[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what was the percentage change in the fair value of msrs in 2007?

Pre-table text:
jpmorgan chase & co .
/ 2007 annual report 155 flows at risk-adjusted rates .
the model considers portfolio characteris- tics , contractually specified servicing fees , prepayment assumptions , delinquency rates , late charges , other ancillary revenue and costs to service , and other economic factors .
the firm reassesses and periodi- cally adjusts the underlying inputs and assumptions used in the oas model to reflect market conditions and assumptions that a market par- ticipant would consider in valuing the msr asset .
during the fourth quarter of the 2007 , the firm 2019s proprietary prepayment model was refined to reflect a decrease in estimated future mortgage prepay- ments based upon a number of market related factors including a downward trend in home prices , general tightening of credit under- writing standards and the associated impact on refinancing activity .
the firm compares fair value estimates and assumptions to observable market data where available and to recent market activity and actual portfolio experience .
the fair value of msrs is sensitive to changes in interest rates , includ- ing their effect on prepayment speeds .
jpmorgan chase uses or has used combinations of derivatives , afs securities and trading instru- ments to manage changes in the fair value of msrs .
the intent is to offset any changes in the fair value of msrs with changes in the fair value of the related risk management instruments .
msrs decrease in value when interest rates decline .
conversely , securities ( such as mort- gage-backed securities ) , principal-only certificates and certain deriva- tives ( when the firm receives fixed-rate interest payments ) increase in value when interest rates decline .
in march 2006 , the fasb issued sfas 156 , which permits an entity a one-time irrevocable election to adopt fair value accounting for a class of servicing assets .
jpmorgan chase elected to adopt the standard effective january 1 , 2006 , and defined msrs as one class of servicing assets for this election .
at the transition date , the fair value of the msrs exceeded their carrying amount , net of any related valuation allowance , by $ 150 million net of taxes .
this amount was recorded as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of january 1 , 2006 .
msrs are recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value , and changes in their fair value are recorded in current- period earnings .
revenue amounts related to msrs and the financial instruments used to manage the risk of msrs are recorded in mortgage fees and related income .
for the year ended december 31 , 2005 , msrs were accounted for under sfas 140 , using a lower of cost or fair value approach .
under this approach , msrs were amortized as a reduction of the actual servicing income received in proportion to , and over the period of , the estimated future net servicing income stream of the underlying mortgage loans .
for purposes of evaluating and measuring impairment of msrs , the firm stratified the portfolio on the basis of the predominant risk characteristics , which are loan type and interest rate .
any indicated impairment was rec- ognized as a reduction in revenue through a valuation allowance , which represented the extent to which the carrying value of an individual stra- tum exceeded its estimated fair value .
any gross carrying value and relat- ed valuation allowance amounts which were not expected to be recov- ered in the foreseeable future , based upon the interest rate scenario , were considered to be other-than-temporary .
prior to the adoption of sfas 156 , the firm designated certain deriva- tives used to risk manage msrs ( e.g. , a combination of swaps , swap- tions and floors ) as sfas 133 fair value hedges of benchmark interest rate risk .
sfas 133 hedge accounting allowed the carrying value of the hedged msrs to be adjusted through earnings in the same period that the change in value of the hedging derivatives was recognized through earnings .
the designated hedge period was daily .
in designat- ing the benchmark interest rate , the firm considered the impact that the change in the benchmark rate had on the prepayment speed esti- mates in determining the fair value of the msrs .
hedge effectiveness was assessed using a regression analysis of the change in fair value of the msrs as a result of changes in benchmark interest rates and of the change in the fair value of the designated derivatives .
the valua- tion adjustments to both the msrs and sfas 133 derivatives were recorded in mortgage fees and related income .
with the election to apply fair value accounting to the msrs under sfas 156 , sfas 133 hedge accounting is no longer necessary .
for a further discussion on derivative instruments and hedging activities , see note 30 on pages 168 2013169 of this annual report .
the following table summarizes msr activity , certain key assumptions , and the sensitivity of the fair value of msrs to adverse changes in those key assumptions for the years ended december 31 , 2007 and 2006 , during which period msrs were accounted for under sfas year ended december 31 , ( in millions ) 2007 2006 .

Table:
year ended december 31 ( inmillions )	2007	2006
balance at beginning of period after valuation allowance	$ 7546	$ 6452
cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	2014	230
fair value at beginning of period	7546	6682
originations of msrs	2335	1512
purchase of msrs	798	627
total additions	3133	2139
change in valuation due to inputs and assumptions ( a )	-516 ( 516 )	165
other changes in fair value ( b )	-1531 ( 1531 )	-1440 ( 1440 )
total change in fair value	-2047 ( 2047 )	-1275 ( 1275 )
fair value at december 31	$ 8632	$ 7546
change in unrealized ( losses ) gains included in income related to msrs held at december 31	$ -516 ( 516 )	na

Post-table text:
change in unrealized ( losses ) gains included in income related to msrs held at december 31 $ ( 516 ) na ( a ) represents msr asset fair value adjustments due to changes in market-based inputs , such as interest rates and volatility , as well as updates to assumptions used in the msr valuation model .
this caption also represents total realized and unrealized gains ( losses ) included in net income per the sfas 157 disclosure for fair value measurement using significant unobservable inputs ( level 3 ) .
these changes in fair value are recorded in mortgage fees and related income .
( b ) includes changes in the msr value due to modeled servicing portfolio runoff ( or time decay ) .
this caption represents the impact of cash settlements per the sfas 157 disclosure for fair value measurement using significant unobservable inputs ( level 3 ) .
these changes in fair value are recorded in mortgage fees and related income. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
how many countries are cat products distributed to?

Pre-table text:
64 | 2017 form 10-k notes to consolidated financial statements 1 .
operations and summary of significant accounting policies a .
nature of operations information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories : machinery , energy & transportation ( me&t ) 2013 represents the aggregate total of construction industries , resource industries , energy & transportation and all other operating segments and related corporate items and eliminations .
financial products 2013 primarily includes the company 2019s financial products segment .
this category includes caterpillar financial services corporation ( cat financial ) , caterpillar insurance holdings inc .
( insurance services ) and their respective subsidiaries .
our products are sold primarily under the brands 201ccaterpillar , 201d 201ccat , 201d design versions of 201ccat 201d and 201ccaterpillar , 201d 201cemd , 201d 201cfg wilson , 201d 201cmak , 201d 201cmwm , 201d 201cperkins , 201d 201cprogress rail , 201d 201csem 201d and 201csolar turbines 201d .
we conduct operations in our machinery , energy & transportation lines of business under highly competitive conditions , including intense price competition .
we place great emphasis on the high quality and performance of our products and our dealers 2019 service support .
although no one competitor is believed to produce all of the same types of equipment that we do , there are numerous companies , large and small , which compete with us in the sale of each of our products .
our machines are distributed principally through a worldwide organization of dealers ( dealer network ) , 48 located in the united states and 123 located outside the united states , serving 192 countries .
reciprocating engines are sold principally through the dealer network and to other manufacturers for use in products .
some of the reciprocating engines manufactured by our subsidiary perkins engines company limited , are also sold through its worldwide network of 93 distributors covering 182 countries .
the fg wilson branded electric power generation systems primarily manufactured by our subsidiary caterpillar northern ireland limited are sold through its worldwide network of 154 distributors covering 131 countries .
some of the large , medium speed reciprocating engines are also sold a0 under the mak brand through a worldwide network of 20 distributors covering 130 countries .
our dealers do not deal exclusively with our products ; however , in most cases sales and servicing of our products are the dealers 2019 principal business .
some products , primarily turbines and locomotives , are sold directly to end customers through sales forces employed by the company .
at times , these employees are assisted by independent sales representatives .
the financial products line of business also conducts operations under highly competitive conditions .
financing for users of caterpillar products is available through a variety of competitive sources , principally commercial banks and finance and leasing companies .
we offer various financing plans designed to increase the opportunity for sales of our products and generate financing income for our company .
a significant portion of financial products activity is conducted in north america , with additional offices in latin america , asia/pacific , europe , africa and middle east .
b .
basis of presentation the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of caterpillar a0 inc .
and its subsidiaries where we have a controlling financial interest .
investments in companies where our ownership exceeds 20 percent and we do not have a controlling interest or where the ownership is less than 20 percent and for which we have a significant influence are accounted for by the equity method .
see note 9 for further discussion .
we consolidate all variable interest entities ( vies ) where caterpillar inc .
is the primary beneficiary .
for vies , we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of vies .
the primary beneficiary of a vie is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity 2019s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the vie .
see note 21 for further discussion on a consolidated vie .
we have affiliates , suppliers and dealers that are vies of which we are not the primary beneficiary .
although we have provided financial support , we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity .
our maximum exposure to loss from vies for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: .

Table:
( millions of dollars )	december 31 , 2017	december 31 , 2016
receivables - trade and other	$ 34	$ 55
receivables - finance	42	174
long-term receivables - finance	38	246
investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	39	31
guarantees	259	210
total	$ 412	$ 716

Post-table text:
in addition , cat financial has end-user customers that are vies of which we are not the primary beneficiary .
although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest , we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance .
our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these vies is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided .
these risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what were 2012 total consolidated revenues in millions?

Pre-table text:
international networks international networks generated revenues of $ 1637 million during 2012 , which represented 37% ( 37 % ) of our total consolidated revenues .
our international networks segment principally consists of national and pan-regional television networks .
this segment generates revenue from operations in virtually every pay-television market in the world through an infrastructure that includes operational centers in london , singapore and miami .
discovery channel , animal planet and tlc lead the international networks 2019 portfolio of television networks .
international networks has one of the largest international distribution platforms of networks with as many as fourteen networks in more than 200 countries and territories around the world .
at december 31 , 2012 , international networks operated over 180 unique distribution feeds in over 40 languages with channel feeds customized according to language needs and advertising sales opportunities .
international networks also has free-to-air networks in the u.k. , germany , italy and spain and continues to pursue international expansion .
our international networks segment owns and operates the following television networks which reached the following number of subscribers as of december 31 , 2012 : global networks international subscribers ( millions ) regional networks international subscribers ( millions ) .

Table:
global networks discovery channel	internationalsubscribers ( millions ) 246	regional networks dmax	internationalsubscribers ( millions ) 90
animal planet	183	discovery kids	61
tlc real time and travel & living	174	quest	26
discovery science	75	discovery history	13
investigation discovery	63	shed	12
discovery home & health	57	discovery en espanol ( u.s. )	5
turbo	42	discovery familia ( u.s )	4
discovery world	27

Post-table text:
on december 21 , 2012 , our international networks segment acquired 20% ( 20 % ) equity ownership interests in eurosport , a european sports satellite and cable network , and a portfolio of pay television networks from tf1 , a french media company , for $ 264 million , including transaction costs .
we have a call right that enables us to purchase a controlling interest in eurosport starting december 2014 and for one year thereafter .
if we exercise our call right , tf1 will have the right to put its remaining interest to us for one year thereafter .
the arrangement is intended to increase the growth of eurosport , which focuses on niche but regionally popular sports such as tennis , skiing , cycling and skating , and enhance our pay television offerings in france .
on december 28 , 2012 , we acquired switchover media , a group of five italian television channels with children's and entertainment programming .
( see note 3 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements. ) education education generated revenues of $ 105 million during 2012 , which represented 2% ( 2 % ) of our total consolidated revenues .
education is comprised of curriculum-based product and service offerings .
this segment generates revenues primarily from subscriptions charged to k-12 schools for access to an online suite of curriculum-based vod tools , professional development services , digital textbooks and , to a lesser extent , student assessments and publication of hardcopy curriculum-based content .
our education business also participates in global brand and content licensing and engages in partnerships with leading non-profits , corporations , foundations and trade associations .
content development our content development strategy is designed to increase viewership , maintain innovation and quality leadership , and provide value for our network distributors and advertising customers .
our content is sourced from a wide range of third-party producers , which include some of the world 2019s leading nonfiction production companies as well as independent producers .
our production arrangements fall into three categories : produced , coproduced and licensed .
substantially all produced content includes content that we engage third parties to develop and produce , while we retain editorial control and own most or all of the rights , in exchange for paying all development and production costs .
coproduced content refers to program rights that we have collaborated with third parties to finance and develop because at times world-wide rights are not available for acquisition or we save costs by collaborating with third parties .
licensed content is comprised of films or series that have been previously produced by third parties. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what percentage of total aggregate contractual obligations is due to long-term debt?

Pre-table text:
table of contents item 7 2013 management 2019s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations liquidity and capital resources we recorded net earnings of $ 35.4 million or $ 1.18 per share in 2004 , compared with $ 52.2 million or $ 1.76 per share recorded in 2003 and $ 51.3 million or $ 1.86 per share in 2002 .
net earnings recorded in 2004 were negatively impacted by cost increases to steel and freight , as well as manufacturing inefficiencies during the first nine months of the year in our ashland city plant and higher selling , general and administrative expense ( sg&a ) .
while net earnings were flat in 2003 compared with 2002 , the lower earnings per share amount in 2003 as compared with 2002 reflected the full-year impact of our stock offering in may 2002 .
our individual segment performance will be discussed later in this section .
our working capital , excluding short-term debt , was $ 339.8 million at december 31 , 2004 , compared with $ 305.9 million and $ 225.1 million at december 31 , 2003 , and december 31 , 2002 , respectively .
the $ 33.9 million increase in 2004 reflects $ 44.9 million higher receivable balances due to longer payment terms experienced by both of our businesses as well as higher sales levels in the fourth quarter .
offsetting the increase in receivable balances were $ 13.5 million lower inventory levels split about equally between water systems and electrical products and $ 14.3 million higher accounts payable balances .
the $ 80.8 million increase in 2003 reflects $ 46.6 million higher inventory balances due primarily to extensive manufacturing repositioning in our electric motor business and several new product introductions and manufacturing consolidation in our water systems business .
additionally , receivable balances were $ 21.2 million higher due to price increases associated with new product introductions in our water systems business and an increase in international sales , which tend to have longer payment terms .
finally , a $ 13.1 million increase in accounts payable balances was largely offset by $ 9.4 million in restructuring expenses paid out in 2003 .
reducing working capital is one of our major initiatives in 2005 .
cash provided by operating activities during 2004 was $ 67.2 million compared with $ 29.0 million during 2003 and $ 116.0 million during 2002 .
despite lower earnings in 2004 , a smaller investment in working capital explains the majority of the improvement in cash flow compared with 2003 .
the higher investment in working capital in 2003 ( as discussed above ) , explains the majority of the difference between 2003 and our capital expenditures were $ 48.5 million in 2004 , essentially the same as in 2003 and approximately $ 2.2 million higher than in 2002 .
the increase in 2003 was associated with new product launches in our water systems business .
we are projecting 2005 capital expenditures to be approximately $ 55 million , essentially the same as our projected 2005 depreciation expense .
we believe that our present facilities and planned capital expenditures are sufficient to provide adequate capacity for our operations in 2005 .
in june 2004 , we completed a $ 265 million , five-year revolving credit facility with a group of eight banks .
the new facility expires on june 10 , 2009 , and it replaced a $ 250 million credit facility which expired on august 2 , 2004 , and was terminated on june 10 , 2004 .
the new facility backs up commercial paper and credit line borrowings .
as a result of the long-term nature of this facility , the commercial paper and credit line borrowings are now classified as long-term debt .
at december 31 , 2004 , we had available borrowing capacity of $ 153.9 million under this facility .
we believe that the combination of available borrowing capacity and operating cash flow will provide sufficient funds to finance our existing operations for the foreseeable future .
to take advantage of historically low long-term borrowing rates , we issued $ 50.0 million in senior notes with two insurance companies in june 2003 .
the notes range in maturity between 2013 and 2016 and carry a weighted average interest rate of slightly less than 4.5 percent .
the proceeds of the notes were used to repay commercial paper and borrowing under the credit facility .
our leverage , as measured by the ratio of total debt to total capitalization , was 32 percent at the end of 2004 and the end of 2003 .
aggregate contractual obligations a summary of our contractual obligations as of december 31 , 2004 , is as follows: .

Table:
( dollars in millions ) contractual obligation	( dollars in millions ) total	( dollars in millions ) less than 1 year	( dollars in millions ) 1 - 3 years	( dollars in millions ) 3 - 5 years	more than 5 years
long-term debt	$ 275.1	$ 8.6	$ 13.8	$ 138.2	$ 114.5
capital leases	6.0	2014	2014	6.0	2014
operating leases	62.9	14.4	20.7	11.6	16.2
purchase obligations	177.3	176.6	0.7	2014	2014
total	$ 521.3	$ 199.6	$ 35.2	$ 155.8	$ 130.7

Post-table text:
.

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what is the highest value for total operating segments during this period?

Pre-table text:
aon has certain contractual contingent guarantees for premium payments owed by clients to certain insurance companies .
the maximum exposure with respect to such contractual contingent guarantees was approximately $ 48 million at december 31 , 2011 .
aon has provided commitments to fund certain limited partnerships in which it has an interest in the event that the general partners request funding .
some of these commitments have specific expiration dates and the maximum potential funding under these commitments was $ 64 million at december 31 , 2011 .
during 2011 , the company funded $ 15 million of these commitments .
aon expects that as prudent business interests dictate , additional guarantees and indemnifications may be issued from time to time .
17 .
related party transactions during 2011 , the company , in the ordinary course of business , provided retail brokerage , consulting and financial advisory services to , and received wholesale brokerage services from , an entity that is controlled by one of the company 2019s stockholders .
these transactions were negotiated at an arms-length basis and contain customary terms and conditions .
during 2011 , commissions and fee revenue from these transactions was approximately $ 9 million .
18 .
segment information the company has two reportable operating segments : risk solutions and hr solutions .
unallocated income and expenses , when combined with the operating segments and after the elimination of intersegment revenues and expenses , total to the amounts in the consolidated financial statements .
reportable operating segments have been determined using a management approach , which is consistent with the basis and manner in which aon 2019s chief operating decision maker ( 2018 2018codm 2019 2019 ) uses financial information for the purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance .
the codm assesses performance based on operating segment operating income and generally accounts for intersegment revenue as if the revenue were from third parties and at what management believes are current market prices .
the company does not present net assets by segment as this information is not reviewed by the codm .
risk solutions acts as an advisor and insurance and reinsurance broker , helping clients manage their risks , via consultation , as well as negotiation and placement of insurance risk with insurance carriers through aon 2019s global distribution network .
hr solutions partners with organizations to solve their most complex benefits , talent and related financial challenges , and improve business performance by designing , implementing , communicating and administering a wide range of human capital , retirement , investment management , health care , compensation and talent management strategies .
aon 2019s total revenue is as follows ( in millions ) : .

Table:
years ended december 31	2011	2010	2009
risk solutions	$ 6817	$ 6423	$ 6305
hr solutions	4501	2111	1267
intersegment elimination	-31 ( 31 )	-22 ( 22 )	-26 ( 26 )
total operating segments	11287	8512	7546
unallocated	2014	2014	49
total revenue	$ 11287	$ 8512	$ 7595

Post-table text:
.

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}

table_max(
total operating segments
)
EOF


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
at december 31 , what was the percentage change in investment income from 2011 to 2012

Pre-table text:
the company had net realized capital losses for 2015 of $ 184.1 million .
in 2015 , the company recorded $ 102.2 million of other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities , $ 45.6 million of losses due to fair value re-measurements and $ 36.3 million of net realized capital losses from sales of fixed maturity and equity securities .
in 2014 , net realized capital gains were $ 84.0 million due to $ 121.7 million of gains from fair value re-measurements on fixed maturity and equity securities and $ 1.9 million of net realized capital gains from sales of fixed maturity and equity securities , partially offset by $ 39.5 million of other-than- temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities .
in 2013 , net realized capital gains were $ 300.2 million due to $ 258.9 million of gains due to fair value re-measurements on fixed maturity and equity securities and $ 42.4 million of net realized capital gains from sales of fixed maturity and equity securities , partially offset by $ 1.1 million of other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities .
the company 2019s cash and invested assets totaled $ 17.7 billion at december 31 , 2015 , which consisted of 87.4% ( 87.4 % ) fixed maturities and cash , of which 91.4% ( 91.4 % ) were investment grade ; 8.2% ( 8.2 % ) equity securities and 4.4% ( 4.4 % ) other invested assets .
the average maturity of fixed maturity securities was 4.1 years at december 31 , 2015 , and their overall duration was 3.0 years .
as of december 31 , 2015 , the company did not have any direct investments in commercial real estate or direct commercial mortgages or any material holdings of derivative investments ( other than equity index put option contracts as discussed in item 8 , 201cfinancial statements and supplementary data 201d - note 4 of notes to consolidated financial statements ) or securities of issuers that are experiencing cash flow difficulty to an extent that the company 2019s management believes could threaten the issuer 2019s ability to meet debt service payments , except where other-than-temporary impairments have been recognized .
the company 2019s investment portfolio includes structured commercial mortgage-backed securities ( 201ccmbs 201d ) with a book value of $ 264.9 million and a market value of $ 266.3 million .
cmbs securities comprising more than 70% ( 70 % ) of the december 31 , 2015 market value are rated aaa by standard & poor 2019s financial services llc ( 201cstandard & poor 2019s 201d ) .
furthermore , securities comprising more than 90% ( 90 % ) of the market value are rated investment grade by standard & poor 2019s .
the following table reflects investment results for the company for the periods indicated: .

Table:
( dollars in millions )	december 31 , average investments ( 1 )	december 31 , pre-tax investment income ( 2 )	december 31 , pre-tax effective yield	december 31 , pre-tax realized net capital ( losses ) gains ( 3 )	december 31 , pre-tax unrealized net capital gains ( losses )
2015	$ 17430.8	$ 473.8	2.72% ( 2.72 % )	$ -184.1 ( 184.1 )	$ -194.0 ( 194.0 )
2014	16831.9	530.6	3.15% ( 3.15 % )	84.0	20.3
2013	16472.5	548.5	3.33% ( 3.33 % )	300.2	-467.2 ( 467.2 )
2012	16220.9	600.2	3.70% ( 3.70 % )	164.4	161.0
2011	15680.9	620.0	3.95% ( 3.95 % )	6.9	106.6

Post-table text:
pre-tax pre-tax pre-tax pre-tax realized net unrealized net average investment effective capital ( losses ) capital gains ( dollars in millions ) investments ( 1 ) income ( 2 ) yield gains ( 3 ) ( losses ) 17430.8$ 473.8$ 2.72% ( 2.72 % ) ( 184.1 ) $ ( 194.0 ) $ 16831.9 530.6 3.15% ( 3.15 % ) 84.0 20.3 16472.5 548.5 3.33% ( 3.33 % ) 300.2 ( 467.2 ) 16220.9 600.2 3.70% ( 3.70 % ) 164.4 161.0 15680.9 620.0 3.95% ( 3.95 % ) 6.9 106.6 ( 1 ) average of the beginning and ending carrying values of investments and cash , less net funds held , future policy benefit reserve , and non-interest bearing cash .
bonds , common stock and redeemable and non-redeemable preferred stocks are carried at market value .
common stock which are actively managed are carried at fair value .
( 2 ) after investment expenses , excluding realized net capital gains ( losses ) .
( 3 ) included in 2015 , 2014 , 2013 , 2012 and 2011 are fair value re-measurements of ( $ 45.6 ) million , $ 121.7 million , $ 258.9 million , $ 118.1 million and ( $ 4.4 ) million , respectively. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what was the percentage change in investment banking fees from 2005 to 2006?

Pre-table text:
jpmorgan chase & co .
/ 2007 annual report 31 the following section provides a comparative discussion of jpmorgan chase 2019s consolidated results of operations on a reported basis for the three-year period ended december 31 , 2007 .
factors that relate primarily to a single business segment are discussed in more detail within that business segment than they are in this consolidated sec- tion .
for a discussion of the critical accounting estimates used by the firm that affect the consolidated results of operations , see pages 96 201398 of this annual report .
revenue .

Table:
year ended december 31 ( in millions )	2007	2006	2005
investment banking fees	$ 6635	$ 5520	$ 4088
principal transactions	9015	10778	8072
lending & deposit-related fees	3938	3468	3389
asset management administration and commissions	14356	11855	9988
securities gains ( losses )	164	-543 ( 543 )	-1336 ( 1336 )
mortgage fees and related income	2118	591	1054
credit card income	6911	6913	6754
other income	1829	2175	2684
noninterest revenue	44966	40757	34693
net interest income	26406	21242	19555
total net revenue	$ 71372	$ 61999	$ 54248

Post-table text:
2007 compared with 2006 total net revenue of $ 71.4 billion was up $ 9.4 billion , or 15% ( 15 % ) , from the prior year .
higher net interest income , very strong private equity gains , record asset management , administration and commissions revenue , higher mortgage fees and related income and record investment banking fees contributed to the revenue growth .
these increases were offset partially by lower trading revenue .
investment banking fees grew in 2007 to a level higher than the pre- vious record set in 2006 .
record advisory and equity underwriting fees drove the results , partially offset by lower debt underwriting fees .
for a further discussion of investment banking fees , which are primarily recorded in ib , see the ib segment results on pages 40 201342 of this annual report .
principal transactions revenue consists of trading revenue and private equity gains .
trading revenue declined significantly from the 2006 level , primarily due to markdowns in ib of $ 1.4 billion ( net of hedges ) on subprime positions , including subprime cdos , and $ 1.3 billion ( net of fees ) on leveraged lending funded loans and unfunded commitments .
also in ib , markdowns in securitized products on nonsubprime mortgages and weak credit trading performance more than offset record revenue in currencies and strong revenue in both rates and equities .
equities benefited from strong client activity and record trading results across all products .
ib 2019s credit portfolio results increased compared with the prior year , primarily driven by higher revenue from risk management activities .
the increase in private equity gains from 2006 reflected a significantly higher level of gains , the classification of certain private equity carried interest as compensation expense and a fair value adjustment in the first quarter of 2007 on nonpublic private equity investments resulting from the adoption of sfas 157 ( 201cfair value measurements 201d ) .
for a further discussion of principal transactions revenue , see the ib and corporate segment results on pages 40 201342 and 59 201360 , respectively , and note 6 on page 122 of this annual report .
lending & deposit-related fees rose from the 2006 level , driven pri- marily by higher deposit-related fees and the bank of new york transaction .
for a further discussion of lending & deposit-related fees , which are mostly recorded in rfs , tss and cb , see the rfs segment results on pages 43 201348 , the tss segment results on pages 54 201355 , and the cb segment results on pages 52 201353 of this annual report .
asset management , administration and commissions revenue reached a level higher than the previous record set in 2006 .
increased assets under management and higher performance and placement fees in am drove the record results .
the 18% ( 18 % ) growth in assets under management from year-end 2006 came from net asset inflows and market appreciation across all segments : institutional , retail , private bank and private client services .
tss also contributed to the rise in asset management , administration and commissions revenue , driven by increased product usage by new and existing clients and market appreciation on assets under custody .
finally , commissions revenue increased , due mainly to higher brokerage transaction volume ( primarily included within fixed income and equity markets revenue of ib ) , which more than offset the sale of the insurance business by rfs in the third quarter of 2006 and a charge in the first quarter of 2007 resulting from accelerated surrenders of customer annuities .
for additional information on these fees and commissions , see the segment discussions for ib on pages 40 201342 , rfs on pages 43 201348 , tss on pages 54 201355 , and am on pages 56 201358 , of this annual report .
the favorable variance resulting from securities gains in 2007 compared with securities losses in 2006 was primarily driven by improvements in the results of repositioning of the treasury invest- ment securities portfolio .
also contributing to the positive variance was a $ 234 million gain from the sale of mastercard shares .
for a fur- ther discussion of securities gains ( losses ) , which are mostly recorded in the firm 2019s treasury business , see the corporate segment discussion on pages 59 201360 of this annual report .
consol idated results of operat ions .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what percent decrease for interest income occurred between 2014 and 2015?

Pre-table text:
item 7a .
quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk ( amounts in millions ) in the normal course of business , we are exposed to market risks related to interest rates , foreign currency rates and certain balance sheet items .
from time to time , we use derivative instruments , pursuant to established guidelines and policies , to manage some portion of these risks .
derivative instruments utilized in our hedging activities are viewed as risk management tools and are not used for trading or speculative purposes .
interest rates our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the fair market value and cash flows of our debt obligations .
the majority of our debt ( approximately 89% ( 89 % ) and 91% ( 91 % ) as of december 31 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively ) bears interest at fixed rates .
we do have debt with variable interest rates , but a 10% ( 10 % ) increase or decrease in interest rates would not be material to our interest expense or cash flows .
the fair market value of our debt is sensitive to changes in interest rates , and the impact of a 10% ( 10 % ) change in interest rates is summarized below .
increase/ ( decrease ) in fair market value as of december 31 , 10% ( 10 % ) increase in interest rates 10% ( 10 % ) decrease in interest rates .

Table:
as of december 31,	increase/ ( decrease ) in fair market value 10% ( 10 % ) increasein interest rates	increase/ ( decrease ) in fair market value 10% ( 10 % ) decreasein interest rates
2015	$ -33.7 ( 33.7 )	$ 34.7
2014	-35.5 ( 35.5 )	36.6

Post-table text:
we have used interest rate swaps for risk management purposes to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates .
we do not have any interest rate swaps outstanding as of december 31 , 2015 .
we had $ 1509.7 of cash , cash equivalents and marketable securities as of december 31 , 2015 that we generally invest in conservative , short-term bank deposits or securities .
the interest income generated from these investments is subject to both domestic and foreign interest rate movements .
during 2015 and 2014 , we had interest income of $ 22.8 and $ 27.4 , respectively .
based on our 2015 results , a 100-basis-point increase or decrease in interest rates would affect our interest income by approximately $ 15.0 , assuming that all cash , cash equivalents and marketable securities are impacted in the same manner and balances remain constant from year-end 2015 levels .
foreign currency rates we are subject to translation and transaction risks related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates .
since we report revenues and expenses in u.s .
dollars , changes in exchange rates may either positively or negatively affect our consolidated revenues and expenses ( as expressed in u.s .
dollars ) from foreign operations .
the primary foreign currencies that impacted our results during 2015 included the australian dollar , brazilian real , british pound sterling and euro .
based on 2015 exchange rates and operating results , if the u.s .
dollar were to strengthen or weaken by 10% ( 10 % ) , we currently estimate operating income would decrease or increase approximately 4% ( 4 % ) , assuming that all currencies are impacted in the same manner and our international revenue and expenses remain constant at 2015 levels .
the functional currency of our foreign operations is generally their respective local currency .
assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date , and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period presented .
the resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss , net of tax , in the stockholders 2019 equity section of our consolidated balance sheets .
our foreign subsidiaries generally collect revenues and pay expenses in their functional currency , mitigating transaction risk .
however , certain subsidiaries may enter into transactions in currencies other than their functional currency .
assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are susceptible to movements in foreign currency until final settlement .
currency transaction gains or losses primarily arising from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in office and general expenses .
we regularly review our foreign exchange exposures that may have a material impact on our business and from time to time use foreign currency forward exchange contracts or other derivative financial instruments to hedge the effects of potential adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates arising from these exposures .
we do not enter into foreign exchange contracts or other derivatives for speculative purposes. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
at december 31 , 2015 what was the net change from december 31 , 2014 on alll on total purchased impaired loans in billions?

Pre-table text:
during 2015 , $ 82 million of provision recapture was recorded for purchased impaired loans compared to $ 91 million of provision recapture during 2014 .
charge-offs ( which were specifically for commercial loans greater than a defined threshold ) during 2015 were $ 12 million compared to $ 42 million during 2014 .
at december 31 , 2015 and december 31 , 2014 , the alll on total purchased impaired loans was $ .3 billion and $ .9 billion , respectively .
the decline in alll was primarily due to the change in our derecognition policy .
for purchased impaired loan pools where an allowance has been recognized , subsequent increases in the net present value of cash flows will result in a provision recapture of any previously recorded alll to the extent applicable , and/or a reclassification from non-accretable difference to accretable yield , which will be recognized prospectively .
individual loan transactions where final dispositions have occurred ( as noted above ) result in removal of the loans from their applicable pools for cash flow estimation purposes .
the cash flow re- estimation process is completed quarterly to evaluate the appropriateness of the alll associated with the purchased impaired loans .
activity for the accretable yield during 2015 and 2014 follows : table 66 : purchased impaired loans 2013 accretable yield .

Table:
in millions	2015	2014
january 1	$ 1558	$ 2055
accretion ( including excess cash recoveries )	-466 ( 466 )	-587 ( 587 )
net reclassifications to accretable from non-accretable	226	208
disposals	-68 ( 68 )	-118 ( 118 )
december 31	$ 1250	$ 1558

Post-table text:
note 5 allowances for loan and lease losses and unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit allowance for loan and lease losses we maintain the alll at levels that we believe to be appropriate to absorb estimated probable credit losses incurred in the portfolios as of the balance sheet date .
we use the two main portfolio segments 2013 commercial lending and consumer lending 2013 and develop and document the alll under separate methodologies for each of these segments as discussed in note 1 accounting policies .
a rollforward of the alll and associated loan data follows .
the pnc financial services group , inc .
2013 form 10-k 141 .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
in millions , what is the total impact on the change in net revenue from the reserve equalization , the purchased power capacity , and the transmission revenue?

Pre-table text:
entergy texas , inc .
and subsidiaries management 2019s financial discussion and analysis results of operations net income 2016 compared to 2015 net income increased $ 37.9 million primarily due to lower other operation and maintenance expenses , the asset write-off of its receivable associated with the spindletop gas storage facility in 2015 , and higher net revenue .
2015 compared to 2014 net income decreased $ 5.2 million primarily due to the asset write-off of its receivable associated with the spindletop gas storage facility and higher other operation and maintenance expenses , partially offset by higher net revenue and a lower effective tax rate .
net revenue 2016 compared to 2015 net revenue consists of operating revenues net of : 1 ) fuel , fuel-related expenses , and gas purchased for resale , 2 ) purchased power expenses , and 3 ) other regulatory charges .
following is an analysis of the change in net revenue comparing 2016 to 2015 .
amount ( in millions ) .

Table:
	amount ( in millions )
2015 net revenue	$ 637.2
reserve equalization	14.3
purchased power capacity	12.4
transmission revenue	7.0
retail electric price	5.4
net wholesale	-27.8 ( 27.8 )
other	-4.3 ( 4.3 )
2016 net revenue	$ 644.2

Post-table text:
the reserve equalization variance is primarily due to a reduction in reserve equalization expense primarily due to changes in the entergy system generation mix compared to the same period in 2015 as a result of the execution of a new purchased power agreement and entergy mississippi 2019s exit from the system agreement , each in november 2015 , and entergy texas 2019s exit from the system agreement in august 2016 .
see note 2 to the financial statements for a discussion of the system agreement .
the purchased power capacity variance is primarily due to decreased expenses due to the termination of the purchased power agreements between entergy louisiana and entergy texas in august 2016 , as well as capacity cost changes for ongoing purchased power capacity contracts .
the transmission revenue variance is primarily due to an increase in attachment o rates charged by miso to transmission customers and a settlement of attachment o rates previously billed to transmission customers by miso. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what was the lowest amount of research and development credit net in the three year period , in millions?

Pre-table text:
notes to consolidated financial statements ( continued ) note 6 2014income taxes ( continued ) a reconciliation of the provision for income taxes , with the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate ( 35% ( 35 % ) in 2005 , 2004 , and 2003 ) to income before provision for income taxes , is as follows ( in millions ) : .

Table:
	2005	2004	2003
computed expected tax	$ 636	$ 134	$ 32
state taxes net of federal effect	-19 ( 19 )	-5 ( 5 )	-4 ( 4 )
indefinitely invested earnings of foreign subsidiaries	-98 ( 98 )	-31 ( 31 )	-13 ( 13 )
nondeductible executive compensation	11	10	5
research and development credit net	-26 ( 26 )	-5 ( 5 )	-7 ( 7 )
other items	-24 ( 24 )	4	11
provision for income taxes	$ 480	$ 107	$ 24
effective tax rate	26% ( 26 % )	28% ( 28 % )	26% ( 26 % )

Post-table text:
during 2005 , the company reversed certain tax contingency reserves and recorded a corresponding benefit to income tax expense primarily as a result of a change in the estimated outcome of certain tax disputes .
additionally , during the fourth quarter of 2005 , the company recorded a benefit to tax expense to adjust its net deferred tax assets as a result of the company 2019s year-end review of its deferred tax accounts , the impact of which was not material to the current or prior periods 2019 results of operations .
the total benefit to income tax expense from the reversal of these tax contingency reserves and adjustments to net deferred tax assets was $ 67 million .
the company also recorded a $ 14 million credit to income tax expense resulting from a reduction of the valuation allowance .
the internal revenue service ( irs ) has completed its field audit of the company 2019s federal income tax returns for all years prior to 2002 and proposed certain adjustments .
certain of these adjustments are being contested through the irs appeals office .
substantially all irs audit issues for these years have been resolved .
in addition , the company is also subject to audits by state , local , and foreign tax authorities .
management believes that adequate provisions have been made for any adjustments that may result from tax examinations .
however , the outcome of tax audits cannot be predicted with certainty .
should any issues addressed in the company 2019s tax audits be resolved in a manner not consistent with management 2019s expectations , the company could be required to adjust its provision for income tax in the period such resolution occurs .
note 7 2014shareholders 2019 equity preferred stock the company has 5 million shares of authorized preferred stock , none of which is outstanding .
under the terms of the company 2019s restated articles of incorporation , the board of directors is authorized to determine or alter the rights , preferences , privileges and restrictions of the company 2019s authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}

table_min(
research and development credit net
)
EOF


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
by how much did contingent rental liability decrease from 2007 to 2009?

Pre-table text:
marathon oil corporation notes to consolidated financial statements of the $ 446 million present value of net minimum capital lease payments , $ 53 million was related to obligations assumed by united states steel under the financial matters agreement .
operating lease rental expense was : ( in millions ) 2009 2008 2007 minimum rental ( a ) $ 238 $ 245 $ 209 .

Table:
( in millions )	2009	2008	2007
minimum rental ( a )	$ 238	$ 245	$ 209
contingent rental	19	22	33
net rental expense	$ 257	$ 267	$ 242

Post-table text:
( a ) excludes $ 3 million , $ 5 million and $ 8 million paid by united states steel in 2009 , 2008 and 2007 on assumed leases .
26 .
commitments and contingencies we are the subject of , or party to , a number of pending or threatened legal actions , contingencies and commitments involving a variety of matters , including laws and regulations relating to the environment .
certain of these matters are discussed below .
the ultimate resolution of these contingencies could , individually or in the aggregate , be material to our consolidated financial statements .
however , management believes that we will remain a viable and competitive enterprise even though it is possible that these contingencies could be resolved unfavorably .
environmental matters 2013 we are subject to federal , state , local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the environment .
these laws generally provide for control of pollutants released into the environment and require responsible parties to undertake remediation of hazardous waste disposal sites .
penalties may be imposed for noncompliance .
at december 31 , 2009 and 2008 , accrued liabilities for remediation totaled $ 116 million and $ 111 million .
it is not presently possible to estimate the ultimate amount of all remediation costs that might be incurred or the penalties that may be imposed .
receivables for recoverable costs from certain states , under programs to assist companies in clean-up efforts related to underground storage tanks at retail marketing outlets , were $ 59 and $ 60 million at december 31 , 2009 and 2008 .
legal cases 2013 we , along with other refining companies , settled a number of lawsuits pertaining to methyl tertiary-butyl ether ( 201cmtbe 201d ) in 2008 .
presently , we are a defendant , along with other refining companies , in 27 cases arising in four states alleging damages for mtbe contamination .
like the cases that we settled in 2008 , 12 of the remaining cases are consolidated in a multi-district litigation ( 201cmdl 201d ) in the southern district of new york for pretrial proceedings .
the other 15 cases are in new york state courts ( nassau and suffolk counties ) .
plaintiffs in 26 of the 27 cases allege damages to water supply wells from contamination of groundwater by mtbe , similar to the damages claimed in the cases settled in 2008 .
in the remaining case , the new jersey department of environmental protection is seeking the cost of remediating mtbe contamination and natural resources damages allegedly resulting from contamination of groundwater by mtbe .
we are vigorously defending these cases .
we have engaged in settlement discussions related to the majority of these cases .
we do not expect our share of liability for these cases to significantly impact our consolidated results of operations , financial position or cash flows .
we voluntarily discontinued producing mtbe in 2002 .
we are currently a party to one qui tam case , which alleges that marathon and other defendants violated the false claims act with respect to the reporting and payment of royalties on natural gas and natural gas liquids for federal and indian leases .
a qui tam action is an action in which the relator files suit on behalf of himself as well as the federal government .
the case currently pending is u.s .
ex rel harrold e .
wright v .
agip petroleum co .
et al .
it is primarily a gas valuation case .
marathon has reached a settlement with the relator and the doj which will be finalized after the indian tribes review and approve the settlement terms .
such settlement is not expected to significantly impact our consolidated results of operations , financial position or cash flows .
guarantees 2013 we have provided certain guarantees , direct and indirect , of the indebtedness of other companies .
under the terms of most of these guarantee arrangements , we would be required to perform should the guaranteed party fail to fulfill its obligations under the specified arrangements .
in addition to these financial guarantees , we also have various performance guarantees related to specific agreements. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what is the percentual increase in the operating expenses during 2017 and 2018?

Pre-table text:
income tax liabilities tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits as of 30 september 2018 were $ 233.6 .
these tax liabilities were excluded from the contractual obligations table as it is impractical to determine a cash impact by year given that payments will vary according to changes in tax laws , tax rates , and our operating results .
in addition , there are uncertainties in timing of the effective settlement of our uncertain tax positions with respective taxing authorities .
however , the contractual obligations table above includes our accrued liability of approximately $ 184 for deemed repatriation tax that is payable over eight years related to the tax act .
refer to note 22 , income taxes , to the consolidated financial statements for additional information .
obligation for future contribution to an equity affiliate on 19 april 2015 , a joint venture between air products and acwa holding entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement to supply saudi aramco 2019s oil refinery and power plant being built in jazan , saudi arabia .
air products owns 25% ( 25 % ) of the joint venture and guarantees the repayment of its share of an equity bridge loan .
in total , we expect to invest approximately $ 100 in this joint venture .
as of 30 september 2018 , we recorded a noncurrent liability of $ 94.4 for our obligation to make future equity contributions in 2020 based on our proportionate share of the advances received by the joint venture under the loan .
expected investment in joint venture on 12 august 2018 , air products entered an agreement to form a gasification/power joint venture ( "jv" ) with saudi aramco and acwa in jazan , saudi arabia .
air products will own at least 55% ( 55 % ) of the jv , with saudi aramco and acwa power owning the balance .
the jv will purchase the gasification assets , power block , and the associated utilities from saudi aramco for approximately $ 8 billion .
our expected investment has been excluded from the contractual obligations table above pending closing , which is currently expected in fiscal year 2020 .
the jv will own and operate the facility under a 25-year contract for a fixed monthly fee .
saudi aramco will supply feedstock to the jv , and the jv will produce power , hydrogen and other utilities for saudi aramco .
pension benefits the company and certain of its subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover a substantial portion of its worldwide employees .
the principal defined benefit pension plans are the u.s .
salaried pension plan and the u.k .
pension plan .
these plans were closed to new participants in 2005 , after which defined contribution plans were offered to new employees .
the shift to defined contribution plans is expected to continue to reduce volatility of both plan expense and contributions .
the fair market value of plan assets for our defined benefit pension plans as of the 30 september 2018 measurement date decreased to $ 4273.1 from $ 4409.2 at the end of fiscal year 2017 .
the projected benefit obligation for these plans was $ 4583.3 and $ 5107.2 at the end of fiscal years 2018 and 2017 , respectively .
the net unfunded liability decreased $ 387.8 from $ 698.0 to $ 310.2 , primarily due to higher discount rates and favorable asset experience .
refer to note 16 , retirement benefits , to the consolidated financial statements for comprehensive and detailed disclosures on our postretirement benefits .
pension expense .

Table:
	2018	2017	2016
pension expense 2013 continuing operations	$ 91.8	$ 72.0	$ 55.8
settlements termination benefits and curtailments ( included above )	48.9	15.0	6.0
weighted average discount rate 2013 service cost	3.2% ( 3.2 % )	2.9% ( 2.9 % )	4.1% ( 4.1 % )
weighted average discount rate 2013 interest cost	2.9% ( 2.9 % )	2.5% ( 2.5 % )	3.4% ( 3.4 % )
weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets	6.9% ( 6.9 % )	7.4% ( 7.4 % )	7.5% ( 7.5 % )
weighted average expected rate of compensation increase	3.5% ( 3.5 % )	3.5% ( 3.5 % )	3.5% ( 3.5 % )

Post-table text:
.

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what was the percentage change in raw materials and supplies between 2017 and 2018?

Pre-table text:
note 6 : inventories we use the last-in , first-out ( lifo ) method for the majority of our inventories located in the continental u.s .
other inventories are valued by the first-in , first-out ( fifo ) method .
fifo cost approximates current replacement cost .
inventories measured using lifo must be valued at the lower of cost or market .
inventories measured using fifo must be valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value .
inventories at december 31 consisted of the following: .

Table:
	2018	2017
finished products	$ 988.1	$ 1211.4
work in process	2628.2	2697.7
raw materials and supplies	506.5	488.8
total ( approximates replacement cost )	4122.8	4397.9
increase ( reduction ) to lifo cost	-11.0 ( 11.0 )	60.4
inventories	$ 4111.8	$ 4458.3

Post-table text:
inventories valued under the lifo method comprised $ 1.57 billion and $ 1.56 billion of total inventories at december 31 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively .
note 7 : financial instruments financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist principally of trade receivables and interest- bearing investments .
wholesale distributors of life-science products account for a substantial portion of our trade receivables ; collateral is generally not required .
we seek to mitigate the risk associated with this concentration through our ongoing credit-review procedures and insurance .
a large portion of our cash is held by a few major financial institutions .
we monitor our exposures with these institutions and do not expect any of these institutions to fail to meet their obligations .
major financial institutions represent the largest component of our investments in corporate debt securities .
in accordance with documented corporate risk-management policies , we monitor the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution or corporate issuer .
we are exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to risk-management instruments but do not expect any counterparties to fail to meet their obligations given their high credit ratings .
we consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents .
the cost of these investments approximates fair value .
our equity investments are accounted for using three different methods depending on the type of equity investment : 2022 investments in companies over which we have significant influence but not a controlling interest are accounted for using the equity method , with our share of earnings or losses reported in other-net , ( income ) expense .
2022 for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values , we measure these investments at cost , less any impairment , plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer .
any change in recorded value is recorded in other-net , ( income ) expense .
2022 our public equity investments are measured and carried at fair value .
any change in fair value is recognized in other-net , ( income ) expense .
we review equity investments other than public equity investments for indications of impairment on a regular basis .
our derivative activities are initiated within the guidelines of documented corporate risk-management policies and are intended to offset losses and gains on the assets , liabilities , and transactions being hedged .
management reviews the correlation and effectiveness of our derivatives on a quarterly basis. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what was the change in the total long-term debt net from 2014 to 2015 in millions

Pre-table text:
note 10 2013 debt our long-term debt consisted of the following ( in millions ) : .

Table:
	2015	2014
notes with rates from 1.85% ( 1.85 % ) to 3.80% ( 3.80 % ) due 2016 to 2045	$ 8150	$ 1400
notes with rates from 4.07% ( 4.07 % ) to 5.72% ( 5.72 % ) due 2019 to 2046	6089	3589
notes with rates from 6.15% ( 6.15 % ) to 9.13% ( 9.13 % ) due 2016 to 2036	1941	1941
other debt	116	111
total long-term debt	16296	7041
less : unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs	-1035 ( 1035 )	-899 ( 899 )
total long-term debt net	$ 15261	$ 6142

Post-table text:
revolving credit facilities on october 9 , 2015 , we entered into a new $ 2.5 billion revolving credit facility ( the 5-year facility ) with various banks and concurrently terminated our existing $ 1.5 billion revolving credit facility , which was scheduled to expire in august 2019 .
the 5-year facility , which expires on october 9 , 2020 , is available for general corporate purposes .
the undrawn portion of the 5-year facility is also available to serve as a backup facility for the issuance of commercial paper .
we may request and the banks may grant , at their discretion , an increase in the borrowing capacity under the 5-year facility of up to an additional $ 500 million .
there were no borrowings outstanding under the 5-year facility as of and during the year ended december 31 , in contemplation of our acquisition of sikorsky , on october 9 , 2015 , we also entered into a 364-day revolving credit facility ( the 364-day facility , and together with the 5-year facility , the facilities ) with various banks that provided $ 7.0 billion of funding for general corporate purposes , including the acquisition of sikorsky .
concurrent with the consummation of the sikorsky acquisition , we borrowed $ 6.0 billion under the 364-day facility .
on november 23 , 2015 , we repaid all outstanding borrowings under the 364-day facility with proceeds received from an issuance of new debt ( see below ) and terminated any remaining commitments of the lenders under the 364-day facility .
borrowings under the facilities bear interest at rates based , at our option , on a eurodollar rate or a base rate , as defined in the facilities 2019 agreements .
each bank 2019s obligation to make loans under the 5-year facility is subject to , among other things , our compliance with various representations , warranties , and covenants , including covenants limiting our ability and certain of our subsidiaries 2019 ability to encumber assets and a covenant not to exceed a maximum leverage ratio , as defined in the five-year facility agreement .
as of december 31 , 2015 , we were in compliance with all covenants contained in the 5-year facility agreement , as well as in our debt agreements .
long-term debt on november 23 , 2015 , we issued $ 7.0 billion of notes ( the november 2015 notes ) in a registered public offering .
we received net proceeds of $ 6.9 billion from the offering , after deducting discounts and debt issuance costs , which are being amortized as interest expense over the life of the debt .
the november 2015 notes consist of : 2022 $ 750 million maturing in 2018 with a fixed interest rate of 1.85% ( 1.85 % ) ( the 2018 notes ) ; 2022 $ 1.25 billion maturing in 2020 with a fixed interest rate of 2.50% ( 2.50 % ) ( the 2020 notes ) ; 2022 $ 500 million maturing in 2023 with a fixed interest rate of 3.10% ( 3.10 % ) the 2023 notes ) ; 2022 $ 2.0 billion maturing in 2026 with a fixed interest rate of 3.55% ( 3.55 % ) ( the 2026 notes ) ; 2022 $ 500 million maturing in 2036 with a fixed interest rate of 4.50% ( 4.50 % ) ( the 2036 notes ) ; and 2022 $ 2.0 billion maturing in 2046 with a fixed interest rate of 4.70% ( 4.70 % ) ( the 2046 notes ) .
we may , at our option , redeem some or all of the november 2015 notes and unpaid interest at any time by paying the principal amount of notes being redeemed plus any make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption .
interest is payable on the 2018 notes and the 2020 notes on may 23 and november 23 of each year , beginning on may 23 , 2016 ; on the 2023 notes and the 2026 notes on january 15 and july 15 of each year , beginning on july 15 , 2016 ; and on the 2036 notes and the 2046 notes on may 15 and november 15 of each year , beginning on may 15 , 2016 .
the november 2015 notes rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness .
the proceeds of the november 2015 notes were used to repay $ 6.0 billion of borrowings under our 364-day facility and for general corporate purposes. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
how many directors can be elected by the class b-1 and class b-2 shareholders?

Pre-table text:
14 .
capital stock shares outstanding .
the following table presents information regarding capital stock: .

Table:
( in thousands )	december 31 , 2017	december 31 , 2016
class a common stock authorized	1000000	1000000
class a common stock issued and outstanding	339235	338240
class b-1 common stock authorized issued and outstanding	0.6	0.6
class b-2 common stock authorized issued and outstanding	0.8	0.8
class b-3 common stock authorized issued and outstanding	1.3	1.3
class b-4 common stock authorized issued and outstanding	0.4	0.4

Post-table text:
cme group has no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding .
associated trading rights .
members of cme , cbot , nymex and comex own or lease trading rights which entitle them to access open outcry trading , discounts on trading fees and the right to vote on certain exchange matters as provided for by the rules of the particular exchange and cme group 2019s or the subsidiaries 2019 organizational documents .
each class of cme group class b common stock is associated with a membership in a specific division for trading at cme .
a cme trading right is a separate asset that is not part of or evidenced by the associated share of class b common stock of cme group .
the class b common stock of cme group is intended only to ensure that the class b shareholders of cme group retain rights with respect to representation on the board of directors and approval rights with respect to the core rights described below .
trading rights at cbot are evidenced by class b memberships in cbot , at nymex by class a memberships in nymex and at comex by comex division memberships .
members of cbot , nymex and comex do not have any rights to elect members of the board of directors and are not entitled to receive dividends or other distributions on their memberships or trading permits .
core rights .
holders of cme group class b common shares have the right to approve changes in specified rights relating to the trading privileges at cme associated with those shares .
these core rights relate primarily to trading right protections , certain trading fee protections and certain membership benefit protections .
votes on changes to these core rights are weighted by class .
each class of class b common stock has the following number of votes on matters relating to core rights : class b-1 , six votes per share ; class b-2 , two votes per share ; class b-3 , one vote per share ; and class b-4 , 1/6th of one vote per share .
the approval of a majority of the votes cast by the holders of shares of class b common stock is required in order to approve any changes to core rights .
holders of shares of class a common stock do not have the right to vote on changes to core rights .
voting rights .
with the exception of the matters reserved to holders of cme group class b common stock , holders of cme group common stock vote together on all matters for which a vote of common shareholders is required .
in these votes , each holder of shares of class a or class b common stock of cme group has one vote per share .
transfer restrictions .
each class of cme group class b common stock is subject to transfer restrictions contained in the certificate of incorporation of cme group .
these transfer restrictions prohibit the sale or transfer of any shares of class b common stock separate from the sale of the associated trading rights .
election of directors .
the cme group board of directors is currently comprised of 20 members .
holders of class b-1 , class b-2 and class b-3 common stock have the right to elect six directors , of which three are elected by class b-1 shareholders , two are elected by class b-2 shareholders and one is elected by class b-3 shareholders .
the remaining directors are elected by the class a and class b shareholders voting as a single class. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
by what percentage did the average wti crude oil benchmark decrease from 2007 to 2009?

Pre-table text:
item 7 .
management 2019s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations we are a global integrated energy company with significant operations in the north america , africa and europe .
our operations are organized into four reportable segments : 2022 exploration and production ( 201ce&p 201d ) which explores for , produces and markets liquid hydrocarbons and natural gas on a worldwide basis .
2022 oil sands mining ( 201cosm 201d ) which mines , extracts and transports bitumen from oil sands deposits in alberta , canada , and upgrades the bitumen to produce and market synthetic crude oil and vacuum gas 2022 integrated gas ( 201cig 201d ) which markets and transports products manufactured from natural gas , such as liquefied natural gas ( 201clng 201d ) and methanol , on a worldwide basis .
2022 refining , marketing & transportation ( 201crm&t 201d ) which refines , markets and transports crude oil and petroleum products , primarily in the midwest , upper great plains , gulf coast and southeastern regions of the united states .
certain sections of management 2019s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations include forward-looking statements concerning trends or events potentially affecting our business .
these statements typically contain words such as 201canticipates , 201d 201cbelieves , 201d 201cestimates , 201d 201cexpects , 201d 201ctargets , 201d 201cplans , 201d 201cprojects , 201d 201ccould , 201d 201cmay , 201d 201cshould , 201d 201cwould 201d or similar words indicating that future outcomes are uncertain .
in accordance with 201csafe harbor 201d provisions of the private securities litigation reform act of 1995 , these statements are accompanied by cautionary language identifying important factors , though not necessarily all such factors , which could cause future outcomes to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements .
we hold a 60 percent interest in equatorial guinea lng holdings limited ( 201cegholdings 201d ) .
as discussed in note 4 to the consolidated financial statements , effective may 1 , 2007 , we ceased consolidating egholdings .
our investment is accounted for using the equity method of accounting .
unless specifically noted , amounts presented for the integrated gas segment for periods prior to may 1 , 2007 , include amounts related to the minority interests .
management 2019s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the information under item 1 .
business , item 1a .
risk factors , item 6 .
selected financial data and item 8 .
financial statements and supplementary data .
overview exploration and production prevailing prices for the various grades of crude oil and natural gas that we produce significantly impact our revenues and cash flows .
prices were volatile in 2009 , but not as much as in the previous year .
prices in 2009 were also lower than in recent years as illustrated by the annual averages for key benchmark prices below. .

Table:
benchmark	2009	2008	2007
wti crude oil ( dollars per barrel )	$ 62.09	$ 99.75	$ 72.41
dated brent crude oil ( dollars per barrel )	$ 61.67	$ 97.26	$ 72.39
henry hub natural gas ( dollars per mcf ) ( a )	$ 3.99	$ 9.04	$ 6.86

Post-table text:
henry hub natural gas ( dollars per mcf ) ( a ) $ 3.99 $ 9.04 $ 6.86 ( a ) first-of-month price index .
crude oil prices rose sharply through the first half of 2008 as a result of strong global demand , a declining dollar , ongoing concerns about supplies of crude oil , and geopolitical risk .
later in 2008 , crude oil prices sharply declined as the u.s .
dollar rebounded and global demand decreased as a result of economic recession .
the price decrease continued into 2009 , but reversed after dropping below $ 33.98 in february , ending the year at $ 79.36 .
our domestic crude oil production is about 62 percent sour , which means that it contains more sulfur than light sweet wti does .
sour crude oil also tends to be heavier than light sweet crude oil and sells at a discount to light sweet crude oil because of higher refining costs and lower refined product values .
our international crude oil production is relatively sweet and is generally sold in relation to the dated brent crude benchmark .
the differential between wti and dated brent average prices narrowed to $ 0.42 in 2009 compared to $ 2.49 in 2008 and $ 0.02 in 2007. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what is the change in the balance of liability for restructuring 2003 program from 2006 to 2008 , ( in millions ) ?

Pre-table text:
notes to consolidated financial statements 2014 ( continued ) ( amounts in millions , except per share amounts ) a summary of the remaining liability for the 2007 , 2003 and 2001 restructuring programs is as follows : program program program total .

Table:
	2007 program	2003 program	2001 program	total
liability at december 31 2006	$ 2014	$ 12.6	$ 19.2	$ 31.8
net charges ( reversals ) and adjustments	19.1	-0.5 ( 0.5 )	-5.2 ( 5.2 )	13.4
payments and other1	-7.2 ( 7.2 )	-3.1 ( 3.1 )	-5.3 ( 5.3 )	-15.6 ( 15.6 )
liability at december 31 2007	$ 11.9	$ 9.0	$ 8.7	$ 29.6
net charges and adjustments	4.3	0.8	0.7	5.8
payments and other1	-15.0 ( 15.0 )	-4.1 ( 4.1 )	-3.5 ( 3.5 )	-22.6 ( 22.6 )
liability at december 31 2008	$ 1.2	$ 5.7	$ 5.9	$ 12.8

Post-table text:
1 includes amounts representing adjustments to the liability for changes in foreign currency exchange rates .
other reorganization-related charges other reorganization-related charges relate to our realignment of our media businesses into a newly created management entity called mediabrands and the 2006 merger of draft worldwide and foote , cone and belding worldwide to create draftfcb .
charges related to severance and terminations costs and lease termination and other exit costs .
we expect charges associated with mediabrands to be completed during the first half of 2009 .
charges related to the creation of draftfcb in 2006 are complete .
the charges were separated from the rest of our operating expenses within the consolidated statements of operations because they did not result from charges that occurred in the normal course of business. .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what is the value , in millions of dollars , of the total issuable stock in 2014?

Pre-table text:
edwards lifesciences corporation notes to consolidated financial statements ( continued ) 13 .
common stock ( continued ) the company also maintains the nonemployee directors stock incentive compensation program ( the 2018 2018nonemployee directors program 2019 2019 ) .
under the nonemployee directors program , upon a director 2019s initial election to the board , the director receives an initial grant of stock options or restricted stock units equal to a fair market value on grant date of $ 0.2 million , not to exceed 20000 shares .
these grants vest over three years from the date of grant , subject to the director 2019s continued service .
in addition , annually each nonemployee director may receive up to 40000 stock options or 16000 restricted stock units of the company 2019s common stock , or a combination thereof , provided that in no event may the total value of the combined annual award exceed $ 0.2 million .
these grants generally vest over one year from the date of grant .
under the nonemployee directors program , an aggregate of 2.8 million shares of the company 2019s common stock has been authorized for issuance .
the company has an employee stock purchase plan for united states employees and a plan for international employees ( collectively 2018 2018espp 2019 2019 ) .
under the espp , eligible employees may purchase shares of the company 2019s common stock at 85% ( 85 % ) of the lower of the fair market value of edwards lifesciences common stock on the effective date of subscription or the date of purchase .
under the espp , employees can authorize the company to withhold up to 12% ( 12 % ) of their compensation for common stock purchases , subject to certain limitations .
the espp is available to all active employees of the company paid from the united states payroll and to eligible employees of the company outside the united states , to the extent permitted by local law .
the espp for united states employees is qualified under section 423 of the internal revenue code .
the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the espp was 13.8 million shares .
the fair value of each option award and employee stock purchase subscription is estimated on the date of grant using the black-scholes option valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the following tables .
the risk-free interest rate is estimated using the u.s .
treasury yield curve and is based on the expected term of the award .
expected volatility is estimated based on a blend of the weighted-average of the historical volatility of edwards lifesciences 2019 stock and the implied volatility from traded options on edwards lifesciences 2019 stock .
the expected term of awards granted is estimated from the vesting period of the award , as well as historical exercise behavior , and represents the period of time that awards granted are expected to be outstanding .
the company uses historical data to estimate forfeitures and has estimated an annual forfeiture rate of 6.0% ( 6.0 % ) .
the black-scholes option pricing model was used with the following weighted-average assumptions for options granted during the following periods : option awards .

Table:
	2016	2015	2014
average risk-free interest rate	1.1% ( 1.1 % )	1.4% ( 1.4 % )	1.5% ( 1.5 % )
expected dividend yield	none	none	none
expected volatility	33% ( 33 % )	30% ( 30 % )	31% ( 31 % )
expected life ( years )	4.5	4.6	4.6
fair value per share	$ 31.00	$ 18.13	$ 11.75

Post-table text:
.

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}


[System] You are solving numerical reasoning over financial reports. Use only the provided question, pre-table text, table, and post-table text. Return ONLY a JSON object with exactly one key: "program_tokens". The value must be a list of FinQA DSL program tokens ending with "EOF". Do not return the final answer directly and do not include extra text.

[User]
Question:
what was the percentage change of the net favorable prior period development from 2010 to 2008

Pre-table text:
the following table shows the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and the impact of prior period development on our consolidated loss and loss expense ratio for the periods indicated. .

Table:
	2010	2009	2008
loss and loss expense ratio as reported	59.2% ( 59.2 % )	58.8% ( 58.8 % )	60.6% ( 60.6 % )
catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	( 3.2 ) % (  % )	( 1.2 ) % (  % )	( 4.7 ) % (  % )
prior period development	4.6% ( 4.6 % )	4.9% ( 4.9 % )	6.8% ( 6.8 % )
large assumed loss portfolio transfers	( 0.3 ) % (  % )	( 0.8 ) % (  % )	0.0% ( 0.0 % )
loss and loss expense ratio adjusted	60.3% ( 60.3 % )	61.7% ( 61.7 % )	62.7% ( 62.7 % )

Post-table text:
we recorded net pre-tax catastrophe losses of $ 366 million in 2010 compared with net pre-tax catastrophe losses of $ 137 million and $ 567 million in 2009 and 2008 , respectively .
the catastrophe losses for 2010 were primarily related to weather- related events in the u.s. , earthquakes in chile , mexico , and new zealand , and storms in australia and europe .
the catastrophe losses for 2009 were primarily related to an earthquake in asia , floods in europe , several weather-related events in the u.s. , and a european windstorm .
for 2008 , the catastrophe losses were primarily related to hurricanes gustav and ike .
prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves first reported in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from pre- vious accident years .
we experienced $ 503 million of net favorable prior period development in our p&c segments in 2010 .
this compares with net favorable prior period development in our p&c segments of $ 576 million and $ 814 million in 2009 and 2008 , respectively .
refer to 201cprior period development 201d for more information .
the adjusted loss and loss expense ratio declined in 2010 , compared with 2009 , primarily due to the impact of the crop settlements , non-recurring premium adjustment and the reduction in assumed loss portfolio business , which is written at higher loss ratios than other types of business .
our policy acquisition costs include commissions , premium taxes , underwriting , and other costs that vary with , and are primarily related to , the production of premium .
administrative expenses include all other operating costs .
our policy acquis- ition cost ratio increased in 2010 , compared with 2009 .
the increase was primarily related to the impact of crop settlements , which generated higher profit-share commissions and a lower adjustment to net premiums earned , as well as the impact of reinstatement premiums expensed in connection with catastrophe activity and changes in business mix .
our administrative expense ratio increased in 2010 , primarily due to the impact of the crop settlements , reinstatement premiums expensed , and increased costs in our international operations .
although the crop settlements generate minimal administrative expenses , they resulted in lower adjustment to net premiums earned in 2010 , compared with 2009 .
administrative expenses in 2010 , were partially offset by higher net results generated by our third party claims administration business , esis , the results of which are included within our administrative expenses .
esis generated $ 85 million in net results in 2010 , compared with $ 26 million in 2009 .
the increase is primarily from non-recurring sources .
our policy acquisition cost ratio was stable in 2009 , compared with 2008 , as increases in our combined insurance operations were offset by more favorable final crop year settlement of profit share commissions .
administrative expenses increased in 2009 , primarily due to the inclusion of administrative expenses related to combined insurance for the full year and costs associated with new product expansion in our domestic retail operation and in our personal lines business .
our effective income tax rate , which we calculate as income tax expense divided by income before income tax , is depend- ent upon the mix of earnings from different jurisdictions with various tax rates .
a change in the geographic mix of earnings would change the effective income tax rate .
our effective income tax rate was 15 percent in 2010 , compared with 17 percent and 24 percent in 2009 and 2008 , respectively .
the decrease in our effective income tax rate in 2010 , was primarily due to a change in the mix of earnings to lower tax-paying jurisdictions , a decrease in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits which was the result of a settlement with the u.s .
internal revenue service appeals division regarding federal tax returns for the years 2002-2004 , and the recognition of a non-taxable gain related to the acquisition of rain and hail .
the 2009 year included a reduction of a deferred tax valuation allowance related to investments .
for 2008 , our effective income tax rate was adversely impacted by a change in mix of earnings due to the impact of catastrophe losses in lower tax-paying jurisdictions .
prior period development the favorable prior period development , inclusive of the life segment , of $ 512 million during 2010 was the net result of sev- eral underlying favorable and adverse movements .
with respect to ace 2019s crop business , ace regularly receives reports from its managing general agent ( mga ) relating to the previous crop year ( s ) in subsequent calendar quarters and this typically results .

Allowed operations:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, greater, exp, table_max, table_min, table_sum, table_average

Return JSON only in this form:
{"program_tokens": ["divide(", "9413", "20.01", ")", "EOF"]}