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| error_id,category,l1_language_family,error_pattern,incorrect_example,correct_example,rule_explanation,frequency_rank |
| G001,article_misuse,indo_european,Omission of indefinite article before singular count noun,She is teacher.,She is a teacher.,Singular countable nouns require an article (a/an/the); 'teacher' is countable.,1 |
| G002,article_misuse,indo_european,Omission of definite article for unique/specific reference,Sun is bright today.,The sun is bright today.,Use 'the' for something uniquely identified or previously mentioned.,3 |
| G003,article_misuse,indo_european,Unnecessary article before proper nouns or abstract nouns,The honesty is best policy.,Honesty is the best policy.,Do not use 'the' with most abstract uncountable nouns used generally.,5 |
| G004,article_misuse,sino_tibetan,Systematic article omission (no articles in L1),I bought car yesterday.,I bought a car yesterday.,Languages without articles transfer 'zero article'; ESL writers omit a/an/the wholesale.,2 |
| G005,article_misuse,indo_european,'a' vs 'an' before vowel sound,He is a honest man.,He is an honest man.,Use 'an' before a vowel SOUND; 'honest' has a silent h so begins with a vowel sound.,8 |
| G006,article_misuse,indo_european,Definite article with general plural count nouns,The dogs are loyal animals.,Dogs are loyal animals.,General statements about plural count nouns take no article.,7 |
| G007,preposition_errors,indo_european,Wrong preposition after adjective,He is married with Sara.,He is married to Sara.,Specific adjectives collocate with fixed prepositions; 'married' takes 'to' not 'with'.,4 |
| G008,preposition_errors,indo_european,Preposition of time confusion (in/on/at),We meet in Monday.,We meet on Monday.,Use 'on' for specific days; 'in' for months/years; 'at' for clock times.,1 |
| G009,preposition_errors,indo_european,Unnecessary preposition at end of relative clause,The book which I read it.,The book which I read.,Do not retain the object pronoun when a relative pronoun already fills the object slot.,9 |
| G010,preposition_errors,indo_european,'since' vs 'for' with time duration,I have lived here since five years.,I have lived here for five years.,Use 'for' + duration (amount of time); 'since' + a starting point in time.,3 |
| G011,preposition_errors,indo_european,'among' vs 'between' for two items,Between you and I and the wall.,Between you and me.,Use 'between' for distinct items (often two); object pronoun 'me' after preposition.,12 |
| G012,preposition_errors,indo_european,Dangling/redundant preposition,Where are you going to?,Where are you going?,Drop redundant prepositions when the meaning is already conveyed.,15 |
| G013,passive_voice,indo_european,Overuse of passive in informal register,Mistakes were made by me.,I made mistakes.,Active voice is clearer and more direct in most informal contexts; passive obscures the agent.,2 |
| G014,passive_voice,indo_european,Passive formed with wrong auxiliary,The window was broke.,The window was broken.,Use the past participle 'broken' not the past tense 'broke' after the 'be' auxiliary.,6 |
| G015,passive_voice,indo_european,Unnecessary passive with intransitive verb,It was happened yesterday.,It happened yesterday.,"Intransitive verbs (happen, occur, appear) cannot form a passive; use active.",10 |
| G016,passive_voice,indo_european,Agent retained unnecessarily,The cake was eaten by me quickly.,I ate the cake quickly.,"When the agent is obvious or unimportant, prefer active voice.",8 |
| G017,subject_verb_agreement,indo_european,Proximity agreement with compound subject,The list of items are long.,The list of items is long.,"The verb agrees with the head noun ('list', singular) not the nearest noun.",4 |
| G018,subject_verb_agreement,indo_european,Agreement with 'each'/'every',Every student have a book.,Every student has a book.,Singular quantifiers 'each/every' take a singular verb even when the noun feels plural.,5 |
| G019,subject_verb_agreement,sino_tibetan,Third-person singular -s omission,He go to school.,He goes to school.,Present-tense third-person singular requires the -s/-es suffix.,1 |
| G020,subject_verb_agreement,indo_european,Agreement with collective nouns,The team are winning.,The team is winning.,Treat collective nouns as singular in American English (British usage may vary).,7 |
| G021,tense_aspect,indo_european,Present perfect vs simple past confusion,Did you eat yet?,Have you eaten yet?,Use present perfect with 'yet/already/just' for past action with present relevance.,3 |
| G022,tense_aspect,indo_european,Past participle for simple past,I have went there.,I went there. (or I have gone there.),Do not mix auxiliary 'have' with simple past form; use the past participle 'gone'.,5 |
| G023,tense_aspect,indo_european,Past tense for hypothetical present,If I will have time,I go.,"If I have time, I will go.,First conditional: present tense in the 'if' clause, future in the main clause.",6 |
| G024,tense_aspect,sino_tibetan,Past tense -ed omission,I walk to school yesterday.,I walked to school yesterday.,Regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed/-d.,2 |
| G025,tense_aspect,indo_european,Past perfect misuse for sequential past,After I had finished,I had left.,"After I finished, I left.,Past perfect marks the earlier of two past events; do not stack it on both.",9 |
| G026,word_order,indo_european,Adverb placement between verb and object,I like very much the book.,I like the book very much.,Do not separate a transitive verb from its direct object; place adverbs after the object.,6 |
| G027,word_order,sino_tibetan,Subject omission in pro-drop transfer,Is raining.,It is raining.,English requires an explicit subject; use dummy 'it' for weather.,4 |
| G028,word_order,indo_european,Question word order in embedded clause,He asked where is the bank.,He asked where the bank is.,Embedded questions use statement word order (no subject-aux inversion).,8 |
| G029,word_order,indo_european,Noun-adjective order from L1,She bought a dress red.,She bought a red dress.,In English adjectives precede the noun (unlike Romance languages).,10 |
| G030,word_order,sino_tibetan,Time-place manner adverb ordering,I will go tomorrow to the store.,I will go to the store tomorrow.,English manner-place-time order is flexible but time often follows place.,11 |
| G031,countability,indo_european,Pluralizing uncountable nouns,She gave me many advices.,She gave me much advice. (or a lot of advice),'Advice' is uncountable; do not add -s; use 'pieces of advice' to count.,2 |
| G032,countability,indo_european,Using 'much' with countable nouns,I have much friends.,I have many friends.,Use 'many' with countable and 'much' with uncountable nouns.,3 |
| G033,countability,indo_european,Treating mass nouns as countable,The staffs are helpful.,The staff are helpful. (or staff members),'Staff' is a collective mass noun; avoid pluralizing unless meaning 'groups of staff'.,9 |
| G034,word_choice_confusables,indo_european,'borrow' vs 'lend',Can you borrow me your pen?,Can you lend me your pen?,'Lend' = give temporarily (toward speaker); 'borrow' = take temporarily.,5 |
| G035,word_choice_confusables,indo_european,'affect' vs 'effect',The weather effects my mood.,The weather affects my mood.,'Affect' is usually a verb (to influence); 'effect' is usually a noun (a result).,4 |
| G036,word_choice_confusables,indo_european,'its' vs 'it's',The dog wagged it's tail.,The dog wagged its tail.,'Its' = possessive; 'it's' = it is. The possessive has no apostrophe.,1 |
| G037,word_choice_confusables,indo_european,'then' vs 'than',She is taller then me.,She is taller than me.,Use 'than' for comparisons; 'then' for sequence in time.,6 |
| G038,word_choice_confusables,indo_european,'their/there/they're',Their going to there house.,They're going to their house.,Homophones: 'they're' = they are; 'their' = possessive; 'there' = location.,2 |
| G039,modal_verbs,indo_european,'must' for probability vs obligation,He must not be home (intended: is forbidden).,He must not be home. (= probably is not),"Context fixes meaning; 'must not' for obligation = forbidden, for deduction = probably not.",12 |
| G040,modal_verbs,indo_european,Modal + 'to' infinitive error,He can to swim.,He can swim.,"Modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) take a bare infinitive.",4 |
| G041,conditional,indo_european,Second conditional with 'would' in the if-clause,If I would have money,I would travel.,"If I had money, I would travel.,The 'if' clause of a second conditional uses the past simple, not 'would'.",7 |
| G042,relative_clauses,indo_european,'who' vs 'which' for people vs things,The book who I read...,The book which I read... (or that),Use 'who/whom' for people; 'which/that' for things.,8 |
| G043,relative_clauses,indo_european,Defining vs non-defining comma use,My brother,who lives in Paris,"is a doctor. (intended defining),My brother who lives in Paris is a doctor.,Defining clauses use no commas; non-defining clauses are set off by commas.",13 |
| G044,gerund_infinitive,indo_european,Infinitive where gerund required,I enjoy to swim.,I enjoy swimming.,"Certain verbs (enjoy, avoid, finish, suggest) take a gerund, not an infinitive.",5 |
| G045,gerund_infinitive,indo_european,Gerund where infinitive required,I want going home.,I want to go home.,"Certain verbs (want, decide, hope, promise) take an infinitive, not a gerund.",6 |
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