Command stringlengths 1 20 | Text stringlengths 86 185k | Summary stringlengths 101 1.77k |
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chgrp | The chgrp utility shall set the group ID of the file named by each file operand to the group ID specified by the group operand. For each file operand, or, if the -R option is used, each file encountered while walking the directory trees specified by the file operands, the chgrp utility shall perform actions equivalent... | # chgrp
> Change group ownership of files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chgrp.
* Change the owner group of a file/directory:
`chgrp {{group}} {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Recursively change the owner group of a directory and its contents:
`chgrp -R {{group}} {{path/... |
more | more is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. This version is especially primitive. Users should realize that less(1) provides more(1) emulation plus extensive enhancements. Options are also taken from the environment variable MORE (make sure to precede them with a dash (-)) but command-line option... | # more
> Open a file for interactive reading, allowing scrolling and search. More
> information: https://manned.org/more.
* Open a file:
`more {{path/to/file}}`
* Open a file displaying from a specific line:
`more +{{line_number}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Display help:
`more --help`
* Go to the next page:
`<Space>`
... |
git-hash-object | Computes the object ID value for an object with specified type with the contents of the named file (which can be outside of the work tree), and optionally writes the resulting object into the object database. Reports its object ID to its standard output. When <type> is not specified, it defaults to "blob". -t <type> S... | # git hash-object
> Computes the unique hash key of content and optionally creates an object
> with specified type. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-hash-
> object.
* Compute the object ID without storing it:
`git hash-object {{path/to/file}}`
* Compute the object ID and store it in the Git database:
... |
id | If no user operand is provided, the id utility shall write the user and group IDs and the corresponding user and group names of the invoking process to standard output. If the effective and real IDs do not match, both shall be written. If multiple groups are supported by the underlying system (see the description of {... | # id
> Display current user and group identity. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/id.
* Display current user's ID (UID), group ID (GID) and groups to which they belong:
`id`
* Display the current user identity as a number:
`id -u`
* Display the current group identity as a number:
`id -g`
... |
nl | Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for logical page delimiters -f, --f... | # nl
> A utility for numbering lines, either from a file, or from `stdin`. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/nl.
* Number non-blank lines in a file:
`nl {{path/to/file}}`
* Read from `stdout`:
`cat {{path/to/file}} | nl {{options}} -`
* Number only the lines with printable text:
`nl -t {{... |
git-check-ignore | For each pathname given via the command-line or from a file via --stdin, check whether the file is excluded by .gitignore (or other input files to the exclude mechanism) and output the path if it is excluded. By default, tracked files are not shown at all since they are not subject to exclude rules; but see ‘--no-inde... | # git check-ignore
> Analyze and debug Git ignore/exclude (".gitignore") files. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-check-ignore.
* Check whether a file or directory is ignored:
`git check-ignore {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Check whether multiple files or directories are ignored:
`git check-ignore... |
tcpdump | Tcpdump prints out a description of the contents of packets on a network interface that match the Boolean expression (see pcap-filter(@MAN_MISC_INFO@) for the expression syntax); the description is preceded by a time stamp, printed, by default, as hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second since midnight. It c... | # tcpdump
> Dump traffic on a network. More information: https://www.tcpdump.org.
* List available network interfaces:
`tcpdump -D`
* Capture the traffic of a specific interface:
`tcpdump -i {{eth0}}`
* Capture all TCP traffic showing contents (ASCII) in console:
`tcpdump -A tcp`
* Capture the traffic from or t... |
users | Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log/wtmp as FILE is common. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # users
> Display a list of logged in users. See also: `useradd`, `userdel`,
> `usermod`. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/users.
* Print logged in usernames:
`users`
* Print logged in usernames according to a given file:
`users {{/var/log/wmtp}}` |
git-rev-list | List commits that are reachable by following the parent links from the given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s) given with a ^ in front of them. The output is given in reverse chronological order by default. You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of the comm... | # git rev-list
> List revisions (commits) in reverse chronological order. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-list.
* List all commits on the current branch:
`git rev-list {{HEAD}}`
* Print the latest commit that changed (add/edit/remove) a specific file on the current branch:
`git rev-list -n 1 HE... |
lpr | lpr submits files for printing. Files named on the command line are sent to the named printer or the default destination if no destination is specified. If no files are listed on the command- line, lpr reads the print file from the standard input. THE DEFAULT DESTINATION CUPS provides many ways to set the default dest... | # lpr
> CUPS tool for printing files. See also: `lpstat` and `lpadmin`. More
> information: https://www.cups.org/doc/man-lpr.html.
* Print a file to the default printer:
`lpr {{path/to/file}}`
* Print 2 copies:
`lpr -# {{2}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Print to a named printer:
`lpr -P {{printer}} {{path/to/file}}`
* P... |
lp | lp submits files for printing or alters a pending job. Use a filename of "-" to force printing from the standard input. THE DEFAULT DESTINATION CUPS provides many ways to set the default destination. The LPDEST and PRINTER environment variables are consulted first. If neither are set, the current default set using the... | # lp
> Print files. More information: https://manned.org/lp.
* Print the output of a command to the default printer (see `lpstat` command):
`echo "test" | lp`
* Print a file to the default printer:
`lp {{path/to/filename}}`
* Print a file to a named printer (see `lpstat` command):
`lp -d {{printer_name}} {{path/t... |
uptime | Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes. Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log... | # uptime
> Tell how long the system has been running and other information. More
> information: https://ss64.com/osx/uptime.html.
* Print current time, uptime, number of logged-in users and other information:
`uptime` |
git-count-objects | This counts the number of unpacked object files and disk space consumed by them, to help you decide when it is a good time to repack. -v, --verbose Report in more detail: count: the number of loose objects size: disk space consumed by loose objects, in KiB (unless -H is specified) in-pack: the number of in-pack object... | # git count-objects
> Count the number of unpacked objects and their disk consumption. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-count-objects.
* Count all objects and display the total disk usage:
`git count-objects`
* Display a count of all objects and their total disk usage, displaying sizes in human-read... |
git-shortlog | Summarizes git log output in a format suitable for inclusion in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and title. Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description. If no revisions are passed on the command line and either standard input is not a terminal or there is no current... | # git shortlog
> Summarizes the `git log` output. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-shortlog.
* View a summary of all the commits made, grouped alphabetically by author name:
`git shortlog`
* View a summary of all the commits made, sorted by the number of commits made:
`git shortlog -n`
* View a s... |
pv | pv shows the progress of data through a pipeline by giving information such as time elapsed, percentage completed (with progress bar), current throughput rate, total data transferred, and ETA. To use it, insert it in a pipeline between two processes, with the appropriate options. Its standard input will be passed thro... | # pv
> Monitor the progress of data through a pipe. More information:
> https://manned.org/pv.
* Print the contents of the file and display a progress bar:
`pv {{path/to/file}}`
* Measure the speed and amount of data flow between pipes (`--size` is optional):
`command1 | pv --size {{expected_amount_of_data_for_eta}... |
nl | Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for logical page delimiters -f, --f... | # nl
> A utility for numbering lines, either from a file, or from `stdin`. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/nl.
* Number non-blank lines in a file:
`nl {{path/to/file}}`
* Read from `stdout`:
`cat {{path/to/file}} | nl {{options}} -`
* Number only the lines with printable text:
`nl -t {{... |
git-svn | git svn is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and Git. It provides a bidirectional flow of changes between a Subversion and a Git repository. git svn can track a standard Subversion repository, following the common "trunk/branches/tags" layout, with the --stdlayout option. It can also follow branches a... | # git svn
> Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-svn.
* Clone an SVN repository:
`git svn clone {{https://example.com/subversion_repo}} {{local_dir}}`
* Clone an SVN repository starting at a given revision number:
`git svn clone -r{{1234}}... |
grep | grep searches for PATTERNS in each FILE. PATTERNS is one or more patterns separated by newline characters, and grep prints each line that matches a pattern. Typically PATTERNS should be quoted when grep is used in a shell command. A FILE of “-” stands for standard input. If no FILE is given, recursive searches examine... | # grep
> Find patterns in files using regular expressions. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/grep.html.
* Search for a pattern within a file:
`grep "{{search_pattern}}" {{path/to/file}}`
* Search for an exact string (disables regular expressions):
`grep --fixed-strings "{{exact_string}}" ... |
systemd-run | systemd-run may be used to create and start a transient .service or .scope unit and run the specified COMMAND in it. It may also be used to create and start a transient .path, .socket, or .timer unit, that activates a .service unit when elapsing. If a command is run as transient service unit, it will be started and ma... | # systemd-run
> Run programs in transient scope units, service units, or path-, socket-, or
> timer-triggered service units. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-run.html.
* Start a transient service:
`sudo systemd-run {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}`
* Start a transi... |
tput | The @TPUT@ utility uses the terminfo database to make the values of terminal-dependent capabilities and information available to the shell (see sh(1)), to initialize or reset the terminal, or return the long name of the requested terminal type. The result depends upon the capability's type: string @TPUT@ writes the st... | # tput
> View and modify terminal settings and capabilities. More information:
> https://manned.org/tput.
* Move the cursor to a screen location:
`tput cup {{row}} {{column}}`
* Set foreground (af) or background (ab) color:
`tput {{setaf|setab}} {{ansi_color_code}}`
* Show number of columns, lines, or colors:
`tp... |
link | Call the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # link
> Create a hard link to an existing file. For more options, see the `ln`
> command. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/link.
* Create a hard link from a new file to an existing file:
`link {{path/to/existing_file}} {{path/to/new_file}}` |
logname | The logname utility shall write the user's login name to standard output. The login name shall be the string that would be returned by the getlogin() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017. Under the conditions where the getlogin() function would fail, the logname utility shall write a diagno... | # logname
> Shows the user's login name. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/logname.
* Display the currently logged in user's name:
`logname` |
iconv | The iconv utility shall convert the encoding of characters in file from one codeset to another and write the results to standard output. When the options indicate that charmap files are used to specify the codesets (see OPTIONS), the codeset conversion shall be accomplished by performing a logical join on the symbolic... | # iconv
> Converts text from one encoding to another. More information:
> https://manned.org/iconv.
* Convert file to a specific encoding, and print to `stdout`:
`iconv -f {{from_encoding}} -t {{to_encoding}} {{input_file}}`
* Convert file to the current locale's encoding, and output to a file:
`iconv -f {{from_enc... |
paste | The paste utility shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the given input files, and write the resulting lines to standard output. The default operation of paste shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the input files. The <newline> of every line except the line from the last input file shall be replaced wit... | # paste
> Merge lines of files. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/paste.
* Join all the lines into a single line, using TAB as delimiter:
`paste -s {{path/to/file}}`
* Join all the lines into a single line, using the specified delimiter:
`paste -s -d {{delimiter}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Merg... |
ls | For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory or symbolic link to a directory, ls shall write the name of the file as well as any requested, associated information. For each operand that names a file of type directory, ls shall write the names of files contained within the directory as well as any ... | # ls
> List directory contents. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls.
* List files one per line:
`ls -1`
* List all files, including hidden files:
`ls -a`
* List all files, with trailing `/` added to directory names:
`ls -F`
* Long format list (permissions, ownership, size, and modifica... |
mktemp | Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive 'X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Files are created u+rw, and directories u+rwx, minus umask restrictions. -d, --directory create a directory, ... | # mktemp
> Create a temporary file or directory. More information:
> https://ss64.com/osx/mktemp.html.
* Create an empty temporary file and print the absolute path to it:
`mktemp`
* Create an empty temporary file with a given suffix and print the absolute path to file:
`mktemp --suffix "{{.ext}}"`
* Create a temp... |
git-range-diff | This command shows the differences between two versions of a patch series, or more generally, two commit ranges (ignoring merge commits). In the presence of <path> arguments, these commit ranges are limited accordingly. To that end, it first finds pairs of commits from both commit ranges that correspond with each othe... | # git range-diff
> Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch). More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-range-diff.
* Diff the changes of two individual commits:
`git range-diff {{commit_1}}^! {{commit_2}}^!`
* Diff the changes of ours and theirs from their common ancestor, e.g. after an inte... |
quilt | Quilt is a tool to manage large sets of patches by keeping track of the changes each patch makes. Patches can be applied, unapplied, refreshed, and so forth. The key philosophical concept is that your primary working material is patches. With quilt, all work occurs within a single directory tree. Commands can be invok... | # quilt
> Tool to manage a series of patches. More information:
> https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt.
* Import an existing patch from a file:
`quilt import {{path/to/filename.patch}}`
* Create a new patch:
`quilt new {{filename.patch}}`
* Add a file to the current patch:
`quilt add {{path/to/file}}`
* A... |
nohup | The nohup utility shall invoke the utility named by the utility operand with arguments supplied as the argument operands. At the time the named utility is invoked, the SIGHUP signal shall be set to be ignored. If standard input is associated with a terminal, the nohup utility may redirect standard input from an unspec... | # nohup
> Allows for a process to live when the terminal gets killed. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/nohup.
* Run a process that can live beyond the terminal:
`nohup {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}`
* Launch `nohup` in background mode:
`nohup {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...... |
expand | The expand utility shall write files or the standard input to the standard output with <tab> characters replaced with one or more <space> characters needed to pad to the next tab stop. Any <backspace> characters shall be copied to the output and cause the column position count for tab stop calculations to be decrement... | # expand
> Convert tabs to spaces. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/expand.
* Convert tabs in each file to spaces, writing to `stdout`:
`expand {{path/to/file}}`
* Convert tabs to spaces, reading from `stdin`:
`expand`
* Do not convert tabs after non blanks:
`expand -i {{path/to/file}}`
... |
strace | In the simplest case strace runs the specified command until it exits. It intercepts and records the system calls which are called by a process and the signals which are received by a process. The name of each system call, its arguments and its return value are printed on standard error or to the file specified with t... | # strace
> Troubleshooting tool for tracing system calls. More information:
> https://manned.org/strace.
* Start tracing a specific process by its PID:
`strace -p {{pid}}`
* Trace a process and filter output by system call:
`strace -p {{pid}} -e {{system_call_name}}`
* Count time, calls, and errors for each syste... |
cmp | Compare two files byte by byte. The optional SKIP1 and SKIP2 specify the number of bytes to skip at the beginning of each file (zero by default). Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --print-bytes print differing bytes -i, --ignore-initial=SKIP skip first SKIP bytes of both inpu... | # cmp
> Compare two files byte by byte. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/manual/html_node/Invoking-cmp.html.
* Output char and line number of the first difference between two files:
`cmp {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}`
* Output info of the first difference: char, line number, bytes, a... |
chmod | The chmod utility shall change any or all of the file mode bits of the file named by each file operand in the way specified by the mode operand. It is implementation-defined whether and how the chmod utility affects any alternate or additional file access control mechanism (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2... | # chmod
> Change the access permissions of a file or directory. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chmod.
* Give the [u]ser who owns a file the right to e[x]ecute it:
`chmod u+x {{path/to/file}}`
* Give the [u]ser rights to [r]ead and [w]rite to a file/directory:
`chmod u+rw {{path/to/file_o... |
chsh | The chsh command changes the user login shell. This determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account. The options which apply to the chsh command are: -h, --help Display help message and ... | # chsh
> Change user's login shell. More information: https://manned.org/chsh.
* Set a specific login shell for the current user interactively:
`chsh`
* Set a specific login [s]hell for the current user:
`chsh -s {{path/to/shell}}`
* Set a login [s]hell for a specific user:
`chsh -s {{path/to/shell}} {{username}}... |
coredumpctl | coredumpctl is a tool that can be used to retrieve and process core dumps and metadata which were saved by systemd-coredump(8). The following options are understood: -h, --help Print a short help text and exit. --version Print a short version string and exit. --no-pager Do not pipe output into a pager. --no-legend Do ... | # coredumpctl
> Retrieve and process saved core dumps and metadata. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredumpctl.html.
* List all captured core dumps:
`coredumpctl list`
* List captured core dumps for a program:
`coredumpctl list {{program}}`
* Show information about the core d... |
git-check-mailmap | For each “Name <user@host>” or “<user@host>” from the command-line or standard input (when using --stdin), look up the person’s canonical name and email address (see "Mapping Authors" below). If found, print them; otherwise print the input as-is. --stdin Read contacts, one per line, from the standard input after exhau... | # git check-mailmap
> Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-check-mailmap.
* Look up the canonical name associated with an email address:
`git check-mailmap "<{{email@example.com}}>"` |
top | The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. It can display system summary information as well as a list of processes or threads currently being managed by the Linux kernel. The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and size of information displayed for processes are ... | # top
> Display dynamic real-time information about running processes. More
> information: https://ss64.com/osx/top.html.
* Start `top`, all options are available in the interface:
`top`
* Start `top` sorting processes by internal memory size (default order - process ID):
`top -o mem`
* Start `top` sorting proces... |
unshare | The unshare command creates new namespaces (as specified by the command-line options described below) and then executes the specified program. If program is not given, then "${SHELL}" is run (default: /bin/sh). By default, a new namespace persists only as long as it has member processes. A new namespace can be made pe... | # unshare
> Execute a command in new user-defined namespaces. More information:
> https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/userspace-api/unshare.html.
* Execute a command without sharing access to connected networks:
`unshare --net {{command}} {{command_arguments}}`
* Execute a command as a child process without shar... |
git-switch | Switch to a specified branch. The working tree and the index are updated to match the branch. All new commits will be added to the tip of this branch. Optionally a new branch could be created with either -c, -C, automatically from a remote branch of same name (see --guess), or detach the working tree from any branch w... | # git switch
> Switch between Git branches. Requires Git version 2.23+. See also `git
> checkout`. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-switch.
* Switch to an existing branch:
`git switch {{branch_name}}`
* Create a new branch and switch to it:
`git switch --create {{branch_name}}`
* Create a new branch... |
dpkg | dpkg is a medium-level tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. The primary and more user-friendly front-end for dpkg as a CLI (command-line interface) is apt(8) and as a TUI (terminal user interface) is aptitude(8). dpkg itself is controlled entirely via command line parameters, which consist of exa... | # dpkg
> Debian package manager. Some subcommands such as `dpkg deb` have their own
> usage documentation. For equivalent commands in other package managers, see
> https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Pacman/Rosetta. More information:
> https://manpages.debian.org/latest/dpkg/dpkg.html.
* Install a package:
`dpkg -i {{pa... |
m4 | The m4 utility is a macro processor that shall read one or more text files, process them according to their included macro statements, and write the results to standard output. The m4 utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except that the order of... | # m4
> Macro processor. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/m4.
* Process macros in a file:
`m4 {{path/to/file}}`
* Define a macro before processing files:
`m4 -D{{macro_name}}={{macro_value}} {{path/to/file}}` |
git-check-ref-format | Checks if a given refname is acceptable, and exits with a non-zero status if it is not. A reference is used in Git to specify branches and tags. A branch head is stored in the refs/heads hierarchy, while a tag is stored in the refs/tags hierarchy of the ref namespace (typically in $GIT_DIR/refs/heads and $GIT_DIR/refs... | # git check-ref-format
> Checks if a given refname is acceptable, and exits with a non-zero status if
> it is not. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-check-ref-format.
* Check the format of the specified refname:
`git check-ref-format {{refs/head/refname}}`
* Print the name of the last branch checked ou... |
date | The date utility shall write the date and time to standard output or attempt to set the system date and time. By default, the current date and time shall be written. If an operand beginning with '+' is specified, the output format of date shall be controlled by the conversion specifications and other text in the opera... | # date
> Set or display the system date. More information:
> https://ss64.com/osx/date.html.
* Display the current date using the default locale's format:
`date +%c`
* Display the current date in UTC and ISO 8601 format:
`date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ`
* Display the current date as a Unix timestamp (seconds since t... |
git-rebase | If <branch> is specified, git rebase will perform an automatic git switch <branch> before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options will be used (see git-config(1) for details) and the... | # git rebase
> Reapply commits from one branch on top of another branch. Commonly used to
> "move" an entire branch to another base, creating copies of the commits in
> the new location. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rebase.
* Rebase the current branch on top of another specified branch:
`git rebase ... |
git-commit-graph | Manage the serialized commit-graph file. --object-dir Use given directory for the location of packfiles and commit-graph file. This parameter exists to specify the location of an alternate that only has the objects directory, not a full .git directory. The commit-graph file is expected to be in the <dir>/info director... | # git commit-graph
> Write and verify Git commit-graph files. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-commit-graph.
* Write a commit-graph file for the packed commits in the repository's local `.git` directory:
`git commit-graph write`
* Write a commit-graph file containing all reachable commits:
`git sho... |
chroot | Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --skip-chdir do not change working directory to '/' --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit If no command ... | # chroot
> Run command or interactive shell with special root directory. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chroot.
* Run command as new root directory:
`chroot {{path/to/new/root}} {{command}}`
* Specify user and group (ID or name) to use:
`chroot --userspec={{user:group}}` |
mesg | The mesg utility is invoked by a user to control write access others have to the terminal device associated with standard error output. If write access is allowed, then programs such as talk(1) and write(1) may display messages on the terminal. Traditionally, write access is allowed by default. However, as users becom... | # mesg
> Check or set a terminal's ability to receive messages from other users,
> usually from the write command. See also `write`. More information:
> https://manned.org/mesg.
* Check terminal's openness to write messages:
`mesg`
* Disable receiving messages from the write command:
`mesg n`
* Enable receiving m... |
grep | grep searches for PATTERNS in each FILE. PATTERNS is one or more patterns separated by newline characters, and grep prints each line that matches a pattern. Typically PATTERNS should be quoted when grep is used in a shell command. A FILE of “-” stands for standard input. If no FILE is given, recursive searches examine... | # grep
> Find patterns in files using regular expressions. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/grep.html.
* Search for a pattern within a file:
`grep "{{search_pattern}}" {{path/to/file}}`
* Search for an exact string (disables regular expressions):
`grep --fixed-strings "{{exact_string}}" ... |
less | Less is a program similar to more(1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi(1). Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it ca... | # less
> Open a file for interactive reading, allowing scrolling and search. More
> information: https://greenwoodsoftware.com/less/.
* Open a file:
`less {{source_file}}`
* Page down/up:
`<Space> (down), b (up)`
* Go to end/start of file:
`G (end), g (start)`
* Forward search for a string (press `n`/`N` to go ... |
git-add | This command updates the index using the current content found in the working tree, to prepare the content staged for the next commit. It typically adds the current content of existing paths as a whole, but with some options it can also be used to add content with only part of the changes made to the working tree file... | # git add
> Adds changed files to the index. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-add.
* Add a file to the index:
`git add {{path/to/file}}`
* Add all files (tracked and untracked):
`git add -A`
* Only add already tracked files:
`git add -u`
* Also add ignored files:
`git add -f`
* Interactively ... |
indent | This man page is generated from the file indent.texinfo. This is Edition of "The indent Manual", for Indent Version , last updated . The indent program can be used to make code easier to read. It can also convert from one style of writing C to another. indent understands a substantial amount about the syntax of C, but... | # indent
> Change the appearance of a C/C++ program by inserting or deleting
> whitespace. More information:
> https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=indent.
* Format C/C++ source according to the Berkeley style:
`indent {{path/to/source_file.c}} {{path/to/indented_file.c}} -nbad -nbap -bc
-br -c33 -cd33 -cdb -ce ... |
stty | Print or change terminal characteristics. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin --help displa... | # stty
> Set options for a terminal device interface. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/stty.
* Display all settings for the current terminal:
`stty --all`
* Set the number of rows or columns:
`stty {{rows|cols}} {{count}}`
* Get the actual transfer speed of a device:
`stty --file {{path/... |
git-column | This command formats the lines of its standard input into a table with multiple columns. Each input line occupies one cell of the table. It is used internally by other git commands to format output into columns. --command=<name> Look up layout mode using configuration variable column.<name> and column.ui. --mode=<mode... | # git column
> Display data in columns. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-
> column.
* Format `stdin` as multiple columns:
`ls | git column --mode={{column}}`
* Format `stdin` as multiple columns with a maximum width of `100`:
`ls | git column --mode=column --width={{100}}`
* Format `stdin` as multip... |
who | Print information about users who are currently logged in. -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -l, --login print system login processes --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only h... | # who
> Display who is logged in and related data (processes, boot time). More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/who.
* Display the username, line, and time of all currently logged-in sessions:
`who`
* Display information only for the current terminal session:
`who am i`
* Display all availabl... |
git-notes | Adds, removes, or reads notes attached to objects, without touching the objects themselves. By default, notes are saved to and read from refs/notes/commits, but this default can be overridden. See the OPTIONS, CONFIGURATION, and ENVIRONMENT sections below. If this ref does not exist, it will be quietly created when it... | # git notes
> Add or inspect object notes. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-
> notes.
* List all notes and the objects they are attached to:
`git notes list`
* List all notes attached to a given object (defaults to HEAD):
`git notes list [{{object}}]`
* Show the notes attached to a given object (def... |
git-mv | Move or rename a file, directory or symlink. git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> <destination> git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory> In the first form, it renames <source>, which must exist and be either a file, symlink or directory, to <destination>. In the second form, the last argument has... | # git mv
> Move or rename files and update the Git index. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-mv.
* Move a file inside the repo and add the movement to the next commit:
`git mv {{path/to/file}} {{new/path/to/file}}`
* Rename a file or directory and add the renaming to the next commit:
`git mv {{path/to... |
strip | GNU strip discards all symbols from object files objfile. The list of object files may include archives. At least one object file must be given. strip modifies the files named in its argument, rather than writing modified copies under different names. -F bfdname --target=bfdname Treat the original objfile as a file wi... | # strip
> Discard symbols from executables or object files. More information:
> https://manned.org/strip.
* Replace the input file with its stripped version:
`strip {{path/to/file}}`
* Strip symbols from a file, saving the output to a specific file:
`strip {{path/to/input_file}} -o {{path/to/output_file}}`
* Stri... |
bash | Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh). Bash is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specificatio... | # bash
> Bourne-Again SHell, an `sh`-compatible command-line interpreter. See also:
> `zsh`, `histexpand` (history expansion). More information:
> https://gnu.org/software/bash/.
* Start an interactive shell session:
`bash`
* Start an interactive shell session without loading startup configs:
`bash --norc`
* Exec... |
exit | The exit utility shall cause the shell to exit from its current execution environment with the exit status specified by the unsigned decimal integer n. If the current execution environment is a subshell environment, the shell shall exit from the subshell environment with the specified exit status and continue in the e... | # exit
> Exit the shell. More information: https://manned.org/exit.
* Exit the shell with the exit code of the last command executed:
`exit`
* Exit the shell with the specified exit code:
`exit {{exit_code}}` |
uniq | The uniq utility shall read an input file comparing adjacent lines, and write one copy of each input line on the output. The second and succeeding copies of repeated adjacent input lines shall not be written. The trailing <newline> of each line in the input shall be ignored when doing comparisons. Repeated lines in th... | # uniq
> Output the unique lines from the given input or file. Since it does not
> detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent, we need to sort them first.
> More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/uniq.
* Display each line once:
`sort {{path/to/file}} | uniq`
* Display only unique lines:
`sort ... |
git-mailinfo | Reads a single e-mail message from the standard input, and writes the commit log message in <msg> file, and the patches in <patch> file. The author name, e-mail and e-mail subject are written out to the standard output to be used by git am to create a commit. It is usually not necessary to use this command directly. S... | # git mailinfo
> Extract patch and authorship information from a single email message. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-mailinfo.
* Extract the patch and author data from an email message:
`git mailinfo {{message|patch}}`
* Extract but remove leading and trailing whitespace:
`git mailinfo -k {{messa... |
git-annotate | Annotates each line in the given file with information from the commit which introduced the line. Optionally annotates from a given revision. The only difference between this command and git-blame(1) is that they use slightly different output formats, and this command exists only for backward compatibility to support ... | # git annotate
> Show commit hash and last author on each line of a file. See `git blame`,
> which is preferred over `git annotate`. `git annotate` is provided for those
> familiar with other version control systems. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-annotate.
* Print a file with the author name and c... |
pstree | pstree shows running processes as a tree. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if pid is omitted. If a user name is specified, all process trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown. pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition coun... | # pstree
> A convenient tool to show running processes as a tree. More information:
> https://manned.org/pstree.
* Display a tree of processes:
`pstree`
* Display a tree of processes with PIDs:
`pstree -p`
* Display all process trees rooted at processes owned by specified user:
`pstree {{user}}` |
ac | ac prints out a report of connect time (in hours) based on the logins/logouts in the current wtmp file. A total is also printed out. The accounting file wtmp is maintained by init(8) and login(1). Neither ac nor login creates the wtmp if it doesn't exist, no accounting is done. To begin accounting, create the file wit... | # ac
> Print statistics on how long users have been connected. More information:
> https://man.openbsd.org/ac.
* Print how long the current user has been connected in hours:
`ac`
* Print how long users have been connected in hours:
`ac -p`
* Print how long a particular user has been connected in hours:
`ac -p {{u... |
sha1sum | Print or check SHA1 (160-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -b, --binary read in binary mode -c, --check read checksums from the FILEs and check them --tag create a BSD-style checksum -t, --text read in text mode (default) -z, --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline, and di... | # sha1sum
> Calculate SHA1 cryptographic checksums. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sha1sum.
* Calculate the SHA1 checksum for one or more files:
`sha1sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Calculate and save the list of SHA1 checksums to a file:
`sha1sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2... |
ed | The ed utility is a line-oriented text editor that uses two modes: command mode and input mode. In command mode the input characters shall be interpreted as commands, and in input mode they shall be interpreted as text. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section. If an operand is '-', the results are unspecified. The ed uti... | # ed
> The original Unix text editor. See also: `awk`, `sed`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/ed/manual/ed_manual.html.
* Start an interactive editor session with an empty document:
`ed`
* Start an interactive editor session with an empty document and a specific [p]rompt:
`ed -p '> '`
* Start an ... |
systemd-analyze | systemd-analyze may be used to determine system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and tracing information from the system and service manager, and to verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging. If no command is pa... | # systemd-analyze
> Analyze and debug system manager. Show timing details about the boot process
> of units (services, mount points, devices, sockets). More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-analyze.html.
* List all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize:
`sys... |
timeout | Start COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. --preserve-status exit with the same status as COMMAND, even when the command times out --foreground when not running timeout directly from a shell prompt, allow COMMAND to read from the... | # timeout
> Run a command with a time limit. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/timeout.
* Run `sleep 10` and terminate it, if it runs for more than 3 seconds:
`timeout {{3s}} {{sleep 10}}`
* Specify the signal to be sent to the command after the time limit expires. (By default, TERM is sent... |
git-am | Splits mail messages in a mailbox into commit log message, authorship information and patches, and applies them to the current branch. You could think of it as a reverse operation of git-format-patch(1) run on a branch with a straight history without merges. (<mbox>|<Maildir>)... The list of mailbox files to read patc... | # git am
> Apply patch files and create a commit. Useful when receiving commits via
> email. See also `git format-patch`, which can generate patch files. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-am.
* Apply and commit changes following a local patch file:
`git am {{path/to/file.patch}}`
* Apply and commit c... |
strings | The strings utility shall look for printable strings in regular files and shall write those strings to standard output. A printable string is any sequence of four (by default) or more printable characters terminated by a <newline> or NUL character. Additional implementation-defined strings may be written; see localede... | # strings
> Find printable strings in an object file or binary. More information:
> https://manned.org/strings.
* Print all strings in a binary:
`strings {{path/to/file}}`
* Limit results to strings at least length characters long:
`strings -n {{length}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Prefix each result with its offset with... |
git-pull | Incorporates changes from a remote repository into the current branch. If the current branch is behind the remote, then by default it will fast-forward the current branch to match the remote. If the current branch and the remote have diverged, the user needs to specify how to reconcile the divergent branches with --re... | # git pull
> Fetch branch from a remote repository and merge it to local repository. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-pull.
* Download changes from default remote repository and merge it:
`git pull`
* Download changes from default remote repository and use fast-forward:
`git pull --rebase`
* Downl... |
yacc | The yacc utility shall read a description of a context-free grammar in grammar and write C source code, conforming to the ISO C standard, to a code file, and optionally header information into a header file, in the current directory. The generated source code shall not depend on any undefined, unspecified, or implemen... | # yacc
> Generate an LALR parser (in C) with a given formal grammar specification
> file. See also: `bison`. More information: https://manned.org/man/yacc.1p.
* Create a file `y.tab.c` containing the C parser code and compile the grammar file with all necessary constant declarations for values. (Constant declarations... |
df | This manual page documents the GNU version of df. df displays the amount of space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Space is shown in 1K blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXL... | # df
> Gives an overview of the filesystem disk space usage. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/df.
* Display all filesystems and their disk usage:
`df`
* Display all filesystems and their disk usage in human-readable form:
`df -h`
* Display the filesystem and its disk usage containing the... |
ipcmk | ipcmk allows you to create System V inter-process communication (IPC) objects: shared memory segments, message queues, and semaphore arrays. Resources can be specified with these options: -M, --shmem size Create a shared memory segment of size bytes. The size argument may be followed by the multiplicative suffixes KiB... | # ipcmk
> Create IPC (Inter-process Communication) resources. More information:
> https://manned.org/ipcmk.
* Create a shared memory segment:
`ipcmk --shmem {{segment_size_in_bytes}}`
* Create a semaphore:
`ipcmk --semaphore {{element_size}}`
* Create a message queue:
`ipcmk --queue`
* Create a shared memory se... |
newgrp | The newgrp utility shall create a new shell execution environment with a new real and effective group identification. Of the attributes listed in Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment, the new shell execution environment shall retain the working directory, file creation mask, and exported variables from the previo... | # newgrp
> Switch primary group membership. More information:
> https://manned.org/newgrp.
* Change user's primary group membership:
`newgrp {{group_name}}`
* Reset primary group membership to user's default group in `/etc/passwd`:
`newgrp` |
ssh-agent | ssh-agent is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication. Through use of environment variables the agent can be located and automatically used for authentication when logging in to other machines using ssh(1). The options are as follows: -a bind_address Bind the agent to the UNIX-domain socket bi... | # ssh-agent
> Spawn an SSH Agent process. An SSH Agent holds SSH keys decrypted in memory
> until removed or the process is killed. See also `ssh-add`, which can add
> and manage keys held by an SSH Agent. More information:
> https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.
* Start an SSH Agent for the current shell:
`eval $(ssh-a... |
basenc | basenc encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. --base64 same as 'base64' program (RFC4648 section 4) --base64url file- and url-safe base64 (RFC4648 section 5) --base32 sa... | # basenc
> Encode or decode file or `stdin` using a specified encoding, to `stdout`.
> More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/basenc.
* Encode a file with base64 encoding:
`basenc --base64 {{path/to/file}}`
* Decode a file with base64 encoding:
`basenc --decode --base64 {{path/to/file}}`
* Encod... |
locale | The locale command displays information about the current locale, or all locales, on standard output. When invoked without arguments, locale displays the current locale settings for each locale category (see locale(5)), based on the settings of the environment variables that control the locale (see locale(7)). Values ... | # locale
> Get locale-specific information. More information:
> https://manned.org/locale.
* List all global environment variables describing the user's locale:
`locale`
* List all available locales:
`locale --all-locales`
* Display all available locales and the associated metadata:
`locale --all-locales --verbos... |
unlink | The unlink utility shall perform the function call: unlink(file); A user may need appropriate privileges to invoke the unlink utility. None. | # unlink
> Remove a link to a file from the filesystem. The file contents is lost if
> the link is the last one to the file. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/unlink.
* Remove the specified file if it is the last link:
`unlink {{path/to/file}}` |
diff3 | Compare three files line by line. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -A, --show-all output all changes, bracketing conflicts -e, --ed output ed script incorporating changes from OLDFILE to YOURFILE into MYFILE -E, --show-overlap like -e, but bracket conflicts -3, --easy-only like ... | # diff3
> Compare three files line by line. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/manual/html_node/Invoking-diff3.html.
* Compare files:
`diff3 {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}} {{path/to/file3}}`
* Show all changes, outlining conflicts:
`diff3 --show-all {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}} {... |
gpasswd | The gpasswd command is used to administer /etc/group, and /etc/gshadow. Every group can have administrators, members and a password. System administrators can use the -A option to define group administrator(s) and the -M option to define members. They have all rights of group administrators and members. gpasswd called... | # gpasswd
> Administer `/etc/group` and `/etc/gshadow`. More information:
> https://manned.org/gpasswd.
* Define group administrators:
`sudo gpasswd -A {{user1,user2}} {{group}}`
* Set the list of group members:
`sudo gpasswd -M {{user1,user2}} {{group}}`
* Create a password for the named group:
`gpasswd {{group}... |
htop | htop is a cross-platform ncurses-based process viewer. It is similar to top, but allows you to scroll vertically and horizontally, and interact using a pointing device (mouse). You can observe all processes running on the system, along with their command line arguments, as well as view them in a tree format, select mu... | # htop
> Display dynamic real-time information about running processes. An enhanced
> version of `top`. More information: https://htop.dev/.
* Start `htop`:
`htop`
* Start `htop` displaying processes owned by a specific user:
`htop --user {{username}}`
* Sort processes by a specified `sort_item` (use `htop --sort... |
git-show | Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits). For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by git diff-tree --cc. For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects. For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to git ls-... | # git show
> Show various types of Git objects (commits, tags, etc.). More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-show.
* Show information about the latest commit (hash, message, changes, and other metadata):
`git show`
* Show information about a given commit:
`git show {{commit}}`
* Show information about t... |
tar | GNU tar is an archiving program designed to store multiple files in a single file (an archive), and to manipulate such archives. The archive can be either a regular file or a device (e.g. a tape drive, hence the name of the program, which stands for tape archiver), which can be located either on the local or on a remo... | # tar
> Archiving utility. Often combined with a compression method, such as gzip or
> bzip2. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/tar.
* [c]reate an archive and write it to a [f]ile:
`tar cf {{path/to/target.tar}} {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* [c]reate a g[z]ipped archive and write it to a [f]il... |
pr | Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. +FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE] begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE -COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN output COLUMN co... | # pr
> Paginate or columnate files for printing. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/pr.
* Print multiple files with a default header and footer:
`pr {{file1}} {{file2}} {{file3}}`
* Print with a custom centered header:
`pr -h "{{header}}" {{file1}} {{file2}} {{file3}}`
* Print with numbere... |
git-restore | Restore specified paths in the working tree with some contents from a restore source. If a path is tracked but does not exist in the restore source, it will be removed to match the source. The command can also be used to restore the content in the index with --staged, or restore both the working tree and the index wit... | # git restore
> Restore working tree files. Requires Git version 2.23+. See also `git
> checkout` and `git reset`. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-
> restore.
* Restore an unstaged file to the version of the current commit (HEAD):
`git restore {{path/to/file}}`
* Restore an unstaged file to the versi... |
git-archive | Creates an archive of the specified format containing the tree structure for the named tree, and writes it out to the standard output. If <prefix> is specified it is prepended to the filenames in the archive. git archive behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first cas... | # git archive
> Create an archive of files from a named tree. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-archive.
* Create a tar archive from the contents of the current HEAD and print it to `stdout`:
`git archive --verbose HEAD`
* Create a zip archive from the current HEAD and print it to `stdout`:
`git arc... |
uname | Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release -v, --kernel-version print the ke... | # uname
> Print details about the current machine and the operating system running on
> it. Note: for additional information about the operating system, try the
> `sw_vers` command. More information: https://ss64.com/osx/uname.html.
* Print kernel name:
`uname`
* Print system architecture and processor information:... |
tee | Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals -p operate in a more appropriate MODE with pipes. --output-error[=MODE] set behavior on write error. See MODE below --help display this help and exit ... | # tee
> Read from `stdin` and write to `stdout` and files (or commands). More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tee.
* Copy `stdin` to each file, and also to `stdout`:
`echo "example" | tee {{path/to/file}}`
* Append to the given files, do not overwrite:
`echo "example" | tee -a {{path/to/file}}... |
join | For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by blanks. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM also print unpairable lines from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE... | # join
> Join lines of two sorted files on a common field. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/join.
* Join two files on the first (default) field:
`join {{file1}} {{file2}}`
* Join two files using a comma (instead of a space) as the field separator:
`join -t {{','}} {{file1}} {{file2}}`
* ... |
pidof | Pidof finds the process id's (pids) of the named programs. It prints those id's on the standard output. -s Single shot - this instructs the program to only return one pid. -c Only return process ids that are running with the same root directory. This option is ignored for non-root users, as they will be unable to chec... | # pidof
> Gets the ID of a process using its name. More information:
> https://manned.org/pidof.
* List all process IDs with given name:
`pidof {{bash}}`
* List a single process ID with given name:
`pidof -s {{bash}}`
* List process IDs including scripts with given name:
`pidof -x {{script.py}}`
* Kill all proc... |
wait | When an asynchronous list (see Section 2.9.3.1, Examples) is started by the shell, the process ID of the last command in each element of the asynchronous list shall become known in the current shell execution environment; see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment. If the wait utility is invoked with no operands, i... | # wait
> Wait for a process to complete before proceeding. More information:
> https://manned.org/wait.
* Wait for a process to finish given its process ID (PID) and return its exit status:
`wait {{pid}}`
* Wait for all processes known to the invoking shell to finish:
`wait` |
git-difftool | git difftool is a Git command that allows you to compare and edit files between revisions using common diff tools. git difftool is a frontend to git diff and accepts the same options and arguments. See git-diff(1). -d, --dir-diff Copy the modified files to a temporary location and perform a directory diff on them. Thi... | # git difftool
> Show file changes using external diff tools. Accepts the same options and
> arguments as `git diff`. See also: `git diff`. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-difftool.
* List available diff tools:
`git difftool --tool-help`
* Set the default diff tool to meld:
`git config --global dif... |
wc | Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of printable characters delimited by white space. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. The options below may be used to select which counts are printed, always ... | # wc
> Count lines, words, or bytes. More information:
> https://ss64.com/osx/wc.html.
* Count lines in file:
`wc -l {{path/to/file}}`
* Count words in file:
`wc -w {{path/to/file}}`
* Count characters (bytes) in file:
`wc -c {{path/to/file}}`
* Count characters in file (taking multi-byte character sets into ac... |
passwd | The passwd command changes passwords for user accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account. passwd also changes the account or associated password validity period. Password Changes The user is first prompted for their old passwo... | # passwd
> Passwd is a tool used to change a user's password. More information:
> https://manned.org/passwd.
* Change the password of the current user interactively:
`passwd`
* Change the password of a specific user:
`passwd {{username}}`
* Get the current status of the user:
`passwd -S`
* Make the password of ... |
command | The command utility shall cause the shell to treat the arguments as a simple command, suppressing the shell function lookup that is described in Section 2.9.1.1, Command Search and Execution, item 1b. If the command_name is the same as the name of one of the special built-in utilities, the special properties in the en... | # command
> Command forces the shell to execute the program and ignore any functions,
> builtins and aliases with the same name. More information:
> https://manned.org/command.
* Execute the `ls` program literally, even if an `ls` alias exists:
`command {{ls}}`
* Display the path to the executable or the alias defi... |
getent | The getent command displays entries from databases supported by the Name Service Switch libraries, which are configured in /etc/nsswitch.conf. If one or more key arguments are provided, then only the entries that match the supplied keys will be displayed. Otherwise, if no key is provided, all entries will be displayed... | # getent
> Get entries from Name Service Switch libraries. More information:
> https://manned.org/getent.
* Get list of all groups:
`getent group`
* See the members of a group:
`getent group {{group_name}}`
* Get list of all services:
`getent services`
* Find a username by UID:
`getent passwd 1000`
* Perform ... |
dd | Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512); overrides ibs and obs cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=N copy only N input blocks ibs=BYTES read up to BY... | # dd
> Convert and copy a file. More information: https://keith.github.io/xcode-
> man-pages/dd.1.html.
* Make a bootable USB drive from an isohybrid file (such like `archlinux-xxx.iso`) and show the progress:
`dd if={{path/to/file.iso}} of={{/dev/usb_device}} status=progress`
* Clone a drive to another drive with ... |
join | For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by blanks. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM also print unpairable lines from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE... | # join
> Join lines of two sorted files on a common field. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/join.
* Join two files on the first (default) field:
`join {{file1}} {{file2}}`
* Join two files using a comma (instead of a space) as the field separator:
`join -t {{','}} {{file1}} {{file2}}`
* ... |
bg | If job control is enabled (see the description of set -m), the bg utility shall resume suspended jobs from the current environment (see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment) by running them as background jobs. If the job specified by job_id is already a running background job, the bg utility shall have no effect ... | # bg
> Resumes jobs that have been suspended (e.g. using `Ctrl + Z`), and keeps
> them running in the background. More information: https://manned.org/bg.
* Resume the most recently suspended job and run it in the background:
`bg`
* Resume a specific job (use `jobs -l` to get its ID) and run it in the background:
`... |
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