = df_clean[col].isna().sum()
            median_val = df_clean[col].median()
            df_clean[col].fillna(median_val, inplace=True)
            print(f"  {col}: {n_missing} missing → filled with median ({median_val:.2f})")
    
    # Categorical: mode imputation
    for col in ['customer_state']:
        if col in df_clean.columns:
            n_missing = df_clean[col].isna().sum()
            mode_val = df_clean[col].mode()[0]
            df_clean[col].fillna(mode_val, inplace=True)
            print(f"  {col}: {n_missing} missing → filled with mode ({mode_val})")
    
    # review_score: forward fill or mode
    if 'review_score' in df_clean.columns:
        n_missing = df_clean['review_score'].isna().sum()
        df_clean['review_score'].fillna(df_clean['review_score'].mode()[0], inplace=True)
        print(f"  review_score: {n_missing} missing → filled with mode")
    
    # 3.4 Handle outliers (capping/winsorizing)
    print("\n--- Step 4: Handle Outliers (Capping) ---")
    for col in ['price', 'freight_value', 'delivery_days']:
        if col in df_clean.columns:
            Q1 = df_clean[col].quantile(0.01)
            Q99 = df_clean[col].quantile(0.99)
            before_outliers = ((df_clean[col] < Q1) | (df_clean[col] > Q99)).sum()
            df_clean[col] = df_clean[col].clip(lower=Q1, upper=Q99)
            print(f"  {col}: Capped to [{Q1:.2f}, {Q99:.2f}], {before_outliers} values adjusted")
    
    # 3.5 Remove duplicates
    print("\n--- Step 5: Remove Duplicates ---")
    before = len(df_clean)
    df_clean = df_clean.drop_duplicates(subset=['order_id'])
    after = len(df_clean)
    print(f"  Rows: {before} → {after} (removed {before - after} duplicates)")
    
    print(f"\n  Final shape: {original_shape} → {df_clean.shape}")
    
    return df_clean


# ==============================================================================
# PHẦN 4: Normalization Comparison
# ==============================================================================

def normalize_comparison(df: pd.DataFrame):
    """So sánh các phương pháp normalization."""
    
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("  NORMALIZATION COMPARISON")
    print("=" * 70)
    
    col = 'price'
    data = df[[col]].dropna().copy()
    
    # Apply different scalers
    scalers = {
        'Original': data[col].values,
        'Min-Max [0,1]': MinMaxScaler().fit_transform(data).flatten(),
        'Z-Score (Standard)': StandardScaler().fit_transform(data).flatten(),
        'Robust (IQR)': RobustScaler().fit_transform(data).flatten(),
    }
    
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 10))
    
    for ax, (name, values) in zip(axes.flat, scalers.items()):
        ax.hist(values, bins=50, alpha=0.7, color='#3498db', edgecolor='white')
        ax.set_title(f'{name}\nmean={np.mean(values):.2f}, std={np.std(values):.2f}')
        ax.set_ylabel('Frequency')
        ax.axvline(np.mean(values), color='red', linestyle='--', label=f'Mean={np.mean(values):.2f}')
        ax.axvline(np.median(values), color='green', linestyle='--', label=f'Median={np.median(values):.2f}')
        ax.legend(fontsize=8)
    
    plt.suptitle('Normalization Methods Comparison (price column)', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.savefig('normalization_comparison.png', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
    print(f"\n  [OK] Saved: normalization_comparison.png")
    plt.close()
    
    # Print statistics
    print(f"\n  Statistics comparison for '{col}':")
    print(f"  {'Method':<25} {'Mean':>10} {'Std':>10} {'Min':>10} {'Max':>10}")
    print(f"  {'-'*65}")
    for name, values in scalers.items():
        print(f"  {name:<25} {np.mean(values):>10.3f} {np.std(values):>10.3f} "
              f"{np.min(values):>10.3f} {np.max(values):>10.3f}")


# ==============================================================================
# PHẦN 5: PCA (Dimensionality Reduction)
# ==============================================================================

def pca_analysis(df: pd.DataFrame):
    """PCA analysis trên product dimensions."""
    
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("  PCA - DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION")
    print("=" * 70)
    
    # Chọn features số
    features = ['price', 'freight_value', 'product_weight_g',
                'product_length_cm', 'product_height_cm', 'product_width_cm',
                'delivery_days']
    
    available_features = [f for f in features if f in df.columns]
    data = df[available_features].dropna()
    
    print(f"  Features: {available_features}")
    print(f"  Samples: {len(data)}")
    
    # Standardize
    scaler = StandardScaler()
    data_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(data)
    
    # PCA
    pca = PCA()
    pca_result = pca.fit_transform(data_scaled)
    
    # Explained variance
    print(f"\n  Explained Variance Ratio:")
    cumulative = 0
    for i, (var, cum_var) in enumerate(zip(
        pca.explained_variance_ratio_,
        np.cumsum(pca.explained_variance_ratio_)
    )):
        marker = " ← 95% reached" if cum_var >= 0.95 and cumulative < 0.95 else ""
        print(f"    PC{i+1}: {var:.4f} ({var*100:.1f}%)  "
              f"Cumulative: {cum_var:.4f} ({cum_var*100:.1f}%){marker}")
        cumulative = cum_var
    
    # Determine number of components for 95% variance
    n_components_95 = np.argmax(np.cumsum(pca.explained_variance_ratio_) >= 0.95) + 1
    print(f"\n  → {n_components_95} components explain 95%+ variance "
          f"(reduced from {len(available_features)} features)")
    
    # Component loadings
    print(f"\n  Component Loadings (first 3 PCs):")
    loadings = pd.DataFrame(
        pca.components_[:3].T,
        index=available_features,
        columns=[f'PC{i+1}' for i in range(3)]
    ).round(3)
    print(loadings.to_string())
    
    # Visualization
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 5))
    
    # Scree plot
    axes[0].bar(range(1, len(pca.explained_variance_ratio_) + 1),
                pca.explained_variance_ratio_, alpha=0.7, color='#3498db', label='Individual')
    axes[0].plot(range(1, len(pca.explained_variance_ratio_) + 1),
                 np.cumsum(pca.explained_variance_ratio_), 'ro-', label='Cumulative')
    axes[0].axhline(y=0.95, color='green', linestyle='--', label='95% threshold')
    axes[0].set_xlabel('Principal Component')
    axes[0].set_ylabel('Explained Variance Ratio')
    axes[0].set_title('PCA Scree Plot')
    axes[0].legend()
    
    # 2D scatter plot (PC1 vs PC2)
    scatter = axes[1].scatter(pca_result[:, 0], pca_result[:, 1],
                              c=data['price'].values, cmap='viridis',
                              alpha=0.5, s=10)
    axes[1].set_xlabel(f'PC1 ({pca.explained_variance_ratio_[0]*100:.1f}%)')
    axes[1].set_ylabel(f'PC2 ({pca.explained_variance_ratio_[1]*100:.1f}%)')
    axes[1].set_title('PCA: PC1 vs PC2 (colored by price)')
    plt.colorbar(scatter, ax=axes[1], label='Price')
    
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.savefig('pca_analysis.png', dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
    print(f"\n  [OK] Saved: pca_analysis.png")
    plt.close()


# ==============================================================================
# PHẦN 6: Feature Engineering
# ==============================================================================

def feature_engineering(df: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
    """Feature Engineering cho Olist dataset."""
    
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("  FEATURE ENGINEERING")
    print("=" * 70)
    
    df_feat = df.copy()
    new_features = []
    
    # 1. Price features
    if 'price' in df_feat.columns and 'freight_value' in df_feat.columns:
        df_feat['freight_ratio'] = (df_feat['freight_value'] / df_feat['price']).round(4)
        df_feat['total_value'] = df_feat['price'] + df_feat['freight_value']
        df_feat['is_free_shipping'] = (df_feat['freight_value'] == 0).astype(int)
        new_features.extend(['freight_ratio', 'total_value', 'is_free_shipping'])
    
    # 2. Price binning
    if 'price' in df_feat.columns:
        df_feat['price_category'] = pd.qcut(
            df_feat['price'], q=5,
            labels=['very_low', 'low', 'medium', 'high', 'very_high'],
            duplicates='drop'
        )
        new_features.append('price_category')
    
    # 3. Product size features
    size_cols = ['product_length_cm', 'product_height_cm', 'product_width_cm']
    if all(c in df_feat.columns for c in size_cols):
        df_feat['product_volume'] = (
            df_feat['product_length_cm'] *
            df_feat['product_height_cm'] *
            df_feat['product_width_cm']
        )
        new_features.append('product_volume')
        
        if 'product_weight_g' in df_feat.columns:
            df_feat['product_density'] = (
                df_feat['product_weight_g'] / df_feat['product_volume'].replace(0, np.nan)
            ).round(4)
            df_feat['is_heavy'] = (df_feat['product_weight_g'] > 5000).astype(int)
            new_features.extend(['product_density', 'is_heavy'])
    
    # 4. Delivery features
    if 'delivery_days' in df_feat.columns:
        df_feat['delivery_category'] = pd.cut(
            df_feat['delivery_days'],
            bins=[0, 3, 7, 14, 30, float('inf')],
            labels=['express', 'fast', 'normal', 'slow', 'very_slow']
        )
        df_feat['is_late'] = (df_feat['delivery_days'] > 14).astype(int)
        new_features.extend(['delivery_category', 'is_late'])
    
    # 5. Review features
    if 'review_score' in df_feat.columns:
        df_feat['is_positive'] = (df_feat['review_score'] >= 4).astype(int)
        df_feat['is_negative'] = (df_feat['review_score'] <= 2).astype(int)
        new_features.extend(['is_positive', 'is_negative'])
    
    # 6. State-based features
    if 'customer_state' in df_feat.columns:
        state_region = {
            'SP': 'Southeast', 'RJ': 'Southeast', 'MG': 'Southeast', 'ES': 'Southeast',
            'PR': 'South', 'SC': 'South', 'RS': 'South',
            'BA': 'Northeast', 'PE': 'Northeast', 'CE': 'Northeast',
            'DF': 'Central-West', 'GO': 'Central-West', 'MT': 'Central-West',
            'AM': 'North', 'PA': 'North',
        }
        df_feat['region'] = df_feat['customer_state'].map(state_region).fillna('Other')
        new_features.append('region')
    
    print(f"  New features created: {len(new_features)}")
    for feat in new_features:
        dtype = df_feat[feat].dtype
        nunique = df_feat[feat].nunique()
        sample = df_feat[feat].head(3).tolist()
        print(f"    {feat}: dtype={dtype}, unique={nunique}, sample={sample}")
    
    print(f"\n  Shape: {df.shape} → {df_feat.shape} (+{len(new_features)} features)")
    
    return df_feat


# ==============================================================================
# MAIN
# ==============================================================================

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print("=" * 70)
    print("  LAB 4: DATA PREPROCESSING")
    print("  BIM5021 - Nha kho du lieu va Tich hop")
    print("=" * 70)
    
    # 1. Create sample data
    df = create_sample_olist()
    
    # 2. Assess quality
    assess_data_quality(df)
    
    # 3. Clean data
    df_clean = clean_data(df)
    
    # 4. Normalize comparison
    normalize_comparison(df_clean)
    
    # 5. PCA
    pca_analysis(df_clean)
    
    # 6. Feature Engineering
    df_features = feature_engineering(df_clean)
    
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("  HOAN THANH LAB 4!")
    print("  Files: normalization_comparison.png, pca_analysis.png")
    print("=" * 70)