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README.md
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| 1 |
+
---
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| 2 |
+
license:
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| 3 |
+
- cc-by-4.0
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| 4 |
+
- cc-by-nc-4.0
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| 5 |
+
pretty_name: VTOS Benchmarks (LVIS-Count, PlantSeg-OOD)
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+
task_categories:
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+
- object-detection
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- image-segmentation
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- visual-question-answering
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size_categories:
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- n<1K
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+
---
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+
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+
# VTOS Benchmarks
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| 15 |
+
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+
Two small benchmarks used in [VTOS: Learning to Orchestrate Vision Tools by Co-Searching Solutions
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| 17 |
+
and Observers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.20728) (EMNLP 2026). Code: https://github.com/jinchaogjc/VTOS.
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| 18 |
+
Each benchmark has a 60 / 20 / 100 train / val / test split.
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| 19 |
+
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| 20 |
+
| Subset | Task | Items | Images | Source |
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| 21 |
+
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 22 |
+
| `lvis_count/` | object counting | 180 | 180 | LVIS (images from COCO) |
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| 23 |
+
| `plantseg_ood/` | plant-disease segmentation | 180 | 180 | PlantSeg |
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| 24 |
+
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## Layout
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| 26 |
+
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| 27 |
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```
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+
lvis_count/
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benchmark_train.json benchmark_val.json benchmark_test.json
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images/lvis_count_001.jpg ... lvis_count_180.jpg
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| 31 |
+
plantseg_ood/
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benchmark_train.json benchmark_val.json benchmark_test.json
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images/<plant>_<disease>_<id>.jpg
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```
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| 35 |
+
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| 36 |
+
Each JSON file is a list of items. `image_path` is relative to the subset's `images/` directory.
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| 37 |
+
Every image is referenced by exactly one item.
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| 38 |
+
|
| 39 |
+
## Fields
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| 40 |
+
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| 41 |
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Coordinates are normalized to [0, 1]. Bounding boxes are `[x_top_left, y_top_left, width, height]`
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| 42 |
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(FiftyOne convention).
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| 43 |
+
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| 44 |
+
**lvis_count**
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| 45 |
+
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| 46 |
+
| Field | Description |
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| 47 |
+
|---|---|
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| 48 |
+
| `task_id` | item identifier |
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| 49 |
+
| `image_path` | file name under `images/` |
|
| 50 |
+
| `question` | counting question |
|
| 51 |
+
| `target_class` | LVIS category to count |
|
| 52 |
+
| `count` | ground-truth count (= number of boxes) |
|
| 53 |
+
| `density_tier` | density bucket |
|
| 54 |
+
| `bounding_boxes` | one box per target instance |
|
| 55 |
+
| `meta_info.source_image_id` | sample id in the FiftyOne LVIS export |
|
| 56 |
+
| `meta_info.source_filepath` | file path in that export; the file name is the COCO image id |
|
| 57 |
+
|
| 58 |
+
**plantseg_ood**
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| 59 |
+
|
| 60 |
+
| Field | Description |
|
| 61 |
+
|---|---|
|
| 62 |
+
| `task_id` | item identifier |
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| 63 |
+
| `image_path` | file name under `images/` |
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| 64 |
+
| `question` | localization question |
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| 65 |
+
| `plant` | host plant |
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| 66 |
+
| `target_class` | disease name |
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| 67 |
+
| `mask_ratio` | fraction of image area covered by the disease mask |
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| 68 |
+
| `difficulty_tier` | difficulty bucket |
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| 69 |
+
| `bounding_boxes` | one box per region |
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| 70 |
+
| `segmentations` | one polygon per region, list of `[x, y]` points |
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| 71 |
+
| `meta_info` | `n_bboxes`, `n_polygons`, `source_filepath` in the FiftyOne PlantSeg export |
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| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
## Sources and licenses
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| 74 |
+
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| 75 |
+
| Subset | License | Images |
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| 76 |
+
|---|---|---|
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| 77 |
+
| `lvis_count/` | CC BY 4.0 | COCO images; copyright remains with the image owners, use subject to the Flickr Terms of Use |
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| 78 |
+
| `plantseg_ood/` | CC BY-NC 4.0 (non-commercial use only) | from PlantSeg, same license |
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| 79 |
+
|
| 80 |
+
**lvis_count.** Annotations are taken from LVIS, licensed CC BY 4.0
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| 81 |
+
(https://www.lvisdataset.org/dataset). LVIS images come from COCO. The COCO Consortium does not
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| 82 |
+
own the image copyrights; use of the images must follow the Flickr Terms of Use
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| 83 |
+
(https://cocodataset.org/#termsofuse). Per-image Flickr licenses were not verified for this subset.
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| 84 |
+
Local copy obtained from the FiftyOne LVIS export. Image files were renamed to `lvis_count_XXX.jpg`;
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| 85 |
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image content is unmodified.
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| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
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**plantseg_ood.** Taken from PlantSeg (Wei et al., 2024). Zenodo lists v1 (2024-08,
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| 88 |
+
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13293891) as CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 and the latest version, v7
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| 89 |
+
(2025-11, https://zenodo.org/records/17719108), as CC BY-NC 4.0. This subset is distributed under
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| 90 |
+
CC BY-NC 4.0 and is for non-commercial use only. Local copy obtained from `Voxel51/PlantSeg-Test`
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| 91 |
+
on Hugging Face; which Zenodo version that export is based on could not be verified.
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| 92 |
+
Bounding boxes match the FiftyOne export for 177 of 180 items. GPS metadata was removed from three
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| 93 |
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images; pixel data of all images is unmodified.
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| 94 |
+
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| 95 |
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## Citation
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| 96 |
+
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| 97 |
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If you use these benchmarks, please cite VTOS and the source datasets.
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| 98 |
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| 99 |
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```bibtex
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| 100 |
+
@misc{ge2026vtos,
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| 101 |
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title={{VTOS}: Learning to Orchestrate Vision Tools by Co-Searching Solutions and Observers},
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| 102 |
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author={Ge, Jinchao and Liu, Lingqiao and Zhao, Shuwen and Wang, Lei},
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| 103 |
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year={2026},
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| 104 |
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eprint={2606.20728},
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| 105 |
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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| 106 |
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primaryClass={cs.CV},
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| 107 |
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.20728}
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| 108 |
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}
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| 109 |
+
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| 110 |
+
@inproceedings{gupta2019lvis,
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| 111 |
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title={{LVIS}: A Dataset for Large Vocabulary Instance Segmentation},
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| 112 |
+
author={Gupta, Agrim and Doll{\'a}r, Piotr and Girshick, Ross},
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| 113 |
+
booktitle={CVPR},
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| 114 |
+
year={2019}
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| 115 |
+
}
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| 116 |
+
|
| 117 |
+
@inproceedings{lin2014microsoft,
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| 118 |
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title={Microsoft {COCO}: Common Objects in Context},
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| 119 |
+
author={Lin, Tsung-Yi and Maire, Michael and Belongie, Serge and Hays, James and Perona, Pietro and Ramanan, Deva and Doll{\'a}r, Piotr and Zitnick, C. Lawrence},
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| 120 |
+
booktitle={ECCV},
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| 121 |
+
year={2014}
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| 122 |
+
}
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| 123 |
+
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| 124 |
+
@article{wei2024plantseg,
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| 125 |
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title={PlantSeg: A Large-Scale In-the-wild Dataset for Plant Disease Segmentation},
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| 126 |
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author={Wei, Tianqi and Chen, Zhi and Yu, Xin and Chapman, Scott and Melloy, Paul and Huang, Zi},
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| 127 |
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journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.04038},
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| 128 |
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year={2024}
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}
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```
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