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Career ------ [thumbnail\|Sanjay in 2011](/wiki/File:Sanjay_Kapoor_grace_Kallista_Spa_opening_11.jpg "Sanjay Kapoor grace Kallista Spa opening 11.jpg") ### Film career and few successes (1995–present) Kapoor made his debut in [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood "Bollywood") in 1995 with the movie *[Prem](/wiki/Prem_%28film%29 "Prem (film)")*, opposite newcomer [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 "Tabu (actress)"). Although both debutants rendered fairly decent performances, the movie was delayed for many years as it was in production since 1989\. On release, it bombed at the box office.{{cite web\|title\=Sanjay Kapoor: I wish Boney would interfere in my career\|url\=http://www.screenindia.com/old/april25/david.htm\|work\=\[\[Screen India]]\|access\-date\=15 March 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019200751/http://www.screenindia.com/old/april25/david.htm\|archive\-date\=19 October 2009}} Kapoor's next movie was *[Raja](/wiki/Raja_%281995_film%29 "Raja (1995 film)")* (1995\) opposite [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit "Madhuri Dixit") which was a box office success. He went on to star in several films as a lead actor such as *[Auzaar](/wiki/Auzaar "Auzaar")* (1997\), *[Mohabbat](/wiki/Mohabbat_%281997_film%29 "Mohabbat (1997 film)")* (1997\) and *[Sirf Tum](/wiki/Sirf_Tum "Sirf Tum")* (1999\). Apart from the moderately successful *[Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller](/wiki/Chhupa_Rustam:A_Musical_Thriller "A Musical Thriller")* (2001\) he didn't have much success as a lead actor as most of his films failed at the box office.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.filmydrama.co/2017/03/despite\-big\-hit\-madhuri\-actor\-sanjay\-kapoor\-didnt\-make\-big\-bollywood\|title\=Despite of doing big hit with Madhuri, actor Sanjay Kapoor didn't make it big in bollywood!\|work\=Filmy Drama\|date\=25 March 2017\|access\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-date\=3 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011136/https://www.filmydrama.co/2017/03/despite\-big\-hit\-madhuri\-actor\-sanjay\-kapoor\-didnt\-make\-big\-bollywood/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chhupa\-rustam\-9036/box\-office\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116005114/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chhupa\-rustam\-9036/box\-office\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=16 January 2021\|title\=Do you know how Chhupa Rustam did at the Box Office? }} In 2002, he appeared as a villain playing the psychotic husband of [Esha Deol](/wiki/Esha_Deol "Esha Deol") in *[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe](/wiki/Koi_Mere_Dil_Se_Poochhe "Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe")*. His performance was praised by critics.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/01/pooche.shtml \| title\=BBC – Shropshire – Movies – Koi Mere Dil Se Pooche \| access\-date\=2 August 2017 \| archive\-date\=26 October 2017 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026021159/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/01/pooche.shtml \| url\-status\=live }} He started playing supporting roles in films like *[Qayamat: City Under Threat](/wiki/Qayamat:City_Under_Threat "City Under Threat")* (2003\), *[Julie](/wiki/Julie_%282004_film%29 "Julie (2004 film)")* (2004\), *[Luck By Chance](/wiki/Luck_By_Chance "Luck By Chance")* (2009\) and *[Shaandaar](/wiki/Shaandaar_%282015_film%29 "Shaandaar (2015 film)")* (2015\). He turned to producing with his first production *[Tevar](/wiki/Tevar "Tevar")* starring his nephew [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor "Arjun Kapoor") releasing in 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i\-am\-still\-open\-to\-acting\-6780\.html\|title\=I am still open to acting\|work\=Film Fare\|date\=21 July 2014\|access\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802214415/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i\-am\-still\-open\-to\-acting\-6780\.html\|url\-status\=live}} He played a cameo appearing alongside his brother Anil for the first time in *[Mubarakan](/wiki/Mubarakan "Mubarakan")* (2017\). In early 2018, Sanjay was cast in the anthology film [Lust Stories](/wiki/Lust_Stories "Lust Stories") as a lead character opposite actress [Manisha Koirala](/wiki/Manisha_Koirala "Manisha Koirala").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.business\-standard.com/article/pti\-stories/sanjay\-kapoor\-joins\-dibakar\-s\-bombay\-talkies\-2\-117111001270\_1\.html\|title\=Sanjay Kapoor joins Dibakar's "Bombay Talkies 2"\|work\=\[\[Business Standard]]\|date\=10 November 2017\|agency\=Press Trust of India\|access\-date\=11 April 2018\|archive\-date\=12 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083739/http://www.business\-standard.com/article/pti\-stories/sanjay\-kapoor\-joins\-dibakar\-s\-bombay\-talkies\-2\-117111001270\_1\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview\-it\-s\-important\-to\-be\-a\-part\-of\-the\-right\-film\-sanjay\-kapoor\-on\-lust\-stories\-and\-more\-2623063\|title\='It's important to be a part of the right film': Sanjay Kapoor on Lust Stories and more\|work\=\[\[Daily News and Analysis]]\|date\=8 June 2018\|access\-date\=8 June 2018\|archive\-date\=10 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610062237/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview\-it\-s\-important\-to\-be\-a\-part\-of\-the\-right\-film\-sanjay\-kapoor\-on\-lust\-stories\-and\-more\-2623063\|url\-status\=live}} In the same year, he was cast in the movie "[The Zoya Factor](/wiki/The_Zoya_Factor "The Zoya Factor")" as his real life niece [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor "Sonam Kapoor")'s on screen father,{{cite web\|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chachu\-sanjay\-kapoor\-to\-play\-sonam\-kapoors\-father\-in\-the\-zoya\-factor/articleshow/65502097\.cms\|title\=Chachu Sanjay Kapoor to play Sonam Kapoor's father in "The Zoya Factor"\|work\=\[\[Times of India]]\|date\=27 August 2018\|access\-date\=28 September 2018\|archive\-date\=31 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031224715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chachu\-sanjay\-kapoor\-to\-play\-sonam\-kapoors\-father\-in\-the\-zoya\-factor/articleshow/65502097\.cms\|url\-status\=live}} and Kannada film "Seetharama Kalyana".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\-kapoor\-to\-make\-his\-kannada\-film\-debut\-with\-director\-harshas\-seetharama\-kalyana\-5274531\.html\|title\=Sanjay Kapoor to make his Kannada film debut with director Harsha's Seetharama Kalyana\|work\=\[\[Firstpost]]\|date\=27 September 2018\|access\-date\=28 September 2018\|archive\-date\=28 September 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928165751/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\-kapoor\-to\-make\-his\-kannada\-film\-debut\-with\-director\-harshas\-seetharama\-kalyana\-5274531\.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 2020, he appeared in a short film "Sleeping Partner" opposite actress [Divya Dutta](/wiki/Divya_Dutta "Divya Dutta").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mid\-day.com/articles/sanjay\-kapoor\-divya\-dutta\-discuss\-marital\-rape\-in\-sleeping\-partner/22522181\|title\=Sanjay Kapoor, Divya Dutta discuss marital rape in Sleeping Partner\|work\=\[\[Mid\-Day]]\|date\=1 February 2020\|access\-date\=23 February 2020\|archive\-date\=23 February 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223055521/https://www.mid\-day.com/articles/sanjay\-kapoor\-divya\-dutta\-discuss\-marital\-rape\-in\-sleeping\-partner/22522181\|url\-status\=live}} ### Television and web career (2003–present) He made his debut on television in 2003 appearing in the television serial *[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny](/wiki/Karishma_%E2%80%93_The_Miracles_of_Destiny "Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny")* opposite [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor "Karisma Kapoor"). In 2017, he was cast in [Vikram Bhatt](/wiki/Vikram_Bhatt "Vikram Bhatt")'s television serial *[Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara](/wiki/Dil_Sambhal_Jaa_Zara "Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara")* opposite [Smriti Kalra](/wiki/Smriti_Kalra "Smriti Kalra").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\-kapoor\-returns\-to\-small\-screen\-after\-13\-years\-with\-vikram\-bhatts\-ishq\-gunaah\-4009925\.html\|title\=Sanjay Kapoor returns to small screen after 13 years with Vikram Bhatt's Ishq Gunaah\|work\=\[\[Firstpost]]\|publisher\=\[\[Reliance Industries]]\|date\=5 September 2017\|access\-date\=7 September 2017\|archive\-date\=7 September 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907172334/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\-kapoor\-returns\-to\-small\-screen\-after\-13\-years\-with\-vikram\-bhatts\-ishq\-gunaah\-4009925\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The show is about a man marrying a girl much younger than him and how they try to make their marriage work.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram\-bhatts\-tv\-show\-sanjay\-kapoor/\|title\=This is what Vikram Bhatt's TV show with Sanjay Kapoor is all about\|work\=\[\[Bollywood Hungama]]\|publisher\=\[\[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]]\|date\=5 September 2017\|access\-date\=7 September 2017\|archive\-date\=7 September 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170525/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram\-bhatts\-tv\-show\-sanjay\-kapoor/\|url\-status\=live}} He even landed a role in [ALTBalaji](/wiki/ALTBalaji "ALTBalaji")'s web series *Soggy Hoga Tera Baap* as Chiraag Arora.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.easterneye.biz/sanjay\-kapoor\-signs\-new\-digital\-series\-soggy\-hoga\-tera\-baap/\|title\=Sanjay Kapoor signs new digital series Soggy Hoga Tera Baap\|work\=\[\[Eastern Eye]]\|date\=30 October 2018\|access\-date\=20 February 2019\|archive\-date\=11 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011201609/https://www.easterneye.biz/sanjay\-kapoor\-signs\-new\-digital\-series\-soggy\-hoga\-tera\-baap/\|url\-status\=live}} He has also been cast in the TV film "Fashion Street" as Sanjay Thakur. In 2020, he appeared in *[The Gone Game](/wiki/The_Gone_Game "The Gone Game")* as Rajeev Gujral. He then appeared in *[The Last Hour](/wiki/The_Last_Hour_%28Indian_TV_series%29 "The Last Hour (Indian TV series)")* in 2021, as DCP Arup Singh. In 2022, he appeared in the [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") web show [The Fame Game](/wiki/The_Fame_Game_%28TV_series%29 "The Fame Game (TV series)") as Nikhil More, opposite [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit "Madhuri Dixit").
[ "Career\n------", "[thumbnail\\|Sanjay in 2011](/wiki/File:Sanjay_Kapoor_grace_Kallista_Spa_opening_11.jpg \"Sanjay Kapoor grace Kallista Spa opening 11.jpg\")", "### Film career and few successes (1995–present)", "Kapoor made his debut in [Hindi cinema](/wiki/Bollywood \"Bollywood\") in 1995 with the movie *[Prem](/wiki/Prem_%28film%29 \"Prem (film)\")*, opposite newcomer [Tabu](/wiki/Tabu_%28actress%29 \"Tabu (actress)\"). Although both debutants rendered fairly decent performances, the movie was delayed for many years as it was in production since 1989\\. On release, it bombed at the box office.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sanjay Kapoor: I wish Boney would interfere in my career\\|url\\=http://www.screenindia.com/old/april25/david.htm\\|work\\=\\[\\[Screen India]]\\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019200751/http://www.screenindia.com/old/april25/david.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2009}} Kapoor's next movie was *[Raja](/wiki/Raja_%281995_film%29 \"Raja (1995 film)\")* (1995\\) opposite [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit \"Madhuri Dixit\") which was a box office success. He went on to star in several films as a lead actor such as *[Auzaar](/wiki/Auzaar \"Auzaar\")* (1997\\), *[Mohabbat](/wiki/Mohabbat_%281997_film%29 \"Mohabbat (1997 film)\")* (1997\\) and *[Sirf Tum](/wiki/Sirf_Tum \"Sirf Tum\")* (1999\\). Apart from the moderately successful *[Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller](/wiki/Chhupa_Rustam:A_Musical_Thriller \"A Musical Thriller\")* (2001\\) he didn't have much success as a lead actor as most of his films failed at the box office.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.filmydrama.co/2017/03/despite\\-big\\-hit\\-madhuri\\-actor\\-sanjay\\-kapoor\\-didnt\\-make\\-big\\-bollywood\\|title\\=Despite of doing big hit with Madhuri, actor Sanjay Kapoor didn't make it big in bollywood!\\|work\\=Filmy Drama\\|date\\=25 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011136/https://www.filmydrama.co/2017/03/despite\\-big\\-hit\\-madhuri\\-actor\\-sanjay\\-kapoor\\-didnt\\-make\\-big\\-bollywood/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chhupa\\-rustam\\-9036/box\\-office\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116005114/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chhupa\\-rustam\\-9036/box\\-office\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2021\\|title\\=Do you know how Chhupa Rustam did at the Box Office? }} In 2002, he appeared as a villain playing the psychotic husband of [Esha Deol](/wiki/Esha_Deol \"Esha Deol\") in *[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe](/wiki/Koi_Mere_Dil_Se_Poochhe \"Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe\")*. His performance was praised by critics.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/01/pooche.shtml \\| title\\=BBC – Shropshire – Movies – Koi Mere Dil Se Pooche \\| access\\-date\\=2 August 2017 \\| archive\\-date\\=26 October 2017 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026021159/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2002/01/pooche.shtml \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "He started playing supporting roles in films like *[Qayamat: City Under Threat](/wiki/Qayamat:City_Under_Threat \"City Under Threat\")* (2003\\), *[Julie](/wiki/Julie_%282004_film%29 \"Julie (2004 film)\")* (2004\\), *[Luck By Chance](/wiki/Luck_By_Chance \"Luck By Chance\")* (2009\\) and *[Shaandaar](/wiki/Shaandaar_%282015_film%29 \"Shaandaar (2015 film)\")* (2015\\).", "He turned to producing with his first production *[Tevar](/wiki/Tevar \"Tevar\")* starring his nephew [Arjun Kapoor](/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor \"Arjun Kapoor\") releasing in 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i\\-am\\-still\\-open\\-to\\-acting\\-6780\\.html\\|title\\=I am still open to acting\\|work\\=Film Fare\\|date\\=21 July 2014\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802214415/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i\\-am\\-still\\-open\\-to\\-acting\\-6780\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He played a cameo appearing alongside his brother Anil for the first time in *[Mubarakan](/wiki/Mubarakan \"Mubarakan\")* (2017\\).", "In early 2018, Sanjay was cast in the anthology film [Lust Stories](/wiki/Lust_Stories \"Lust Stories\") as a lead character opposite actress [Manisha Koirala](/wiki/Manisha_Koirala \"Manisha Koirala\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.business\\-standard.com/article/pti\\-stories/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-joins\\-dibakar\\-s\\-bombay\\-talkies\\-2\\-117111001270\\_1\\.html\\|title\\=Sanjay Kapoor joins Dibakar's \"Bombay Talkies 2\"\\|work\\=\\[\\[Business Standard]]\\|date\\=10 November 2017\\|agency\\=Press Trust of India\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083739/http://www.business\\-standard.com/article/pti\\-stories/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-joins\\-dibakar\\-s\\-bombay\\-talkies\\-2\\-117111001270\\_1\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview\\-it\\-s\\-important\\-to\\-be\\-a\\-part\\-of\\-the\\-right\\-film\\-sanjay\\-kapoor\\-on\\-lust\\-stories\\-and\\-more\\-2623063\\|title\\='It's important to be a part of the right film': Sanjay Kapoor on Lust Stories and more\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily News and Analysis]]\\|date\\=8 June 2018\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610062237/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview\\-it\\-s\\-important\\-to\\-be\\-a\\-part\\-of\\-the\\-right\\-film\\-sanjay\\-kapoor\\-on\\-lust\\-stories\\-and\\-more\\-2623063\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the same year, he was cast in the movie \"[The Zoya Factor](/wiki/The_Zoya_Factor \"The Zoya Factor\")\" as his real life niece [Sonam Kapoor](/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor \"Sonam Kapoor\")'s on screen father,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chachu\\-sanjay\\-kapoor\\-to\\-play\\-sonam\\-kapoors\\-father\\-in\\-the\\-zoya\\-factor/articleshow/65502097\\.cms\\|title\\=Chachu Sanjay Kapoor to play Sonam Kapoor's father in \"The Zoya Factor\"\\|work\\=\\[\\[Times of India]]\\|date\\=27 August 2018\\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031224715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chachu\\-sanjay\\-kapoor\\-to\\-play\\-sonam\\-kapoors\\-father\\-in\\-the\\-zoya\\-factor/articleshow/65502097\\.cms\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and Kannada film \"Seetharama Kalyana\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-to\\-make\\-his\\-kannada\\-film\\-debut\\-with\\-director\\-harshas\\-seetharama\\-kalyana\\-5274531\\.html\\|title\\=Sanjay Kapoor to make his Kannada film debut with director Harsha's Seetharama Kalyana\\|work\\=\\[\\[Firstpost]]\\|date\\=27 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928165751/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-to\\-make\\-his\\-kannada\\-film\\-debut\\-with\\-director\\-harshas\\-seetharama\\-kalyana\\-5274531\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2020, he appeared in a short film \"Sleeping Partner\" opposite actress [Divya Dutta](/wiki/Divya_Dutta \"Divya Dutta\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mid\\-day.com/articles/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-divya\\-dutta\\-discuss\\-marital\\-rape\\-in\\-sleeping\\-partner/22522181\\|title\\=Sanjay Kapoor, Divya Dutta discuss marital rape in Sleeping Partner\\|work\\=\\[\\[Mid\\-Day]]\\|date\\=1 February 2020\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223055521/https://www.mid\\-day.com/articles/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-divya\\-dutta\\-discuss\\-marital\\-rape\\-in\\-sleeping\\-partner/22522181\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Television and web career (2003–present)", "He made his debut on television in 2003 appearing in the television serial *[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny](/wiki/Karishma_%E2%80%93_The_Miracles_of_Destiny \"Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny\")* opposite [Karisma Kapoor](/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor \"Karisma Kapoor\").", "In 2017, he was cast in [Vikram Bhatt](/wiki/Vikram_Bhatt \"Vikram Bhatt\")'s television serial *[Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara](/wiki/Dil_Sambhal_Jaa_Zara \"Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara\")* opposite [Smriti Kalra](/wiki/Smriti_Kalra \"Smriti Kalra\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-returns\\-to\\-small\\-screen\\-after\\-13\\-years\\-with\\-vikram\\-bhatts\\-ishq\\-gunaah\\-4009925\\.html\\|title\\=Sanjay Kapoor returns to small screen after 13 years with Vikram Bhatt's Ishq Gunaah\\|work\\=\\[\\[Firstpost]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reliance Industries]]\\|date\\=5 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907172334/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-returns\\-to\\-small\\-screen\\-after\\-13\\-years\\-with\\-vikram\\-bhatts\\-ishq\\-gunaah\\-4009925\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The show is about a man marrying a girl much younger than him and how they try to make their marriage work.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram\\-bhatts\\-tv\\-show\\-sanjay\\-kapoor/\\|title\\=This is what Vikram Bhatt's TV show with Sanjay Kapoor is all about\\|work\\=\\[\\[Bollywood Hungama]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]]\\|date\\=5 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=7 September 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170525/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram\\-bhatts\\-tv\\-show\\-sanjay\\-kapoor/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He even landed a role in [ALTBalaji](/wiki/ALTBalaji \"ALTBalaji\")'s web series *Soggy Hoga Tera Baap* as Chiraag Arora.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.easterneye.biz/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-signs\\-new\\-digital\\-series\\-soggy\\-hoga\\-tera\\-baap/\\|title\\=Sanjay Kapoor signs new digital series Soggy Hoga Tera Baap\\|work\\=\\[\\[Eastern Eye]]\\|date\\=30 October 2018\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011201609/https://www.easterneye.biz/sanjay\\-kapoor\\-signs\\-new\\-digital\\-series\\-soggy\\-hoga\\-tera\\-baap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He has also been cast in the TV film \"Fashion Street\" as Sanjay Thakur. In 2020, he appeared in *[The Gone Game](/wiki/The_Gone_Game \"The Gone Game\")* as Rajeev Gujral.", "He then appeared in *[The Last Hour](/wiki/The_Last_Hour_%28Indian_TV_series%29 \"The Last Hour (Indian TV series)\")* in 2021, as DCP Arup Singh. In 2022, he appeared in the [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") web show [The Fame Game](/wiki/The_Fame_Game_%28TV_series%29 \"The Fame Game (TV series)\") as Nikhil More, opposite [Madhuri Dixit](/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit \"Madhuri Dixit\").", "" ]
Playing career -------------- One of the few players ever drafted out of Canadian university hockey, MacAdam was selected 55th overall by the [Philadelphia Flyers](/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers "Philadelphia Flyers") in the [1972 NHL Amateur Draft](/wiki/1972_NHL_Amateur_Draft "1972 NHL Amateur Draft") after starring for the [University of Prince Edward Island](/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island "University of Prince Edward Island"). MacAdam turned pro after the draft and spent most of his first two professional seasons with the [Richmond Robins](/wiki/Richmond_Robins "Richmond Robins"), Philadelphia's [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") (AHL) affiliate.{{cite web \|last1\=Meltzer \|first1\=Bill \|title\=Mining Gold: The Top 5 Drafts in Flyers History \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/mining\-gold\-the\-top\-5\-drafts\-in\-flyers\-history/c\-435800 \|website\=NHL.com \|accessdate\=11 April 2020 \|date\=6 June 2007}} He made his NHL debut in the [1973–74](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_NHL_season "1973–74 NHL season") campaign, appearing in five games for the Flyers without scoring a point. He made his NHL playoff debut in the clinching game of the [1974 Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/1974_Stanley_Cup_Finals "1974 Stanley Cup Finals") as the Flyers won the championship. By virtue of that appearance, he received a [Stanley Cup ring](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_ring "Stanley Cup ring") for his efforts.{{cite web \|last1\=Blumenstock \|first1\=Kathy \|title\=Les Canadiens Are Laid To Rest \|url\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1980/05/05/les\-canadiens\-are\-laid\-to\-rest\-there\-will\-be\-no\-champagne\-filled\-stanley\-cup\-for\-montreal\-this\-spring\-in\-a\-shocking\-upset\-minnesota\-stopped\-the\-canadiens\-bid\-for\-their\-fifth\-straight\-cup\-by\-beating\-them\-3\-2\-in\-game\-7\-of\-the\-quar \|website\=Sports Illustrated Vault {{!}} SI.com \|publisher\=Sports Illustrated \|accessdate\=11 April 2020 \|language\=en\-us \|date\=5 March 1980}} However, MacAdam's name was not engraved on the Stanley Cup.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2010}} Following the season, MacAdam was dealt to the [California Golden Seals](/wiki/California_Golden_Seals "California Golden Seals") in a deal which saw star sniper [Reggie Leach](/wiki/Reggie_Leach "Reggie Leach") going the other way.{{cite book \|last1\=Jackson \|first1\=Jim \|title\=Walking Together Forever: The Broad Street Bullies, Then and Now \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=Sports Publishing LLC \|isbn\=978\-1\-58261\-389\-5 \|page\=19 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kE83l88CZ0IC\&q\=MacAdam%20traded%20California%20Golden%20Seals%20Reggie%20Leach%201974\&pg\=PA19 \|accessdate\=11 April 2020 \|language\=en}} He was able to step as a regular into a weak Seals lineup, and recorded a fine rookie season in [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_NHL_season "1974–75 NHL season") with 18 goals and 43 points. In [1975–76](/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_NHL_season "1975–76 NHL season"), he emerged as the Seals' top player, leading the team with 32 goals (including 4 shorthanded markers) and 63 points, and played in the 1976 [NHL All\-Star Game](/wiki/NHL_All-Star_Game "NHL All-Star Game"), scoring a goal.{{cite news \|last1\=Keese \|first1\=Parton \|title\=Wales All\-Stars Win, 7\-5 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/21/archives/wales\-alistars\-win\-75\-wales\-allstars\-build\-71\-lead\-and\-win\-75\.html \|accessdate\=12 April 2020 \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=21 January 1976}} For the [1976–77](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_NHL_season "1976–77 NHL season") season, the Seals moved and became the [Cleveland Barons](/wiki/Cleveland_Barons_%28NHL%29 "Cleveland Barons (NHL)"). MacAdam continued to excel, again recording 63 points, and was selected to play in his second consecutive All\-Star game. In [1977–78](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_NHL_season "1977–78 NHL season") he was named team captain, but slumped to totals of just 16 goals and 48 points. Over four seasons with the Seals/Barons, MacAdam played every regular\-season game and ended as the franchise's all\-time leading point scorer.{{cite book \|last1\=Currier \|first1\=Steve \|title\=The California Golden Seals: A Tale of White Skates, Red Ink, and One of the NHL's Most Outlandish Teams \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=U of Nebraska Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8032\-8848\-5 \|page\=249 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=X4c3DwAAQBAJ\&q\=al\+macadam\+leading\+scorer\&pg\=PA454 \|accessdate\=12 April 2020 \|language\=en}} MacAdam became a member of the [Minnesota North Stars](/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars "Minnesota North Stars") in [1978–79](/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_NHL_season "1978–79 NHL season") when the hapless Cleveland franchise [merged with Minnesota](/wiki/1978_NHL_Dispersal_Draft "1978 NHL Dispersal Draft"). He had a solid first season with the North Stars, finishing second on the team in scoring with 58 points despite missing 11 games due to injury. One of the league's most durable players, he had not missed a game to that point in his career, and only missed 10 games combined in his other 11 full NHL seasons. During that season, he also forged a solid partnership with rookie centre [Bobby Smith](/wiki/Bobby_Smith_%28ice_hockey%29 "Bobby Smith (ice hockey)"), and the two would be regular linemates over the next several seasons. In [1979–80](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_NHL_season "1979–80 NHL season"), MacAdam had his finest NHL campaign, as he posted 42 goals and 51 assists for 93 points, leading the North Stars in all three categories. He finished 12th in overall NHL scoring, and was awarded the [Bill Masterton Trophy](/wiki/Bill_Masterton_Trophy "Bill Masterton Trophy") in 1980 for perseverance and dedication. He was also named Minnesota's MVP and Most Popular Player following the season. Appearing in the playoffs for the first time since 1974, he also led the North Stars in playoff scoring with 16 points in 15 games as they reached the Stanley Cup semi\-finals. In the 1980 playoffs, he scored the deciding goal in Game 7 of the quarterfinals, which eliminated the four\-time defending Stanley Cup champion [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens").The Montreal Canadiens:100 Years of Glory, D'Arcy Jenish, p.240, Published in Canada by Doubleday, 2009, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-385\-66325\-0}} MacAdam's production returned to its previous level in [1980–81](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_NHL_season "1980–81 NHL season"), as he finished third on the North Stars in scoring with 21 goals and 60 points. However, he had another sterling playoff performance with 19 points in 19 games as Minnesota reached the Stanley Cup finals before losing to the [New York Islanders](/wiki/New_York_Islanders "New York Islanders"). In [1981–82](/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_NHL_season "1981–82 NHL season"), he recorded 18 goals and 43 assists for 61 points in what would be his last quality offensive season. Always a strong defensive player, MacAdam's offensive opportunities were severely reduced after 1982 with the arrival of star rookie [Brian Bellows](/wiki/Brian_Bellows "Brian Bellows"), and he spent the remainder of his career as a third\-line checker and defensive forward. His production fell to a career\-low 11 goals and 33 points in [1982–83](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_NHL_season "1982–83 NHL season"), but he rebounded to record 22 goals for the North Stars in [1983–84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_NHL_season "1983–84 NHL season"). For the [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season "1984–85 NHL season") campaign, MacAdam was dealt to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks") in exchange for future considerations (which later became [Harold Snepsts](/wiki/Harold_Snepsts "Harold Snepsts")), unhappy about his playing time in Minnesota.{{cite web \|title\=Minnesota North Star winger Al MacAdam was traded Thursday... \|url\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/21/Minnesota\-North\-Star\-winger\-Al\-MacAdam\-was\-traded\-Thursday/8640456638400/?spt\=su \|website\=UPI \|accessdate\=11 April 2020 \|language\=en \|date\=21 June 1984}} He had a solid season with 14 goals and 34 points, but could not meet the expectations of being traded for Snepsts, who was one of the most popular players in Canuck history. He retired shortly after being assigned to the minors at the start of the [1985–86](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NHL_season "1985–86 NHL season") season. MacAdam finished his career with 240 goals and 351 assists for 591 points in 864 games, along with 509 penalty minutes. His 591 points was the most for a player from Prince Edward Island, just ahead of [Bob MacMillan](/wiki/Bob_MacMillan "Bob MacMillan"), although that record was surpassed by [Brad Richards](/wiki/Brad_Richards "Brad Richards") of the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars") in 2010\.{{cite web \|last1\=MacIntyre \|first1\=Joe \|title\=HOT CORNER: MacEwen's inspiring journey to NHL {{!}} The Journal Pioneer \|url\=https://www.journalpioneer.com/sports/hot\-corner\-macewens\-inspiring\-journey\-to\-nhl\-284789/ \|website\=www.journalpioneer.com \|accessdate\=11 April 2020 \|language\=en \|date\=15 February 2019}} During his playing days, MacAdam was also respected as a tough and capable fighter "who many left alone", in the words of [Clark Gillies](/wiki/Clark_Gillies "Clark Gillies") of the New York Islanders.
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "One of the few players ever drafted out of Canadian university hockey, MacAdam was selected 55th overall by the [Philadelphia Flyers](/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers \"Philadelphia Flyers\") in the [1972 NHL Amateur Draft](/wiki/1972_NHL_Amateur_Draft \"1972 NHL Amateur Draft\") after starring for the [University of Prince Edward Island](/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island \"University of Prince Edward Island\"). MacAdam turned pro after the draft and spent most of his first two professional seasons with the [Richmond Robins](/wiki/Richmond_Robins \"Richmond Robins\"), Philadelphia's [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") (AHL) affiliate.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Meltzer \\|first1\\=Bill \\|title\\=Mining Gold: The Top 5 Drafts in Flyers History \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/mining\\-gold\\-the\\-top\\-5\\-drafts\\-in\\-flyers\\-history/c\\-435800 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|accessdate\\=11 April 2020 \\|date\\=6 June 2007}} He made his NHL debut in the [1973–74](/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_NHL_season \"1973–74 NHL season\") campaign, appearing in five games for the Flyers without scoring a point. He made his NHL playoff debut in the clinching game of the [1974 Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/1974_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"1974 Stanley Cup Finals\") as the Flyers won the championship. By virtue of that appearance, he received a [Stanley Cup ring](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_ring \"Stanley Cup ring\") for his efforts.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Blumenstock \\|first1\\=Kathy \\|title\\=Les Canadiens Are Laid To Rest \\|url\\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1980/05/05/les\\-canadiens\\-are\\-laid\\-to\\-rest\\-there\\-will\\-be\\-no\\-champagne\\-filled\\-stanley\\-cup\\-for\\-montreal\\-this\\-spring\\-in\\-a\\-shocking\\-upset\\-minnesota\\-stopped\\-the\\-canadiens\\-bid\\-for\\-their\\-fifth\\-straight\\-cup\\-by\\-beating\\-them\\-3\\-2\\-in\\-game\\-7\\-of\\-the\\-quar \\|website\\=Sports Illustrated Vault {{!}} SI.com \\|publisher\\=Sports Illustrated \\|accessdate\\=11 April 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-us \\|date\\=5 March 1980}} However, MacAdam's name was not engraved on the Stanley Cup.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}}", "Following the season, MacAdam was dealt to the [California Golden Seals](/wiki/California_Golden_Seals \"California Golden Seals\") in a deal which saw star sniper [Reggie Leach](/wiki/Reggie_Leach \"Reggie Leach\") going the other way.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jackson \\|first1\\=Jim \\|title\\=Walking Together Forever: The Broad Street Bullies, Then and Now \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing LLC \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58261\\-389\\-5 \\|page\\=19 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kE83l88CZ0IC\\&q\\=MacAdam%20traded%20California%20Golden%20Seals%20Reggie%20Leach%201974\\&pg\\=PA19 \\|accessdate\\=11 April 2020 \\|language\\=en}} He was able to step as a regular into a weak Seals lineup, and recorded a fine rookie season in [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_NHL_season \"1974–75 NHL season\") with 18 goals and 43 points. In [1975–76](/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_NHL_season \"1975–76 NHL season\"), he emerged as the Seals' top player, leading the team with 32 goals (including 4 shorthanded markers) and 63 points, and played in the 1976 [NHL All\\-Star Game](/wiki/NHL_All-Star_Game \"NHL All-Star Game\"), scoring a goal.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Keese \\|first1\\=Parton \\|title\\=Wales All\\-Stars Win, 7\\-5 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/21/archives/wales\\-alistars\\-win\\-75\\-wales\\-allstars\\-build\\-71\\-lead\\-and\\-win\\-75\\.html \\|accessdate\\=12 April 2020 \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=21 January 1976}}", "For the [1976–77](/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_NHL_season \"1976–77 NHL season\") season, the Seals moved and became the [Cleveland Barons](/wiki/Cleveland_Barons_%28NHL%29 \"Cleveland Barons (NHL)\"). MacAdam continued to excel, again recording 63 points, and was selected to play in his second consecutive All\\-Star game. In [1977–78](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_NHL_season \"1977–78 NHL season\") he was named team captain, but slumped to totals of just 16 goals and 48 points. Over four seasons with the Seals/Barons, MacAdam played every regular\\-season game and ended as the franchise's all\\-time leading point scorer.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Currier \\|first1\\=Steve \\|title\\=The California Golden Seals: A Tale of White Skates, Red Ink, and One of the NHL's Most Outlandish Teams \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=U of Nebraska Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8032\\-8848\\-5 \\|page\\=249 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=X4c3DwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=al\\+macadam\\+leading\\+scorer\\&pg\\=PA454 \\|accessdate\\=12 April 2020 \\|language\\=en}}", "MacAdam became a member of the [Minnesota North Stars](/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars \"Minnesota North Stars\") in [1978–79](/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_NHL_season \"1978–79 NHL season\") when the hapless Cleveland franchise [merged with Minnesota](/wiki/1978_NHL_Dispersal_Draft \"1978 NHL Dispersal Draft\"). He had a solid first season with the North Stars, finishing second on the team in scoring with 58 points despite missing 11 games due to injury. One of the league's most durable players, he had not missed a game to that point in his career, and only missed 10 games combined in his other 11 full NHL seasons. During that season, he also forged a solid partnership with rookie centre [Bobby Smith](/wiki/Bobby_Smith_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Bobby Smith (ice hockey)\"), and the two would be regular linemates over the next several seasons.", "In [1979–80](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_NHL_season \"1979–80 NHL season\"), MacAdam had his finest NHL campaign, as he posted 42 goals and 51 assists for 93 points, leading the North Stars in all three categories. He finished 12th in overall NHL scoring, and was awarded the [Bill Masterton Trophy](/wiki/Bill_Masterton_Trophy \"Bill Masterton Trophy\") in 1980 for perseverance and dedication. He was also named Minnesota's MVP and Most Popular Player following the season. Appearing in the playoffs for the first time since 1974, he also led the North Stars in playoff scoring with 16 points in 15 games as they reached the Stanley Cup semi\\-finals. In the 1980 playoffs, he scored the deciding goal in Game 7 of the quarterfinals, which eliminated the four\\-time defending Stanley Cup champion [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\").The Montreal Canadiens:100 Years of Glory, D'Arcy Jenish, p.240, Published in Canada by Doubleday, 2009, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-385\\-66325\\-0}}", "MacAdam's production returned to its previous level in [1980–81](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_NHL_season \"1980–81 NHL season\"), as he finished third on the North Stars in scoring with 21 goals and 60 points. However, he had another sterling playoff performance with 19 points in 19 games as Minnesota reached the Stanley Cup finals before losing to the [New York Islanders](/wiki/New_York_Islanders \"New York Islanders\"). In [1981–82](/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_NHL_season \"1981–82 NHL season\"), he recorded 18 goals and 43 assists for 61 points in what would be his last quality offensive season.", "Always a strong defensive player, MacAdam's offensive opportunities were severely reduced after 1982 with the arrival of star rookie [Brian Bellows](/wiki/Brian_Bellows \"Brian Bellows\"), and he spent the remainder of his career as a third\\-line checker and defensive forward. His production fell to a career\\-low 11 goals and 33 points in [1982–83](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_NHL_season \"1982–83 NHL season\"), but he rebounded to record 22 goals for the North Stars in [1983–84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_NHL_season \"1983–84 NHL season\").", "For the [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season \"1984–85 NHL season\") campaign, MacAdam was dealt to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") in exchange for future considerations (which later became [Harold Snepsts](/wiki/Harold_Snepsts \"Harold Snepsts\")), unhappy about his playing time in Minnesota.{{cite web \\|title\\=Minnesota North Star winger Al MacAdam was traded Thursday... \\|url\\=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/21/Minnesota\\-North\\-Star\\-winger\\-Al\\-MacAdam\\-was\\-traded\\-Thursday/8640456638400/?spt\\=su \\|website\\=UPI \\|accessdate\\=11 April 2020 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=21 June 1984}} He had a solid season with 14 goals and 34 points, but could not meet the expectations of being traded for Snepsts, who was one of the most popular players in Canuck history. He retired shortly after being assigned to the minors at the start of the [1985–86](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NHL_season \"1985–86 NHL season\") season.", "MacAdam finished his career with 240 goals and 351 assists for 591 points in 864 games, along with 509 penalty minutes. His 591 points was the most for a player from Prince Edward Island, just ahead of [Bob MacMillan](/wiki/Bob_MacMillan \"Bob MacMillan\"), although that record was surpassed by [Brad Richards](/wiki/Brad_Richards \"Brad Richards\") of the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\") in 2010\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=MacIntyre \\|first1\\=Joe \\|title\\=HOT CORNER: MacEwen's inspiring journey to NHL {{!}} The Journal Pioneer \\|url\\=https://www.journalpioneer.com/sports/hot\\-corner\\-macewens\\-inspiring\\-journey\\-to\\-nhl\\-284789/ \\|website\\=www.journalpioneer.com \\|accessdate\\=11 April 2020 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=15 February 2019}}", "During his playing days, MacAdam was also respected as a tough and capable fighter \"who many left alone\", in the words of [Clark Gillies](/wiki/Clark_Gillies \"Clark Gillies\") of the New York Islanders.", "" ]
Post\-war racing career ----------------------- Towards the end of the war Gerard purchased his first true racing car, paying [Reg Parnell](/wiki/Reg_Parnell "Reg Parnell") £1000 for [ERA](/wiki/English_Racing_Automobiles "English Racing Automobiles") R4A. Using his engineering background and immaculate attention to detail, and by cannibalising sister car R6B for spares, Gerard managed to get R4A running in time for the [Cockfosters](/wiki/Cockfosters "Cockfosters") demonstration in mid\-1945\. At the same run Gerard's wife, Joan, also demonstrated the old Riley Sprite. Prior to the 1946 season Gerard decided to equip himself with a more potent mount. While both Bob and Joan Gerard continued to use R4A for a string of [hillclimbing](/wiki/Hillclimbing "Hillclimbing") and sprint victories, newly purchased ERA R14B was rebuilt and modified for circuit racing. Gerard's major changes to the pre\-war design were to fit a [preselector gearbox](/wiki/Preselector_gearbox "Preselector gearbox") and to change the Zoller\-type [supercharger](/wiki/Supercharger "Supercharger") for a smaller, but more efficient Murray\-Jamieson design. He also later changed the car's outward appearance, switching the old\-fashioned upright radiator to one with a far more raked cowl, lowering the bonnet line to accommodate this. Over the next five years Bob Gerard used R14B to great effect. He scored three consecutive victories in the Empire Trophy and two victories in the [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey "Jersey") Road Race between 1947 and 1949, as well as regularly finishing in the top ten in many international standard events. In the first [British Grand Prix](/wiki/British_Grand_Prix "British Grand Prix"), in [1948](/wiki/1948_British_Grand_Prix "1948 British Grand Prix"), Gerard drove the decade\-old R14B to third place, beaten only by the brand new works' [Maserati 4CLT/48s](/wiki/Maserati_4CLT/48 "Maserati 4CLT/48") of Italian greats [Luigi Villoresi](/wiki/Luigi_Villoresi "Luigi Villoresi") and [Alberto Ascari](/wiki/Alberto_Ascari "Alberto Ascari"). The following year he went one better, taking second, again to a Maserati, this time driven by Swiss ace [Toulo de Graffenried](/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried "Toulo de Graffenried"). His two wins and a Grand Prix second placing, along with seventh in the [1949 International Trophy](/wiki/I_BRDC_International_Trophy "I BRDC International Trophy") race at [Silverstone](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit "Silverstone Circuit"), earned Gerard the [British Racing Drivers' Club](/wiki/British_Racing_Drivers%27_Club "British Racing Drivers' Club")'s prestigious [Gold Star](/wiki/BRDC_Gold_Star "BRDC Gold Star") award for 1949\. Gerard continued to campaign R14B for the first year of the new FIA World Championship in {{F1\|1950}}. Despite the ever\-increasing age gap between his car and the majority of the rest of the field, Bob Gerard's meticulous preparation of his cars, and his emphasis on increasing their reliability, meant that he often finished a race much higher in the placings than expected. At the very first World Championship event, the [1950 British Grand Prix](/wiki/1950_British_Grand_Prix "1950 British Grand Prix"), the Gerard\-R14B pairing only narrowly missed out on the points, finishing in sixth place, despite having started as low as 13th on the grid. He also finished in sixth in R4A at the [Monaco event](/wiki/1950_Monaco_Grand_Prix "1950 Monaco Grand Prix") later in the season, this time from 16th at the start. However, the rapid evolution of racing machinery, inspired by the rewards offered from the Championship, meant that for {{F1\|1952}} Gerard would have to abandon his old ERA in favour of something more modern. Retaining a degree of patriotism, Gerard bought a [Cooper](/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company "Cooper Car Company") [T23](/wiki/Cooper_T23 "Cooper T23")\-[Bristol](/wiki/Bristol_Cars "Bristol Cars"), which he would continue to use for both Championship and non\-Championship races until {{F1\|1957}} when he upgraded to the new, [mid\-engined](/wiki/RMR_layout "RMR layout") [T43](/wiki/Cooper_T43 "Cooper T43") chassis. While he only twice finished in the top ten in Championship races in his Coopers – in [1954](/wiki/1954_British_Grand_Prix "1954 British Grand Prix") and in his final Championship event at the [1957 British Grand Prix](/wiki/1957_British_Grand_Prix "1957 British Grand Prix") – Gerard remained a force in UK national level race events. During the 1950s he won many races, at most British circuits, and was a widely respected competitor. Bob Gerard's achievements were honoured by the owners of the [Mallory Park](/wiki/Mallory_Park "Mallory Park") track, in his native Leicestershire, when they named the circuit's most prominent bend *Gerard's*. Gerard himself continued to race into the 1960s, in a [Turner](/wiki/Turner_%28car_company%29 "Turner (car company)") sports car, and used his preparation expertise for the benefit of other drivers by acting as entrant for many promising newcomers right into the 1980s.
[ "Post\\-war racing career\n-----------------------", "Towards the end of the war Gerard purchased his first true racing car, paying [Reg Parnell](/wiki/Reg_Parnell \"Reg Parnell\") £1000 for [ERA](/wiki/English_Racing_Automobiles \"English Racing Automobiles\") R4A. Using his engineering background and immaculate attention to detail, and by cannibalising sister car R6B for spares, Gerard managed to get R4A running in time for the [Cockfosters](/wiki/Cockfosters \"Cockfosters\") demonstration in mid\\-1945\\. At the same run Gerard's wife, Joan, also demonstrated the old Riley Sprite.", "Prior to the 1946 season Gerard decided to equip himself with a more potent mount. While both Bob and Joan Gerard continued to use R4A for a string of [hillclimbing](/wiki/Hillclimbing \"Hillclimbing\") and sprint victories, newly purchased ERA R14B was rebuilt and modified for circuit racing. Gerard's major changes to the pre\\-war design were to fit a [preselector gearbox](/wiki/Preselector_gearbox \"Preselector gearbox\") and to change the Zoller\\-type [supercharger](/wiki/Supercharger \"Supercharger\") for a smaller, but more efficient Murray\\-Jamieson design. He also later changed the car's outward appearance, switching the old\\-fashioned upright radiator to one with a far more raked cowl, lowering the bonnet line to accommodate this.", "Over the next five years Bob Gerard used R14B to great effect. He scored three consecutive victories in the Empire Trophy and two victories in the [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey \"Jersey\") Road Race between 1947 and 1949, as well as regularly finishing in the top ten in many international standard events. In the first [British Grand Prix](/wiki/British_Grand_Prix \"British Grand Prix\"), in [1948](/wiki/1948_British_Grand_Prix \"1948 British Grand Prix\"), Gerard drove the decade\\-old R14B to third place, beaten only by the brand new works' [Maserati 4CLT/48s](/wiki/Maserati_4CLT/48 \"Maserati 4CLT/48\") of Italian greats [Luigi Villoresi](/wiki/Luigi_Villoresi \"Luigi Villoresi\") and [Alberto Ascari](/wiki/Alberto_Ascari \"Alberto Ascari\"). The following year he went one better, taking second, again to a Maserati, this time driven by Swiss ace [Toulo de Graffenried](/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried \"Toulo de Graffenried\"). His two wins and a Grand Prix second placing, along with seventh in the [1949 International Trophy](/wiki/I_BRDC_International_Trophy \"I BRDC International Trophy\") race at [Silverstone](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit \"Silverstone Circuit\"), earned Gerard the [British Racing Drivers' Club](/wiki/British_Racing_Drivers%27_Club \"British Racing Drivers' Club\")'s prestigious [Gold Star](/wiki/BRDC_Gold_Star \"BRDC Gold Star\") award for 1949\\.", "Gerard continued to campaign R14B for the first year of the new FIA World Championship in {{F1\\|1950}}. Despite the ever\\-increasing age gap between his car and the majority of the rest of the field, Bob Gerard's meticulous preparation of his cars, and his emphasis on increasing their reliability, meant that he often finished a race much higher in the placings than expected.", "At the very first World Championship event, the [1950 British Grand Prix](/wiki/1950_British_Grand_Prix \"1950 British Grand Prix\"), the Gerard\\-R14B pairing only narrowly missed out on the points, finishing in sixth place, despite having started as low as 13th on the grid. He also finished in sixth in R4A at the [Monaco event](/wiki/1950_Monaco_Grand_Prix \"1950 Monaco Grand Prix\") later in the season, this time from 16th at the start.", "However, the rapid evolution of racing machinery, inspired by the rewards offered from the Championship, meant that for {{F1\\|1952}} Gerard would have to abandon his old ERA in favour of something more modern. Retaining a degree of patriotism, Gerard bought a [Cooper](/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company \"Cooper Car Company\") [T23](/wiki/Cooper_T23 \"Cooper T23\")\\-[Bristol](/wiki/Bristol_Cars \"Bristol Cars\"), which he would continue to use for both Championship and non\\-Championship races until {{F1\\|1957}} when he upgraded to the new, [mid\\-engined](/wiki/RMR_layout \"RMR layout\") [T43](/wiki/Cooper_T43 \"Cooper T43\") chassis.", "While he only twice finished in the top ten in Championship races in his Coopers – in [1954](/wiki/1954_British_Grand_Prix \"1954 British Grand Prix\") and in his final Championship event at the [1957 British Grand Prix](/wiki/1957_British_Grand_Prix \"1957 British Grand Prix\") – Gerard remained a force in UK national level race events. During the 1950s he won many races, at most British circuits, and was a widely respected competitor.", "Bob Gerard's achievements were honoured by the owners of the [Mallory Park](/wiki/Mallory_Park \"Mallory Park\") track, in his native Leicestershire, when they named the circuit's most prominent bend *Gerard's*. Gerard himself continued to race into the 1960s, in a [Turner](/wiki/Turner_%28car_company%29 \"Turner (car company)\") sports car, and used his preparation expertise for the benefit of other drivers by acting as entrant for many promising newcomers right into the 1980s.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- He was born in [Williamsport](/wiki/Williamsport%2C_Kentucky "Williamsport, Kentucky"), [Grant County, Kentucky](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_Kentucky "Grant County, Kentucky") to [Abraham Jonas](/wiki/Abraham_Jonas_%28politician%29 "Abraham Jonas (politician)") (1801–1864\), a merchant and lawyer, and Louisa Block. As a boy, he moved with his parents to [Quincy, Illinois](/wiki/Quincy%2C_Illinois "Quincy, Illinois"), where his father became a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") [state legislator](/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly "Illinois General Assembly") and [postmaster](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service"), and was acquainted with [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln"). (In 1864, Lincoln appointed the widowed Mrs. Jonas postmaster in succession to her late husband.) Benjamin attended the public schools in Quincy. In 1853, he moved to [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana"); his maternal uncle, Abraham Block, was well known there, being an important figure in the nearby [Red River](/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South "Red River of the South") settlements. He studied law at the University of Louisiana (now [Tulane University](/wiki/Tulane_University "Tulane University")). In 1855, he graduated, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in New Orleans. Despite his family's strong Republican connections, Benjamin Jonas cast his lot with the South in the Civil War. In 1862 he enlisted in the [Confederate States Army](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army "Confederate States Army"). He was a member of Fenner's Battery, and Adjutant of a Battalion of Artillery in Hood's Corps in the Army of Tennessee. He served till the end of the war, rising to the rank of [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)"). After the war, he returned to New Orleans and became active in state politics as a Democrat. In 1865, he was elected to the [state House of Representatives](/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives "Louisiana House of Representatives"), and served until 1868\. In 1872, he was elected to the [State Senate](/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate "Louisiana State Senate"), but declined to take the seat. In 1875, he was appointed city attorney of New Orleans, and served until 1879\. He was again elected state Representative in 1876\. In 1879, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and served from March 4, 1879 to March 4, 1885\. In the 46th Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. He sought another term in 1884, but was not re\-elected. In 1885, he was appointed Collector of the port of New Orleans, serving until 1889\. He then resumed the practice of law. Jonas died in New Orleans on December 21, 1911, and was buried in Dispersed of Judah Cemetery (listed in [Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans](/wiki/Historic_Cemeteries_of_New_Orleans "Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans")). He was the second Jewish U.S. Senator from Louisiana, the first having been [Judah P. Benjamin](/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin "Judah P. Benjamin") (1853–1861\), and the third Jewish Senator overall, the others being Benjamin and [David Levy Yulee](/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee "David Levy Yulee") of [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") (1845–1851, 1855–1861\). However, both Yulee and Benjamin married [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") wives, and did not openly practice Judaism afterward. [Notes and Documents: Winston de Ville, "The Marriage Contract of Judah P. Benjamin and Natalie St. Martin"](https://www.jstor.org/pss/4233263), *Louisiana History*, Vol. 37, No. 1, Winter, 1996, at JSTOR, accessed July 24, 2011; {{cite web\|url\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/yulee.html \|title\=Jewish Virtual Library: David Levy Yulee \|accessdate\=May 15, 2009}} Jonas was the first practicing Jew in the Senate. Jonas was also the first [Ashkenazi Jew](/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews "Ashkenazi Jews") in the Senate; while the two previous Jewish senators were of [Sephardic](/wiki/Sephardi_Jews "Sephardi Jews") descent, as were the majority of U.S. Jews at the time. He was a member of [The Boston Club](/wiki/The_Boston_Club "The Boston Club") of New Orleans.{{cite web \| url\=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id\=nnc1\.cu09362126\&seq\=330 \| title\=History of the Boston club, organized in 1841, by Stuart O. Landry }}
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "He was born in [Williamsport](/wiki/Williamsport%2C_Kentucky \"Williamsport, Kentucky\"), [Grant County, Kentucky](/wiki/Grant_County%2C_Kentucky \"Grant County, Kentucky\") to [Abraham Jonas](/wiki/Abraham_Jonas_%28politician%29 \"Abraham Jonas (politician)\") (1801–1864\\), a merchant and lawyer, and Louisa Block. As a boy, he moved with his parents to [Quincy, Illinois](/wiki/Quincy%2C_Illinois \"Quincy, Illinois\"), where his father became a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") [state legislator](/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly \"Illinois General Assembly\") and [postmaster](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\"), and was acquainted with [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\"). (In 1864, Lincoln appointed the widowed Mrs. Jonas postmaster in succession to her late husband.)", "Benjamin attended the public schools in Quincy. In 1853, he moved to [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\"); his maternal uncle, Abraham Block, was well known there, being an important figure in the nearby [Red River](/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South \"Red River of the South\") settlements. He studied law at the University of Louisiana (now [Tulane University](/wiki/Tulane_University \"Tulane University\")). In 1855, he graduated, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in New Orleans.", "Despite his family's strong Republican connections, Benjamin Jonas cast his lot with the South in the Civil War. In 1862 he enlisted in the [Confederate States Army](/wiki/Confederate_States_Army \"Confederate States Army\"). He was a member of Fenner's Battery, and Adjutant of a Battalion of Artillery in\nHood's Corps in the Army of Tennessee. He served till the end of the war, rising to the rank of [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\").", "After the war, he returned to New Orleans and became active in state politics as a Democrat. In 1865, he was elected to the [state House of Representatives](/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives \"Louisiana House of Representatives\"), and served until 1868\\.", "In 1872, he was elected to the [State Senate](/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate \"Louisiana State Senate\"), but declined to take the seat. In 1875, he was appointed city attorney of New Orleans, and served until 1879\\. He was again elected state Representative in 1876\\.", "In 1879, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and served from March 4, 1879 to March 4, 1885\\. In the 46th Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. He sought another term in 1884, but was not re\\-elected.", "In 1885, he was appointed Collector of the port of New Orleans, serving until 1889\\. He then resumed the practice of law.", "Jonas died in New Orleans on December 21, 1911, and was buried in Dispersed of Judah Cemetery (listed in [Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans](/wiki/Historic_Cemeteries_of_New_Orleans \"Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans\")).", "He was the second Jewish U.S. Senator from Louisiana, the first having been [Judah P. Benjamin](/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin \"Judah P. Benjamin\") (1853–1861\\), and the third Jewish Senator overall, the others being Benjamin and [David Levy Yulee](/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee \"David Levy Yulee\") of [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") (1845–1851, 1855–1861\\). However, both Yulee and Benjamin married [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") wives, and did not openly practice Judaism afterward. [Notes and Documents: Winston de Ville, \"The Marriage Contract of Judah P. Benjamin and Natalie St. Martin\"](https://www.jstor.org/pss/4233263), *Louisiana History*, Vol. 37, No. 1, Winter, 1996, at JSTOR, accessed July 24, 2011; {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/yulee.html \\|title\\=Jewish Virtual Library: David Levy Yulee \\|accessdate\\=May 15, 2009}} Jonas was the first practicing Jew in the Senate. Jonas was also the first [Ashkenazi Jew](/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews \"Ashkenazi Jews\") in the Senate; while the two previous Jewish senators were of [Sephardic](/wiki/Sephardi_Jews \"Sephardi Jews\") descent, as were the majority of U.S. Jews at the time. He was a member of [The Boston Club](/wiki/The_Boston_Club \"The Boston Club\") of New Orleans.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id\\=nnc1\\.cu09362126\\&seq\\=330 \\| title\\=History of the Boston club, organized in 1841, by Stuart O. Landry }}", "" ]
Biography --------- Tchaikovsky was born in [Vyatka](/wiki/Kirov%2C_Kirov_Oblast "Kirov, Kirov Oblast"). He spent the first part of his life on his mother's estate, and studied at a public school at Vyatka and later on in [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg"). In 1868, he entered the [St. Petersburg University](/wiki/St._Petersburg_University "St. Petersburg University"), and got his degree in chemistry in 1872\. While studying in [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg"), he joined a radical student group which would later be known as the [Circle of Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Circle_of_Tchaikovsky "Circle of Tchaikovsky") after its most famous member. The group advocated [revolutionary socialist](/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist "Revolutionary socialist") ideals which formed the basis of the [Narodnik](/wiki/Narodnik "Narodnik") movement. But under the political régime of Russia in the 1870s, no public body or society could act freely if its activity was not fully approved by the government. Much effort was expended to suppress the promoters of the Narodnik movement, and Tchaikovsky was twice arrested. Under these conditions the new party soon lost its educational character and became a revolutionary and terrorist association \[citation needed]. Tchaikovsky did not approve of this new tendency and joined a social\-religious group, which received the name of “God\-men” because its members tried to find in themselves a reflection of God. However, they were still followers of Russian Orthodoxy. In 1874 Tchaikovsky left Russia, and a year later he went to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") with a small party of men and women who shared his political views and religious feelings. They founded a communistic settlement at “Cedar Vale,” near [Wichita, Kansas](/wiki/Wichita%2C_Kansas "Wichita, Kansas"), and tried to work out their new religious and social teaching. The experiment proved a failure. After two years of hard experience, Tchaikovsky and his friends were obliged to recognize that mankind was not yet ready for the communistic life which they believed to be an imminent development of the future. They regarded communistic life as senseless without a constant feeling of the presence of God in the case of each member of the community, and this essential condition could not be achieved. Therefore, they returned to the “old world of antagonism.” The awakening was especially hard for Tchaikovsky, who not only found it necessary to reconstruct his conception of the world, but had a family to keep and no means of livelihood. He worked for some time as an ordinary workman in a shipbuilding yard and in a sugar factory near [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"). His health broke down and with his family he joined the religious community of the [Shakers](/wiki/Shakers "Shakers"), where he remained for a year. In 1879 he returned to Europe, and in 1880 took up his residence in [England](/wiki/England "England"), renewing his active participation in the Russian revolutionary organizations abroad. He met [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin "Peter Kropotkin"), a former member of the Tschaikovsky Circle, in London in 1881, and together they attempted to organize English workers. He was a member of the “Red Cross of the Narodnaia Volia,” and organized the supply of revolutionary literature to Russia. In 1905, during the [first Russian revolution](/wiki/Revolution_of_1905 "Revolution of 1905"), he made a tour of America, lecturing on the subject and collecting funds for the struggle against the [Imperial regime](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). In 1907 he returned to Russia. There he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy against the Government and spent 11 months in the [St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress](/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress "Peter and Paul Fortress") at St. Petersburg. He was released on bail, £5,000 having been collected by his friends, chiefly in England and the United States. In 1910 he was brought to trial, but discharged for lack of proof. He remained in Russia and took a great interest in the work of [cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative") organizations. During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), he was very active under the flag of the Russian [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross "Red Cross"), supplying food to the population of the fighting area. After the [February Revolution of 1917](/wiki/Russian_Revolution "Russian Revolution"), he was elected member of the [Petrograd Soviet](/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet "Petrograd Soviet"), where he used his influence to oppose [Bolshevik](/wiki/Bolsheviks "Bolsheviks") propaganda. After the [Bolshevik October revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution") of 1917, He was elected member of the short\-lived [Constituent Assembly](/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly "Russian Constituent Assembly"). As a member of the “[Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and of the Revolution](/wiki/Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_Homeland_and_Revolution "Committee for the Salvation of the Homeland and Revolution"),” and of the “Committee for the Defence of the Constituent Assembly,” he helped organize the struggle against the Bolsheviks in the ensuing [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War"). In 1918 Tchaikovsky was one of the founders of the “Union of the Reconstruction of Russia,” an anti\-Bolshevik organization of the left parties of Moscow. He was also elected member of the [Ufa](/wiki/Ufa "Ufa") directorate. On his way to Siberia, he came to Vyatka, where he took the lead in an insurrection against the Bolsheviks and entered into negotiations with the [Allied force](/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War "Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War") at [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk "Arkhangelsk"). He took part in the coup d'état of August 2 at [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk "Arkhangelsk") and became president of the Supreme Administrative Board of the North Region. After the break\-up of a conspiracy of monarchist officers, he organized the [Provisional Government of the Northern Region](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Northern_Region "Provisional Government of the Northern Region") under his own leadership. Tchaikovsky was sent by his government to Paris, where he represented the interests of the North Region before the [Versailles Conference](/wiki/Versailles_Conference "Versailles Conference"). He was a member of the “Russian Political Delegation” in Paris until its dissolution in February 1921\. He was an active member of the irregular [freemasonic](/wiki/Freemasonic "Freemasonic") lodge, the [Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples](/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Russia%E2%80%99s_Peoples "Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples"). {{cite news \|url\= http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/russia/russian\_masons.html \|title\= Noteworthy members of the Grand Orient of France in Russia and the Supreme Council of the Grand Orient of Russia's People \|date\= 15 October 2017 \|work\= Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon \|page\= }} Tchaikovsky died in [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow%2C_London "Harrow, London"), [England](/wiki/England "England") in 1926\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Tchaikovsky was born in [Vyatka](/wiki/Kirov%2C_Kirov_Oblast \"Kirov, Kirov Oblast\"). He spent the first part of his life on his mother's estate, and studied at a public school at Vyatka and later on in [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\"). In 1868, he entered the [St. Petersburg University](/wiki/St._Petersburg_University \"St. Petersburg University\"), and got his degree in chemistry in 1872\\. While studying in [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\"), he joined a radical student group which would later be known as the [Circle of Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Circle_of_Tchaikovsky \"Circle of Tchaikovsky\") after its most famous member. The group advocated [revolutionary socialist](/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist \"Revolutionary socialist\") ideals which formed the basis of the [Narodnik](/wiki/Narodnik \"Narodnik\") movement.", "But under the political régime of Russia in the 1870s, no public body or society could act freely if its activity was not fully approved by the government. Much effort was expended to suppress the promoters of the Narodnik movement, and Tchaikovsky was twice arrested. Under these conditions the new party soon lost its educational character and became a revolutionary and terrorist association \\[citation needed]. Tchaikovsky did not approve of this new tendency and joined a social\\-religious group, which received the name of “God\\-men” because its members tried to find in themselves a reflection of God. However, they were still followers of Russian Orthodoxy.", "In 1874 Tchaikovsky left Russia, and a year later he went to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") with a small party of men and women who shared his political views and religious feelings. They founded a communistic settlement at “Cedar Vale,” near [Wichita, Kansas](/wiki/Wichita%2C_Kansas \"Wichita, Kansas\"), and tried to work out their new religious and social teaching. The experiment proved a failure. After two years of hard experience, Tchaikovsky and his friends were obliged to recognize that mankind was not yet ready for the communistic life which they believed to be an imminent development of the future. They regarded communistic life as senseless without a constant feeling of the presence of God in the case of each member of the community, and this essential condition could not be achieved. Therefore, they returned to the “old world of antagonism.” The awakening was especially hard for Tchaikovsky, who not only found it necessary to reconstruct his conception of the world, but had a family to keep and no means of livelihood. He worked for some time as an ordinary workman in a shipbuilding yard and in a sugar factory near [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). His health broke down and with his family he joined the religious community of the [Shakers](/wiki/Shakers \"Shakers\"), where he remained for a year.", "In 1879 he returned to Europe, and in 1880 took up his residence in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), renewing his active participation in the Russian revolutionary organizations abroad. He met [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), a former member of the Tschaikovsky Circle, in London in 1881, and together they attempted to organize English workers.", "He was a member of the “Red Cross of the Narodnaia Volia,” and organized the supply of revolutionary literature to Russia. In 1905, during the [first Russian revolution](/wiki/Revolution_of_1905 \"Revolution of 1905\"), he made a tour of America, lecturing on the subject and collecting funds for the struggle against the [Imperial regime](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"). In 1907 he returned to Russia. There he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy against the Government and spent 11 months in the [St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress](/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress \"Peter and Paul Fortress\") at St. Petersburg. He was released on bail, £5,000 having been collected by his friends, chiefly in England and the United States. In 1910 he was brought to trial, but discharged for lack of proof. He remained in Russia and took a great interest in the work of [cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative \"Cooperative\") organizations.", "During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), he was very active under the flag of the Russian [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross \"Red Cross\"), supplying food to the population of the fighting area. After the [February Revolution of 1917](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\"), he was elected member of the [Petrograd Soviet](/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet \"Petrograd Soviet\"), where he used his influence to oppose [Bolshevik](/wiki/Bolsheviks \"Bolsheviks\") propaganda. After the [Bolshevik October revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") of 1917, He was elected member of the short\\-lived [Constituent Assembly](/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly \"Russian Constituent Assembly\"). As a member of the “[Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and of the Revolution](/wiki/Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_Homeland_and_Revolution \"Committee for the Salvation of the Homeland and Revolution\"),” and of the “Committee for the Defence of the Constituent Assembly,” he helped organize the struggle against the Bolsheviks in the ensuing [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\").", "In 1918 Tchaikovsky was one of the founders of the “Union of the Reconstruction of Russia,” an anti\\-Bolshevik organization of the left parties of Moscow. He was also elected member of the [Ufa](/wiki/Ufa \"Ufa\") directorate. On his way to Siberia, he came to Vyatka, where he took the lead in an insurrection against the Bolsheviks and entered into negotiations with the [Allied force](/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War \"Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War\") at [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk \"Arkhangelsk\"). He took part in the coup d'état of August 2 at [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk \"Arkhangelsk\") and became president of the Supreme Administrative Board of the North Region. After the break\\-up of a conspiracy of monarchist officers, he organized the [Provisional Government of the Northern Region](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Northern_Region \"Provisional Government of the Northern Region\") under his own leadership. Tchaikovsky was sent by his government to Paris, where he represented the interests of the North Region before the [Versailles Conference](/wiki/Versailles_Conference \"Versailles Conference\"). He was a member of the “Russian Political Delegation” in Paris until its dissolution in February 1921\\.", "He was an active member of the irregular [freemasonic](/wiki/Freemasonic \"Freemasonic\") lodge, the [Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples](/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Russia%E2%80%99s_Peoples \"Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples\").\n{{cite news\n\\|url\\= http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/russia/russian\\_masons.html\n\\|title\\= Noteworthy members of the Grand Orient of France in Russia and the Supreme Council of the Grand Orient of Russia's People\n\\|date\\= 15 October 2017\n\\|work\\= Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon\n\\|page\\= \n}} Tchaikovsky died in [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow%2C_London \"Harrow, London\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\") in 1926\\.", "" ]
Coaching career at Iowa and military service -------------------------------------------- ### First stint Anderson was hired as the 15th head football coach at the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa") before the 1939 season. [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_football "Iowa Hawkeyes football") had a record of just 2–13–1 in 1937 and 1938 under [Irl Tubbs](/wiki/Irl_Tubbs "Irl Tubbs"), and the Hawkeyes had finished among the worst three teams in the [Big Ten Conference](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference "Big Ten Conference") standings every year in the 1930s except 1933\. Iowa had won just one conference game in the last three years, and the team they beat, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football "Chicago Maroons football"), announced that they would be dropping their football program following the 1939 season. Anderson sought to change Iowa's fortunes immediately. He put the 85 football players who showed up for spring practice through an intense workout. Only 37 players would earn football letters in 1939 for Iowa. Anderson felt the 1939 team could be a good one if the starters played significant minutes. Before the first game, *[The Des Moines Register](/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register "The Des Moines Register")* had a small note stating that "a set of iron men may be developed to play football for Iowa."One Magic Year: 1939, An Ironman Remembers, by Al Couppee, Page 1 (ASIN: B00071TZKS) The [1939 Hawkeyes](/wiki/1939_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team "1939 Iowa Hawkeyes football team"), nicknamed the "Ironmen", would become one of the greatest teams in school history and certainly the most romanticized. Led by [Nile Kinnick](/wiki/Nile_Kinnick "Nile Kinnick"), the 1939 [Heisman Trophy](/wiki/Heisman_Trophy "Heisman Trophy") winner, the Hawkeyes put together a 6–1–1 record, the best overall record in the Big Ten, though [Ohio State](/wiki/1939_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team "1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team") edged out Iowa for the conference title. Many of Anderson's players played complete games during that season for the Hawkeyes. Anderson was named national coach of the year by several organizations. Jim Gallager of the *[Chicago Herald\-American](/wiki/Chicago%27s_American "Chicago's American")* wrote, "It's doubtful if any coach in football history ever accomplished such an amazing renaissance as Eddie Anderson has worked at Iowa."Greatest Moments In Iowa Hawkeyes Football History, by Mark Dukes \& Gus Schrader, Page 59 ({{ISBN\|1\-57243\-261\-6}}) Anderson was given a [Cadillac](/wiki/Cadillac "Cadillac") by Iowa fans and a bonus by the university after his performance during the 1939 season. He was also given a significant share of stock in [Amana Refrigeration](/wiki/Amana_Corporation "Amana Corporation") by the founder and CEO of the company, George Foersner, as a reward for his coaching that season. When Anderson retired from football in the late 1960s, he cashed in his stock for over a million dollars. After two more average seasons, Iowa started the 1942 season with a 6–2 record and was in contention for the Big Ten title, but consecutive road conference losses at [Minnesota](/wiki/1942_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team "1942 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team") and [Michigan](/wiki/1942_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team "1942 Michigan Wolverines football team") to end the season doomed Iowa's chances. After that season, Anderson took a leave of absence to serve in the [U.S. Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Medical_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 "Medical Corps (United States Army)") during World War II. Iowa left the football program in the hands of interim coaches [Slip Madigan](/wiki/Slip_Madigan "Slip Madigan") and [Clem Crowe](/wiki/Clem_Crowe "Clem Crowe") while Anderson was gone from 1943 to 1945\. Anderson was a gifted doctor who performed at the [University of Iowa Hospital](/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Hospitals_and_Clinics "University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics") in the morning before coaching in the afternoon. He had been studying [urology](/wiki/Urology "Urology") under the Head of Urology at the hospital. When Anderson returned in 1946, he was told that if he retired from coaching, he would be named the successor to Dr. Alcock. Anderson turned down the request and continued practicing medicine on a part\-time basis. ### Second stint By the time Anderson had returned from the service, Iowa football was again in the cellar of the Big Ten. Before the 1946 season, Anderson was hospitalized for 19 days with a parasite infection. He returned to lead Iowa to four wins in their first five games, which was as many wins as Iowa had during his three\-year absence. Still, Iowa slumped to a 5–4 final record, leading two former players to write a scathing editorial about Anderson. The editorial asked, "How long will Dr. Anderson ride on the laurels that [Nile Kinnick](/wiki/Nile_Kinnick "Nile Kinnick") won for him?"Hawkeye Legends, Lists, \& Lore, by Mike Finn \& Chad Leistikow, Page 84 ({{ISBN\|1\-57167\-178\-1}}) In 1947, a 2–2–1 start was followed by three straight losses. One day before Iowa's final game at [Minnesota](/wiki/1947_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team "1947 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team"), Anderson submitted his resignation at Iowa, citing "considerable loose talk" among Iowa fans as one reason. The Hawkeye football team responded with a powerful effort against Minnesota, defeating the Gophers, 13–7\. Fans begged Anderson to reconsider, and the Iowa athletic board denied his resignation, promising him a larger coaching staff and other football improvement s. Anderson decided to stay, saying, "I'm glad we got things straightened out."Hawkeye Legends, Lists, \& Lore, by Mike Finn \& Chad Leistikow, Page 87({{ISBN\|1\-57167\-178\-1}}) Anderson used his larger coaching staff to hire [Leonard Raffensperger](/wiki/Leonard_Raffensperger "Leonard Raffensperger") as the head of the freshman team. After two more average seasons in 1948 and 1949, Anderson was approached again by Holy Cross, which now had a coaching vacancy. Ohio State made a rare concession and offered their football coach faculty tenure, so Anderson made the same request to Iowa athletic director [Paul Brechler](/wiki/Paul_Brechler "Paul Brechler"). Brechler could not promise Anderson anything, so Anderson resigned and took the head coaching position at Holy Cross.75 Years With The Fighting Hawkeyes, by Bert McCrane \& Dick Lamb, Pages 184\-185 (ASIN: B0007E01F8\) He had a 35–33–2 record in eight years at Iowa.
[ "Coaching career at Iowa and military service\n--------------------------------------------", "### First stint", "Anderson was hired as the 15th head football coach at the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa \"University of Iowa\") before the 1939 season. [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_football \"Iowa Hawkeyes football\") had a record of just 2–13–1 in 1937 and 1938 under [Irl Tubbs](/wiki/Irl_Tubbs \"Irl Tubbs\"), and the Hawkeyes had finished among the worst three teams in the [Big Ten Conference](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference \"Big Ten Conference\") standings every year in the 1930s except 1933\\. Iowa had won just one conference game in the last three years, and the team they beat, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football \"Chicago Maroons football\"), announced that they would be dropping their football program following the 1939 season.", "Anderson sought to change Iowa's fortunes immediately. He put the 85 football players who showed up for spring practice through an intense workout. Only 37 players would earn football letters in 1939 for Iowa. Anderson felt the 1939 team could be a good one if the starters played significant minutes. Before the first game, *[The Des Moines Register](/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register \"The Des Moines Register\")* had a small note stating that \"a set of iron men may be developed to play football for Iowa.\"One Magic Year: 1939, An Ironman Remembers, by Al Couppee, Page 1 (ASIN: B00071TZKS)", "The [1939 Hawkeyes](/wiki/1939_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team \"1939 Iowa Hawkeyes football team\"), nicknamed the \"Ironmen\", would become one of the greatest teams in school history and certainly the most romanticized. Led by [Nile Kinnick](/wiki/Nile_Kinnick \"Nile Kinnick\"), the 1939 [Heisman Trophy](/wiki/Heisman_Trophy \"Heisman Trophy\") winner, the Hawkeyes put together a 6–1–1 record, the best overall record in the Big Ten, though [Ohio State](/wiki/1939_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team \"1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\") edged out Iowa for the conference title. Many of Anderson's players played complete games during that season for the Hawkeyes. Anderson was named national coach of the year by several organizations. Jim Gallager of the *[Chicago Herald\\-American](/wiki/Chicago%27s_American \"Chicago's American\")* wrote, \"It's doubtful if any coach in football history ever accomplished such an amazing renaissance as Eddie Anderson has worked at Iowa.\"Greatest Moments In Iowa Hawkeyes Football History, by Mark Dukes \\& Gus Schrader, Page 59 ({{ISBN\\|1\\-57243\\-261\\-6}})", "Anderson was given a [Cadillac](/wiki/Cadillac \"Cadillac\") by Iowa fans and a bonus by the university after his performance during the 1939 season. He was also given a significant share of stock in [Amana Refrigeration](/wiki/Amana_Corporation \"Amana Corporation\") by the founder and CEO of the company, George Foersner, as a reward for his coaching that season. When Anderson retired from football in the late 1960s, he cashed in his stock for over a million dollars.", "After two more average seasons, Iowa started the 1942 season with a 6–2 record and was in contention for the Big Ten title, but consecutive road conference losses at [Minnesota](/wiki/1942_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team \"1942 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team\") and [Michigan](/wiki/1942_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team \"1942 Michigan Wolverines football team\") to end the season doomed Iowa's chances. After that season, Anderson took a leave of absence to serve in the [U.S. Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Medical_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Medical Corps (United States Army)\") during World War II. Iowa left the football program in the hands of interim coaches [Slip Madigan](/wiki/Slip_Madigan \"Slip Madigan\") and [Clem Crowe](/wiki/Clem_Crowe \"Clem Crowe\") while Anderson was gone from 1943 to 1945\\.", "Anderson was a gifted doctor who performed at the [University of Iowa Hospital](/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Hospitals_and_Clinics \"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics\") in the morning before coaching in the afternoon. He had been studying [urology](/wiki/Urology \"Urology\") under the Head of Urology at the hospital. When Anderson returned in 1946, he was told that if he retired from coaching, he would be named the successor to Dr. Alcock. Anderson turned down the request and continued practicing medicine on a part\\-time basis.", "### Second stint", "By the time Anderson had returned from the service, Iowa football was again in the cellar of the Big Ten. Before the 1946 season, Anderson was hospitalized for 19 days with a parasite infection. He returned to lead Iowa to four wins in their first five games, which was as many wins as Iowa had during his three\\-year absence. Still, Iowa slumped to a 5–4 final record, leading two former players to write a scathing editorial about Anderson. The editorial asked, \"How long will Dr. Anderson ride on the laurels that [Nile Kinnick](/wiki/Nile_Kinnick \"Nile Kinnick\") won for him?\"Hawkeye Legends, Lists, \\& Lore, by Mike Finn \\& Chad Leistikow, Page 84 ({{ISBN\\|1\\-57167\\-178\\-1}})", "In 1947, a 2–2–1 start was followed by three straight losses. One day before Iowa's final game at [Minnesota](/wiki/1947_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team \"1947 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team\"), Anderson submitted his resignation at Iowa, citing \"considerable loose talk\" among Iowa fans as one reason. The Hawkeye football team responded with a powerful effort against Minnesota, defeating the Gophers, 13–7\\. Fans begged Anderson to reconsider, and the Iowa athletic board denied his resignation, promising him a larger coaching staff and other football improvement s. Anderson decided to stay, saying, \"I'm glad we got things straightened out.\"Hawkeye Legends, Lists, \\& Lore, by Mike Finn \\& Chad Leistikow, Page 87({{ISBN\\|1\\-57167\\-178\\-1}}) Anderson used his larger coaching staff to hire [Leonard Raffensperger](/wiki/Leonard_Raffensperger \"Leonard Raffensperger\") as the head of the freshman team.", "After two more average seasons in 1948 and 1949, Anderson was approached again by Holy Cross, which now had a coaching vacancy. Ohio State made a rare concession and offered their football coach faculty tenure, so Anderson made the same request to Iowa athletic director [Paul Brechler](/wiki/Paul_Brechler \"Paul Brechler\"). Brechler could not promise Anderson anything, so Anderson resigned and took the head coaching position at Holy Cross.75 Years With The Fighting Hawkeyes, by Bert McCrane \\& Dick Lamb, Pages 184\\-185 (ASIN: B0007E01F8\\) He had a 35–33–2 record in eight years at Iowa.", "" ]
Her claims of Civil War service ------------------------------- When Hook claimed to have enlisted in the Union Army she was fourteen years old, but says she told recruiters she was twenty\-two. She cut her hair and enlisted in the [11th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/11th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment "11th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment")Eggleston, L. G. (2003\). Women in the Civil War: extraordinary stories of soldiers, spies, nurses, doctors, crusaders, and others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. (43\-45\) (or the 65th Illinois Home Guard depending on the source)Tsui, B. (2006\). She went to the field: women soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot. (68\) using the alias Private Frank Miller on April 30, 1861\. Hook and her brother served their 90\-day term without being discovered. On July 30, 1861, Hook and her brother re\-enlisted in the 11th Illinois Infantry (or [19th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/19th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment "19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment") depending on the source) for three more years. Their regiment fought at [Fort Henry](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry "Battle of Fort Henry"), [Fort Donelson](/wiki/Fort_Donelson "Fort Donelson"), and then at the [Battle of Shiloh](/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh "Battle of Shiloh") (April 6–7, 1862\) where Hook's brother was killed. Hook was so devastated by her brother's death that she could no longer bear to serve in the same regiment he had died in. However, Hook wished to continue her military service. Under a new alias, Frank Henderson, she enlisted in the 33rd Illinois Infantry regiment. After a few months of service she was wounded in the shoulder at the [Battle of Fredericktown](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericktown "Battle of Fredericktown") (October 21, 1861\) in Missouri. While being treated at the regimental hospital the doctor discovered her sex; she was discharged from the army and told to go home. Having no family to go home to, Hook enlisted in the [90th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/90th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment "90th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment"). While serving in the 90th Infantry (fighting quite often), the regiment saw combat at [Holly Springs](/wiki/Holly_Springs%2C_Mississippi "Holly Springs, Mississippi"), Coldwater, the [Siege of Vicksburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg "Siege of Vicksburg"), the [Siege of Jackson](/wiki/Siege_of_Jackson "Siege of Jackson"), and [Missionary Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge "Battle of Missionary Ridge") The regiment was marching through [Florence, Alabama](/wiki/Florence%2C_Alabama "Florence, Alabama"), in the late summer of 1863\. While on the march Hook entered a seemingly empty house to search for supplies; while she was searching, two [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") soldiers hiding in the house surprised and captured her. Hook was imprisoned, as a man, in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"). Soon after her imprisonment she attempted an escape, but was shot in the thigh and taken to the prison hospital. While being treated another doctor discovered her true sex. Hook was moved to a separate room and put on a list of prisoners to be exchanged. On February 17, 1864, Hook was one of twenty\-seven Union prisoners exchanged at [Graysville, Georgia](/wiki/Graysville%2C_Georgia "Graysville, Georgia"). During her imprisonment she told her story to Confederate doctors and officers. The Confederacy was so impressed by her actions she received a letter from Confederate President [Jefferson Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis "Jefferson Davis") offering her a commission if she would fight for the Confederate army. Hook refused stating she would rather serve in the Union Army as a private than in the Confederate army as a lieutenant. She went on to state she would rather be hanged than fight against the Union. When Dr. [Mary Edwards Walker](/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker "Mary Edwards Walker"), a Union Army surgeon, heard this report she argued Hook should be made a lieutenant in the Union Army, but was ignored. Because Dr. Walker was thrilled about the news of a female soldier, she notified the press. Hook consented to interviews, but refused to give her real name. She promised newspaper reporters that she would go home, though many doubted her.Blanton, DeAnne, and Lauren M. Cook. *They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002\. pgs. 96\-97\. {{ISBN\|0\-807\-12806\-6}} Frances Hook was again discharged and told to go home. The officers who were in charge of sending her home alerted recruitment authorities, "advising them to be on the lookout for her trying to rejoin the service." With no home to go to some speculate she enlisted again; however, there is no substantial proof she did.
[ "Her claims of Civil War service\n-------------------------------", "When Hook claimed to have enlisted in the Union Army she was fourteen years old, but says she told recruiters she was twenty\\-two. She cut her hair and enlisted in the [11th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/11th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment \"11th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment\")Eggleston, L. G. (2003\\). Women in the Civil War: extraordinary stories of soldiers, spies, nurses, doctors, crusaders, and others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. (43\\-45\\) (or the 65th Illinois Home Guard depending on the source)Tsui, B. (2006\\). She went to the field: women soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot. (68\\) using the alias Private Frank Miller on April 30, 1861\\. Hook and her brother served their 90\\-day term without being discovered.", "On July 30, 1861, Hook and her brother re\\-enlisted in the 11th Illinois Infantry (or [19th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/19th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment \"19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment\") depending on the source) for three more years. Their regiment fought at [Fort Henry](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry \"Battle of Fort Henry\"), [Fort Donelson](/wiki/Fort_Donelson \"Fort Donelson\"), and then at the [Battle of Shiloh](/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh \"Battle of Shiloh\") (April 6–7, 1862\\) where Hook's brother was killed. Hook was so devastated by her brother's death that she could no longer bear to serve in the same regiment he had died in.", "However, Hook wished to continue her military service. Under a new alias, Frank Henderson, she enlisted in the 33rd Illinois Infantry regiment. After a few months of service she was wounded in the shoulder at the [Battle of Fredericktown](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericktown \"Battle of Fredericktown\") (October 21, 1861\\) in Missouri. While being treated at the regimental hospital the doctor discovered her sex; she was discharged from the army and told to go home.", "Having no family to go home to, Hook enlisted in the [90th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/90th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment \"90th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment\"). While serving in the 90th Infantry (fighting quite often), the regiment saw combat at [Holly Springs](/wiki/Holly_Springs%2C_Mississippi \"Holly Springs, Mississippi\"), Coldwater, the [Siege of Vicksburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg \"Siege of Vicksburg\"), the [Siege of Jackson](/wiki/Siege_of_Jackson \"Siege of Jackson\"), and [Missionary Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge \"Battle of Missionary Ridge\") The regiment was marching through [Florence, Alabama](/wiki/Florence%2C_Alabama \"Florence, Alabama\"), in the late summer of 1863\\. While on the march Hook entered a seemingly empty house to search for supplies; while she was searching, two [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\") soldiers hiding in the house surprised and captured her.", "Hook was imprisoned, as a man, in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\"). Soon after her imprisonment she attempted an escape, but was shot in the thigh and taken to the prison hospital. While being treated another doctor discovered her true sex. Hook was moved to a separate room and put on a list of prisoners to be exchanged. On February 17, 1864, Hook was one of twenty\\-seven Union prisoners exchanged at [Graysville, Georgia](/wiki/Graysville%2C_Georgia \"Graysville, Georgia\").", "During her imprisonment she told her story to Confederate doctors and officers. The Confederacy was so impressed by her actions she received a letter from Confederate President [Jefferson Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis \"Jefferson Davis\") offering her a commission if she would fight for the Confederate army. Hook refused stating she would rather serve in the Union Army as a private than in the Confederate army as a lieutenant. She went on to state she would rather be hanged than fight against the Union.", "When Dr. [Mary Edwards Walker](/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker \"Mary Edwards Walker\"), a Union Army surgeon, heard this report she argued Hook should be made a lieutenant in the Union Army, but was ignored. Because Dr. Walker was thrilled about the news of a female soldier, she notified the press. Hook consented to interviews, but refused to give her real name. She promised newspaper reporters that she would go home, though many doubted her.Blanton, DeAnne, and Lauren M. Cook. *They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002\\. pgs. 96\\-97\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-807\\-12806\\-6}}", "Frances Hook was again discharged and told to go home. The officers who were in charge of sending her home alerted recruitment authorities, \"advising them to be on the lookout for her trying to rejoin the service.\" With no home to go to some speculate she enlisted again; however, there is no substantial proof she did.", "" ]
Career ------ Gounaki had worked with many artists even before her Popstars debut. She worked with Henning Wehland on his voice for his bands' recordings *Fly Eyes* of his band [H\-Blockx](/wiki/H-Blockx "H-Blockx"). After that Gounaki coached, arranged and produced the vocals of [Sandra Nasic](/wiki/Sandra_Nasic "Sandra Nasic"), singer of the band [Guano Apes](/wiki/Guano_Apes "Guano Apes") for *Don't Give Me Names* and *Walking on a Thin Line* and was their steady tour coach and friend during their worldwide tours ( 1998–2002\). In 2001, Gounaki became the vocal coach of the German TV show [Popstars](/wiki/Popstars_%28Germany%29 "Popstars (Germany)"). Her work helped the winning band [Bro'Sis](/wiki/Bro%27Sis "Bro'Sis") selling over 1,500,000 copies of their debut album *Never Forget* within three days. Later, she extended her work to different countries. In 2003, she moved to [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") to become the vocal coach of the Greek version of Popstars and to work on the vocal\-production of the winning band [Hi\-5](/wiki/Hi-5_%28Greek_band%29 "Hi-5 (Greek band)"). During that time, she also worked on the German Popstars show, which took place in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida "Orlando, Florida") US and created the two bands [Preluders](/wiki/Preluders "Preluders") and [Overground](/wiki/Overground_%28band%29 "Overground (band)"). After finishing that production, Gounaki went to Greece to arrange and to produce the Christmas CD of Hi\-5, *Mia Nihta San K'iafti*. After this, Gounaki was one of the judges on the Greek TV Show *Eurostars*. The show was won by Apostolos Psihraimis who was supposed to represent the country in the [Eurovision Song Contest 2004](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004 "Eurovision Song Contest 2004"). However, [ERT](/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation "Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation") internally chose superstar [Sakis Rouvas](/wiki/Sakis_Rouvas "Sakis Rouvas") and sent him to the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul, where Rouvas finished in third place, equalling Greece's best result up to that point. When she returned to Germany, Gounaki coached, arranged and recorded the new Popstars band Nu Pagadi. Gounaki cooperates with music producers and musicians such as [Greg Manning](/wiki/Greg_Manning "Greg Manning"), [Toni Cottura](/wiki/Toni_Cottura "Toni Cottura") or [Marc Mozart](/wiki/Marc_Mozart "Marc Mozart"), [Lou Bega](/wiki/Lou_Bega "Lou Bega"), [T.M.Stevens](/wiki/T.M.Stevens "T.M.Stevens"), Leslie Mandoki, [Uwe Fahrenkrog\-Petersen](/wiki/Uwe_Fahrenkrog-Petersen "Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen"), Thorsten Brötzmann or Peter Ries and works for major record companies like [Sony BMG](/wiki/Sony_BMG "Sony BMG") or [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music "Universal Music"). However, she took a break for nine months to spend more time with her family. In October 2005, Gounaki published a book called *Singen? Kann jeder!* (Everyone can sing), which she had written while she was on hiatus. The following month she took up studies at the [University of Munich](/wiki/University_of_Munich "University of Munich") to study architecture. Together with German [Pop Idol](/wiki/Pop_Idol "Pop Idol") [Alexander Klaws](/wiki/Alexander_Klaws "Alexander Klaws") and German singer [Jeanette Biedermann](/wiki/Jeanette_Biedermann "Jeanette Biedermann"), Gounaki returned to television with the show *Beste Stimme gesucht* (Best voice wanted) on [KI.KA](/wiki/KI.KA "KI.KA"), a German TV channel for children. The show scouted for children with a talent for singing. Gounaki also worked very closely with Jeanette Biedermann during her [Bad Girls Club](/wiki/Bad_Girls_Club "Bad Girls Club") Tour 2006 as her voice coach. Her next TV project as vocal coach and a vocal\-producer was a Swiss audition show called Musicstar in winter 2006/07 on SF1\.
[ "Career\n------", "Gounaki had worked with many artists even before her Popstars debut. She worked with Henning Wehland on his voice for his bands' recordings *Fly Eyes* of his band [H\\-Blockx](/wiki/H-Blockx \"H-Blockx\"). After that Gounaki coached, arranged and produced the vocals of [Sandra Nasic](/wiki/Sandra_Nasic \"Sandra Nasic\"), singer of the band [Guano Apes](/wiki/Guano_Apes \"Guano Apes\") for *Don't Give Me Names* and *Walking on a Thin Line* and was their steady tour coach and friend during their worldwide tours ( 1998–2002\\).", "In 2001, Gounaki became the vocal coach of the German TV show [Popstars](/wiki/Popstars_%28Germany%29 \"Popstars (Germany)\"). Her work helped the winning band [Bro'Sis](/wiki/Bro%27Sis \"Bro'Sis\") selling over 1,500,000 copies of their debut album *Never Forget* within three days. Later, she extended her work to different countries. In 2003, she moved to [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") to become the vocal coach of the Greek version of Popstars and to work on the vocal\\-production of the winning band [Hi\\-5](/wiki/Hi-5_%28Greek_band%29 \"Hi-5 (Greek band)\").", "During that time, she also worked on the German Popstars show, which took place in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\") US and created the two bands [Preluders](/wiki/Preluders \"Preluders\") and [Overground](/wiki/Overground_%28band%29 \"Overground (band)\"). After finishing that production, Gounaki went to Greece to arrange and to produce the Christmas CD of Hi\\-5, *Mia Nihta San K'iafti*.", "After this, Gounaki was one of the judges on the Greek TV Show *Eurostars*. The show was won by Apostolos Psihraimis who was supposed to represent the country in the [Eurovision Song Contest 2004](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004 \"Eurovision Song Contest 2004\"). However, [ERT](/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation\") internally chose superstar [Sakis Rouvas](/wiki/Sakis_Rouvas \"Sakis Rouvas\") and sent him to the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul, where Rouvas finished in third place, equalling Greece's best result up to that point.", "When she returned to Germany, Gounaki coached, arranged and recorded the new Popstars band Nu Pagadi.", "Gounaki cooperates with music producers and musicians such as [Greg Manning](/wiki/Greg_Manning \"Greg Manning\"), [Toni Cottura](/wiki/Toni_Cottura \"Toni Cottura\") or [Marc Mozart](/wiki/Marc_Mozart \"Marc Mozart\"), [Lou Bega](/wiki/Lou_Bega \"Lou Bega\"), [T.M.Stevens](/wiki/T.M.Stevens \"T.M.Stevens\"), Leslie Mandoki, [Uwe Fahrenkrog\\-Petersen](/wiki/Uwe_Fahrenkrog-Petersen \"Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen\"), Thorsten Brötzmann or Peter Ries and works for major record companies like [Sony BMG](/wiki/Sony_BMG \"Sony BMG\") or [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music \"Universal Music\").", "However, she took a break for nine months to spend more time with her family. In October 2005, Gounaki published a book called *Singen? Kann jeder!* (Everyone can sing), which she had written while she was on hiatus. The following month she took up studies at the [University of Munich](/wiki/University_of_Munich \"University of Munich\") to study architecture.", "Together with German [Pop Idol](/wiki/Pop_Idol \"Pop Idol\") [Alexander Klaws](/wiki/Alexander_Klaws \"Alexander Klaws\") and German singer [Jeanette Biedermann](/wiki/Jeanette_Biedermann \"Jeanette Biedermann\"), Gounaki returned to television with the show *Beste Stimme gesucht* (Best voice wanted) on [KI.KA](/wiki/KI.KA \"KI.KA\"), a German TV channel for children. The show scouted for children with a talent for singing. Gounaki also worked very closely with Jeanette Biedermann during her [Bad Girls Club](/wiki/Bad_Girls_Club \"Bad Girls Club\") Tour 2006 as her voice coach. Her next TV project as vocal coach and a vocal\\-producer was a Swiss audition show called Musicstar in winter 2006/07 on SF1\\.", "" ]
Christian Socialist Groups -------------------------- Marson met the radical priest Rev [Stewart Headlam](/wiki/Stewart_Headlam "Stewart Headlam") in the early 1880s and quickly joined the [Guild of St Matthew](/wiki/Guild_of_St_Matthew "Guild of St Matthew"), which Headlam had started in 1877\. The Guild is regarded by many as the first socialist group of all.Bryant, Chris, *Possible Dreams* Hodder \& Stoughton 1996 Chapter 3 The first socialist organisations in EnglandNorman, Edward, *The Victorian Christian Socialists* 1987 Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Headlam Initially the Guild chided the established church for its complacency and reluctance to tackle social issues. It particularly espoused [Anglo\-Catholic](/wiki/Anglo-Catholic "Anglo-Catholic") ritual (sacraments, vestments, drama, stained glass) as the better way to reach out to the poor and illiterate. From 1884 through its monthly newspaper *The Church Reformer*, the Guild promoted a single tax on land values (as advocated by the American [Henry George](/wiki/Henry_George "Henry George")) to fund a campaign against poverty and city slums. Marson joined the Guild's Council and was both supportive and critical of the Guild's progress until its demise in 1909\. In late 1885 Marson founded the Christian Socialist Society with the help of two laymen, WHP Campbell and the Fabian Alfred Howard. Its manifesto, published in May 1886, appealed to a broader base of inter\-denominational clergy and lay people alike.Sutcliffe, p82 CSS manifesto After initial success, the Society faltered when Marson left for Australia in 1889 and it folded in 1892\. When the [Christian Social Union](/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_%28U.K.%29 "Christian Social Union (U.K.)") was started in 1889, Marson was prepared to preach sermons and write articles for its publication ‘Commonwealth’ but felt that, though it claimed a membership of 5,000 and counted many bishops among its members, it was a ‘milk and water’ organisation. He preferred to put his weight behind the Christian Socialist League, another attempt (in 1894\) at an ecumenical socialist group led by the Baptist John Clifford. Marson served on the Executive until its demise in 1898\. The final group that Marson joined was the Church Socialist League (1909–23\).Goodfellow, Ian, The Church Socialist League:1906\-1923, PhD thesis Univ of Durham <http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1208/> Although it drew most of its support from the north of England, Marson knew several of its leaders well – WE Moll (with whom he had worked at a Soho parish); [Conrad Noel](/wiki/Conrad_Noel "Conrad Noel") and [Percy Dearmer](/wiki/Percy_Dearmer "Percy Dearmer") (personal friends); and Percy Widdrington (Marson's private pupil in 1896\). These various Christian Socialist groups ran parallel to secular groups like Henry Hyndman's [Social Democratic Federation](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation "Social Democratic Federation") (1881\), William Morris's [Socialist League](/wiki/Socialist_League_%28UK%2C_1885%29 "Socialist League (UK, 1885)") (1884\) and the Fabian Society. It is debatable first how successful the Christian Socialists were in effecting changes of attitude and policy within the Church. Rev Percy Widdrington, looking back in 1945, wrote: ’The poverty of the people and the degradation which resulted from it were the motives that impelled us to action. To expect any move from the official Church would have been fantastic. It was as complacent and smug as the rest of society.'Quoted in Maurice Reckitt’s *Prospect for Christendom* 1945 Secondly it can be argued that because of their failure to engage with the trades unions and the working man, these Christian Socialist groups never received enough credit for their contribution to the intellectual debates of the late Victorian era, especially when the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 "Labour Party (UK)") broke through in the General Election of 1906\.Kilcrease, Bethany [https://www.academia.edu/1691186/The\_Mass\_and\_the\_Masses\_Nineteenth\-Century\_Anglo\-Catholic\_Socialism](https://www.academia.edu/1691186/The_Mass_and_the_Masses_Nineteenth-Century_Anglo-Catholic_Socialism) Aquinas College, Michigan
[ "Christian Socialist Groups\n--------------------------", "Marson met the radical priest Rev [Stewart Headlam](/wiki/Stewart_Headlam \"Stewart Headlam\") in the early 1880s and quickly joined the [Guild of St Matthew](/wiki/Guild_of_St_Matthew \"Guild of St Matthew\"), which Headlam had started in 1877\\. The Guild is regarded by many as the first socialist group of all.Bryant, Chris, *Possible Dreams* Hodder \\& Stoughton 1996 Chapter 3 The first socialist organisations in EnglandNorman, Edward, *The Victorian Christian Socialists* 1987 Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Headlam Initially the Guild chided the established church for its complacency and reluctance to tackle social issues. It particularly espoused [Anglo\\-Catholic](/wiki/Anglo-Catholic \"Anglo-Catholic\") ritual (sacraments, vestments, drama, stained glass) as the better way to reach out to the poor and illiterate. From 1884 through its monthly newspaper *The Church Reformer*, the Guild promoted a single tax on land values (as advocated by the American [Henry George](/wiki/Henry_George \"Henry George\")) to fund a campaign against poverty and city slums. Marson joined the Guild's Council and was both supportive and critical of the Guild's progress until its demise in 1909\\.", "In late 1885 Marson founded the Christian Socialist Society with the help of two laymen, WHP Campbell and the Fabian Alfred Howard. Its manifesto, published in May 1886, appealed to a broader base of inter\\-denominational clergy and lay people alike.Sutcliffe, p82 CSS manifesto After initial success, the Society faltered when Marson left for Australia in 1889 and it folded in 1892\\.", "When the [Christian Social Union](/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_%28U.K.%29 \"Christian Social Union (U.K.)\") was started in 1889, Marson was prepared to preach sermons and write articles for its publication ‘Commonwealth’ but felt that, though it claimed a membership of 5,000 and counted many bishops among its members, it was a ‘milk and water’ organisation.", "He preferred to put his weight behind the Christian Socialist League, another attempt (in 1894\\) at an ecumenical socialist group led by the Baptist John Clifford. Marson served on the Executive until its demise in 1898\\.", "The final group that Marson joined was the Church Socialist League (1909–23\\).Goodfellow, Ian, The Church Socialist League:1906\\-1923, PhD thesis Univ of Durham <http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1208/> Although it drew most of its support from the north of England, Marson knew several of its leaders well – WE Moll (with whom he had worked at a Soho parish); [Conrad Noel](/wiki/Conrad_Noel \"Conrad Noel\") and [Percy Dearmer](/wiki/Percy_Dearmer \"Percy Dearmer\") (personal friends); and Percy Widdrington (Marson's private pupil in 1896\\).", "These various Christian Socialist groups ran parallel to secular groups like Henry Hyndman's [Social Democratic Federation](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation \"Social Democratic Federation\") (1881\\), William Morris's [Socialist League](/wiki/Socialist_League_%28UK%2C_1885%29 \"Socialist League (UK, 1885)\") (1884\\) and the Fabian Society. It is debatable first how successful the Christian Socialists were in effecting changes of attitude and policy within the Church. Rev Percy Widdrington, looking back in 1945, wrote: ’The poverty of the people and the degradation which resulted from it were the motives that impelled us to action. To expect any move from the official Church would have been fantastic. It was as complacent and smug as the rest of society.'Quoted in Maurice Reckitt’s *Prospect for Christendom* 1945 Secondly it can be argued that because of their failure to engage with the trades unions and the working man, these Christian Socialist groups never received enough credit for their contribution to the intellectual debates of the late Victorian era, especially when the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") broke through in the General Election of 1906\\.Kilcrease, Bethany [https://www.academia.edu/1691186/The\\_Mass\\_and\\_the\\_Masses\\_Nineteenth\\-Century\\_Anglo\\-Catholic\\_Socialism](https://www.academia.edu/1691186/The_Mass_and_the_Masses_Nineteenth-Century_Anglo-Catholic_Socialism) Aquinas College, Michigan", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/File:Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport.jpg "Kota Kinabalu International Airport.jpg") The airport began as a [military airfield](/wiki/Airbase "Airbase") built by the [Imperial Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army "Imperial Japanese Army") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). It was then known as **Jesselton Airfield** (Kota Kinabalu was known as Jesselton at the time). Towards the end of the war, it suffered severe bombings by [Allied Forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II").{{cite web\|url\=http://paul.rutgers.edu/\~mcgrew/wwii/usaf/html/Jul.45\.html\|title\=USAAF Chronology\|access\-date\=18 November 2016\|archive\-date\=13 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113094241/http://paul.rutgers.edu/\~mcgrew/wwii/usaf/html/Jul.45\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} After the war, the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) of North Borneo (now Sabah) took over the operation and maintenance of the airport. Regular passenger service commenced in May 1949, with a weekly [Malayan Airways](/wiki/Malayan_Airways "Malayan Airways") flight from [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), via [Kuching](/wiki/Kuching "Kuching") and [Labuan](/wiki/Labuan "Labuan"); the route was extended to [Sandakan](/wiki/Sandakan "Sandakan") in September 1949\.{{cite web \|url\= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/sundaytribune19490515\-1\.2\.40?ST\=1\&AT\=search\&k\=%22Sabah%20Airways%22\&QT\=%22sabahairways%22\&oref\=article\|title\= Singapore Skyline\|author\=Ivor Kraal \|date\= 15 May 1949 \|website\= NLB\|publisher\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 3 September 2020}} By 1950, the airport served as a stopover for a biweekly flights between [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") and Labuan, via [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") and Sandakan operated by [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific "Cathay Pacific").{{cite web \|url\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/sundaytribune19490515\-1\.2\.40?ST\=1\&AT\=search\&k\=%22Sabah%20Airways%22\&QT\=%22sabahairways%22\&oref\=article \|title\= Singapore Skyline\|author\= \|date\= 14 May 1949 \|website\= eresources.nlb.gov.sg/\|publisher\= The Straits Times\|access\-date\= 3 September 2020 }}{{cite book \|author\= \|title\= Colonial Reports \- North Borneo 1951\|url\= https://archive.org/stream/b3141543x/b3141543x\_djvu.txt\|location\= London\|publisher\= Her Majesty Stationery Office\|page\= 77\|date\= 1951}} The domestic air service was further developed by [Sabah Airways Limited](/wiki/Sabah_Airways_Limited "Sabah Airways Limited") (later known as Borneo Airways) in 1953, connecting the town to Sandakan, [Kudat](/wiki/Kudat "Kudat"), [Ranau](/wiki/Ranau "Ranau"), [Keningau](/wiki/Keningau "Keningau") and [Tawau](/wiki/Tawau "Tawau").{{cite book \|author\= \|title\= Colonial Reports \- North Borneo 1953\|url\= https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document\_ID\-431\_No\-01\.pdf\|location\= London\|publisher\= Her Majesty Stationery Office\|page\= 127\|date\= 1954}} By 1957, the original grass strip runway was resurfaced with [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen "Bitumen") material and a new terminal was built.[Profile](http://www.dca.sabah.gov.my/profile.php) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205346/http://www.dca.sabah.gov.my/profile.php\|date\=27 September 2007}}, *Department of Civil Aviation, Sabah*. Accessed 10 April 2007\. In 1959, the runway had been extended to 1,593 metres to enable the operation of [Malayan Airways](/wiki/Malayan_Airways "Malayan Airways")' turboprop [Viscount aircraft](/wiki/Vickers_Viscount "Vickers Viscount"). By 1963, the runway was further reinforced and lengthened to 1,921 meters to cater for [Malaysian Airways](/wiki/Malaysian_Airways "Malaysian Airways") [Comet 4](/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet "De Havilland Comet") jet operations. Commercial flights and passenger arrivals gradually increased and a larger terminal building was needed. By 1967, [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific "Cathay Pacific") operated a twice\-weekly [Convair 880](/wiki/Convair_880 "Convair 880") jet service between the airport and Hong Kong with an intermediate stop in Manila.timetableimages.com, Cathay Pacific 16 April 1967 system timetable In 1969, a British consultancy firm was appointed to formulate a Master Plan for a phased and organised development of KKIA over the next few decades.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2022}} The master plan was submitted to the government with recommendations to: * reinforce and extend the runway to 2,987 metres to cater for [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 "Boeing 707") and 747 jet operations * build a new terminal complex and parallel taxiway connecting to the runway * provide navigation equipment, communication facilities and a modern light system for the runway{{citation needed\|date\=February 2022}} In the 1970s and 1980s, a new terminal building was built on the other side of the runway from the original terminal. Almost all commercial flights were shifted to this newer and larger terminal. Subsequently, the original terminal became known as the *Airport Lama* ("Old Airport"). In 1992, the DCA of Sabah was corporatised and [Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad](/wiki/Malaysia_Airports "Malaysia Airports") took over the management and operations of the airport. A further expansion project for both terminals began in 2006, and in January 2007 the original terminal was rebranded Terminal 2 whilst the newer terminal became known as Terminal 1\. [thumb\|Schematic map of the airport](/wiki/File:KKIA_map_English.PNG "KKIA map English.PNG") In mid\-2005, the Malaysian federal government approved major renovation and refurbishment works to the main terminal (Terminal 1\) as well as a runway expansion project worth RM1\.4 billion. The project saw the runway extended from {{convert\|2988\|m\|0\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|3780\|m\|0\|abbr\=on}} and the size of the main terminal increased from {{convert\|34000\|m2\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|87000\|m2\|abbr\=on}}. Terminal 1 can accommodate four [Boeing 747s](/wiki/Boeing_747 "Boeing 747"), one [Airbus A330](/wiki/Airbus_A330 "Airbus A330"), seven [Boeing 737s](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737"), three [Fokker 50s](/wiki/Fokker_50 "Fokker 50") and three [Dorniers](/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke "Dornier Flugzeugwerke") at any given time. It has 12 [jetways](/wiki/Jetways "Jetways") for passenger use.["Airport expansion of national interest: CM"](http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID=41397) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234723/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID\=41397\|date\=26 September 2007}}, *Daily Express News*, 12 April 2006\.[Design and Build Contract – Upgrading of the Kota Kinabalu International Airport Project (Package 1 – Terminal Building and Landside Infrastructure \& Facilities)](http://www.wcte.com.my/WCTE/page.asp?catId=257) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050026/http://www.wcte.com.my/WCTE/page.asp?catId\=257\|date\=27 September 2007}}, *WCT Engineering Berhad*. Accessed 11 May 2007\. The air traffic control tower, which had hitherto been attached to Terminal 1, was demolished and replaced by a stand\-alone tower. Due to delays in upgrade works and disputes between the Department of Civil Aviation of Malaysia and the contractor responsible for the project, the runway extension and upgrading of the ILS (Instrument Landing System) was delayed to Q1 2014\.["KKIA to get ILS in 2014"](http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/kota-kinabalu-airport-to-get-ils-only-by-end-2014) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806130232/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/kota\-kinabalu\-airport\-to\-get\-ils\-only\-by\-end\-2014 \|date\=6 August 2013 }}, *Malaysian Insider*, As a result of this expansion, the airport is now able to accommodate the world's largest passenger aircraft, the [Airbus A380](/wiki/Airbus_A380 "Airbus A380"). It has also become the second largest airport in Malaysia, with an annual capacity of 12 million passengers – 9 million for Terminal 1 and 3 million for Terminal 2\.["LCC terminal ready year end"](http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID=42209) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234709/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID\=42209\|date\=26 September 2007}}, *Daily Express News*, 23 May 2006\. As a major economic and leisure hub in Malaysian Borneo, past operators at the airport include [Air Macau](/wiki/Air_Macau "Air Macau"), [Airphil Express](/wiki/Airphil_Express "Airphil Express"), [Australian Airlines](/wiki/Australian_Airlines "Australian Airlines"), [Cathay Dragon](/wiki/Cathay_Dragon "Cathay Dragon"), [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific "Cathay Pacific"), [China Northern Airlines](/wiki/China_Northern_Airlines "China Northern Airlines"), [Dragonair](/wiki/Dragonair "Dragonair"), [Far Eastern Air Transport](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Air_Transport "Far Eastern Air Transport"), [Fly Asian Xpress](/wiki/Fly_Asian_Xpress "Fly Asian Xpress"), [HK Express](/wiki/HK_Express "HK Express"), [Korean Air](/wiki/Korean_Air "Korean Air"), [Lucky Air](/wiki/Lucky_Air "Lucky Air"), [Mandarin Airlines](/wiki/Mandarin_Airlines "Mandarin Airlines"), [Philippine Airlines](/wiki/Philippine_Airlines "Philippine Airlines"), [Jetstar Asia Airways](/wiki/Jetstar_Asia_Airways "Jetstar Asia Airways"), [Shenzhen Airlines](/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines "Shenzhen Airlines"), [SilkAir](/wiki/SilkAir "SilkAir"), [Singapore Airlines](/wiki/Singapore_Airlines "Singapore Airlines"), [South East Asian Airlines](/wiki/South_East_Asian_Airlines "South East Asian Airlines"), [South Phoenix Airways](/wiki/South_Phoenix_Airways "South Phoenix Airways"), [Thai AirAsia](/wiki/Thai_AirAsia "Thai AirAsia"), [Thai Airways International](/wiki/Thai_Airways_International "Thai Airways International"), [Thai Smile](/wiki/Thai_Smile "Thai Smile"), [Tiger Airways](/wiki/Tiger_Airways "Tiger Airways"), [TransAsia Airways](/wiki/TransAsia_Airways "TransAsia Airways"), [Uni Air](/wiki/Uni_Air "Uni Air"), [Vladivostok Air](/wiki/Vladivostok_Air "Vladivostok Air") and [Wings Air](/wiki/Wings_Air "Wings Air"). Terminal 2 was closed on 1 December 2015 and all airlines shifted their operations to Terminal 1\.{{cite news\|last\=Sario\|first\=Ruben\|date\=30 November 2015\|title\=KKIA Terminal 2 to close from midnight\|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/data/stories/2015/11/30/09/10/terminal\-2\-kkia/\|newspaper\=The Star (Malaysia)\|access\-date\=1 December 2015\|archive\-date\=12 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212065204/http://www.thestar.com.my/data/stories/2015/11/30/09/10/terminal\-2\-kkia/\|url\-status\=dead}} There are plans to use Terminal 2 for cargo operations and general aviation.{{cite news \|date\=17 September 2015\|title\=Airasia must relocate from KKIA'S 'land\-locked' terminal 2, says MAHB\|url\=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1555402\|newspaper\=The Sun Daily (Malaysia)\|access\-date\=1 December 2015}}
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|Kota Kinabalu International Airport](/wiki/File:Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport.jpg \"Kota Kinabalu International Airport.jpg\")", "The airport began as a [military airfield](/wiki/Airbase \"Airbase\") built by the [Imperial Japanese Army](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army \"Imperial Japanese Army\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). It was then known as **Jesselton Airfield** (Kota Kinabalu was known as Jesselton at the time). Towards the end of the war, it suffered severe bombings by [Allied Forces](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://paul.rutgers.edu/\\~mcgrew/wwii/usaf/html/Jul.45\\.html\\|title\\=USAAF Chronology\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113094241/http://paul.rutgers.edu/\\~mcgrew/wwii/usaf/html/Jul.45\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After the war, the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) of North Borneo (now Sabah) took over the operation and maintenance of the airport.", "Regular passenger service commenced in May 1949, with a weekly [Malayan Airways](/wiki/Malayan_Airways \"Malayan Airways\") flight from [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), via [Kuching](/wiki/Kuching \"Kuching\") and [Labuan](/wiki/Labuan \"Labuan\"); the route was extended to [Sandakan](/wiki/Sandakan \"Sandakan\") in September 1949\\.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/sundaytribune19490515\\-1\\.2\\.40?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=search\\&k\\=%22Sabah%20Airways%22\\&QT\\=%22sabahairways%22\\&oref\\=article\\|title\\= Singapore Skyline\\|author\\=Ivor Kraal \\|date\\= 15 May 1949 \\|website\\= NLB\\|publisher\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 3 September 2020}} By 1950, the airport served as a stopover for a biweekly flights between [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") and Labuan, via [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") and Sandakan operated by [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific \"Cathay Pacific\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/sundaytribune19490515\\-1\\.2\\.40?ST\\=1\\&AT\\=search\\&k\\=%22Sabah%20Airways%22\\&QT\\=%22sabahairways%22\\&oref\\=article \\|title\\= Singapore Skyline\\|author\\= \\|date\\= 14 May 1949 \\|website\\= eresources.nlb.gov.sg/\\|publisher\\= The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\= 3 September 2020 }}{{cite book \\|author\\= \\|title\\= Colonial Reports \\- North Borneo 1951\\|url\\= https://archive.org/stream/b3141543x/b3141543x\\_djvu.txt\\|location\\= London\\|publisher\\= Her Majesty Stationery Office\\|page\\= 77\\|date\\= 1951}} The domestic air service was further developed by [Sabah Airways Limited](/wiki/Sabah_Airways_Limited \"Sabah Airways Limited\") (later known as Borneo Airways) in 1953, connecting the town to Sandakan, [Kudat](/wiki/Kudat \"Kudat\"), [Ranau](/wiki/Ranau \"Ranau\"), [Keningau](/wiki/Keningau \"Keningau\") and [Tawau](/wiki/Tawau \"Tawau\").{{cite book \\|author\\= \\|title\\= Colonial Reports \\- North Borneo 1953\\|url\\= https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document\\_ID\\-431\\_No\\-01\\.pdf\\|location\\= London\\|publisher\\= Her Majesty Stationery Office\\|page\\= 127\\|date\\= 1954}}", "By 1957, the original grass strip runway was resurfaced with [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen \"Bitumen\") material and a new terminal was built.[Profile](http://www.dca.sabah.gov.my/profile.php) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205346/http://www.dca.sabah.gov.my/profile.php\\|date\\=27 September 2007}}, *Department of Civil Aviation, Sabah*. Accessed 10 April 2007\\. In 1959, the runway had been extended to 1,593 metres to enable the operation of [Malayan Airways](/wiki/Malayan_Airways \"Malayan Airways\")' turboprop [Viscount aircraft](/wiki/Vickers_Viscount \"Vickers Viscount\").", "By 1963, the runway was further reinforced and lengthened to 1,921 meters to cater for [Malaysian Airways](/wiki/Malaysian_Airways \"Malaysian Airways\") [Comet 4](/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet \"De Havilland Comet\") jet operations. Commercial flights and passenger arrivals gradually increased and a larger terminal building was needed. By 1967, [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific \"Cathay Pacific\") operated a twice\\-weekly [Convair 880](/wiki/Convair_880 \"Convair 880\") jet service between the airport and Hong Kong with an intermediate stop in Manila.timetableimages.com, Cathay Pacific 16 April 1967 system timetable", "In 1969, a British consultancy firm was appointed to formulate a Master Plan for a phased and organised development of KKIA over the next few decades.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2022}} The master plan was submitted to the government with recommendations to:\n* reinforce and extend the runway to 2,987 metres to cater for [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 \"Boeing 707\") and 747 jet operations\n* build a new terminal complex and parallel taxiway connecting to the runway\n* provide navigation equipment, communication facilities and a modern light system for the runway{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2022}}", "In the 1970s and 1980s, a new terminal building was built on the other side of the runway from the original terminal. Almost all commercial flights were shifted to this newer and larger terminal. Subsequently, the original terminal became known as the *Airport Lama* (\"Old Airport\"). In 1992, the DCA of Sabah was corporatised and [Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad](/wiki/Malaysia_Airports \"Malaysia Airports\") took over the management and operations of the airport. A further expansion project for both terminals began in 2006, and in January 2007 the original terminal was rebranded Terminal 2 whilst the newer terminal became known as Terminal 1\\.", "[thumb\\|Schematic map of the airport](/wiki/File:KKIA_map_English.PNG \"KKIA map English.PNG\")", "In mid\\-2005, the Malaysian federal government approved major renovation and refurbishment works to the main terminal (Terminal 1\\) as well as a runway expansion project worth RM1\\.4 billion. The project saw the runway extended from {{convert\\|2988\\|m\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|3780\\|m\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} and the size of the main terminal increased from {{convert\\|34000\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|87000\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}}. Terminal 1 can accommodate four [Boeing 747s](/wiki/Boeing_747 \"Boeing 747\"), one [Airbus A330](/wiki/Airbus_A330 \"Airbus A330\"), seven [Boeing 737s](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\"), three [Fokker 50s](/wiki/Fokker_50 \"Fokker 50\") and three [Dorniers](/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke \"Dornier Flugzeugwerke\") at any given time. It has 12 [jetways](/wiki/Jetways \"Jetways\") for passenger use.[\"Airport expansion of national interest: CM\"](http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID=41397) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234723/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID\\=41397\\|date\\=26 September 2007}}, *Daily Express News*, 12 April 2006\\.[Design and Build Contract – Upgrading of the Kota Kinabalu International Airport Project (Package 1 – Terminal Building and Landside Infrastructure \\& Facilities)](http://www.wcte.com.my/WCTE/page.asp?catId=257) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050026/http://www.wcte.com.my/WCTE/page.asp?catId\\=257\\|date\\=27 September 2007}}, *WCT Engineering Berhad*. Accessed 11 May 2007\\. The air traffic control tower, which had hitherto been attached to Terminal 1, was demolished and replaced by a stand\\-alone tower. Due to delays in upgrade works and disputes between the Department of Civil Aviation of Malaysia and the contractor responsible for the project, the runway extension and upgrading of the ILS (Instrument Landing System) was delayed to Q1 2014\\.[\"KKIA to get ILS in 2014\"](http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/kota-kinabalu-airport-to-get-ils-only-by-end-2014) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806130232/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/kota\\-kinabalu\\-airport\\-to\\-get\\-ils\\-only\\-by\\-end\\-2014 \\|date\\=6 August 2013 }}, *Malaysian Insider*,", "As a result of this expansion, the airport is now able to accommodate the world's largest passenger aircraft, the [Airbus A380](/wiki/Airbus_A380 \"Airbus A380\"). It has also become the second largest airport in Malaysia, with an annual capacity of 12 million passengers – 9 million for Terminal 1 and 3 million for Terminal 2\\.[\"LCC terminal ready year end\"](http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID=42209) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234709/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID\\=42209\\|date\\=26 September 2007}}, *Daily Express News*, 23 May 2006\\.", "As a major economic and leisure hub in Malaysian Borneo, past operators at the airport include [Air Macau](/wiki/Air_Macau \"Air Macau\"), [Airphil Express](/wiki/Airphil_Express \"Airphil Express\"), [Australian Airlines](/wiki/Australian_Airlines \"Australian Airlines\"), [Cathay Dragon](/wiki/Cathay_Dragon \"Cathay Dragon\"), [Cathay Pacific](/wiki/Cathay_Pacific \"Cathay Pacific\"), [China Northern Airlines](/wiki/China_Northern_Airlines \"China Northern Airlines\"), [Dragonair](/wiki/Dragonair \"Dragonair\"), [Far Eastern Air Transport](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Air_Transport \"Far Eastern Air Transport\"), [Fly Asian Xpress](/wiki/Fly_Asian_Xpress \"Fly Asian Xpress\"), [HK Express](/wiki/HK_Express \"HK Express\"), [Korean Air](/wiki/Korean_Air \"Korean Air\"), [Lucky Air](/wiki/Lucky_Air \"Lucky Air\"), [Mandarin Airlines](/wiki/Mandarin_Airlines \"Mandarin Airlines\"), [Philippine Airlines](/wiki/Philippine_Airlines \"Philippine Airlines\"), [Jetstar Asia Airways](/wiki/Jetstar_Asia_Airways \"Jetstar Asia Airways\"), [Shenzhen Airlines](/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines \"Shenzhen Airlines\"), [SilkAir](/wiki/SilkAir \"SilkAir\"), [Singapore Airlines](/wiki/Singapore_Airlines \"Singapore Airlines\"), [South East Asian Airlines](/wiki/South_East_Asian_Airlines \"South East Asian Airlines\"), [South Phoenix Airways](/wiki/South_Phoenix_Airways \"South Phoenix Airways\"), [Thai AirAsia](/wiki/Thai_AirAsia \"Thai AirAsia\"), [Thai Airways International](/wiki/Thai_Airways_International \"Thai Airways International\"), [Thai Smile](/wiki/Thai_Smile \"Thai Smile\"), [Tiger Airways](/wiki/Tiger_Airways \"Tiger Airways\"), [TransAsia Airways](/wiki/TransAsia_Airways \"TransAsia Airways\"), [Uni Air](/wiki/Uni_Air \"Uni Air\"), [Vladivostok Air](/wiki/Vladivostok_Air \"Vladivostok Air\") and [Wings Air](/wiki/Wings_Air \"Wings Air\").", "Terminal 2 was closed on 1 December 2015 and all airlines shifted their operations to Terminal 1\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Sario\\|first\\=Ruben\\|date\\=30 November 2015\\|title\\=KKIA Terminal 2 to close from midnight\\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/data/stories/2015/11/30/09/10/terminal\\-2\\-kkia/\\|newspaper\\=The Star (Malaysia)\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212065204/http://www.thestar.com.my/data/stories/2015/11/30/09/10/terminal\\-2\\-kkia/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} There are plans to use Terminal 2 for cargo operations and general aviation.{{cite news \\|date\\=17 September 2015\\|title\\=Airasia must relocate from KKIA'S 'land\\-locked' terminal 2, says MAHB\\|url\\=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1555402\\|newspaper\\=The Sun Daily (Malaysia)\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2015}}", "" ]
Terminals --------- [thumb\|Check\-in counters, Terminal 1](/wiki/File:Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport_Terminal1_01.jpg "Kota Kinabalu International Airport Terminal1 01.jpg") [thumb\|Narrow\-body gate view of terminal 1 and hangar](/wiki/File:Malaysia_Airlines_Boeing_737_9M-MVD_Kota_Kinabalu_2024_%2802%29.jpg "Malaysia Airlines Boeing 737 9M-MVD Kota Kinabalu 2024 (02).jpg") [thumb\|alt\=Airbus A330\-300 at Kota Kinabalu International Airport\|View from the apron](/wiki/File:KKIA_Apron_view.jpg "KKIA Apron view.jpg") ### Terminal 1 Terminal 1 is the newer and the main [terminal](/wiki/Airport_terminal "Airport terminal") of KKIA. It can be accessed via Jalan Kepayan, Jalan Lintas and Jalan Putatan located in the suburb or township of [Kepayan](/wiki/Kepayan "Kepayan"). The terminal is capable of handling 9 million passengers per annum and is equipped with the following facilities: * 64 check\-in counters for international and domestic flights * Two baggage x\-ray check\-in machines and five hand luggage x\-ray machines (three for departures, one for VIPs and one for staff) * 36 immigration counters (16 for departures and 20 for arrivals) * Six baggage carousels * Five floors (first floor: arrival hall, second floor: airline offices and inter\-state departures, third floor: check\-in counters and domestic/foreign departures, fourth floor: Malaysia Airports office, fifth floor: Malaysia Airports administration office) * 12 aerobridges (to provide jetway facilities for landing arrangements of either five widebody aircraft along with two narrowbody aircraft or 12 narrowbody aircraft) * 22 aircraft parking bays capable of accommodating wide\-body, narrow\-body and turboprop aircraft * 1,400 car parking bays The Departure Hall column head design is inspired by the 'Wakid' basket design. A 'Wakid' is, in Sabahan tradition, a symbol of preparing for a meaningful journey. Some ethnic patterns of the Rungus and Bajau ethnic groups are also incorporated into the design of the floor tiles. The first flight to depart at the new wing was MH2637 to [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport") at 06:50 while the last flight at the old wing was at 00:25\. [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines "Malaysia Airlines") is the main operating airline in this terminal.[Kota Kinabalu International Airport](http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/p2030bki.htm), *A\-Z World Airports Online*. Accessed 11 May 2007\. Generally, flights operating into and out of KKIA Terminal 1 are serviced by narrow\-body aircraft. However, during peak travel periods, airlines such as Malaysia Airlines,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.malaysiaairlines.com/cn/en/news\-article/2023/additional\-seats\-for\-hari\-raya\-travels.html\|title\=Malaysia Airlines will be upgrading its services using the Airbus A330 to Kota Kinabalu on 20 and 30 April, as well as 1 May\|website\=Malaysia Airlines\|access\-date\=21 December 2023}} AirAsia,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220802\-akaug22330\|title\=AirAsia Extends A330 Schedule to Oct 2022\|website\=aero routes\|access\-date\=21 December 2023}} Batik Air Malaysia{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230725\-odjul23bki\|title\=Batik Air Malaysia Adds A330 Domestic Flights in late\-July 2023\|website\=aero routes\|access\-date\=21 December 2023}} and Jin Air{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231021\-ljnw23bki\|title\=Jin Air NW23 Kota Kinabalu Aircraft Changes\|website\=aero routes\|access\-date\=21 December 2023}} will upgrade their equipment to wide\-body aircraft such as the [Airbus A330\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A330-300 "Airbus A330-300") and [Boeing 777\-200LR](/wiki/Boeing_777-200LR "Boeing 777-200LR"). Additionally, KKIA was the first airport in Malaysia to welcome the [Boeing 787 Dreamliner](/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner "Boeing 787 Dreamliner"), operated by Royal Brunei during several product introductory flights in November 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.flyroyalbrunei.com/787\-dreamliner\-flight\-schedule/\|title\=Book International Flights to Asia \- Royal Brunei Airlines\|access\-date\=18 November 2016}} As to date, the largest aircraft to have utilize the terminal are the [B777\-300ER](/wiki/B777-300ER "B777-300ER"){{Cn\|date\=October 2024}} and [Airbus A350 XWB](/wiki/Airbus_A350_XWB "Airbus A350 XWB").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas\-airbus\-a350\-conducts\-test\-flight\-to\-kkia/\|title\=MAS Airbus A350 conducts test flight to KKIA\|publisher\=The Borneo Post\|access\-date\=18 November 2019\|date\=10 January 2018}} Prior to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), KKIA experienced issues during peak periods where aircraft parking is limited. A temporary workaround by Malaysian Airports was the introduction of a few new aircraft remote bays situated beside the MASkargo hangar. The remote bay allows either three additional narrowbody aircraft or one widebody and one narrowbody aircraft at any given time. Also introduced was the revision on current turboprop aircraft to narrowbody jet parking to allow more B737/A320 aircraft.{{cite web\|url\=https://aip.caam.gov.my/aip/eAIP/2020\-11\-26/html/eSUP/WM\-eSUP\-2020\-19\-en\-MS.html \| title\=KOTA KINABALU FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION KOTA KINABALU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTTHE PROPOSED PARKING APRON EXPANSION, RECONFIGURATION OF AIRCRAFT STAND, PAVEMENT REHABILITATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED WORKS WORK SCHEDULE AND MOVEMENT AREAS RESTRICTION}} The remote bay construction has been completed in August 2022 which mostly use by freighter airlines.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2024}} ### Terminal 2 [thumb\|left\|Antonov\-124 at Terminal 2](/wiki/File:KKIA_Terminal_2.jpg "KKIA Terminal 2.jpg") Terminal 2 was the original terminal building of the airport when it was first built. It is accessed via Jalan Mat Salleh in [Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru "Tanjung Aru") and is located on the other side of the runway from Terminal 1\. Terminal 2 served charter and low\-cost carriers, the main airline utilizing the terminal being [AirAsia](/wiki/AirAsia "AirAsia"). In 2006, Terminal 2 underwent a major renovation and extension to accommodate low\-cost carriers, reopening on 1 January 2007 in conjunction with *Visit Malaysia Year 2007*. The works were completed 27 months ahead of schedule. It had 26 check\-in counters for domestic and international flights and nine parking bays capable for narrow\-body aircraft as well as seven luggage x\-ray machines, a VIP room and 13 immigration counters. The terminal had the capacity to handle 3 million passengers annually. However, with limited expansion space and the congestion at Terminal 2, as well as to consolidate all airlines operations in one terminal, airlines at Terminal 2 was ordered to move to Terminal 1\. The decision was opposed by AirAsia, and the airline refused to move despite a government directive to do so, missing the deadline five times as of 1 August 2015\.{{cite news \|last\=Yeong\|first\=Eva\|date\=17 September 2015\|title\=AirAsia to stay put at KKIA Terminal 2\|url\=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1518441\|newspaper\=The Sun Daily (Malaysia)\|access\-date\=13 August 2015}} The issue was resolved when AirAsia agreed to move to Terminal 1 on 1 December 2015, and Terminal 2 was closed at midnight that day. The terminal will be converted for cargo, charter, VIP flights and general aviation use. The Terminal currently serves for cargo operators such as Raya Airways and several General Aviation companies such as Weststar and Layang\-Layang. Recently, during a state event with many VIPs in attendance, private jets on charter were moved to Terminal 2 to avoid congestion aircraft parking bays on Terminal 1\. This includes a [Boeing BBJ2](/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet "Boeing Business Jet") and [Boeing 747\-8 (BBJ)](/wiki/Boeing_747-8 "Boeing 747-8").{{cite web \|title\=Sultan Johor, Brunei antara tetamu majlis perkahwinan anak KM Sabah \|url\=http://www.bharian.com.my/node/237854 \|publisher\=Berita Harian (Malaysia) \|access\-date\=25 January 2017\|date\=17 September 2015}}
[ "Terminals\n---------", "[thumb\\|Check\\-in counters, Terminal 1](/wiki/File:Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport_Terminal1_01.jpg \"Kota Kinabalu International Airport Terminal1 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Narrow\\-body gate view of terminal 1 and hangar](/wiki/File:Malaysia_Airlines_Boeing_737_9M-MVD_Kota_Kinabalu_2024_%2802%29.jpg \"Malaysia Airlines Boeing 737 9M-MVD Kota Kinabalu 2024 (02).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|alt\\=Airbus A330\\-300 at Kota Kinabalu International Airport\\|View from the apron](/wiki/File:KKIA_Apron_view.jpg \"KKIA Apron view.jpg\")", "### Terminal 1", "Terminal 1 is the newer and the main [terminal](/wiki/Airport_terminal \"Airport terminal\") of KKIA. It can be accessed via Jalan Kepayan, Jalan Lintas and Jalan Putatan located in the suburb or township of [Kepayan](/wiki/Kepayan \"Kepayan\"). The terminal is capable of handling 9 million passengers per annum and is equipped with the following facilities:", "* 64 check\\-in counters for international and domestic flights\n* Two baggage x\\-ray check\\-in machines and five hand luggage x\\-ray machines (three for departures, one for VIPs and one for staff)\n* 36 immigration counters (16 for departures and 20 for arrivals)\n* Six baggage carousels\n* Five floors (first floor: arrival hall, second floor: airline offices and inter\\-state departures, third floor: check\\-in counters and domestic/foreign departures, fourth floor: Malaysia Airports office, fifth floor: Malaysia Airports administration office)\n* 12 aerobridges (to provide jetway facilities for landing arrangements of either five widebody aircraft along with two narrowbody aircraft or 12 narrowbody aircraft)\n* 22 aircraft parking bays capable of accommodating wide\\-body, narrow\\-body and turboprop aircraft\n* 1,400 car parking bays", "The Departure Hall column head design is inspired by the 'Wakid' basket design. A 'Wakid' is, in Sabahan tradition, a symbol of preparing for a meaningful journey. Some ethnic patterns of the Rungus and Bajau ethnic groups are also incorporated into the design of the floor tiles.", "The first flight to depart at the new wing was MH2637 to [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\") at 06:50 while the last flight at the old wing was at 00:25\\. [Malaysia Airlines](/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines \"Malaysia Airlines\") is the main operating airline in this terminal.[Kota Kinabalu International Airport](http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/p2030bki.htm), *A\\-Z World Airports Online*. Accessed 11 May 2007\\.", "Generally, flights operating into and out of KKIA Terminal 1 are serviced by narrow\\-body aircraft. However, during peak travel periods, airlines such as Malaysia Airlines,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.malaysiaairlines.com/cn/en/news\\-article/2023/additional\\-seats\\-for\\-hari\\-raya\\-travels.html\\|title\\=Malaysia Airlines will be upgrading its services using the Airbus A330 to Kota Kinabalu on 20 and 30 April, as well as 1 May\\|website\\=Malaysia Airlines\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2023}} AirAsia,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220802\\-akaug22330\\|title\\=AirAsia Extends A330 Schedule to Oct 2022\\|website\\=aero routes\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2023}} Batik Air Malaysia{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230725\\-odjul23bki\\|title\\=Batik Air Malaysia Adds A330 Domestic Flights in late\\-July 2023\\|website\\=aero routes\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2023}} and Jin Air{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231021\\-ljnw23bki\\|title\\=Jin Air NW23 Kota Kinabalu Aircraft Changes\\|website\\=aero routes\\|access\\-date\\=21 December 2023}} will upgrade their equipment to wide\\-body aircraft such as the [Airbus A330\\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A330-300 \"Airbus A330-300\") and [Boeing 777\\-200LR](/wiki/Boeing_777-200LR \"Boeing 777-200LR\").", "Additionally, KKIA was the first airport in Malaysia to welcome the [Boeing 787 Dreamliner](/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner \"Boeing 787 Dreamliner\"), operated by Royal Brunei during several product introductory flights in November 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.flyroyalbrunei.com/787\\-dreamliner\\-flight\\-schedule/\\|title\\=Book International Flights to Asia \\- Royal Brunei Airlines\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2016}} As to date, the largest aircraft to have utilize the terminal are the [B777\\-300ER](/wiki/B777-300ER \"B777-300ER\"){{Cn\\|date\\=October 2024}} and [Airbus A350 XWB](/wiki/Airbus_A350_XWB \"Airbus A350 XWB\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas\\-airbus\\-a350\\-conducts\\-test\\-flight\\-to\\-kkia/\\|title\\=MAS Airbus A350 conducts test flight to KKIA\\|publisher\\=The Borneo Post\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2019\\|date\\=10 January 2018}}", "Prior to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), KKIA experienced issues during peak periods where aircraft parking is limited. A temporary workaround by Malaysian Airports was the introduction of a few new aircraft remote bays situated beside the MASkargo hangar. The remote bay allows either three additional narrowbody aircraft or one widebody and one narrowbody aircraft at any given time. Also introduced was the revision on current turboprop aircraft to narrowbody jet parking to allow more B737/A320 aircraft.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aip.caam.gov.my/aip/eAIP/2020\\-11\\-26/html/eSUP/WM\\-eSUP\\-2020\\-19\\-en\\-MS.html \\| title\\=KOTA KINABALU FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION KOTA KINABALU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTTHE PROPOSED PARKING APRON EXPANSION, RECONFIGURATION OF AIRCRAFT STAND, PAVEMENT REHABILITATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED WORKS WORK SCHEDULE AND MOVEMENT AREAS RESTRICTION}} The remote bay construction has been completed in August 2022 which mostly use by freighter airlines.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "### Terminal 2", "[thumb\\|left\\|Antonov\\-124 at Terminal 2](/wiki/File:KKIA_Terminal_2.jpg \"KKIA Terminal 2.jpg\")", "Terminal 2 was the original terminal building of the airport when it was first built. It is accessed via Jalan Mat Salleh in [Tanjung Aru](/wiki/Tanjung_Aru \"Tanjung Aru\") and is located on the other side of the runway from Terminal 1\\. Terminal 2 served charter and low\\-cost carriers, the main airline utilizing the terminal being [AirAsia](/wiki/AirAsia \"AirAsia\").", "In 2006, Terminal 2 underwent a major renovation and extension to accommodate low\\-cost carriers, reopening on 1 January 2007 in conjunction with *Visit Malaysia Year 2007*. The works were completed 27 months ahead of schedule. It had 26 check\\-in counters for domestic and international flights and nine parking bays capable for narrow\\-body aircraft as well as seven luggage x\\-ray machines, a VIP room and 13 immigration counters. The terminal had the capacity to handle 3 million passengers annually.", "However, with limited expansion space and the congestion at Terminal 2, as well as to consolidate all airlines operations in one terminal, airlines at Terminal 2 was ordered to move to Terminal 1\\. The decision was opposed by AirAsia, and the airline refused to move despite a government directive to do so, missing the deadline five times as of 1 August 2015\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Yeong\\|first\\=Eva\\|date\\=17 September 2015\\|title\\=AirAsia to stay put at KKIA Terminal 2\\|url\\=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1518441\\|newspaper\\=The Sun Daily (Malaysia)\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2015}} The issue was resolved when AirAsia agreed to move to Terminal 1 on 1 December 2015, and Terminal 2 was closed at midnight that day. The terminal will be converted for cargo, charter, VIP flights and general aviation use.", "The Terminal currently serves for cargo operators such as Raya Airways and several General Aviation companies such as Weststar and Layang\\-Layang. Recently, during a state event with many VIPs in attendance, private jets on charter were moved to Terminal 2 to avoid congestion aircraft parking bays on Terminal 1\\. This includes a [Boeing BBJ2](/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet \"Boeing Business Jet\") and [Boeing 747\\-8 (BBJ)](/wiki/Boeing_747-8 \"Boeing 747-8\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Sultan Johor, Brunei antara tetamu majlis perkahwinan anak KM Sabah \\|url\\=http://www.bharian.com.my/node/237854 \\|publisher\\=Berita Harian (Malaysia) \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2017\\|date\\=17 September 2015}}", "" ]
Curves in the complex plane --------------------------- In [complex analysis](/wiki/Complex_analysis "Complex analysis") a **contour** is a type of curve in the [complex plane](/wiki/Complex_plane "Complex plane"). In contour integration, contours provide a precise definition of the [curves](/wiki/Curve "Curve") on which an integral may be suitably defined. A **curve** in the complex plane is defined as a [continuous function](/wiki/Continuous_function "Continuous function") from a [closed interval](/wiki/Closed_interval "Closed interval") of the [real line](/wiki/Real_line "Real line") to the complex plane: z:\[a,b]\\to\\C. This definition of a curve coincides with the intuitive notion of a curve, but includes a parametrization by a continuous function from a closed interval. This more precise definition allows us to consider what properties a curve must have for it to be useful for integration. In the following subsections we narrow down the set of curves that we can integrate to include only those that can be built up out of a finite number of continuous curves that can be given a direction. Moreover, we will restrict the "pieces" from crossing over themselves, and we require that each piece have a finite (non\-vanishing) continuous derivative. These requirements correspond to requiring that we consider only curves that can be traced, such as by a pen, in a sequence of even, steady strokes, which stop only to start a new piece of the curve, all without picking up the pen.{{Cite book\|title\=Fundamentals of Complex Analysis with Applications to Engineering, Science, and Mathematics \|edition\=3rd \|chapter\=Chapter 4 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fVsZAQAAIAAJ\&q\=saff\+%26\+Snider \|first1\=Edward B. \|last1\=Saff \|first2\=Arthur David \|last2\=Snider \|year\=2003 \|publisher\=Prentice Hall \|isbn\=0\-1390\-7874\-6}} ### Directed smooth curves Contours are often defined in terms of directed smooth curves. These provide a precise definition of a "piece" of a smooth curve, of which a contour is made. A **smooth curve** is a curve z:\[a,b]\\to\\C with a non\-vanishing, continuous derivative such that each point is traversed only once ({{mvar\|z}} is one\-to\-one), with the possible exception of a curve such that the endpoints match (z(a)\=z(b)). In the case where the endpoints match the curve is called closed, and the function is required to be one\-to\-one everywhere else and the derivative must be continuous at the identified point (z'(a)\=z'(b)). A smooth curve that is not closed is often referred to as a smooth arc. The [parametrization](/wiki/Parametrization_%28geometry%29 "Parametrization (geometry)") of a curve provides a natural ordering of points on the curve: z(x) comes before z(y) if x\<y. This leads to the notion of a **directed smooth curve**. It is most useful to consider curves independent of the specific parametrization. This can be done by considering [equivalence classes](/wiki/Equivalence_classes "Equivalence classes") of smooth curves with the same direction. A **directed smooth curve** can then be defined as an ordered set of points in the complex plane that is the image of some smooth curve in their natural order (according to the parametrization). Note that not all orderings of the points are the natural ordering of a smooth curve. In fact, a given smooth curve has only two such orderings. Also, a single closed curve can have any point as its endpoint, while a smooth arc has only two choices for its endpoints. ### Contours Contours are the class of curves on which we define contour integration. A **contour** is a directed curve which is made up of a finite sequence of directed smooth curves whose endpoints are matched to give a single direction. This requires that the sequence of curves \\gamma\_1,\\dots,\\gamma\_n be such that the terminal point of \\gamma\_i coincides with the initial point of \\gamma\_{i\+1} for all i such that 1\\leq i\<n . This includes all directed smooth curves. Also, a single point in the complex plane is considered a contour. The symbol \+ is often used to denote the piecing of curves together to form a new curve. Thus we could write a contour \\Gamma that is made up of n curves as \\Gamma \= \\gamma\_1 \+ \\gamma\_2 \+ \\cdots \+ \\gamma\_n.
[ "Curves in the complex plane\n---------------------------", "In [complex analysis](/wiki/Complex_analysis \"Complex analysis\") a **contour** is a type of curve in the [complex plane](/wiki/Complex_plane \"Complex plane\"). In contour integration, contours provide a precise definition of the [curves](/wiki/Curve \"Curve\") on which an integral may be suitably defined. A **curve** in the complex plane is defined as a [continuous function](/wiki/Continuous_function \"Continuous function\") from a [closed interval](/wiki/Closed_interval \"Closed interval\") of the [real line](/wiki/Real_line \"Real line\") to the complex plane: z:\\[a,b]\\\\to\\\\C.", "This definition of a curve coincides with the intuitive notion of a curve, but includes a parametrization by a continuous function from a closed interval. This more precise definition allows us to consider what properties a curve must have for it to be useful for integration. In the following subsections we narrow down the set of curves that we can integrate to include only those that can be built up out of a finite number of continuous curves that can be given a direction. Moreover, we will restrict the \"pieces\" from crossing over themselves, and we require that each piece have a finite (non\\-vanishing) continuous derivative. These requirements correspond to requiring that we consider only curves that can be traced, such as by a pen, in a sequence of even, steady strokes, which stop only to start a new piece of the curve, all without picking up the pen.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Fundamentals of Complex Analysis with Applications to Engineering, Science, and Mathematics \\|edition\\=3rd \\|chapter\\=Chapter 4 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fVsZAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=saff\\+%26\\+Snider\n\\|first1\\=Edward B. \\|last1\\=Saff \\|first2\\=Arthur David \\|last2\\=Snider \\|year\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Prentice Hall \\|isbn\\=0\\-1390\\-7874\\-6}}", "### Directed smooth curves", "Contours are often defined in terms of directed smooth curves. These provide a precise definition of a \"piece\" of a smooth curve, of which a contour is made.", "A **smooth curve** is a curve z:\\[a,b]\\\\to\\\\C with a non\\-vanishing, continuous derivative such that each point is traversed only once ({{mvar\\|z}} is one\\-to\\-one), with the possible exception of a curve such that the endpoints match (z(a)\\=z(b)). In the case where the endpoints match the curve is called closed, and the function is required to be one\\-to\\-one everywhere else and the derivative must be continuous at the identified point (z'(a)\\=z'(b)). A smooth curve that is not closed is often referred to as a smooth arc.", "The [parametrization](/wiki/Parametrization_%28geometry%29 \"Parametrization (geometry)\") of a curve provides a natural ordering of points on the curve: z(x) comes before z(y) if x\\<y. This leads to the notion of a **directed smooth curve**. It is most useful to consider curves independent of the specific parametrization. This can be done by considering [equivalence classes](/wiki/Equivalence_classes \"Equivalence classes\") of smooth curves with the same direction. A **directed smooth curve** can then be defined as an ordered set of points in the complex plane that is the image of some smooth curve in their natural order (according to the parametrization). Note that not all orderings of the points are the natural ordering of a smooth curve. In fact, a given smooth curve has only two such orderings. Also, a single closed curve can have any point as its endpoint, while a smooth arc has only two choices for its endpoints.", "### Contours", "Contours are the class of curves on which we define contour integration. A **contour** is a directed curve which is made up of a finite sequence of directed smooth curves whose endpoints are matched to give a single direction. This requires that the sequence of curves \\\\gamma\\_1,\\\\dots,\\\\gamma\\_n be such that the terminal point of \\\\gamma\\_i coincides with the initial point of \\\\gamma\\_{i\\+1} for all i such that 1\\\\leq i\\<n . This includes all directed smooth curves. Also, a single point in the complex plane is considered a contour. The symbol \\+ is often used to denote the piecing of curves together to form a new curve. Thus we could write a contour \\\\Gamma that is made up of n curves as\n \\\\Gamma \\= \\\\gamma\\_1 \\+ \\\\gamma\\_2 \\+ \\\\cdots \\+ \\\\gamma\\_n.", "" ]
Applications of integral theorems --------------------------------- Applications of integral theorems are also often used to evaluate the contour integral along a contour, which means that the real\-valued integral is calculated simultaneously along with calculating the contour integral. Integral theorems such as the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula "Cauchy integral formula") or [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem "Residue theorem") are generally used in the following method: * a specific contour is chosen: * The contour is chosen so that the contour follows the part of the complex plane that describes the real\-valued integral, and also encloses singularities of the integrand so application of the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula "Cauchy integral formula") or [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem "Residue theorem") is possible * application of [Cauchy's integral theorem](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_theorem "Cauchy's integral theorem") * The integral is reduced to only an integration around a small circle about each pole. * application of the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula "Cauchy integral formula") or [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem "Residue theorem") * Application of these integral formulae gives us a value for the integral around the whole of the contour. * division of the contour into a contour along the real part and imaginary part * The whole of the contour can be divided into the contour that follows the part of the complex plane that describes the real\-valued integral as chosen before (call it {{mvar\|R}}), and the integral that crosses the complex plane (call it {{mvar\|I}}). The integral over the whole of the contour is the sum of the integral over each of these contours. * demonstration that the integral that crosses the complex plane plays no part in the sum * If the integral {{mvar\|I}} can be shown to be zero, or if the real\-valued integral that is sought is improper, then if we demonstrate that the integral {{mvar\|I}} as described above tends to 0, the integral along {{mvar\|R}} will tend to the integral around the contour {{math\|''R'' \+ ''I''}}. * conclusion * If we can show the above step, then we can directly calculate {{mvar\|R}}, the real\-valued integral. ### Example 1 Consider the integral \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{1}{\\left(x^2\+1\\right)^2}\\,dx, To evaluate this integral, we look at the complex\-valued function f(z)\=\\frac{1}{\\left(z^2\+1\\right)^2} which has [singularities](/wiki/Mathematical_singularity "Mathematical singularity") at {{mvar\|i}} and {{math\|−''i''}}. We choose a contour that will enclose the real\-valued integral, here a semicircle with boundary diameter on the real line (going from, say, {{math\|−''a''}} to {{mvar\|a}}) will be convenient. Call this contour {{mvar\|C}}. There are two ways of proceeding, using the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula "Cauchy integral formula") or by the method of residues: #### Using the Cauchy integral formula Note that: \\oint\_C f(z)\\,dz \= \\int\_{\-a}^a f(z)\\,dz \+ \\int\_\\text{Arc} f(z)\\,dz thus \\int\_{\-a}^a f(z)\\,dz \= \\oint\_C f(z)\\,dz \- \\int\_\\text{Arc} f(z)\\,dz Furthermore, observe that f(z)\=\\frac{1}{\\left(z^2\+1\\right)^2}\=\\frac{1}{(z\+i)^2(z\-i)^2}. Since the only singularity in the contour is the one at {{mvar\|i}}, then we can write f(z)\=\\frac{\\frac{1}{(z\+i)^2}}{(z\-i)^2}, which puts the function in the form for direct application of the formula. Then, by using Cauchy's integral formula, \\oint\_C f(z)\\,dz \= \\oint\_C \\frac{\\frac{1}{(z\+i)^2}}{(z\-i)^2}\\,dz \= 2\\pi i \\, \\left.\\frac{d}{dz} \\frac{1}{(z\+i)^2}\\right\|\_{z\=i} \=2 \\pi i \\left\[\\frac{\-2}{(z\+i)^3}\\right]\_{z \= i} \=\\frac{\\pi}{2} We take the first derivative, in the above steps, because the pole is a second\-order pole. That is, {{math\|(''z'' − ''i'')}} is taken to the second power, so we employ the first derivative of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}}. If it were {{math\|(''z'' − ''i'')}} taken to the third power, we would use the second derivative and divide by 2!, etc. The case of {{math\|(''z'' − ''i'')}} to the first power corresponds to a zero order derivative—just {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} itself. We need to show that the integral over the arc of the semicircle tends to zero as {{math\|''a'' → ∞}}, using the [estimation lemma](/wiki/Estimation_lemma "Estimation lemma") \\left\|\\int\_\\text{Arc} f(z)\\,dz\\right\| \\le ML where {{mvar\|M}} is an upper bound on {{math\|{{abs\|''f''(''z'')}}}} along the arc and {{mvar\|L}} the length of the arc. Now, \\left\|\\int\_\\text{Arc} f(z)\\,dz\\right\|\\le \\frac{a\\pi}{\\left(a^2\-1\\right)^2} \\to 0 \\text{ as } a \\to \\infty. So \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{1}{\\left(x^2\+1\\right)^2}\\,dx \= \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty f(z)\\,dz \= \\lim\_{a \\to \+\\infty} \\int\_{\-a}^a f(z)\\,dz \= \\frac{\\pi}2\.\\quad\\square #### Using the method of residues Consider the [Laurent series](/wiki/Laurent_series "Laurent series") of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} about {{mvar\|i}}, the only singularity we need to consider. We then have f(z) \= \\frac{\-1}{4(z\-i)^2} \+ \\frac{\-i}{4(z\-i)} \+ \\frac{3}{16} \+ \\frac{i}{8}(z\-i) \+ \\frac{\-5}{64}(z\-i)^2 \+ \\cdots (See the sample Laurent calculation from [Laurent series](/wiki/Laurent_series "Laurent series") for the derivation of this series.) It is clear by inspection that the residue is {{math\|−{{sfrac\|''i''\|4}}}}, so, by the [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem "Residue theorem"), we have \\oint\_C f(z)\\,dz \= \\oint\_C \\frac{1}{\\left(z^2\+1\\right)^2}\\,dz \= 2 \\pi i \\,\\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=i} f(z) \= 2 \\pi i \\left(\-\\frac{i}{4}\\right)\=\\frac{\\pi}2 \\quad\\square Thus we get the same result as before. #### Contour note As an aside, a question can arise whether we do not take the semicircle to include the *other* singularity, enclosing {{math\|−''i''}}. To have the integral along the real axis moving in the correct direction, the contour must travel clockwise, i.e., in a negative direction, reversing the sign of the integral overall. This does not affect the use of the method of residues by series. ### Example 2 – Cauchy distribution The integral \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx}}{x^2\+1}\\,dx [right\|250px\|the contour](/wiki/Image:ContourDiagram.png "ContourDiagram.png") (which arises in [probability theory](/wiki/Probability_theory "Probability theory") as a scalar multiple of the [characteristic function](/wiki/Characteristic_function_%28probability_theory%29 "Characteristic function (probability theory)") of the [Cauchy distribution](/wiki/Cauchy_distribution "Cauchy distribution")) resists the techniques of elementary [calculus](/wiki/Calculus "Calculus"). We will evaluate it by expressing it as a limit of contour integrals along the contour {{mvar\|C}} that goes along the [real](/wiki/Real_number "Real number") line from {{math\|−''a''}} to {{mvar\|a}} and then counterclockwise along a semicircle centered at 0 from {{mvar\|a}} to {{math\|−''a''}}. Take {{mvar\|a}} to be greater than 1, so that the [imaginary](/wiki/Imaginary_number "Imaginary number") unit {{mvar\|i}} is enclosed within the curve. The contour integral is \\int\_C \\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\+1}\\,dz. Since {{math\|''e''''itz''}} is an [entire function](/wiki/Entire_function "Entire function") (having no [singularities](/wiki/Mathematical_singularity "Mathematical singularity") at any point in the complex plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator {{math\|''z''2 \+ 1}} is zero. Since {{math\|1\=''z''2 \+ 1 \= (''z'' \+ ''i'')(''z'' − ''i'')}}, that happens only where {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''i''}} or {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −''i''}}. Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. The [residue](/wiki/Residue_%28complex_analysis%29 "Residue (complex analysis)") of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} at {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''i''}} is \\lim\_{z\\to i}(z\-i)f(z) \= \\lim\_{z\\to i}(z\-i)\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\+1} \= \\lim\_{z\\to i}(z\-i)\\frac{e^{itz} }{ (z\-i)(z\+i)} \= \\lim\_{z\\to i}\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z\+i} \= \\frac{e^{\-t}}{2i}. According to the [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem "Residue theorem"), then, we have \\int\_C f(z)\\,dz\=2\\pi i \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=i}f(z)\=2\\pi i\\frac{e^{\-t} }{ 2i}\=\\pi e^{\-t}. The contour {{mvar\|C}} may be split into a "straight" part and a curved arc, so that \\int\_\\text{straight}\+\\int\_\\text{arc}\=\\pi e^{\-t}, and thus \\int\_{\-a}^a \=\\pi e^{\-t}\-\\int\_\\text{arc}. According to [Jordan's lemma](/wiki/Jordan%27s_lemma "Jordan's lemma"), **if {{math\|''t'' \> 0}} then** \\int\_\\text{arc}\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\+1}\\,dz \\rightarrow 0 \\mbox{ as } a\\rightarrow\\infty. Therefore, **if {{math\|''t'' \> 0}} then** \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\+1}\\,dx\=\\pi e^{\-t}. A similar argument with an arc that winds around {{math\|−''i''}} rather than {{mvar\|i}} shows that **if {{math\|''t'' \< 0}} then** \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\+1}\\,dx\=\\pi e^t, and finally we have this: \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\+1} \\,dx\=\\pi e^{\-\|t\|}. (If {{math\|1\=''t'' \= 0}} then the integral yields immediately to real\-valued calculus methods and its value is {{pi}}.) ### Example 3 – trigonometric integrals Certain substitutions can be made to integrals involving [trigonometric functions](/wiki/Trigonometric_functions "Trigonometric functions"), so the integral is transformed into a rational function of a complex variable and then the above methods can be used in order to evaluate the integral. As an example, consider \\int\_{\-\\pi}^\\pi \\frac{1 }{ 1 \+ 3 (\\cos t)^2} \\,dt. We seek to make a substitution of {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''eit''}}. Now, recall \\cos t \= \\frac12 \\left(e^{it}\+e^{\-it}\\right) \= \\frac12 \\left(z\+\\frac{1}{z}\\right) and \\frac{dz}{dt} \= iz,\\ dt \= \\frac{dz}{iz}. Taking {{mvar\|C}} to be the unit circle, we substitute to get: \\begin{align} \\oint\_C \\frac{1}{ 1 \+ 3 \\left(\\frac12 \\left(z\+\\frac{1}{z}\\right)\\right)^2} \\,\\frac{dz}{iz} \&\= \\oint\_C \\frac{1 }{ 1 \+ \\frac34 \\left(z\+\\frac{1}{z}\\right)^2}\\frac{1}{iz} \\,dz \\\\ \&\= \\oint\_C \\frac{\-i}{ z\+\\frac34 z\\left(z\+\\frac{1}{z}\\right)^2}\\,dz \\\\ \&\= \-i \\oint\_C \\frac{dz}{ z\+\\frac34 z\\left(z^2\+2\+\\frac{1}{z^2}\\right)} \\\\ \&\= \-i \\oint\_C \\frac{dz}{ z\+\\frac34 \\left(z^3\+2z\+\\frac{1}{z}\\right)} \\\\ \&\= \-i \\oint\_C \\frac{dz}{ \\frac34 z^3\+\\frac52 z\+\\frac{3}{4z}} \\\\ \&\= \-i \\oint\_C \\frac{4}{ 3z^3\+10z\+\\frac{3}{z}}\\,dz \\\\ \&\= \-4i \\oint\_C \\frac{dz}{ 3z^3\+10z\+\\frac{3}{z}} \\\\ \&\= \-4i \\oint\_C \\frac{z}{ 3z^4\+10z^2\+3 } \\,dz \\\\ \&\= \-4i \\oint\_C \\frac{z}{ 3\\left(z\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(z\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\\,dz \\\\ \&\= \-\\frac{4i}{3} \\oint\_C \\frac{z}{\\left(z\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(z\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\\,dz. \\end{align} The singularities to be considered are at \\tfrac{\\pm i}{\\sqrt{3}}. Let {{math\|''C''1}} be a small circle about \\tfrac{i}{\\sqrt{3}}, and {{math\|''C''2}} be a small circle about \\tfrac{\-i}{\\sqrt{3}}. Then we arrive at the following: \\begin{align} \& \-\\frac{4i}{3} \\left \[\\oint\_{C\_1} \\frac{\\frac{z}{\\left(z\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3} \\right)}}{z\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}\\,dz \+\\oint\_{C\_2} \\frac{\\frac{z}{\\left(z\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}}{z\+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}} \\, dz \\right ] \\\\ \= {} \& \-\\frac{4i}{3} \\left\[ 2\\pi i \\left\[\\frac{z}{\\left(z\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\\right]\_{z\=\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}} \+ 2\\pi i \\left\[\\frac{z}{\\left(z\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(z\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)} \\right]\_{z\=\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}\\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\frac{8\\pi}{3} \\left\[\\frac{\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\left(\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)} \+ \\frac{\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\left(\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\+\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\-\\sqrt{3}i\\right)\\left(\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)} \\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\frac{8\\pi}{3} \\left\[\\frac{\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\left(\\frac{4}{\\sqrt 3}i\\right)\\left(\-\\frac{2}{i\\sqrt{3}}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt{3}i}\\right)}\+\\frac{\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}i\\right)\\left(\-\\frac{4}{\\sqrt 3}i\\right)\\left(\-\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}i\\right)}\\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\frac{8\\pi}{3}\\left\[\\frac{\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}{i\\left(\\frac{4}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\+\\frac{\-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 3}}{\-i\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{4}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\frac{8\\pi}{3}\\left\[\\frac{\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\left(\\frac{4}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\+\\frac{\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{4}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)\\left(\\frac{2}{\\sqrt 3}\\right)}\\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\frac{8\\pi}{3}\\left\[\\frac{\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\frac{16}{3\\sqrt{3}}}\+\\frac{\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 3}}{\\frac{16}{3\\sqrt{3}}} \\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\frac{8\\pi}{3}\\left\[\\frac{3}{16} \+ \\frac{3}{16} \\right] \\\\ \= {} \& \\pi. \\end{align} ### Example 3a – trigonometric integrals, the general procedure The above method may be applied to all integrals of the type \\int\_0^{2\\pi} \\frac{P\\big(\\sin(t),\\sin(2t),\\ldots,\\cos(t),\\cos(2t),\\ldots\\big)}{Q\\big(\\sin(t),\\sin(2t),\\ldots,\\cos(t),\\cos(2t),\\ldots\\big)}\\, dt where {{mvar\|P}} and {{mvar\|Q}} are polynomials, i.e. a rational function in trigonometric terms is being integrated. Note that the bounds of integration may as well be {{pi}} and −{{pi}}, as in the previous example, or any other pair of endpoints 2{{pi}} apart. The trick is to use the substitution {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''eit''}} where {{math\|1\=''dz'' \= ''ieit dt''}} and hence \\frac{1}{iz} \\,dz \= dt. This substitution maps the interval {{closed\-closed\|0, 2π}} to the unit circle. Furthermore, \\sin(k t) \= \\frac{e^{i k t} \- e^{\- i k t}}{2 i} \= \\frac{z^k \- z^{\-k}}{2i} and \\cos(k t) \= \\frac{e^{i k t} \+ e^{\- i k t}}{2} \= \\frac{z^k \+ z^{\-k}}{2} so that a rational function {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} in {{mvar\|z}} results from the substitution, and the integral becomes \\oint\_{\|z\|\=1} f(z) \\frac{1}{iz}\\, dz which is in turn computed by summing the residues of {{math\|''f''(''z''){{sfrac\|1\|''iz''}}}} inside the unit circle. [right](/wiki/Image:TrigonometricToComplex.png "TrigonometricToComplex.png") The image at right illustrates this for I \= \\int\_0^\\frac{\\pi}{2} \\frac{1}{1 \+ (\\sin t)^2}\\, dt, which we now compute. The first step is to recognize that I \= \\frac14 \\int\_0^{2\\pi} \\frac{1}{1 \+ (\\sin t)^2} \\,dt. The substitution yields \\frac{1}{4} \\oint\_{\|z\|\=1} \\frac{4 i z}{z^4 \- 6z^2 \+ 1}\\, dz \= \\oint\_{\|z\|\=1} \\frac{i z}{z^4 \- 6z^2 \+ 1}\\, dz. The poles of this function are at {{math\|1 ± {{sqrt\|2}}}} and {{math\|−1 ± {{sqrt\|2}}}}. Of these, {{math\|1 \+ {{sqrt\|2}}}} and {{math\|−1 − {{sqrt\|2}}}} are outside the unit circle (shown in red, not to scale), whereas {{math\|1 − {{sqrt\|2}}}} and {{math\|−1 \+ {{sqrt\|2}}}} are inside the unit circle (shown in blue). The corresponding residues are both equal to {{math\|−{{sfrac\|''i''{{sqrt\|2}}\|16}}}}, so that the value of the integral is I \= 2 \\pi i \\; 2 \\left( \- \\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{16} i \\right) \= \\pi \\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{4}. ### Example 4 – branch cuts Consider the real integral \\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{\\sqrt x}{x^2\+6x\+8}\\,dx. We can begin by formulating the complex integral \\int\_C \\frac{\\sqrt z}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz\=I. [right\|180px](/wiki/Image:Keyhole_contour.svg "Keyhole contour.svg") We can use the Cauchy integral formula or residue theorem again to obtain the relevant residues. However, the important thing to note is that {{math\|1\=''z''1/2 \= ''e''(Log ''z'')/2}}, so {{math\|''z''1/2}} has a [branch cut](/wiki/Branch_cut "Branch cut"). This affects our choice of the contour {{mvar\|C}}. Normally the logarithm branch cut is defined as the negative real axis, however, this makes the calculation of the integral slightly more complicated, so we define it to be the positive real axis. Then, we use the so\-called *keyhole contour*, which consists of a small circle about the origin of radius {{mvar\|ε}} say, extending to a line segment parallel and close to the positive real axis but not touching it, to an almost full circle, returning to a line segment parallel, close, and below the positive real axis in the negative sense, returning to the small circle in the middle. Note that {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −2}} and {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −4}} are inside the big circle. These are the two remaining poles, derivable by factoring the denominator of the integrand. The branch point at {{math\|1\=''z'' \= 0}} was avoided by detouring around the origin. {{clear}} Let {{mvar\|γ}} be the small circle of radius {{mvar\|ε}}, {{math\|Γ}} the larger, with radius {{mvar\|R}}, then \\int\_C \= \\int\_\\varepsilon^R \+ \\int\_\\Gamma \+ \\int\_R^\\varepsilon \+ \\int\_\\gamma. It can be shown that the integrals over {{math\|Γ}} and {{mvar\|γ}} both tend to zero as {{math\|''ε'' → 0}} and {{math\|''R'' → ∞}}, by an estimation argument above, that leaves two terms. Now since {{math\|1\=''z''1/2 \= ''e''(Log ''z'')/2}}, on the contour outside the branch cut, we have gained 2{{pi}} in argument along {{mvar\|γ}}. (By [Euler's identity](/wiki/Euler%27s_identity "Euler's identity"), {{math\|''e''''i''π}} represents the unit vector, which therefore has {{pi}} as its log. This {{pi}} is what is meant by the argument of {{mvar\|z}}. The coefficient of {{sfrac\|1\|2}} forces us to use 2{{pi}}.) So \\begin{align} \\int\_R^\\varepsilon \\frac{\\sqrt z}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz\&\=\\int\_R^\\varepsilon \\frac{e^{\\frac12 \\operatorname{Log} z}}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz \\\\\[6pt] \&\=\\int\_R^\\varepsilon \\frac{e^{\\frac12(\\log\|z\|\+i \\arg{z})}}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz \\\\\[6pt] \& \= \\int\_R^\\varepsilon \\frac{ e^{\\frac12\\log\|z\|}e^{\\frac12(2\\pi i)}}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz\\\\\[6pt] \&\=\\int\_R^\\varepsilon \\frac{ e^{\\frac12\\log\|z\|}e^{\\pi i}}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz \\\\\[6pt] \& \= \\int\_R^\\varepsilon \\frac{\-\\sqrt z}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz\\\\\[6pt] \&\=\\int\_\\varepsilon^R \\frac{\\sqrt z}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz. \\end{align} Therefore: \\int\_C \\frac{\\sqrt z}{z^2\+6z\+8}\\,dz\=2\\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{\\sqrt x}{x^2\+6x\+8}\\,dx. By using the residue theorem or the Cauchy integral formula (first employing the partial fractions method to derive a sum of two simple contour integrals) one obtains \\pi i \\left(\\frac{i}{\\sqrt 2}\-i\\right)\=\\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{\\sqrt x}{x^2\+6x\+8}\\,dx \= \\pi\\left(1\-\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2}\\right).\\quad\\square ### Example 5 – the square of the logarithm [thumbnail\|upright\=2\|right](/wiki/Image:KeyholeContourLeftTikz.tif "KeyholeContourLeftTikz.tif") This section treats a type of integral of which \\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{\\log x}{\\left(1\+x^2\\right)^2} \\, dx is an example. To calculate this integral, one uses the function f(z) \= \\left (\\frac{\\log z}{1\+z^2} \\right )^2 and the branch of the logarithm corresponding to {{math\|−π \< arg ''z'' ≤ π}}. We will calculate the integral of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} along the keyhole contour shown at right. As it turns out this integral is a multiple of the initial integral that we wish to calculate and by the Cauchy residue theorem we have \\begin{align} \\left( \\int\_R \+ \\int\_M \+ \\int\_N \+ \\int\_r \\right) f(z) \\, dz \= \&\\ 2 \\pi i \\big( \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=i} f(z) \+ \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\-i} f(z) \\big) \\\\ \= \&\\ 2 \\pi i \\left( \- \\frac{\\pi}{4} \+ \\frac{1}{16} i \\pi^2 \- \\frac{\\pi}{4} \- \\frac{1}{16} i \\pi^2 \\right) \\\\ \= \&\\ \- i \\pi^2\. \\end{align} Let {{mvar\|R}} be the radius of the large circle, and {{mvar\|r}} the radius of the small one. We will denote the upper line by {{mvar\|M}}, and the lower line by {{mvar\|N}}. As before we take the limit when {{math\|''R'' → ∞}} and {{math\|''r'' → 0}}. The contributions from the two circles vanish. For example, one has the following upper bound with the [{{mvar\|ML}} lemma](/wiki/ML_lemma "ML lemma"): \\left\| \\int\_R f(z) \\, dz \\right\| \\le 2 \\pi R \\frac{(\\log R)^2 \+ \\pi^2}{\\left(R^2\-1\\right)^2} \\to 0\. In order to compute the contributions of {{mvar\|M}} and {{mvar\|N}} we set {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −''x'' \+ ''iε''}} on {{mvar\|M}} and {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −''x'' − ''iε''}} on {{mvar\|N}}, with {{math\|0 \< ''x'' \< ∞}}: \\begin{align} \-i \\pi^2 \&\= \\left( \\int\_R \+ \\int\_M \+ \\int\_N \+ \\int\_r \\right) f(z) \\, dz \\\\\[6pt] \&\= \\left( \\int\_M \+ \\int\_N \\right) f(z)\\, dz \&\& \\int\_R, \\int\_r \\mbox{ vanish} \\\\\[6pt] \&\=\-\\int\_\\infty^0 \\left (\\frac{\\log(\-x \+ i\\varepsilon)}{1\+(\-x \+ i\\varepsilon)^2} \\right )^2\\, dx \- \\int\_0^\\infty \\left (\\frac{\\log(\-x \- i\\varepsilon)}{1\+(\-x \- i\\varepsilon)^2}\\right)^2 \\, dx \\\\\[6pt] \&\= \\int\_0^\\infty \\left (\\frac{\\log(\-x \+ i\\varepsilon)}{1\+(\-x \+ i\\varepsilon)^2} \\right )^2 \\, dx \- \\int\_0^\\infty \\left (\\frac{\\log(\-x \- i\\varepsilon)}{1\+(\-x \- i\\varepsilon)^2} \\right )^2 \\, dx \\\\\[6pt] \&\= \\int\_0^\\infty \\left (\\frac{\\log x \+ i\\pi}{1\+x^2} \\right )^2 \\, dx \- \\int\_0^\\infty \\left (\\frac{\\log x \- i\\pi}{1\+x^2} \\right )^2 \\, dx \&\& \\varepsilon \\to 0 \\\\ \&\= \\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{(\\log x \+ i\\pi)^2 \- (\\log x \- i\\pi)^2}{\\left(1\+x^2\\right)^2} \\, dx \\\\\[6pt] \&\= \\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{4 \\pi i \\log x}{\\left(1\+x^2\\right)^2} \\, dx \\\\\[6pt] \&\= 4 \\pi i \\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{\\log x}{\\left(1\+x^2\\right)^2} \\, dx \\end{align} which gives \\int\_0^\\infty \\frac{\\log x}{\\left(1\+x^2\\right)^2} \\, dx \= \- \\frac{\\pi}{4}. ### Example 6 – logarithms and the residue at infinity [right](/wiki/Image:ContourLogs.png "ContourLogs.png") We seek to evaluate I \= \\int\_0^3 \\frac{x^\\frac34 (3\-x)^\\frac14}{5\-x}\\,dx. This requires a close study of f(z) \= z^\\frac34 (3\-z)^\\frac14\. We will construct {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} so that it has a branch cut on {{closed\-closed\|0, 3}}, shown in red in the diagram. To do this, we choose two branches of the logarithm, setting z^\\frac34 \= \\exp \\left (\\frac34 \\log z \\right ) \\quad \\mbox{where } \-\\pi \\le \\arg z \< \\pi and (3\-z)^\\frac14 \= \\exp \\left (\\frac14 \\log(3\-z) \\right ) \\quad \\mbox{where } 0 \\le \\arg(3\-z) \< 2\\pi. The cut of {{math\|''z''{{3/4}}}} is therefore {{open\-closed\|−∞, 0}} and the cut of {{math\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}} is {{open\-closed\|−∞, 3}}. It is easy to see that the cut of the product of the two, i.e. {{math\|''f''(''z'')}}, is {{math\|\[0, 3]}}, because {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} is actually continuous across {{open\-open\|−∞, 0}}. This is because when {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −''r'' \< 0}} and we approach the cut from above, {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value r^\\frac34 e^{\\frac34 \\pi i} (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac24 \\pi i} \= r^\\frac34 (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac54 \\pi i}. When we approach from below, {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value r^\\frac34 e^{\-\\frac34 \\pi i} (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} \= r^\\frac34 (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\-\\frac34 \\pi i}. But e^{\-\\frac34 \\pi i} \= e^{\\frac54 \\pi i}, so that we have continuity across the cut. This is illustrated in the diagram, where the two black oriented circles are labelled with the corresponding value of the argument of the logarithm used in {{math\|''z''{{3/4}}}} and {{math\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}}. We will use the contour shown in green in the diagram. To do this we must compute the value of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} along the line segments just above and just below the cut. Let {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''r''}} (in the limit, i.e. as the two green circles shrink to radius zero), where {{math\|0 ≤ ''r'' ≤ 3}}. Along the upper segment, we find that {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value r^\\frac34 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} (3\-r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac24 \\pi i} \= i r^\\frac34 (3\-r)^\\frac14 and along the lower segment, r^\\frac34 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} (3\-r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} \= r^\\frac34 (3\-r)^\\frac14\. It follows that the integral of {{math\|{{sfrac\|''f''(''z'')\|5 − ''z''}}}} along the upper segment is {{math\|−''iI''}} in the limit, and along the lower segment, {{mvar\|I}}. If we can show that the integrals along the two green circles vanish in the limit, then we also have the value of {{math\|I}}, by the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem "Cauchy residue theorem"). Let the radius of the green circles be {{mvar\|ρ}}, where {{math\|''ρ'' \< 0\.001}} and {{math\|''ρ'' → 0}}, and apply the [{{mvar\|ML}} inequality](/wiki/Estimation_lemma "Estimation lemma"). For the circle {{math\|''C''L}} on the left, we find \\left\| \\int\_{C\_\\mathrm{L}} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} dz \\right\| \\le 2 \\pi \\rho \\frac{\\rho^\\frac34 3\.001^\\frac14}{4\.999} \\in \\mathcal{O} \\left( \\rho^\\frac74 \\right) \\to 0\. Similarly, for the circle {{math\|''C''R}} on the right, we have \\left\| \\int\_{C\_\\mathrm{R}} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} dz \\right\| \\le 2 \\pi \\rho \\frac{3\.001^\\frac34 \\rho^\\frac14}{1\.999} \\in \\mathcal{O} \\left( \\rho^\\frac54 \\right) \\to 0\. Now using the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem "Cauchy residue theorem"), we have (\-i \+ 1\) I \= \-2\\pi i \\left( \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=5} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \+ \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\\infty} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \\right). where the minus sign is due to the clockwise direction around the residues. Using the branch of the logarithm from before, clearly \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=5} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \= \- 5^\\frac34 e^{\\frac14 \\log(\-2\)}. The pole is shown in blue in the diagram. The value simplifies to \-5^\\frac34 e^{\\frac14(\\log 2 \+ \\pi i)} \= \-e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac14\. We use the following formula for the residue at infinity: \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\\infty} h(z) \= \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=0} \\left(\- \\frac{1}{z^2} h\\left(\\frac{1}{z}\\right)\\right). Substituting, we find \\frac{1}{5\-\\frac{1}{z}} \= \-z \\left(1 \+ 5z \+ 5^2 z^2 \+ 5^3 z^3 \+ \\cdots\\right) and \\left(\\frac{1}{z^3}\\left (3\-\\frac{1}{z} \\right )\\right)^\\frac14 \= \\frac{1}{z} (3z\-1\)^\\frac14 \= \\frac{1}{z}e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} (1\-3z)^\\frac14, where we have used the fact that {{math\|1\=−1 \= ''e''π''i''}} for the second branch of the logarithm. Next we apply the binomial expansion, obtaining \\frac{1}{z} e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} \\left( 1 \- {1/4 \\choose 1} 3z \+ {1/4 \\choose 2} 3^2 z^2 \- {1/4 \\choose 3} 3^3 z^3 \+ \\cdots \\right). The conclusion is that \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\\infty} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \= e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} \\left (5 \- \\frac34 \\right ) \= e^{\\frac14 \\pi i}\\frac{17}{4}. Finally, it follows that the value of {{mvar\|I}} is I \= 2 \\pi i \\frac{e^{\\frac14 \\pi i}}{\-1\+i} \\left(\\frac{17}{4} \- 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac14 \\right) \= 2 \\pi 2^{\-\\frac12} \\left(\\frac{17}{4} \- 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac14 \\right) which yields I \= \\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt 2} \\left(17 \- 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac94 \\right) \= \\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt 2} \\left(17 \- 40^\\frac34 \\right).
[ "Applications of integral theorems\n---------------------------------", "Applications of integral theorems are also often used to evaluate the contour integral along a contour, which means that the real\\-valued integral is calculated simultaneously along with calculating the contour integral.", "Integral theorems such as the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula \"Cauchy integral formula\") or [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem \"Residue theorem\") are generally used in the following method:\n* a specific contour is chosen:\n* The contour is chosen so that the contour follows the part of the complex plane that describes the real\\-valued integral, and also encloses singularities of the integrand so application of the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula \"Cauchy integral formula\") or [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem \"Residue theorem\") is possible\n* application of [Cauchy's integral theorem](/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_theorem \"Cauchy's integral theorem\")\n* The integral is reduced to only an integration around a small circle about each pole.\n* application of the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula \"Cauchy integral formula\") or [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem \"Residue theorem\")\n* Application of these integral formulae gives us a value for the integral around the whole of the contour.\n* division of the contour into a contour along the real part and imaginary part\n* The whole of the contour can be divided into the contour that follows the part of the complex plane that describes the real\\-valued integral as chosen before (call it {{mvar\\|R}}), and the integral that crosses the complex plane (call it {{mvar\\|I}}). The integral over the whole of the contour is the sum of the integral over each of these contours.\n* demonstration that the integral that crosses the complex plane plays no part in the sum\n* If the integral {{mvar\\|I}} can be shown to be zero, or if the real\\-valued integral that is sought is improper, then if we demonstrate that the integral {{mvar\\|I}} as described above tends to 0, the integral along {{mvar\\|R}} will tend to the integral around the contour {{math\\|''R'' \\+ ''I''}}.\n* conclusion\n* If we can show the above step, then we can directly calculate {{mvar\\|R}}, the real\\-valued integral.", "### Example 1", "Consider the integral\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{1}{\\\\left(x^2\\+1\\\\right)^2}\\\\,dx,", "To evaluate this integral, we look at the complex\\-valued function\nf(z)\\=\\\\frac{1}{\\\\left(z^2\\+1\\\\right)^2}", "which has [singularities](/wiki/Mathematical_singularity \"Mathematical singularity\") at {{mvar\\|i}} and {{math\\|−''i''}}. We choose a contour that will enclose the real\\-valued integral, here a semicircle with boundary diameter on the real line (going from, say, {{math\\|−''a''}} to {{mvar\\|a}}) will be convenient. Call this contour {{mvar\\|C}}.", "There are two ways of proceeding, using the [Cauchy integral formula](/wiki/Cauchy_integral_formula \"Cauchy integral formula\") or by the method of residues:", "#### Using the Cauchy integral formula", "Note that:\n\\\\oint\\_C f(z)\\\\,dz \\= \\\\int\\_{\\-a}^a f(z)\\\\,dz \\+ \\\\int\\_\\\\text{Arc} f(z)\\\\,dz \nthus\n\\\\int\\_{\\-a}^a f(z)\\\\,dz \\= \\\\oint\\_C f(z)\\\\,dz \\- \\\\int\\_\\\\text{Arc} f(z)\\\\,dz", "Furthermore, observe that\nf(z)\\=\\\\frac{1}{\\\\left(z^2\\+1\\\\right)^2}\\=\\\\frac{1}{(z\\+i)^2(z\\-i)^2}.", "Since the only singularity in the contour is the one at {{mvar\\|i}}, then we can write\nf(z)\\=\\\\frac{\\\\frac{1}{(z\\+i)^2}}{(z\\-i)^2},", "which puts the function in the form for direct application of the formula. Then, by using Cauchy's integral formula,\n\\\\oint\\_C f(z)\\\\,dz \\= \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{\\\\frac{1}{(z\\+i)^2}}{(z\\-i)^2}\\\\,dz \\= 2\\\\pi i \\\\, \\\\left.\\\\frac{d}{dz} \\\\frac{1}{(z\\+i)^2}\\\\right\\|\\_{z\\=i} \\=2 \\\\pi i \\\\left\\[\\\\frac{\\-2}{(z\\+i)^3}\\\\right]\\_{z \\= i} \\=\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2}", "We take the first derivative, in the above steps, because the pole is a second\\-order pole. That is, {{math\\|(''z'' − ''i'')}} is taken to the second power, so we employ the first derivative of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}}. If it were {{math\\|(''z'' − ''i'')}} taken to the third power, we would use the second derivative and divide by 2!, etc. The case of {{math\\|(''z'' − ''i'')}} to the first power corresponds to a zero order derivative—just {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} itself.", "We need to show that the integral over the arc of the semicircle tends to zero as {{math\\|''a'' → ∞}}, using the [estimation lemma](/wiki/Estimation_lemma \"Estimation lemma\")\n\\\\left\\|\\\\int\\_\\\\text{Arc} f(z)\\\\,dz\\\\right\\| \\\\le ML", "where {{mvar\\|M}} is an upper bound on {{math\\|{{abs\\|''f''(''z'')}}}} along the arc and {{mvar\\|L}} the length of the arc. Now,\n\\\\left\\|\\\\int\\_\\\\text{Arc} f(z)\\\\,dz\\\\right\\|\\\\le \\\\frac{a\\\\pi}{\\\\left(a^2\\-1\\\\right)^2} \\\\to 0 \\\\text{ as } a \\\\to \\\\infty.\nSo\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{1}{\\\\left(x^2\\+1\\\\right)^2}\\\\,dx \\= \\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty f(z)\\\\,dz \\= \\\\lim\\_{a \\\\to \\+\\\\infty} \\\\int\\_{\\-a}^a f(z)\\\\,dz \\= \\\\frac{\\\\pi}2\\.\\\\quad\\\\square", "#### Using the method of residues", "Consider the [Laurent series](/wiki/Laurent_series \"Laurent series\") of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} about {{mvar\\|i}}, the only singularity we need to consider. We then have\nf(z) \\= \\\\frac{\\-1}{4(z\\-i)^2} \\+ \\\\frac{\\-i}{4(z\\-i)} \\+ \\\\frac{3}{16} \\+ \\\\frac{i}{8}(z\\-i) \\+ \\\\frac{\\-5}{64}(z\\-i)^2 \\+ \\\\cdots", "(See the sample Laurent calculation from [Laurent series](/wiki/Laurent_series \"Laurent series\") for the derivation of this series.)", "It is clear by inspection that the residue is {{math\\|−{{sfrac\\|''i''\\|4}}}}, so, by the [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem \"Residue theorem\"), we have\n\\\\oint\\_C f(z)\\\\,dz \\= \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{1}{\\\\left(z^2\\+1\\\\right)^2}\\\\,dz \\= 2 \\\\pi i \\\\,\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=i} f(z) \\= 2 \\\\pi i \\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{i}{4}\\\\right)\\=\\\\frac{\\\\pi}2 \\\\quad\\\\square", "Thus we get the same result as before.", "#### Contour note", "As an aside, a question can arise whether we do not take the semicircle to include the *other* singularity, enclosing {{math\\|−''i''}}. To have the integral along the real axis moving in the correct direction, the contour must travel clockwise, i.e., in a negative direction, reversing the sign of the integral overall.", "This does not affect the use of the method of residues by series.", "### Example 2 – Cauchy distribution", "The integral\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx}}{x^2\\+1}\\\\,dx", "[right\\|250px\\|the contour](/wiki/Image:ContourDiagram.png \"ContourDiagram.png\")", "(which arises in [probability theory](/wiki/Probability_theory \"Probability theory\") as a scalar multiple of the [characteristic function](/wiki/Characteristic_function_%28probability_theory%29 \"Characteristic function (probability theory)\") of the [Cauchy distribution](/wiki/Cauchy_distribution \"Cauchy distribution\")) resists the techniques of elementary [calculus](/wiki/Calculus \"Calculus\"). We will evaluate it by expressing it as a limit of contour integrals along the contour {{mvar\\|C}} that goes along the [real](/wiki/Real_number \"Real number\") line from {{math\\|−''a''}} to {{mvar\\|a}} and then counterclockwise along a semicircle centered at 0 from {{mvar\\|a}} to {{math\\|−''a''}}. Take {{mvar\\|a}} to be greater than 1, so that the [imaginary](/wiki/Imaginary_number \"Imaginary number\") unit {{mvar\\|i}} is enclosed within the curve. The contour integral is\n\\\\int\\_C \\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\\+1}\\\\,dz.", "Since {{math\\|''e''''itz''}} is an [entire function](/wiki/Entire_function \"Entire function\") (having no [singularities](/wiki/Mathematical_singularity \"Mathematical singularity\") at any point in the complex plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator {{math\\|''z''2 \\+ 1}} is zero. Since {{math\\|1\\=''z''2 \\+ 1 \\= (''z'' \\+ ''i'')(''z'' − ''i'')}}, that happens only where {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''i''}} or {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −''i''}}. Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. The [residue](/wiki/Residue_%28complex_analysis%29 \"Residue (complex analysis)\") of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} at {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''i''}} is\n\\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}(z\\-i)f(z) \\= \\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}(z\\-i)\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\\+1} \\= \\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}(z\\-i)\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ (z\\-i)(z\\+i)} \\= \\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z\\+i} \\= \\\\frac{e^{\\-t}}{2i}.", "According to the [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem \"Residue theorem\"), then, we have\n\\\\int\\_C f(z)\\\\,dz\\=2\\\\pi i \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=i}f(z)\\=2\\\\pi i\\\\frac{e^{\\-t} }{ 2i}\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t}.", "The contour {{mvar\\|C}} may be split into a \"straight\" part and a curved arc, so that\n\\\\int\\_\\\\text{straight}\\+\\\\int\\_\\\\text{arc}\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t},\nand thus\n\\\\int\\_{\\-a}^a \\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t}\\-\\\\int\\_\\\\text{arc}.", "According to [Jordan's lemma](/wiki/Jordan%27s_lemma \"Jordan's lemma\"), **if {{math\\|''t'' \\> 0}} then**\n\\\\int\\_\\\\text{arc}\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\\+1}\\\\,dz \\\\rightarrow 0 \\\\mbox{ as } a\\\\rightarrow\\\\infty.", "Therefore, **if {{math\\|''t'' \\> 0}} then**\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\\+1}\\\\,dx\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t}.", "A similar argument with an arc that winds around {{math\\|−''i''}} rather than {{mvar\\|i}} shows that **if {{math\\|''t'' \\< 0}} then**\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\\+1}\\\\,dx\\=\\\\pi e^t,\nand finally we have this:\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\\+1} \\\\,dx\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-\\|t\\|}.", "(If {{math\\|1\\=''t'' \\= 0}} then the integral yields immediately to real\\-valued calculus methods and its value is {{pi}}.)", "### Example 3 – trigonometric integrals", "Certain substitutions can be made to integrals involving [trigonometric functions](/wiki/Trigonometric_functions \"Trigonometric functions\"), so the integral is transformed into a rational function of a complex variable and then the above methods can be used in order to evaluate the integral.", "As an example, consider\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\pi}^\\\\pi \\\\frac{1 }{ 1 \\+ 3 (\\\\cos t)^2} \\\\,dt.", "We seek to make a substitution of {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''eit''}}. Now, recall\n\\\\cos t \\= \\\\frac12 \\\\left(e^{it}\\+e^{\\-it}\\\\right) \\= \\\\frac12 \\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)\nand\n\\\\frac{dz}{dt} \\= iz,\\\\ dt \\= \\\\frac{dz}{iz}.", "Taking {{mvar\\|C}} to be the unit circle, we substitute to get:", "\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{1}{ 1 \\+ 3 \\\\left(\\\\frac12 \\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)\\\\right)^2} \\\\,\\\\frac{dz}{iz} \\&\\= \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{1 }{ 1 \\+ \\\\frac34 \\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)^2}\\\\frac{1}{iz} \\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{\\-i}{ z\\+\\\\frac34 z\\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)^2}\\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{dz}{ z\\+\\\\frac34 z\\\\left(z^2\\+2\\+\\\\frac{1}{z^2}\\\\right)} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{dz}{ z\\+\\\\frac34 \\\\left(z^3\\+2z\\+\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{dz}{ \\\\frac34 z^3\\+\\\\frac52 z\\+\\\\frac{3}{4z}} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{4}{ 3z^3\\+10z\\+\\\\frac{3}{z}}\\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-4i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{dz}{ 3z^3\\+10z\\+\\\\frac{3}{z}} \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-4i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{z}{ 3z^4\\+10z^2\\+3 } \\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-4i \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{z}{ 3\\\\left(z\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\-\\\\frac{4i}{3} \\\\oint\\_C \\\\frac{z}{\\\\left(z\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\\\,dz.\n\\\\end{align}", "The singularities to be considered are at \\\\tfrac{\\\\pm i}{\\\\sqrt{3}}. Let {{math\\|''C''1}} be a small circle about \\\\tfrac{i}{\\\\sqrt{3}}, and {{math\\|''C''2}} be a small circle about \\\\tfrac{\\-i}{\\\\sqrt{3}}. Then we arrive at the following:\n\\\\begin{align}\n\\& \\-\\\\frac{4i}{3} \\\\left \\[\\\\oint\\_{C\\_1} \\\\frac{\\\\frac{z}{\\\\left(z\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3} \\\\right)}}{z\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}\\\\,dz \\+\\\\oint\\_{C\\_2} \\\\frac{\\\\frac{z}{\\\\left(z\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}}{z\\+\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}} \\\\, dz \\\\right ] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\-\\\\frac{4i}{3} \\\\left\\[ 2\\\\pi i \\\\left\\[\\\\frac{z}{\\\\left(z\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\+\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\\\right]\\_{z\\=\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}} \\+ 2\\\\pi i \\\\left\\[\\\\frac{z}{\\\\left(z\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(z\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)} \\\\right]\\_{z\\=\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}\\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\frac{8\\\\pi}{3} \\\\left\\[\\\\frac{\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\left(\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\+\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)} \\+ \\\\frac{\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\+\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\-\\\\sqrt{3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)} \\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\frac{8\\\\pi}{3} \\\\left\\[\\\\frac{\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\left(\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt 3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{2}{i\\\\sqrt{3}}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt{3}i}\\\\right)}\\+\\\\frac{\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt 3}i\\\\right)\\\\left(\\-\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}i\\\\right)}\\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\frac{8\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left\\[\\\\frac{\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{i\\\\left(\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\+\\\\frac{\\-\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\-i\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\frac{8\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left\\[\\\\frac{\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\left(\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\+\\\\frac{\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{4}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)\\\\left(\\\\frac{2}{\\\\sqrt 3}\\\\right)}\\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\frac{8\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left\\[\\\\frac{\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\frac{16}{3\\\\sqrt{3}}}\\+\\\\frac{\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt 3}}{\\\\frac{16}{3\\\\sqrt{3}}} \\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\frac{8\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left\\[\\\\frac{3}{16} \\+ \\\\frac{3}{16} \\\\right] \\\\\\\\\n\\= {} \\& \\\\pi.\n\\\\end{align}", "### Example 3a – trigonometric integrals, the general procedure", "The above method may be applied to all integrals of the type\n \\\\int\\_0^{2\\\\pi} \\\\frac{P\\\\big(\\\\sin(t),\\\\sin(2t),\\\\ldots,\\\\cos(t),\\\\cos(2t),\\\\ldots\\\\big)}{Q\\\\big(\\\\sin(t),\\\\sin(2t),\\\\ldots,\\\\cos(t),\\\\cos(2t),\\\\ldots\\\\big)}\\\\, dt", "where {{mvar\\|P}} and {{mvar\\|Q}} are polynomials, i.e. a rational function in trigonometric terms is being integrated. Note that the bounds of integration may as well be {{pi}} and −{{pi}}, as in the previous example, or any other pair of endpoints 2{{pi}} apart.", "The trick is to use the substitution {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''eit''}} where {{math\\|1\\=''dz'' \\= ''ieit dt''}} and hence\n \\\\frac{1}{iz} \\\\,dz \\= dt.", "This substitution maps the interval {{closed\\-closed\\|0, 2π}} to the unit circle. Furthermore,\n \\\\sin(k t) \\= \\\\frac{e^{i k t} \\- e^{\\- i k t}}{2 i} \\= \\\\frac{z^k \\- z^{\\-k}}{2i}\nand\n \\\\cos(k t) \\= \\\\frac{e^{i k t} \\+ e^{\\- i k t}}{2} \\= \\\\frac{z^k \\+ z^{\\-k}}{2}\nso that a rational function {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} in {{mvar\\|z}} results from the substitution, and the integral becomes\n \\\\oint\\_{\\|z\\|\\=1} f(z) \\\\frac{1}{iz}\\\\, dz \nwhich is in turn computed by summing the residues of {{math\\|''f''(''z''){{sfrac\\|1\\|''iz''}}}} inside the unit circle.", "[right](/wiki/Image:TrigonometricToComplex.png \"TrigonometricToComplex.png\")\nThe image at right illustrates this for\n I \\= \\\\int\\_0^\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2} \\\\frac{1}{1 \\+ (\\\\sin t)^2}\\\\, dt,\nwhich we now compute. The first step is to recognize that\n I \\= \\\\frac14 \\\\int\\_0^{2\\\\pi} \\\\frac{1}{1 \\+ (\\\\sin t)^2} \\\\,dt.", "The substitution yields\n \\\\frac{1}{4} \\\\oint\\_{\\|z\\|\\=1} \\\\frac{4 i z}{z^4 \\- 6z^2 \\+ 1}\\\\, dz \\= \\\\oint\\_{\\|z\\|\\=1} \\\\frac{i z}{z^4 \\- 6z^2 \\+ 1}\\\\, dz.", "The poles of this function are at {{math\\|1 ± {{sqrt\\|2}}}} and {{math\\|−1 ± {{sqrt\\|2}}}}. Of these, {{math\\|1 \\+ {{sqrt\\|2}}}} and {{math\\|−1 − {{sqrt\\|2}}}} are outside the unit circle (shown in red, not to scale), whereas {{math\\|1 − {{sqrt\\|2}}}} and {{math\\|−1 \\+ {{sqrt\\|2}}}} are inside the unit circle (shown in blue). The corresponding residues are both equal to {{math\\|−{{sfrac\\|''i''{{sqrt\\|2}}\\|16}}}}, so that the value of the integral is\n I \\= 2 \\\\pi i \\\\; 2 \\\\left( \\- \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt{2}}{16} i \\\\right) \\= \\\\pi \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt{2}}{4}.", "### Example 4 – branch cuts", "Consider the real integral\n\\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt x}{x^2\\+6x\\+8}\\\\,dx.", "We can begin by formulating the complex integral\n\\\\int\\_C \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt z}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz\\=I.", "[right\\|180px](/wiki/Image:Keyhole_contour.svg \"Keyhole contour.svg\")\nWe can use the Cauchy integral formula or residue theorem again to obtain the relevant residues. However, the important thing to note is that {{math\\|1\\=''z''1/2 \\= ''e''(Log ''z'')/2}}, so {{math\\|''z''1/2}} has a [branch cut](/wiki/Branch_cut \"Branch cut\"). This affects our choice of the contour {{mvar\\|C}}. Normally the logarithm branch cut is defined as the negative real axis, however, this makes the calculation of the integral slightly more complicated, so we define it to be the positive real axis.", "Then, we use the so\\-called *keyhole contour*, which consists of a small circle about the origin of radius {{mvar\\|ε}} say, extending to a line segment parallel and close to the positive real axis but not touching it, to an almost full circle, returning to a line segment parallel, close, and below the positive real axis in the negative sense, returning to the small circle in the middle.", "Note that {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −2}} and {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −4}} are inside the big circle. These are the two remaining poles, derivable by factoring the denominator of the integrand. The branch point at {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= 0}} was avoided by detouring around the origin.\n{{clear}}", "Let {{mvar\\|γ}} be the small circle of radius {{mvar\\|ε}}, {{math\\|Γ}} the larger, with radius {{mvar\\|R}}, then\n\\\\int\\_C \\= \\\\int\\_\\\\varepsilon^R \\+ \\\\int\\_\\\\Gamma \\+ \\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\+ \\\\int\\_\\\\gamma.", "It can be shown that the integrals over {{math\\|Γ}} and {{mvar\\|γ}} both tend to zero as {{math\\|''ε'' → 0}} and {{math\\|''R'' → ∞}}, by an estimation argument above, that leaves two terms. Now since {{math\\|1\\=''z''1/2 \\= ''e''(Log ''z'')/2}}, on the contour outside the branch cut, we have gained 2{{pi}} in argument along {{mvar\\|γ}}. (By [Euler's identity](/wiki/Euler%27s_identity \"Euler's identity\"), {{math\\|''e''''i''π}} represents the unit vector, which therefore has {{pi}} as its log. This {{pi}} is what is meant by the argument of {{mvar\\|z}}. The coefficient of {{sfrac\\|1\\|2}} forces us to use 2{{pi}}.) So\n\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt z}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz\\&\\=\\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\\\frac{e^{\\\\frac12 \\\\operatorname{Log} z}}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\=\\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\\\frac{e^{\\\\frac12(\\\\log\\|z\\|\\+i \\\\arg{z})}}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\& \\= \\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\\\frac{ e^{\\\\frac12\\\\log\\|z\\|}e^{\\\\frac12(2\\\\pi i)}}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz\\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\=\\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\\\frac{ e^{\\\\frac12\\\\log\\|z\\|}e^{\\\\pi i}}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\& \\= \\\\int\\_R^\\\\varepsilon \\\\frac{\\-\\\\sqrt z}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz\\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\=\\\\int\\_\\\\varepsilon^R \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt z}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz.\n\\\\end{align}", "Therefore:\n\\\\int\\_C \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt z}{z^2\\+6z\\+8}\\\\,dz\\=2\\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt x}{x^2\\+6x\\+8}\\\\,dx.", "By using the residue theorem or the Cauchy integral formula (first employing the partial fractions method to derive a sum of two simple contour integrals) one obtains\n\\\\pi i \\\\left(\\\\frac{i}{\\\\sqrt 2}\\-i\\\\right)\\=\\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\sqrt x}{x^2\\+6x\\+8}\\\\,dx \\= \\\\pi\\\\left(1\\-\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt 2}\\\\right).\\\\quad\\\\square", "### Example 5 – the square of the logarithm", "[thumbnail\\|upright\\=2\\|right](/wiki/Image:KeyholeContourLeftTikz.tif \"KeyholeContourLeftTikz.tif\")", "This section treats a type of integral of which\n\\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\log x}{\\\\left(1\\+x^2\\\\right)^2} \\\\, dx\nis an example.", "To calculate this integral, one uses the function\nf(z) \\= \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log z}{1\\+z^2} \\\\right )^2\nand the branch of the logarithm corresponding to {{math\\|−π \\< arg ''z'' ≤ π}}.", "We will calculate the integral of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} along the keyhole contour shown at right. As it turns out this integral is a multiple of the initial integral that we wish to calculate and by the Cauchy residue theorem we have", "\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\left( \\\\int\\_R \\+ \\\\int\\_M \\+ \\\\int\\_N \\+ \\\\int\\_r \\\\right) f(z) \\\\, dz\n\\= \\&\\\\ 2 \\\\pi i \\\\big( \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=i} f(z) \\+ \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\-i} f(z) \\\\big) \\\\\\\\\n\\= \\&\\\\ 2 \\\\pi i \\\\left( \\- \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{4} \\+ \\\\frac{1}{16} i \\\\pi^2 \\- \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{4} \\- \\\\frac{1}{16} i \\\\pi^2 \\\\right) \\\\\\\\\n\\= \\&\\\\ \\- i \\\\pi^2\\. \\\\end{align}", "Let {{mvar\\|R}} be the radius of the large circle, and {{mvar\\|r}} the radius of the small one. We will denote the upper line by {{mvar\\|M}}, and the lower line by {{mvar\\|N}}. As before we take the limit when {{math\\|''R'' → ∞}} and {{math\\|''r'' → 0}}. The contributions from the two circles vanish. For example, one has the following upper bound with the [{{mvar\\|ML}} lemma](/wiki/ML_lemma \"ML lemma\"):\n\\\\left\\| \\\\int\\_R f(z) \\\\, dz \\\\right\\| \\\\le 2 \\\\pi R \\\\frac{(\\\\log R)^2 \\+ \\\\pi^2}{\\\\left(R^2\\-1\\\\right)^2} \\\\to 0\\.", "In order to compute the contributions of {{mvar\\|M}} and {{mvar\\|N}} we set {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −''x'' \\+ ''iε''}} on {{mvar\\|M}} and {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −''x'' − ''iε''}} on {{mvar\\|N}}, with {{math\\|0 \\< ''x'' \\< ∞}}:", "\\\\begin{align} \\-i \\\\pi^2 \\&\\= \\\\left( \\\\int\\_R \\+ \\\\int\\_M \\+ \\\\int\\_N \\+ \\\\int\\_r \\\\right) f(z) \\\\, dz \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\= \\\\left( \\\\int\\_M \\+ \\\\int\\_N \\\\right) f(z)\\\\, dz \\&\\& \\\\int\\_R, \\\\int\\_r \\\\mbox{ vanish} \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\=\\-\\\\int\\_\\\\infty^0 \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log(\\-x \\+ i\\\\varepsilon)}{1\\+(\\-x \\+ i\\\\varepsilon)^2} \\\\right )^2\\\\, dx \\- \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log(\\-x \\- i\\\\varepsilon)}{1\\+(\\-x \\- i\\\\varepsilon)^2}\\\\right)^2 \\\\, dx \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\= \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log(\\-x \\+ i\\\\varepsilon)}{1\\+(\\-x \\+ i\\\\varepsilon)^2} \\\\right )^2 \\\\, dx \\- \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log(\\-x \\- i\\\\varepsilon)}{1\\+(\\-x \\- i\\\\varepsilon)^2} \\\\right )^2 \\\\, dx \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\= \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log x \\+ i\\\\pi}{1\\+x^2} \\\\right )^2 \\\\, dx \\- \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\left (\\\\frac{\\\\log x \\- i\\\\pi}{1\\+x^2} \\\\right )^2 \\\\, dx \\&\\& \\\\varepsilon \\\\to 0 \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\= \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{(\\\\log x \\+ i\\\\pi)^2 \\- (\\\\log x \\- i\\\\pi)^2}{\\\\left(1\\+x^2\\\\right)^2} \\\\, dx \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\= \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{4 \\\\pi i \\\\log x}{\\\\left(1\\+x^2\\\\right)^2} \\\\, dx \\\\\\\\\\[6pt]\n\\&\\= 4 \\\\pi i \\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\log x}{\\\\left(1\\+x^2\\\\right)^2} \\\\, dx \\\\end{align}", "which gives\n\\\\int\\_0^\\\\infty \\\\frac{\\\\log x}{\\\\left(1\\+x^2\\\\right)^2} \\\\, dx \\= \\- \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{4}.", "### Example 6 – logarithms and the residue at infinity", "[right](/wiki/Image:ContourLogs.png \"ContourLogs.png\")", "We seek to evaluate\nI \\= \\\\int\\_0^3 \\\\frac{x^\\\\frac34 (3\\-x)^\\\\frac14}{5\\-x}\\\\,dx.", "This requires a close study of\nf(z) \\= z^\\\\frac34 (3\\-z)^\\\\frac14\\.", "We will construct {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} so that it has a branch cut on {{closed\\-closed\\|0, 3}}, shown in red in the diagram. To do this, we choose two branches of the logarithm, setting\nz^\\\\frac34 \\= \\\\exp \\\\left (\\\\frac34 \\\\log z \\\\right ) \\\\quad \\\\mbox{where } \\-\\\\pi \\\\le \\\\arg z \\< \\\\pi \nand\n(3\\-z)^\\\\frac14 \\= \\\\exp \\\\left (\\\\frac14 \\\\log(3\\-z) \\\\right ) \\\\quad \\\\mbox{where } 0 \\\\le \\\\arg(3\\-z) \\< 2\\\\pi.", "The cut of {{math\\|''z''{{3/4}}}} is therefore {{open\\-closed\\|−∞, 0}} and the cut of {{math\\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}} is {{open\\-closed\\|−∞, 3}}. It is easy to see that the cut of the product of the two, i.e. {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}}, is {{math\\|\\[0, 3]}}, because {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} is actually continuous across {{open\\-open\\|−∞, 0}}. This is because when {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −''r'' \\< 0}} and we approach the cut from above, {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value\n r^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i} (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac24 \\\\pi i} \\= r^\\\\frac34 (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac54 \\\\pi i}.", "When we approach from below, {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value\n r^\\\\frac34 e^{\\-\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i} (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} \\= r^\\\\frac34 (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\-\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i}.", "But\ne^{\\-\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i} \\= e^{\\\\frac54 \\\\pi i},", "so that we have continuity across the cut. This is illustrated in the diagram, where the two black oriented circles are labelled with the corresponding value of the argument of the logarithm used in {{math\\|''z''{{3/4}}}} and {{math\\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}}.", "We will use the contour shown in green in the diagram. To do this we must compute the value of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} along the line segments just above and just below the cut.", "Let {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''r''}} (in the limit, i.e. as the two green circles shrink to radius zero), where {{math\\|0 ≤ ''r'' ≤ 3}}. Along the upper segment, we find that {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value\nr^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac24 \\\\pi i} \\= i r^\\\\frac34 (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14\nand along the lower segment,\nr^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} \\= r^\\\\frac34 (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14\\.", "It follows that the integral of {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|''f''(''z'')\\|5 − ''z''}}}} along the upper segment is {{math\\|−''iI''}} in the limit, and along the lower segment, {{mvar\\|I}}.", "If we can show that the integrals along the two green circles vanish in the limit, then we also have the value of {{math\\|I}}, by the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem \"Cauchy residue theorem\"). Let the radius of the green circles be {{mvar\\|ρ}}, where {{math\\|''ρ'' \\< 0\\.001}} and {{math\\|''ρ'' → 0}}, and apply the [{{mvar\\|ML}} inequality](/wiki/Estimation_lemma \"Estimation lemma\"). For the circle {{math\\|''C''L}} on the left, we find\n\\\\left\\| \\\\int\\_{C\\_\\\\mathrm{L}} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} dz \\\\right\\| \\\\le 2 \\\\pi \\\\rho \\\\frac{\\\\rho^\\\\frac34 3\\.001^\\\\frac14}{4\\.999} \\\\in \\\\mathcal{O} \\\\left( \\\\rho^\\\\frac74 \\\\right) \\\\to 0\\.", "Similarly, for the circle {{math\\|''C''R}} on the right, we have\n\\\\left\\| \\\\int\\_{C\\_\\\\mathrm{R}} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} dz \\\\right\\| \\\\le 2 \\\\pi \\\\rho \\\\frac{3\\.001^\\\\frac34 \\\\rho^\\\\frac14}{1\\.999} \\\\in \\\\mathcal{O} \\\\left( \\\\rho^\\\\frac54 \\\\right) \\\\to 0\\.", "Now using the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem \"Cauchy residue theorem\"), we have\n(\\-i \\+ 1\\) I \\= \\-2\\\\pi i \\\\left( \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=5} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\+ \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\\\infty} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\\\right).\nwhere the minus sign is due to the clockwise direction around the residues. Using the branch of the logarithm from before, clearly\n\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=5} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\= \\- 5^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\log(\\-2\\)}.", "The pole is shown in blue in the diagram. The value simplifies to\n\\-5^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac14(\\\\log 2 \\+ \\\\pi i)} \\= \\-e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac14\\.", "We use the following formula for the residue at infinity:\n\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\\\infty} h(z) \\= \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=0} \\\\left(\\- \\\\frac{1}{z^2} h\\\\left(\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)\\\\right).", "Substituting, we find\n\\\\frac{1}{5\\-\\\\frac{1}{z}} \\= \\-z \\\\left(1 \\+ 5z \\+ 5^2 z^2 \\+ 5^3 z^3 \\+ \\\\cdots\\\\right)\nand\n\\\\left(\\\\frac{1}{z^3}\\\\left (3\\-\\\\frac{1}{z} \\\\right )\\\\right)^\\\\frac14 \\= \\\\frac{1}{z} (3z\\-1\\)^\\\\frac14 \\= \\\\frac{1}{z}e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} (1\\-3z)^\\\\frac14, \nwhere we have used the fact that {{math\\|1\\=−1 \\= ''e''π''i''}} for the second branch of the logarithm. Next we apply the binomial expansion, obtaining\n\\\\frac{1}{z} e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} \\\\left( 1 \\- {1/4 \\\\choose 1} 3z \\+ {1/4 \\\\choose 2} 3^2 z^2 \\- {1/4 \\\\choose 3} 3^3 z^3 \\+ \\\\cdots \\\\right).", "The conclusion is that\n\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\\\infty} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\= e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} \\\\left (5 \\- \\\\frac34 \\\\right ) \\= e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i}\\\\frac{17}{4}.", "Finally, it follows that the value of {{mvar\\|I}} is\n I \\= 2 \\\\pi i \\\\frac{e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i}}{\\-1\\+i} \\\\left(\\\\frac{17}{4} \\- 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac14 \\\\right) \\= 2 \\\\pi 2^{\\-\\\\frac12} \\\\left(\\\\frac{17}{4} \\- 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac14 \\\\right)\nwhich yields\nI \\= \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2\\\\sqrt 2} \\\\left(17 \\- 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac94 \\\\right) \\= \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2\\\\sqrt 2} \\\\left(17 \\- 40^\\\\frac34 \\\\right).", "" ]
### Example 2 – Cauchy distribution The integral \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx}}{x^2\+1}\\,dx [right\|250px\|the contour](/wiki/Image:ContourDiagram.png "ContourDiagram.png") (which arises in [probability theory](/wiki/Probability_theory "Probability theory") as a scalar multiple of the [characteristic function](/wiki/Characteristic_function_%28probability_theory%29 "Characteristic function (probability theory)") of the [Cauchy distribution](/wiki/Cauchy_distribution "Cauchy distribution")) resists the techniques of elementary [calculus](/wiki/Calculus "Calculus"). We will evaluate it by expressing it as a limit of contour integrals along the contour {{mvar\|C}} that goes along the [real](/wiki/Real_number "Real number") line from {{math\|−''a''}} to {{mvar\|a}} and then counterclockwise along a semicircle centered at 0 from {{mvar\|a}} to {{math\|−''a''}}. Take {{mvar\|a}} to be greater than 1, so that the [imaginary](/wiki/Imaginary_number "Imaginary number") unit {{mvar\|i}} is enclosed within the curve. The contour integral is \\int\_C \\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\+1}\\,dz. Since {{math\|''e''''itz''}} is an [entire function](/wiki/Entire_function "Entire function") (having no [singularities](/wiki/Mathematical_singularity "Mathematical singularity") at any point in the complex plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator {{math\|''z''2 \+ 1}} is zero. Since {{math\|1\=''z''2 \+ 1 \= (''z'' \+ ''i'')(''z'' − ''i'')}}, that happens only where {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''i''}} or {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −''i''}}. Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. The [residue](/wiki/Residue_%28complex_analysis%29 "Residue (complex analysis)") of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} at {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''i''}} is \\lim\_{z\\to i}(z\-i)f(z) \= \\lim\_{z\\to i}(z\-i)\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\+1} \= \\lim\_{z\\to i}(z\-i)\\frac{e^{itz} }{ (z\-i)(z\+i)} \= \\lim\_{z\\to i}\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z\+i} \= \\frac{e^{\-t}}{2i}. According to the [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem "Residue theorem"), then, we have \\int\_C f(z)\\,dz\=2\\pi i \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=i}f(z)\=2\\pi i\\frac{e^{\-t} }{ 2i}\=\\pi e^{\-t}. The contour {{mvar\|C}} may be split into a "straight" part and a curved arc, so that \\int\_\\text{straight}\+\\int\_\\text{arc}\=\\pi e^{\-t}, and thus \\int\_{\-a}^a \=\\pi e^{\-t}\-\\int\_\\text{arc}. According to [Jordan's lemma](/wiki/Jordan%27s_lemma "Jordan's lemma"), **if {{math\|''t'' \> 0}} then** \\int\_\\text{arc}\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\+1}\\,dz \\rightarrow 0 \\mbox{ as } a\\rightarrow\\infty. Therefore, **if {{math\|''t'' \> 0}} then** \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\+1}\\,dx\=\\pi e^{\-t}. A similar argument with an arc that winds around {{math\|−''i''}} rather than {{mvar\|i}} shows that **if {{math\|''t'' \< 0}} then** \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\+1}\\,dx\=\\pi e^t, and finally we have this: \\int\_{\-\\infty}^\\infty \\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\+1} \\,dx\=\\pi e^{\-\|t\|}. (If {{math\|1\=''t'' \= 0}} then the integral yields immediately to real\-valued calculus methods and its value is {{pi}}.)
[ "### Example 2 – Cauchy distribution", "The integral\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx}}{x^2\\+1}\\\\,dx", "[right\\|250px\\|the contour](/wiki/Image:ContourDiagram.png \"ContourDiagram.png\")", "(which arises in [probability theory](/wiki/Probability_theory \"Probability theory\") as a scalar multiple of the [characteristic function](/wiki/Characteristic_function_%28probability_theory%29 \"Characteristic function (probability theory)\") of the [Cauchy distribution](/wiki/Cauchy_distribution \"Cauchy distribution\")) resists the techniques of elementary [calculus](/wiki/Calculus \"Calculus\"). We will evaluate it by expressing it as a limit of contour integrals along the contour {{mvar\\|C}} that goes along the [real](/wiki/Real_number \"Real number\") line from {{math\\|−''a''}} to {{mvar\\|a}} and then counterclockwise along a semicircle centered at 0 from {{mvar\\|a}} to {{math\\|−''a''}}. Take {{mvar\\|a}} to be greater than 1, so that the [imaginary](/wiki/Imaginary_number \"Imaginary number\") unit {{mvar\\|i}} is enclosed within the curve. The contour integral is\n\\\\int\\_C \\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\\+1}\\\\,dz.", "Since {{math\\|''e''''itz''}} is an [entire function](/wiki/Entire_function \"Entire function\") (having no [singularities](/wiki/Mathematical_singularity \"Mathematical singularity\") at any point in the complex plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator {{math\\|''z''2 \\+ 1}} is zero. Since {{math\\|1\\=''z''2 \\+ 1 \\= (''z'' \\+ ''i'')(''z'' − ''i'')}}, that happens only where {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''i''}} or {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −''i''}}. Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. The [residue](/wiki/Residue_%28complex_analysis%29 \"Residue (complex analysis)\") of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} at {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''i''}} is\n\\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}(z\\-i)f(z) \\= \\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}(z\\-i)\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\\+1} \\= \\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}(z\\-i)\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ (z\\-i)(z\\+i)} \\= \\\\lim\\_{z\\\\to i}\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z\\+i} \\= \\\\frac{e^{\\-t}}{2i}.", "According to the [residue theorem](/wiki/Residue_theorem \"Residue theorem\"), then, we have\n\\\\int\\_C f(z)\\\\,dz\\=2\\\\pi i \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=i}f(z)\\=2\\\\pi i\\\\frac{e^{\\-t} }{ 2i}\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t}.", "The contour {{mvar\\|C}} may be split into a \"straight\" part and a curved arc, so that\n\\\\int\\_\\\\text{straight}\\+\\\\int\\_\\\\text{arc}\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t},\nand thus\n\\\\int\\_{\\-a}^a \\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t}\\-\\\\int\\_\\\\text{arc}.", "According to [Jordan's lemma](/wiki/Jordan%27s_lemma \"Jordan's lemma\"), **if {{math\\|''t'' \\> 0}} then**\n\\\\int\\_\\\\text{arc}\\\\frac{e^{itz} }{ z^2\\+1}\\\\,dz \\\\rightarrow 0 \\\\mbox{ as } a\\\\rightarrow\\\\infty.", "Therefore, **if {{math\\|''t'' \\> 0}} then**\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\\+1}\\\\,dx\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-t}.", "A similar argument with an arc that winds around {{math\\|−''i''}} rather than {{mvar\\|i}} shows that **if {{math\\|''t'' \\< 0}} then**\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\\+1}\\\\,dx\\=\\\\pi e^t,\nand finally we have this:\n\\\\int\\_{\\-\\\\infty}^\\\\infty \\\\frac{e^{itx} }{ x^2\\+1} \\\\,dx\\=\\\\pi e^{\\-\\|t\\|}.", "(If {{math\\|1\\=''t'' \\= 0}} then the integral yields immediately to real\\-valued calculus methods and its value is {{pi}}.)", "" ]
### Example 6 – logarithms and the residue at infinity [right](/wiki/Image:ContourLogs.png "ContourLogs.png") We seek to evaluate I \= \\int\_0^3 \\frac{x^\\frac34 (3\-x)^\\frac14}{5\-x}\\,dx. This requires a close study of f(z) \= z^\\frac34 (3\-z)^\\frac14\. We will construct {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} so that it has a branch cut on {{closed\-closed\|0, 3}}, shown in red in the diagram. To do this, we choose two branches of the logarithm, setting z^\\frac34 \= \\exp \\left (\\frac34 \\log z \\right ) \\quad \\mbox{where } \-\\pi \\le \\arg z \< \\pi and (3\-z)^\\frac14 \= \\exp \\left (\\frac14 \\log(3\-z) \\right ) \\quad \\mbox{where } 0 \\le \\arg(3\-z) \< 2\\pi. The cut of {{math\|''z''{{3/4}}}} is therefore {{open\-closed\|−∞, 0}} and the cut of {{math\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}} is {{open\-closed\|−∞, 3}}. It is easy to see that the cut of the product of the two, i.e. {{math\|''f''(''z'')}}, is {{math\|\[0, 3]}}, because {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} is actually continuous across {{open\-open\|−∞, 0}}. This is because when {{math\|1\=''z'' \= −''r'' \< 0}} and we approach the cut from above, {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value r^\\frac34 e^{\\frac34 \\pi i} (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac24 \\pi i} \= r^\\frac34 (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac54 \\pi i}. When we approach from below, {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value r^\\frac34 e^{\-\\frac34 \\pi i} (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} \= r^\\frac34 (3\+r)^\\frac14 e^{\-\\frac34 \\pi i}. But e^{\-\\frac34 \\pi i} \= e^{\\frac54 \\pi i}, so that we have continuity across the cut. This is illustrated in the diagram, where the two black oriented circles are labelled with the corresponding value of the argument of the logarithm used in {{math\|''z''{{3/4}}}} and {{math\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}}. We will use the contour shown in green in the diagram. To do this we must compute the value of {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} along the line segments just above and just below the cut. Let {{math\|1\=''z'' \= ''r''}} (in the limit, i.e. as the two green circles shrink to radius zero), where {{math\|0 ≤ ''r'' ≤ 3}}. Along the upper segment, we find that {{math\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value r^\\frac34 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} (3\-r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac24 \\pi i} \= i r^\\frac34 (3\-r)^\\frac14 and along the lower segment, r^\\frac34 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} (3\-r)^\\frac14 e^{\\frac04 \\pi i} \= r^\\frac34 (3\-r)^\\frac14\. It follows that the integral of {{math\|{{sfrac\|''f''(''z'')\|5 − ''z''}}}} along the upper segment is {{math\|−''iI''}} in the limit, and along the lower segment, {{mvar\|I}}. If we can show that the integrals along the two green circles vanish in the limit, then we also have the value of {{math\|I}}, by the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem "Cauchy residue theorem"). Let the radius of the green circles be {{mvar\|ρ}}, where {{math\|''ρ'' \< 0\.001}} and {{math\|''ρ'' → 0}}, and apply the [{{mvar\|ML}} inequality](/wiki/Estimation_lemma "Estimation lemma"). For the circle {{math\|''C''L}} on the left, we find \\left\| \\int\_{C\_\\mathrm{L}} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} dz \\right\| \\le 2 \\pi \\rho \\frac{\\rho^\\frac34 3\.001^\\frac14}{4\.999} \\in \\mathcal{O} \\left( \\rho^\\frac74 \\right) \\to 0\. Similarly, for the circle {{math\|''C''R}} on the right, we have \\left\| \\int\_{C\_\\mathrm{R}} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} dz \\right\| \\le 2 \\pi \\rho \\frac{3\.001^\\frac34 \\rho^\\frac14}{1\.999} \\in \\mathcal{O} \\left( \\rho^\\frac54 \\right) \\to 0\. Now using the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem "Cauchy residue theorem"), we have (\-i \+ 1\) I \= \-2\\pi i \\left( \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=5} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \+ \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\\infty} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \\right). where the minus sign is due to the clockwise direction around the residues. Using the branch of the logarithm from before, clearly \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=5} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \= \- 5^\\frac34 e^{\\frac14 \\log(\-2\)}. The pole is shown in blue in the diagram. The value simplifies to \-5^\\frac34 e^{\\frac14(\\log 2 \+ \\pi i)} \= \-e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac14\. We use the following formula for the residue at infinity: \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\\infty} h(z) \= \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=0} \\left(\- \\frac{1}{z^2} h\\left(\\frac{1}{z}\\right)\\right). Substituting, we find \\frac{1}{5\-\\frac{1}{z}} \= \-z \\left(1 \+ 5z \+ 5^2 z^2 \+ 5^3 z^3 \+ \\cdots\\right) and \\left(\\frac{1}{z^3}\\left (3\-\\frac{1}{z} \\right )\\right)^\\frac14 \= \\frac{1}{z} (3z\-1\)^\\frac14 \= \\frac{1}{z}e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} (1\-3z)^\\frac14, where we have used the fact that {{math\|1\=−1 \= ''e''π''i''}} for the second branch of the logarithm. Next we apply the binomial expansion, obtaining \\frac{1}{z} e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} \\left( 1 \- {1/4 \\choose 1} 3z \+ {1/4 \\choose 2} 3^2 z^2 \- {1/4 \\choose 3} 3^3 z^3 \+ \\cdots \\right). The conclusion is that \\operatorname{Res}\_{z\=\\infty} \\frac{f(z)}{5\-z} \= e^{\\frac14 \\pi i} \\left (5 \- \\frac34 \\right ) \= e^{\\frac14 \\pi i}\\frac{17}{4}. Finally, it follows that the value of {{mvar\|I}} is I \= 2 \\pi i \\frac{e^{\\frac14 \\pi i}}{\-1\+i} \\left(\\frac{17}{4} \- 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac14 \\right) \= 2 \\pi 2^{\-\\frac12} \\left(\\frac{17}{4} \- 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac14 \\right) which yields I \= \\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt 2} \\left(17 \- 5^\\frac34 2^\\frac94 \\right) \= \\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt 2} \\left(17 \- 40^\\frac34 \\right).
[ "### Example 6 – logarithms and the residue at infinity", "[right](/wiki/Image:ContourLogs.png \"ContourLogs.png\")", "We seek to evaluate\nI \\= \\\\int\\_0^3 \\\\frac{x^\\\\frac34 (3\\-x)^\\\\frac14}{5\\-x}\\\\,dx.", "This requires a close study of\nf(z) \\= z^\\\\frac34 (3\\-z)^\\\\frac14\\.", "We will construct {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} so that it has a branch cut on {{closed\\-closed\\|0, 3}}, shown in red in the diagram. To do this, we choose two branches of the logarithm, setting\nz^\\\\frac34 \\= \\\\exp \\\\left (\\\\frac34 \\\\log z \\\\right ) \\\\quad \\\\mbox{where } \\-\\\\pi \\\\le \\\\arg z \\< \\\\pi \nand\n(3\\-z)^\\\\frac14 \\= \\\\exp \\\\left (\\\\frac14 \\\\log(3\\-z) \\\\right ) \\\\quad \\\\mbox{where } 0 \\\\le \\\\arg(3\\-z) \\< 2\\\\pi.", "The cut of {{math\\|''z''{{3/4}}}} is therefore {{open\\-closed\\|−∞, 0}} and the cut of {{math\\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}} is {{open\\-closed\\|−∞, 3}}. It is easy to see that the cut of the product of the two, i.e. {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}}, is {{math\\|\\[0, 3]}}, because {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} is actually continuous across {{open\\-open\\|−∞, 0}}. This is because when {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= −''r'' \\< 0}} and we approach the cut from above, {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value\n r^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i} (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac24 \\\\pi i} \\= r^\\\\frac34 (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac54 \\\\pi i}.", "When we approach from below, {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value\n r^\\\\frac34 e^{\\-\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i} (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} \\= r^\\\\frac34 (3\\+r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\-\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i}.", "But\ne^{\\-\\\\frac34 \\\\pi i} \\= e^{\\\\frac54 \\\\pi i},", "so that we have continuity across the cut. This is illustrated in the diagram, where the two black oriented circles are labelled with the corresponding value of the argument of the logarithm used in {{math\\|''z''{{3/4}}}} and {{math\\|(3 − ''z'')1/4}}.", "We will use the contour shown in green in the diagram. To do this we must compute the value of {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} along the line segments just above and just below the cut.", "Let {{math\\|1\\=''z'' \\= ''r''}} (in the limit, i.e. as the two green circles shrink to radius zero), where {{math\\|0 ≤ ''r'' ≤ 3}}. Along the upper segment, we find that {{math\\|''f''(''z'')}} has the value\nr^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac24 \\\\pi i} \\= i r^\\\\frac34 (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14\nand along the lower segment,\nr^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14 e^{\\\\frac04 \\\\pi i} \\= r^\\\\frac34 (3\\-r)^\\\\frac14\\.", "It follows that the integral of {{math\\|{{sfrac\\|''f''(''z'')\\|5 − ''z''}}}} along the upper segment is {{math\\|−''iI''}} in the limit, and along the lower segment, {{mvar\\|I}}.", "If we can show that the integrals along the two green circles vanish in the limit, then we also have the value of {{math\\|I}}, by the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem \"Cauchy residue theorem\"). Let the radius of the green circles be {{mvar\\|ρ}}, where {{math\\|''ρ'' \\< 0\\.001}} and {{math\\|''ρ'' → 0}}, and apply the [{{mvar\\|ML}} inequality](/wiki/Estimation_lemma \"Estimation lemma\"). For the circle {{math\\|''C''L}} on the left, we find\n\\\\left\\| \\\\int\\_{C\\_\\\\mathrm{L}} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} dz \\\\right\\| \\\\le 2 \\\\pi \\\\rho \\\\frac{\\\\rho^\\\\frac34 3\\.001^\\\\frac14}{4\\.999} \\\\in \\\\mathcal{O} \\\\left( \\\\rho^\\\\frac74 \\\\right) \\\\to 0\\.", "Similarly, for the circle {{math\\|''C''R}} on the right, we have\n\\\\left\\| \\\\int\\_{C\\_\\\\mathrm{R}} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} dz \\\\right\\| \\\\le 2 \\\\pi \\\\rho \\\\frac{3\\.001^\\\\frac34 \\\\rho^\\\\frac14}{1\\.999} \\\\in \\\\mathcal{O} \\\\left( \\\\rho^\\\\frac54 \\\\right) \\\\to 0\\.", "Now using the [Cauchy residue theorem](/wiki/Cauchy_residue_theorem \"Cauchy residue theorem\"), we have\n(\\-i \\+ 1\\) I \\= \\-2\\\\pi i \\\\left( \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=5} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\+ \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\\\infty} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\\\right).\nwhere the minus sign is due to the clockwise direction around the residues. Using the branch of the logarithm from before, clearly\n\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=5} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\= \\- 5^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\log(\\-2\\)}.", "The pole is shown in blue in the diagram. The value simplifies to\n\\-5^\\\\frac34 e^{\\\\frac14(\\\\log 2 \\+ \\\\pi i)} \\= \\-e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac14\\.", "We use the following formula for the residue at infinity:\n\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\\\infty} h(z) \\= \\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=0} \\\\left(\\- \\\\frac{1}{z^2} h\\\\left(\\\\frac{1}{z}\\\\right)\\\\right).", "Substituting, we find\n\\\\frac{1}{5\\-\\\\frac{1}{z}} \\= \\-z \\\\left(1 \\+ 5z \\+ 5^2 z^2 \\+ 5^3 z^3 \\+ \\\\cdots\\\\right)\nand\n\\\\left(\\\\frac{1}{z^3}\\\\left (3\\-\\\\frac{1}{z} \\\\right )\\\\right)^\\\\frac14 \\= \\\\frac{1}{z} (3z\\-1\\)^\\\\frac14 \\= \\\\frac{1}{z}e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} (1\\-3z)^\\\\frac14, \nwhere we have used the fact that {{math\\|1\\=−1 \\= ''e''π''i''}} for the second branch of the logarithm. Next we apply the binomial expansion, obtaining\n\\\\frac{1}{z} e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} \\\\left( 1 \\- {1/4 \\\\choose 1} 3z \\+ {1/4 \\\\choose 2} 3^2 z^2 \\- {1/4 \\\\choose 3} 3^3 z^3 \\+ \\\\cdots \\\\right).", "The conclusion is that\n\\\\operatorname{Res}\\_{z\\=\\\\infty} \\\\frac{f(z)}{5\\-z} \\= e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i} \\\\left (5 \\- \\\\frac34 \\\\right ) \\= e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i}\\\\frac{17}{4}.", "Finally, it follows that the value of {{mvar\\|I}} is\n I \\= 2 \\\\pi i \\\\frac{e^{\\\\frac14 \\\\pi i}}{\\-1\\+i} \\\\left(\\\\frac{17}{4} \\- 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac14 \\\\right) \\= 2 \\\\pi 2^{\\-\\\\frac12} \\\\left(\\\\frac{17}{4} \\- 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac14 \\\\right)\nwhich yields\nI \\= \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2\\\\sqrt 2} \\\\left(17 \\- 5^\\\\frac34 2^\\\\frac94 \\\\right) \\= \\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2\\\\sqrt 2} \\\\left(17 \\- 40^\\\\frac34 \\\\right).", "" ]
Examples -------- ### Schelling's questions Here is a subset of the questions raised by Schelling to prove the existence of a focal point. 1. Head\-tail game: Name "heads" or "tails". If the two players name the same, they win an award, otherwise, they get nothing. 2. Letter order game: Give an order to letters A, B, and C. If the three players give the same order, they win an award, otherwise they get nothing. 3. Split money game: Two players share $100\. They first write down their individual claims on a sheet of paper. If their claims add to $100 or less, both of them will get exactly what they claimed, but if the sum is higher than $100 they get nothing. The results of the informal experiments are 1. For the two players, A and B, in head\-tail game. 16 out of 22 A and 15 out of 22 B chose "heads". 2. For the three players, A, B, and C, in letter order game. 9 out of 12 A, 10 out of 12 B, and 14 out of 16 C wrote "ABC". 3. For the players to claim part of the $100\. 36 out of 40 chose $50\. 2 of the remainder chose $49 and $49\.99\. These games suggest that focal points have some saliency. These characteristics make them preferable choices to people. Furthermore, people would assume each other has also noticed the saliency and make the same decision. ### In coordination game [right\|thumb\|Coordination game example](/wiki/File:Focal_point_squares.jpg "Focal point squares.jpg") In a simple example, two people unable to communicate with each other are each shown a panel of four squares and asked to select one; if and only if they both select the *same* one, they will each receive a prize. Three of the squares are blue and one is red. Assuming they each know nothing about the other player, but that they each do want to win the prize, then they will, reasonably, *both* choose the red square. The red square is not in a sense a *better* square; they could win by both choosing any square and in this sense, all squares are technically a [Nash equilibrium](/wiki/Nash_equilibrium "Nash equilibrium"). The red square is the "right" square to select only if a player can be sure that the other player has selected it, but by hypothesis neither can. However, it is the most salient and notable square, so—lacking any other one—most people will choose it, and this will in fact (often) work. ### Collision game [right\|thumb\|Collision game example](/wiki/File:Collision_game.jpg "Collision game.jpg") Focal points can also have real\-life applications. For example, imagine two bicycles headed towards each other and in danger of crashing. Avoiding collision becomes a coordination game where each player's winning choice depends on the other player's choice. Each player, in this case, has the choice to go straight, swerve to the left or swerve to the right. Both players want to avoid crashing, but neither knows what the other will do.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mindyourdecisions.com/blog/2008/04/01/focal\-points\-or\-schelling\-points\-how\-we\-naturally\-organize\-in\-games\-of\-coordination/\|title\=Focal Points (or Schelling Points): How We Naturally Organize in Games of Coordination – Mind Your Decisions\|website\=mindyourdecisions.com\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2017\-12\-12}} In this case, the decision to swerve right can serve as a focal point which leads to the winning right\-right outcome. It seems a natural focal point in places using [right\-hand traffic](/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic "Left- and right-hand traffic"). This idea of *anti\-coordination game* is also apparent in the [game of chicken](/wiki/Game_of_chicken "Game of chicken"), which involves two cars racing toward each other on a collision course and in which the driver who first decides to swerve is seen as a coward, while no driver swerving results in a fatal collision for both. ### “Guess 2/3 of the average” game The [Guess 2/3 of the average](/wiki/Guess_2/3_of_the_average "Guess 2/3 of the average") game shows the level\-n theory in practice. In this game, players are tasked with guessing an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive which they believe is closest to 2/3 of the average of all players’ guesses. A Nash equilibrium can be found by thinking through each level: * Level 0: The average can be in \[0, 100] * Level 1: The average can be in \[0, 67], which is 2/3 of the maximum average of level 0 * Level 2: The average can be in \[0, 45], which is 2/3 of the maximum average of level 1 * Level N: Assuming all other players reason similarly, 2/3 of the maximum average will never be higher than 100 \\cdot ( \\tfrac{2}{3} )^N As N grows, 2/3 of the average will trend towards zero. At this point, the only Nash equilibrium is for all players to guess 0 Adding repetition to the game introduces a focal point at the Nash equilibrium solution of 0\. This was shown by Camerer as, “\[when] the game is played multiple times with the same group, the average moves close to 0\.” Introducing the iterative aspect to the game forces all players onto higher levels of thinking which allows them all to play guesses trending towards 0\.
[ "Examples\n--------", "### Schelling's questions", "Here is a subset of the questions raised by Schelling to prove the existence of a focal point.", "1. Head\\-tail game: Name \"heads\" or \"tails\". If the two players name the same, they win an award, otherwise, they get nothing.\n2. Letter order game: Give an order to letters A, B, and C. If the three players give the same order, they win an award, otherwise they get nothing.\n3. Split money game: Two players share $100\\. They first write down their individual claims on a sheet of paper. If their claims add to $100 or less, both of them will get exactly what they claimed, but if the sum is higher than $100 they get nothing.", "The results of the informal experiments are\n1. For the two players, A and B, in head\\-tail game. 16 out of 22 A and 15 out of 22 B chose \"heads\".\n2. For the three players, A, B, and C, in letter order game. 9 out of 12 A, 10 out of 12 B, and 14 out of 16 C wrote \"ABC\".\n3. For the players to claim part of the $100\\. 36 out of 40 chose $50\\. 2 of the remainder chose $49 and $49\\.99\\.", "These games suggest that focal points have some saliency. These characteristics make them preferable choices to people. Furthermore, people would assume each other has also noticed the saliency and make the same decision.", "### In coordination game", "[right\\|thumb\\|Coordination game example](/wiki/File:Focal_point_squares.jpg \"Focal point squares.jpg\")\nIn a simple example, two people unable to communicate with each other are each shown a panel of four squares and asked to select one; if and only if they both select the *same* one, they will each receive a prize. Three of the squares are blue and one is red. Assuming they each know nothing about the other player, but that they each do want to win the prize, then they will, reasonably, *both* choose the red square.", "The red square is not in a sense a *better* square; they could win by both choosing any square and in this sense, all squares are technically a [Nash equilibrium](/wiki/Nash_equilibrium \"Nash equilibrium\"). The red square is the \"right\" square to select only if a player can be sure that the other player has selected it, but by hypothesis neither can. However, it is the most salient and notable square, so—lacking any other one—most people will choose it, and this will in fact (often) work.", "### Collision game", "[right\\|thumb\\|Collision game example](/wiki/File:Collision_game.jpg \"Collision game.jpg\")\nFocal points can also have real\\-life applications. For example, imagine two bicycles headed towards each other and in danger of crashing. Avoiding collision becomes a coordination game where each player's winning choice depends on the other player's choice. Each player, in this case, has the choice to go straight, swerve to the left or swerve to the right. Both players want to avoid crashing, but neither knows what the other will do.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mindyourdecisions.com/blog/2008/04/01/focal\\-points\\-or\\-schelling\\-points\\-how\\-we\\-naturally\\-organize\\-in\\-games\\-of\\-coordination/\\|title\\=Focal Points (or Schelling Points): How We Naturally Organize in Games of Coordination – Mind Your Decisions\\|website\\=mindyourdecisions.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-12}} In this case, the decision to swerve right can serve as a focal point which leads to the winning right\\-right outcome. It seems a natural focal point in places using [right\\-hand traffic](/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic \"Left- and right-hand traffic\").", "This idea of *anti\\-coordination game* is also apparent in the [game of chicken](/wiki/Game_of_chicken \"Game of chicken\"), which involves two cars racing toward each other on a collision course and in which the driver who first decides to swerve is seen as a coward, while no driver swerving results in a fatal collision for both.", "### “Guess 2/3 of the average” game", "The [Guess 2/3 of the average](/wiki/Guess_2/3_of_the_average \"Guess 2/3 of the average\") game shows the level\\-n theory in practice. In this game, players are tasked with guessing an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive which they believe is closest to 2/3 of the average of all players’ guesses. A Nash equilibrium can be found by thinking through each level:\n* Level 0: The average can be in \\[0, 100]\n* Level 1: The average can be in \\[0, 67], which is 2/3 of the maximum average of level 0\n* Level 2: The average can be in \\[0, 45], which is 2/3 of the maximum average of level 1\n* Level N: Assuming all other players reason similarly, 2/3 of the maximum average will never be higher than 100 \\\\cdot ( \\\\tfrac{2}{3} )^N\nAs N grows, 2/3 of the average will trend towards zero. At this point, the only Nash equilibrium is for all players to guess 0", "Adding repetition to the game introduces a focal point at the Nash equilibrium solution of 0\\. This was shown by Camerer as, “\\[when] the game is played multiple times with the same group, the average moves close to 0\\.” Introducing the iterative aspect to the game forces all players onto higher levels of thinking which allows them all to play guesses trending towards 0\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Childhood Details about Bhagawan Nityananda's birth are relatively unknown. According to his disciples, Nityananda was found as an abandoned infant in Tuneri village, Koyilandy, Madras Presidency, British India by a lady named Uniamma Nair, who was married to Chathu Nair. The Nair couple adopted this child and took care of him along with their own five children. Nityananda was named as *Raman* by his foster parents. The Nair couple were farmers, who also took care of the farms owned by a wealthy lawyer named Ishwar Iyer, who greatly trusted them.Page 4 *Life of Bhagawan Nityananda \& Chidakasha Geeta*, by Deepa Kodikal Publisher Surendra Kalyanpur, Mumbai, 2007 Nityananda's foster father died when he was three and his foster mother when he was six. Before dying she handed over her responsibility of Nityananda to Ishwar Iyer.{{cite book\|author\=Nityananda\|title\=The Sky of the Heart: Jewels of Wisdom from Nityananda\|publisher\=Rudra Press\|year\=1985\|isbn\=0\-915801\-02\-7}} ### Spiritual life [thumb\|Guru Nityananda Samadhi](/wiki/File:Bhagawan_Nityananda_Samadhi.jpg "Bhagawan Nityananda Samadhi.jpg") Even in childhood, Bhagawan Nityananda seemed to be in an unusually advanced spiritual state, which gave rise to the belief that he was born enlightened. He was eventually given the name Nityananda, which means, "always in bliss".{{cite book\|last\=Brooks\|first\=Douglas\|author2\=Sabharathnam, S. P.\|title\=Meditation Revolution\|publisher\=Agama Press\|year\=1997\|isbn\=0\-9654096\-0\-0}} Before the age of twenty, Nityananda became a wandering [yogi](/wiki/Yogi "Yogi"), spending time on [yogic](/wiki/Yogic "Yogic") studies and practices in the Himalayas and other places. By 1920, he was back in southern India.{{cite book\|last\=Muktananda\|first\=Swami\|title\=Bhagawan Nityananda of Ganeshpuri\|publisher\=Siddha Yoga Publications\|edition\=2nd Revised\|year\=1996\|isbn\=0\-911307\-45\-1}} Settled in southern India, Nityananda gained a reputation for performing miracles and curing the sick. He started building an [ashram](/wiki/Ashram "Ashram") near [Kanhangad](/wiki/Kanhangad "Kanhangad"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala "Kerala") state. The hill temple and Ashram in Kanhangad are now pilgrim centres. The Guruvan, a forest in the hills nearby where Bhagawan sat on penance, is now a pilgrim retreat. By 1923, Nityananda had wandered to the [Tansa Valley](/wiki/Tansa_Valley "Tansa Valley") in [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra "Maharashtra") state. There, his reputation as a miracle worker attracted people from as far away as [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), though he never took credit for any miracles. He said, "Everything that happens, happens automatically by the will of God." Nityananda gave a great deal of help to the local [adivasis](/wiki/Adivasi "Adivasi"). Nityananda set up a school, where he provided food and clothing for the students. ### Guru As a [Guru](/wiki/Guru "Guru"), Bhagawan Nityananda gave relatively little by way of verbal teachings. Starting in the early 1920s, his devotees in [Mangalore](/wiki/Mangalore "Mangalore") would sit with him in the evenings. Most of the time he was silent, though occasionally he would give teachings. A female devotee named Tulsiamma (Tulsi Amma) (1882\-1945\) wrote down some of his teachings and his answers to her specific queries. Later, these notes were compiled and published in the [Kannada language](/wiki/Kannada_language "Kannada language") and came to be known as the *Chidakasha Geeta*. Some believe that Nityananda had the power to transmit spiritual energy ([shaktipat](/wiki/Shaktipat "Shaktipat")) to people through non\-verbal means. He could also be extremely fiery and intimidating in his behaviour, even to the point of throwing rocks on occasion. This was his way of deterring people who were not serious in their spiritual aspirations, or who came to him with ulterior motives. In 1936, he went to the [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") temple in the village of Ganeshpuri and asked if he could stay there. The family that looked after the temple agreed and built a hut for him. As his visitors and followers increased, the hut expanded and became an ashram. To the people around him, he was an [avadhuta](/wiki/Avadhuta "Avadhuta"): one who is absorbed in the transcendental state. ### Final Years and Death (Samadhi) Bhagawan Nityananda died on 8 August 1961 at age 63\. His [samadhi](/wiki/Samadhi%23As_mausoleum "Samadhi#As mausoleum") is located in Ganeshpuri at the Samadhi Mandir. There is also a shrine dedicated to him in the [Gurudev Siddha Peeth](/wiki/Gurudev_Siddha_Peeth "Gurudev Siddha Peeth") ashram at Ganeshpuri. His ashram, tourist hostel, and other buildings associated with his life in Ganeshpuri are preserved by the Shree Bhimeshwar Sadguru Nityanand Sanstha Ganeshpuri. This trust is also responsible for his [samadhi](/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi "Samādhi") shrine in Ganeshpuri, which is a pilgrimage site. A trust at Kanhangad looks after the Ashram and temples located there. The trust also runs a few educational institutions and a [dharmasala](/wiki/Dharamshalas "Dharamshalas").
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Childhood", "Details about Bhagawan Nityananda's birth are relatively unknown. According to his disciples, Nityananda was found as an abandoned infant in Tuneri village, Koyilandy, Madras Presidency, British India by a lady named Uniamma Nair, who was married to Chathu Nair. The Nair couple adopted this child and took care of him along with their own five children. Nityananda was named as *Raman* by his foster parents. The Nair couple were farmers, who also took care of the farms owned by a wealthy lawyer named Ishwar Iyer, who greatly trusted them.Page 4 *Life of Bhagawan Nityananda \\& Chidakasha Geeta*, by Deepa Kodikal Publisher Surendra Kalyanpur, Mumbai, 2007 Nityananda's foster father died when he was three and his foster mother when he was six. Before dying she handed over her responsibility of Nityananda to Ishwar Iyer.{{cite book\\|author\\=Nityananda\\|title\\=The Sky of the Heart: Jewels of Wisdom from Nityananda\\|publisher\\=Rudra Press\\|year\\=1985\\|isbn\\=0\\-915801\\-02\\-7}}", "### Spiritual life", "[thumb\\|Guru Nityananda Samadhi](/wiki/File:Bhagawan_Nityananda_Samadhi.jpg \"Bhagawan Nityananda Samadhi.jpg\")", "Even in childhood, Bhagawan Nityananda seemed to be in an unusually advanced spiritual state, which gave rise to the belief that he was born enlightened. He was eventually given the name Nityananda, which means, \"always in bliss\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Brooks\\|first\\=Douglas\\|author2\\=Sabharathnam, S. P.\\|title\\=Meditation Revolution\\|publisher\\=Agama Press\\|year\\=1997\\|isbn\\=0\\-9654096\\-0\\-0}}", "Before the age of twenty, Nityananda became a wandering [yogi](/wiki/Yogi \"Yogi\"), spending time on [yogic](/wiki/Yogic \"Yogic\") studies and practices in the Himalayas and other places. By 1920, he was back in southern India.{{cite book\\|last\\=Muktananda\\|first\\=Swami\\|title\\=Bhagawan Nityananda of Ganeshpuri\\|publisher\\=Siddha Yoga Publications\\|edition\\=2nd Revised\\|year\\=1996\\|isbn\\=0\\-911307\\-45\\-1}}", "Settled in southern India, Nityananda gained a reputation for performing miracles and curing the sick. He started building an [ashram](/wiki/Ashram \"Ashram\") near [Kanhangad](/wiki/Kanhangad \"Kanhangad\"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") state. The hill temple and Ashram in Kanhangad are now pilgrim centres. The Guruvan, a forest in the hills nearby where Bhagawan sat on penance, is now a pilgrim retreat.", "By 1923, Nityananda had wandered to the [Tansa Valley](/wiki/Tansa_Valley \"Tansa Valley\") in [Maharashtra](/wiki/Maharashtra \"Maharashtra\") state. There, his reputation as a miracle worker attracted people from as far away as [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), though he never took credit for any miracles. He said, \"Everything that happens, happens automatically by the will of God.\" Nityananda gave a great deal of help to the local [adivasis](/wiki/Adivasi \"Adivasi\"). Nityananda set up a school, where he provided food and clothing for the students.", "### Guru", "As a [Guru](/wiki/Guru \"Guru\"), Bhagawan \nNityananda gave relatively little by way of verbal teachings. Starting in the early 1920s, his devotees in [Mangalore](/wiki/Mangalore \"Mangalore\") would sit with him in the evenings. Most of the time he was silent, though occasionally he would give teachings. A female devotee named Tulsiamma (Tulsi Amma) (1882\\-1945\\) wrote down some of his teachings and his answers to her specific queries. Later, these notes were compiled and published in the [Kannada language](/wiki/Kannada_language \"Kannada language\") and came to be known as the *Chidakasha Geeta*.", "Some believe that Nityananda had the power to transmit spiritual energy ([shaktipat](/wiki/Shaktipat \"Shaktipat\")) to people through non\\-verbal means. He could also be extremely fiery and intimidating in his behaviour, even to the point of throwing rocks on occasion. This was his way of deterring people who were not serious in their spiritual aspirations, or who came to him with ulterior motives.", "In 1936, he went to the [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") temple in the village of Ganeshpuri and asked if he could stay there. The family that looked after the temple agreed and built a hut for him. As his visitors and followers increased, the hut expanded and became an ashram. To the people around him, he was an [avadhuta](/wiki/Avadhuta \"Avadhuta\"): one who is absorbed in the transcendental state.", "### Final Years and Death (Samadhi)", "Bhagawan Nityananda died on 8 August 1961 at age 63\\. His [samadhi](/wiki/Samadhi%23As_mausoleum \"Samadhi#As mausoleum\") is located in Ganeshpuri at the Samadhi Mandir. There is also a shrine dedicated to him in the [Gurudev Siddha Peeth](/wiki/Gurudev_Siddha_Peeth \"Gurudev Siddha Peeth\") ashram at Ganeshpuri. His ashram, tourist hostel, and other buildings associated with his life in Ganeshpuri are preserved by the Shree Bhimeshwar Sadguru Nityanand Sanstha Ganeshpuri. This trust is also responsible for his [samadhi](/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi \"Samādhi\") shrine in Ganeshpuri, which is a pilgrimage site.", "A trust at Kanhangad looks after the Ashram and temples located there. The trust also runs a few educational institutions and a [dharmasala](/wiki/Dharamshalas \"Dharamshalas\").", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life James Gilbert Sterchi (pronounced STUR\-kee) was born on the farm of his grandfather, [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_people "Swiss people") immigrant Francois Sterchi, in 1867 to Jean Louis Auguste (1838\-1914\) and Parthena (Tunnell) (1845\-1919\) Sterchi on his grandparents' farm. Sterchi's grandfather, [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_people "Swiss people") immigrant Francois Henri Sterchi (1797\-1883\) and grandmother, Jeanne Susanne Wilhelmine (Giroud) Sterchi (1817 \- 1874\).Dr. Sally H. Robertson (1st Cousin, 3x removed to James Gilbert Sterchi). Records on Ancestry.com (census, etc.,). Retrieved: 08 December 2022\. Francois Sterchi had been a commissioner and archivist for the Canton of [Vaud](/wiki/Vaud "Vaud"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), but had fled to the United States in the late 1840s following political upheaval.Ann Bennett, {{NRHP url\|id\=64500608\|title\=Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville and Knox County, Tennessee}}, May 1994, p. 25\. Retrieved: 18 April 2011\. Like many of Knoxville's Swiss immigrants, the Sterchis initially settled in [Wartburg](/wiki/Wartburg%2C_Tennessee "Wartburg, Tennessee"), atop the [Cumberland Plateau](/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau "Cumberland Plateau"), in 1848\. Disappointed with the Plateau's poor soil, however, the Sterchis moved to the Beaver Creek Valley in north Knox County, where they established a farm called "Bellefontaine." Francois, trained as a civil engineer, helped survey [Gay Street](/wiki/Gay_Street_%28Knoxville%29 "Gay Street (Knoxville)") in Knoxville in the early 1850s. ### Sterchi Brothers [left\|210px\|thumb\|Sterchi Lofts, the former headquarters of Sterchi Brothers](/wiki/Image:Sterchi-lofts-knoxville-tn1.jpg "Sterchi-lofts-knoxville-tn1.jpg") As a teenager, James Sterchi worked as a clerk for the glassware firm, Cullen and Newman. In 1888, he and his brothers, John Calvin (J. C.) Sterchi (1864\-1955\) and William Henry (W. H.) Sterchi (1862\-1929\), founded the Sterchi Brothers Furniture Company, with just $800 in initial capital. The company found a thriving market among Knoxville's growing middle and working classes, and began to expand. In 1896, Sterchi Brothers bought out furniture catalogue wholesaler King, Oates and Company, giving them access to a regional market. The Sterchi Brothers warehouse, initially located on Gay Street's 300\-block, burned along with several other buildings in the so\-called "Million Dollar Fire" on April 7, 1897\. The company then built a new warehouse, known as "The Emporium," which still stands on Gay Street's 100\-block. Author [James Agee](/wiki/James_Agee "James Agee"), in his Pulitzer Prize\-winning novel, *[A Death in the Family](/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family "A Death in the Family")*, recalled the "great bright lights" of the "Sterchi's" sign while walking along Gay Street with his father in 1915\.James Agee, *A Death in the Family* (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1957\), p. 15\. The company's ten\-story headquarters at 114 Gay Street, now a [loft](/wiki/Loft "Loft") apartment building called "Sterchi Lofts," was built in 1921\. By 1920, Sterchi Brothers had expanded to 18 stores around the southeast region. Sterchi eventually acquired his brothers' shares, and continued expanding the company. After the company incorporated, Sterchi was named chairman. In 1929, Sterchi Brothers was the largest furniture chain in world, with 48 stores, five manufacturing plants, and forest land in Kentucky with which the company supplied lumber for its operations. The company exported to places as far away as [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") and [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"). ### Other interests During the 1920s, Sterchi Brothers played a role in the early development of [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") by sponsoring regional musicians and local radio programs in hopes of boosting [phonograph](/wiki/Phonograph "Phonograph") sales at its furniture stores. Like fellow Knoxville businessman [Cas Walker](/wiki/Cas_Walker "Cas Walker"), Sterchi believed in the marketing potential of East and Middle Tennessee folk musicians. Working as an agent for [Vocalion Records](/wiki/Vocalion_Records "Vocalion Records"), Sterchi Brothers paid to send early country musicians such as [Uncle Dave Macon](/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon "Uncle Dave Macon"), [Sid Harkreader](/wiki/Sid_Harkreader "Sid Harkreader"), and [Sam McGee](/wiki/McGee_Brothers "McGee Brothers") to New York to make their first recordings.[So: Was Knoxville the True Home of Country Music?](https://web.archive.org/web/20120301121743/http://blogs.metropulse.com/ask_dr_knox/2010/07/so-was-knoxville-the-true-home.html) "Ask Doc Knox," *Metro Pulse*, 29 July 2010\. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 2 October 2015\.Charles Wolfe, *Tennessee String: The Story of Country Music in Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1977\), pp. 32, 49\. Sterchi expanded his grandfather's farm, Bellefontaine, from {{convert\|371\|acre\|ha}} to over {{convert\|1400\|acre\|ha}}, and converted it into a full\-scale dairy farm. In 1910, Sterchi built a new home at Bellefontaine, known as Stratford, or Sterchi Mansion. The [Neoclassical\-style](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") house was designed by Knoxville architect [R. F. Graf](/wiki/R._F._Graf "R. F. Graf"), and still stands off Dry Gap Pike in northern Knoxville.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "James Gilbert Sterchi (pronounced STUR\\-kee) was born on the farm of his grandfather, [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_people \"Swiss people\") immigrant Francois Sterchi, in 1867 to Jean Louis Auguste (1838\\-1914\\) and Parthena (Tunnell) (1845\\-1919\\) Sterchi on his grandparents' farm. Sterchi's grandfather, [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_people \"Swiss people\") immigrant Francois Henri Sterchi (1797\\-1883\\) and grandmother, Jeanne Susanne Wilhelmine (Giroud) Sterchi (1817 \\- 1874\\).Dr. Sally H. Robertson (1st Cousin, 3x removed to James Gilbert Sterchi). Records on Ancestry.com (census, etc.,). Retrieved: 08 December 2022\\. Francois Sterchi had been a commissioner and archivist for the Canton of [Vaud](/wiki/Vaud \"Vaud\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), but had fled to the United States in the late 1840s following political upheaval.Ann Bennett, {{NRHP url\\|id\\=64500608\\|title\\=Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville and Knox County, Tennessee}}, May 1994, p. 25\\. Retrieved: 18 April 2011\\. Like many of Knoxville's Swiss immigrants, the Sterchis initially settled in [Wartburg](/wiki/Wartburg%2C_Tennessee \"Wartburg, Tennessee\"), atop the [Cumberland Plateau](/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau \"Cumberland Plateau\"), in 1848\\. Disappointed with the Plateau's poor soil, however, the Sterchis moved to the Beaver Creek Valley in north Knox County, where they established a farm called \"Bellefontaine.\" Francois, trained as a civil engineer, helped survey [Gay Street](/wiki/Gay_Street_%28Knoxville%29 \"Gay Street (Knoxville)\") in Knoxville in the early 1850s.", "### Sterchi Brothers", "[left\\|210px\\|thumb\\|Sterchi Lofts, the former headquarters of Sterchi Brothers](/wiki/Image:Sterchi-lofts-knoxville-tn1.jpg \"Sterchi-lofts-knoxville-tn1.jpg\")\nAs a teenager, James Sterchi worked as a clerk for the glassware firm, Cullen and Newman. In 1888, he and his brothers, John Calvin (J. C.) Sterchi (1864\\-1955\\) and William Henry (W. H.) Sterchi (1862\\-1929\\), founded the Sterchi Brothers Furniture Company, with just $800 in initial capital. The company found a thriving market among Knoxville's growing middle and working classes, and began to expand. In 1896, Sterchi Brothers bought out furniture catalogue wholesaler King, Oates and Company, giving them access to a regional market.", "The Sterchi Brothers warehouse, initially located on Gay Street's 300\\-block, burned along with several other buildings in the so\\-called \"Million Dollar Fire\" on April 7, 1897\\. The company then built a new warehouse, known as \"The Emporium,\" which still stands on Gay Street's 100\\-block. Author [James Agee](/wiki/James_Agee \"James Agee\"), in his Pulitzer Prize\\-winning novel, *[A Death in the Family](/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family \"A Death in the Family\")*, recalled the \"great bright lights\" of the \"Sterchi's\" sign while walking along Gay Street with his father in 1915\\.James Agee, *A Death in the Family* (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1957\\), p. 15\\. The company's ten\\-story headquarters at 114 Gay Street, now a [loft](/wiki/Loft \"Loft\") apartment building called \"Sterchi Lofts,\" was built in 1921\\.", "By 1920, Sterchi Brothers had expanded to 18 stores around the southeast region. Sterchi eventually acquired his brothers' shares, and continued expanding the company. After the company incorporated, Sterchi was named chairman. In 1929, Sterchi Brothers was the largest furniture chain in world, with 48 stores, five manufacturing plants, and forest land in Kentucky with which the company supplied lumber for its operations. The company exported to places as far away as [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") and [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").", "### Other interests", "During the 1920s, Sterchi Brothers played a role in the early development of [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") by sponsoring regional musicians and local radio programs in hopes of boosting [phonograph](/wiki/Phonograph \"Phonograph\") sales at its furniture stores. Like fellow Knoxville businessman [Cas Walker](/wiki/Cas_Walker \"Cas Walker\"), Sterchi believed in the marketing potential of East and Middle Tennessee folk musicians. Working as an agent for [Vocalion Records](/wiki/Vocalion_Records \"Vocalion Records\"), Sterchi Brothers paid to send early country musicians such as [Uncle Dave Macon](/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon \"Uncle Dave Macon\"), [Sid Harkreader](/wiki/Sid_Harkreader \"Sid Harkreader\"), and [Sam McGee](/wiki/McGee_Brothers \"McGee Brothers\") to New York to make their first recordings.[So: Was Knoxville the True Home of Country Music?](https://web.archive.org/web/20120301121743/http://blogs.metropulse.com/ask_dr_knox/2010/07/so-was-knoxville-the-true-home.html) \"Ask Doc Knox,\" *Metro Pulse*, 29 July 2010\\. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 2 October 2015\\.Charles Wolfe, *Tennessee String: The Story of Country Music in Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1977\\), pp. 32, 49\\.", "Sterchi expanded his grandfather's farm, Bellefontaine, from {{convert\\|371\\|acre\\|ha}} to over {{convert\\|1400\\|acre\\|ha}}, and converted it into a full\\-scale dairy farm. In 1910, Sterchi built a new home at Bellefontaine, known as Stratford, or Sterchi Mansion. The [Neoclassical\\-style](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") house was designed by Knoxville architect [R. F. Graf](/wiki/R._F._Graf \"R. F. Graf\"), and still stands off Dry Gap Pike in northern Knoxville.", "" ]
Overview -------- Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources; research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by [brain injury](/wiki/Brain_injury "Brain injury") or [neurological illness](/wiki/Neurological_illness "Neurological illness"). ### Bruce \& Young model [thumb\|Bruce \& Young Model of Face Recognition, 1986](/wiki/File:Bruce_%26_Young_Model_of_Face_Recognition-1986_.png "Bruce & Young Model of Face Recognition-1986 .png") One of the most widely accepted theories of face perception argues that understanding faces involves several stages:{{cite journal\|last\=Bruce\|first\=V.\|author2\=Young, A\|year\=1986\|title\=Understanding Face Recognition\|journal\=British Journal of Psychology\|volume\=77\|issue\=3\|pages\=305–327\|doi\=10\.1111/j.2044\-8295\.1986\.tb02199\.x\|pmid\=3756376\|doi\-access\=free}} from basic perceptual manipulations on the sensory information to derive details about the person (such as age, gender or attractiveness), to being able to recall meaningful details such as their name and any relevant past experiences of the individual. This model, developed by [Vicki Bruce](/wiki/Vicki_Bruce "Vicki Bruce") and [Andrew Young](/wiki/Andrew_Young "Andrew Young") in 1986, argues that face perception involves independent sub\-processes working in unison. 1. A "view centered description" is derived from the perceptual input. Simple physical aspects of the face are used to work out age, gender or basic facial expressions. Most analysis at this stage is on feature\-by\-feature basis. 2. This initial information is used to create a structural model of the face, which allows it to be compared to other faces in memory. This explains why the same person from a novel angle can still be recognized (see [Thatcher effect](/wiki/Thatcher_effect "Thatcher effect")).{{Cite encyclopedia\|title\=Facial Recognition\|encyclopedia\=Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology\|date\=30 January 2010\|doi\=10\.1002/9780470479216\.corpsy0342\|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-47921\-6\|last2\=Lindsay\|first2\=Roderick\|last1\=Mansour\|first1\=Jamal\|pages\=1–2 }} 3. The structurally encoded representation is transferred to theoretical "face recognition units" that are used with "personal identity nodes" to identify a person through information from [semantic memory](/wiki/Semantic_memory "Semantic memory"). Interestingly, the ability to produce someone's name when presented with their face has been shown to be selectively damaged in some cases of brain injury, suggesting that naming may be a separate process from being able to produce other information about a person. ### Traumatic brain injury and neurological illness Following brain damage, faces can appear severely distorted. A wide variety of distortions can occur — features can droop, enlarge, become discolored, or the entire face can appear to shift relative to the head. This condition is known as [prosopometamorphopsia](/wiki/Prosopometamorphopsia "Prosopometamorphopsia") (PMO). In half of the reported cases, distortions are restricted to either the left or the right side of the face, and this form of PMO is called hemi\-prosopometamorphopsia (hemi\-PMO). Hemi\-PMO often results from lesions to the splenium, which connects the right and left hemisphere. In the other half of reported cases, features on both sides of the face appear distorted.{{cite web \|last1\=Duchaine \|first1\=Brad \|title\=Understanding Prosopometamorphopsia (PMO) \|url\=https://prosopometamorphopsia.faceblind.org/}} Perceiving facial expressions can involve many areas of the brain, and damaging certain parts of the brain can cause specific impairments in one's ability to perceive a face. As stated earlier, research on the impairments caused by [brain injury](/wiki/Brain_injury "Brain injury") or [neurological illness](/wiki/Neurological_illness "Neurological illness") has helped develop our understanding of cognitive processes. The study of [prosopagnosia](/wiki/Prosopagnosia "Prosopagnosia") (an impairment in recognizing faces that is usually caused by brain injury) has been particularly helpful in understanding how normal face perception might work. Individuals with prosopagnosia may differ in their abilities to understand faces, and it has been the investigation of these differences which has suggested that several stage theories might be correct. Brain imaging studies typically show a great deal of activity in an area of the [temporal lobe](/wiki/Temporal_lobe "Temporal lobe") known as the [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus "Fusiform gyrus"), an area also known to cause prosopagnosia when damaged (particularly when damage occurs on both sides). This evidence has led to a particular interest in this area and it is sometimes referred to as the *[fusiform face area](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area "Fusiform face area")* (FFA) for that reason.{{cite journal\|last1\=Kanwisher\|first1\=Nancy\|last2\=McDermott\|first2\=Josh\|last3\=Chun\|first3\=Marvin M.\|date\=1 June 1997\|title\=The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception\|journal\=The Journal of Neuroscience\|volume\=17\|issue\=11\|pages\=4302–11\|doi\=10\.1523/JNEUROSCI.17\-11\-04302\.1997\|pmc\=6573547\|pmid\=9151747}} It is important to note that while certain areas of the brain respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks which include visual and emotional processing systems. For example, prosopagnosia patients demonstrate [neuropsychological](/wiki/Neuropsychology "Neuropsychology") support for a specialized face perception mechanism as these people (due to brain damage) have deficits in facial perception, but their cognitive perception of objects remains intact. The [face inversion effect](/wiki/Face_inversion_effect "Face inversion effect") provides behavioral support of a specialized mechanism as people tend to have greater deficits in task performance when prompted to react to an inverted face than to an inverted object.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2021}} Electrophysiological support comes from the finding that the N170 and M170 responses tend to be face\-specific. Neuro\-imaging studies, such as those with [PET](/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography "Positron emission tomography") and [fMRI](/wiki/FMRI "FMRI"), have shown support for a specialized facial processing mechanism, as they have identified regions of the [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus "Fusiform gyrus") that have higher activation during face perception tasks than other visual perception tasks. Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources: research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by brain injury or neurological illness. Novel [optical illusions](/wiki/Optical_illusion "Optical illusion") such as the [flashed face distortion effect](/wiki/Flashed_face_distortion_effect "Flashed face distortion effect"), in which scientific [phenomenology](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28psychology%29 "Phenomenology (psychology)") outpaces neurological theory, also provide areas for research. Difficulties in facial emotion processing can also be seen in individuals with traumatic brain injury, in both diffuse axonal injury and focal brain injury.{{cite journal\|last1\=Yassin\|first1\=Walid\|last2\=Callahan\|first2\=Brandy L.\|last3\=Ubukata\|first3\=Shiho\|last4\=Sugihara\|first4\=Genichi\|last5\=Murai\|first5\=Toshiya\|last6\=Ueda\|first6\=Keita\|date\=16 April 2017\|title\=Facial emotion recognition in patients with focal and diffuse axonal injury\|journal\=Brain Injury\|volume\=31\|issue\=5\|pages\=624–630\|doi\=10\.1080/02699052\.2017\.1285052\|pmid\=28350176\|s2cid\=4488184}}
[ "Overview\n--------", "Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources; research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by [brain injury](/wiki/Brain_injury \"Brain injury\") or [neurological illness](/wiki/Neurological_illness \"Neurological illness\").", "### Bruce \\& Young model", "[thumb\\|Bruce \\& Young Model of Face Recognition, 1986](/wiki/File:Bruce_%26_Young_Model_of_Face_Recognition-1986_.png \"Bruce & Young Model of Face Recognition-1986 .png\")", "One of the most widely accepted theories of face perception argues that understanding faces involves several stages:{{cite journal\\|last\\=Bruce\\|first\\=V.\\|author2\\=Young, A\\|year\\=1986\\|title\\=Understanding Face Recognition\\|journal\\=British Journal of Psychology\\|volume\\=77\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=305–327\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.2044\\-8295\\.1986\\.tb02199\\.x\\|pmid\\=3756376\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} from basic perceptual manipulations on the sensory information to derive details about the person (such as age, gender or attractiveness), to being able to recall meaningful details such as their name and any relevant past experiences of the individual.", "This model, developed by [Vicki Bruce](/wiki/Vicki_Bruce \"Vicki Bruce\") and [Andrew Young](/wiki/Andrew_Young \"Andrew Young\") in 1986, argues that face perception involves independent sub\\-processes working in unison.", "1. A \"view centered description\" is derived from the perceptual input. Simple physical aspects of the face are used to work out age, gender or basic facial expressions. Most analysis at this stage is on feature\\-by\\-feature basis.\n2. This initial information is used to create a structural model of the face, which allows it to be compared to other faces in memory. This explains why the same person from a novel angle can still be recognized (see [Thatcher effect](/wiki/Thatcher_effect \"Thatcher effect\")).{{Cite encyclopedia\\|title\\=Facial Recognition\\|encyclopedia\\=Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology\\|date\\=30 January 2010\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/9780470479216\\.corpsy0342\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-47921\\-6\\|last2\\=Lindsay\\|first2\\=Roderick\\|last1\\=Mansour\\|first1\\=Jamal\\|pages\\=1–2 }}\n3. The structurally encoded representation is transferred to theoretical \"face recognition units\" that are used with \"personal identity nodes\" to identify a person through information from [semantic memory](/wiki/Semantic_memory \"Semantic memory\"). Interestingly, the ability to produce someone's name when presented with their face has been shown to be selectively damaged in some cases of brain injury, suggesting that naming may be a separate process from being able to produce other information about a person.", "### Traumatic brain injury and neurological illness", "Following brain damage, faces can appear severely distorted. A wide variety of distortions can occur — features can droop, enlarge, become discolored, or the entire face can appear to shift relative to the head. This condition is known as [prosopometamorphopsia](/wiki/Prosopometamorphopsia \"Prosopometamorphopsia\") (PMO). In half of the reported cases, distortions are restricted to either the left or the right side of the face, and this form of PMO is called hemi\\-prosopometamorphopsia (hemi\\-PMO). Hemi\\-PMO often results from lesions to the splenium, which connects the right and left hemisphere. In the other half of reported cases, features on both sides of the face appear distorted.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Duchaine \\|first1\\=Brad \\|title\\=Understanding Prosopometamorphopsia (PMO) \\|url\\=https://prosopometamorphopsia.faceblind.org/}}", "Perceiving facial expressions can involve many areas of the brain, and damaging certain parts of the brain can cause specific impairments in one's ability to perceive a face. As stated earlier, research on the impairments caused by [brain injury](/wiki/Brain_injury \"Brain injury\") or [neurological illness](/wiki/Neurological_illness \"Neurological illness\") has helped develop our understanding of cognitive processes. The study of [prosopagnosia](/wiki/Prosopagnosia \"Prosopagnosia\") (an impairment in recognizing faces that is usually caused by brain injury) has been particularly helpful in understanding how normal face perception might work. Individuals with prosopagnosia may differ in their abilities to understand faces, and it has been the investigation of these differences which has suggested that several stage theories might be correct.", "Brain imaging studies typically show a great deal of activity in an area of the [temporal lobe](/wiki/Temporal_lobe \"Temporal lobe\") known as the [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus \"Fusiform gyrus\"), an area also known to cause prosopagnosia when damaged (particularly when damage occurs on both sides). This evidence has led to a particular interest in this area and it is sometimes referred to as the *[fusiform face area](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area \"Fusiform face area\")* (FFA) for that reason.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Kanwisher\\|first1\\=Nancy\\|last2\\=McDermott\\|first2\\=Josh\\|last3\\=Chun\\|first3\\=Marvin M.\\|date\\=1 June 1997\\|title\\=The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception\\|journal\\=The Journal of Neuroscience\\|volume\\=17\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=4302–11\\|doi\\=10\\.1523/JNEUROSCI.17\\-11\\-04302\\.1997\\|pmc\\=6573547\\|pmid\\=9151747}}", "It is important to note that while certain areas of the brain respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks which include visual and emotional processing systems. For example, prosopagnosia patients demonstrate [neuropsychological](/wiki/Neuropsychology \"Neuropsychology\") support for a specialized face perception mechanism as these people (due to brain damage) have deficits in facial perception, but their cognitive perception of objects remains intact. The [face inversion effect](/wiki/Face_inversion_effect \"Face inversion effect\") provides behavioral support of a specialized mechanism as people tend to have greater deficits in task performance when prompted to react to an inverted face than to an inverted object.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2021}}", "Electrophysiological support comes from the finding that the N170 and M170 responses tend to be face\\-specific. Neuro\\-imaging studies, such as those with [PET](/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography \"Positron emission tomography\") and [fMRI](/wiki/FMRI \"FMRI\"), have shown support for a specialized facial processing mechanism, as they have identified regions of the [fusiform gyrus](/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus \"Fusiform gyrus\") that have higher activation during face perception tasks than other visual perception tasks. Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources: research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by brain injury or neurological illness. Novel [optical illusions](/wiki/Optical_illusion \"Optical illusion\") such as the [flashed face distortion effect](/wiki/Flashed_face_distortion_effect \"Flashed face distortion effect\"), in which scientific [phenomenology](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28psychology%29 \"Phenomenology (psychology)\") outpaces neurological theory, also provide areas for research.", "Difficulties in facial emotion processing can also be seen in individuals with traumatic brain injury, in both diffuse axonal injury and focal brain injury.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Yassin\\|first1\\=Walid\\|last2\\=Callahan\\|first2\\=Brandy L.\\|last3\\=Ubukata\\|first3\\=Shiho\\|last4\\=Sugihara\\|first4\\=Genichi\\|last5\\=Murai\\|first5\\=Toshiya\\|last6\\=Ueda\\|first6\\=Keita\\|date\\=16 April 2017\\|title\\=Facial emotion recognition in patients with focal and diffuse axonal injury\\|journal\\=Brain Injury\\|volume\\=31\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=624–630\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/02699052\\.2017\\.1285052\\|pmid\\=28350176\\|s2cid\\=4488184}}", "" ]
Neuroanatomy ------------ ### Key areas of the brain [alt\=A side\-on image of an fMRI scan of a human brain.\|thumb\|A computer\-enhanced fMRI scan of a person who has been asked to look at faces](/wiki/File:Fusiform_face_area_face_recognition.jpg "Fusiform face area face recognition.jpg") Facial perception has neuroanatomical correlates in the brain. The **fusiform face area** ([BA37— Brodmann area 37](/wiki/Brodmann_area%23BA37%2CFusiformGyrus "Brodmann area#BA37,FusiformGyrus")) is located in the lateral fusiform gyrus. It is thought that this area is involved in holistic processing of faces and it is sensitive to the presence of facial parts as well as the configuration of these parts. The fusiform face area is also necessary for successful face detection and identification. This is supported by fMRI activation and studies on prosopagnosia, which involves lesions in the fusiform face area.{{cite journal\|last1\=Liu\|first1\=Jia\|last2\=Harris\|first2\=Alison\|last3\=Kanwisher\|first3\=Nancy\|date\=January 2010\|title\=Perception of Face Parts and Face Configurations: An fMRI Study\|journal\=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience\|volume\=22\|issue\=1\|pages\=203–211\|doi\=10\.1162/jocn.2009\.21203\|pmc\=2888696\|pmid\=19302006}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Rossion\|first1\=B.\|date\=1 November 2003\|title\=A network of occipito\-temporal face\-sensitive areas besides the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing\|journal\=Brain\|volume\=126\|issue\=11\|pages\=2381–95\|doi\=10\.1093/brain/awg241\|pmid\=12876150}}{{cite journal \|last1\=McCarthy \|first1\=Gregory \|last2\=Puce \|first2\=Aina \|author\-link2\=Aina Puce \|last3\=Gore \|first3\=John C. \|last4\=Allison \|first4\=Truett \|date\=October 1997 \|title\=Face\-Specific Processing in the Human Fusiform Gyrus \|journal\=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience \|volume\=9 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=605–610 \|doi\=10\.1162/jocn.1997\.9\.5\.605 \|pmid\=23965119 \|s2cid\=23333049 \|hdl\-access\=free \|hdl\=2022/22741}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Baldauf\|first1\=D.\|last2\=Desimone\|first2\=R.\|date\=25 April 2014\|title\=Neural Mechanisms of Object\-Based Attention\|journal\=Science\|language\=en\|volume\=344\|issue\=6182\|pages\=424–7\|doi\=10\.1126/science.1247003\|pmid\=24763592\|bibcode\=2014Sci...344\..424B\|s2cid\=34728448\|issn\=0036\-8075\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=de Vries\|first1\=Eelke\|last2\=Baldauf\|first2\=Daniel\|date\=1 October 2019\|title\=Attentional Weighting in the Face Processing Network: A Magnetic Response Image\-guided Magnetoencephalography Study Using Multiple Cyclic Entrainments\|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1162/jocn\_a\_01428\|journal\=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience\|volume\=31\|issue\=10\|pages\=1573–88\|doi\=10\.1162/jocn\_a\_01428\|pmid\=31112470\|hdl\=11572/252722\|s2cid\=160012572\|issn\=0898\-929X\|hdl\-access\=free}} The **occipital face area** is located in the inferior occipital gyrus. Similar to the fusiform face area, this area is also active during successful face detection and identification, a finding that is supported by fMRI and MEG activation. The occipital face area is involved and necessary in the analysis of facial parts but not in the spacing or configuration of facial parts. This suggests that the occipital face area may be involved in a facial processing step that occurs prior to fusiform face area processing. The **superior temporal sulcus** is involved in recognition of facial parts and is not sensitive to the configuration of these parts. It is also thought that this area is involved in gaze perception.{{cite journal\|last1\=Campbell\|first1\=R.\|last2\=Heywood\|first2\=C.A.\|last3\=Cowey\|first3\=A.\|last4\=Regard\|first4\=M.\|last5\=Landis\|first5\=T.\|date\=January 1990\|title\=Sensitivity to eye gaze in prosopagnosic patients and monkeys with superior temporal sulcus ablation\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|volume\=28\|issue\=11\|pages\=1123–42\|doi\=10\.1016/0028\-3932(90\)90050\-x\|pmid\=2290489\|s2cid\=7723950}} The superior temporal sulcus has demonstrated increased activation when attending to gaze direction.{{cite journal\|last1\=Marquardt\|first1\=Kira\|last2\=Ramezanpour\|first2\=Hamidreza\|last3\=Dicke\|first3\=Peter W.\|last4\=Thier\|first4\=Peter\|date\=March 2017\|title\=Following Eye Gaze Activates a Patch in the Posterior Temporal Cortex That Is not Part of the Human 'Face Patch' System\|journal\=eNeuro\|volume\=4\|issue\=2\|pages\=ENEURO.0317–16\.2017\|doi\=10\.1523/ENEURO.0317\-16\.2017\|pmc\=5362938\|pmid\=28374010}} During face perception, major activations occur in the extrastriate areas bilaterally, particularly in the above three areas. Perceiving an inverted human face involves increased activity in the inferior temporal cortex, while perceiving a misaligned face involves increased activity in the occipital cortex. No results were found when perceiving a dog face, suggesting a process specific to human faces.{{cite journal\|last1\=Tsujii\|first1\=T.\|last2\=Watanabe\|first2\=S.\|last3\=Hiraga\|first3\=K.\|last4\=Akiyama\|first4\=T.\|last5\=Ohira\|first5\=T.\|date\=March 2005\|title\=Testing holistic processing hypothesis in human and animal face perception: evidence from a magnetoencephalographic study\|journal\=International Congress Series\|volume\=1278\|pages\=223–6\|doi\=10\.1016/j.ics.2004\.11\.151}} Bilateral activation is generally shown in all of these specialized facial areas.{{cite journal\|last1\=Andreasen\|first1\=N. C.\|author2\=O'Leary DS\|author3\=Arndt S\|last4\=Cizadlo\|first4\=T\|last5\=Hurtig\|first5\=R\|last6\=Rezai\|first6\=K\|last7\=Watkins\|first7\=GL\|last8\=Ponto\|first8\=LB\|last9\=Hichwa\|first9\=RD\|display\-authors\=3\|name\-list\-style\=vanc\|year\=1996\|title\=Neural substrates of facial recognition\|journal\=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences\|volume\=8\|issue\=2\|pages\=139–46\|doi\=10\.1176/jnp.8\.2\.139\|pmid\=9081548}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Haxby\|first1\=JV\|last2\=Horwitz\|first2\=B\|last3\=Ungerleider\|first3\=LG\|last4\=Maisog\|first4\=JM\|last5\=Pietrini\|first5\=P\|last6\=Grady\|first6\=CL\|date\=1 November 1994\|title\=The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: a PET\-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations\|journal\=The Journal of Neuroscience\|volume\=14\|issue\=11\|pages\=6336–53\|doi\=10\.1523/JNEUROSCI.14\-11\-06336\.1994\|pmc\=6577268\|pmid\=7965040}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Haxby\|first1\=James V\|last2\=Ungerleider\|first2\=Leslie G\|last3\=Clark\|first3\=Vincent P\|last4\=Schouten\|first4\=Jennifer L\|last5\=Hoffman\|first5\=Elizabeth A\|last6\=Martin\|first6\=Alex\|date\=January 1999\|title\=The Effect of Face Inversion on Activity in Human Neural Systems for Face and Object Perception\|journal\=Neuron\|volume\=22\|issue\=1\|pages\=189–199\|doi\=10\.1016/S0896\-6273(00\)80690\-X\|pmid\=10027301\|s2cid\=9525543\|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Puce \|first1\=Aina \|author\-link\=Aina Puce \|last2\=Allison \|first2\=Truett \|last3\=Asgari \|first3\=Maryam \|last4\=Gore \|first4\=John C. \|last5\=McCarthy \|first5\=Gregory \|date\=15 August 1996 \|title\=Differential Sensitivity of Human Visual Cortex to Faces, Letterstrings, and Textures: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study \|journal\=The Journal of Neuroscience \|volume\=16 \|issue\=16 \|pages\=5205–15 \|doi\=10\.1523/JNEUROSCI.16\-16\-05205\.1996 \|pmc\=6579313 \|pmid\=8756449}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Puce\|first1\=A.\|last2\=Allison\|first2\=T.\|last3\=Gore\|first3\=J. C.\|last4\=McCarthy\|first4\=G.\|date\=1 September 1995\|title\=Face\-sensitive regions in human extrastriate cortex studied by functional MRI\|journal\=Journal of Neurophysiology\|volume\=74\|issue\=3\|pages\=1192–9\|doi\=10\.1152/jn.1995\.74\.3\.1192\|pmid\=7500143}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Sergent\|first1\=Justine\|last2\=Ohta\|first2\=Shinsuke\|last3\=Macdonald\|first3\=Brennan\|date\=1992\|title\=Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study\|journal\=Brain\|volume\=115\|issue\=1\|pages\=15–36\|doi\=10\.1093/brain/115\.1\.15\|pmid\=1559150}} However, some studies show increased activation in one side over the other: for instance, the right fusiform gyrus is more important for facial processing in complex situations. ### BOLD fMRI mapping and the fusiform face area The majority of fMRI studies use [blood oxygen level dependent](/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level-dependent_imaging "Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging") (BOLD) contrast to determine which areas of the brain are activated by various cognitive functions.{{cite journal\|last1\=KannurpattiRypmaBiswal\|first1\=S.S.B.\|title\=Prediction of task\-related BOLD fMRI with amplitude signatures of resting\-state fMRI\|journal\=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience\|date\=March 2012\|volume\=6\|pages\=7\|doi\=10\.3389/fnsys.2012\.00007\|pmid\=22408609\|pmc\=3294272\|first2\=Bart\|last2\=Biswal\|first3\=B\|last3\=Bharat \|doi\-access\=free}} One study used BOLD [fMRI](/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging "Functional magnetic resonance imaging") mapping to identify activation in the brain when subjects viewed both cars and faces. They found that the [occipital face area](/wiki/Occipital_face_area "Occipital face area"), the fusiform face area, the [superior temporal sulcus](/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus "Superior temporal sulcus"), the amygdala, and the anterior/inferior cortex of the temporal lobe all played roles in contrasting faces from cars, with initial face perception beginning in the fusiform face area and occipital face areas. This entire region forms a network that acts to distinguish faces. The processing of faces in the brain is known as a "sum of parts" perception.{{cite journal\|last\=Gold\|first\=J.M.\|author2\=Mundy, P.J.\|author3\=Tjan, B.S.\|title\=The perception of a face is no more than the sum of its parts\|journal\=Psychological Science\|year\=2012\|volume\=23\|issue\=4\|pages\=427–434\|doi\=10\.1177/0956797611427407\|pmid\=22395131\|pmc\=3410436}} However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. In early processing, the occipital face area contributes to face perception by recognizing the eyes, nose, and mouth as individual pieces.{{cite journal\|last\=Pitcher\|first\=D.\|author2\=Walsh, V.\|author3\=Duchaine, B.\|title\=The role of the occipital face area in the cortical face perception network\|journal\=Experimental Brain Research\|year\=2011\|volume\=209\|issue\=4\|pages\=481–493\|doi\=10\.1007/s00221\-011\-2579\-1\|pmid\=21318346\|s2cid\=6321920}} Researchers also used BOLD fMRI mapping to determine the patterns of activation in the brain when parts of the face were presented in combination and when they were presented singly.{{cite journal\|last\=Arcurio\|first\=L.R.\|author2\=Gold, J.M.\|author3\=James, T.W.\|year\=2012\|title\=The response of face\-selective cortex with single face parts and part combinations\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|volume\=50\|issue\=10\|pages\=2454–9\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012\.06\.016\|pmc\=3423083\|pmid\=22750118}} The occipital face area is activated by the visual perception of single features of the face, for example, the nose and mouth, and preferred combination of two\-eyes over other combinations. This suggests that the occipital face area recognizes the parts of the face at the early stages of recognition. On the contrary, the fusiform face area shows no preference for single features, because the fusiform face area is responsible for "holistic/configural" information, meaning that it puts all of the processed pieces of the face together in later processing. This is supported by a study which found that regardless of the orientation of a face, subjects were impacted by the configuration of the individual facial features. Subjects were also impacted by the coding of the relationships between those features. This shows that processing is done by a summation of the parts in later stages of recognition. ### The fusiform gyrus and the amygdala The fusiform gyri are preferentially responsive to faces, whereas the parahippocampal/lingual gyri are responsive to buildings.{{cite journal\|last1\=Gorno\-Tempini\|first1\=M. L.\|last2\=Price\|first2\=CJ\|title\=Identification of famous faces and buildings: A functional neuroimaging study of semantically unique items\|journal\=Brain\|date\=1 October 2001\|volume\=124\|issue\=10\|pages\=2087–97\|doi\=10\.1093/brain/124\.10\.2087\|pmid\=11571224 \|doi\-access\=free}} While certain areas respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks, including visual and emotional processing systems. While looking at faces displaying emotions (especially those with fear facial expressions) compared to neutral faces there is increased activity in the right fusiform gyrus. This increased activity also correlates with increased amygdala activity in the same situations.{{cite journal\|last1 \= Vuilleumier\|first1 \= P\|last2 \= Pourtois\|first2 \= G\|year \= 2007\|title \= Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging\|journal \= Neuropsychologia\|volume \= 45\|issue \= 1\|pages \= 174–194\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006\.06\.003\|pmid \= 16854439\|citeseerx \= 10\.1\.1\.410\.2526\|s2cid \= 5635384 }} The emotional processing effects observed in the fusiform gyrus are decreased in patients with amygdala lesions. This demonstrates connections between the amygdala and facial processing areas. Face familiarity also affects the fusiform gyrus and amygdala activation. Multiple regions activated by similar face components indicates that facial processing is a complex process. Increased brain activation in precuneus and cuneus often occurs when differentiation of two faces are easy (kin and familiar non\-kin faces) and the role of posterior medial substrates for visual processing of faces with familiar features (faces averaged with that of a sibling).{{cite journal\|last1\=Platek\|first1\=Steven M.\|last2\=Kemp\|first2\=Shelly M.\|title\=Is family special to the brain? An event\-related fMRI study of familiar, familial, and self\-face recognition\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|date\=February 2009\|volume\=47\|issue\=3\|pages\=849–858\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008\.12\.027\|pmid\=19159636\|s2cid\=12674158 }} The object form topology hypothesis posits a topological organization of neural substrates for object and facial processing.{{Cite journal\|author1\=Ishai A\|author2\=Ungerleider LG\|author3\=Martin A\|author4\= Schouten JL\|author5\=Haxby JV\|title\=Distributed representation of objects in the human ventral visual pathway\|journal\=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.\|volume\=96\|issue\=16\|pages\=9379–84\|date\=August 1999\|pmid\=10430951\|pmc\=17791\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.96\.16\.9379\|bibcode\=1999PNAS...96\.9379I \|doi\-access\=free}} However, there is disagreement: the category\-specific and process\-map models could accommodate most other proposed models for the neural underpinnings of facial processing.{{cite journal\|last1\=Gauthier\|first1\=Isabel\|title\=What constrains the organization of the ventral temporal cortex?\|journal\=Trends in Cognitive Sciences\|date\=January 2000\|volume\=4\|issue\=1\|pages\=1–2\|doi\=10\.1016/s1364\-6613(99\)01416\-3\|pmid\=10637614\|s2cid\=17347723 }} Most neuroanatomical substrates for facial processing are perfused by the middle cerebral artery. Therefore, facial processing has been studied using measurements of mean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries bilaterally. During facial recognition tasks, greater changes occur in the right middle cerebral artery than the left.{{cite journal\|last1\=Droste\|first1\=D W\|last2\=Harders\|first2\=A G\|last3\=Rastogi\|first3\=E\|title\=A transcranial Doppler study of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries performed at rest and during mental activities.\|journal\=Stroke\|date\=August 1989\|volume\=20\|issue\=8\|pages\=1005–11\|doi\=10\.1161/01\.str.20\.8\.1005\|pmid\=2667197 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Harders\|first1\=A. G.\|last2\=Laborde\|first2\=G.\|last3\=Droste\|first3\=D. W.\|last4\=Rastogi\|first4\=E.\|title\=Brain Activity and Blood flow Velocity Changes: A Transcranial Doppler Study\|journal\=International Journal of Neuroscience\|date\=January 1989\|volume\=47\|issue\=1–2\|pages\=91–102\|doi\=10\.3109/00207458908987421\|pmid\=2676884 }} Men are right\-lateralized and women left\-lateralized during facial processing tasks.{{Cite journal\|author\=Njemanze PC\|title\=Asymmetry in cerebral blood flow velocity with processing of facial images during head\-down rest\|journal\=Aviat Space Environ Med\|volume\=75\|issue\=9\|pages\=800–5\|date\=September 2004\|pmid\=15460633}} Just as memory and cognitive function separate the abilities of children and adults to recognize faces, the familiarity of a face may also play a role in the perception of faces. Recording [event\-related potentials](/wiki/Event-related_potentials "Event-related potentials") in the brain to determine the timing of facial recognition{{cite journal\|last1\=Zheng\|first1\=Xin\|last2\=Mondloch\|first2\=Catherine J.\|last3\=Segalowitz\|first3\=Sidney J.\|title\=The timing of individual face recognition in the brain\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|date\=June 2012\|volume\=50\|issue\=7\|pages\=1451–61\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012\.02\.030\|pmid\=22410414\|s2cid\=207237508 }} showed that familiar faces are indicated by a stronger N250, a specific wavelength response that plays a role in the visual memory of faces.{{cite journal\|last\=Eimer\|first\=M.\|author2\=Gosling, A.\|author3\=Duchaine, B.\|title\=Electrophysiological markers of covert face recognition in developmental prosopagnosia\|journal\=Brain\|year\=2012\|volume\=135\|issue\=2\|pages\=542–554\|doi\=10\.1093/brain/awr347\|pmid\=22271660\|doi\-access\=free}} Similarly, all faces elicit the [N170](/wiki/N170 "N170") response in the brain.{{cite journal\|last\=Moulson\|first\=M.C.\|author2\=Balas, B.\|author3\=Nelson, C.\|author4\=Sinha, P.\|year\=2011\|title\=EEG correlates of categorical and graded face perception\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|volume\=49\|issue\=14\|pages\=3847–53\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011\.09\.046\|pmc\=3290448\|pmid\=22001852}} The brain conceptually needs only \~50 neurons to encode any human face, with facial features projected on individual axes (neurons) in a 50\-dimensional "Face Space".{{cite journal\|last1\=Chang\|first1\=Le\|last2\=Tsao\|first2\=Doris Y.\|date\=June 2017\|title\=The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain\|journal\=Cell\|volume\=169\|issue\=6\|pages\=1013–28\.e14\|doi\=10\.1016/j.cell.2017\.05\.011\|pmid\=28575666\|pmc\=8088389\|s2cid\=32432231}}
[ "Neuroanatomy\n------------", "### Key areas of the brain", "[alt\\=A side\\-on image of an fMRI scan of a human brain.\\|thumb\\|A computer\\-enhanced fMRI scan of a person who has been asked to look at faces](/wiki/File:Fusiform_face_area_face_recognition.jpg \"Fusiform face area face recognition.jpg\")\nFacial perception has neuroanatomical correlates in the brain.", "The **fusiform face area** ([BA37— Brodmann area 37](/wiki/Brodmann_area%23BA37%2CFusiformGyrus \"Brodmann area#BA37,FusiformGyrus\")) is located in the lateral fusiform gyrus. It is thought that this area is involved in holistic processing of faces and it is sensitive to the presence of facial parts as well as the configuration of these parts. The fusiform face area is also necessary for successful face detection and identification. This is supported by fMRI activation and studies on prosopagnosia, which involves lesions in the fusiform face area.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Liu\\|first1\\=Jia\\|last2\\=Harris\\|first2\\=Alison\\|last3\\=Kanwisher\\|first3\\=Nancy\\|date\\=January 2010\\|title\\=Perception of Face Parts and Face Configurations: An fMRI Study\\|journal\\=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=203–211\\|doi\\=10\\.1162/jocn.2009\\.21203\\|pmc\\=2888696\\|pmid\\=19302006}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Rossion\\|first1\\=B.\\|date\\=1 November 2003\\|title\\=A network of occipito\\-temporal face\\-sensitive areas besides the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing\\|journal\\=Brain\\|volume\\=126\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=2381–95\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/brain/awg241\\|pmid\\=12876150}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=McCarthy \\|first1\\=Gregory \\|last2\\=Puce \\|first2\\=Aina \\|author\\-link2\\=Aina Puce \\|last3\\=Gore \\|first3\\=John C. \\|last4\\=Allison \\|first4\\=Truett \\|date\\=October 1997 \\|title\\=Face\\-Specific Processing in the Human Fusiform Gyrus \\|journal\\=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=605–610 \\|doi\\=10\\.1162/jocn.1997\\.9\\.5\\.605 \\|pmid\\=23965119 \\|s2cid\\=23333049 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\=2022/22741}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Baldauf\\|first1\\=D.\\|last2\\=Desimone\\|first2\\=R.\\|date\\=25 April 2014\\|title\\=Neural Mechanisms of Object\\-Based Attention\\|journal\\=Science\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=344\\|issue\\=6182\\|pages\\=424–7\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1247003\\|pmid\\=24763592\\|bibcode\\=2014Sci...344\\..424B\\|s2cid\\=34728448\\|issn\\=0036\\-8075\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=de Vries\\|first1\\=Eelke\\|last2\\=Baldauf\\|first2\\=Daniel\\|date\\=1 October 2019\\|title\\=Attentional Weighting in the Face Processing Network: A Magnetic Response Image\\-guided Magnetoencephalography Study Using Multiple Cyclic Entrainments\\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1162/jocn\\_a\\_01428\\|journal\\=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience\\|volume\\=31\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=1573–88\\|doi\\=10\\.1162/jocn\\_a\\_01428\\|pmid\\=31112470\\|hdl\\=11572/252722\\|s2cid\\=160012572\\|issn\\=0898\\-929X\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}", "The **occipital face area** is located in the inferior occipital gyrus. Similar to the fusiform face area, this area is also active during successful face detection and identification, a finding that is supported by fMRI and MEG activation. The occipital face area is involved and necessary in the analysis of facial parts but not in the spacing or configuration of facial parts. This suggests that the occipital face area may be involved in a facial processing step that occurs prior to fusiform face area processing.", "The **superior temporal sulcus** is involved in recognition of facial parts and is not sensitive to the configuration of these parts. It is also thought that this area is involved in gaze perception.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Campbell\\|first1\\=R.\\|last2\\=Heywood\\|first2\\=C.A.\\|last3\\=Cowey\\|first3\\=A.\\|last4\\=Regard\\|first4\\=M.\\|last5\\=Landis\\|first5\\=T.\\|date\\=January 1990\\|title\\=Sensitivity to eye gaze in prosopagnosic patients and monkeys with superior temporal sulcus ablation\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|volume\\=28\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=1123–42\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0028\\-3932(90\\)90050\\-x\\|pmid\\=2290489\\|s2cid\\=7723950}} The superior temporal sulcus has demonstrated increased activation when attending to gaze direction.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Marquardt\\|first1\\=Kira\\|last2\\=Ramezanpour\\|first2\\=Hamidreza\\|last3\\=Dicke\\|first3\\=Peter W.\\|last4\\=Thier\\|first4\\=Peter\\|date\\=March 2017\\|title\\=Following Eye Gaze Activates a Patch in the Posterior Temporal Cortex That Is not Part of the Human 'Face Patch' System\\|journal\\=eNeuro\\|volume\\=4\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=ENEURO.0317–16\\.2017\\|doi\\=10\\.1523/ENEURO.0317\\-16\\.2017\\|pmc\\=5362938\\|pmid\\=28374010}}", "During face perception, major activations occur in the extrastriate areas bilaterally, particularly in the above three areas. Perceiving an inverted human face involves increased activity in the inferior temporal cortex, while perceiving a misaligned face involves increased activity in the occipital cortex. No results were found when perceiving a dog face, suggesting a process specific to human faces.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Tsujii\\|first1\\=T.\\|last2\\=Watanabe\\|first2\\=S.\\|last3\\=Hiraga\\|first3\\=K.\\|last4\\=Akiyama\\|first4\\=T.\\|last5\\=Ohira\\|first5\\=T.\\|date\\=March 2005\\|title\\=Testing holistic processing hypothesis in human and animal face perception: evidence from a magnetoencephalographic study\\|journal\\=International Congress Series\\|volume\\=1278\\|pages\\=223–6\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.ics.2004\\.11\\.151}} Bilateral activation is generally shown in all of these specialized facial areas.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Andreasen\\|first1\\=N. C.\\|author2\\=O'Leary DS\\|author3\\=Arndt S\\|last4\\=Cizadlo\\|first4\\=T\\|last5\\=Hurtig\\|first5\\=R\\|last6\\=Rezai\\|first6\\=K\\|last7\\=Watkins\\|first7\\=GL\\|last8\\=Ponto\\|first8\\=LB\\|last9\\=Hichwa\\|first9\\=RD\\|display\\-authors\\=3\\|name\\-list\\-style\\=vanc\\|year\\=1996\\|title\\=Neural substrates of facial recognition\\|journal\\=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences\\|volume\\=8\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=139–46\\|doi\\=10\\.1176/jnp.8\\.2\\.139\\|pmid\\=9081548}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Haxby\\|first1\\=JV\\|last2\\=Horwitz\\|first2\\=B\\|last3\\=Ungerleider\\|first3\\=LG\\|last4\\=Maisog\\|first4\\=JM\\|last5\\=Pietrini\\|first5\\=P\\|last6\\=Grady\\|first6\\=CL\\|date\\=1 November 1994\\|title\\=The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: a PET\\-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations\\|journal\\=The Journal of Neuroscience\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=6336–53\\|doi\\=10\\.1523/JNEUROSCI.14\\-11\\-06336\\.1994\\|pmc\\=6577268\\|pmid\\=7965040}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Haxby\\|first1\\=James V\\|last2\\=Ungerleider\\|first2\\=Leslie G\\|last3\\=Clark\\|first3\\=Vincent P\\|last4\\=Schouten\\|first4\\=Jennifer L\\|last5\\=Hoffman\\|first5\\=Elizabeth A\\|last6\\=Martin\\|first6\\=Alex\\|date\\=January 1999\\|title\\=The Effect of Face Inversion on Activity in Human Neural Systems for Face and Object Perception\\|journal\\=Neuron\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=189–199\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0896\\-6273(00\\)80690\\-X\\|pmid\\=10027301\\|s2cid\\=9525543\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Puce \\|first1\\=Aina \\|author\\-link\\=Aina Puce \\|last2\\=Allison \\|first2\\=Truett \\|last3\\=Asgari \\|first3\\=Maryam \\|last4\\=Gore \\|first4\\=John C. \\|last5\\=McCarthy \\|first5\\=Gregory \\|date\\=15 August 1996 \\|title\\=Differential Sensitivity of Human Visual Cortex to Faces, Letterstrings, and Textures: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study \\|journal\\=The Journal of Neuroscience \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=16 \\|pages\\=5205–15 \\|doi\\=10\\.1523/JNEUROSCI.16\\-16\\-05205\\.1996 \\|pmc\\=6579313 \\|pmid\\=8756449}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Puce\\|first1\\=A.\\|last2\\=Allison\\|first2\\=T.\\|last3\\=Gore\\|first3\\=J. C.\\|last4\\=McCarthy\\|first4\\=G.\\|date\\=1 September 1995\\|title\\=Face\\-sensitive regions in human extrastriate cortex studied by functional MRI\\|journal\\=Journal of Neurophysiology\\|volume\\=74\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=1192–9\\|doi\\=10\\.1152/jn.1995\\.74\\.3\\.1192\\|pmid\\=7500143}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Sergent\\|first1\\=Justine\\|last2\\=Ohta\\|first2\\=Shinsuke\\|last3\\=Macdonald\\|first3\\=Brennan\\|date\\=1992\\|title\\=Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study\\|journal\\=Brain\\|volume\\=115\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=15–36\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/brain/115\\.1\\.15\\|pmid\\=1559150}} However, some studies show increased activation in one side over the other: for instance, the right fusiform gyrus is more important for facial processing in complex situations.", "### BOLD fMRI mapping and the fusiform face area", "The majority of fMRI studies use [blood oxygen level dependent](/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level-dependent_imaging \"Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging\") (BOLD) contrast to determine which areas of the brain are activated by various cognitive functions.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=KannurpattiRypmaBiswal\\|first1\\=S.S.B.\\|title\\=Prediction of task\\-related BOLD fMRI with amplitude signatures of resting\\-state fMRI\\|journal\\=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience\\|date\\=March 2012\\|volume\\=6\\|pages\\=7\\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fnsys.2012\\.00007\\|pmid\\=22408609\\|pmc\\=3294272\\|first2\\=Bart\\|last2\\=Biswal\\|first3\\=B\\|last3\\=Bharat \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "One study used BOLD [fMRI](/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Functional magnetic resonance imaging\") mapping to identify activation in the brain when subjects viewed both cars and faces. They found that the [occipital face area](/wiki/Occipital_face_area \"Occipital face area\"), the fusiform face area, the [superior temporal sulcus](/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus \"Superior temporal sulcus\"), the amygdala, and the anterior/inferior cortex of the temporal lobe all played roles in contrasting faces from cars, with initial face perception beginning in the fusiform face area and occipital face areas. This entire region forms a network that acts to distinguish faces. The processing of faces in the brain is known as a \"sum of parts\" perception.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Gold\\|first\\=J.M.\\|author2\\=Mundy, P.J.\\|author3\\=Tjan, B.S.\\|title\\=The perception of a face is no more than the sum of its parts\\|journal\\=Psychological Science\\|year\\=2012\\|volume\\=23\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=427–434\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0956797611427407\\|pmid\\=22395131\\|pmc\\=3410436}}", "However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. In early processing, the occipital face area contributes to face perception by recognizing the eyes, nose, and mouth as individual pieces.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Pitcher\\|first\\=D.\\|author2\\=Walsh, V.\\|author3\\=Duchaine, B.\\|title\\=The role of the occipital face area in the cortical face perception network\\|journal\\=Experimental Brain Research\\|year\\=2011\\|volume\\=209\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=481–493\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00221\\-011\\-2579\\-1\\|pmid\\=21318346\\|s2cid\\=6321920}}", "Researchers also used BOLD fMRI mapping to determine the patterns of activation in the brain when parts of the face were presented in combination and when they were presented singly.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Arcurio\\|first\\=L.R.\\|author2\\=Gold, J.M.\\|author3\\=James, T.W.\\|year\\=2012\\|title\\=The response of face\\-selective cortex with single face parts and part combinations\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|volume\\=50\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=2454–9\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012\\.06\\.016\\|pmc\\=3423083\\|pmid\\=22750118}} The occipital face area is activated by the visual perception of single features of the face, for example, the nose and mouth, and preferred combination of two\\-eyes over other combinations. This suggests that the occipital face area recognizes the parts of the face at the early stages of recognition.", "On the contrary, the fusiform face area shows no preference for single features, because the fusiform face area is responsible for \"holistic/configural\" information, meaning that it puts all of the processed pieces of the face together in later processing. This is supported by a study which found that regardless of the orientation of a face, subjects were impacted by the configuration of the individual facial features. Subjects were also impacted by the coding of the relationships between those features. This shows that processing is done by a summation of the parts in later stages of recognition.", "### The fusiform gyrus and the amygdala", "The fusiform gyri are preferentially responsive to faces, whereas the parahippocampal/lingual gyri are responsive to buildings.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Gorno\\-Tempini\\|first1\\=M. L.\\|last2\\=Price\\|first2\\=CJ\\|title\\=Identification of famous faces and buildings: A functional neuroimaging study of semantically unique items\\|journal\\=Brain\\|date\\=1 October 2001\\|volume\\=124\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=2087–97\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/brain/124\\.10\\.2087\\|pmid\\=11571224 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "While certain areas respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks, including visual and emotional processing systems. While looking at faces displaying emotions (especially those with fear facial expressions) compared to neutral faces there is increased activity in the right fusiform gyrus. This increased activity also correlates with increased amygdala activity in the same situations.{{cite journal\\|last1 \\= Vuilleumier\\|first1 \\= P\\|last2 \\= Pourtois\\|first2 \\= G\\|year \\= 2007\\|title \\= Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging\\|journal \\= Neuropsychologia\\|volume \\= 45\\|issue \\= 1\\|pages \\= 174–194\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006\\.06\\.003\\|pmid \\= 16854439\\|citeseerx \\= 10\\.1\\.1\\.410\\.2526\\|s2cid \\= 5635384 }} The emotional processing effects observed in the fusiform gyrus are decreased in patients with amygdala lesions. This demonstrates connections between the amygdala and facial processing areas.", "Face familiarity also affects the fusiform gyrus and amygdala activation. Multiple regions activated by similar face components indicates that facial processing is a complex process. Increased brain activation in precuneus and cuneus often occurs when differentiation of two faces are easy (kin and familiar non\\-kin faces) and the role of posterior medial substrates for visual processing of faces with familiar features (faces averaged with that of a sibling).{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Platek\\|first1\\=Steven M.\\|last2\\=Kemp\\|first2\\=Shelly M.\\|title\\=Is family special to the brain? An event\\-related fMRI study of familiar, familial, and self\\-face recognition\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|date\\=February 2009\\|volume\\=47\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=849–858\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008\\.12\\.027\\|pmid\\=19159636\\|s2cid\\=12674158 }}", "The object form topology hypothesis posits a topological organization of neural substrates for object and facial processing.{{Cite journal\\|author1\\=Ishai A\\|author2\\=Ungerleider LG\\|author3\\=Martin A\\|author4\\= Schouten JL\\|author5\\=Haxby JV\\|title\\=Distributed representation of objects in the human ventral visual pathway\\|journal\\=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.\\|volume\\=96\\|issue\\=16\\|pages\\=9379–84\\|date\\=August 1999\\|pmid\\=10430951\\|pmc\\=17791\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.96\\.16\\.9379\\|bibcode\\=1999PNAS...96\\.9379I \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} However, there is disagreement: the category\\-specific and process\\-map models could accommodate most other proposed models for the neural underpinnings of facial processing.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Gauthier\\|first1\\=Isabel\\|title\\=What constrains the organization of the ventral temporal cortex?\\|journal\\=Trends in Cognitive Sciences\\|date\\=January 2000\\|volume\\=4\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1–2\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s1364\\-6613(99\\)01416\\-3\\|pmid\\=10637614\\|s2cid\\=17347723 }}", "Most neuroanatomical substrates for facial processing are perfused by the middle cerebral artery. Therefore, facial processing has been studied using measurements of mean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries bilaterally. During facial recognition tasks, greater changes occur in the right middle cerebral artery than the left.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Droste\\|first1\\=D W\\|last2\\=Harders\\|first2\\=A G\\|last3\\=Rastogi\\|first3\\=E\\|title\\=A transcranial Doppler study of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries performed at rest and during mental activities.\\|journal\\=Stroke\\|date\\=August 1989\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=8\\|pages\\=1005–11\\|doi\\=10\\.1161/01\\.str.20\\.8\\.1005\\|pmid\\=2667197 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Harders\\|first1\\=A. G.\\|last2\\=Laborde\\|first2\\=G.\\|last3\\=Droste\\|first3\\=D. W.\\|last4\\=Rastogi\\|first4\\=E.\\|title\\=Brain Activity and Blood flow Velocity Changes: A Transcranial Doppler Study\\|journal\\=International Journal of Neuroscience\\|date\\=January 1989\\|volume\\=47\\|issue\\=1–2\\|pages\\=91–102\\|doi\\=10\\.3109/00207458908987421\\|pmid\\=2676884 }} Men are right\\-lateralized and women left\\-lateralized during facial processing tasks.{{Cite journal\\|author\\=Njemanze PC\\|title\\=Asymmetry in cerebral blood flow velocity with processing of facial images during head\\-down rest\\|journal\\=Aviat Space Environ Med\\|volume\\=75\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=800–5\\|date\\=September 2004\\|pmid\\=15460633}}", "Just as memory and cognitive function separate the abilities of children and adults to recognize faces, the familiarity of a face may also play a role in the perception of faces. Recording [event\\-related potentials](/wiki/Event-related_potentials \"Event-related potentials\") in the brain to determine the timing of facial recognition{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Zheng\\|first1\\=Xin\\|last2\\=Mondloch\\|first2\\=Catherine J.\\|last3\\=Segalowitz\\|first3\\=Sidney J.\\|title\\=The timing of individual face recognition in the brain\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|date\\=June 2012\\|volume\\=50\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=1451–61\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012\\.02\\.030\\|pmid\\=22410414\\|s2cid\\=207237508 }} showed that familiar faces are indicated by a stronger N250, a specific wavelength response that plays a role in the visual memory of faces.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Eimer\\|first\\=M.\\|author2\\=Gosling, A.\\|author3\\=Duchaine, B.\\|title\\=Electrophysiological markers of covert face recognition in developmental prosopagnosia\\|journal\\=Brain\\|year\\=2012\\|volume\\=135\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=542–554\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/brain/awr347\\|pmid\\=22271660\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Similarly, all faces elicit the [N170](/wiki/N170 \"N170\") response in the brain.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Moulson\\|first\\=M.C.\\|author2\\=Balas, B.\\|author3\\=Nelson, C.\\|author4\\=Sinha, P.\\|year\\=2011\\|title\\=EEG correlates of categorical and graded face perception\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|volume\\=49\\|issue\\=14\\|pages\\=3847–53\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011\\.09\\.046\\|pmc\\=3290448\\|pmid\\=22001852}}", "The brain conceptually needs only \\~50 neurons to encode any human face, with facial features projected on individual axes (neurons) in a 50\\-dimensional \"Face Space\".{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Chang\\|first1\\=Le\\|last2\\=Tsao\\|first2\\=Doris Y.\\|date\\=June 2017\\|title\\=The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain\\|journal\\=Cell\\|volume\\=169\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=1013–28\\.e14\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.cell.2017\\.05\\.011\\|pmid\\=28575666\\|pmc\\=8088389\\|s2cid\\=32432231}}", "" ]
Face advantage in memory recall ------------------------------- During face perception, neural networks make connections with the brain to recall memories.{{cite encyclopedia\|last\=Mansour\|first\=Jamal\|author2\=Lindsay, Roderick\|title\=Facial Recognition\|encyclopedia\=Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology\|date\=30 January 2010\|volume\=1–2\|pages\=1–2 \|doi\=10\.1002/9780470479216\.corpsy0342\|isbn\=978\-0\-470\-47921\-6}} According to the Seminal Model of face perception, there are three stages of face processing: * recognition of the face * recall of memories and information linked with that face * name recall There are exceptions to this order. For example, names are recalled faster than semantic information in cases of highly familiar stimuli.{{cite journal\|last\=Calderwood\|first\=L\|author2\=Burton, A.M.\|title\=Children and adults recall the names of highly familiar faces faster than semantic information\|journal\=British Journal of Psychology\|date\=November 2006\|volume\=96\|issue\=4\|pages\=441–454\|doi\=10\.1348/000712605X84124\|pmid\=17018182}} While the face is a powerful identifier, the voice also helps in recognition.{{cite journal\|last\=Ellis\|first\=Hadyn\|author2\=Jones, Dylan\|title\=Intra\- and Inter\-modal repetition priming of familiar faces and voices\|journal\=British Journal of Psychology\|date\=February 1997\|volume\=88\|issue\=1\|pages\=143–156\|doi\=10\.1111/j.2044\-8295\.1997\.tb02625\.x\|pmid\=9061895\|last3\=Mosdell\|first3\=Nick}}{{cite encyclopedia\|last\=Nadal\|first\=Lynn\|title\=Speaker Recognition\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\|year\=2005\|volume\=4\|pages\=142–5}} Research has tested if faces or voices make it easier to identify individuals and recall [semantic memory](/wiki/Semantic_memory "Semantic memory") and [episodic memory](/wiki/Episodic_memory "Episodic memory"). These experiments looked at all three stages of face processing. The experiment showed two groups of celebrity and familiar faces or voices with a [between\-group design](/wiki/Between-group_design "Between-group design") and asked the participants to recall information about them.{{cite journal\|last\=Bredart\|first\=S.\|author2\=Barsics, C.\|title\=Recalling Semantic and Episodic Information From Faces and Voices: A Face Advantage\|journal\=Current Directions in Psychological Science\|date\=3 December 2012\|volume\=21\|issue\=6\|pages\=378–381\|doi\=10\.1177/0963721412454876\|hdl\=2268/135794 \|s2cid\=145337404\|hdl\-access\=free}} The participants were first asked if the stimulus was familiar. If they answered yes then they were asked for information (semantic memory) and memories (episodic memory) that fit the face or voice presented. These experiments demonstrated the phenomenon of face advantage and how it persists through follow\-up studies. ### Recognition\-performance issue After the first experiments on the advantage of faces over voices in memory recall, errors and gaps were found in the methods used. For one, there was not a clear face advantage for the recognition stage of face processing. Participants showed a familiarity\-only response to voices more often than faces.{{cite journal\|last\=Hanley\|first\=J. Richard\|author2\=Damjanovic, Ljubica\|title\=It is more difficult to retrieve a familiar person's name and occupation from their voice than from their blurred face\|journal\=Memory\|date\=November 2009\|volume\=17\|issue\=8\|pages\=830–9\|doi\=10\.1080/09658210903264175\|pmid\=19882434\|s2cid\=27070912}} In other words, when voices were recognized (about 60–70% of the time) they were much harder to recall biographical information but very good at being recognized. The results were looked at as [remember versus know judgements](/wiki/Remember_versus_know_judgements "Remember versus know judgements"). A lot more remember results (or familiarity) occurred with voices, and more know (or memory recall) responses happened with faces. This phenomenon persists through experiments dealing with criminal line\-ups in prisons. Witnesses are more likely to say that a suspect's voice sounded familiar than his/her face even though they cannot remember anything about the suspect.{{cite journal\|last1\=Yarmey\|first1\=Daniel A.\|title\=Face and Voice Identifications in showups and lineups\|journal\=Applied Cognitive Psychology\|date\=1 January 1994\|volume\=8\|issue\=5\|pages\=453–464\|doi\=10\.1002/acp.2350080504\|last2\=Yarmey\|first2\=A. Linda\|last3\=Yarmey\|first3\=Meagan J.}} This discrepancy is due to a larger amount of guesswork and false alarms that occur with voices. To give faces a similar ambiguity to that of voices, the face stimuli were blurred in the follow\-up experiment. This experiment followed the same procedures as the first, presenting two groups with sets of stimuli made up of half celebrity faces and half unfamiliar faces. The only difference was that the face stimuli were blurred so that detailed features could not be seen. Participants were then asked to say if they recognized the person, if they could recall specific biographical information about them, and finally if they knew the person's name. The results were completely different from those of the original experiment, supporting the view that there were problems in the first experiment's methods. According to the results of the followup, the same amount of information and memory could be recalled through voices and faces, dismantling the face advantage. However, these results are flawed and premature because other methodological issues in the experiment still needed to be fixed. ### Content of speech The process of controlling the content of speech extract has proven to be more difficult than the elimination of non facial cues in photographs. Thus the findings of experiments that did not control this factor lead to misleading conclusions regarding the voice recognition over the face recognition. For example, in an experiment it was found that 40% of the time participants could easily pair the celebrity\-voice with their occupation just by guessing. In order to eliminate these errors, experimenters removed parts of the voice samples that could possibly give clues to the identity of the target, such as catchphrases.{{cite journal\|last\=Van Lancker\|first\=Diana\|author2\=Kreiman, Jody\|title\=Voice discrimination and recognition are separate abilities\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|date\=January 1987\|volume\=25\|issue\=5\|pages\=829–834\|doi\=10\.1016/0028\-3932(87\)90120\-5\|pmid\=3431677\|s2cid\=15240833}} Even after controlling the voice samples as well as the face samples (using blurred faces), studies have shown that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices.{{cite journal\|last\=Barsics\|first\=Catherine\|author2\=Brédart, Serge\|title\=Recalling episodic information about personally known faces and voices\|journal\=Consciousness and Cognition\|date\=June 2011\|volume\=20\|issue\=2\|pages\=303–8\|doi\=10\.1016/j.concog.2010\.03\.008\|pmid\=20381380\|s2cid\=40812033}} Another technique to control the content of the speech extracts is to present the faces and voices of personally familiar individuals, like the participant's teachers or neighbors, instead of the faces and voices of celebrities. In this way alike words are used for the speech extracts. For example, the familiar targets are asked to read exactly the same scripted speech for their voice extracts. The results showed again that semantic information is easier to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices. ### Frequency\-of\-exposure issue Another factor that has to be controlled in order for the results to be reliable is the frequency of exposure. If we take the example of celebrities, people are exposed to celebrities' faces more often than their voices because of the mass media. Through magazines, newspapers and the Internet, individuals are exposed to celebrities' faces without their voices on an everyday basis rather than their voices without their faces. Thus, someone could argue that for all of the experiments that were done until now the findings were a result of the frequency of exposure to the faces of celebrities rather than their voices.{{cite book\|editor\-last\=Ethofer\|editor2\=Belin Pascal\|editor3\=Salvatore Campanella\|editor\-first\=Thomas\|title\=Integrating face and voice in person perception\|publisher\=Springer\|location\=New York\|isbn\=978\-1\-4614\-3584\-6\|date\=21 August 2012}} To overcome this problem researchers decided to use personally familiar individuals as stimuli instead of celebrities. Personally familiar individuals, such as participant's teachers, are for the most part heard as well as seen.{{cite journal\|last1\=Brédart\|first1\=Serge\|last2\=Barsics\|first2\=Catherine\|last3\=Hanley\|first3\=Rick\|title\=Recalling semantic information about personally known faces and voices\|journal\=European Journal of Cognitive Psychology\|date\=November 2009\|volume\=21\|issue\=7\|pages\=1013–21\|doi\=10\.1080/09541440802591821\|hdl\=2268/27809\|s2cid\=1042153\|url\=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/27809\|access\-date\=5 February 2019\|archive\-date\=2 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602121625/https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/27809\|url\-status\=live\|hdl\-access\=free}} Studies that used this type of control also demonstrated the face advantage. Students were able to retrieve semantic information more readily when recognizing their teachers faces (both normal and blurred) rather than their voices. However, researchers over the years have found an even more effective way to control not only the frequency of exposure but also the content of the speech extracts, the [associative learning](/wiki/Learning "Learning") paradigm. Participants are asked to link semantic information as well as names with pre\-experimentally unknown voices and faces.{{cite journal\|last1\=Barsics\|first1\=Catherine\|last2\=Brédart\|first2\=Serge\|title\=Recalling semantic information about newly learned faces and voices\|journal\=Memory\|date\=July 2012\|volume\=20\|issue\=5\|pages\=527–534\|doi\=10\.1080/09658211\.2012\.683012\|pmid\=22646520\|s2cid\=23728924 }}{{cite encyclopedia\|title\=Learning.\|url\=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/estinsects/learning\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopedia of Insects.\|publisher\=Oxford: Elsevier Science \& Technology\|access\-date\=6 December 2013\|date\=\|archive\-date\=2 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602121638/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estinsects/learning/0\|url\-status\=live}} In a current experiment that used this paradigm, a name and a profession were given together with, accordingly, a voice, a face or both to three participant groups. The associations described above were repeated four times. The next step was a [cued recall](/wiki/Recall_%28memory%29 "Recall (memory)") task in which every stimulus that was learned in the previous phase was introduced and participants were asked to tell the profession and the name for every stimulus.{{cite encyclopedia\|title\=Memory, Explicit and Implicit.\|url\=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/esthumanbrain/memory\_explicit\_and\_implicit\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopedia of the Human Brain.\|publisher\=Oxford: Elsevier Science \& Technology\|access\-date\=6 December 2013\|date\=\|archive\-date\=2 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602121639/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/esthumanbrain/memory\_explicit\_and\_implicit/0\|url\-status\=live}} Again, the results showed that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices even when the frequency of exposure was controlled. ### Extension to episodic memory and explanation for existence [Episodic memory](/wiki/Episodic_memory "Episodic memory") is our ability to remember specific, previously experienced events.{{cite encyclopedia\|year\=2005\|title\=Episodic Memory, Computational Models of\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\|publisher\=Wiley \|doi\=10\.1002/0470018860\.s00444 \|first\=Kenneth A. \|last\=Norman}} In recognition of faces as it pertains to episodic memory, there has been shown to be activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex, [parietal lobe](/wiki/Parietal_lobe "Parietal lobe"), and the left medial frontal/anterior cingulate cortex.{{cite journal\|last\=Leube\|first\=Dirk T.\|author2\=Erb, Michael\|author3\=Grodd, Wolfgang\|author4\=Bartels, Mathias\|author5\= Kircher, Tilo T.J.\|title\=Successful episodic memory retrieval of newly learned faces activates a left fronto\-parietal network\|journal\=Cognitive Brain Research\|date\=December 2003\|volume\=18\|issue\=1\|pages\=97–101\|doi\=10\.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003\.09\.008\|pmid\=14659501}}{{cite journal\|last\=Hofer\|first\=Alex\|author2\=Siedentopf, Christian M.\|author3\=Ischebeck, Anja\|author4\=Rettenbacher, Maria A.\|author5\=Verius, Michael\|author6\=Golaszewski, Stefan M.\|author7\=Felber, Stephan\|author8\= Fleischhacker, W. Wolfgang\|title\=Neural substrates for episodic encoding and recognition of unfamiliar faces\|journal\=Brain and Cognition\|date\=March 2007\|volume\=63\|issue\=2\|pages\=174–181\|doi\=10\.1016/j.bandc.2006\.11\.005\|pmid\=17207899\|s2cid\=42077795}} It was also found that a left lateralization during episodic memory retrieval in the parietal cortex correlated strongly with success in retrieval. This may possibly be due to the hypothesis that the link between face recognition and episodic memory were stronger than those of voice and episodic memory. This hypothesis can also be supported by the existence of specialized face recognition devices thought to be located in the temporal lobes.{{cite encyclopedia\|year\=2005\|title\= Face Perception, Neural Basis of\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\|publisher\=Wiley \|doi\=10\.1002/0470018860\.s00330 \|first\=Shlomo \|last\=Bentin }} There is also evidence of the existence of two separate neural systems for face recognition: one for familiar faces and another for newly learned faces. One explanation for this link between face recognition and episodic memory is that since face recognition is a major part of human existence, the brain creates a link between the two in order to be better able to communicate with others.{{cite encyclopedia\|year\=2005\|title\=Face Perception, Psychology of\|encyclopedia\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\|publisher\=Wiley \|first1\=Alice J. \|last\=O'Toole \|doi\=10\.1002/0470018860\.s00535}} [thumb\|Three\-layer model of self\-cognition developed by Motoaki Sugiura](/wiki/File:The-three-layer-model-of-self-related-cognition-.jpg "The-three-layer-model-of-self-related-cognition-.jpg")
[ "Face advantage in memory recall\n-------------------------------", "During face perception, neural networks make connections with the brain to recall memories.{{cite encyclopedia\\|last\\=Mansour\\|first\\=Jamal\\|author2\\=Lindsay, Roderick\\|title\\=Facial Recognition\\|encyclopedia\\=Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology\\|date\\=30 January 2010\\|volume\\=1–2\\|pages\\=1–2 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/9780470479216\\.corpsy0342\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-470\\-47921\\-6}}", "According to the Seminal Model of face perception, there are three stages of face processing:\n* recognition of the face\n* recall of memories and information linked with that face\n* name recall", "There are exceptions to this order. For example, names are recalled faster than semantic information in cases of highly familiar stimuli.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Calderwood\\|first\\=L\\|author2\\=Burton, A.M.\\|title\\=Children and adults recall the names of highly familiar faces faster than semantic information\\|journal\\=British Journal of Psychology\\|date\\=November 2006\\|volume\\=96\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=441–454\\|doi\\=10\\.1348/000712605X84124\\|pmid\\=17018182}} While the face is a powerful identifier, the voice also helps in recognition.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Ellis\\|first\\=Hadyn\\|author2\\=Jones, Dylan\\|title\\=Intra\\- and Inter\\-modal repetition priming of familiar faces and voices\\|journal\\=British Journal of Psychology\\|date\\=February 1997\\|volume\\=88\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=143–156\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.2044\\-8295\\.1997\\.tb02625\\.x\\|pmid\\=9061895\\|last3\\=Mosdell\\|first3\\=Nick}}{{cite encyclopedia\\|last\\=Nadal\\|first\\=Lynn\\|title\\=Speaker Recognition\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\\|year\\=2005\\|volume\\=4\\|pages\\=142–5}}", "Research has tested if faces or voices make it easier to identify individuals and recall [semantic memory](/wiki/Semantic_memory \"Semantic memory\") and [episodic memory](/wiki/Episodic_memory \"Episodic memory\"). These experiments looked at all three stages of face processing. The experiment showed two groups of celebrity and familiar faces or voices with a [between\\-group design](/wiki/Between-group_design \"Between-group design\") and asked the participants to recall information about them.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Bredart\\|first\\=S.\\|author2\\=Barsics, C.\\|title\\=Recalling Semantic and Episodic Information From Faces and Voices: A Face Advantage\\|journal\\=Current Directions in Psychological Science\\|date\\=3 December 2012\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=378–381\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0963721412454876\\|hdl\\=2268/135794 \\|s2cid\\=145337404\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} The participants were first asked if the stimulus was familiar. If they answered yes then they were asked for information (semantic memory) and memories (episodic memory) that fit the face or voice presented. These experiments demonstrated the phenomenon of face advantage and how it persists through follow\\-up studies.", "### Recognition\\-performance issue", "After the first experiments on the advantage of faces over voices in memory recall, errors and gaps were found in the methods used.", "For one, there was not a clear face advantage for the recognition stage of face processing. Participants showed a familiarity\\-only response to voices more often than faces.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Hanley\\|first\\=J. Richard\\|author2\\=Damjanovic, Ljubica\\|title\\=It is more difficult to retrieve a familiar person's name and occupation from their voice than from their blurred face\\|journal\\=Memory\\|date\\=November 2009\\|volume\\=17\\|issue\\=8\\|pages\\=830–9\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09658210903264175\\|pmid\\=19882434\\|s2cid\\=27070912}} In other words, when voices were recognized (about 60–70% of the time) they were much harder to recall biographical information but very good at being recognized. The results were looked at as [remember versus know judgements](/wiki/Remember_versus_know_judgements \"Remember versus know judgements\"). A lot more remember results (or familiarity) occurred with voices, and more know (or memory recall) responses happened with faces. This phenomenon persists through experiments dealing with criminal line\\-ups in prisons. Witnesses are more likely to say that a suspect's voice sounded familiar than his/her face even though they cannot remember anything about the suspect.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Yarmey\\|first1\\=Daniel A.\\|title\\=Face and Voice Identifications in showups and lineups\\|journal\\=Applied Cognitive Psychology\\|date\\=1 January 1994\\|volume\\=8\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=453–464\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/acp.2350080504\\|last2\\=Yarmey\\|first2\\=A. Linda\\|last3\\=Yarmey\\|first3\\=Meagan J.}} This discrepancy is due to a larger amount of guesswork and false alarms that occur with voices.", "To give faces a similar ambiguity to that of voices, the face stimuli were blurred in the follow\\-up experiment. This experiment followed the same procedures as the first, presenting two groups with sets of stimuli made up of half celebrity faces and half unfamiliar faces. The only difference was that the face stimuli were blurred so that detailed features could not be seen. Participants were then asked to say if they recognized the person, if they could recall specific biographical information about them, and finally if they knew the person's name. The results were completely different from those of the original experiment, supporting the view that there were problems in the first experiment's methods. According to the results of the followup, the same amount of information and memory could be recalled through voices and faces, dismantling the face advantage. However, these results are flawed and premature because other methodological issues in the experiment still needed to be fixed.", "### Content of speech", "The process of controlling the content of speech extract has proven to be more difficult than the elimination of non facial cues in photographs.", "Thus the findings of experiments that did not control this factor lead to misleading conclusions regarding the voice recognition over the face recognition. For example, in an experiment it was found that 40% of the time participants could easily pair the celebrity\\-voice with their occupation just by guessing. In order to eliminate these errors, experimenters removed parts of the voice samples that could possibly give clues to the identity of the target, such as catchphrases.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Van Lancker\\|first\\=Diana\\|author2\\=Kreiman, Jody\\|title\\=Voice discrimination and recognition are separate abilities\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|date\\=January 1987\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=829–834\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0028\\-3932(87\\)90120\\-5\\|pmid\\=3431677\\|s2cid\\=15240833}} Even after controlling the voice samples as well as the face samples (using blurred faces), studies have shown that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Barsics\\|first\\=Catherine\\|author2\\=Brédart, Serge\\|title\\=Recalling episodic information about personally known faces and voices\\|journal\\=Consciousness and Cognition\\|date\\=June 2011\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=303–8\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.concog.2010\\.03\\.008\\|pmid\\=20381380\\|s2cid\\=40812033}}", "Another technique to control the content of the speech extracts is to present the faces and voices of personally familiar individuals, like the participant's teachers or neighbors, instead of the faces and voices of celebrities. In this way alike words are used for the speech extracts. For example, the familiar targets are asked to read exactly the same scripted speech for their voice extracts. The results showed again that semantic information is easier to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices.", "### Frequency\\-of\\-exposure issue", "Another factor that has to be controlled in order for the results to be reliable is the frequency of exposure.", "If we take the example of celebrities, people are exposed to celebrities' faces more often than their voices because of the mass media. Through magazines, newspapers and the Internet, individuals are exposed to celebrities' faces without their voices on an everyday basis rather than their voices without their faces. Thus, someone could argue that for all of the experiments that were done until now the findings were a result of the frequency of exposure to the faces of celebrities rather than their voices.{{cite book\\|editor\\-last\\=Ethofer\\|editor2\\=Belin Pascal\\|editor3\\=Salvatore Campanella\\|editor\\-first\\=Thomas\\|title\\=Integrating face and voice in person perception\\|publisher\\=Springer\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4614\\-3584\\-6\\|date\\=21 August 2012}}", "To overcome this problem researchers decided to use personally familiar individuals as stimuli instead of celebrities. Personally familiar individuals, such as participant's teachers, are for the most part heard as well as seen.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Brédart\\|first1\\=Serge\\|last2\\=Barsics\\|first2\\=Catherine\\|last3\\=Hanley\\|first3\\=Rick\\|title\\=Recalling semantic information about personally known faces and voices\\|journal\\=European Journal of Cognitive Psychology\\|date\\=November 2009\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=1013–21\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09541440802591821\\|hdl\\=2268/27809\\|s2cid\\=1042153\\|url\\=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/27809\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602121625/https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/27809\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} Studies that used this type of control also demonstrated the face advantage. Students were able to retrieve semantic information more readily when recognizing their teachers faces (both normal and blurred) rather than their voices.", "However, researchers over the years have found an even more effective way to control not only the frequency of exposure but also the content of the speech extracts, the [associative learning](/wiki/Learning \"Learning\") paradigm. Participants are asked to link semantic information as well as names with pre\\-experimentally unknown voices and faces.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Barsics\\|first1\\=Catherine\\|last2\\=Brédart\\|first2\\=Serge\\|title\\=Recalling semantic information about newly learned faces and voices\\|journal\\=Memory\\|date\\=July 2012\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=527–534\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09658211\\.2012\\.683012\\|pmid\\=22646520\\|s2cid\\=23728924 }}{{cite encyclopedia\\|title\\=Learning.\\|url\\=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/estinsects/learning\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopedia of Insects.\\|publisher\\=Oxford: Elsevier Science \\& Technology\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2013\\|date\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602121638/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estinsects/learning/0\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In a current experiment that used this paradigm, a name and a profession were given together with, accordingly, a voice, a face or both to three participant groups. The associations described above were repeated four times.", "The next step was a [cued recall](/wiki/Recall_%28memory%29 \"Recall (memory)\") task in which every stimulus that was learned in the previous phase was introduced and participants were asked to tell the profession and the name for every stimulus.{{cite encyclopedia\\|title\\=Memory, Explicit and Implicit.\\|url\\=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/esthumanbrain/memory\\_explicit\\_and\\_implicit\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopedia of the Human Brain.\\|publisher\\=Oxford: Elsevier Science \\& Technology\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2013\\|date\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=2 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602121639/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/esthumanbrain/memory\\_explicit\\_and\\_implicit/0\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Again, the results showed that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices even when the frequency of exposure was controlled.", "### Extension to episodic memory and explanation for existence", "[Episodic memory](/wiki/Episodic_memory \"Episodic memory\") is our ability to remember specific, previously experienced events.{{cite encyclopedia\\|year\\=2005\\|title\\=Episodic Memory, Computational Models of\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\\|publisher\\=Wiley \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/0470018860\\.s00444 \\|first\\=Kenneth A. \\|last\\=Norman}}", "In recognition of faces as it pertains to episodic memory, there has been shown to be activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex, [parietal lobe](/wiki/Parietal_lobe \"Parietal lobe\"), and the left medial frontal/anterior cingulate cortex.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Leube\\|first\\=Dirk T.\\|author2\\=Erb, Michael\\|author3\\=Grodd, Wolfgang\\|author4\\=Bartels, Mathias\\|author5\\= Kircher, Tilo T.J.\\|title\\=Successful episodic memory retrieval of newly learned faces activates a left fronto\\-parietal network\\|journal\\=Cognitive Brain Research\\|date\\=December 2003\\|volume\\=18\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=97–101\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003\\.09\\.008\\|pmid\\=14659501}}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Hofer\\|first\\=Alex\\|author2\\=Siedentopf, Christian M.\\|author3\\=Ischebeck, Anja\\|author4\\=Rettenbacher, Maria A.\\|author5\\=Verius, Michael\\|author6\\=Golaszewski, Stefan M.\\|author7\\=Felber, Stephan\\|author8\\= Fleischhacker, W. Wolfgang\\|title\\=Neural substrates for episodic encoding and recognition of unfamiliar faces\\|journal\\=Brain and Cognition\\|date\\=March 2007\\|volume\\=63\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=174–181\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.bandc.2006\\.11\\.005\\|pmid\\=17207899\\|s2cid\\=42077795}} It was also found that a left lateralization during episodic memory retrieval in the parietal cortex correlated strongly with success in retrieval. This may possibly be due to the hypothesis that the link between face recognition and episodic memory were stronger than those of voice and episodic memory. This hypothesis can also be supported by the existence of specialized face recognition devices thought to be located in the temporal lobes.{{cite encyclopedia\\|year\\=2005\\|title\\= Face Perception, Neural Basis of\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\\|publisher\\=Wiley \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/0470018860\\.s00330 \\|first\\=Shlomo \\|last\\=Bentin }}", "There is also evidence of the existence of two separate neural systems for face recognition: one for familiar faces and another for newly learned faces. One explanation for this link between face recognition and episodic memory is that since face recognition is a major part of human existence, the brain creates a link between the two in order to be better able to communicate with others.{{cite encyclopedia\\|year\\=2005\\|title\\=Face Perception, Psychology of\\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science\\|publisher\\=Wiley \\|first1\\=Alice J. \\|last\\=O'Toole \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/0470018860\\.s00535}}", "[thumb\\|Three\\-layer model of self\\-cognition developed by Motoaki Sugiura](/wiki/File:The-three-layer-model-of-self-related-cognition-.jpg \"The-three-layer-model-of-self-related-cognition-.jpg\")", "" ]
Autism ------ [alt\=Photograph of a child with autism stacking cans.\|thumb\|A child with autism](/wiki/File:Autism-stacking-cans_edit.jpg "Autism-stacking-cans edit.jpg") [Autism spectrum disorder](/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder "Autism spectrum disorder") is a comprehensive neural developmental disorder that produces social, communicative,{{cite book\|last\=Tanaka\|first\=J.W.\|title\=The development of face processing\|year\=2003\|publisher\=Hogrefe \& Huber Publishers\|location\=Ohio\|isbn\=9780889372641\|pages\=101–119\|author2\=Lincoln, S.\|author3\=Hegg, L.\|editor\=Schwarzer, G.\|editor2\=Leder, H.\|chapter\=A framework for the study and treatment of face processing deficits in autism}} and perceptual deficits.{{cite journal\|last1\=Behrmann\|first1\=Marlene\|last2\=Avidan\|first2\=Galia\|last3\=Leonard\|first3\=Grace Lee\|last4\=Kimchi\|first4\=Rutie\|last5\=Luna\|first5\=Beatriz\|last6\=Humphreys\|first6\=Kate\|last7\=Minshew\|first7\=Nancy\|title\=Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing\|journal\=Neuropsychologia\|date\=January 2006\|volume\=44\|issue\=1\|pages\=110–129\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005\.04\.002\|pmid\=15907952\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.360\.7141\|s2cid\=6407530 }} Individuals with autism exhibit difficulties with facial identity recognition and recognizing emotional expressions.{{cite book\|last\=Schreibman\|first\=Laura\|title\=Autism\|year\=1988\|publisher\=Sage Publications\|location\=Newbury Park\|isbn\=978\-0803928091\|pages\=14–47}}{{cite journal\|last\=Weigelt\|first\=Sarah\|author2\=Koldewyn, Kami\|author3\=Kanwisher, Nancy\|title\=Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies\|journal\=Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews\|year\=2012\|volume\=36\|issue\=3\|pages\=1060–84\|doi\=10\.1016/j.neubiorev.2011\.12\.008\|pmid\=22212588\|s2cid\=13909935}} These deficits are suspected to spring from abnormalities in early and late stages of facial processing.{{cite journal\|last\=Dawson\|first\=Geraldine\|author2\=Webb, Sara Jane\|author3\=McPartland, James\|title\=Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies\|journal\=Developmental Neuropsychology\|year\=2005\|volume\=27\|pages\=403–424\|pmid\=15843104\|doi\=10\.1207/s15326942dn2703\_6\|issue\=3\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.519\.8390\|s2cid\=2566676}} ### Speed and methods People with autism process face and non\-face stimuli with the same speed.{{cite journal\|last\=Kita\|first\=Yosuke\|author2\=Inagaki, Masumi\|title\=Face recognition in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder\|journal\=Brain and Nerve\|year\=2012\|volume\=64\|pages\=821–831\|pmid\=22764354\|issue\=7}} In [neurotypical](/wiki/Neurotypical "Neurotypical") individuals, a preference for face processing results in a faster processing speed in comparison to non\-face stimuli. These individuals use [holistic processing](/wiki/Global_precedence "Global precedence") when perceiving faces. In contrast, individuals with autism employ part\-based processing or [bottom\-up processing](/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design "Top-down and bottom-up design"), focusing on individual features rather than the face as a whole.{{cite journal\|last1\=Grelotti\|first1\=David J.\|last2\=Gauthier\|first2\=Isabel\|last3\=Schultz\|first3\=Robert T.\|title\=Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing\|journal\=Developmental Psychobiology\|date\=April 2002\|volume\=40\|issue\=3\|pages\=213–225\|doi\=10\.1002/dev.10028\|pmid\=11891634\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.20\.4786 }}{{cite journal\|last\=Riby\|first\=Deborah\|author2\=Doherty\-Sneddon Gwyneth\|title\=The eyes or the mouth? Feature salience and unfamiliar face processing in Williams syndrome and autism\|journal\=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology\|year\=2009\|volume\=62\|issue\=1\|pages\=189–203\|doi\=10\.1080/17470210701855629\|pmid\=18609381\|last3\=Bruce\|first3\=Vicki\|hdl\=1893/394\|s2cid\=7505424\|hdl\-access\=free}} People with autism direct their gaze primarily to the lower half of the face, specifically the mouth, varying from the eye\-trained gaze of neurotypical people.{{cite journal\|last\=Joseph\|first\=Robert\|author2\=Tanaka, James\|title\=Holistic and part\-based face recognition in children with autism\|journal\=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry\|year\=2003\|volume\=44\|issue\=4\|pages\=529–542\|doi\=10\.1111/1469\-7610\.00142\|pmid\=12751845\|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.558\.7877}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Langdell\|first1\=Tim\|title\=Recognition of Faces: An approach to the study of autism\|journal\=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry\|date\=July 1978\|volume\=19\|issue\=3\|pages\=255–268\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1469\-7610\.1978\.tb00468\.x\|pmid\=681468 }}{{cite journal\|last\=Spezio\|first\=Michael\|author2\=Adolphs, Ralph\|author3\=Hurley, Robert\|author4\= Piven, Joseph\|title\=Abnormal use of facial information in high functioning autism\|journal\=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders\|date\=28 September 2006\|volume\=37\|issue\=5\|pages\=929–939\|doi\=10\.1007/s10803\-006\-0232\-9\|pmid\=17006775\|s2cid\=13972633}} This deviation does not employ the use of facial [prototypes](/wiki/Prototype_theory "Prototype theory"), which are templates stored in memory that make for easy retrieval.{{cite book\|last\=Revlin\|first\=Russell\|title\=Cognition: Theory and Practice\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Worth Publishers\|isbn\=9780716756675\|pages\=98–101}} Additionally, individuals with autism display difficulty with [recognition memory](/wiki/Recognition_memory "Recognition memory"), specifically memory that aids in identifying faces. The memory deficit is selective for faces and does not extend to other visual input. These face\-memory deficits are possibly products of interference between face\-processing regions. ### Associated difficulties Autism often manifests in weakened social ability, due to decreased eye contact, [joint attention](/wiki/Joint_attention "Joint attention"), interpretation of emotional expression, and communicative skills.{{cite journal\|last1\=Triesch\|first1\=Jochen\|last2\=Teuscher\|first2\=Christof\|last3\=Deak\|first3\=Gedeon O.\|last4\=Carlson\|first4\=Eric\|title\=Gaze following: Why (not) learn it?\|journal\=Developmental Science\|year\=2006\|volume\=9\|issue\=2\|pages\=125–157\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1467\-7687\.2006\.00470\.x\|pmid\=16472311\|url\=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8fm3k5xc\|access\-date\=5 February 2019\|archive\-date\=9 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009001822/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fm3k5xc\|url\-status\=live}} These deficiencies can be seen in infants as young as nine months. Some experts use 'face avoidance' to describe how infants who are later diagnosed with autism preferentially attend to non\-face objects. Furthermore, some have proposed that children with autism's difficulty in grasping the emotional content of faces is the result of a general inattentiveness to facial expression, and not an incapacity to process emotional information in general. The constraints are viewed to cause impaired social engagement.{{cite journal\|last1\=Volkmar\|first1\=Fred\|last2\=Chawarska\|first2\=Kasia\|last3\=Klin\|first3\=Ami\|title\=Autism in infancy and early childhood\|journal\=Annual Review of Psychology\|year\=2005\|volume\=56\|pages\=315–6\|doi\=10\.1146/annurev.psych.56\.091103\.070159\|pmid\=15709938}} Furthermore, research suggests a link between decreased face processing abilities in individuals with autism and later deficits in [theory of mind](/wiki/Theory_of_Mind "Theory of Mind"). While typically developing individuals are able to relate others' emotional expressions to their actions, individuals with autism do not demonstrate this skill to the same extent.{{cite book\|last1\=Nader\-Grosbois\|first1\=N.\|last2\=Day\|first2\=J.M.\|editor1\=Matson, J.L.\|editor2\=Sturmey, R.\|title\=International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders\|year\=2011\|publisher\=Springer Science \& Business Media\|location\=New York\|isbn\=9781441980649\|pages\=127–157\|chapter\=Emotional cognition: theory of mind and face recognition}} This causation, however, resembles the [chicken or the egg](/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg "Chicken or the egg") dispute. Some theorize that social impairment leads to perceptual problems. In this perspective, a biological lack of social interest inhibits facial recognition due to under\-use. ### Neurology Many of the obstacles that individuals with autism face in terms of facial processing may be derived from abnormalities in the [fusiform face area](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area "Fusiform face area") and [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala"). Typically, the [fusiform face area](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area "Fusiform face area") in individuals with autism has reduced volume.{{cite journal\|last1\=Pierce\|first1\=K.\|last2\=Müller\|first2\=RA\|last3\=Ambrose\|first3\=J\|last4\=Allen\|first4\=G\|last5\=Courchesne\|first5\=E\|title\=Face processing occurs outside the fusiform 'face area' in autism: evidence from functional MRI\|journal\=Brain\|date\=1 October 2001\|volume\=124\|issue\=10\|pages\=2059–73\|doi\=10\.1093/brain/124\.10\.2059\|pmid\=11571222 \|doi\-access\=free}} This volume reduction has been attributed to deviant amygdala activity that does not flag faces as emotionally salient, and thus decreases activation levels. Studies are not conclusive as to which brain areas people with autism use instead. One found that, when looking at faces, people with autism exhibit activity in brain regions normally active when neurotypical individuals perceive objects. Another found that during facial perception, people with autism use different neural systems, each using their own unique neural circuitry. ### Compensation mechanisms As autistic individuals age, scores on behavioral tests assessing ability to perform face\-emotion recognition increase to levels similar to controls. The recognition mechanisms of these individuals are still atypical, though often effective.{{cite journal\|last1\=Harms\|first1\=Madeline B.\|last2\=Martin\|first2\=Alex\|last3\=Wallace\|first3\=Gregory L.\|title\=Facial Emotion Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies\|journal\=Neuropsychology Review\|date\=September 2010\|volume\=20\|issue\=3\|pages\=290–322\|doi\=10\.1007/s11065\-010\-9138\-6\|pmid\=20809200\|s2cid\=24696402 }} In terms of face identity\-recognition, compensation can include a more pattern\-based strategy, first seen in [face inversion](/wiki/Global_precedence%23Face_inversion "Global precedence#Face inversion") tasks. Alternatively, older individuals compensate by using mimicry of other's facial expressions and rely on their motor feedback of facial muscles for face emotion\-recognition.{{cite journal\|last1\=Wright\|first1\=Barry\|last2\=Clarke\|first2\=Natalie\|last3\=Jordan\|first3\=Jo\|last4\=Young\|first4\=Andrew W.\|last5\=Clarke\|first5\=Paula\|last6\=Miles\|first6\=Jeremy\|last7\=Nation\|first7\=Kate\|last8\=Clarke\|first8\=Leesa\|last9\=Williams\|first9\=Christine\|title\=Emotion recognition in faces and the use of visual context Vo in young people with high\-functioning autism spectrum disorders\|journal\=Autism\|date\=November 2008\|volume\=12\|issue\=6\|pages\=607–626\|doi\=10\.1177/1362361308097118\|pmid\=19005031\|s2cid\=206714766 }}
[ "Autism\n------", "[alt\\=Photograph of a child with autism stacking cans.\\|thumb\\|A child with autism](/wiki/File:Autism-stacking-cans_edit.jpg \"Autism-stacking-cans edit.jpg\")\n[Autism spectrum disorder](/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder \"Autism spectrum disorder\") is a comprehensive neural developmental disorder that produces social, communicative,{{cite book\\|last\\=Tanaka\\|first\\=J.W.\\|title\\=The development of face processing\\|year\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Hogrefe \\& Huber Publishers\\|location\\=Ohio\\|isbn\\=9780889372641\\|pages\\=101–119\\|author2\\=Lincoln, S.\\|author3\\=Hegg, L.\\|editor\\=Schwarzer, G.\\|editor2\\=Leder, H.\\|chapter\\=A framework for the study and treatment of face processing deficits in autism}} and perceptual deficits.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Behrmann\\|first1\\=Marlene\\|last2\\=Avidan\\|first2\\=Galia\\|last3\\=Leonard\\|first3\\=Grace Lee\\|last4\\=Kimchi\\|first4\\=Rutie\\|last5\\=Luna\\|first5\\=Beatriz\\|last6\\=Humphreys\\|first6\\=Kate\\|last7\\=Minshew\\|first7\\=Nancy\\|title\\=Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing\\|journal\\=Neuropsychologia\\|date\\=January 2006\\|volume\\=44\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=110–129\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005\\.04\\.002\\|pmid\\=15907952\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.360\\.7141\\|s2cid\\=6407530 }} Individuals with autism exhibit difficulties with facial identity recognition and recognizing emotional expressions.{{cite book\\|last\\=Schreibman\\|first\\=Laura\\|title\\=Autism\\|year\\=1988\\|publisher\\=Sage Publications\\|location\\=Newbury Park\\|isbn\\=978\\-0803928091\\|pages\\=14–47}}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Weigelt\\|first\\=Sarah\\|author2\\=Koldewyn, Kami\\|author3\\=Kanwisher, Nancy\\|title\\=Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies\\|journal\\=Neuroscience \\& Biobehavioral Reviews\\|year\\=2012\\|volume\\=36\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=1060–84\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.neubiorev.2011\\.12\\.008\\|pmid\\=22212588\\|s2cid\\=13909935}} These deficits are suspected to spring from abnormalities in early and late stages of facial processing.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Dawson\\|first\\=Geraldine\\|author2\\=Webb, Sara Jane\\|author3\\=McPartland, James\\|title\\=Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies\\|journal\\=Developmental Neuropsychology\\|year\\=2005\\|volume\\=27\\|pages\\=403–424\\|pmid\\=15843104\\|doi\\=10\\.1207/s15326942dn2703\\_6\\|issue\\=3\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.519\\.8390\\|s2cid\\=2566676}}", "### Speed and methods", "People with autism process face and non\\-face stimuli with the same speed.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Kita\\|first\\=Yosuke\\|author2\\=Inagaki, Masumi\\|title\\=Face recognition in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder\\|journal\\=Brain and Nerve\\|year\\=2012\\|volume\\=64\\|pages\\=821–831\\|pmid\\=22764354\\|issue\\=7}}", "In [neurotypical](/wiki/Neurotypical \"Neurotypical\") individuals, a preference for face processing results in a faster processing speed in comparison to non\\-face stimuli. These individuals use [holistic processing](/wiki/Global_precedence \"Global precedence\") when perceiving faces. In contrast, individuals with autism employ part\\-based processing or [bottom\\-up processing](/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design \"Top-down and bottom-up design\"), focusing on individual features rather than the face as a whole.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Grelotti\\|first1\\=David J.\\|last2\\=Gauthier\\|first2\\=Isabel\\|last3\\=Schultz\\|first3\\=Robert T.\\|title\\=Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing\\|journal\\=Developmental Psychobiology\\|date\\=April 2002\\|volume\\=40\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=213–225\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/dev.10028\\|pmid\\=11891634\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.20\\.4786 }}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Riby\\|first\\=Deborah\\|author2\\=Doherty\\-Sneddon Gwyneth\\|title\\=The eyes or the mouth? Feature salience and unfamiliar face processing in Williams syndrome and autism\\|journal\\=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology\\|year\\=2009\\|volume\\=62\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=189–203\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/17470210701855629\\|pmid\\=18609381\\|last3\\=Bruce\\|first3\\=Vicki\\|hdl\\=1893/394\\|s2cid\\=7505424\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} People with autism direct their gaze primarily to the lower half of the face, specifically the mouth, varying from the eye\\-trained gaze of neurotypical people.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Joseph\\|first\\=Robert\\|author2\\=Tanaka, James\\|title\\=Holistic and part\\-based face recognition in children with autism\\|journal\\=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry\\|year\\=2003\\|volume\\=44\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=529–542\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1469\\-7610\\.00142\\|pmid\\=12751845\\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.558\\.7877}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Langdell\\|first1\\=Tim\\|title\\=Recognition of Faces: An approach to the study of autism\\|journal\\=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry\\|date\\=July 1978\\|volume\\=19\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=255–268\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1469\\-7610\\.1978\\.tb00468\\.x\\|pmid\\=681468 }}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Spezio\\|first\\=Michael\\|author2\\=Adolphs, Ralph\\|author3\\=Hurley, Robert\\|author4\\= Piven, Joseph\\|title\\=Abnormal use of facial information in high functioning autism\\|journal\\=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders\\|date\\=28 September 2006\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=929–939\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s10803\\-006\\-0232\\-9\\|pmid\\=17006775\\|s2cid\\=13972633}} This deviation does not employ the use of facial [prototypes](/wiki/Prototype_theory \"Prototype theory\"), which are templates stored in memory that make for easy retrieval.{{cite book\\|last\\=Revlin\\|first\\=Russell\\|title\\=Cognition: Theory and Practice\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Worth Publishers\\|isbn\\=9780716756675\\|pages\\=98–101}}", "Additionally, individuals with autism display difficulty with [recognition memory](/wiki/Recognition_memory \"Recognition memory\"), specifically memory that aids in identifying faces. The memory deficit is selective for faces and does not extend to other visual input. These face\\-memory deficits are possibly products of interference between face\\-processing regions.", "### Associated difficulties", "Autism often manifests in weakened social ability, due to decreased eye contact, [joint attention](/wiki/Joint_attention \"Joint attention\"), interpretation of emotional expression, and communicative skills.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Triesch\\|first1\\=Jochen\\|last2\\=Teuscher\\|first2\\=Christof\\|last3\\=Deak\\|first3\\=Gedeon O.\\|last4\\=Carlson\\|first4\\=Eric\\|title\\=Gaze following: Why (not) learn it?\\|journal\\=Developmental Science\\|year\\=2006\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=125–157\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1467\\-7687\\.2006\\.00470\\.x\\|pmid\\=16472311\\|url\\=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8fm3k5xc\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009001822/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fm3k5xc\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "These deficiencies can be seen in infants as young as nine months. Some experts use 'face avoidance' to describe how infants who are later diagnosed with autism preferentially attend to non\\-face objects. Furthermore, some have proposed that children with autism's difficulty in grasping the emotional content of faces is the result of a general inattentiveness to facial expression, and not an incapacity to process emotional information in general.", "The constraints are viewed to cause impaired social engagement.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Volkmar\\|first1\\=Fred\\|last2\\=Chawarska\\|first2\\=Kasia\\|last3\\=Klin\\|first3\\=Ami\\|title\\=Autism in infancy and early childhood\\|journal\\=Annual Review of Psychology\\|year\\=2005\\|volume\\=56\\|pages\\=315–6\\|doi\\=10\\.1146/annurev.psych.56\\.091103\\.070159\\|pmid\\=15709938}} Furthermore, research suggests a link between decreased face processing abilities in individuals with autism and later deficits in [theory of mind](/wiki/Theory_of_Mind \"Theory of Mind\"). While typically developing individuals are able to relate others' emotional expressions to their actions, individuals with autism do not demonstrate this skill to the same extent.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Nader\\-Grosbois\\|first1\\=N.\\|last2\\=Day\\|first2\\=J.M.\\|editor1\\=Matson, J.L.\\|editor2\\=Sturmey, R.\\|title\\=International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=Springer Science \\& Business Media\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=9781441980649\\|pages\\=127–157\\|chapter\\=Emotional cognition: theory of mind and face recognition}}", "This causation, however, resembles the [chicken or the egg](/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg \"Chicken or the egg\") dispute. Some theorize that social impairment leads to perceptual problems. In this perspective, a biological lack of social interest inhibits facial recognition due to under\\-use.", "### Neurology", "Many of the obstacles that individuals with autism face in terms of facial processing may be derived from abnormalities in the [fusiform face area](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area \"Fusiform face area\") and [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\").", "Typically, the [fusiform face area](/wiki/Fusiform_face_area \"Fusiform face area\") in individuals with autism has reduced volume.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Pierce\\|first1\\=K.\\|last2\\=Müller\\|first2\\=RA\\|last3\\=Ambrose\\|first3\\=J\\|last4\\=Allen\\|first4\\=G\\|last5\\=Courchesne\\|first5\\=E\\|title\\=Face processing occurs outside the fusiform 'face area' in autism: evidence from functional MRI\\|journal\\=Brain\\|date\\=1 October 2001\\|volume\\=124\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=2059–73\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/brain/124\\.10\\.2059\\|pmid\\=11571222 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} This volume reduction has been attributed to deviant amygdala activity that does not flag faces as emotionally salient, and thus decreases activation levels.", "Studies are not conclusive as to which brain areas people with autism use instead. One found that, when looking at faces, people with autism exhibit activity in brain regions normally active when neurotypical individuals perceive objects. Another found that during facial perception, people with autism use different neural systems, each using their own unique neural circuitry.", "### Compensation mechanisms", "As autistic individuals age, scores on behavioral tests assessing ability to perform face\\-emotion recognition increase to levels similar to controls.", "The recognition mechanisms of these individuals are still atypical, though often effective.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Harms\\|first1\\=Madeline B.\\|last2\\=Martin\\|first2\\=Alex\\|last3\\=Wallace\\|first3\\=Gregory L.\\|title\\=Facial Emotion Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies\\|journal\\=Neuropsychology Review\\|date\\=September 2010\\|volume\\=20\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=290–322\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11065\\-010\\-9138\\-6\\|pmid\\=20809200\\|s2cid\\=24696402 }} In terms of face identity\\-recognition, compensation can include a more pattern\\-based strategy, first seen in [face inversion](/wiki/Global_precedence%23Face_inversion \"Global precedence#Face inversion\") tasks. Alternatively, older individuals compensate by using mimicry of other's facial expressions and rely on their motor feedback of facial muscles for face emotion\\-recognition.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Wright\\|first1\\=Barry\\|last2\\=Clarke\\|first2\\=Natalie\\|last3\\=Jordan\\|first3\\=Jo\\|last4\\=Young\\|first4\\=Andrew W.\\|last5\\=Clarke\\|first5\\=Paula\\|last6\\=Miles\\|first6\\=Jeremy\\|last7\\=Nation\\|first7\\=Kate\\|last8\\=Clarke\\|first8\\=Leesa\\|last9\\=Williams\\|first9\\=Christine\\|title\\=Emotion recognition in faces and the use of visual context Vo in young people with high\\-functioning autism spectrum disorders\\|journal\\=Autism\\|date\\=November 2008\\|volume\\=12\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=607–626\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/1362361308097118\\|pmid\\=19005031\\|s2cid\\=206714766 }}", "" ]
Career ------ The band formed in 1980{{cite web\|url\=https://www.jonkutner.com/the\-last\-film/ \|title\=The Last Film: Kissing the Pink \|accessdate\=19 December 2019}} at the [Royal College of Music](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music "Royal College of Music"), located in [South Kensington](/wiki/South_Kensington "South Kensington"), London. Their debut single was "Don't Hide in the Shadows", recorded with producer [Martin Hannett](/wiki/Martin_Hannett "Martin Hannett") at [Strawberry Studios](/wiki/Strawberry_Studios "Strawberry Studios") in [Stockport](/wiki/Stockport "Stockport"). Hannett had previously worked with [Joy Division](/wiki/Joy_Division "Joy Division"), [the Durutti Column](/wiki/The_Durutti_Column "The Durutti Column"), and [John Cooper Clarke](/wiki/John_Cooper_Clarke "John Cooper Clarke"), but it was not until they dropped their first manager (celebrated in their song "Michael"), and signed a [recording contract](/wiki/Recording_contract "Recording contract") with [Magnet Records](/wiki/Magnet_Records "Magnet Records") that they began to get any [airplay](/wiki/Airplay_%28radio%29 "Airplay (radio)"). They recorded their debut [studio album](/wiki/Album%23Studio "Album#Studio"), *[Naked](/wiki/Naked_%28Kissing_the_Pink_album%29 "Naked (Kissing the Pink album)")*, at [AIR Studios](/wiki/AIR_Oxford_Circus "AIR Oxford Circus") with [Colin Thurston](/wiki/Colin_Thurston "Colin Thurston") as the main producer. The group had wanted [Brian Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno "Brian Eno") to produce the album but Magnet thought Thurston would make a more commercial impact. As well as investing in a renowned producer, Magnet paid for promotional videos to be made for the singles "Mr. Blunt" (shot at the [Long Man of Wilmington](/wiki/Long_Man_of_Wilmington "Long Man of Wilmington")) and "Watching Their Eyes". After these near\-misses, their single "[The Last Film](/wiki/The_Last_Film "The Last Film")" reached the top 20 of the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"), their only hit in the UK.{{cite book \| first\= David \| last\= Roberts \| year\= 2006 \| title\= British Hit Singles \& Albums \| edition\= 19th \| publisher\= Guinness World Records Limited \| location\= London \| isbn\= 1\-904994\-10\-5 \| page\= 304}} Their album, *Naked*, reached No. 54 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"). Their first [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") entry was "[Maybe This Day](/wiki/Maybe_This_Day "Maybe This Day")", which reached No. 87 in the chart in 1983\. In 1984, they released their second album *[What Noise](/wiki/What_Noise "What Noise")*. This album did not attract as much attention and distribution was not as widespread as their other albums. It never received a worldwide release.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.discussionsmagazine.com/2018/10/kissing\-pinks\-what\-noise\-expanded.html\|title\=KISSING THE PINK's What Noise (Expanded Edition) reviewed!\|last\=Schnee\|first\=Stephen SPAZ\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-11}} Also, although not recognizable from any official charts, the Club Mix 12 inch version of "[The Big Man Restless](/wiki/The_Big_Man_Restless "The Big Man Restless")" became a huge underground dance hit in Europe and even the US throughout the 80s. In 1985, following the departure of some of the members, the band shortened their name to **KTP** and released several singles that placed on the [Hot Dance Music/Club Play](/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs "Dance Club Songs") chart. The most successful was "[Certain Things Are Likely](/wiki/Certain_Things_Are_Likely "Certain Things Are Likely")", which spent three weeks at [No. 1](/wiki/Chart-topper "Chart-topper") in 1987\. That song also became their second Hot 100 entry when it peaked at No. 97 on the chart later that year. From the same album, "[One Step](/wiki/One_Step_%28Kissing_the_Pink_song%29 "One Step (Kissing the Pink song)")" was the biggest selling single in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") that year. In 1988, the band released the standalone single, "Stand Up (Get Down)",{{cite web\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Kissing\-The\-Pink\-Stand\-Up\-Get\-Down/release/1065272\|title\=Kissing the Pink \- Stand Up (Get Down)\|publisher\=Discogs}} on a new label [WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group"); It would prove to be their only release on that label after it failed to chart, and they wouldn't release any more new material for five years. Kissing the Pink's last physically\-released album, *[Sugarland](/wiki/Sugarland_%28album%29 "Sugarland (album)")*, which was their first in seven years, was a blend of [psychedelic music](/wiki/Psychedelic_music "Psychedelic music") and [dance\-pop](/wiki/Dance-pop "Dance-pop"). Since then, the band have made an album with Ecologist called *Hot Filth* which took the mixing of psychedelic music with [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") and other musical forms further still. In 2015, KTP released two albums digitally on [Bandcamp](/wiki/Bandcamp "Bandcamp"): *Digital People*,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Kissing\-The\-Pink\-Digital\-People/release/11816058\|title\=Kissing the Pink \- Digital People\|publisher\=Discogs\|accessdate\=19 December 2019}} and *FatHome*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Kissing\-The\-Pink\-FatHome/release/11816082\|title\=Kissing the Pink \- Fat Home\|publisher\=Discogs\|accessdate\=19 December 2019}}
[ "Career\n------", "The band formed in 1980{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.jonkutner.com/the\\-last\\-film/ \\|title\\=The Last Film: Kissing the Pink \\|accessdate\\=19 December 2019}} at the [Royal College of Music](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music \"Royal College of Music\"), located in [South Kensington](/wiki/South_Kensington \"South Kensington\"), London. Their debut single was \"Don't Hide in the Shadows\", recorded with producer [Martin Hannett](/wiki/Martin_Hannett \"Martin Hannett\") at [Strawberry Studios](/wiki/Strawberry_Studios \"Strawberry Studios\") in [Stockport](/wiki/Stockport \"Stockport\"). Hannett had previously worked with [Joy Division](/wiki/Joy_Division \"Joy Division\"), [the Durutti Column](/wiki/The_Durutti_Column \"The Durutti Column\"), and [John Cooper Clarke](/wiki/John_Cooper_Clarke \"John Cooper Clarke\"), but it was not until they dropped their first manager (celebrated in their song \"Michael\"), and signed a [recording contract](/wiki/Recording_contract \"Recording contract\") with [Magnet Records](/wiki/Magnet_Records \"Magnet Records\") that they began to get any [airplay](/wiki/Airplay_%28radio%29 \"Airplay (radio)\"). \nThey recorded their debut [studio album](/wiki/Album%23Studio \"Album#Studio\"), *[Naked](/wiki/Naked_%28Kissing_the_Pink_album%29 \"Naked (Kissing the Pink album)\")*, at [AIR Studios](/wiki/AIR_Oxford_Circus \"AIR Oxford Circus\") with [Colin Thurston](/wiki/Colin_Thurston \"Colin Thurston\") as the main producer. The group had wanted [Brian Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno \"Brian Eno\") to produce the album but Magnet thought Thurston would make a more commercial impact. As well as investing in a renowned producer, Magnet paid for promotional videos to be made for the singles \"Mr. Blunt\" (shot at the [Long Man of Wilmington](/wiki/Long_Man_of_Wilmington \"Long Man of Wilmington\")) and \"Watching Their Eyes\". After these near\\-misses, their single \"[The Last Film](/wiki/The_Last_Film \"The Last Film\")\" reached the top 20 of the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"), their only hit in the UK.{{cite book\n\\| first\\= David\n\\| last\\= Roberts\n\\| year\\= 2006\n\\| title\\= British Hit Singles \\& Albums\n\\| edition\\= 19th\n\\| publisher\\= Guinness World Records Limited \n\\| location\\= London\n\\| isbn\\= 1\\-904994\\-10\\-5\n\\| page\\= 304}} Their album, *Naked*, reached No. 54 on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\").", "Their first [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") entry was \"[Maybe This Day](/wiki/Maybe_This_Day \"Maybe This Day\")\", which reached No. 87 in the chart in 1983\\. In 1984, they released their second album *[What Noise](/wiki/What_Noise \"What Noise\")*. This album did not attract as much attention and distribution was not as widespread as their other albums. It never received a worldwide release.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.discussionsmagazine.com/2018/10/kissing\\-pinks\\-what\\-noise\\-expanded.html\\|title\\=KISSING THE PINK's What Noise (Expanded Edition) reviewed!\\|last\\=Schnee\\|first\\=Stephen SPAZ\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-11}}", "Also, although not recognizable from any official charts, the Club Mix 12 inch version of \"[The Big Man Restless](/wiki/The_Big_Man_Restless \"The Big Man Restless\")\" became a huge underground dance hit in Europe and even the US throughout the 80s.", "In 1985, following the departure of some of the members, the band shortened their name to **KTP** and released several singles that placed on the [Hot Dance Music/Club Play](/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs \"Dance Club Songs\") chart. The most successful was \"[Certain Things Are Likely](/wiki/Certain_Things_Are_Likely \"Certain Things Are Likely\")\", which spent three weeks at [No. 1](/wiki/Chart-topper \"Chart-topper\") in 1987\\. That song also became their second Hot 100 entry when it peaked at No. 97 on the chart later that year. From the same album, \"[One Step](/wiki/One_Step_%28Kissing_the_Pink_song%29 \"One Step (Kissing the Pink song)\")\" was the biggest selling single in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") that year.", "In 1988, the band released the standalone single, \"Stand Up (Get Down)\",{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Kissing\\-The\\-Pink\\-Stand\\-Up\\-Get\\-Down/release/1065272\\|title\\=Kissing the Pink \\- Stand Up (Get Down)\\|publisher\\=Discogs}} on a new label [WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"); It would prove to be their only release on that label after it failed to chart, and they wouldn't release any more new material for five years.", "Kissing the Pink's last physically\\-released album, *[Sugarland](/wiki/Sugarland_%28album%29 \"Sugarland (album)\")*, which was their first in seven years, was a blend of [psychedelic music](/wiki/Psychedelic_music \"Psychedelic music\") and [dance\\-pop](/wiki/Dance-pop \"Dance-pop\"). Since then, the band have made an album with Ecologist called *Hot Filth* which took the mixing of psychedelic music with [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") and other musical forms further still.", "In 2015, KTP released two albums digitally on [Bandcamp](/wiki/Bandcamp \"Bandcamp\"): *Digital People*,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Kissing\\-The\\-Pink\\-Digital\\-People/release/11816058\\|title\\=Kissing the Pink \\- Digital People\\|publisher\\=Discogs\\|accessdate\\=19 December 2019}} and *FatHome*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Kissing\\-The\\-Pink\\-FatHome/release/11816082\\|title\\=Kissing the Pink \\- Fat Home\\|publisher\\=Discogs\\|accessdate\\=19 December 2019}}", "" ]
Career ------ Seánez made his major league debut on September 7, 1989, for the Indians against the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays "Toronto Blue Jays"). He worked 2 scoreless innings in relief during the Indians 17\-9 loss to the Blue Jays. On September 29 2004 while pitching for the [Florida Marlins](/wiki/Florida_Marlins "Florida Marlins") Seánez recorded the final out at Montreal's [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium "Olympic Stadium") when he got Terrmel Sledge to pop out to third base to end the final [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos "Montreal Expos") home game before the team became the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals") in 2005 Seánez' best season came in {{mlby\|2005}} with the San Diego Padres. He posted a 7–1 record with a 2\.69 [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average"), setting career highs in [wins](/wiki/Win_%28baseball%29 "Win (baseball)") (7\), [games pitched](/wiki/Games_pitched "Games pitched") (57\), [innings](/wiki/Innings_pitched "Innings pitched") (60\.1\) and [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout "Strikeout") (84\). With only 22 [walks](/wiki/Base_on_balls "Base on balls") issued, Seánez averaged nearly four [strikeouts per walk](/wiki/Strikeout-to-walk_ratio "Strikeout-to-walk ratio"). He limited opponents to a .222 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") and compiled a [WHIP](/wiki/Walks_plus_hits_per_inning_pitched "Walks plus hits per inning pitched") of 1\.18\. He also ranked second among [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 "National League (baseball)") relievers with 12\.5 [strikeouts per nine innings](/wiki/Strikeouts_per_nine_innings "Strikeouts per nine innings") and tied for second in the league with seven relief wins. In a 16\-season career, Seánez is 41–30 with 12 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 "Save (baseball)") and a 4\.12 ERA in 515 appearances, all in relief. Seánez showed ability to overcome numerous injuries, combining [weightlifting](/wiki/Weight_training "Weight training") with mixed [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts "Martial arts") during his off\-season workout regimen.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.meadvilletribune.com/prosports/cnhinsprosports\_story\_054131049\.html \|title\=Welcome to nginx! \|website\=www.meadvilletribune.com \|access\-date\=3 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130128121132/http://www.meadvilletribune.com/prosports/cnhinsprosports\_story\_054131049\.html \|archive\-date\=28 January 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} Seánez also trained with professional [Ultimate Fighting Championship](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship") fighters and sports several tattoos.[Current and Local and Breaking News for Naples, Florida and the surrounding area : Naples Daily News](http://www.bonitanews.com/news/2006/mar/26/seanez_knows_how_tough_it_out/?sports). Bonitanews.com. Retrieved on 2009\-01\-17\. Seánez was an aggressive pitcher who challenged hitters with his 96 mile\-per\-hour [fastball](/wiki/Fastball "Fastball"). His [slider](/wiki/Slider_%28baseball%29 "Slider (baseball)") and [changeup](/wiki/Changeup "Changeup") were also effective, and he was capable against batters from both sides of the plate. He did a better job than many middle relievers at holding on base runners, and was a competent fielder despite a history of back problems. In 2008, after 20 years in the big leagues, Seanez earned his first [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring "World Series ring") as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies. He was not included on the club's postseason roster, but did travel with the team and was in uniform for all of the team's playoff games. On May 18, 2009, he passed a physical and signed a minor league deal to the [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim").{{Cite web\|url\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/angels\_blog/2009/05/angels\-sign\-reliever\-rudy\-seanez\-to\-minor\-league\-deal.html\|title \= California}} He was released on July 18\.
[ "Career\n------", "Seánez made his major league debut on September 7, 1989, for the Indians against the [Toronto Blue Jays](/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays \"Toronto Blue Jays\"). He worked 2 scoreless innings in relief during the Indians 17\\-9 loss to the Blue Jays.", "On September 29 2004 while pitching for the [Florida Marlins](/wiki/Florida_Marlins \"Florida Marlins\") Seánez recorded the final out at Montreal's [Olympic Stadium](/wiki/Olympic_Stadium \"Olympic Stadium\") when he got Terrmel Sledge to pop out to third base to end the final [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos \"Montreal Expos\") home game before the team became the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\") in 2005", "Seánez' best season came in {{mlby\\|2005}} with the San Diego Padres. He posted a 7–1 record with a 2\\.69 [ERA](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\"), setting career highs in [wins](/wiki/Win_%28baseball%29 \"Win (baseball)\") (7\\), [games pitched](/wiki/Games_pitched \"Games pitched\") (57\\), [innings](/wiki/Innings_pitched \"Innings pitched\") (60\\.1\\) and [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeout \"Strikeout\") (84\\). With only 22 [walks](/wiki/Base_on_balls \"Base on balls\") issued, Seánez averaged nearly four [strikeouts per walk](/wiki/Strikeout-to-walk_ratio \"Strikeout-to-walk ratio\"). He limited opponents to a .222 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") and compiled a [WHIP](/wiki/Walks_plus_hits_per_inning_pitched \"Walks plus hits per inning pitched\") of 1\\.18\\. He also ranked second among [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") relievers with 12\\.5 [strikeouts per nine innings](/wiki/Strikeouts_per_nine_innings \"Strikeouts per nine innings\") and tied for second in the league with seven relief wins.", "In a 16\\-season career, Seánez is 41–30 with 12 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 \"Save (baseball)\") and a 4\\.12 ERA in 515 appearances, all in relief. Seánez showed ability to overcome numerous injuries, combining [weightlifting](/wiki/Weight_training \"Weight training\") with mixed [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts \"Martial arts\") during his off\\-season workout regimen.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.meadvilletribune.com/prosports/cnhinsprosports\\_story\\_054131049\\.html \\|title\\=Welcome to nginx! \\|website\\=www.meadvilletribune.com \\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130128121132/http://www.meadvilletribune.com/prosports/cnhinsprosports\\_story\\_054131049\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Seánez also trained with professional [Ultimate Fighting Championship](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\") fighters and sports several tattoos.[Current and Local and Breaking News for Naples, Florida and the surrounding area : Naples Daily News](http://www.bonitanews.com/news/2006/mar/26/seanez_knows_how_tough_it_out/?sports). Bonitanews.com. Retrieved on 2009\\-01\\-17\\.", "Seánez was an aggressive pitcher who challenged hitters with his 96 mile\\-per\\-hour [fastball](/wiki/Fastball \"Fastball\"). His [slider](/wiki/Slider_%28baseball%29 \"Slider (baseball)\") and [changeup](/wiki/Changeup \"Changeup\") were also effective, and he was capable against batters from both sides of the plate. He did a better job than many middle relievers at holding on base runners, and was a competent fielder despite a history of back problems.", "In 2008, after 20 years in the big leagues, Seanez earned his first [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring \"World Series ring\") as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies. He was not included on the club's postseason roster, but did travel with the team and was in uniform for all of the team's playoff games.", "On May 18, 2009, he passed a physical and signed a minor league deal to the [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim \"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/angels\\_blog/2009/05/angels\\-sign\\-reliever\\-rudy\\-seanez\\-to\\-minor\\-league\\-deal.html\\|title \\= California}} He was released on July 18\\.", "" ]
Episodes -------- ### Season 1 (2002\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#770b47 \|overall\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\= {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 1 \| Title \= Raiders of the Lost Jock Strap \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|7}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo and the gang try to find a lucky jock strap to get the high school basketball team a fighting chance. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 2 \| Title \= The Tell\-Tale Recliner \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|14}} \| ShortSummary \= A chronic liar soon finds himself stalked by his father's recliner Guest starring \[\[Michael D. Cohen (actor)\|Michael D. Cohen]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 3 \| Title \= The Day Rico Became Smart \| WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Dale Schott\|t\=Brian Lasenby}} \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|21}} \| ShortSummary \= After a bump on the head, super athlete Rico becomes a super genius. However, he runs afoul an avaricious serial killer scientist who seeks to murder him and extract his brain. Guest starring \[\[Zachary Bennett]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 4 \| Title \= How Green Was My Lunch Meat \| WrittenBy\=Erica Stroebel \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|28}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo starts to believe B.B.'s theory about the addictive mystery meat being the byproduct of aliens. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 5 \| Title \= The Moville Witch Project \| WrittenBy\=Nicole Demerse \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|5}} \| ShortSummary \= Mimi is possessed by her ancestor who was killed by Mo's for being a witch. Guest starring \[\[Julie Lemieux]] and Joyce Gordon. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 6 \| Title \= Swarm Enough For Ya? \| WrittenBy\=Ben Joseph \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|12}} \| ShortSummary \= A mysterious exterminator comes to town to take care of the mosquito infestation. Only for Mo and the others to find out he's not human. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 7 \| Title \= The Good Old Days \| WrittenBy\=Brian Lasenby \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|19}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo accidentally time travels back in time and helps his kid grandma fend off a pumpkin headed monster. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 8 \| Title \= Curse of the Mommies \| WrittenBy\=Ken Ross \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|26}} \| ShortSummary \= Several mothers of Ouigee Falls start acting like teenage girls, much to their daughter's dismay. Guest starring \[\[Alyson Court]], \[\[Stephanie Anne Mills]], and \[\[Cara Pifko]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 9 \| Title \= Ghoooul!! \| WrittenBy\=Frank Young \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|2}} \| ShortSummary \= Coach Coach Konkout takes on a dark personality. Guest starring Howard Jerome and \[\[Juan Chioran]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 10 \| Title \= The Novelty Kid \| WrittenBy\=Rob McCleary \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|9}} \| ShortSummary \= Local conman Norman finds a novelty company with real working products and starts using them to scam people out of their money. Which works until his credit with the company starts piling up. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 11 \| Title \= The Creep Next Door \| WrittenBy\=Bonnie Chung \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|16}} \| ShortSummary \= B.B. tries to convince the others of a vampire. Guest starring Amos Crawley. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 12 \| Title \= Crushed By an Angel \| WrittenBy\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|23}} \| ShortSummary \= Hitch gets a guardian angel girlfriend hiding from her ex. Guest starring \[\[Jacqueline Pillon]] and \[\[Peter Oldring]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 13 \| Title \= How Now, Meowing Cow? \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|30}} \| ShortSummary \= A field trip reveals a farmer genetically engineering animal hybrids. Guest starring \[\[John Stocker (voice actor)\|John Stocker]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} }} ### Season 2 (2003\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#770b47 \|overall\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\= {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 14 \| Title \= The Night and Day and Night of the Hunter \| WrittenBy\=Frank Young \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|2\|12}} \| ShortSummary \= The spoiled heir to the Hunter Toy company tosses out the family heirloom. Now with it gone, a curse has befallen his family. Guest starring \[\[Daniel DeSanto]] and \[\[Paul O'Sullivan (actor)\|Paul O'Sullivan]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 15 \| Title \= Follow That Mo \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott and Ken Ross \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|2\|19}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo finds a mysterious glass door knob that shows people their deepest desires and turns them into mindless zombies who want more. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 16 \| Title \= Big Toe, Big Evil \| WrittenBy\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|2\|26}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo and the gang learn why the janitor has never taken a day off, with good reason. Guest starring \[\[Ron Pardo]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 17 \| Title \= Mirror, Mirror Off the Wall \| WrittenBy\=Bonnie Chung \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|3\|5}} \| ShortSummary \= A stuck\-up high school girl named Hannah is given her deceased aunt's mirror as inheritance, which compels her to design her own clothes and brings to life her narcissistic side. Guest starring \[\[Maryke Hendrikse]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 18 \| Title \= Pet Shop of No Return \| WrittenBy\=Nicole Demerse \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|3\|12}} \| ShortSummary \= Emil, a boy who never takes care of his pets, is given exclusive pets from a mysterious man who will only sell to Emil. Guest starring Darren Frost and Adrian Truss. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 19 \| Title \= Something Fishy in Lake Gimmee\-Gimmee\-Itchee\-Owee \| WrittenBy\=Rob McCleary \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|3\|26}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo and his dad go off on a father son fishing trip, only to run afoul of giant leeches living in the lake. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 20 \| Title \= Don't Touch That Dial \| WrittenBy\=Gary Wheeler \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|4\|2}} \| ShortSummary \= B.B. accidentally summons an alien bug to Earth looking to lay her eggs. While he and Mo try to stop it, the two are followed by a mysterious old man Mo can't help but recognize. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 21 \| Title \= Sold Your Soul For... What? \| WrittenBy\=Ben Joseph \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|4\|9}} \| ShortSummary \= Teenage boy Rodney tries to outdo his twin sister Matilda's accordion skills, by any means necessary. Guest starring \[\[Laurie Elliott]] and \[\[Maurice Dean Wint]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 22 \| Title \= Just My Luck \| WrittenBy\=\[\[Ken Cuperus]] \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|4\|16}} \| ShortSummary \= A mysterious bison headed penny shows up in town, giving its holder one lucky moment, then passes itself off. Which is great until the local jinx gets it, giving everyone else bad luck. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 23 \| Title \= A Hitch in Time \| WrittenBy\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|4\|23}} \| ShortSummary \= Hitch messes around with a time traveling watch. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 24 \| Title \= Gnome Sweet Gnome \| WrittenBy\=Hugh Duffy \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|4\|30}} \| ShortSummary \= A society of gnomes attacks the town. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 25 \| Title \= Goo on You \| WrittenBy\=Jennifer Pertsch \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|5\|7}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo and the others find a green goo that attacks the town, but makes everything clean. However, when it finishes cleaning up everything, it begins going after the source of the filth: humanity. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 26 \| Title \= Scarin' O' the Green \| WrittenBy\=J.D. Smith \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2003\|5\|14}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo, Hitch, and Mimi follow the clues to leprechaun gold. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} }}
[ "Episodes\n--------", "### Season 1 (2002\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#770b47\n\\|overall\\= \n\\|title\\= \n\\|writer\\=\n\\|airdate\\=\n\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 1\n\\| Title \\= Raiders of the Lost Jock Strap\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|7}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo and the gang try to find a lucky jock strap to get the high school basketball team a fighting chance.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 2\n\\| Title \\= The Tell\\-Tale Recliner\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|14}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A chronic liar soon finds himself stalked by his father's recliner", "Guest starring \\[\\[Michael D. Cohen (actor)\\|Michael D. Cohen]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 3\n\\| Title \\= The Day Rico Became Smart\n\\| WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Dale Schott\\|t\\=Brian Lasenby}}\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|21}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= After a bump on the head, super athlete Rico becomes a super genius. However, he runs afoul an avaricious serial killer scientist who seeks to murder him and extract his brain.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Zachary Bennett]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 4\n\\| Title \\= How Green Was My Lunch Meat\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Erica Stroebel\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|28}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo starts to believe B.B.'s theory about the addictive mystery meat being the byproduct of aliens.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 5\n\\| Title \\= The Moville Witch Project\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Nicole Demerse\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|5}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mimi is possessed by her ancestor who was killed by Mo's for being a witch.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Julie Lemieux]] and Joyce Gordon.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 6\n\\| Title \\= Swarm Enough For Ya?\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Ben Joseph\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|12}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A mysterious exterminator comes to town to take care of the mosquito infestation. Only for Mo and the others to find out he's not human.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 7\n\\| Title \\= The Good Old Days\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Brian Lasenby\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|19}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo accidentally time travels back in time and helps his kid grandma fend off a pumpkin headed monster.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 8\n\\| Title \\= Curse of the Mommies\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Ken Ross\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|26}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Several mothers of Ouigee Falls start acting like teenage girls, much to their daughter's dismay.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Alyson Court]], \\[\\[Stephanie Anne Mills]], and \\[\\[Cara Pifko]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 9\n\\| Title \\= Ghoooul!!\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Frank Young\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|2}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Coach Coach Konkout takes on a dark personality.", "Guest starring Howard Jerome and \\[\\[Juan Chioran]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 10\n\\| Title \\= The Novelty Kid\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Rob McCleary\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|9}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Local conman Norman finds a novelty company with real working products and starts using them to scam people out of their money. Which works until his credit with the company starts piling up. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 11\n\\| Title \\= The Creep Next Door\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Bonnie Chung\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|16}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= B.B. tries to convince the others of a vampire.", "Guest starring Amos Crawley.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 12\n\\| Title \\= Crushed By an Angel\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|23}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Hitch gets a guardian angel girlfriend hiding from her ex.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Jacqueline Pillon]] and \\[\\[Peter Oldring]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 13\n\\| Title \\= How Now, Meowing Cow?\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|30}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A field trip reveals a farmer genetically engineering animal hybrids.", "Guest starring \\[\\[John Stocker (voice actor)\\|John Stocker]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n}}", "### Season 2 (2003\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#770b47\n\\|overall\\= \n\\|title\\= \n\\|writer\\=\n\\|airdate\\=\n\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 14\n\\| Title \\= The Night and Day and Night of the Hunter\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Frank Young\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|2\\|12}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= The spoiled heir to the Hunter Toy company tosses out the family heirloom. Now with it gone, a curse has befallen his family.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Daniel DeSanto]] and \\[\\[Paul O'Sullivan (actor)\\|Paul O'Sullivan]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 15\n\\| Title \\= Follow That Mo\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott and Ken Ross\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|2\\|19}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo finds a mysterious glass door knob that shows people their deepest desires and turns them into mindless zombies who want more. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 16\n\\| Title \\= Big Toe, Big Evil\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|2\\|26}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo and the gang learn why the janitor has never taken a day off, with good reason.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Ron Pardo]]. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 17\n\\| Title \\= Mirror, Mirror Off the Wall\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Bonnie Chung\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|3\\|5}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A stuck\\-up high school girl named Hannah is given her deceased aunt's mirror as inheritance, which compels her to design her own clothes and brings to life her narcissistic side.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Maryke Hendrikse]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 18\n\\| Title \\= Pet Shop of No Return\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Nicole Demerse\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|3\\|12}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Emil, a boy who never takes care of his pets, is given exclusive pets from a mysterious man who will only sell to Emil.", "Guest starring Darren Frost and Adrian Truss.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 19\n\\| Title \\= Something Fishy in Lake Gimmee\\-Gimmee\\-Itchee\\-Owee\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Rob McCleary\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|3\\|26}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo and his dad go off on a father son fishing trip, only to run afoul of giant leeches living in the lake.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 20\n\\| Title \\= Don't Touch That Dial\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Gary Wheeler\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|4\\|2}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= B.B. accidentally summons an alien bug to Earth looking to lay her eggs. While he and Mo try to stop it, the two are followed by a mysterious old man Mo can't help but recognize. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 21\n\\| Title \\= Sold Your Soul For... What?\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Ben Joseph\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|4\\|9}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Teenage boy Rodney tries to outdo his twin sister Matilda's accordion skills, by any means necessary.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Laurie Elliott]] and \\[\\[Maurice Dean Wint]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 22\n\\| Title \\= Just My Luck\n\\| WrittenBy\\=\\[\\[Ken Cuperus]]\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|4\\|16}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A mysterious bison headed penny shows up in town, giving its holder one lucky moment, then passes itself off. Which is great until the local jinx gets it, giving everyone else bad luck. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 23\n\\| Title \\= A Hitch in Time\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|4\\|23}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Hitch messes around with a time traveling watch. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 24\n\\| Title \\= Gnome Sweet Gnome\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Hugh Duffy\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|4\\|30}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A society of gnomes attacks the town. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 25\n\\| Title \\= Goo on You\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Jennifer Pertsch\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|5\\|7}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo and the others find a green goo that attacks the town, but makes everything clean. However, when it finishes cleaning up everything, it begins going after the source of the filth: humanity. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 26\n\\| Title \\= Scarin' O' the Green\n\\| WrittenBy\\=J.D. Smith\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2003\\|5\\|14}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo, Hitch, and Mimi follow the clues to leprechaun gold. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n}}", "" ]
### Season 1 (2002\) {{Episode table \|background\=\#770b47 \|overall\= \|title\= \|writer\= \|airdate\= \|episodes\= {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 1 \| Title \= Raiders of the Lost Jock Strap \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|7}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo and the gang try to find a lucky jock strap to get the high school basketball team a fighting chance. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 2 \| Title \= The Tell\-Tale Recliner \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|14}} \| ShortSummary \= A chronic liar soon finds himself stalked by his father's recliner Guest starring \[\[Michael D. Cohen (actor)\|Michael D. Cohen]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 3 \| Title \= The Day Rico Became Smart \| WrittenBy\={{StoryTeleplay\|s\=Dale Schott\|t\=Brian Lasenby}} \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|21}} \| ShortSummary \= After a bump on the head, super athlete Rico becomes a super genius. However, he runs afoul an avaricious serial killer scientist who seeks to murder him and extract his brain. Guest starring \[\[Zachary Bennett]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 4 \| Title \= How Green Was My Lunch Meat \| WrittenBy\=Erica Stroebel \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|9\|28}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo starts to believe B.B.'s theory about the addictive mystery meat being the byproduct of aliens. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 5 \| Title \= The Moville Witch Project \| WrittenBy\=Nicole Demerse \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|5}} \| ShortSummary \= Mimi is possessed by her ancestor who was killed by Mo's for being a witch. Guest starring \[\[Julie Lemieux]] and Joyce Gordon. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 6 \| Title \= Swarm Enough For Ya? \| WrittenBy\=Ben Joseph \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|12}} \| ShortSummary \= A mysterious exterminator comes to town to take care of the mosquito infestation. Only for Mo and the others to find out he's not human. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 7 \| Title \= The Good Old Days \| WrittenBy\=Brian Lasenby \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|19}} \| ShortSummary \= Mo accidentally time travels back in time and helps his kid grandma fend off a pumpkin headed monster. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 8 \| Title \= Curse of the Mommies \| WrittenBy\=Ken Ross \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|10\|26}} \| ShortSummary \= Several mothers of Ouigee Falls start acting like teenage girls, much to their daughter's dismay. Guest starring \[\[Alyson Court]], \[\[Stephanie Anne Mills]], and \[\[Cara Pifko]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 9 \| Title \= Ghoooul!! \| WrittenBy\=Frank Young \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|2}} \| ShortSummary \= Coach Coach Konkout takes on a dark personality. Guest starring Howard Jerome and \[\[Juan Chioran]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 10 \| Title \= The Novelty Kid \| WrittenBy\=Rob McCleary \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|9}} \| ShortSummary \= Local conman Norman finds a novelty company with real working products and starts using them to scam people out of their money. Which works until his credit with the company starts piling up. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 11 \| Title \= The Creep Next Door \| WrittenBy\=Bonnie Chung \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|16}} \| ShortSummary \= B.B. tries to convince the others of a vampire. Guest starring Amos Crawley. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 12 \| Title \= Crushed By an Angel \| WrittenBy\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|23}} \| ShortSummary \= Hitch gets a guardian angel girlfriend hiding from her ex. Guest starring \[\[Jacqueline Pillon]] and \[\[Peter Oldring]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} {{Episode list \| EpisodeNumber \= 13 \| Title \= How Now, Meowing Cow? \| WrittenBy\=Dale Schott \| OriginalAirDate \= {{Start date\|2002\|11\|30}} \| ShortSummary \= A field trip reveals a farmer genetically engineering animal hybrids. Guest starring \[\[John Stocker (voice actor)\|John Stocker]]. \| LineColor \= 770b47 }} }}
[ "### Season 1 (2002\\)", "{{Episode table\n\\|background\\=\\#770b47\n\\|overall\\= \n\\|title\\= \n\\|writer\\=\n\\|airdate\\=\n\\|episodes\\=", "{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 1\n\\| Title \\= Raiders of the Lost Jock Strap\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|7}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo and the gang try to find a lucky jock strap to get the high school basketball team a fighting chance.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 2\n\\| Title \\= The Tell\\-Tale Recliner\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|14}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A chronic liar soon finds himself stalked by his father's recliner", "Guest starring \\[\\[Michael D. Cohen (actor)\\|Michael D. Cohen]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 3\n\\| Title \\= The Day Rico Became Smart\n\\| WrittenBy\\={{StoryTeleplay\\|s\\=Dale Schott\\|t\\=Brian Lasenby}}\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|21}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= After a bump on the head, super athlete Rico becomes a super genius. However, he runs afoul an avaricious serial killer scientist who seeks to murder him and extract his brain.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Zachary Bennett]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 4\n\\| Title \\= How Green Was My Lunch Meat\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Erica Stroebel\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|9\\|28}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo starts to believe B.B.'s theory about the addictive mystery meat being the byproduct of aliens.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 5\n\\| Title \\= The Moville Witch Project\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Nicole Demerse\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|5}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mimi is possessed by her ancestor who was killed by Mo's for being a witch.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Julie Lemieux]] and Joyce Gordon.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 6\n\\| Title \\= Swarm Enough For Ya?\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Ben Joseph\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|12}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A mysterious exterminator comes to town to take care of the mosquito infestation. Only for Mo and the others to find out he's not human.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 7\n\\| Title \\= The Good Old Days\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Brian Lasenby\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|19}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Mo accidentally time travels back in time and helps his kid grandma fend off a pumpkin headed monster.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 8\n\\| Title \\= Curse of the Mommies\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Ken Ross\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|10\\|26}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Several mothers of Ouigee Falls start acting like teenage girls, much to their daughter's dismay.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Alyson Court]], \\[\\[Stephanie Anne Mills]], and \\[\\[Cara Pifko]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 9\n\\| Title \\= Ghoooul!!\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Frank Young\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|2}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Coach Coach Konkout takes on a dark personality.", "Guest starring Howard Jerome and \\[\\[Juan Chioran]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 10\n\\| Title \\= The Novelty Kid\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Rob McCleary\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|9}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Local conman Norman finds a novelty company with real working products and starts using them to scam people out of their money. Which works until his credit with the company starts piling up. \n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 11\n\\| Title \\= The Creep Next Door\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Bonnie Chung\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|16}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= B.B. tries to convince the others of a vampire.", "Guest starring Amos Crawley.\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 12\n\\| Title \\= Crushed By an Angel\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|23}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= Hitch gets a guardian angel girlfriend hiding from her ex.", "Guest starring \\[\\[Jacqueline Pillon]] and \\[\\[Peter Oldring]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n{{Episode list\n\\| EpisodeNumber \\= 13\n\\| Title \\= How Now, Meowing Cow?\n\\| WrittenBy\\=Dale Schott\n\\| OriginalAirDate \\= {{Start date\\|2002\\|11\\|30}}\n\\| ShortSummary \\= A field trip reveals a farmer genetically engineering animal hybrids.", "Guest starring \\[\\[John Stocker (voice actor)\\|John Stocker]].\n\\| LineColor \\= 770b47\n}}\n}}", "" ]
Political career ---------------- He was elected to the [Provincial Assembly of the Punjab](/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab "Provincial Assembly of the Punjab") as a candidate of [Islami Jamhoori Ittehad](/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad "Islami Jamhoori Ittehad") (IJI) from Constituency PP\-171 (Multan\-XII) in [1988 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election "1988 Pakistani general election"). He received 15,410 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Amanullah Khan.{{cite web\|title\=Punjab Assembly election result 1988\-97\|url\=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20\-%201997/Punjab.pdf\|publisher\=ECP\|access\-date\=23 May 2018\|archive\-date\=30 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20\-%201997/Punjab.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} He served as the Provincial Parliamentary Secretary of Punjab for Colonies{{cite web\|title\=Previous Assemblies\|url\=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous\_members/L\-1988\-1990\.shtml\|website\=www.pap.gov.pk\|access\-date\=17 December 2017}} and Agriculture Department from 1988 to 1990\. He was re\-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of IJI from Constituency PP\-171 (Multan\-XII) in [1990 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election "1990 Pakistani general election"). He received 37,793 votes and defeated Amanullah Khan, a candidate of [Pakistan Democratic Alliance](/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Alliance "Pakistan Democratic Alliance"). He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of [Pakistan Muslim League (N)](/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_%28N%29 "Pakistan Muslim League (N)") (PML\-N) from Constituency PP\-171 (Lodhran\-I) in [1993 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election "1993 Pakistani general election"). He received 33,417 votes and lost the seat to Amanullah Khan, a candidate of [Pakistan Peoples Party](/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party "Pakistan Peoples Party") (PPP). He was re\-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of PML\-N from PP\-171 (Lodhran\-I) in [1997 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election "1997 Pakistani general election"). He received 48,604 votes and defeated Amanullah Khan, a candidate of PPP. During his tenure as Member of the Punjab Assembly, he served as Provincial Parliamentary Secretary of Punjab for Livestock and Dairy Development until [1999 Pakistani coup d'état](/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1999 Pakistani coup d'état").{{cite web\|title\=Previous Assemblies\|url\=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous\_members/L\-1997\-1999\.shtml\|website\=www.pap.gov.pk\|access\-date\=17 December 2017}} He could not contest the [2002 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election "2002 Pakistani general election") for being non\-eligible due to graduation requirement.{{cite news\|title\=Polling concludes for by\-election in NA\-154 Lodhran\|url\=https://www.geo.tv/latest/8773\-polling\-concludes\-for\-by\-election\-in\-na\-154\-lodhran\|access\-date\=17 December 2017\|work\=www.geo.tv}} He was elected to the [National Assembly of Pakistan](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan "National Assembly of Pakistan") as a candidate of [Pakistan Muslim League (Q)](/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_%28Q%29 "Pakistan Muslim League (Q)") (PML\-Q) from [Constituency NA\-154 (Lodhran\-I)](/wiki/Constituency_NA-154 "Constituency NA-154") in [2008 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election "2008 Pakistani general election").{{cite news\|title\=Winning margin on 88 out of 272 National Assembly seats is 10,000 votes or less\|url\=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/618059\-winning\-margin\-on\-88\-out\-of\-272\-national\-assembly\-seats\-is\-10,000\-votes\-or\-less\|access\-date\=8 August 2017\|work\=www.thenews.com.pk\|language\=en\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075743/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/618059\-winning\-margin\-on\-88\-out\-of\-272\-national\-assembly\-seats\-is\-10,000\-votes\-or\-less\|archive\-date\=3 February 2017}}{{cite news\|title\=PML\-N assured of win\-win situation on many seats\|url\=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/431455\-pml\-n\-assured\-of\-win\-win\-situation\-on\-many\-seats\|access\-date\=8 August 2017\|work\=www.thenews.com.pk\|language\=en\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060607/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/431455\-pml\-n\-assured\-of\-win\-win\-situation\-on\-many\-seats\|archive\-date\=9 March 2017}} He received 81,983 votes and defeated Mirza Muhammad Nasir Baig, a candidate of PPP.{{cite web\|title\=2008 election result\|url\=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol\-II.pdf\|publisher\=ECP\|access\-date\=23 May 2018\|archive\-date\=5 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol\-II.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} He was re\-elected to the National Assembly as independent candidate from Constituency NA\-154 (Lodhran\-I) in [2013 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election "2013 Pakistani general election").{{cite news\|last1\=Correspondent\|first1\=The Newspaper's Staff\|title\=NA\-154: Over 20,000 votes were polled with invalid CNICs or without CNICs\|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1141120\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|work\=DAWN.COM\|date\=29 October 2014\|language\=en\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070041/http://www.dawn.com/news/1141120\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016}}{{cite news\|title\=PTI's Tareen trounces PML\-N's Baloch in NA\-154 Lodhran by\-poll: unofficial results\|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1228329\|access\-date\=29 June 2017\|work\=DAWN.COM\|date\=24 December 2015\|language\=en\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1228329\|archive\-date\=6 April 2017}} He received 86,177 votes and defeated [Jahangir Khan Tareen](/wiki/Jahangir_Khan_Tareen "Jahangir Khan Tareen"), a candidate of [Pakistan Tehreek\-e\-Insaf](/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf "Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf") (PTI). In the same election, he was re\-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as an independent candidate from [Constituency PP\-210 (Lodhran\-IV)](/wiki/Constituency_PP-210_%28Lodhran-IV%29 "Constituency PP-210 (Lodhran-IV)"). He received 32,712 votes and defeated Rana Mohamamd Aslam Khan, a candidate of PML\-N.{{cite web\|title\=2013 election result\|url\=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume\-II.pdf\|publisher\=ECP\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume\-II.pdf\|archive\-date\=1 February 2018}} He decided to vacate his provincial seat and joined PML\-N after winning the election. In August 2015, he was unseated after he was declared disqualified to continue in office because of a fake degree case.{{cite news \|date\=26 August 2015 \|title\=Election tribunal orders re\-election in NA\-154, deseats PML\-N lawmaker \|url\=http://www.dawn.com/news/1202948 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112064815/http://www.dawn.com/news/1202948 \|archive\-date\=12 January 2017 \|access\-date\=13 September 2016}} In October 2015, the [Supreme Court of Pakistan](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan "Supreme Court of Pakistan") order by\-polls in the constituency and allowed Baloch to contest.{{cite news \|date\=28 October 2015 \|title\=NA\-154: SC declares Siddique's election void, orders re\-polling \|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1215952/na\-154\-sc\-declares\-siddiques\-election\-void\-orders\-re\-polling \|access\-date\=17 December 2017 \|work\=DAWN.COM}} He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PML\-N from NA\-154 (Lodhran\-I) in by\-polls held in December 2015, but was unsuccessful. He received 99,933 votes and was defeated by Jahangir Tareen, a candidate of PTI.{{cite news\|title\=PTI's Tareen trounces PML\-N's Baloch in NA\-154 Lodhran by\-poll: unofficial results\|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1228329\|access\-date\=17 December 2017\|work\=DAWN.COM\|date\=24 December 2015}} He was re\-elected to Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML\-N from PP\-227 (Lodhran\-IV) in [2018 Punjab provincial election](/wiki/2018_Punjab_provincial_election "2018 Punjab provincial election").{{cite news \|title\=Pakistan election 2018 results: National and provincial assemblies \|url\=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/07/live\-pakistan\-election\-2018\-results/ \|access\-date\=3 September 2018 \|work\=Samaa TV \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729083521/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/07/live\-pakistan\-election\-2018\-results/ \|archive\-date\=2018\-07\-29 \|url\-status\=live }} He also contested the [2018 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election "2018 Pakistani general election") from [NA\-161 Lodhran\-II](/wiki/NA-161_%28Lodhran-II%29 "NA-161 (Lodhran-II)") as a candidate of PML\-N, but was unsuccessful. He received votes and was defeated by [Mian Muhammad Shafiq](/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafiq "Mian Muhammad Shafiq"), a candidate of PTI. He was re\-elected to the National Assembly from [NA\-155 Lodhran\-II](/wiki/NA-155_Lodhran-II "NA-155 Lodhran-II") as a candidate of PML\-N in the [2024 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election "2024 Pakistani general election"). He received 117,687\. Ties and defeated Jahangir Tareen, a candidate of [Istehkam\-e\-Pakistan Party](/wiki/Istehkam-e-Pakistan_Party "Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party") (IPP).{{Cite web \|title\=Election Commission of Pakistan \|url\=https://ecp.gov.pk/general\-elections\-2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-17 \|website\=ecp.gov.pk}}
[ "Political career\n----------------", "He was elected to the [Provincial Assembly of the Punjab](/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab \"Provincial Assembly of the Punjab\") as a candidate of [Islami Jamhoori Ittehad](/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad \"Islami Jamhoori Ittehad\") (IJI) from Constituency PP\\-171 (Multan\\-XII) in [1988 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election \"1988 Pakistani general election\"). He received 15,410 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Amanullah Khan.{{cite web\\|title\\=Punjab Assembly election result 1988\\-97\\|url\\=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20\\-%201997/Punjab.pdf\\|publisher\\=ECP\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20\\-%201997/Punjab.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He served as the Provincial Parliamentary Secretary of Punjab for Colonies{{cite web\\|title\\=Previous Assemblies\\|url\\=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous\\_members/L\\-1988\\-1990\\.shtml\\|website\\=www.pap.gov.pk\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017}} and Agriculture Department from 1988 to 1990\\.", "He was re\\-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of IJI from Constituency PP\\-171 (Multan\\-XII) in [1990 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election \"1990 Pakistani general election\"). He received 37,793 votes and defeated Amanullah Khan, a candidate of [Pakistan Democratic Alliance](/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Alliance \"Pakistan Democratic Alliance\").", "He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of [Pakistan Muslim League (N)](/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_%28N%29 \"Pakistan Muslim League (N)\") (PML\\-N) from Constituency PP\\-171 (Lodhran\\-I) in [1993 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election \"1993 Pakistani general election\"). He received 33,417 votes and lost the seat to Amanullah Khan, a candidate of [Pakistan Peoples Party](/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party \"Pakistan Peoples Party\") (PPP).", "He was re\\-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of PML\\-N from PP\\-171 (Lodhran\\-I) in [1997 Pakistani general election](/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election \"1997 Pakistani general election\"). He received 48,604 votes and defeated Amanullah Khan, a candidate of PPP. During his tenure as Member of the Punjab Assembly, he served as Provincial Parliamentary Secretary of Punjab for Livestock and Dairy Development until [1999 Pakistani coup d'état](/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1999 Pakistani coup d'état\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Previous Assemblies\\|url\\=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous\\_members/L\\-1997\\-1999\\.shtml\\|website\\=www.pap.gov.pk\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017}}", "He could not contest the [2002 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election \"2002 Pakistani general election\") for being non\\-eligible due to graduation requirement.{{cite news\\|title\\=Polling concludes for by\\-election in NA\\-154 Lodhran\\|url\\=https://www.geo.tv/latest/8773\\-polling\\-concludes\\-for\\-by\\-election\\-in\\-na\\-154\\-lodhran\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017\\|work\\=www.geo.tv}}", "He was elected to the [National Assembly of Pakistan](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan \"National Assembly of Pakistan\") as a candidate of [Pakistan Muslim League (Q)](/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_%28Q%29 \"Pakistan Muslim League (Q)\") (PML\\-Q) from [Constituency NA\\-154 (Lodhran\\-I)](/wiki/Constituency_NA-154 \"Constituency NA-154\") in [2008 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election \"2008 Pakistani general election\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Winning margin on 88 out of 272 National Assembly seats is 10,000 votes or less\\|url\\=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/618059\\-winning\\-margin\\-on\\-88\\-out\\-of\\-272\\-national\\-assembly\\-seats\\-is\\-10,000\\-votes\\-or\\-less\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2017\\|work\\=www.thenews.com.pk\\|language\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075743/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/618059\\-winning\\-margin\\-on\\-88\\-out\\-of\\-272\\-national\\-assembly\\-seats\\-is\\-10,000\\-votes\\-or\\-less\\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2017}}{{cite news\\|title\\=PML\\-N assured of win\\-win situation on many seats\\|url\\=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/431455\\-pml\\-n\\-assured\\-of\\-win\\-win\\-situation\\-on\\-many\\-seats\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2017\\|work\\=www.thenews.com.pk\\|language\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060607/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/431455\\-pml\\-n\\-assured\\-of\\-win\\-win\\-situation\\-on\\-many\\-seats\\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2017}} He received 81,983 votes and defeated Mirza Muhammad Nasir Baig, a candidate of PPP.{{cite web\\|title\\=2008 election result\\|url\\=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol\\-II.pdf\\|publisher\\=ECP\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=5 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol\\-II.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "He was re\\-elected to the National Assembly as independent candidate from Constituency NA\\-154 (Lodhran\\-I) in [2013 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election \"2013 Pakistani general election\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Correspondent\\|first1\\=The Newspaper's Staff\\|title\\=NA\\-154: Over 20,000 votes were polled with invalid CNICs or without CNICs\\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1141120\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|work\\=DAWN.COM\\|date\\=29 October 2014\\|language\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070041/http://www.dawn.com/news/1141120\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016}}{{cite news\\|title\\=PTI's Tareen trounces PML\\-N's Baloch in NA\\-154 Lodhran by\\-poll: unofficial results\\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1228329\\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2017\\|work\\=DAWN.COM\\|date\\=24 December 2015\\|language\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1228329\\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2017}} He received 86,177 votes and defeated [Jahangir Khan Tareen](/wiki/Jahangir_Khan_Tareen \"Jahangir Khan Tareen\"), a candidate of [Pakistan Tehreek\\-e\\-Insaf](/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf \"Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf\") (PTI). In the same election, he was re\\-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as an independent candidate from [Constituency PP\\-210 (Lodhran\\-IV)](/wiki/Constituency_PP-210_%28Lodhran-IV%29 \"Constituency PP-210 (Lodhran-IV)\"). He received 32,712 votes and defeated Rana Mohamamd Aslam Khan, a candidate of PML\\-N.{{cite web\\|title\\=2013 election result\\|url\\=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume\\-II.pdf\\|publisher\\=ECP\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume\\-II.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2018}} He decided to vacate his provincial seat and joined PML\\-N after winning the election.", "In August 2015, he was unseated after he was declared disqualified to continue in office because of a fake degree case.{{cite news \\|date\\=26 August 2015 \\|title\\=Election tribunal orders re\\-election in NA\\-154, deseats PML\\-N lawmaker \\|url\\=http://www.dawn.com/news/1202948 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112064815/http://www.dawn.com/news/1202948 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2016}} In October 2015, the [Supreme Court of Pakistan](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan \"Supreme Court of Pakistan\") order by\\-polls in the constituency and allowed Baloch to contest.{{cite news \\|date\\=28 October 2015 \\|title\\=NA\\-154: SC declares Siddique's election void, orders re\\-polling \\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1215952/na\\-154\\-sc\\-declares\\-siddiques\\-election\\-void\\-orders\\-re\\-polling \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017 \\|work\\=DAWN.COM}}", "He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PML\\-N from NA\\-154 (Lodhran\\-I) in by\\-polls held in December 2015, but was unsuccessful. He received 99,933 votes and was defeated by Jahangir Tareen, a candidate of PTI.{{cite news\\|title\\=PTI's Tareen trounces PML\\-N's Baloch in NA\\-154 Lodhran by\\-poll: unofficial results\\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/1228329\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017\\|work\\=DAWN.COM\\|date\\=24 December 2015}}", "He was re\\-elected to Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML\\-N from PP\\-227 (Lodhran\\-IV) in [2018 Punjab provincial election](/wiki/2018_Punjab_provincial_election \"2018 Punjab provincial election\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Pakistan election 2018 results: National and provincial assemblies \\|url\\=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/07/live\\-pakistan\\-election\\-2018\\-results/ \\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2018 \\|work\\=Samaa TV \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729083521/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/07/live\\-pakistan\\-election\\-2018\\-results/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-29 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He also contested the [2018 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election \"2018 Pakistani general election\") from [NA\\-161 Lodhran\\-II](/wiki/NA-161_%28Lodhran-II%29 \"NA-161 (Lodhran-II)\") as a candidate of PML\\-N, but was unsuccessful. He received votes and was defeated by [Mian Muhammad Shafiq](/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafiq \"Mian Muhammad Shafiq\"), a candidate of PTI.", "He was re\\-elected to the National Assembly from [NA\\-155 Lodhran\\-II](/wiki/NA-155_Lodhran-II \"NA-155 Lodhran-II\") as a candidate of PML\\-N in the [2024 Pakistani general election](/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election \"2024 Pakistani general election\"). He received 117,687\\. Ties and defeated Jahangir Tareen, a candidate of [Istehkam\\-e\\-Pakistan Party](/wiki/Istehkam-e-Pakistan_Party \"Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party\") (IPP).{{Cite web \\|title\\=Election Commission of Pakistan \\|url\\=https://ecp.gov.pk/general\\-elections\\-2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-17 \\|website\\=ecp.gov.pk}}", "" ]
History ------- {{main\|Military history of Sweden}} The history of the Swedish Armed Forces dates back to the early sixteenth century, when they were founded by the newly crowned monarch [Gustav I Vasa](/wiki/Gustav_Vasa "Gustav Vasa"). Since then, they have played an important role in the history of Sweden; they have been engaged in numerous conflicts since their founding. It was in the seventeenth century that the Swedish Armed Forces reached their height, during the time of the Swedish Empire. During this time, they were among the leaders in military innovation, and engaged in many wars; among the Swedish wars of the seventeenth century were the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War"), [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War "Second Northern War"), [Scanian War](/wiki/Scanian_War "Scanian War") and [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War "Great Northern War"). The [military of the Swedish Empire](/wiki/Military_of_the_Swedish_Empire "Military of the Swedish Empire") was one of the most important institutions in the empire.{{Cite web \|last\=Ceithernach \|date\=2021\-01\-04 \|title\=The Swedish Military Machine \|url\=https://medium.com/@ceithernach/the\-swedish\-military\-machine\-dd10c6a245f8 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-13 \|website\=Medium \|language\=en}} After a period of enhanced readiness during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the Swedish Armed Forces were subject to severe downsizing during the interwar years. When [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") started, a large rearmament program was launched to once again guard Swedish neutrality, relying on mass male [conscription](/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden "Conscription in Sweden") as a source for personnel. After World War II, Sweden considered building [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons") to deter a Soviet invasion. From 1945 to 1972 the Swedish government ran [a clandestine nuclear weapons program](/wiki/Swedish_nuclear_weapons_program "Swedish nuclear weapons program") under the guise of civilian defence research at the [Swedish National Defence Research Institute](/wiki/Swedish_National_Defence_Research_Institute "Swedish National Defence Research Institute"). By the late 1950s, the work had reached the point where underground testing was feasible. However, at that time the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag "Riksdag") prohibited research and development of nuclear weapons, pledging that research should be done only for the purpose of defence against nuclear attack. The option to continue development was abandoned in 1966, and Sweden subsequently signed the [Non\-Proliferation Treaty](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons "Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons") in 1968; the program was finally concluded in 1972\. During the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), the wartime mass conscription system was kept in place to act as a deterrent to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), seen as the greatest military threat to Sweden. The end of the Cold War and [the collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/The_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union "The collapse of the Soviet Union") meant that the perceived threat lessened and the armed forces were downsized, with conscription taking in fewer and fewer recruits until it was deactivated in 2010\. This small size is often considered one of the major strategic weaknesses of the Swedish Armed Forces.{{Cite web \|last\=dpeleschuk \|date\=2022\-05\-18 \|title\=Sweden would strengthen NATO with fresh thinking and an able force \|url\=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new\-atlanticist/sweden\-would\-strengthen\-nato\-with\-fresh\-thinking\-and\-an\-able\-force/ \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-13 \|website\=Atlantic Council \|language\=en\-US}} The [Russo\-Georgian War](/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War "Russo-Georgian War") of 2008 and the events in Ukraine in 2014 gradually shifted Swedish debate back in favour of increased defence spending, as concerns grew over Russia's military buildup and intentions. Conscription was reintroduced in 2017 to supplement the insufficient number of volunteers signing up for service. Unlike in the past, the current conscription system applies to both men and women. Following the [United Kingdom leaving the European Union](/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") in 2020, the EU's mutual defence clause ([Lisbon Treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") Article 42\.7\) ceased to apply to the UK. In 2022, Sweden and the UK signed a mutual security deal, re\-pledging support if either state is attacked.{{Cite web \|title\=EUR\-Lex \- mutual\_defence \- EN \- EUR\-Lex \|url\=https://eur\-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal\-content/glossary/mutual\-defence\-clause.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-08 \|website\=eur\-lex.europa.eu \|language\=en}}{{Cite news \|last\=Kauranen \|first\=Anne \|date\=2022\-05\-11 \|title\=UK strikes new security agreement with Sweden and Finland \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/uk\-strikes\-new\-security\-agreement\-with\-sweden\-finland\-2022\-05\-11/ \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-08}} On June 29, 2022, Finland and Sweden were formally invited to become members of [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO"),{{cite news \|last1\=Chatterjee \|first1\=Phelan \|title\=Sweden and Finland's journey from neutral to Nato \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-europe\-61397478 \|website\=BBC.com \|date\=10 May 2022 \|publisher\=BBC News \|access\-date\=23 September 2022}} and joined respectively in 2023 and 2024\.
[ "History\n-------", "{{main\\|Military history of Sweden}}", "The history of the Swedish Armed Forces dates back to the early sixteenth century, when they were founded by the newly crowned monarch [Gustav I Vasa](/wiki/Gustav_Vasa \"Gustav Vasa\"). Since then, they have played an important role in the history of Sweden; they have been engaged in numerous conflicts since their founding.", "It was in the seventeenth century that the Swedish Armed Forces reached their height, during the time of the Swedish Empire. During this time, they were among the leaders in military innovation, and engaged in many wars; among the Swedish wars of the seventeenth century were the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\"), [Second Northern War](/wiki/Second_Northern_War \"Second Northern War\"), [Scanian War](/wiki/Scanian_War \"Scanian War\") and [Great Northern War](/wiki/Great_Northern_War \"Great Northern War\"). The [military of the Swedish Empire](/wiki/Military_of_the_Swedish_Empire \"Military of the Swedish Empire\") was one of the most important institutions in the empire.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ceithernach \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-04 \\|title\\=The Swedish Military Machine \\|url\\=https://medium.com/@ceithernach/the\\-swedish\\-military\\-machine\\-dd10c6a245f8 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-13 \\|website\\=Medium \\|language\\=en}}", "After a period of enhanced readiness during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the Swedish Armed Forces were subject to severe downsizing during the interwar years. When [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") started, a large rearmament program was launched to once again guard Swedish neutrality, relying on mass male [conscription](/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden \"Conscription in Sweden\") as a source for personnel.", "After World War II, Sweden considered building [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\") to deter a Soviet invasion. From 1945 to 1972 the Swedish government ran [a clandestine nuclear weapons program](/wiki/Swedish_nuclear_weapons_program \"Swedish nuclear weapons program\") under the guise of civilian defence research at the [Swedish National Defence Research Institute](/wiki/Swedish_National_Defence_Research_Institute \"Swedish National Defence Research Institute\"). By the late 1950s, the work had reached the point where underground testing was feasible. However, at that time the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag \"Riksdag\") prohibited research and development of nuclear weapons, pledging that research should be done only for the purpose of defence against nuclear attack. The option to continue development was abandoned in 1966, and Sweden subsequently signed the [Non\\-Proliferation Treaty](/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons \"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons\") in 1968; the program was finally concluded in 1972\\.", "During the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), the wartime mass conscription system was kept in place to act as a deterrent to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), seen as the greatest military threat to Sweden. The end of the Cold War and [the collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/The_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union \"The collapse of the Soviet Union\") meant that the perceived threat lessened and the armed forces were downsized, with conscription taking in fewer and fewer recruits until it was deactivated in 2010\\. This small size is often considered one of the major strategic weaknesses of the Swedish Armed Forces.{{Cite web \\|last\\=dpeleschuk \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-18 \\|title\\=Sweden would strengthen NATO with fresh thinking and an able force \\|url\\=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new\\-atlanticist/sweden\\-would\\-strengthen\\-nato\\-with\\-fresh\\-thinking\\-and\\-an\\-able\\-force/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-13 \\|website\\=Atlantic Council \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The [Russo\\-Georgian War](/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War \"Russo-Georgian War\") of 2008 and the events in Ukraine in 2014 gradually shifted Swedish debate back in favour of increased defence spending, as concerns grew over Russia's military buildup and intentions. Conscription was reintroduced in 2017 to supplement the insufficient number of volunteers signing up for service. Unlike in the past, the current conscription system applies to both men and women.", "Following the [United Kingdom leaving the European Union](/wiki/Brexit \"Brexit\") in 2020, the EU's mutual defence clause ([Lisbon Treaty](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") Article 42\\.7\\) ceased to apply to the UK. In 2022, Sweden and the UK signed a mutual security deal, re\\-pledging support if either state is attacked.{{Cite web \\|title\\=EUR\\-Lex \\- mutual\\_defence \\- EN \\- EUR\\-Lex \\|url\\=https://eur\\-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal\\-content/glossary/mutual\\-defence\\-clause.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=eur\\-lex.europa.eu \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kauranen \\|first\\=Anne \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-11 \\|title\\=UK strikes new security agreement with Sweden and Finland \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/uk\\-strikes\\-new\\-security\\-agreement\\-with\\-sweden\\-finland\\-2022\\-05\\-11/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-08}}", "On June 29, 2022, Finland and Sweden were formally invited to become members of [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\"),{{cite news \\|last1\\=Chatterjee \\|first1\\=Phelan \\|title\\=Sweden and Finland's journey from neutral to Nato \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-europe\\-61397478 \\|website\\=BBC.com \\|date\\=10 May 2022 \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2022}} and joined respectively in 2023 and 2024\\.", "" ]
Organization ------------ {{Location map\+ \|Sweden \| relief \= 1 \| width \= 480 \| float \= right \| caption \= Swedish Armed Forces main bases 2024 \[\[File:Blue 000080 pog.svg\|10px]] Naval Base \[\[File:Blue 0080ff pog.svg\|10px]] Air Base \[\[File:Green pog.svg\|10px]] Infantry Base \[\[File:Pink pog.svg\|10px]] Mechanized Infantry Base \[\[File:Orange pog.svg\|10px]] Cavalry Base \[\[File:Yellow pog.svg\|10px]] Artillery Base \[\[File:Purple 8000ff pog.svg\|10px]] Air Defence Base \[\[File:Black pog.svg\|10px]] Engineer Base \| places \= {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Norrbotten Regiment\|Norrbotten Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Green pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 65 \| lat\_min \= 49 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 21 \| lon\_min \= 38 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Västernorrland Regiment\|Västernorrland Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Green pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 63 \| lat\_min \= 10 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 17 \| lon\_min \= 16 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Dalarna Regiment\|Dalarna Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Green pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 60 \| lat\_min \= 36 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 15 \| lon\_min \= 37 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Norrland Dragoon Regiment\|Norrland Dragoon Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Lightgreen pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 65 \| lat\_min \= 35 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 19 \| lon\_min \= 10 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Boden Artillery Regiment\|Boden Art. Rgt.]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Yellow pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 65 \| lat\_min \= 49 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 21 \| lon\_min \= 46 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Bergslagen Artillery Regiment\|Bergslagen Art. Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Yellow pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 59 \| lat\_min \= 18 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 14 \| lon\_min \= 07 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Skaraborg Regiment (armoured)\|Skaraborg Rgt.]] \[\[Göta Logistic Regiment\|Göta Logistic Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Pink pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 23 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 13 \| lon\_min \= 49 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[South Scanian Regiment\|South Scanian Rgt.]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Pink pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 55 \| lat\_min \= 44 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 13 \| lon\_min \= 28 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Air Defence Regiment (Sweden)\|Air Defence Rgt.]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Purple 8000ff pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 56 \| lat\_min \= 40 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 12 \| lon\_min \= 51 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Life Guards (Sweden)\|Life Guards]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Red pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 59 \| lat\_min \= 29 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 17 \| lon\_min \= 45 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Göta Engineer Regiment\|Göta Engineer Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Black pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 57 \| lat\_min \= 40 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 14 \| lon\_min \= 58 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Life Regiment Hussars\|Life Rgt. Hussars]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Orange pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 32 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 14 \| lon\_min \= 31 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[1st Marine Regiment (Sweden)\|1st Marine Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 59 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 18 \| lon\_min \= 03 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Muskö Naval Base]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 000080 pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 59 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 18 \| lon\_min \= 11 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Karlskrona Naval Base]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 000080 pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 56 \| lat\_min \= 09 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 15 \| lon\_min \= 35 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Uppland Wing]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 0080ff pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 59 \| lat\_min \= 53 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 17 \| lon\_min \= 36 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Skaraborg Wing]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 0080ff pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 43 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 12 \| lon\_min \= 72 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Blekinge Wing]] 3 Helicopter}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 0080ff pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 56 \| lat\_min \= 14 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 15 \| lon\_min \= 17 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Norrbotten Wing]] 1 Helicopter}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 0080ff pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 65 \| lat\_min \= 31 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 22 \| lon\_min \= 03 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|2 Helicopter}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Blue 0080ff pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 23 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 15 \| lon\_min \= 31 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Brown 804000 pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 58 \| lat\_min \= 23 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 13 \| lon\_min \= 55 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Command and Control Regiment (Sweden)\|Command \& Control Rgt.]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Gold pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 59 \| lat\_min \= 38 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 17 \| lon\_min \= 04 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[National CBRN Defence Centre\|CBRN Def. Centre]]}} \| position \= left \| background \= white \| mark \= Purple pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 63 \| lat\_min \= 49 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 20 \| lon\_min \= 16 \| lon\_dir \= E }} {{Location map\~\|Sweden \| label \= {{nowrap\|\[\[Gotland Regiment\|Gotland Rgt.]]}} \| position \= right \| background \= white \| mark \= Pink pog.svg \| marksize \= 8 \| lat\_deg \= 57 \| lat\_min \= 38 \| lat\_dir \= N \| lon\_deg \= 18 \| lon\_min \= 18 \| lon\_dir \= E }} }} [thumb\|The Swedish multirole fighter, the [Saab JAS 39 Gripen](/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen "Saab JAS 39 Gripen").](/wiki/File:1025448_A_Swedish_JAS-39_Gripen_returns_to_the_play_areas_of_the_Arctic_Challenge_exercise_Sept._24%2C_2013.jpg "1025448 A Swedish JAS-39 Gripen returns to the play areas of the Arctic Challenge exercise Sept. 24, 2013.jpg") [thumb\|[NH90](/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90 "NHIndustries NH90") of the Swedish Armed Forces](/wiki/File:NH90.jpg "NH90.jpg") [thumb\|The Swedish [Visby class corvette](/wiki/Visby_class_corvette "Visby class corvette").](/wiki/File:K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg "K32 HMS Helsingborg Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen cropped.jpg")[thumb\|The [Infantry fighting vehicle](/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle "Infantry fighting vehicle") [CV 90](/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90 "Combat Vehicle 90") produced and used by [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden").The](/wiki/File:Swedish_CV9040.JPG "Swedish CV9040.JPG") [Supreme Commander](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces "Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces") ({{lang\-sv\|Överbefälhavaren}}, ÖB) is a [four\-star](/wiki/Four-star_rank "Four-star rank") [general](/wiki/General_%28Sweden%29 "General (Sweden)") or [flag officer](/wiki/Flag_officer "Flag officer") who is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and the highest ranking professional officer on active duty. The Supreme Commander reports, normally through the [Minister of Defence](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28Sweden%29 "Minister of Defence (Sweden)"), to the [Government of Sweden](/wiki/Government_of_Sweden "Government of Sweden"), which in turn answers to the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag "Riksdag"). The current supreme commander is General [Michael Claesson](/wiki/Michael_Claesson "Michael Claesson").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.defensenews.com/interviews/2021/12/27/swedens\-top\-general\-on\-watching\-russia\-and\-responding\-to\-an\-invasion\-of\-ukraine/ \|title\=Sweden's top general on watching Russia and responding to an invasion of Ukraine \|first\=Joe \|last\=Gould \|date\=27 December 2021 \|website\=Defense News}} Before the enactment of the [1974 Instrument of Government](/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_%281974%29 "Instrument of Government (1974)"), the [King of Sweden](/wiki/King_of_Sweden "King of Sweden") was the [de jure](/wiki/De_jure "De jure") [commander in chief](/wiki/Commander_in_Chief%23Sweden "Commander in Chief#Sweden") ({{lang\-sv\|högste befälhavare}}). Since then, [King](/wiki/King_of_Sweden "King of Sweden") [Carl XVI Gustaf](/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf "Carl XVI Gustaf") is still considered to hold the [honorary](/wiki/Title_of_honor "Title of honor") ranks of general and admiral *[à la suite](/wiki/%C3%80_la_suite "À la suite")*, but the role is entirely ceremonial.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4\.396160511584257f2180003302\.html \|title\=Duties of the Monarch \|website\=\[\[Royal Court of Sweden]] \|access\-date\=19 March 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316041821/http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4\.396160511584257f2180003302\.html \|archive\-date\=16 March 2015}} The Swedish Armed Forces consists of three service branches; the [Army](/wiki/Swedish_Army "Swedish Army"), the [Air Force](/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force "Swedish Air Force") and the [Navy](/wiki/Swedish_Navy "Swedish Navy"), with addition of the [military reserve force](/wiki/Military_reserve_force "Military reserve force") [Home Guard](/wiki/Home_Guard_%28Sweden%29 "Home Guard (Sweden)"). Since 1994, the first three service branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the [Supreme Commander](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces "Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces"), while the Home Guard reports directly to the Supreme Commander. However, the services maintain their separate identities through the use of different uniforms, ranks, and other service specific traditions. ### Armed Forces Headquarters The [Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters](/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_Headquarters "Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters") is the highest level of command in the Swedish Armed Forces.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mil.se/templates/Mil\_UnitStartpage.aspx?id\=10130\&epslanguage\=EN \|title\=Armed Forces Headquarters (HKV) \|date\=1 December 2008 \|website\=Swedish Armed Forces \|access\-date\=5 August 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728161758/https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/ \|archive\-date\=28 July 2020}} It is led by the [Supreme Commander](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces "Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces") with a civilian [Director General](/wiki/Director_General "Director General") as his deputy, with functional directorates having different responsibilities (e.g. the [Military Intelligence and Security Service](/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service "Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service")). Overall, the Armed Forces Headquarters has about 2,100 employees, including civilian personnel.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mil.se/templates/Mil\_UnitStartpage.aspx?id\=7212\&epslanguage\=SV \|title\=Högkvarteret (HKV) \|trans\-title\=Headquarters \|language\=sv \|website\=Swedish Armed Forces \|access\-date\=3 May 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202042943/http://www.mil.se/sv/I\-Sverige/Hogkvarteret\-HKV/ \|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-02}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mil.se/upload/Forband/HKV/hkv\-org.pdf \|title\=Högkvarterets organisation \|language\=sv \|website\=Swedish Armed Forces \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220141900/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/upload/Forband/HKV/hkv\-org.pdf \|archive\-date\=2012\-02\-20}} ### Schools Some of the schools listed below answer to other units, listed under the various branches of the Armed Forces: * Artillery Combat School (*ArtSS*) located in [Boden](/wiki/Boden%2C_Sweden "Boden, Sweden") * Armed Forces Technical School (*FMTS*) located in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad "Halmstad") * Air Warfare Centre (*LSS*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala") * Armed Forces Interpreter/Interrogator School (*TolkS*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala") * [Swedish Defence University](/wiki/Swedish_Defence_University "Swedish Defence University") (*FHS*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") * Field Work School (*FarbS*) located in [Eksjö](/wiki/Eksj%C3%B6 "Eksjö") * Air Force Air Officer School (*FBS*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala") * [Swedish Parachute Ranger School](/wiki/Swedish_Parachute_Ranger_School "Swedish Parachute Ranger School") (*FJS*) located in [Karlsborg](/wiki/Karlsborg "Karlsborg") * Flight School (*FlygS*) located in [Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping "Linköping")/[Malmen](/wiki/Malmen_Airbase "Malmen Airbase") * Helicopter Combat School (*HkpSS*) located in [Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping "Linköping")/[Malmen](/wiki/Malmen_Airbase "Malmen Airbase") * [National Home Guard Combat School](/wiki/National_Home_Guard_Combat_School "National Home Guard Combat School") (*HvSS*) located in [Södertälje](/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje "Södertälje") * Command School (*LedS*) located in [Enköping](/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping "Enköping") * Anti\-Aircraft Combat School (*LvSS*) located in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad "Halmstad") * Military Academy Halmstad (*MHS H*) located in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad "Halmstad") * [Military Academy Karlberg](/wiki/Military_Academy_Karlberg "Military Academy Karlberg") (*MHS K*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm")/[Karlberg](/wiki/Karlberg_Palace "Karlberg Palace") * [Land Warfare Centre](/wiki/Land_Warfare_Centre_%28Sweden%29 "Land Warfare Centre (Sweden)") (*MSS*) located in [Skövde](/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde "Skövde") also a detachment in [Kvarn](/wiki/Borensberg "Borensberg"){{Cite web \|url\=http://www2\.mil.se/en/About\-the\-Armed\-Forces/Organisation/Address\-list/ \|title\=Address list \|date\=1 October 2007 \|website\=Swedish Armed Forces \|access\-date\=28 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410072412/http://www2\.mil.se/en/About\-the\-Armed\-Forces/Organisation/Address\-list/ \|archive\-date\=10 April 2008}} * [Swedish Naval Warfare Centre](/wiki/Swedish_Naval_Warfare_Centre "Swedish Naval Warfare Centre") (*SSS*) located in [Karlskrona](/wiki/Karlskrona "Karlskrona") and [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm")/[Berga](/wiki/Berga_Naval_Base "Berga Naval Base"){{cite web \|url\=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/career\-in\-the\-swedish\-armed\-forces/training\-centres/ \|title\=Training Centres \|website\=Swedish Armed Forces \|access\-date\=25 February 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320003559/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/career\-in\-the\-swedish\-armed\-forces/training\-centres/ \|archive\-date\=20 March 2015}} ### Centres * [20px](/wiki/File:F%C3%B6rsvarsmaktens_sjukv%C3%A5rdscentrum_vapen.svg "Försvarsmaktens sjukvårdscentrum vapen.svg") [Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine](/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_Centre_for_Defence_Medicine "Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine") (*FömedC*) located in [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg"), with a section in [Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping "Linköping") * [20px](/wiki/File:F%C3%B6rsvarsmaktens_logistik_vapen.svg "Försvarsmaktens logistik vapen.svg")[Swedish Armed Forces Logistics](/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_Logistics "Swedish Armed Forces Logistics") (*FMLOG*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), [Boden](/wiki/Boden%2C_Sweden "Boden, Sweden"), [Karlskrona](/wiki/Karlskrona "Karlskrona") and [Arboga](/wiki/Arboga "Arboga") * Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Centre (*FMUndSäkC*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala") * Armed Forces Musical Centre (*FöMusC*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm")/[Kungsängen](/wiki/Kungs%C3%A4ngen "Kungsängen") * Recruitment Centre (*RekryC*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") * [20px](/wiki/File:Totalf%C3%B6rsvarets_skyddsskola_vapen.svg "Totalförsvarets skyddsskola vapen.svg") [National CBRN Defence Centre](/wiki/National_CBRN_Defence_Centre "National CBRN Defence Centre") (*SkyddC*) located in [Umeå](/wiki/Ume%C3%A5 "Umeå") * Swedish EOD and Demining Centre (*SWEDEC*) located in [Eksjö](/wiki/Eksj%C3%B6 "Eksjö") * Swedish Armed Forces International Center (*Swedint*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm")/Kungsängen #### Nordic Battlegroup The [Nordic Battlegroup](/wiki/Nordic_Battlegroup "Nordic Battlegroup") is a cooperative formation of the Swedish Armed Forces alongside mainly the other [Nordic countries](/wiki/Nordic_countries "Nordic countries") but also some of the Baltic countries as well as [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), tasked as one of the [EU Battlegroups](/wiki/EU_Battlegroup "EU Battlegroup"). The headquarter garrison for this group is currently situated in [Enköping](/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping "Enköping"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"). ### International deployments Sweden is part of the multinational [Kosovo Force](/wiki/Kosovo_Force "Kosovo Force") and has a naval force deployed to the gulf of Aden as a part of [Operation Atalanta](/wiki/Operation_Atalanta "Operation Atalanta"). Military [observers](/wiki/Observation "Observation") from Sweden have been sent to a large number of countries, including [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") and Sweden also participates with staff officers to missions in [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan "Sudan") and [Chad](/wiki/Chad "Chad"). Sweden has been one of the Peacekeeping nations of the [Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission](/wiki/Neutral_Nations_Supervisory_Commission "Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission") that is tasked with overseeing the truce in the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone "Korean Demilitarized Zone") since the Korean war ended in 1953\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/our\-mission\-in\-sweden\-and\-abroad/current\-missions/korea\-nnsc/ \|title\=Korea – NNSC \|website\=Swedish Armed Forces \|access\-date\=25 February 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406032909/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/our\-mission\-in\-sweden\-and\-abroad/current\-missions/korea\-nnsc/ \|archive\-date\=6 April 2016}} #### Past deployments Swedish air and ground forces saw combat during the [Congo Crisis](/wiki/Congo_Crisis "Congo Crisis"), as part of the [United Nations Operation in the Congo](/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo "United Nations Operation in the Congo") force. 9 army battalions were sent in all, and their mission lasted 1960–1964\. A battalion and other units were deployed with the NATO\-led peacekeeping [SFOR](/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina") in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") (1996–2000\), following the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War"). NORDBAT 2 has been studied as an example of [mission command](/wiki/Mission_command "Mission command") on a chaotic battlefield with conflicting national orders. Sweden had military forces deployed in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") with the [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO")\-led [International Security Assistance Force](/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (2002–2014\), and the subsequent [Resolute Support Mission](/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission") (2015–2021\), which ended when all NATO troops were withdrawn after 20 years of action.
[ "Organization\n------------", "{{Location map\\+ \\|Sweden\n\\| relief \\= 1\n\\| width \\= 480\n\\| float \\= right\n\\| caption \\= Swedish Armed Forces main bases 2024 \n\\[\\[File:Blue 000080 pog.svg\\|10px]] Naval Base \\[\\[File:Blue 0080ff pog.svg\\|10px]] Air Base \\[\\[File:Green pog.svg\\|10px]] Infantry Base \\[\\[File:Pink pog.svg\\|10px]] Mechanized Infantry Base \n\\[\\[File:Orange pog.svg\\|10px]] Cavalry Base \\[\\[File:Yellow pog.svg\\|10px]] Artillery Base \\[\\[File:Purple 8000ff pog.svg\\|10px]] Air Defence Base \\[\\[File:Black pog.svg\\|10px]] Engineer Base\n\\| places \\=\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Norrbotten Regiment\\|Norrbotten Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Green pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 65 \\| lat\\_min \\= 49 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 21 \\| lon\\_min \\= 38 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Västernorrland Regiment\\|Västernorrland Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Green pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 63 \\| lat\\_min \\= 10 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 17 \\| lon\\_min \\= 16 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Dalarna Regiment\\|Dalarna Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Green pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 60 \\| lat\\_min \\= 36 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 15 \\| lon\\_min \\= 37 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Norrland Dragoon Regiment\\|Norrland Dragoon Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Lightgreen pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 65 \\| lat\\_min \\= 35 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 19 \\| lon\\_min \\= 10 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Boden Artillery Regiment\\|Boden Art. Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Yellow pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 65 \\| lat\\_min \\= 49 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 21 \\| lon\\_min \\= 46 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Bergslagen Artillery Regiment\\|Bergslagen Art. Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Yellow pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 59 \\| lat\\_min \\= 18 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 14 \\| lon\\_min \\= 07 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Skaraborg Regiment (armoured)\\|Skaraborg Rgt.]] \n\\[\\[Göta Logistic Regiment\\|Göta Logistic Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Pink pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 23 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 13 \\| lon\\_min \\= 49 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[South Scanian Regiment\\|South Scanian Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Pink pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 55 \\| lat\\_min \\= 44 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 13 \\| lon\\_min \\= 28 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Air Defence Regiment (Sweden)\\|Air Defence Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Purple 8000ff pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 56 \\| lat\\_min \\= 40 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 12 \\| lon\\_min \\= 51 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Life Guards (Sweden)\\|Life Guards]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Red pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 59 \\| lat\\_min \\= 29 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 17 \\| lon\\_min \\= 45 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Göta Engineer Regiment\\|Göta Engineer Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Black pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 57 \\| lat\\_min \\= 40 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 14 \\| lon\\_min \\= 58 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Life Regiment Hussars\\|Life Rgt. Hussars]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Orange pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 32 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 14 \\| lon\\_min \\= 31 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[1st Marine Regiment (Sweden)\\|1st Marine Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 59 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 18 \\| lon\\_min \\= 03 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Muskö Naval Base]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 000080 pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 59 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 18 \\| lon\\_min \\= 11 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Karlskrona Naval Base]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 000080 pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 56 \\| lat\\_min \\= 09 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 15 \\| lon\\_min \\= 35 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Uppland Wing]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 0080ff pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 59 \\| lat\\_min \\= 53 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 17 \\| lon\\_min \\= 36 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Skaraborg Wing]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 0080ff pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 43 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 12 \\| lon\\_min \\= 72 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Blekinge Wing]] \n3 Helicopter}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 0080ff pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 56 \\| lat\\_min \\= 14 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 15 \\| lon\\_min \\= 17 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Norrbotten Wing]] \n1 Helicopter}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 0080ff pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 65 \\| lat\\_min \\= 31 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 22 \\| lon\\_min \\= 03 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|2 Helicopter}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Blue 0080ff pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 23 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 15 \\| lon\\_min \\= 31 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= \n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Brown 804000 pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 58 \\| lat\\_min \\= 23 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 13 \\| lon\\_min \\= 55 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Command and Control Regiment (Sweden)\\|Command \\& Control Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Gold pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 59 \\| lat\\_min \\= 38 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 17 \\| lon\\_min \\= 04 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[National CBRN Defence Centre\\|CBRN Def. Centre]]}}\n \\| position \\= left\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Purple pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 63 \\| lat\\_min \\= 49 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 20 \\| lon\\_min \\= 16 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n {{Location map\\~\\|Sweden\n \\| label \\= {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Gotland Regiment\\|Gotland Rgt.]]}}\n \\| position \\= right\n \\| background \\= white\n \\| mark \\= Pink pog.svg\n \\| marksize \\= 8\n \\| lat\\_deg \\= 57 \\| lat\\_min \\= 38 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n \\| lon\\_deg \\= 18 \\| lon\\_min \\= 18 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n }}\n}}\n[thumb\\|The Swedish multirole fighter, the [Saab JAS 39 Gripen](/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen \"Saab JAS 39 Gripen\").](/wiki/File:1025448_A_Swedish_JAS-39_Gripen_returns_to_the_play_areas_of_the_Arctic_Challenge_exercise_Sept._24%2C_2013.jpg \"1025448 A Swedish JAS-39 Gripen returns to the play areas of the Arctic Challenge exercise Sept. 24, 2013.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[NH90](/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90 \"NHIndustries NH90\") of the Swedish Armed Forces](/wiki/File:NH90.jpg \"NH90.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The Swedish [Visby class corvette](/wiki/Visby_class_corvette \"Visby class corvette\").](/wiki/File:K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg \"K32 HMS Helsingborg Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen cropped.jpg\")[thumb\\|The [Infantry fighting vehicle](/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle \"Infantry fighting vehicle\") [CV 90](/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90 \"Combat Vehicle 90\") produced and used by [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").The](/wiki/File:Swedish_CV9040.JPG \"Swedish CV9040.JPG\") [Supreme Commander](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces \"Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces\") ({{lang\\-sv\\|Överbefälhavaren}}, ÖB) is a [four\\-star](/wiki/Four-star_rank \"Four-star rank\") [general](/wiki/General_%28Sweden%29 \"General (Sweden)\") or [flag officer](/wiki/Flag_officer \"Flag officer\") who is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and the highest ranking professional officer on active duty. The Supreme Commander reports, normally through the [Minister of Defence](/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_%28Sweden%29 \"Minister of Defence (Sweden)\"), to the [Government of Sweden](/wiki/Government_of_Sweden \"Government of Sweden\"), which in turn answers to the [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag \"Riksdag\"). The current supreme commander is General [Michael Claesson](/wiki/Michael_Claesson \"Michael Claesson\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.defensenews.com/interviews/2021/12/27/swedens\\-top\\-general\\-on\\-watching\\-russia\\-and\\-responding\\-to\\-an\\-invasion\\-of\\-ukraine/ \\|title\\=Sweden's top general on watching Russia and responding to an invasion of Ukraine \\|first\\=Joe \\|last\\=Gould \\|date\\=27 December 2021 \\|website\\=Defense News}}", "Before the enactment of the [1974 Instrument of Government](/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_%281974%29 \"Instrument of Government (1974)\"), the [King of Sweden](/wiki/King_of_Sweden \"King of Sweden\") was the [de jure](/wiki/De_jure \"De jure\") [commander in chief](/wiki/Commander_in_Chief%23Sweden \"Commander in Chief#Sweden\") ({{lang\\-sv\\|högste befälhavare}}). Since then, [King](/wiki/King_of_Sweden \"King of Sweden\") [Carl XVI Gustaf](/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf \"Carl XVI Gustaf\") is still considered to hold the [honorary](/wiki/Title_of_honor \"Title of honor\") ranks of general and admiral *[à la suite](/wiki/%C3%80_la_suite \"À la suite\")*, but the role is entirely ceremonial.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4\\.396160511584257f2180003302\\.html \\|title\\=Duties of the Monarch \\|website\\=\\[\\[Royal Court of Sweden]] \\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316041821/http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4\\.396160511584257f2180003302\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2015}}", "The Swedish Armed Forces consists of three service branches; the [Army](/wiki/Swedish_Army \"Swedish Army\"), the [Air Force](/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force \"Swedish Air Force\") and the [Navy](/wiki/Swedish_Navy \"Swedish Navy\"), with addition of the [military reserve force](/wiki/Military_reserve_force \"Military reserve force\") [Home Guard](/wiki/Home_Guard_%28Sweden%29 \"Home Guard (Sweden)\"). Since 1994, the first three service branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the [Supreme Commander](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces \"Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces\"), while the Home Guard reports directly to the Supreme Commander. However, the services maintain their separate identities through the use of different uniforms, ranks, and other service specific traditions.", "### Armed Forces Headquarters", "The [Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters](/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_Headquarters \"Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters\") is the highest level of command in the Swedish Armed Forces.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mil.se/templates/Mil\\_UnitStartpage.aspx?id\\=10130\\&epslanguage\\=EN \\|title\\=Armed Forces Headquarters (HKV) \\|date\\=1 December 2008 \\|website\\=Swedish Armed Forces \\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728161758/https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2020}} It is led by the [Supreme Commander](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Swedish_Armed_Forces \"Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces\") with a civilian [Director General](/wiki/Director_General \"Director General\") as his deputy, with functional directorates having different responsibilities (e.g. the [Military Intelligence and Security Service](/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service \"Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service\")). Overall, the Armed Forces Headquarters has about 2,100 employees, including civilian personnel.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mil.se/templates/Mil\\_UnitStartpage.aspx?id\\=7212\\&epslanguage\\=SV \\|title\\=Högkvarteret (HKV) \\|trans\\-title\\=Headquarters \\|language\\=sv \\|website\\=Swedish Armed Forces \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202042943/http://www.mil.se/sv/I\\-Sverige/Hogkvarteret\\-HKV/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-02}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mil.se/upload/Forband/HKV/hkv\\-org.pdf \\|title\\=Högkvarterets organisation \\|language\\=sv \\|website\\=Swedish Armed Forces \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220141900/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/upload/Forband/HKV/hkv\\-org.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-02\\-20}}", "### Schools", "Some of the schools listed below answer to other units, listed under the various branches of the Armed Forces:", "* Artillery Combat School (*ArtSS*) located in [Boden](/wiki/Boden%2C_Sweden \"Boden, Sweden\")\n* Armed Forces Technical School (*FMTS*) located in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad \"Halmstad\")\n* Air Warfare Centre (*LSS*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala \"Uppsala\")\n* Armed Forces Interpreter/Interrogator School (*TolkS*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala \"Uppsala\")\n* [Swedish Defence University](/wiki/Swedish_Defence_University \"Swedish Defence University\") (*FHS*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\")\n* Field Work School (*FarbS*) located in [Eksjö](/wiki/Eksj%C3%B6 \"Eksjö\")\n* Air Force Air Officer School (*FBS*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala \"Uppsala\")\n* [Swedish Parachute Ranger School](/wiki/Swedish_Parachute_Ranger_School \"Swedish Parachute Ranger School\") (*FJS*) located in [Karlsborg](/wiki/Karlsborg \"Karlsborg\")\n* Flight School (*FlygS*) located in [Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping \"Linköping\")/[Malmen](/wiki/Malmen_Airbase \"Malmen Airbase\")\n* Helicopter Combat School (*HkpSS*) located in [Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping \"Linköping\")/[Malmen](/wiki/Malmen_Airbase \"Malmen Airbase\")\n* [National Home Guard Combat School](/wiki/National_Home_Guard_Combat_School \"National Home Guard Combat School\") (*HvSS*) located in [Södertälje](/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje \"Södertälje\")\n* Command School (*LedS*) located in [Enköping](/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping \"Enköping\")\n* Anti\\-Aircraft Combat School (*LvSS*) located in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad \"Halmstad\")\n* Military Academy Halmstad (*MHS H*) located in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad \"Halmstad\")\n* [Military Academy Karlberg](/wiki/Military_Academy_Karlberg \"Military Academy Karlberg\") (*MHS K*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\")/[Karlberg](/wiki/Karlberg_Palace \"Karlberg Palace\")\n* [Land Warfare Centre](/wiki/Land_Warfare_Centre_%28Sweden%29 \"Land Warfare Centre (Sweden)\") (*MSS*) located in [Skövde](/wiki/Sk%C3%B6vde \"Skövde\") also a detachment in [Kvarn](/wiki/Borensberg \"Borensberg\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www2\\.mil.se/en/About\\-the\\-Armed\\-Forces/Organisation/Address\\-list/ \\|title\\=Address list \\|date\\=1 October 2007 \\|website\\=Swedish Armed Forces \\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410072412/http://www2\\.mil.se/en/About\\-the\\-Armed\\-Forces/Organisation/Address\\-list/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 April 2008}}\n* [Swedish Naval Warfare Centre](/wiki/Swedish_Naval_Warfare_Centre \"Swedish Naval Warfare Centre\") (*SSS*) located in [Karlskrona](/wiki/Karlskrona \"Karlskrona\") and [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\")/[Berga](/wiki/Berga_Naval_Base \"Berga Naval Base\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/career\\-in\\-the\\-swedish\\-armed\\-forces/training\\-centres/ \\|title\\=Training Centres \\|website\\=Swedish Armed Forces \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320003559/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/career\\-in\\-the\\-swedish\\-armed\\-forces/training\\-centres/ \\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2015}}", "### Centres", "* [20px](/wiki/File:F%C3%B6rsvarsmaktens_sjukv%C3%A5rdscentrum_vapen.svg \"Försvarsmaktens sjukvårdscentrum vapen.svg\") [Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine](/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_Centre_for_Defence_Medicine \"Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine\") (*FömedC*) located in [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\"), with a section in [Linköping](/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping \"Linköping\")\n* [20px](/wiki/File:F%C3%B6rsvarsmaktens_logistik_vapen.svg \"Försvarsmaktens logistik vapen.svg\")[Swedish Armed Forces Logistics](/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_Logistics \"Swedish Armed Forces Logistics\") (*FMLOG*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), [Boden](/wiki/Boden%2C_Sweden \"Boden, Sweden\"), [Karlskrona](/wiki/Karlskrona \"Karlskrona\") and [Arboga](/wiki/Arboga \"Arboga\")\n* Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Centre (*FMUndSäkC*) located in [Uppsala](/wiki/Uppsala \"Uppsala\")\n* Armed Forces Musical Centre (*FöMusC*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\")/[Kungsängen](/wiki/Kungs%C3%A4ngen \"Kungsängen\")\n* Recruitment Centre (*RekryC*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\")\n* [20px](/wiki/File:Totalf%C3%B6rsvarets_skyddsskola_vapen.svg \"Totalförsvarets skyddsskola vapen.svg\") [National CBRN Defence Centre](/wiki/National_CBRN_Defence_Centre \"National CBRN Defence Centre\") (*SkyddC*) located in [Umeå](/wiki/Ume%C3%A5 \"Umeå\")\n* Swedish EOD and Demining Centre (*SWEDEC*) located in [Eksjö](/wiki/Eksj%C3%B6 \"Eksjö\")\n* Swedish Armed Forces International Center (*Swedint*) located in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\")/Kungsängen", "#### Nordic Battlegroup", "The [Nordic Battlegroup](/wiki/Nordic_Battlegroup \"Nordic Battlegroup\") is a cooperative formation of the Swedish Armed Forces alongside mainly the other [Nordic countries](/wiki/Nordic_countries \"Nordic countries\") but also some of the Baltic countries as well as [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), tasked as one of the [EU Battlegroups](/wiki/EU_Battlegroup \"EU Battlegroup\"). The headquarter garrison for this group is currently situated in [Enköping](/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping \"Enköping\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").", "### International deployments", "Sweden is part of the multinational [Kosovo Force](/wiki/Kosovo_Force \"Kosovo Force\") and has a naval force deployed to the gulf of Aden as a part of [Operation Atalanta](/wiki/Operation_Atalanta \"Operation Atalanta\"). Military [observers](/wiki/Observation \"Observation\") from Sweden have been sent to a large number of countries, including [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") and Sweden also participates with staff officers to missions in [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan \"Sudan\") and [Chad](/wiki/Chad \"Chad\"). Sweden has been one of the Peacekeeping nations of the [Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission](/wiki/Neutral_Nations_Supervisory_Commission \"Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission\") that is tasked with overseeing the truce in the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\") since the Korean war ended in 1953\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/our\\-mission\\-in\\-sweden\\-and\\-abroad/current\\-missions/korea\\-nnsc/ \\|title\\=Korea – NNSC \\|website\\=Swedish Armed Forces \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406032909/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/our\\-mission\\-in\\-sweden\\-and\\-abroad/current\\-missions/korea\\-nnsc/ \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2016}}", "#### Past deployments", "Swedish air and ground forces saw combat during the [Congo Crisis](/wiki/Congo_Crisis \"Congo Crisis\"), as part of the [United Nations Operation in the Congo](/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo \"United Nations Operation in the Congo\") force. 9 army battalions were sent in all, and their mission lasted 1960–1964\\.", "A battalion and other units were deployed with the NATO\\-led peacekeeping [SFOR](/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\") (1996–2000\\), following the [Bosnian War](/wiki/Bosnian_War \"Bosnian War\"). NORDBAT 2 has been studied as an example of [mission command](/wiki/Mission_command \"Mission command\") on a chaotic battlefield with conflicting national orders.", "Sweden had military forces deployed in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") with the [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\")\\-led [International Security Assistance Force](/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force \"International Security Assistance Force\") (2002–2014\\), and the subsequent [Resolute Support Mission](/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission \"Resolute Support Mission\") (2015–2021\\), which ended when all NATO troops were withdrawn after 20 years of action.", "" ]
Inspiration and writing ----------------------- ### Genre Herron has a broad range of influences from [John le Carré](/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9 "John le Carré"), [Len Deighton](/wiki/Len_Deighton "Len Deighton"),{{Cite web \|url\=https://crimereads.com/mick\-herron\-on\-the\-art\-of\-the\-misfit\-spy\-thriller/ \|title\=Mick Herron on the Art of the Misfit Spy Thriller \|date\=10 June 2019\|website\=crimereads.com \|last\=Steffens \|first\=Daneet \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224032812/https://crimereads.com/mick\-herron\-on\-the\-art\-of\-the\-misfit\-spy\-thriller/ \|archive\-date\=24 February 2024}} [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens "Charles Dickens") to [Reginald Hill](/wiki/Reginald_Hill "Reginald Hill"){{Cite news \|last\=Mick Herron \|title\=Crime writer Mick Herron: 'I don't know my hero's backstory yet' \| Books \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/01/mick\-herron\-slow\-horses\-series\-jackson\-lamb\-paperback\-writer \|access\-date\=18 December 2016}} and [P. G. Wodehouse](/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse "P. G. Wodehouse"). Herron began reading le Carré at the age of 14{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/so\-real\-itspooky/docview/1867354292/se\-2?accountid\=196403 \|title\=SO REAL IT'SPOOKY: Mick Herron is the new king of the spy thriller... can he truly be making it all up? \|date\=12 February 2017\|website\=ProQuest \|last\=Thomson \|first\=Graeme \|publisher\=Mail on Sunday \|publication\-place\=London}} and stated he "gave me permission to become a writer ... he showed me you could invent an entire world, invent its language too". Herron stated that le Carré's *[A Perfect Spy](/wiki/A_Perfect_Spy "A Perfect Spy")* was the only "masterpiece" by one of his influences that he was able to read as a newly\-released publication.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/childrens\-article/john\-le\-carre\-silverview\-essay\-reading \|title\=What re\-reading John le Carré taught me \|date\=18 October 2021\|website\=Penguin.co.uk \|last\=Mick \|first\=Herron \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329023918/https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/childrens\-article/john\-le\-carre\-silverview\-essay\-reading \|archive\-date\=29 March 2024}} Herron has cited [Reginald Hill](/wiki/Reginald_Hill "Reginald Hill")'s [Andy Dalziel](/wiki/Dalziel_and_Pascoe "Dalziel and Pascoe") and [John Finnemore](/wiki/John_Finnemore "John Finnemore")'s [First Officer Douglas Richardson](/wiki/Cabin_Pressure_%28radio_series%29 "Cabin Pressure (radio series)") as character influences for Jackson Lamb.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/london\-rules\-mick\-herron\-review/docview/2007053839/se\-2?accountid\=196403 \|title\='London Rules', by Mick Herron \- review \|website\=\[\[The Spectator]] \|last\=Lezard \|first\=Nick \|author\-link\=Nicholas Lezard \|year\=2018 \|via\=\[\[Proquest]]}} While Herron has denied intentionally making Lamb's name a homage to le Carré, the character's initials "J. Lamb" appear in *[Smiley's People](/wiki/Smiley%27s_People "Smiley's People")*. ### Writing style While many of England's renowned espionage writers like le Carré and [Ian Fleming](/wiki/Ian_Fleming "Ian Fleming") had previously been members of the Secret Service, Herron has no military or intelligence experience. Instead, he draws heavily in his writing from experiences while working in the legal department of an employment issues research firm. The specific details about the Secret Service throughout his novels are fabrications. Herron assumes the Secret Service operates like any other workplace where "people are often doing quite dull jobs and working with other people who they don’t necessarily like, with a lot of office politics going on". [The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald")'s Sue Turnbull described Herron as being in "full flight", when he "revels in the inanity of the office politics that have blighted British bureaucracy".{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\-jackson\-lamb\-but\-still\-a\-big\-stink\-in\-mick\-herron\-s\-new\-spy\-novel\-20230925\-p5e7cc.html \|title\=No Slough House, but still a big stink in Mick Herron’s new spy novel \|date\=23 September 2023 \|last\=Turnbull \|first\=Sue \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221065138/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\-jackson\-lamb\-but\-still\-a\-big\-stink\-in\-mick\-herron\-s\-new\-spy\-novel\-20230925\-p5e7cc.html \|archive\-date\=21 December 2023\|publisher\=Sydney Morning Herald}} Herron has discussed the importance of each novel having a different tone, colouring and mood. He allows his writing to be driven by character decisions, rather than strict plots. His rough outlines amount to a "series of disconnected events"{{Cite web \|url\=https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\-about\-writing\-mick\-herron/ \|title\=Talking about writing: Mick Herron \|date\=17 April 2021\|website\=Lucy Atkins \|last\=Atkins \|first\=Lucy \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144827/https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\-about\-writing\-mick\-herron/ \|archive\-date\=13 September 2024}} with plot twists usually occurring when he needs to write himself out of a corner.{{Cite web \|url\=https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\-herron/ \|title\=Mick Herron \|date\=31 March 2021\|publisher\=The Irish Examiner \|last\=Leonard \|first\=Sue \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145146/https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\-herron/ \|archive\-date\=14 April 2024}} Herron also refrains from creating extensive character backstories. Herron writes in the third person and will often rotate [points of view](/wiki/Point_of_view_%28literature%29 "Point of view (literature)") within the same scene.{{Cite web \|url\=https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\-spy\-who\-came\-out\-of\-the\-chippy \|title\=The Spy Who Came Out of the Chippy \|website\=\[\[Literary Review]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930235154/https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\-spy\-who\-came\-out\-of\-the\-chippy \|archive\-date\=30 September 2024 \|year\=2019}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\-operational\-advantage/ \|title\=An Operational Advantage \|date\=1 January 2016 \|website\=LA Review of Books \|last\=Harper \|first\=Glenn \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815123141/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\-operational\-advantage/ \|archive\-date\=15 August 2022}} Glenn Harper from the [Los Angeles Review of Books](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books "Los Angeles Review of Books") writes that Herron's sudden changes in perspective allow for "sudden and often funny revelations, when the false impression given by one point of view is clarified in a later episode or an alternative point of view". While writing, Herron refrains from visualising the characters.{{Cite web \|url\=http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\-gets\-me\-out\-of\-bed\-in\-the\-morning\-crime\-writer\-mick\-herron\-on\-selling\-a\-million\-copies\-the\-big\-screen\-and\-oxford\-lit\-fest/ \|title\="Writing gets me out of bed in the morning". Crime writer Mick Herron on a million copies, Gary Oldman and Oxford Lit Fest! \|access\-date\=18 March 2022\|website\=Ox in a Box \|quote\=So does Herron visualise the characters as he goes along? “Visualise?” he asks. “No writing for me is much more about paragraphs and sentences, metaphors. I don’t really apply a visual element, more a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences.” \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201003322/http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\-gets\-me\-out\-of\-bed\-in\-the\-morning\-crime\-writer\-mick\-herron\-on\-selling\-a\-million\-copies\-the\-big\-screen\-and\-oxford\-lit\-fest/ \|archive\-date\=1 December 2023}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\-mick\-herron\-slough\-house\-slow\-horses\-spy\-fiction\-secret\-hours\-interview \|title\=Author Mick Herron: ‘I’d have made an awful spy. I don’t have a smartphone or wifi’ \|date\=10 September 2023\|website\=The Guardian \|last\=Kellaway \|first\=Kate \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910040555/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\-mick\-herron\-slough\-house\-slow\-horses\-spy\-fiction\-secret\-hours\-interview \|archive\-date\=10 September 2024}} He maintains "a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences". Herron credits the development of his writing style to early experiences writing poetry. Herron views [thematic patterning](/wiki/Thematic_patterning "Thematic patterning") as an essential narrative glue within his work.{{Cite web \|url\=https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\-herron\-interview/ \|title\=Mick Herron – Interview \|date\=22 August 2018\|website\=SpyWrite \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211160243/https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\-herron\-interview/ \|archive\-date\=11 December 2023}} Mortality, addiction and [ancestral sin](/wiki/Ancestral_sin "Ancestral sin") have been noted as themes throughout the series. Several of the series's characters and events derive from contemporary history. The novel *Slough House* finds its roots in the [Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal](/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal "Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal"), while *The Catch* has drawn comparisons to events of the life of [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein"). British politician [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") has also been noted by Herron as the basis for the fictional [Tory](/wiki/Tory "Tory") politician Peter Judd. Herron has said he is drawn to incorporating political elements into his stories as they "go hand in hand with the kind of espionage thriller I’m interested in. I don’t want to write a big, plotted, evil\-mastermind spy novel; I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong, badly motivated stuff, and that’s essentially our political reality now."{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\-herron\-interview\-show\-horses\-slough\-house\-bad\-actors \|title\=Mick Herron: ‘I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong’ \|date\=10 July 2022\|website\=The Guardian \|last\=Cummins \|first\=Anthony \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209022144/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\-herron\-interview\-show\-horses\-slough\-house\-bad\-actors \|archive\-date\= 9 February 2023}} ### Background In 2005, Herron was commuting to work when a [series of bombs exploded around London](/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings "7 July 2005 London bombings").{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/12/09/the\-book\-pages\-slow\-horses\-author\-mick\-herron\-says\-my\-heart\-is\-with\-those\-who\-struggle/ \|title\=The Book Pages: ‘Slow Horses’ author Mick Herron says, ‘My heart is with those who struggle’ \|date\=9 December 2022\|website\=The Orange County Register \|last\=Pederson \|first\=Erik \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804144447/https://www.ocregister.com/2022/12/09/the\-book\-pages\-slow\-horses\-author\-mick\-herron\-says\-my\-heart\-is\-with\-those\-who\-struggle/ \|archive\-date\=4 August 2024}} The experience caused Herron to shift from writing detective to spy fiction. While he did not feel qualified to write about world events, the bombings made him realise “to be on the front line, you just have to be in a city. Suddenly, everywhere seems to be a viable target. So that opened the door and allowed me to write about such things.”{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.thetimes.com/article/mick\-herron\-the\-accidental\-bestseller\-vwjkwm9ws \|title\=Mick Herron, the accidental bestseller \|date\=8 June 2019 \|website\=The Times \|last\=Millen \|first\=Robbie}} Herron would later reference the morning during a scene in *Slow Horses*, where River Cartwright reflects: {{blockquote\|People talked about that day in different ways. Either it was a story about them in which bombs happened, or it was a story about the bombs, and they’d just happened to be there.{{Cite book \|title\=Slow Horses \|last\=Herron \|first\=Mick \|publisher\=Soho Press \|year\=2010 \|isbn\=9781569479018 \|pages\=68\| quote\="People talked about that day in different ways. Either it was a story about them in which bombs happened, or it was a story about the bombs, and they’d just happened to be there."}}}} Herron began writing the first novel in the series, *Slow Horses*, in 2008\.
[ "Inspiration and writing\n-----------------------", "### Genre", "Herron has a broad range of influences from [John le Carré](/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9 \"John le Carré\"), [Len Deighton](/wiki/Len_Deighton \"Len Deighton\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://crimereads.com/mick\\-herron\\-on\\-the\\-art\\-of\\-the\\-misfit\\-spy\\-thriller/ \\|title\\=Mick Herron on the Art of the Misfit Spy Thriller \\|date\\=10 June 2019\\|website\\=crimereads.com \\|last\\=Steffens \\|first\\=Daneet \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224032812/https://crimereads.com/mick\\-herron\\-on\\-the\\-art\\-of\\-the\\-misfit\\-spy\\-thriller/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2024}} [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens \"Charles Dickens\") to [Reginald Hill](/wiki/Reginald_Hill \"Reginald Hill\"){{Cite news \\|last\\=Mick Herron \\|title\\=Crime writer Mick Herron: 'I don't know my hero's backstory yet' \\| Books \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/01/mick\\-herron\\-slow\\-horses\\-series\\-jackson\\-lamb\\-paperback\\-writer \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2016}} and [P. G. Wodehouse](/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse \"P. G. Wodehouse\"). Herron began reading le Carré at the age of 14{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/so\\-real\\-itspooky/docview/1867354292/se\\-2?accountid\\=196403 \\|title\\=SO REAL IT'SPOOKY: Mick Herron is the new king of the spy thriller... can he truly be making it all up? \\|date\\=12 February 2017\\|website\\=ProQuest \\|last\\=Thomson \\|first\\=Graeme \\|publisher\\=Mail on Sunday \\|publication\\-place\\=London}} and stated he \"gave me permission to become a writer ... he showed me you could invent an entire world, invent its language too\". Herron stated that le Carré's *[A Perfect Spy](/wiki/A_Perfect_Spy \"A Perfect Spy\")* was the only \"masterpiece\" by one of his influences that he was able to read as a newly\\-released publication.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/childrens\\-article/john\\-le\\-carre\\-silverview\\-essay\\-reading \\|title\\=What re\\-reading John le Carré taught me \\|date\\=18 October 2021\\|website\\=Penguin.co.uk \\|last\\=Mick \\|first\\=Herron \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329023918/https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/childrens\\-article/john\\-le\\-carre\\-silverview\\-essay\\-reading \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2024}}", "Herron has cited [Reginald Hill](/wiki/Reginald_Hill \"Reginald Hill\")'s [Andy Dalziel](/wiki/Dalziel_and_Pascoe \"Dalziel and Pascoe\") and [John Finnemore](/wiki/John_Finnemore \"John Finnemore\")'s [First Officer Douglas Richardson](/wiki/Cabin_Pressure_%28radio_series%29 \"Cabin Pressure (radio series)\") as character influences for Jackson Lamb.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/london\\-rules\\-mick\\-herron\\-review/docview/2007053839/se\\-2?accountid\\=196403 \\|title\\='London Rules', by Mick Herron \\- review \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Spectator]] \\|last\\=Lezard \\|first\\=Nick \\|author\\-link\\=Nicholas Lezard \\|year\\=2018 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Proquest]]}} While Herron has denied intentionally making Lamb's name a homage to le Carré, the character's initials \"J. Lamb\" appear in *[Smiley's People](/wiki/Smiley%27s_People \"Smiley's People\")*.", "### Writing style", "While many of England's renowned espionage writers like le Carré and [Ian Fleming](/wiki/Ian_Fleming \"Ian Fleming\") had previously been members of the Secret Service, Herron has no military or intelligence experience. Instead, he draws heavily in his writing from experiences while working in the legal department of an employment issues research firm. The specific details about the Secret Service throughout his novels are fabrications.", "Herron assumes the Secret Service operates like any other workplace where \"people are often doing quite dull jobs and working with other people who they don’t necessarily like, with a lot of office politics going on\". [The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\")'s Sue Turnbull described Herron as being in \"full flight\", when he \"revels in the inanity of the office politics that have blighted British bureaucracy\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\\-jackson\\-lamb\\-but\\-still\\-a\\-big\\-stink\\-in\\-mick\\-herron\\-s\\-new\\-spy\\-novel\\-20230925\\-p5e7cc.html \\|title\\=No Slough House, but still a big stink in Mick Herron’s new spy novel \\|date\\=23 September 2023 \\|last\\=Turnbull \\|first\\=Sue \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221065138/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\\-jackson\\-lamb\\-but\\-still\\-a\\-big\\-stink\\-in\\-mick\\-herron\\-s\\-new\\-spy\\-novel\\-20230925\\-p5e7cc.html \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2023\\|publisher\\=Sydney Morning Herald}}", "Herron has discussed the importance of each novel having a different tone, colouring and mood. He allows his writing to be driven by character decisions, rather than strict plots. His rough outlines amount to a \"series of disconnected events\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\\-about\\-writing\\-mick\\-herron/ \\|title\\=Talking about writing: Mick Herron \\|date\\=17 April 2021\\|website\\=Lucy Atkins \\|last\\=Atkins \\|first\\=Lucy \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144827/https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\\-about\\-writing\\-mick\\-herron/ \\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2024}} with plot twists usually occurring when he needs to write himself out of a corner.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\\-herron/ \\|title\\=Mick Herron \\|date\\=31 March 2021\\|publisher\\=The Irish Examiner \\|last\\=Leonard \\|first\\=Sue \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145146/https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\\-herron/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2024}} Herron also refrains from creating extensive character backstories.", "Herron writes in the third person and will often rotate [points of view](/wiki/Point_of_view_%28literature%29 \"Point of view (literature)\") within the same scene.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\\-spy\\-who\\-came\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-chippy \\|title\\=The Spy Who Came Out of the Chippy \\|website\\=\\[\\[Literary Review]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930235154/https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\\-spy\\-who\\-came\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-chippy \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2024 \\|year\\=2019}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\\-operational\\-advantage/ \\|title\\=An Operational Advantage \\|date\\=1 January 2016 \\|website\\=LA Review of Books \\|last\\=Harper \\|first\\=Glenn \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815123141/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\\-operational\\-advantage/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2022}} Glenn Harper from the [Los Angeles Review of Books](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books \"Los Angeles Review of Books\") writes that Herron's sudden changes in perspective allow for \"sudden and often funny revelations, when the false impression given by one point of view is clarified in a later episode or an alternative point of view\".", "While writing, Herron refrains from visualising the characters.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\\-gets\\-me\\-out\\-of\\-bed\\-in\\-the\\-morning\\-crime\\-writer\\-mick\\-herron\\-on\\-selling\\-a\\-million\\-copies\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\-and\\-oxford\\-lit\\-fest/ \\|title\\=\"Writing gets me out of bed in the morning\". Crime writer Mick Herron on a million copies, Gary Oldman and Oxford Lit Fest! \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2022\\|website\\=Ox in a Box \\|quote\\=So does Herron visualise the characters as he goes along? “Visualise?” he asks. “No writing for me is much more about paragraphs and sentences, metaphors. I don’t really apply a visual element, more a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences.” \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201003322/http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\\-gets\\-me\\-out\\-of\\-bed\\-in\\-the\\-morning\\-crime\\-writer\\-mick\\-herron\\-on\\-selling\\-a\\-million\\-copies\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\-and\\-oxford\\-lit\\-fest/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2023}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\\-mick\\-herron\\-slough\\-house\\-slow\\-horses\\-spy\\-fiction\\-secret\\-hours\\-interview \\|title\\=Author Mick Herron: ‘I’d have made an awful spy. I don’t have a smartphone or wifi’ \\|date\\=10 September 2023\\|website\\=The Guardian \\|last\\=Kellaway \\|first\\=Kate \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910040555/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\\-mick\\-herron\\-slough\\-house\\-slow\\-horses\\-spy\\-fiction\\-secret\\-hours\\-interview \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2024}} He maintains \"a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences\". Herron credits the development of his writing style to early experiences writing poetry.", "Herron views [thematic patterning](/wiki/Thematic_patterning \"Thematic patterning\") as an essential narrative glue within his work.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\\-herron\\-interview/ \\|title\\=Mick Herron – Interview \\|date\\=22 August 2018\\|website\\=SpyWrite \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211160243/https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\\-herron\\-interview/ \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2023}} Mortality, addiction and [ancestral sin](/wiki/Ancestral_sin \"Ancestral sin\") have been noted as themes throughout the series.", "Several of the series's characters and events derive from contemporary history. The novel *Slough House* finds its roots in the [Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal](/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal \"Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal\"), while *The Catch* has drawn comparisons to events of the life of [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein \"Jeffrey Epstein\"). British politician [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") has also been noted by Herron as the basis for the fictional [Tory](/wiki/Tory \"Tory\") politician Peter Judd. Herron has said he is drawn to incorporating political elements into his stories as they \"go hand in hand with the kind of espionage thriller I’m interested in. I don’t want to write a big, plotted, evil\\-mastermind spy novel; I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong, badly motivated stuff, and that’s essentially our political reality now.\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\\-herron\\-interview\\-show\\-horses\\-slough\\-house\\-bad\\-actors \\|title\\=Mick Herron: ‘I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong’ \\|date\\=10 July 2022\\|website\\=The Guardian \\|last\\=Cummins \\|first\\=Anthony \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209022144/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\\-herron\\-interview\\-show\\-horses\\-slough\\-house\\-bad\\-actors \\|archive\\-date\\= 9 February 2023}}", "### Background", "In 2005, Herron was commuting to work when a [series of bombs exploded around London](/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings \"7 July 2005 London bombings\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/12/09/the\\-book\\-pages\\-slow\\-horses\\-author\\-mick\\-herron\\-says\\-my\\-heart\\-is\\-with\\-those\\-who\\-struggle/ \\|title\\=The Book Pages: ‘Slow Horses’ author Mick Herron says, ‘My heart is with those who struggle’ \\|date\\=9 December 2022\\|website\\=The Orange County Register \\|last\\=Pederson \\|first\\=Erik \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804144447/https://www.ocregister.com/2022/12/09/the\\-book\\-pages\\-slow\\-horses\\-author\\-mick\\-herron\\-says\\-my\\-heart\\-is\\-with\\-those\\-who\\-struggle/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2024}} The experience caused Herron to shift from writing detective to spy fiction. While he did not feel qualified to write about world events, the bombings made him realise “to be on the front line, you just have to be in a city. Suddenly, everywhere seems to be a viable target. So that opened the door and allowed me to write about such things.”{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.com/article/mick\\-herron\\-the\\-accidental\\-bestseller\\-vwjkwm9ws \\|title\\=Mick Herron, the accidental bestseller \\|date\\=8 June 2019 \\|website\\=The Times \\|last\\=Millen \\|first\\=Robbie}} Herron would later reference the morning during a scene in *Slow Horses*, where River Cartwright reflects:\n{{blockquote\\|People talked about that day in different ways. Either it was a story about them in which bombs happened, or it was a story about the bombs, and they’d just happened to be there.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Slow Horses \\|last\\=Herron \\|first\\=Mick \\|publisher\\=Soho Press \\|year\\=2010 \\|isbn\\=9781569479018 \\|pages\\=68\\| quote\\=\"People talked about that day in different ways. Either it was a story about them in which bombs happened, or it was a story about the bombs, and they’d just happened to be there.\"}}}}", "Herron began writing the first novel in the series, *Slow Horses*, in 2008\\.", "" ]
### Writing style While many of England's renowned espionage writers like le Carré and [Ian Fleming](/wiki/Ian_Fleming "Ian Fleming") had previously been members of the Secret Service, Herron has no military or intelligence experience. Instead, he draws heavily in his writing from experiences while working in the legal department of an employment issues research firm. The specific details about the Secret Service throughout his novels are fabrications. Herron assumes the Secret Service operates like any other workplace where "people are often doing quite dull jobs and working with other people who they don’t necessarily like, with a lot of office politics going on". [The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald")'s Sue Turnbull described Herron as being in "full flight", when he "revels in the inanity of the office politics that have blighted British bureaucracy".{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\-jackson\-lamb\-but\-still\-a\-big\-stink\-in\-mick\-herron\-s\-new\-spy\-novel\-20230925\-p5e7cc.html \|title\=No Slough House, but still a big stink in Mick Herron’s new spy novel \|date\=23 September 2023 \|last\=Turnbull \|first\=Sue \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221065138/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\-jackson\-lamb\-but\-still\-a\-big\-stink\-in\-mick\-herron\-s\-new\-spy\-novel\-20230925\-p5e7cc.html \|archive\-date\=21 December 2023\|publisher\=Sydney Morning Herald}} Herron has discussed the importance of each novel having a different tone, colouring and mood. He allows his writing to be driven by character decisions, rather than strict plots. His rough outlines amount to a "series of disconnected events"{{Cite web \|url\=https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\-about\-writing\-mick\-herron/ \|title\=Talking about writing: Mick Herron \|date\=17 April 2021\|website\=Lucy Atkins \|last\=Atkins \|first\=Lucy \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144827/https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\-about\-writing\-mick\-herron/ \|archive\-date\=13 September 2024}} with plot twists usually occurring when he needs to write himself out of a corner.{{Cite web \|url\=https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\-herron/ \|title\=Mick Herron \|date\=31 March 2021\|publisher\=The Irish Examiner \|last\=Leonard \|first\=Sue \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145146/https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\-herron/ \|archive\-date\=14 April 2024}} Herron also refrains from creating extensive character backstories. Herron writes in the third person and will often rotate [points of view](/wiki/Point_of_view_%28literature%29 "Point of view (literature)") within the same scene.{{Cite web \|url\=https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\-spy\-who\-came\-out\-of\-the\-chippy \|title\=The Spy Who Came Out of the Chippy \|website\=\[\[Literary Review]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930235154/https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\-spy\-who\-came\-out\-of\-the\-chippy \|archive\-date\=30 September 2024 \|year\=2019}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\-operational\-advantage/ \|title\=An Operational Advantage \|date\=1 January 2016 \|website\=LA Review of Books \|last\=Harper \|first\=Glenn \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815123141/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\-operational\-advantage/ \|archive\-date\=15 August 2022}} Glenn Harper from the [Los Angeles Review of Books](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books "Los Angeles Review of Books") writes that Herron's sudden changes in perspective allow for "sudden and often funny revelations, when the false impression given by one point of view is clarified in a later episode or an alternative point of view". While writing, Herron refrains from visualising the characters.{{Cite web \|url\=http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\-gets\-me\-out\-of\-bed\-in\-the\-morning\-crime\-writer\-mick\-herron\-on\-selling\-a\-million\-copies\-the\-big\-screen\-and\-oxford\-lit\-fest/ \|title\="Writing gets me out of bed in the morning". Crime writer Mick Herron on a million copies, Gary Oldman and Oxford Lit Fest! \|access\-date\=18 March 2022\|website\=Ox in a Box \|quote\=So does Herron visualise the characters as he goes along? “Visualise?” he asks. “No writing for me is much more about paragraphs and sentences, metaphors. I don’t really apply a visual element, more a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences.” \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201003322/http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\-gets\-me\-out\-of\-bed\-in\-the\-morning\-crime\-writer\-mick\-herron\-on\-selling\-a\-million\-copies\-the\-big\-screen\-and\-oxford\-lit\-fest/ \|archive\-date\=1 December 2023}}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\-mick\-herron\-slough\-house\-slow\-horses\-spy\-fiction\-secret\-hours\-interview \|title\=Author Mick Herron: ‘I’d have made an awful spy. I don’t have a smartphone or wifi’ \|date\=10 September 2023\|website\=The Guardian \|last\=Kellaway \|first\=Kate \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910040555/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\-mick\-herron\-slough\-house\-slow\-horses\-spy\-fiction\-secret\-hours\-interview \|archive\-date\=10 September 2024}} He maintains "a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences". Herron credits the development of his writing style to early experiences writing poetry. Herron views [thematic patterning](/wiki/Thematic_patterning "Thematic patterning") as an essential narrative glue within his work.{{Cite web \|url\=https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\-herron\-interview/ \|title\=Mick Herron – Interview \|date\=22 August 2018\|website\=SpyWrite \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211160243/https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\-herron\-interview/ \|archive\-date\=11 December 2023}} Mortality, addiction and [ancestral sin](/wiki/Ancestral_sin "Ancestral sin") have been noted as themes throughout the series. Several of the series's characters and events derive from contemporary history. The novel *Slough House* finds its roots in the [Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal](/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal "Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal"), while *The Catch* has drawn comparisons to events of the life of [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein"). British politician [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") has also been noted by Herron as the basis for the fictional [Tory](/wiki/Tory "Tory") politician Peter Judd. Herron has said he is drawn to incorporating political elements into his stories as they "go hand in hand with the kind of espionage thriller I’m interested in. I don’t want to write a big, plotted, evil\-mastermind spy novel; I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong, badly motivated stuff, and that’s essentially our political reality now."{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\-herron\-interview\-show\-horses\-slough\-house\-bad\-actors \|title\=Mick Herron: ‘I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong’ \|date\=10 July 2022\|website\=The Guardian \|last\=Cummins \|first\=Anthony \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209022144/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\-herron\-interview\-show\-horses\-slough\-house\-bad\-actors \|archive\-date\= 9 February 2023}}
[ "### Writing style", "While many of England's renowned espionage writers like le Carré and [Ian Fleming](/wiki/Ian_Fleming \"Ian Fleming\") had previously been members of the Secret Service, Herron has no military or intelligence experience. Instead, he draws heavily in his writing from experiences while working in the legal department of an employment issues research firm. The specific details about the Secret Service throughout his novels are fabrications.", "Herron assumes the Secret Service operates like any other workplace where \"people are often doing quite dull jobs and working with other people who they don’t necessarily like, with a lot of office politics going on\". [The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\")'s Sue Turnbull described Herron as being in \"full flight\", when he \"revels in the inanity of the office politics that have blighted British bureaucracy\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\\-jackson\\-lamb\\-but\\-still\\-a\\-big\\-stink\\-in\\-mick\\-herron\\-s\\-new\\-spy\\-novel\\-20230925\\-p5e7cc.html \\|title\\=No Slough House, but still a big stink in Mick Herron’s new spy novel \\|date\\=23 September 2023 \\|last\\=Turnbull \\|first\\=Sue \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221065138/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/no\\-jackson\\-lamb\\-but\\-still\\-a\\-big\\-stink\\-in\\-mick\\-herron\\-s\\-new\\-spy\\-novel\\-20230925\\-p5e7cc.html \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2023\\|publisher\\=Sydney Morning Herald}}", "Herron has discussed the importance of each novel having a different tone, colouring and mood. He allows his writing to be driven by character decisions, rather than strict plots. His rough outlines amount to a \"series of disconnected events\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\\-about\\-writing\\-mick\\-herron/ \\|title\\=Talking about writing: Mick Herron \\|date\\=17 April 2021\\|website\\=Lucy Atkins \\|last\\=Atkins \\|first\\=Lucy \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144827/https://lucyatkins.com/2021/04/17/talking\\-about\\-writing\\-mick\\-herron/ \\|archive\\-date\\=13 September 2024}} with plot twists usually occurring when he needs to write himself out of a corner.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\\-herron/ \\|title\\=Mick Herron \\|date\\=31 March 2021\\|publisher\\=The Irish Examiner \\|last\\=Leonard \\|first\\=Sue \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145146/https://suejleonard.com/articles/mick\\-herron/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2024}} Herron also refrains from creating extensive character backstories.", "Herron writes in the third person and will often rotate [points of view](/wiki/Point_of_view_%28literature%29 \"Point of view (literature)\") within the same scene.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\\-spy\\-who\\-came\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-chippy \\|title\\=The Spy Who Came Out of the Chippy \\|website\\=\\[\\[Literary Review]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930235154/https://literaryreview.co.uk/the\\-spy\\-who\\-came\\-out\\-of\\-the\\-chippy \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2024 \\|year\\=2019}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\\-operational\\-advantage/ \\|title\\=An Operational Advantage \\|date\\=1 January 2016 \\|website\\=LA Review of Books \\|last\\=Harper \\|first\\=Glenn \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815123141/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/an\\-operational\\-advantage/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2022}} Glenn Harper from the [Los Angeles Review of Books](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books \"Los Angeles Review of Books\") writes that Herron's sudden changes in perspective allow for \"sudden and often funny revelations, when the false impression given by one point of view is clarified in a later episode or an alternative point of view\".", "While writing, Herron refrains from visualising the characters.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\\-gets\\-me\\-out\\-of\\-bed\\-in\\-the\\-morning\\-crime\\-writer\\-mick\\-herron\\-on\\-selling\\-a\\-million\\-copies\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\-and\\-oxford\\-lit\\-fest/ \\|title\\=\"Writing gets me out of bed in the morning\". Crime writer Mick Herron on a million copies, Gary Oldman and Oxford Lit Fest! \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2022\\|website\\=Ox in a Box \\|quote\\=So does Herron visualise the characters as he goes along? “Visualise?” he asks. “No writing for me is much more about paragraphs and sentences, metaphors. I don’t really apply a visual element, more a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences.” \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201003322/http://oxinabox.co.uk/writing\\-gets\\-me\\-out\\-of\\-bed\\-in\\-the\\-morning\\-crime\\-writer\\-mick\\-herron\\-on\\-selling\\-a\\-million\\-copies\\-the\\-big\\-screen\\-and\\-oxford\\-lit\\-fest/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2023}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\\-mick\\-herron\\-slough\\-house\\-slow\\-horses\\-spy\\-fiction\\-secret\\-hours\\-interview \\|title\\=Author Mick Herron: ‘I’d have made an awful spy. I don’t have a smartphone or wifi’ \\|date\\=10 September 2023\\|website\\=The Guardian \\|last\\=Kellaway \\|first\\=Kate \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910040555/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/10/author\\-mick\\-herron\\-slough\\-house\\-slow\\-horses\\-spy\\-fiction\\-secret\\-hours\\-interview \\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2024}} He maintains \"a vague sense of my eye on the page rather than a process in my head. It’s more about the rhythm of the sentences\". Herron credits the development of his writing style to early experiences writing poetry.", "Herron views [thematic patterning](/wiki/Thematic_patterning \"Thematic patterning\") as an essential narrative glue within his work.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\\-herron\\-interview/ \\|title\\=Mick Herron – Interview \\|date\\=22 August 2018\\|website\\=SpyWrite \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211160243/https://spywrite.com/2018/08/22/mick\\-herron\\-interview/ \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2023}} Mortality, addiction and [ancestral sin](/wiki/Ancestral_sin \"Ancestral sin\") have been noted as themes throughout the series.", "Several of the series's characters and events derive from contemporary history. The novel *Slough House* finds its roots in the [Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal](/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal \"Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal\"), while *The Catch* has drawn comparisons to events of the life of [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein \"Jeffrey Epstein\"). British politician [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") has also been noted by Herron as the basis for the fictional [Tory](/wiki/Tory \"Tory\") politician Peter Judd. Herron has said he is drawn to incorporating political elements into his stories as they \"go hand in hand with the kind of espionage thriller I’m interested in. I don’t want to write a big, plotted, evil\\-mastermind spy novel; I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong, badly motivated stuff, and that’s essentially our political reality now.\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\\-herron\\-interview\\-show\\-horses\\-slough\\-house\\-bad\\-actors \\|title\\=Mick Herron: ‘I’m interested in incompetence, things going wrong’ \\|date\\=10 July 2022\\|website\\=The Guardian \\|last\\=Cummins \\|first\\=Anthony \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209022144/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/09/mick\\-herron\\-interview\\-show\\-horses\\-slough\\-house\\-bad\\-actors \\|archive\\-date\\= 9 February 2023}}", "" ]
Biography --------- She was born Pearl Eleanor Weiss on October 26, 1910, and at age three, was recognized as a [child prodigy](/wiki/Child_prodigy "Child prodigy") on the keyboard. At age four, she sang, danced and played [concert grand](/wiki/Concert_grand "Concert grand") at Chicago's [Majestic (Shubert) Theatre](/wiki/Majestic_Theatre%2C_Chicago "Majestic Theatre, Chicago"). As a child, she studied piano with Rudolph Gantz and Florence LeClare. At age eleven she studied with Robert Bing at Glen Dillard Gunn School in Chicago's [Fine Arts Building](/wiki/Fine_Arts_Building_%28Chicago%29 "Fine Arts Building (Chicago)") and Jessica Wiley at the [Bush Conservatory of Music](/wiki/Bush_Conservatory_of_Music "Bush Conservatory of Music") on the [North Side](/wiki/North_Side%2C_Chicago "North Side, Chicago"). Her early studies on organ were with Edward Benedict in the Kimball building and Dean Fossler at the Gunn School. Miss White first played organ professionally at age 13 at the [Virginia Theatre](/wiki/Virginia_Theatre "Virginia Theatre") and later at the Echo Theater in [Des Plaines](/wiki/Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois "Des Plaines, Illinois"). Al Carny, organist for station [WCFL](/wiki/WCFL_%28AM%29 "WCFL (AM)"), recommended her for her next position—cutting master [piano rolls](/wiki/Piano_roll "Piano roll") in Chicago for the Capitol Music Roll Company. From 1925 to 1932, White cut more than 100 rolls ({{YouTube\|E\-pWzhdkYP8\|sample roll}}) which appeared on labels such as [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records"), [Imperial](/wiki/Imperial_Records "Imperial Records"), [Supertone](/wiki/Supertone_Records "Supertone Records"), [American](/wiki/American_Record_Corporation "American Record Corporation") and [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records"). As the Capitol company also made rolls for many coin\-operated nickelodeon and orchestrion type instruments, many of her performance also survive in this format, with added orchestration from instruments built into these coin\-operated instruments (such as drums, pipes, etc.) She also worked as substitute organist at the [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown_Theatre_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29 "Uptown Theatre (Chicago, Illinois)"), [Tivoli](/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre_%28Chicago%29 "Tivoli Theatre (Chicago)"), Granada, Belmont and Embassy Theatres around this time. White played the [North Center Theatre](/wiki/North_Center%2C_Chicago "North Center, Chicago") from 1928 to 1932 and also had a six\-week run at the [Chicago Theatre](/wiki/Chicago_Theatre "Chicago Theatre"). As the need for organists in theaters diminished with the arrival of [sound pictures](/wiki/Sound_pictures "Sound pictures"), Pearl White began to perform on [radio](/wiki/Radio "Radio"), first appearing on [WBBM](/wiki/WBBM_%28AM%29 "WBBM (AM)") in 1929\. In 1944 she joined the full\-time staff of WIND providing background music and was also heard on WCFL. She was also considered to be an accomplished [musical arranger](/wiki/Musical_arranger "Musical arranger") and provided arrangements to the [Phil Harris](/wiki/Phil_Harris "Phil Harris") orchestra among others. The hallmark of her hard\-driving [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") style is interlocking chords alternating between the right and left hands which she dubbed "double stuff". White enjoyed a renaissance late in her career when theatre organs were removed from failing, aged theatres and installed in alternate venues. She performed with [Al Melgard](/wiki/Al_Melgard "Al Melgard") at [Chicago Stadium](/wiki/Chicago_Stadium "Chicago Stadium") on the giant [Barton organ](/wiki/Barton_Organ_Company "Barton Organ Company") in 1962 and was featured artist at the {{YouTube\|tOtOK1ld2EY\|1964 American Theatre Organ Society's Convention}} in [Shea's Theatre](/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center "Shea's Performing Arts Center") in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"). She also played for the [Chicago Area Organ Enthusiasts'](http://www.catoe.org/) conventions of 1965 and 1969 and provided organ accompaniment at silent film revival showings and made guest appearances at the Elm Skating Rink. Despite a long and successful musical career, Pearl White made only one commercial recording showcasing the blazingly fast jazz technique for which she earned the nickname, "The Fireball". Entitled "Pearl White in Nostalgia and Flame", it was made at the [Patio Theatre](/wiki/Patio_Theater "Patio Theater") in Chicago in 1968 on her own label. Pearl White died on May 11, 1978\. She was inducted into the [American Theatre Organ Society](/wiki/American_Theatre_Organ_Society "American Theatre Organ Society") Hall of Fame in 1991\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "She was born Pearl Eleanor Weiss on October 26, 1910, and at age three, was recognized as a [child prodigy](/wiki/Child_prodigy \"Child prodigy\") on the keyboard. At age four, she sang, danced and played [concert grand](/wiki/Concert_grand \"Concert grand\") at Chicago's [Majestic (Shubert) Theatre](/wiki/Majestic_Theatre%2C_Chicago \"Majestic Theatre, Chicago\"). As a child, she studied piano with Rudolph Gantz and Florence LeClare.", "At age eleven she studied with Robert Bing at Glen Dillard Gunn School in Chicago's [Fine Arts Building](/wiki/Fine_Arts_Building_%28Chicago%29 \"Fine Arts Building (Chicago)\") and Jessica Wiley at the [Bush Conservatory of Music](/wiki/Bush_Conservatory_of_Music \"Bush Conservatory of Music\") on the [North Side](/wiki/North_Side%2C_Chicago \"North Side, Chicago\"). Her early studies on organ were with Edward Benedict in the Kimball building and Dean Fossler at the Gunn School.", "Miss White first played organ professionally at age 13 at the [Virginia Theatre](/wiki/Virginia_Theatre \"Virginia Theatre\") and later at the Echo Theater in [Des Plaines](/wiki/Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois \"Des Plaines, Illinois\"). Al Carny, organist for station [WCFL](/wiki/WCFL_%28AM%29 \"WCFL (AM)\"), recommended her for her next position—cutting master [piano rolls](/wiki/Piano_roll \"Piano roll\") in Chicago for the Capitol Music Roll Company. From 1925 to 1932, White cut more than 100 rolls ({{YouTube\\|E\\-pWzhdkYP8\\|sample roll}}) which appeared on labels such as [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), [Imperial](/wiki/Imperial_Records \"Imperial Records\"), [Supertone](/wiki/Supertone_Records \"Supertone Records\"), [American](/wiki/American_Record_Corporation \"American Record Corporation\") and [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"). As the Capitol company also made rolls for many coin\\-operated nickelodeon and orchestrion type instruments, many of her performance also survive in this format, with added orchestration from instruments built into these coin\\-operated instruments (such as drums, pipes, etc.) She also worked as substitute organist at the [Uptown](/wiki/Uptown_Theatre_%28Chicago%2C_Illinois%29 \"Uptown Theatre (Chicago, Illinois)\"), [Tivoli](/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre_%28Chicago%29 \"Tivoli Theatre (Chicago)\"), Granada, Belmont and Embassy Theatres around this time.", "White played the [North Center Theatre](/wiki/North_Center%2C_Chicago \"North Center, Chicago\") from 1928 to 1932 and also had a six\\-week run at the [Chicago Theatre](/wiki/Chicago_Theatre \"Chicago Theatre\").", "As the need for organists in theaters diminished with the arrival of [sound pictures](/wiki/Sound_pictures \"Sound pictures\"), Pearl White began to perform on [radio](/wiki/Radio \"Radio\"), first appearing on [WBBM](/wiki/WBBM_%28AM%29 \"WBBM (AM)\") in 1929\\. In 1944 she joined the full\\-time staff of WIND providing background music and was also heard on WCFL. She was also considered to be an accomplished [musical arranger](/wiki/Musical_arranger \"Musical arranger\") and provided arrangements to the [Phil Harris](/wiki/Phil_Harris \"Phil Harris\") orchestra among others. The hallmark of her hard\\-driving [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") style is interlocking chords alternating between the right and left hands which she dubbed \"double stuff\".", "White enjoyed a renaissance late in her career when theatre organs were removed from failing, aged theatres and installed in alternate venues. She performed with [Al Melgard](/wiki/Al_Melgard \"Al Melgard\") at [Chicago Stadium](/wiki/Chicago_Stadium \"Chicago Stadium\") on the giant [Barton organ](/wiki/Barton_Organ_Company \"Barton Organ Company\") in 1962 and was featured artist at the {{YouTube\\|tOtOK1ld2EY\\|1964 American Theatre Organ Society's Convention}} in [Shea's Theatre](/wiki/Shea%27s_Performing_Arts_Center \"Shea's Performing Arts Center\") in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"). She also played for the [Chicago Area Organ Enthusiasts'](http://www.catoe.org/) conventions of 1965 and 1969 and provided organ accompaniment at silent film revival showings and made guest appearances at the Elm Skating Rink.", "Despite a long and successful musical career, Pearl White made only one commercial recording showcasing the blazingly fast jazz technique for which she earned the nickname, \"The Fireball\". Entitled \"Pearl White in Nostalgia and Flame\", it was made at the [Patio Theatre](/wiki/Patio_Theater \"Patio Theater\") in Chicago in 1968 on her own label.", "Pearl White died on May 11, 1978\\. She was inducted into the [American Theatre Organ Society](/wiki/American_Theatre_Organ_Society \"American Theatre Organ Society\") Hall of Fame in 1991\\.", "" ]
George Walker and Bert Williams ------------------------------- [right\|thumb\|Williams \& Walker](/wiki/File:WilliamsWalkerJohnahMan.jpg "WilliamsWalkerJohnahMan.jpg") Walker and [Bert Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams "Bert Williams") became two of the most prominent figures of the minstrel era and a famous duo. They met in 1893 in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") and formed a [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville") act when Walker was 20\. [Bert Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams "Bert Williams") had come to the United States as a child with his parents from the Bahamas, and became a vaudeville entertainer.Peterson, Bernard L. "George Walker." *The American Mosaic: The African American Experience.* ABC\-CLIO, 2015\. Web. 24 Sept. 2015\. The two men decided to subvert vaudeville stereotypes and play against their appearances. With lighter skin expressing some European ancestry, and a fine voice, by the expectations of the time Williams would have performed as the "straight man" in comedy routines. Williams was very talented, and he played all instruments very well. Walker had darker skin, and was a great comedian and dancer. He would be expected to play the fool. The two realized that they were much funnier when they reversed their roles, so "...Walker became the straight man\-\-dressed a little too high\-style and spending all the money he could borrow or trick out of the lazy, careless, unlucky Williams\-\-and Williams became the blumbery, sorrowful, comical\-in\-spite\-of\-himself patsy."{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} Bert Williams's first ambitions had been to attend [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") and become an [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer"). Since he could not afford to go, he had worked as a singing waiter in hotels in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). George Walker had performed in traveling medicine shows before ending up in San Francisco and joining up with Williams. Once they became organized, they needed a selling point to get their names out in the theatre world. Their act grew popular in [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States "West Coast of the United States") theatres, where the [minstrel shows](/wiki/Minstrel_show "Minstrel show") were being called [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville"). At the same time, white performing duos were billing themselves as "coons" (a disparaging term for blacks) and performing vaudeville in [blackface](/wiki/Blackface "Blackface"). Williams and Walker decided to market themselves as the "Two Real Coons." In 1896, they appeared in a [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") production called *The Gold Bug* at the Casino Theatre. It was a short run and the production did not receive good reviews, but they were hired by another theatre for a record run of twenty\-eight weeks. During that time, they popularized the [cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk "Cakewalk"). This dance became very popular in high society in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and spread throughout all classes of whites. Their next project was *The Sons of Ham*. Williams and Alex Rogers wrote a song for it called "I'm a Jonah Man", and the song became a [trademark](/wiki/Trademark "Trademark") for Williams.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} They participated in a "Benefit for New York's Poor" held on February 9, 1897 at the [Metropolitan Opera House](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_%2839th_Street%29 "Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)"), their only appearance at that theater."Monster All Star Benefit! Benefit for New York's Poor. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/9/1897," *MetOpera Database* CID:18300 (accessed 24 May 2019\). When Williams and Walker began to perform together, they wanted to change the dynamics of the theatre. But, they also had to satisfy audience demand, and audiences were predominately white. They began to feature the traditional [cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk "Cakewalk"), a dance from slavery times. It is known to have been based in [West African](/wiki/West_African "West African") festive dances commonly performed during harvest festivals. Couples would form a circle, promenade, prance with buckets of water on their heads to the sound of banjos playing, and clap their hands. The winning couple got a cake. When Williams and Walker worked with the cakewalk, "the dance had many variations and in some was apparently a slightly veiled comic parody of their masters' pretentious posturing and high falutin' attitudes."{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} After Williams and Walker introduced this dance into their act, the [cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk "Cakewalk") started being danced in stage shows, exhibitions, contests, and ballrooms. These were open only to white communities, with different venues appealing to [working class](/wiki/Working_class "Working class") through upper class. It eventually spread through the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") and over to [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe").{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} The two men were interested in incorporating [African](/wiki/African_culture "African culture") themes and characters into [American](/wiki/United_States "United States") shows. That opportunity came with the production of *[In Dahomey](/wiki/In_Dahomey "In Dahomey")*. Williams and Walker teamed up with composer [Will Marion Cook](/wiki/Will_Marion_Cook "Will Marion Cook"), librettist Jesse Ship, and poet/lyricist [Paul Laurence Dunbar](/wiki/Paul_Laurence_Dunbar "Paul Laurence Dunbar") to produce the [musical comedy](/wiki/Musical_comedy "Musical comedy"), *In Dahomey*, the first full\-length musical to open on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") written and performed entirely by Blacks.{{Cite book \|last\=Riis \|first\=Thomas L. \|title\=Just Before Jazz: Black Musical Theater in New York, 1890\-1915 \|publisher\=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location\=London \|year\=1989 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/justbeforejazzbl00riis/page/91 91] \|isbn\=0\-87474\-788\-0 \|url\-access\=registration \|url\=https://archive.org/details/justbeforejazzbl00riis/page/91 }} This [musical comedy](/wiki/Musical_comedy "Musical comedy") had all original music and was supported by scenery and props. Unlike the vaudeville shows, it had a complete story line from beginning to end, although the songs were often loosely related to it. Some critics have suggested that the story lines of later [Bing Crosby](/wiki/Bing_Crosby "Bing Crosby") and [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope") comedy films were similar. "The Crosby/Hope films may well have been inspired by Williams and Walker shows like 'In Dahomey'."{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} This show generated so much success that it received great reviews in [London](/wiki/London "London"), and toured throughout the United Kingdom and [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). Williams and Walker worked very hard to produce quality theatre. They wanted their sets and costumes to be just as extravagant as those in the white theatres. They also had great lighting and elaborate props. Walker was the more business\-savvy of the two and handled most of the management responsibilities of their productions. Walker's goal was to elevate the professionalism in black theatre. By 1906, Williams and Walker were active in organizing an African\-American actors' union called The Negro's Society. In 1908, Walker founded [The Frogs](/wiki/The_Frogs_%28club%29 "The Frogs (club)"), an organization for [African\-American](/wiki/African-American "African-American") professional entertainers. It was a place for black entertainers to get together and socialize in order to get to know each other and to create a support base. His organization held events that included black acts, dining, and dancing. They encouraged young performers to achieve a standard of excellence in their stage work. {{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} The team produced and starred in two more successful plays, *In Abyssinia* and their final show, *[Bandanna Land](/wiki/Bandanna_Land "Bandanna Land")* (1907\). Walker was taken ill and forced to retire from show business in the middle of the 1908\-1909 season.
[ "George Walker and Bert Williams\n-------------------------------", "[right\\|thumb\\|Williams \\& Walker](/wiki/File:WilliamsWalkerJohnahMan.jpg \"WilliamsWalkerJohnahMan.jpg\")", "Walker and [Bert Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams \"Bert Williams\") became two of the most prominent figures of the minstrel era and a famous duo. They met in 1893 in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") and formed a [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\") act when Walker was 20\\. [Bert Williams](/wiki/Bert_Williams \"Bert Williams\") had come to the United States as a child with his parents from the Bahamas, and became a vaudeville entertainer.Peterson, Bernard L. \"George Walker.\" *The American Mosaic: The African American Experience.* ABC\\-CLIO, 2015\\. Web. 24 Sept. 2015\\.", "The two men decided to subvert vaudeville stereotypes and play against their appearances. With lighter skin expressing some European ancestry, and a fine voice, by the expectations of the time Williams would have performed as the \"straight man\" in comedy routines. Williams was very talented, and he played all instruments very well. Walker had darker skin, and was a great comedian and dancer. He would be expected to play the fool. The two realized that they were much funnier when they reversed their roles, so \"...Walker became the straight man\\-\\-dressed a little too high\\-style and spending all the money he could borrow or trick out of the lazy, careless, unlucky Williams\\-\\-and Williams became the blumbery, sorrowful, comical\\-in\\-spite\\-of\\-himself patsy.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "Bert Williams's first ambitions had been to attend [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") and become an [engineer](/wiki/Engineer \"Engineer\"). Since he could not afford to go, he had worked as a singing waiter in hotels in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). George Walker had performed in traveling medicine shows before ending up in San Francisco and joining up with Williams. Once they became organized, they needed a selling point to get their names out in the theatre world. Their act grew popular in [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") theatres, where the [minstrel shows](/wiki/Minstrel_show \"Minstrel show\") were being called [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\").", "At the same time, white performing duos were billing themselves as \"coons\" (a disparaging term for blacks) and performing vaudeville in [blackface](/wiki/Blackface \"Blackface\"). Williams and Walker decided to market themselves as the \"Two Real Coons.\" In 1896, they appeared in a [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") production called *The Gold Bug* at the Casino Theatre. It was a short run and the production did not receive good reviews, but they were hired by another theatre for a record run of twenty\\-eight weeks. During that time, they popularized the [cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk \"Cakewalk\"). This dance became very popular in high society in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and spread throughout all classes of whites. Their next project was *The Sons of Ham*. Williams and Alex Rogers wrote a song for it called \"I'm a Jonah Man\", and the song became a [trademark](/wiki/Trademark \"Trademark\") for Williams.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} They participated in a \"Benefit for New York's Poor\" held on February 9, 1897 at the [Metropolitan Opera House](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_%2839th_Street%29 \"Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)\"), their only appearance at that theater.\"Monster All Star Benefit! Benefit for New York's Poor. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/9/1897,\" *MetOpera Database* CID:18300 (accessed 24 May 2019\\).", "When Williams and Walker began to perform together, they wanted to change the dynamics of the theatre. But, they also had to satisfy audience demand, and audiences were predominately white. They began to feature the traditional [cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk \"Cakewalk\"), a dance from slavery times. It is known to have been based in [West African](/wiki/West_African \"West African\") festive dances commonly performed during harvest festivals. Couples would form a circle, promenade, prance with buckets of water on their heads to the sound of banjos playing, and clap their hands. The winning couple got a cake.", "When Williams and Walker worked with the cakewalk, \"the dance had many variations and in some was apparently a slightly veiled comic parody of their masters' pretentious posturing and high falutin' attitudes.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} After Williams and Walker introduced this dance into their act, the [cakewalk](/wiki/Cakewalk \"Cakewalk\") started being danced in stage shows, exhibitions, contests, and ballrooms. These were open only to white communities, with different venues appealing to [working class](/wiki/Working_class \"Working class\") through upper class. It eventually spread through the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and over to [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "The two men were interested in incorporating [African](/wiki/African_culture \"African culture\") themes and characters into [American](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") shows. That opportunity came with the production of *[In Dahomey](/wiki/In_Dahomey \"In Dahomey\")*. Williams and Walker teamed up with composer [Will Marion Cook](/wiki/Will_Marion_Cook \"Will Marion Cook\"), librettist Jesse Ship, and poet/lyricist [Paul Laurence Dunbar](/wiki/Paul_Laurence_Dunbar \"Paul Laurence Dunbar\") to produce the [musical comedy](/wiki/Musical_comedy \"Musical comedy\"), *In Dahomey*, the first full\\-length musical to open on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") written and performed entirely by Blacks.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Riis \\|first\\=Thomas L. \\|title\\=Just Before Jazz: Black Musical Theater in New York, 1890\\-1915 \\|publisher\\=Smithsonian Institution Press \\|location\\=London \\|year\\=1989 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/justbeforejazzbl00riis/page/91 91] \\|isbn\\=0\\-87474\\-788\\-0 \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/justbeforejazzbl00riis/page/91 }} This [musical comedy](/wiki/Musical_comedy \"Musical comedy\") had all original music and was supported by scenery and props. Unlike the vaudeville shows, it had a complete story line from beginning to end, although the songs were often loosely related to it.", "Some critics have suggested that the story lines of later [Bing Crosby](/wiki/Bing_Crosby \"Bing Crosby\") and [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\") comedy films were similar. \"The Crosby/Hope films may well have been inspired by Williams and Walker shows like 'In Dahomey'.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} This show generated so much success that it received great reviews in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), and toured throughout the United Kingdom and [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").", "Williams and Walker worked very hard to produce quality theatre. They wanted their sets and costumes to be just as extravagant as those in the white theatres. They also had great lighting and elaborate props. Walker was the more business\\-savvy of the two and handled most of the management responsibilities of their productions. Walker's goal was to elevate the professionalism in black theatre. By 1906, Williams and Walker were active in organizing an African\\-American actors' union called The Negro's Society.", "In 1908, Walker founded [The Frogs](/wiki/The_Frogs_%28club%29 \"The Frogs (club)\"), an organization for [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") professional entertainers. It was a place for black entertainers to get together and socialize in order to get to know each other and to create a support base. His organization held events that included black acts, dining, and dancing. They encouraged young performers to achieve a standard of excellence in their stage work. {{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "The team produced and starred in two more successful plays, *In Abyssinia* and their final show, *[Bandanna Land](/wiki/Bandanna_Land \"Bandanna Land\")* (1907\\). Walker was taken ill and forced to retire from show business in the middle of the 1908\\-1909 season.", "" ]
Education, career, and founding of Lahey Clinic ----------------------------------------------- "Usually referred to as the outstanding general surgeon in the world today, at times of crisis he was never known to lose either his head or his nerve," stated the *[Boston Globe](/wiki/Boston_Globe "Boston Globe")* in 1953\. "First and foremost he never allowed himself or his assistants to forget they had a human life in their hands. Surely but for him, thousands would not be alive today." Although he prided himself on being a general surgeon, Lahey was well known for his expertise in [thyroid](/wiki/Thyroid_disease "Thyroid disease") and [esophageal surgery](/wiki/Esophageal_disease "Esophageal disease"), and surgery for [stomach cancer](/wiki/Stomach_cancer "Stomach cancer") and [colon cancer](/wiki/Colon_cancer "Colon cancer"). The "two\-stage surgery" that he pioneered, in which surgery was completed in two steps over a period of two to four days, greatly improved surgical outcomes. In fact, his method decreased the mortality rate following thyroid surgery from 1\-in\-5 to 1\-in\-140\. Like his father—who was a granite cutter by trade and eventually became a wealthy bridge contractor—Lahey built his career from humble beginnings. Lahey attended high school in his hometown of [Haverhill, Massachusetts](/wiki/Haverhill%2C_Massachusetts "Haverhill, Massachusetts"), where he had his own newspaper route and worked at his father's firm. He then went on to attend [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"), where he received a medical degree in 1904\. After he served as intern and house surgeon at Long Island Hospital (1904\-1905\) and as a surgeon at [Boston City Hospital](/wiki/Boston_City_Hospital "Boston City Hospital") (1905\-1907\), Lahey became resident surgeon of the Haymarket Relief Station (1908\). He was on the surgical faculty of Harvard Medical School (1908\-1909 and 1912\-1915\), and served as professor of surgery at [Tufts University Medical School](/wiki/Tufts_University_Medical_School "Tufts University Medical School") (1913\-1917\). Because of his educational influence, Lahey is often regarded as one of America's greatest teachers of surgery. In 1953, gastroenterologist Sara Jordan, one of the first to join Lahey's practice, published an article in *[New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine "New England Journal of Medicine")* that noted: "His skill \[brought] hundreds of surgeons from all parts of the world to see him operate and to share with him the knowledge and experience he was always ready to pass on to others." During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Lahey served as a major in the [Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Army_Medical_Corps "Army Medical Corps") and director of surgery at Evacuation Hospital No. 30\. After his return from military service, he opened a small practice on [Beacon Street](/wiki/Beacon_Street "Beacon Street") in [Kenmore Square](/wiki/Kenmore_Square "Kenmore Square") in Boston that became the [Lahey Clinic](/wiki/Lahey_Clinic "Lahey Clinic") in 1923\. President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") appointed Lahey to serve on a special commission to report on medical standards during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). This, and his extensive experience as a military surgeon, that strengthened Lahey's belief that anesthesia had created a new kind of surgery, which was best performed and refined by teams of surgical specialists. Lahey held many influential leadership positions, including president of the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association "American Medical Association"), [New England Surgical Society](/wiki/New_England_Surgical_Society "New England Surgical Society"), [American College of Surgeons](/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons "American College of Surgeons"), and the International Society of Surgeons. He also operated on, or consulted with, many notables in his lifetime, including President [Anastasio Somoza García](/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa "Anastasio Somoza García") of [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua"), and [Anthony Eden](/wiki/Anthony_Eden "Anthony Eden") of [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"). In 1946, Lahey was awarded the [Henry Jacob Bigelow](/wiki/Henry_Jacob_Bigelow "Henry Jacob Bigelow") Medal of the Boston Surgical Society in recognition of his surgical achievements. The life of Frank Lahey was summed up in a speech now in the [United States Congressional Record](/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Record "United States Congressional Record"). When the House of Representatives met shortly after his death on June 27, 1953, a memorial speech was delivered in his honor and concludes: "The medical profession has lost one of its greatest members. Massachusetts has lost a citizen who accepted with enthusiasm the broader responsibilities of his profession. The world has lost a man who was unequaled in his services to mankind."
[ "Education, career, and founding of Lahey Clinic\n-----------------------------------------------", "\"Usually referred to as the outstanding general surgeon in the world today, at times of crisis he was never known to lose either his head or his nerve,\" stated the *[Boston Globe](/wiki/Boston_Globe \"Boston Globe\")* in 1953\\. \"First and foremost he never allowed himself or his assistants to forget they had a human life in their hands. Surely but for him, thousands would not be alive today.\"", "Although he prided himself on being a general surgeon, Lahey was well known for his expertise in [thyroid](/wiki/Thyroid_disease \"Thyroid disease\") and [esophageal surgery](/wiki/Esophageal_disease \"Esophageal disease\"), and surgery for [stomach cancer](/wiki/Stomach_cancer \"Stomach cancer\") and [colon cancer](/wiki/Colon_cancer \"Colon cancer\"). The \"two\\-stage surgery\" that he pioneered, in which surgery was completed in two steps over a period of two to four days, greatly improved surgical outcomes. In fact, his method decreased the mortality rate following thyroid surgery from 1\\-in\\-5 to 1\\-in\\-140\\.", "Like his father—who was a granite cutter by trade and eventually became a wealthy bridge contractor—Lahey built his career from humble beginnings.", "Lahey attended high school in his hometown of [Haverhill, Massachusetts](/wiki/Haverhill%2C_Massachusetts \"Haverhill, Massachusetts\"), where he had his own newspaper route and worked at his father's firm. He then went on to attend [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\"), where he received a medical degree in 1904\\. After he served as intern and house surgeon at Long Island Hospital (1904\\-1905\\) and as a surgeon at [Boston City Hospital](/wiki/Boston_City_Hospital \"Boston City Hospital\") (1905\\-1907\\), Lahey became resident surgeon of the Haymarket Relief Station (1908\\). He was on the surgical faculty of Harvard Medical School (1908\\-1909 and 1912\\-1915\\), and served as professor of surgery at [Tufts University Medical School](/wiki/Tufts_University_Medical_School \"Tufts University Medical School\") (1913\\-1917\\).", "Because of his educational influence, Lahey is often regarded as one of America's greatest teachers of surgery. In 1953, gastroenterologist Sara Jordan, one of the first to join Lahey's practice, published an article in *[New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"New England Journal of Medicine\")* that noted: \"His skill \\[brought] hundreds of surgeons from all parts of the world to see him operate and to share with him the knowledge and experience he was always ready to pass on to others.\"", "During [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Lahey served as a major in the [Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Army_Medical_Corps \"Army Medical Corps\") and director of surgery at Evacuation Hospital No. 30\\. After his return from military service, he opened a small practice on [Beacon Street](/wiki/Beacon_Street \"Beacon Street\") in [Kenmore Square](/wiki/Kenmore_Square \"Kenmore Square\") in Boston that became the [Lahey Clinic](/wiki/Lahey_Clinic \"Lahey Clinic\") in 1923\\.", "President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") appointed Lahey to serve on a special commission to report on medical standards during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). This, and his extensive experience as a military surgeon, that strengthened Lahey's belief that anesthesia had created a new kind of surgery, which was best performed and refined by teams of surgical specialists.", "Lahey held many influential leadership positions, including president of the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association \"American Medical Association\"), [New England Surgical Society](/wiki/New_England_Surgical_Society \"New England Surgical Society\"), [American College of Surgeons](/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons \"American College of Surgeons\"), and the International Society of Surgeons. He also operated on, or consulted with, many notables in his lifetime, including President [Anastasio Somoza García](/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa \"Anastasio Somoza García\") of [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\"), and [Anthony Eden](/wiki/Anthony_Eden \"Anthony Eden\") of [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\").", "In 1946, Lahey was awarded the [Henry Jacob Bigelow](/wiki/Henry_Jacob_Bigelow \"Henry Jacob Bigelow\") Medal of the Boston Surgical Society in recognition of his surgical achievements.", "The life of Frank Lahey was summed up in a speech now in the [United States Congressional Record](/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Record \"United States Congressional Record\"). When the House of Representatives met shortly after his death on June 27, 1953, a memorial speech was delivered in his honor and concludes: \"The medical profession has lost one of its greatest members. Massachusetts has lost a citizen who accepted with enthusiasm the broader responsibilities of his profession. The world has lost a man who was unequaled in his services to mankind.\"", "" ]
History ------- ### Development The late\-[Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") hamlet of Slade Green consisted of two small farming communities until the [South Eastern Railway's (SER)](/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway%2C_UK "South Eastern Railway, UK") development of the [North Kent Line](/wiki/North_Kent_Line "North Kent Line") from [Strood](/wiki/Strood "Strood") and [Dartford](/wiki/Dartford "Dartford") to [London Bridge](/wiki/London_Bridge_railway_station "London Bridge railway station"). After considering enlarging the existing depot at [Bricklayers Arms](/wiki/Bricklayers_Arms_railway_station "Bricklayers Arms railway station"), it was concluded that the growth in freight traffic necessitated a new depot. Land was purchased on [Crayford](/wiki/Crayford "Crayford") [marshes](/wiki/Marshes "Marshes"), with plans for a brick\-built 10\-road shed of {{convert\|600\|ft}} in length, with two of these feeding a repair shed located in the north eastern corner. With a budget of £55,000, construction started in April 1898, with an allowance for building 145 railway workers houses. On 1 May 1895 a [triangular junction](/wiki/Wye_%28rail%29 "Wye (rail)") was opened with the [Bexleyheath](/wiki/Bexleyheath "Bexleyheath") line.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kentrail.org.uk/Slade%20Green%20Depot.htm\|title\=Slade Green Depot\|work\=Kent Rail\|access\-date\=18 January 2012}} The shed, initially called *Whitehall, Erith* was completed on 27 October 1899, under the [South Eastern \& Chatham Railway (SE\&CR)](/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway "South Eastern and Chatham Railway"). Better equipped than major depots at [Stewarts Lane](/wiki/Stewarts_Lane "Stewarts Lane") or [Ashford](/wiki/Ashford_TMD "Ashford TMD"), the main building was fed by two {{convert\|50\|ft}} [turntables](/wiki/Railway_turntable "Railway turntable"), with a {{convert\|150000\|impgal}} water tank feeding out via a dedicated [water softener](/wiki/Water_softener "Water softener"). The repair shed was equipped with two 5\-tonne travelling cranes, allowing full reconstruction of all allocated engines. By the time the first locomotives arrived in November 1899, an external contractor had constructed the 158 houses of the new railway village. The total cost of the project was £74,500, and in scale it was only second to Stewarts Lane, able to service 100 steam locomotives.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bexley.gov.uk/service/consultations/conservationareas\_phase2/pdfs/oak\_road\_conservation\_area.pdf\|title\=Oak Road Conservation Area Consultation Draft, Bexley Council February 2008\|access\-date\=6 March 2008}}{{dead link\|date\=May 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} But its opening allowed closure of the smaller sheds at [Woolwich Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal "Royal Arsenal") and [Deptford](/wiki/Deptford "Deptford"). [Slades Green railway station](/wiki/Slade_Green_railway_station "Slade Green railway station") was opened to serve the depot and adjoining community on 1 July 1900,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kentrail.org.uk/slade%20green%20station.htm\|title\=Slade Green\|work\=Kent Rail\|access\-date\=6 March 2008}} and by 1910 the full "railway village" of houses and ancillary community buildings had been completed. ### Southern Railway After grouping in 1923, the [Southern Railway (SR)](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28Great_Britain%29 "Southern Railway (Great Britain)") began the [electrification](/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain "Railway electrification in Great Britain") of the former SE\&CR suburban lines, but using the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway "London and South Western Railway") 660 V [third\-rail](/wiki/Third-rail "Third-rail") system. It was planned that the line to Dartford would be an early conversion, so the new trains required servicing. In 1924 the SR proposed reconstruction of Slade Green into a dedicated electric maintenance and repair unit. A budget of £30,000 was allocated to convert the existing shed, added to by an adjoining heavy maintenance shed facing Dartford, capable of all repairs and maintenance. Work started immediately, including conversion of the roof to a flat form, and were completed by the end of 1925, with electric services to Dartford commencing on 6 June 1926\. In 1935, along with [Orpington](/wiki/Orpington "Orpington"), the site became home to the first mechanical carriage washer in the UK. ### British Rail Southern Region With the introduction in 1952 of the [BR Class 415 4EPB](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_415 "British Rail Class 415") units, under the [Southern Region of British Railways](/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways "Southern Region of British Railways"), in June 1954 the shed was extended by {{convert\|100\|ft}} at its London end to fully accommodate a complete 10\-carriage unit. The bricks purposefully replicated the original 1899 building, while the new roof had a hump to allow for better rain water removal. On completion, on 1 August 1953, the depot and adjacent [railway station](/wiki/Slade_Green_railway_station "Slade Green railway station") officially became *Slade Green*. ### 1990/1: Networker depot rebuild With the introduction of the [Class 465 Networker](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_465 "British Rail Class 465") and [Class 466 Networker](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_466 "British Rail Class 466") fleet, it was proposed in 1990 by [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways "British Railways") to demolish the 1925 shed and build a brand new eight road structure. Allocated a budget of £20million, the new maintenance depot was officially opened on 8 April 1991, with original BR green 4EPB No. 5001 and a cab mock\-up of No. 465001\. The new building still had the facilities to carry out heavy repairs on the 1952 slam\-door 4EPB stock, a function it fulfilled until the final 4EPB withdrawals in March 1995\.
[ "History\n-------", "### Development", "The late\\-[Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") hamlet of Slade Green consisted of two small farming communities until the [South Eastern Railway's (SER)](/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway%2C_UK \"South Eastern Railway, UK\") development of the [North Kent Line](/wiki/North_Kent_Line \"North Kent Line\") from [Strood](/wiki/Strood \"Strood\") and [Dartford](/wiki/Dartford \"Dartford\") to [London Bridge](/wiki/London_Bridge_railway_station \"London Bridge railway station\").", "After considering enlarging the existing depot at [Bricklayers Arms](/wiki/Bricklayers_Arms_railway_station \"Bricklayers Arms railway station\"), it was concluded that the growth in freight traffic necessitated a new depot. Land was purchased on [Crayford](/wiki/Crayford \"Crayford\") [marshes](/wiki/Marshes \"Marshes\"), with plans for a brick\\-built 10\\-road shed of {{convert\\|600\\|ft}} in length, with two of these feeding a repair shed located in the north eastern corner. With a budget of £55,000, construction started in April 1898, with an allowance for building 145 railway workers houses. On 1 May 1895 a [triangular junction](/wiki/Wye_%28rail%29 \"Wye (rail)\") was opened with the [Bexleyheath](/wiki/Bexleyheath \"Bexleyheath\") line.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kentrail.org.uk/Slade%20Green%20Depot.htm\\|title\\=Slade Green Depot\\|work\\=Kent Rail\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2012}}", "The shed, initially called *Whitehall, Erith* was completed on 27 October 1899, under the [South Eastern \\& Chatham Railway (SE\\&CR)](/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway \"South Eastern and Chatham Railway\"). Better equipped than major depots at [Stewarts Lane](/wiki/Stewarts_Lane \"Stewarts Lane\") or [Ashford](/wiki/Ashford_TMD \"Ashford TMD\"), the main building was fed by two {{convert\\|50\\|ft}} [turntables](/wiki/Railway_turntable \"Railway turntable\"), with a {{convert\\|150000\\|impgal}} water tank feeding out via a dedicated [water softener](/wiki/Water_softener \"Water softener\"). The repair shed was equipped with two 5\\-tonne travelling cranes, allowing full reconstruction of all allocated engines. By the time the first locomotives arrived in November 1899, an external contractor had constructed the 158 houses of the new railway village. The total cost of the project was £74,500, and in scale it was only second to Stewarts Lane, able to service 100 steam locomotives.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bexley.gov.uk/service/consultations/conservationareas\\_phase2/pdfs/oak\\_road\\_conservation\\_area.pdf\\|title\\=Oak Road Conservation Area Consultation Draft, Bexley Council February 2008\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2008}}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} But its opening allowed closure of the smaller sheds at [Woolwich Arsenal](/wiki/Royal_Arsenal \"Royal Arsenal\") and [Deptford](/wiki/Deptford \"Deptford\").", "[Slades Green railway station](/wiki/Slade_Green_railway_station \"Slade Green railway station\") was opened to serve the depot and adjoining community on 1 July 1900,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kentrail.org.uk/slade%20green%20station.htm\\|title\\=Slade Green\\|work\\=Kent Rail\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2008}} and by 1910 the full \"railway village\" of houses and ancillary community buildings had been completed.", "### Southern Railway", "After grouping in 1923, the [Southern Railway (SR)](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28Great_Britain%29 \"Southern Railway (Great Britain)\") began the [electrification](/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain \"Railway electrification in Great Britain\") of the former SE\\&CR suburban lines, but using the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\") 660 V [third\\-rail](/wiki/Third-rail \"Third-rail\") system. It was planned that the line to Dartford would be an early conversion, so the new trains required servicing. In 1924 the SR proposed reconstruction of Slade Green into a dedicated electric maintenance and repair unit. A budget of £30,000 was allocated to convert the existing shed, added to by an adjoining heavy maintenance shed facing Dartford, capable of all repairs and maintenance. Work started immediately, including conversion of the roof to a flat form, and were completed by the end of 1925, with electric services to Dartford commencing on 6 June 1926\\. In 1935, along with [Orpington](/wiki/Orpington \"Orpington\"), the site became home to the first mechanical carriage washer in the UK.", "### British Rail Southern Region", "With the introduction in 1952 of the [BR Class 415 4EPB](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_415 \"British Rail Class 415\") units, under the [Southern Region of British Railways](/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways \"Southern Region of British Railways\"), in June 1954 the shed was extended by {{convert\\|100\\|ft}} at its London end to fully accommodate a complete 10\\-carriage unit. The bricks purposefully replicated the original 1899 building, while the new roof had a hump to allow for better rain water removal. On completion, on 1 August 1953, the depot and adjacent [railway station](/wiki/Slade_Green_railway_station \"Slade Green railway station\") officially became *Slade Green*.", "### 1990/1: Networker depot rebuild", "With the introduction of the [Class 465 Networker](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_465 \"British Rail Class 465\") and [Class 466 Networker](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_466 \"British Rail Class 466\") fleet, it was proposed in 1990 by [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways \"British Railways\") to demolish the 1925 shed and build a brand new eight road structure. Allocated a budget of £20million, the new maintenance depot was officially opened on 8 April 1991, with original BR green 4EPB No. 5001 and a cab mock\\-up of No. 465001\\. The new building still had the facilities to carry out heavy repairs on the 1952 slam\\-door 4EPB stock, a function it fulfilled until the final 4EPB withdrawals in March 1995\\.", "" ]
Construction of regular polygons -------------------------------- [300px\|thumb\|Construction of regular [pentagon](/wiki/Pentagon "Pentagon") using Carlyle circles](/wiki/File:Regular_Pentagon_Using_Carlyle_Circle.gif "Regular Pentagon Using Carlyle Circle.gif") [300px\|thumb\|Construction of a regular [heptadecagon](/wiki/Heptadecagon "Heptadecagon") using Carlyle circles](/wiki/File:Regular_Heptadecagon_Using_Carlyle_Circle.gif "Regular Heptadecagon Using Carlyle Circle.gif") [500px\|thumb\|Construction of a regular [257\-gon](/wiki/257-gon "257-gon") using Carlyle circles](/wiki/File:Regular_257-gon_Using_Carlyle_Circle.gif "Regular 257-gon Using Carlyle Circle.gif") ### Regular pentagon The problem of constructing a regular [pentagon](/wiki/Pentagon "Pentagon") is equivalent to the problem of constructing the roots of the equation *z*5 − 1 \= 0\. One root of this equation is *z*0 \= 1 which corresponds to the point *P*0(1, 0\). Removing the factor corresponding to this root, the other roots turn out to be roots of the equation *z*4 \+ *z*3 \+ *z*2 \+ *z* \+ 1 \= 0\. These roots can be represented in the form ω, ω2, ω3, ω4 where ω \= exp (2*i*{{pi}}/5\). Let these correspond to the points *P*1, *P*2, *P*3, *P*4. Letting *p*1 \= ω \+ ω4, *p*2 \= ω2 \+ ω3 we have *p*1 \+ *p*2 \= −1, *p*1*p*2 \= −1\. (These can be quickly shown to be true by direct substitution into the [quartic](/wiki/Quartic_equation "Quartic equation") above and noting that ω6 \= ω, and ω7 \= ω2.) So *p*1 and *p*2 are the roots of the quadratic equation *x*2 \+ *x* − 1 \= 0\. The Carlyle circle associated with this quadratic has a diameter with endpoints at (0, 1\) and (−1, −1\) and center at (−1/2, 0\). Carlyle circles are used to construct *p*1 and *p*2. From the definitions of *p*1 and *p*2 it also follows that *p*1 \= 2 cos(2{{pi}}/5\), *p*2 \= 2 cos(4{{pi}}/5\). These are then used to construct the points *P*1, *P*2, *P*3, *P*4. This detailed procedure involving Carlyle circles for the construction of regular [pentagons](/wiki/Pentagon "Pentagon") is given below. 1. Draw a [circle](/wiki/Circle "Circle") in which to inscribe the pentagon and mark the center point *O*. 2. Draw a horizontal line through the center of the circle. Mark one intersection with the circle as point *B*. 3. Construct a vertical line through the center. Mark one intersection with the circle as point *A*. 4. Construct the point *M* as the [midpoint](/wiki/Midpoint "Midpoint") of *O* and *B*. 5. Draw a circle centered at *M* through the point *A*. This is the Carlyle circle for *x*2 \+ *x* − 1 \= 0\. Mark its intersection with the horizontal line (inside the original circle) as the point *W* and its intersection outside the circle as the point *V*. These are the points *p*1 and *p*2 mentioned above. 6. Draw a circle of radius *OA* and center *W*. It intersects the original circle at two of the vertices of the pentagon. 7. Draw a circle of radius *OA* and center *V*. It intersects the original circle at two of the vertices of the pentagon. 8. The fifth vertex is the intersection of the horizontal axis with the original circle. ### Regular heptadecagon There is a similar method involving Carlyle circles to construct regular [heptadecagons](/wiki/Heptadecagon "Heptadecagon"). The figure to the right illustrates the procedure. ### Regular 257\-gon To construct a regular [257\-gon](/wiki/257-gon "257-gon") using Carlyle circles, as many as 24 Carlyle circles are to be constructed. One of these is the circle to solve the quadratic equation *x*2 \+ *x* − 64 \= 0\. ### Regular 65537\-gon There is a procedure involving Carlyle circles for the construction of a regular [65537\-gon](/wiki/65537-gon "65537-gon"). However there are practical problems for the implementation of the procedure; for example, it requires the construction of the Carlyle circle for the solution of the quadratic equation *x*2 \+ *x* − 214 \= 0\.
[ "Construction of regular polygons\n--------------------------------", "[300px\\|thumb\\|Construction of regular [pentagon](/wiki/Pentagon \"Pentagon\") using Carlyle circles](/wiki/File:Regular_Pentagon_Using_Carlyle_Circle.gif \"Regular Pentagon Using Carlyle Circle.gif\")\n[300px\\|thumb\\|Construction of a regular [heptadecagon](/wiki/Heptadecagon \"Heptadecagon\") using Carlyle circles](/wiki/File:Regular_Heptadecagon_Using_Carlyle_Circle.gif \"Regular Heptadecagon Using Carlyle Circle.gif\")\n[500px\\|thumb\\|Construction of a regular [257\\-gon](/wiki/257-gon \"257-gon\") using Carlyle circles](/wiki/File:Regular_257-gon_Using_Carlyle_Circle.gif \"Regular 257-gon Using Carlyle Circle.gif\")", "### Regular pentagon", "The problem of constructing a regular [pentagon](/wiki/Pentagon \"Pentagon\") is equivalent to the problem of constructing the roots of the equation\n*z*5 − 1 \\= 0\\.\nOne root of this equation is *z*0 \\= 1 which corresponds to the point *P*0(1, 0\\). Removing the factor corresponding to this root, the other roots turn out to be roots of the equation\n*z*4 \\+ *z*3 \\+ *z*2 \\+ *z* \\+ 1 \\= 0\\.\nThese roots can be represented in the form ω, ω2, ω3, ω4 where ω \\= exp (2*i*{{pi}}/5\\). Let these correspond to the points *P*1, *P*2, *P*3, *P*4. Letting \n*p*1 \\= ω \\+ ω4, *p*2 \\= ω2 \\+ ω3\nwe have \n*p*1 \\+ *p*2 \\= −1, *p*1*p*2 \\= −1\\. (These can be quickly shown to be true by direct substitution into the [quartic](/wiki/Quartic_equation \"Quartic equation\") above and noting that ω6 \\= ω, and ω7 \\= ω2.)\nSo *p*1 and *p*2 are the roots of the quadratic equation \n*x*2 \\+ *x* − 1 \\= 0\\.\nThe Carlyle circle associated with this quadratic has a diameter with endpoints at (0, 1\\) and (−1, −1\\) and center at (−1/2, 0\\). Carlyle circles are used to construct *p*1 and *p*2. From the definitions of *p*1 and *p*2 it also follows that\n*p*1 \\= 2 cos(2{{pi}}/5\\), *p*2 \\= 2 cos(4{{pi}}/5\\).\nThese are then used to construct the points *P*1, *P*2, *P*3, *P*4.", "This detailed procedure involving Carlyle circles for the construction of regular [pentagons](/wiki/Pentagon \"Pentagon\") is given below.\n1. Draw a [circle](/wiki/Circle \"Circle\") in which to inscribe the pentagon and mark the center point *O*.\n2. Draw a horizontal line through the center of the circle. Mark one intersection with the circle as point *B*.\n3. Construct a vertical line through the center. Mark one intersection with the circle as point *A*.\n4. Construct the point *M* as the [midpoint](/wiki/Midpoint \"Midpoint\") of *O* and *B*.\n5. Draw a circle centered at *M* through the point *A*. This is the Carlyle circle for *x*2 \\+ *x* − 1 \\= 0\\. Mark its intersection with the horizontal line (inside the original circle) as the point *W* and its intersection outside the circle as the point *V*. These are the points *p*1 and *p*2 mentioned above.\n6. Draw a circle of radius *OA* and center *W*. It intersects the original circle at two of the vertices of the pentagon.\n7. Draw a circle of radius *OA* and center *V*. It intersects the original circle at two of the vertices of the pentagon.\n8. The fifth vertex is the intersection of the horizontal axis with the original circle.", "### Regular heptadecagon", "There is a similar method involving Carlyle circles to construct regular [heptadecagons](/wiki/Heptadecagon \"Heptadecagon\"). The figure to the right illustrates the procedure.", "### Regular 257\\-gon", "To construct a regular [257\\-gon](/wiki/257-gon \"257-gon\") using Carlyle circles, as many as 24 Carlyle circles are to be constructed. One of these is the circle to solve the quadratic equation *x*2 \\+ *x* − 64 \\= 0\\.", "### Regular 65537\\-gon", "There is a procedure involving Carlyle circles for the construction of a regular [65537\\-gon](/wiki/65537-gon \"65537-gon\"). However there are practical problems for the implementation of the procedure; for example, it requires the construction of the Carlyle circle for the solution of the quadratic equation *x*2 \\+ *x* − 214 \\= 0\\.", "" ]
Origin and history ------------------ {{See also\|History of coffee}} {{Refimprove section\|date\=February 2024}} [thumb\|Caffè latte](/wiki/File:Glass_of_Coffee_Latte_with_Pastry_%282%29.jpg "Glass of Coffee Latte with Pastry (2).jpg") The drink is thought to have "technically originated" in 17th century Europe.{{Cite web \|last\=Deyn \|first\=Matthew \|date\=28 June 2022 \|title\=What is a latte \& why is it so popular? \|url\=https://perfectdailygrind.com/2022/06/what\-is\-a\-latte/ \|website\=Perfect Daily Grind}} *Caffè e latte*, *{{lang\|de\|Milchkaffee}}*, *café au lait* and *{{lang\|es\|café con leche}}* are domestic terms of traditional ways of drinking coffee, usually as part of breakfast in the home. Public cafés in Europe and the United States seem to have no mention of the terms until the twentieth century. The Italians used the term *caffè latte* domestically, but it is not known from cafés such as *[Florian](/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Florian "Caffè Florian")* in [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") or any other coffee houses or places where coffee was served publicly. Even when the Italian espresso bar culture bloomed in the years after WWII both in Italy, and in cities such as Vienna and London, *[espresso](/wiki/Espresso "Espresso")* and *[cappuccino](/wiki/Cappuccino "Cappuccino")* are the terms used and *latte* is missing on coffee menus of that time.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2024}} The modern latte appeared in the 20th century, following the invention of the [espresso machine](/wiki/Espresso_machine "Espresso machine") in the 19th century.{{Cite web \|title\=Origins of the Latte\|url\=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/cappuccino\-vs\-latte\#663pjjTHqw21uAVEx4RxuY}} Kenneth Davids maintains that "...breakfast drinks of this kind have existed in Europe for generations, but the (commercial) caffè version of this drink is an American invention".{{cite book\|last\=Davids\|first\=Kenneth\|title\=Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying, Fifth Edition\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IqJsIcYOPcQC\&pg\=PA153\|access\-date\=18 January 2014\|date\=2001\-05\-04\|publisher\=St. Martin's Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-312\-24665\-5\|pages\=153–}}{{dubious\|date\=October 2018}} The [Caffe Mediterraneum](/wiki/Caffe_Mediterraneum "Caffe Mediterraneum") in Berkeley, California, claims that one of its early owners, Lino Meiorin, "invented" and "made the latte a standard drink" in the 1950s. However, it is unlikely that Meiorin was the first to add a generous amount of milk to espresso or call such a drink a caffè latte. ### Popularization and global spread The latte was popularized in Seattle, Washington, in the early 1980s{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=18wwAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6834,2070573\&dq\=latte\+invented\&hl\=en\|work\=Ocala Star\-Banner\|title\=Steamed milk nothing new for coffee drinkers\|date\=4 Jan 1995\|access\-date\=28 August 2020\|archive\-date\=19 March 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080530/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=18wwAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6834,2070573\&dq\=latte\+invented\&hl\=en\|url\-status\=live}}. and spread more widely in the early 1990s.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/02/garden/americans\-wake\-up\-and\-smell\-the\-coffee.html?scp\=1\&sq\=latte\&st\=nyt\|quote\=... espresso\-based drinks with names like caffe latte ...\|newspaper\=New York Times\|title\=Americans wake up and smell the coffee\|date\=1992\-09\-02\|access\-date\=2017\-02\-17\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045644/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/02/garden/americans\-wake\-up\-and\-smell\-the\-coffee.html?scp\=1\&sq\=latte\&st\=nyt\|url\-status\=live}}.{{Cite news\|url\=https://dailycoffeenews.com/2016/12/12/remembering\-latte\-birthplace\-and\-quintessential\-counterculture\-destination\-caffe\-med/\|title\=Remembering Latte Birthplace and Quintessential Counterculture Destination Caffe Med\|last\=Brown\|first\=Nick\|date\=2016\-12\-12\|work\=Daily Coffee News\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-12\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-12\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912210007/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2016/12/12/remembering\-latte\-birthplace\-and\-quintessential\-counterculture\-destination\-caffe\-med/\|url\-status\=live}} In northern Europe and Scandinavia, a similar "trend" started in the early 1980s as *café au lait* became popular again, prepared with espresso and steamed milk. *Caffè latte* started replacing this term around 1996–97, but both names often exist side by side and generally are more similar than different in preparation.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2024}} In South Korea, espresso and its variants (cappuccino, caffè latte, *caffè mocha*) became popular in 2000\.{{Cite web \|last\=Seong \|first\=U\-je \|date\=30 November 2000 \|title\=젊음의 커피, 에소프레소가 뜬다 \|trans\-title\=Coffee of the young, espresso is rising \|url\=https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\=77887 \|website\=Sisajournal \|language\=ko}} ### Terminology In English\-speaking countries, *latte* is shorthand for *caffelatte* or *caffellatte* (from *{{lang\|it\|caffè e latte}}*, {{literally\|coffee and milk}}), which is similar to the French *[café au lait](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait "Café au lait")*, the Spanish *[café con leche](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche "Café con leche")*, the [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") *cafè amb llet* or the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language") *[galão](/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o "Galão")*. According to the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")*, the term *caffè e latte* was first used in English in 1867 by [William Dean Howells](/wiki/William_Dean_Howells "William Dean Howells") in his essay "Italian Journeys",{{cite web\|url\=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00333261?query\_type\=word\&queryword\=latte\&first\=1\&max\_to\_show\=10\&single\=1\&sort\_type\=alpha\|title\=Latte\|edition\=new online\|work\=Oxford English Dictionary\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-22}} but as this preceded the spread of espresso machines, this drink would have been "nothing like the lattes found today at specialty coffee shops". The French term *{{lang\|fr\|café au lait}}* was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward; however, the term *café crème* was used in France for coffee with milk or cream. In Spanish, the phrase *{{lang\|es\|café con leche}}* (coffee with milk) is used, which is by default served in a medium or large cup, whereas the similar *cortado* (coffee with less milk) is served in a small cup. The [Austrian\-Hungarian empire](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses. *Kapuziner* is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") and [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste") in the second half of 1700s as "coffee with cream, spices, and sugar" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino). *Melange* or *café au lait* was introduced in Austrian coffeehouses around 1850\. In German homes, it was still called *{{lang\|de\|Milchkaffee}}*.
[ "Origin and history\n------------------", "{{See also\\|History of coffee}}\n{{Refimprove section\\|date\\=February 2024}}\n[thumb\\|Caffè latte](/wiki/File:Glass_of_Coffee_Latte_with_Pastry_%282%29.jpg \"Glass of Coffee Latte with Pastry (2).jpg\")", "The drink is thought to have \"technically originated\" in 17th century Europe.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Deyn \\|first\\=Matthew \\|date\\=28 June 2022 \\|title\\=What is a latte \\& why is it so popular? \\|url\\=https://perfectdailygrind.com/2022/06/what\\-is\\-a\\-latte/ \\|website\\=Perfect Daily Grind}} *Caffè e latte*, *{{lang\\|de\\|Milchkaffee}}*, *café au lait* and *{{lang\\|es\\|café con leche}}* are domestic terms of traditional ways of drinking coffee, usually as part of breakfast in the home. Public cafés in Europe and the United States seem to have no mention of the terms until the twentieth century.", "The Italians used the term *caffè latte* domestically, but it is not known from cafés such as *[Florian](/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Florian \"Caffè Florian\")* in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") or any other coffee houses or places where coffee was served publicly. Even when the Italian espresso bar culture bloomed in the years after WWII both in Italy, and in cities such as Vienna and London, *[espresso](/wiki/Espresso \"Espresso\")* and *[cappuccino](/wiki/Cappuccino \"Cappuccino\")* are the terms used and *latte* is missing on coffee menus of that time.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2024}}", "The modern latte appeared in the 20th century, following the invention of the [espresso machine](/wiki/Espresso_machine \"Espresso machine\") in the 19th century.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Origins of the Latte\\|url\\=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/cappuccino\\-vs\\-latte\\#663pjjTHqw21uAVEx4RxuY}} Kenneth Davids maintains that \"...breakfast drinks of this kind have existed in Europe for generations, but the (commercial) caffè version of this drink is an American invention\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Davids\\|first\\=Kenneth\\|title\\=Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying, Fifth Edition\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IqJsIcYOPcQC\\&pg\\=PA153\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2014\\|date\\=2001\\-05\\-04\\|publisher\\=St. Martin's Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-312\\-24665\\-5\\|pages\\=153–}}{{dubious\\|date\\=October 2018}} The [Caffe Mediterraneum](/wiki/Caffe_Mediterraneum \"Caffe Mediterraneum\") in Berkeley, California, claims that one of its early owners, Lino Meiorin, \"invented\" and \"made the latte a standard drink\" in the 1950s. However, it is unlikely that Meiorin was the first to add a generous amount of milk to espresso or call such a drink a caffè latte.", "### Popularization and global spread", "The latte was popularized in Seattle, Washington, in the early 1980s{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=18wwAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6834,2070573\\&dq\\=latte\\+invented\\&hl\\=en\\|work\\=Ocala Star\\-Banner\\|title\\=Steamed milk nothing new for coffee drinkers\\|date\\=4 Jan 1995\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080530/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=18wwAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6834,2070573\\&dq\\=latte\\+invented\\&hl\\=en\\|url\\-status\\=live}}. and spread more widely in the early 1990s.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/02/garden/americans\\-wake\\-up\\-and\\-smell\\-the\\-coffee.html?scp\\=1\\&sq\\=latte\\&st\\=nyt\\|quote\\=... espresso\\-based drinks with names like caffe latte ...\\|newspaper\\=New York Times\\|title\\=Americans wake up and smell the coffee\\|date\\=1992\\-09\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-17\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045644/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/02/garden/americans\\-wake\\-up\\-and\\-smell\\-the\\-coffee.html?scp\\=1\\&sq\\=latte\\&st\\=nyt\\|url\\-status\\=live}}.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://dailycoffeenews.com/2016/12/12/remembering\\-latte\\-birthplace\\-and\\-quintessential\\-counterculture\\-destination\\-caffe\\-med/\\|title\\=Remembering Latte Birthplace and Quintessential Counterculture Destination Caffe Med\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Nick\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-12\\|work\\=Daily Coffee News\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-12\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-12\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912210007/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2016/12/12/remembering\\-latte\\-birthplace\\-and\\-quintessential\\-counterculture\\-destination\\-caffe\\-med/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In northern Europe and Scandinavia, a similar \"trend\" started in the early 1980s as *café au lait* became popular again, prepared with espresso and steamed milk. *Caffè latte* started replacing this term around 1996–97, but both names often exist side by side and generally are more similar than different in preparation.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2024}}", "In South Korea, espresso and its variants (cappuccino, caffè latte, *caffè mocha*) became popular in 2000\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Seong \\|first\\=U\\-je \\|date\\=30 November 2000 \\|title\\=젊음의 커피, 에소프레소가 뜬다 \\|trans\\-title\\=Coffee of the young, espresso is rising \\|url\\=https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno\\=77887 \\|website\\=Sisajournal \\|language\\=ko}}", "### Terminology", "In English\\-speaking countries, *latte* is shorthand for *caffelatte* or *caffellatte* (from *{{lang\\|it\\|caffè e latte}}*, {{literally\\|coffee and milk}}), which is similar to the French *[café au lait](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait \"Café au lait\")*, the Spanish *[café con leche](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche \"Café con leche\")*, the [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") *cafè amb llet* or the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language \"Portuguese language\") *[galão](/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o \"Galão\")*.", "According to the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\")*, the term *caffè e latte* was first used in English in 1867 by [William Dean Howells](/wiki/William_Dean_Howells \"William Dean Howells\") in his essay \"Italian Journeys\",{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00333261?query\\_type\\=word\\&queryword\\=latte\\&first\\=1\\&max\\_to\\_show\\=10\\&single\\=1\\&sort\\_type\\=alpha\\|title\\=Latte\\|edition\\=new online\\|work\\=Oxford English Dictionary\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-22}} but as this preceded the spread of espresso machines, this drink would have been \"nothing like the lattes found today at specialty coffee shops\".", "The French term *{{lang\\|fr\\|café au lait}}* was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward; however, the term *café crème* was used in France for coffee with milk or cream.", "In Spanish, the phrase *{{lang\\|es\\|café con leche}}* (coffee with milk) is used, which is by default served in a medium or large cup, whereas the similar *cortado* (coffee with less milk) is served in a small cup.", "The [Austrian\\-Hungarian empire](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses. *Kapuziner* is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") and [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\") in the second half of 1700s as \"coffee with cream, spices, and sugar\" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino). *Melange* or *café au lait* was introduced in Austrian coffeehouses around 1850\\. In German homes, it was still called *{{lang\\|de\\|Milchkaffee}}*.", "" ]
### Terminology In English\-speaking countries, *latte* is shorthand for *caffelatte* or *caffellatte* (from *{{lang\|it\|caffè e latte}}*, {{literally\|coffee and milk}}), which is similar to the French *[café au lait](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait "Café au lait")*, the Spanish *[café con leche](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche "Café con leche")*, the [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") *cafè amb llet* or the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language") *[galão](/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o "Galão")*. According to the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")*, the term *caffè e latte* was first used in English in 1867 by [William Dean Howells](/wiki/William_Dean_Howells "William Dean Howells") in his essay "Italian Journeys",{{cite web\|url\=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00333261?query\_type\=word\&queryword\=latte\&first\=1\&max\_to\_show\=10\&single\=1\&sort\_type\=alpha\|title\=Latte\|edition\=new online\|work\=Oxford English Dictionary\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-22}} but as this preceded the spread of espresso machines, this drink would have been "nothing like the lattes found today at specialty coffee shops". The French term *{{lang\|fr\|café au lait}}* was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward; however, the term *café crème* was used in France for coffee with milk or cream. In Spanish, the phrase *{{lang\|es\|café con leche}}* (coffee with milk) is used, which is by default served in a medium or large cup, whereas the similar *cortado* (coffee with less milk) is served in a small cup. The [Austrian\-Hungarian empire](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses. *Kapuziner* is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") and [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste "Trieste") in the second half of 1700s as "coffee with cream, spices, and sugar" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino). *Melange* or *café au lait* was introduced in Austrian coffeehouses around 1850\. In German homes, it was still called *{{lang\|de\|Milchkaffee}}*.
[ "### Terminology", "In English\\-speaking countries, *latte* is shorthand for *caffelatte* or *caffellatte* (from *{{lang\\|it\\|caffè e latte}}*, {{literally\\|coffee and milk}}), which is similar to the French *[café au lait](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait \"Café au lait\")*, the Spanish *[café con leche](/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche \"Café con leche\")*, the [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") *cafè amb llet* or the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language \"Portuguese language\") *[galão](/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o \"Galão\")*.", "According to the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\")*, the term *caffè e latte* was first used in English in 1867 by [William Dean Howells](/wiki/William_Dean_Howells \"William Dean Howells\") in his essay \"Italian Journeys\",{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00333261?query\\_type\\=word\\&queryword\\=latte\\&first\\=1\\&max\\_to\\_show\\=10\\&single\\=1\\&sort\\_type\\=alpha\\|title\\=Latte\\|edition\\=new online\\|work\\=Oxford English Dictionary\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-22}} but as this preceded the spread of espresso machines, this drink would have been \"nothing like the lattes found today at specialty coffee shops\".", "The French term *{{lang\\|fr\\|café au lait}}* was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward; however, the term *café crème* was used in France for coffee with milk or cream.", "In Spanish, the phrase *{{lang\\|es\\|café con leche}}* (coffee with milk) is used, which is by default served in a medium or large cup, whereas the similar *cortado* (coffee with less milk) is served in a small cup.", "The [Austrian\\-Hungarian empire](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses. *Kapuziner* is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") and [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\") in the second half of 1700s as \"coffee with cream, spices, and sugar\" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino). *Melange* or *café au lait* was introduced in Austrian coffeehouses around 1850\\. In German homes, it was still called *{{lang\\|de\\|Milchkaffee}}*.", "" ]
Rock in Italy ------------- Italy is iconic worldwide for his mainstream "neapolitan" melodic singing style, and historically, very xenophile but quite slowly receptive to musical influences from abroad. State (then monopolistic) radio and TV, and domestic show\-business executives were lukewarm, or frankly hostile to the early rock'n'roll wave of the 1950s. Rock and roll was seen as a gimmick, or just noise for "teddy\-boys" (actual term for young rogues) taste; only some mild\-mannered "modern\-style" singers (like [Tony Renis](/wiki/Tony_Renis "Tony Renis") of "When, when, when" fame) were allowed to be aired, publish records with main labels, and participate in the institutional "Festival di Sanremo" contest. The early pioneers of rock'n'roll (so\-called *urlatori*) had some media coverage as novelties, but soon, those who wanted to pursue a career in music business had to switch toward the traditional mainstream. From 1961 to 1965, teenagers\-oriented music was a mix of pretty\-face pop, twist and French [yé\-yé](/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9 "Yé-yé") influences. Situation changed slightly around 1965\. Notably: Some visiting top acts, like [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles") or [the Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones")<http://www.rollingstonesitalia.com/liveinitaly/67roma.php> (in italian) The creation of "Whiskey\-a\-Go\-go" or "Marquee" styled rock clubs (such as Rome's *Piper Club*, Milan's *Paip's*, and *Piper 2000* on the Tuscan Riviera), was soon imitated in smaller towns. The infamous "disc\-eater", a cheap 45 RPM player, that strongly boosted singles sales, and the massive diffusion of juke\-boxes. The emergence of contests and festivals, friendly to new trends, like the Cantagiro, or Davoli Contest (sponsored by instrument manufacturers and distributors). The easy reception of powerful medium\-wave foreign stations like Radio Luxembourg, Radio Montecarlo or Radio Koper allowed Italian youngsters to bypass the mediatic block, and stay updated to the latest anglosaxon trends (some radio enthusiasts even managed to catch the elusive Channel's "pirate stations" like Radio Caroline, and German TV shows such as [Beat Club](/wiki/Beat_Club "Beat Club")). Under music executives' pressure, the state broadcaster RAI reluctantly agreed to pay some attention to the "beat" hype, and the upcoming soul/R\&B vogue.
[ "Rock in Italy\n-------------", "Italy is iconic worldwide for his mainstream \"neapolitan\" melodic singing style, and historically, very xenophile but quite slowly receptive to musical influences from abroad.", "State (then monopolistic) radio and TV, and domestic show\\-business executives were lukewarm, or frankly hostile to the early rock'n'roll wave of the 1950s.", "Rock and roll was seen as a gimmick, or just noise for \"teddy\\-boys\" (actual term for young rogues) taste; only some mild\\-mannered \"modern\\-style\" singers (like [Tony Renis](/wiki/Tony_Renis \"Tony Renis\") of \"When, when, when\" fame) were allowed to be aired, publish records with main labels, and participate in the institutional \"Festival di Sanremo\" contest.", "The early pioneers of rock'n'roll (so\\-called *urlatori*) had some media coverage as novelties, but soon, those who wanted to pursue a career in music business had to switch toward the traditional mainstream.", "From 1961 to 1965, teenagers\\-oriented music was a mix of pretty\\-face pop, twist and French [yé\\-yé](/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9 \"Yé-yé\") influences.", "Situation changed slightly around 1965\\. Notably:", "Some visiting top acts, like [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") or [the Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\")<http://www.rollingstonesitalia.com/liveinitaly/67roma.php> (in italian)", "The creation of \"Whiskey\\-a\\-Go\\-go\" or \"Marquee\" styled rock clubs (such as Rome's *Piper Club*, Milan's *Paip's*, and *Piper 2000* on the Tuscan Riviera), was soon imitated in smaller towns.", "The infamous \"disc\\-eater\", a cheap 45 RPM player, that strongly boosted singles sales, and the massive diffusion of juke\\-boxes.", "The emergence of contests and festivals, friendly to new trends, like the Cantagiro, or Davoli Contest (sponsored by instrument manufacturers and distributors).", "The easy reception of powerful medium\\-wave foreign stations like Radio Luxembourg, Radio Montecarlo or Radio Koper allowed Italian youngsters to bypass the mediatic block, and stay updated to the latest anglosaxon trends (some radio enthusiasts even managed to catch the elusive Channel's \"pirate stations\" like Radio Caroline, and German TV shows such as [Beat Club](/wiki/Beat_Club \"Beat Club\")).", "Under music executives' pressure, the state broadcaster RAI reluctantly agreed to pay some attention to the \"beat\" hype, and the upcoming soul/R\\&B vogue.", "" ]
The Indian operation -------------------- ### Etymology The operation was named after India's [Second Lieutenant](/wiki/Second_Lieutenant "Second Lieutenant") Rajiv Pande, who had been killed by Pakistanis during an earlier attempt to capture the peak. ### Preparation – Assembling the Indian task force Over the next few days, the JAK LI assembled a new task force led by Major [Varinder Singh](/wiki/Varinder_Singh_%28soldier%29 "Varinder Singh (soldier)") to capture the Quaid Post. Captain Anil Sharma was assigned as Singh's deputy. The task force included 62 people, including 2 officers, 3 [JCOs](/wiki/Junior_commissioned_officer "Junior commissioned officer") and 57 [soldiers](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29%23India_and_Pakistan "Private (rank)#India and Pakistan"). The assignment, launched on 23 June 1987, was code\-named *Operation Rajiv* in honour of Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande.{{cite book \|author\=Col J Francis \|title\=Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rotnAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA100 \|date\=30 August 2013 \|publisher\=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|isbn\=978\-93\-82652\-17\-5 \|pages\=100–102}} The task force established a base in the [Bilafond La](/wiki/Bilafond_La "Bilafond La") area. The 8th JAK LI had taken over the area from 5th [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar_Regiment "Bihar Regiment") just over a month back, and its soldiers were still in the process of getting to know the area. Because of the frequent blizzards and limited capacity of the [HAL Cheetah](/wiki/HAL_Cheetah "HAL Cheetah") helicopters, it took 20 days and 200 helicopter trips for the assault team to gather at Bilafond La. To ferry two people and their supplies, a minimum of 2–4 helicopter trips were required. Each helicopter trip cost {{INR}} 35,000\.{{cite book \|author\=Kunal Verma \|title\=The Long Road to Siachen \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=O9\-bAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT421 \|year\=2012 \|publisher\=Rupa \|isbn\=978\-81\-291\-2704\-4 \|chapter\=XIV Op Rajiv \|pages\=415–421}} During the rehearsals, some [artillery observers](/wiki/Artillery_observer "Artillery observer") had to be evacuated due to [altitude sickness](/wiki/Altitude_sickness "Altitude sickness"). A 10\-man team led by Captain Ram Prakash was placed at the *Sonam* Post. He established an observation post ahead of *Sonam*. ### Initial Indian assault On the evening of 23 June, a [platoon](/wiki/Platoon "Platoon") led by Varinder Singh set out to find the rope fixed by Pande's patrol. The bad weather slowed down the group: it could travel only 1 km in four hours, in waist\-deep snow. Due to heavy snowfall, the team could not find the rope, and retreated to the base. #### Harnam Singh's team On the night of 24 June, a 10\-men team led by Subedar Harnam Singh was sent out. Another team led by Subedar Sansar Chand followed it at a distance. A third team led by Naib Subedar [Bana Singh](/wiki/Bana_Singh "Bana Singh") was kept as a reserve force to be deployed in case the first assault team was stalled due to enemy fire. Harnam Singh's team managed to find the rope and the dead bodies of Pande's patrol. The Indian soldiers started climbing the ice wall. They had barely covered a distance of 50 m, when their [scout](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") [Naik](/wiki/Naik_%28military_rank%29 "Naik (military rank)") Tara Chand noticed some movement in the front. Alerted by Tara Chand, the Indian soldiers started moving down. But before they could take up the firing positions, the Pakistanis opened fire with [medium machine guns](/wiki/Medium_machine_gun "Medium machine gun"). Tara Chand and two others were killed instantaneously. The troops following them were unable to fire back as their weapons had jammed in the −25 °C temperature. Later, the Indians found that the Pakistanis were heating their weapons with a [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene "Kerosene") [stove](/wiki/Portable_stove "Portable stove") kept below the weapon. Harnam Singh's men first took shelter behind icicles, and then hurriedly dug shallow [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare "Trench warfare") in the ice. The Indian artillery designated to cover them could not be used to full extent, as there was danger of them being hurt. Ultimately, the attack had to be abandoned. The wounded soldiers were later brought to the base, and evacuated via helicopters. Their reliefs were dispatched promptly. The Indians also heard helicopters making regular trips on the Pakistani side. While bringing the bodies of their two dead colleagues to the base, the Indians also discovered the bodies of Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Hem Raj. Although the two had been killed a month earlier, their bodies had been preserved in the ice. #### Sansar Chand's team On the night of 25–26 June, Subedar Sansar Chand's team led the attack on the Quaid Post, with the remainder of the force following at a distance. The team advanced towards the Post, supported by the medium machine gun fire from the *Garden* post and [rocket launcher](/wiki/Rocket_launcher "Rocket launcher") fire from the post established by Ram Prakash ahead of the *Sonam* post. Other support teams with [light machine guns](/wiki/Light_machine_guns "Light machine guns") had also been deployed to facilitate the advance of Sansar Chand's men. However, these guns jammed due to cold weather. The Pakistani side also continuously used machine gun and rocket fire to stop the Indian advance. Sansar Chand reached near the top of the Quaid Post, and wanted additional troops to rush in immediately. However, the battery of his [radio](/wiki/Radio "Radio") set died, and he could not communicate with his Commander, who was located just 100 m behind him. He then asked [Havildar](/wiki/Havildar "Havildar") Ram Dutt to move down and reach out to the rest of the Indian team. However, Ram Dutt got hit by the Pakistani fire while moving down, and fell almost 500 feet to his death. His body could never be recovered. Once again, the attack had to be abandoned in absence of additional fire support. ### Final Indian assault – Bana Singh's team By the morning of 26 June, both Indian and Pakistani soldiers had nearly run out of supplies, having spent three nights in extremely cold weather. The Quaid Post was held by 7\-to\-17 Pakistani soldiers at the time.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.business\-standard.com/article/economy\-policy/army\-watches\-as\-siachen\-dialogue\-resumes\-111053000083\_1\.html \|title\=Army watches as Siachen dialogue resumes \|author\=Ajai Shukla \|date\=30 May 2011 \|newspaper\=Business Standard }} The Pakistani troops seemed to be running low on ammunition, as firing from their side had reduced considerably. By this time, the weather had also improved, with the temperatures just below 0 °C. The Indians' weapons had started working. Realizing that the supplies would not last until night, Varinder decided to launch a decisive daytime attack from two sides. The first team comprised 8 men, and was led by Varinder Singh. The second team comprised 5 men, and was led by Naib Subedar [Bana Singh](/wiki/Bana_Singh "Bana Singh"). The brigade commander Brigadier Chandan Nugyal contacted Varinder over radio, and promised him fire support from every Indian artillery gun in the range. After a massive artillery barrage, Varinder's team outflanked Quaid from below. The team led by Bana Singh launched the final assault at 1330 hours on 26 June 1987\. Beside Bana Singh, the group included Riflemen [Chuni Lal](/wiki/Chuni_Lal "Chuni Lal"), Laxman Das, Om Raj and Kashmir Chand. This team approached the Quaid Post from an unexpected direction, using a longer and more difficult approach. There was a blizzard, resulting in poor visibility, which gave cover to the Indian soldiers. Bana Singh's team reached the top of the peak, and found that there was a single Pakistani [bunker](/wiki/Bunker "Bunker"). They approached the bunker from behind, but realized that their rifles were jammed. Bana Singh then lobbed a [grenade](/wiki/Grenade "Grenade") into the bunker and closed the door, killing those inside. The two sides also got involved in a [hand\-to\-hand combat](/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat "Hand-to-hand combat"), in which the Indian soldiers [bayoneted](/wiki/Bayonet "Bayonet") some of the Pakistani soldiers outside the bunker. A few Pakistani soldiers jumped off the peak. Later, the Indians found six dead bodies of Pakistani soldiers. The Indian Army finally gained control of the post. Varinder Singh was severely wounded by an artillery shell after the post was captured. In her book, *Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War*, Myra MacDonald wrote: > Against all odds, India captured the post after an operation that involved scaling ice\-walls by stealth followed by hand\-to\-hand fighting with grenades and bayonets at 20,500 feet. On top of the original occupation of Siachen in 1984, the loss of the Pakistani post in 1987 became an added humiliation that dug deeply into the psyche of the Pakistan Army. A Pakistani counterattack on other Indian posts later that year largely failed.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=m\_IwDgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT51 \|title\=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War \|last\=MacDonald \|first\=Myra \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|year\=2017 \|isbn\=9781849048590 \|page\=51}}
[ "The Indian operation\n--------------------", "### Etymology", "The operation was named after India's [Second Lieutenant](/wiki/Second_Lieutenant \"Second Lieutenant\") Rajiv Pande, who had been killed by Pakistanis during an earlier attempt to capture the peak.", "### Preparation – Assembling the Indian task force", "Over the next few days, the JAK LI assembled a new task force led by Major [Varinder Singh](/wiki/Varinder_Singh_%28soldier%29 \"Varinder Singh (soldier)\") to capture the Quaid Post. Captain Anil Sharma was assigned as Singh's deputy. The task force included 62 people, including 2 officers, 3 [JCOs](/wiki/Junior_commissioned_officer \"Junior commissioned officer\") and 57 [soldiers](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29%23India_and_Pakistan \"Private (rank)#India and Pakistan\"). The assignment, launched on 23 June 1987, was code\\-named *Operation Rajiv* in honour of Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande.{{cite book \\|author\\=Col J Francis \\|title\\=Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rotnAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA100 \\|date\\=30 August 2013 \\|publisher\\=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \\|isbn\\=978\\-93\\-82652\\-17\\-5 \\|pages\\=100–102}}", "The task force established a base in the [Bilafond La](/wiki/Bilafond_La \"Bilafond La\") area. The 8th JAK LI had taken over the area from 5th [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar_Regiment \"Bihar Regiment\") just over a month back, and its soldiers were still in the process of getting to know the area. Because of the frequent blizzards and limited capacity of the [HAL Cheetah](/wiki/HAL_Cheetah \"HAL Cheetah\") helicopters, it took 20 days and 200 helicopter trips for the assault team to gather at Bilafond La. To ferry two people and their supplies, a minimum of 2–4 helicopter trips were required. Each helicopter trip cost {{INR}} 35,000\\.{{cite book \\|author\\=Kunal Verma \\|title\\=The Long Road to Siachen \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=O9\\-bAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT421 \\|year\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=Rupa \\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-291\\-2704\\-4 \\|chapter\\=XIV Op Rajiv \\|pages\\=415–421}}", "During the rehearsals, some [artillery observers](/wiki/Artillery_observer \"Artillery observer\") had to be evacuated due to [altitude sickness](/wiki/Altitude_sickness \"Altitude sickness\"). A 10\\-man team led by Captain Ram Prakash was placed at the *Sonam* Post. He established an observation post ahead of *Sonam*.", "### Initial Indian assault", "On the evening of 23 June, a [platoon](/wiki/Platoon \"Platoon\") led by Varinder Singh set out to find the rope fixed by Pande's patrol. The bad weather slowed down the group: it could travel only 1 km in four hours, in waist\\-deep snow. Due to heavy snowfall, the team could not find the rope, and retreated to the base.", "#### Harnam Singh's team", "On the night of 24 June, a 10\\-men team led by Subedar Harnam Singh was sent out. Another team led by Subedar Sansar Chand followed it at a distance. A third team led by Naib Subedar [Bana Singh](/wiki/Bana_Singh \"Bana Singh\") was kept as a reserve force to be deployed in case the first assault team was stalled due to enemy fire. Harnam Singh's team managed to find the rope and the dead bodies of Pande's patrol. The Indian soldiers started climbing the ice wall. They had barely covered a distance of 50 m, when their [scout](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\") [Naik](/wiki/Naik_%28military_rank%29 \"Naik (military rank)\") Tara Chand noticed some movement in the front. Alerted by Tara Chand, the Indian soldiers started moving down. But before they could take up the firing positions, the Pakistanis opened fire with [medium machine guns](/wiki/Medium_machine_gun \"Medium machine gun\"). Tara Chand and two others were killed instantaneously. The troops following them were unable to fire back as their weapons had jammed in the −25 °C temperature. Later, the Indians found that the Pakistanis were heating their weapons with a [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene \"Kerosene\") [stove](/wiki/Portable_stove \"Portable stove\") kept below the weapon. Harnam Singh's men first took shelter behind icicles, and then hurriedly dug shallow [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare \"Trench warfare\") in the ice. The Indian artillery designated to cover them could not be used to full extent, as there was danger of them being hurt. Ultimately, the attack had to be abandoned.", "The wounded soldiers were later brought to the base, and evacuated via helicopters. Their reliefs were dispatched promptly. The Indians also heard helicopters making regular trips on the Pakistani side. While bringing the bodies of their two dead colleagues to the base, the Indians also discovered the bodies of Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Hem Raj. Although the two had been killed a month earlier, their bodies had been preserved in the ice.", "#### Sansar Chand's team", "On the night of 25–26 June, Subedar Sansar Chand's team led the attack on the Quaid Post, with the remainder of the force following at a distance. The team advanced towards the Post, supported by the medium machine gun fire from the *Garden* post and [rocket launcher](/wiki/Rocket_launcher \"Rocket launcher\") fire from the post established by Ram Prakash ahead of the *Sonam* post. Other support teams with [light machine guns](/wiki/Light_machine_guns \"Light machine guns\") had also been deployed to facilitate the advance of Sansar Chand's men. However, these guns jammed due to cold weather. The Pakistani side also continuously used machine gun and rocket fire to stop the Indian advance.", "Sansar Chand reached near the top of the Quaid Post, and wanted additional troops to rush in immediately. However, the battery of his [radio](/wiki/Radio \"Radio\") set died, and he could not communicate with his Commander, who was located just 100 m behind him. He then asked [Havildar](/wiki/Havildar \"Havildar\") Ram Dutt to move down and reach out to the rest of the Indian team. However, Ram Dutt got hit by the Pakistani fire while moving down, and fell almost 500 feet to his death. His body could never be recovered. Once again, the attack had to be abandoned in absence of additional fire support.", "### Final Indian assault – Bana Singh's team", "By the morning of 26 June, both Indian and Pakistani soldiers had nearly run out of supplies, having spent three nights in extremely cold weather. The Quaid Post was held by 7\\-to\\-17 Pakistani soldiers at the time.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.business\\-standard.com/article/economy\\-policy/army\\-watches\\-as\\-siachen\\-dialogue\\-resumes\\-111053000083\\_1\\.html \\|title\\=Army watches as Siachen dialogue resumes \\|author\\=Ajai Shukla \\|date\\=30 May 2011 \\|newspaper\\=Business Standard }} The Pakistani troops seemed to be running low on ammunition, as firing from their side had reduced considerably. By this time, the weather had also improved, with the temperatures just below 0 °C. The Indians' weapons had started working.", "Realizing that the supplies would not last until night, Varinder decided to launch a decisive daytime attack from two sides. The first team comprised 8 men, and was led by Varinder Singh. The second team comprised 5 men, and was led by Naib Subedar [Bana Singh](/wiki/Bana_Singh \"Bana Singh\"). The brigade commander Brigadier Chandan Nugyal contacted Varinder over radio, and promised him fire support from every Indian artillery gun in the range. After a massive artillery barrage, Varinder's team outflanked Quaid from below.", "The team led by Bana Singh launched the final assault at 1330 hours on 26 June 1987\\. Beside Bana Singh, the group included Riflemen [Chuni Lal](/wiki/Chuni_Lal \"Chuni Lal\"), Laxman Das, Om Raj and Kashmir Chand. This team approached the Quaid Post from an unexpected direction, using a longer and more difficult approach. There was a blizzard, resulting in poor visibility, which gave cover to the Indian soldiers. Bana Singh's team reached the top of the peak, and found that there was a single Pakistani [bunker](/wiki/Bunker \"Bunker\"). They approached the bunker from behind, but realized that their rifles were jammed. Bana Singh then lobbed a [grenade](/wiki/Grenade \"Grenade\") into the bunker and closed the door, killing those inside. The two sides also got involved in a [hand\\-to\\-hand combat](/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat \"Hand-to-hand combat\"), in which the Indian soldiers [bayoneted](/wiki/Bayonet \"Bayonet\") some of the Pakistani soldiers outside the bunker. A few Pakistani soldiers jumped off the peak. Later, the Indians found six dead bodies of Pakistani soldiers.", "The Indian Army finally gained control of the post. Varinder Singh was severely wounded by an artillery shell after the post was captured.", "In her book, *Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War*, Myra MacDonald wrote: \n> Against all odds, India captured the post after an operation that involved scaling ice\\-walls by stealth followed by hand\\-to\\-hand fighting with grenades and bayonets at 20,500 feet. On top of the original occupation of Siachen in 1984, the loss of the Pakistani post in 1987 became an added humiliation that dug deeply into the psyche of the Pakistan Army. A Pakistani counterattack on other Indian posts later that year largely failed.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=m\\_IwDgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT51 \\|title\\=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War \\|last\\=MacDonald \\|first\\=Myra \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|year\\=2017 \\|isbn\\=9781849048590 \\|page\\=51}}", "", "" ]
### Initial Indian assault On the evening of 23 June, a [platoon](/wiki/Platoon "Platoon") led by Varinder Singh set out to find the rope fixed by Pande's patrol. The bad weather slowed down the group: it could travel only 1 km in four hours, in waist\-deep snow. Due to heavy snowfall, the team could not find the rope, and retreated to the base. #### Harnam Singh's team On the night of 24 June, a 10\-men team led by Subedar Harnam Singh was sent out. Another team led by Subedar Sansar Chand followed it at a distance. A third team led by Naib Subedar [Bana Singh](/wiki/Bana_Singh "Bana Singh") was kept as a reserve force to be deployed in case the first assault team was stalled due to enemy fire. Harnam Singh's team managed to find the rope and the dead bodies of Pande's patrol. The Indian soldiers started climbing the ice wall. They had barely covered a distance of 50 m, when their [scout](/wiki/Reconnaissance "Reconnaissance") [Naik](/wiki/Naik_%28military_rank%29 "Naik (military rank)") Tara Chand noticed some movement in the front. Alerted by Tara Chand, the Indian soldiers started moving down. But before they could take up the firing positions, the Pakistanis opened fire with [medium machine guns](/wiki/Medium_machine_gun "Medium machine gun"). Tara Chand and two others were killed instantaneously. The troops following them were unable to fire back as their weapons had jammed in the −25 °C temperature. Later, the Indians found that the Pakistanis were heating their weapons with a [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene "Kerosene") [stove](/wiki/Portable_stove "Portable stove") kept below the weapon. Harnam Singh's men first took shelter behind icicles, and then hurriedly dug shallow [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare "Trench warfare") in the ice. The Indian artillery designated to cover them could not be used to full extent, as there was danger of them being hurt. Ultimately, the attack had to be abandoned. The wounded soldiers were later brought to the base, and evacuated via helicopters. Their reliefs were dispatched promptly. The Indians also heard helicopters making regular trips on the Pakistani side. While bringing the bodies of their two dead colleagues to the base, the Indians also discovered the bodies of Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Hem Raj. Although the two had been killed a month earlier, their bodies had been preserved in the ice. #### Sansar Chand's team On the night of 25–26 June, Subedar Sansar Chand's team led the attack on the Quaid Post, with the remainder of the force following at a distance. The team advanced towards the Post, supported by the medium machine gun fire from the *Garden* post and [rocket launcher](/wiki/Rocket_launcher "Rocket launcher") fire from the post established by Ram Prakash ahead of the *Sonam* post. Other support teams with [light machine guns](/wiki/Light_machine_guns "Light machine guns") had also been deployed to facilitate the advance of Sansar Chand's men. However, these guns jammed due to cold weather. The Pakistani side also continuously used machine gun and rocket fire to stop the Indian advance. Sansar Chand reached near the top of the Quaid Post, and wanted additional troops to rush in immediately. However, the battery of his [radio](/wiki/Radio "Radio") set died, and he could not communicate with his Commander, who was located just 100 m behind him. He then asked [Havildar](/wiki/Havildar "Havildar") Ram Dutt to move down and reach out to the rest of the Indian team. However, Ram Dutt got hit by the Pakistani fire while moving down, and fell almost 500 feet to his death. His body could never be recovered. Once again, the attack had to be abandoned in absence of additional fire support.
[ "### Initial Indian assault", "On the evening of 23 June, a [platoon](/wiki/Platoon \"Platoon\") led by Varinder Singh set out to find the rope fixed by Pande's patrol. The bad weather slowed down the group: it could travel only 1 km in four hours, in waist\\-deep snow. Due to heavy snowfall, the team could not find the rope, and retreated to the base.", "#### Harnam Singh's team", "On the night of 24 June, a 10\\-men team led by Subedar Harnam Singh was sent out. Another team led by Subedar Sansar Chand followed it at a distance. A third team led by Naib Subedar [Bana Singh](/wiki/Bana_Singh \"Bana Singh\") was kept as a reserve force to be deployed in case the first assault team was stalled due to enemy fire. Harnam Singh's team managed to find the rope and the dead bodies of Pande's patrol. The Indian soldiers started climbing the ice wall. They had barely covered a distance of 50 m, when their [scout](/wiki/Reconnaissance \"Reconnaissance\") [Naik](/wiki/Naik_%28military_rank%29 \"Naik (military rank)\") Tara Chand noticed some movement in the front. Alerted by Tara Chand, the Indian soldiers started moving down. But before they could take up the firing positions, the Pakistanis opened fire with [medium machine guns](/wiki/Medium_machine_gun \"Medium machine gun\"). Tara Chand and two others were killed instantaneously. The troops following them were unable to fire back as their weapons had jammed in the −25 °C temperature. Later, the Indians found that the Pakistanis were heating their weapons with a [kerosene](/wiki/Kerosene \"Kerosene\") [stove](/wiki/Portable_stove \"Portable stove\") kept below the weapon. Harnam Singh's men first took shelter behind icicles, and then hurriedly dug shallow [trenches](/wiki/Trench_warfare \"Trench warfare\") in the ice. The Indian artillery designated to cover them could not be used to full extent, as there was danger of them being hurt. Ultimately, the attack had to be abandoned.", "The wounded soldiers were later brought to the base, and evacuated via helicopters. Their reliefs were dispatched promptly. The Indians also heard helicopters making regular trips on the Pakistani side. While bringing the bodies of their two dead colleagues to the base, the Indians also discovered the bodies of Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Hem Raj. Although the two had been killed a month earlier, their bodies had been preserved in the ice.", "#### Sansar Chand's team", "On the night of 25–26 June, Subedar Sansar Chand's team led the attack on the Quaid Post, with the remainder of the force following at a distance. The team advanced towards the Post, supported by the medium machine gun fire from the *Garden* post and [rocket launcher](/wiki/Rocket_launcher \"Rocket launcher\") fire from the post established by Ram Prakash ahead of the *Sonam* post. Other support teams with [light machine guns](/wiki/Light_machine_guns \"Light machine guns\") had also been deployed to facilitate the advance of Sansar Chand's men. However, these guns jammed due to cold weather. The Pakistani side also continuously used machine gun and rocket fire to stop the Indian advance.", "Sansar Chand reached near the top of the Quaid Post, and wanted additional troops to rush in immediately. However, the battery of his [radio](/wiki/Radio \"Radio\") set died, and he could not communicate with his Commander, who was located just 100 m behind him. He then asked [Havildar](/wiki/Havildar \"Havildar\") Ram Dutt to move down and reach out to the rest of the Indian team. However, Ram Dutt got hit by the Pakistani fire while moving down, and fell almost 500 feet to his death. His body could never be recovered. Once again, the attack had to be abandoned in absence of additional fire support.", "" ]
Biography --------- Catch 22 was formed by guitarist/vocalist [Tomas Kalnoky](/wiki/Tomas_Kalnoky "Tomas Kalnoky") and drummer Chris Greer who recruited trumpeter Kevin Gunther, who was working in a local record store. [Bassist](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") [Josh Ansley](/wiki/Josh_Ansley "Josh Ansley"), saxophonist [Ryan Eldred](/wiki/Ryan_Eldred "Ryan Eldred"), and [trombonist](/wiki/Trombone "Trombone") James Egan, who was also Kevin Gunther's first music teacher, rounded out the original lineup. The band released a self\-produced demo tape, *[Rules of the Game](/wiki/Rules_of_the_Game_%28EP%29 "Rules of the Game (EP)")*, in 1996\. All 2000 copies of the tape quickly sold out.{{Cite web\|title\=Catch 22 Tour Announcements 2022 \& 2023, Notifications, Dates, Concerts \& Tickets \- Songkick\|url\=https://www.songkick.com/artists/300733\-catch\-22\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=January 19, 2022\|website\=Songkick\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615224203/http://www.songkick.com:80/artists/300733\-catch\-22 \|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-15 }} The band mailed several copies to labels they were interested in working with including [Gainesville](/wiki/Gainesville%2C_Florida "Gainesville, Florida"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida")'s Toybox Records (who had previously released a 7" by [Less Than Jake](/wiki/Less_Than_Jake "Less Than Jake")). Toybox was owned and operated by Sean Bonner, who had recently moved to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") to work at [Victory Records](/wiki/Victory_Records "Victory Records"). Sean brought the tape to the Victory office and suggested the band be signed. The band then signed to Victory and produced their first studio album, 1998's *[Keasbey Nights](/wiki/Keasbey_Nights "Keasbey Nights")*. Ansley left and was replaced by [Pat Calpin](/wiki/Pat_Calpin "Pat Calpin"). [Kalnoky](/wiki/Tomas_Kalnoky "Tomas Kalnoky") left the band shortly thereafter, deciding (due in part to parental pressure) to continue his education rather than tour. Catch 22 continued on with Pat Calpin moving to guitar, Pat "Mingus" Kays on bass, and Jeff Davidson on vocals. After recording the Washed UP! EP, Egan left the band to continue his teaching career and focus on family life. *[Alone in a Crowd](/wiki/Alone_in_a_Crowd_%28Catch_22_album%29 "Alone in a Crowd (Catch 22 album)")* followed in 2000 with Mike Soprano on trombone. After this release, the band began touring heavily on a national scale, appearing with [Mustard Plug](/wiki/Mustard_Plug "Mustard Plug"), [Reel Big Fish](/wiki/Reel_Big_Fish "Reel Big Fish"), and other third\-wave ska, hardcore, and punk acts. Davidson and Soprano left the band in 2001 to pursue other projects, and for a while the band actively courted new vocalists, even putting an advertisement on their website. The group also recruited Ian McKenzie, formerly of [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") ska band [Edna's Goldfish](/wiki/Edna%27s_Goldfish "Edna's Goldfish") on trombone/vocals. After a fruitless search, the band decided to continue on as it was, with [Ryan Eldred](/wiki/Ryan_Eldred "Ryan Eldred") and Kevin Gunther sharing vocal duties. *[Washed Up and Through the Ringer](/wiki/Washed_Up_and_Through_the_Ringer "Washed Up and Through the Ringer")*, an expansion of the *Washed Up!* EP, was released in 2001, featuring two new songs, three rarities from the *Alone in a Crowd* era, and a handful of live tracks recorded in October 2000 at Club Laga in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania") and Euclid Tavern in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"). The band released its third full\-length album, *[Dinosaur Sounds](/wiki/Dinosaur_Sounds "Dinosaur Sounds")*, in 2003, roughly the same time [Streetlight Manifesto](/wiki/Streetlight_Manifesto "Streetlight Manifesto") (a band founded by Tomas Kalnoky and featuring Josh Ansley, Jamie Egan, and Jim Conti as well as former members of the NJ ska band [One Cool Guy](/wiki/One_Cool_Guy "One Cool Guy")) released their debut album *[Everything Goes Numb](/wiki/Everything_Goes_Numb "Everything Goes Numb")*. Both albums featured supposed veiled attacks on each other, suggesting to many fans that there was some sort of disagreement or heat between Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto.{{Cite web\|last\=S\|first\=Dan\|date\=March 2, 2015\|title\=Kalnoky Manifesto (1996\-2001\): I don't need a music scene to tell me who I am\|url\=http://earnthis.net/kalnoky\-manifesto\-1996\-2001\-i\-dont\-need\-a\-music\-scene\-to\-tell\-me\-who\-i\-am/\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=January 19, 2022\|website\=Earn This\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314132428/http://earnthis.net:80/kalnoky\-manifesto\-1996\-2001\-i\-dont\-need\-a\-music\-scene\-to\-tell\-me\-who\-i\-am/ \|archive\-date\=2015\-03\-14 }} While there was a disagreement, the two parties have since reconciled their differences. Catch 22's Kevin Gunther has since been in charge of Streetlight Manifesto's tour booking for many years, and members of both bands have said in conversations with fans that there is no "beef" between the two. In 2004, Catch 22 released *[Live](/wiki/Live_%28Catch_22_album%29 "Live (Catch 22 album)")*, a combination CD and DVD recording of a show performed at [The Downtown](/wiki/The_Downtown "The Downtown") in [Farmingdale, New York](/wiki/Farmingdale%2C_New_York "Farmingdale, New York"), earlier that year. In 2006, they released their fourth studio album, *[Permanent Revolution](/wiki/Permanent_Revolution_%28album%29 "Permanent Revolution (album)"),* a concept album centeres on the life of Russian Marxist revolutionary [Leon Trotsky](/wiki/Leon_Trotsky "Leon Trotsky"). Its title was coined after Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. In April 2009, the band embarked on a European tour, which included a performance at the [Groezrock](/wiki/Groezrock "Groezrock") festival.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.punknews.org/article/32655/tours\-catch\-22\-europe\-uk\|title\=Catch 22 (Europe, UK)\|publisher\=Punknews.org\|author\=Paul, Aubin\|date\=March 11, 2009\|access\-date\=October 3, 2022}} They played a few Northeastern US shows in August 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.punknews.org/article/34762/tours\-catch\-22\|title\=Catch 22\|publisher\=Punknews.org\|author\=Yancey, Bryne\|date\=August 10, 2009\|access\-date\=October 10, 2022}} In July 2010, former vocalist Jeff Davidson returned as a guest performer to sing a few songs at one show, making it his first performance with the band since 2001\. After a few East Coast shows, the band went on a European tour through to August 2010\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.punknews.org/article/38822/tours\-catch\-22\-europe\|title\=Catch 22 (Europe)\|publisher\=Punknews.org\|author\=August, Justin\|date\=June 25, 2010\|access\-date\=October 20, 2022}} Davidson joined the band again to perform *Alone in a Crowd* in full at Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, NJ on January 30, 2016\. In February 2012, Catch 22's official website showed that they would be making an appearance at Bamboozle 2012\. After a hiatus, in February 2015, Catch 22 was listed as a performer for Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Quebec.{{Cite web\|url\=https://consequence.net/2015/02/amensia\-rockfest\-reveals\-2015\-lineup\-and\-once\-again\-its\-insane/\|title\=Amnesia Rockfest reveals 2015 lineup, and (once again) it's insane\|publisher\=\[\[Consequence of Sound]]\|date\=February 11, 2015}} Jamie Egan returned to Catch 22 in 2019, replacing Dave Solomon. Mike Corvasce also replaced Pat Kays. In November 2022, the band played their 100th show as a band, as part of *Skanksgiving* at Starland Ballroom. In October 2023, the band confirmed in a Facebook comment that they have been working on material, and will hopefully get something out by 2024\. Near the end of April of 2024, Jamie's son Connor starting performing in the band as a touring member.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Catch 22 was formed by guitarist/vocalist [Tomas Kalnoky](/wiki/Tomas_Kalnoky \"Tomas Kalnoky\") and drummer Chris Greer who recruited trumpeter Kevin Gunther, who was working in a local record store. [Bassist](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") [Josh Ansley](/wiki/Josh_Ansley \"Josh Ansley\"), saxophonist [Ryan Eldred](/wiki/Ryan_Eldred \"Ryan Eldred\"), and [trombonist](/wiki/Trombone \"Trombone\") James Egan, who was also Kevin Gunther's first music teacher, rounded out the original lineup.", "The band released a self\\-produced demo tape, *[Rules of the Game](/wiki/Rules_of_the_Game_%28EP%29 \"Rules of the Game (EP)\")*, in 1996\\. All 2000 copies of the tape quickly sold out.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Catch 22 Tour Announcements 2022 \\& 2023, Notifications, Dates, Concerts \\& Tickets \\- Songkick\\|url\\=https://www.songkick.com/artists/300733\\-catch\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2022\\|website\\=Songkick\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615224203/http://www.songkick.com:80/artists/300733\\-catch\\-22 \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-15 }} The band mailed several copies to labels they were interested in working with including [Gainesville](/wiki/Gainesville%2C_Florida \"Gainesville, Florida\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\")'s Toybox Records (who had previously released a 7\" by [Less Than Jake](/wiki/Less_Than_Jake \"Less Than Jake\")). Toybox was owned and operated by Sean Bonner, who had recently moved to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\") to work at [Victory Records](/wiki/Victory_Records \"Victory Records\"). Sean brought the tape to the Victory office and suggested the band be signed.", "The band then signed to Victory and produced their first studio album, 1998's *[Keasbey Nights](/wiki/Keasbey_Nights \"Keasbey Nights\")*. Ansley left and was replaced by [Pat Calpin](/wiki/Pat_Calpin \"Pat Calpin\"). [Kalnoky](/wiki/Tomas_Kalnoky \"Tomas Kalnoky\") left the band shortly thereafter, deciding (due in part to parental pressure) to continue his education rather than tour. Catch 22 continued on with Pat Calpin moving to guitar, Pat \"Mingus\" Kays on bass, and Jeff Davidson on vocals. After recording the Washed UP! EP, Egan left the band to continue his teaching career and focus on family life. *[Alone in a Crowd](/wiki/Alone_in_a_Crowd_%28Catch_22_album%29 \"Alone in a Crowd (Catch 22 album)\")* followed in 2000 with Mike Soprano on trombone. After this release, the band began touring heavily on a national scale, appearing with [Mustard Plug](/wiki/Mustard_Plug \"Mustard Plug\"), [Reel Big Fish](/wiki/Reel_Big_Fish \"Reel Big Fish\"), and other third\\-wave ska, hardcore, and punk acts.\nDavidson and Soprano left the band in 2001 to pursue other projects, and for a while the band actively courted new vocalists, even putting an advertisement on their website. The group also recruited Ian McKenzie, formerly of [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") ska band [Edna's Goldfish](/wiki/Edna%27s_Goldfish \"Edna's Goldfish\") on trombone/vocals.", "After a fruitless search, the band decided to continue on as it was, with [Ryan Eldred](/wiki/Ryan_Eldred \"Ryan Eldred\") and Kevin Gunther sharing vocal duties. *[Washed Up and Through the Ringer](/wiki/Washed_Up_and_Through_the_Ringer \"Washed Up and Through the Ringer\")*, an expansion of the *Washed Up!* EP, was released in 2001, featuring two new songs, three rarities from the *Alone in a Crowd* era, and a handful of live tracks recorded in October 2000 at Club Laga in [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania \"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\") and Euclid Tavern in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\").", "The band released its third full\\-length album, *[Dinosaur Sounds](/wiki/Dinosaur_Sounds \"Dinosaur Sounds\")*, in 2003, roughly the same time [Streetlight Manifesto](/wiki/Streetlight_Manifesto \"Streetlight Manifesto\") (a band founded by Tomas Kalnoky and featuring Josh Ansley, Jamie Egan, and Jim Conti as well as former members of the NJ ska band [One Cool Guy](/wiki/One_Cool_Guy \"One Cool Guy\")) released their debut album *[Everything Goes Numb](/wiki/Everything_Goes_Numb \"Everything Goes Numb\")*. Both albums featured supposed veiled attacks on each other, suggesting to many fans that there was some sort of disagreement or heat between Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto.{{Cite web\\|last\\=S\\|first\\=Dan\\|date\\=March 2, 2015\\|title\\=Kalnoky Manifesto (1996\\-2001\\): I don't need a music scene to tell me who I am\\|url\\=http://earnthis.net/kalnoky\\-manifesto\\-1996\\-2001\\-i\\-dont\\-need\\-a\\-music\\-scene\\-to\\-tell\\-me\\-who\\-i\\-am/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2022\\|website\\=Earn This\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314132428/http://earnthis.net:80/kalnoky\\-manifesto\\-1996\\-2001\\-i\\-dont\\-need\\-a\\-music\\-scene\\-to\\-tell\\-me\\-who\\-i\\-am/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-14 }} While there was a disagreement, the two parties have since reconciled their differences. Catch 22's Kevin Gunther has since been in charge of Streetlight Manifesto's tour booking for many years, and members of both bands have said in conversations with fans that there is no \"beef\" between the two.", "In 2004, Catch 22 released *[Live](/wiki/Live_%28Catch_22_album%29 \"Live (Catch 22 album)\")*, a combination CD and DVD recording of a show performed at [The Downtown](/wiki/The_Downtown \"The Downtown\") in [Farmingdale, New York](/wiki/Farmingdale%2C_New_York \"Farmingdale, New York\"), earlier that year.", "In 2006, they released their fourth studio album, *[Permanent Revolution](/wiki/Permanent_Revolution_%28album%29 \"Permanent Revolution (album)\"),* a concept album centeres on the life of Russian Marxist revolutionary [Leon Trotsky](/wiki/Leon_Trotsky \"Leon Trotsky\"). Its title was coined after Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution.", "In April 2009, the band embarked on a European tour, which included a performance at the [Groezrock](/wiki/Groezrock \"Groezrock\") festival.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.punknews.org/article/32655/tours\\-catch\\-22\\-europe\\-uk\\|title\\=Catch 22 (Europe, UK)\\|publisher\\=Punknews.org\\|author\\=Paul, Aubin\\|date\\=March 11, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2022}} They played a few Northeastern US shows in August 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.punknews.org/article/34762/tours\\-catch\\-22\\|title\\=Catch 22\\|publisher\\=Punknews.org\\|author\\=Yancey, Bryne\\|date\\=August 10, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2022}}", "In July 2010, former vocalist Jeff Davidson returned as a guest performer to sing a few songs at one show, making it his first performance with the band since 2001\\. After a few East Coast shows, the band went on a European tour through to August 2010\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.punknews.org/article/38822/tours\\-catch\\-22\\-europe\\|title\\=Catch 22 (Europe)\\|publisher\\=Punknews.org\\|author\\=August, Justin\\|date\\=June 25, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2022}} Davidson joined the band again to perform *Alone in a Crowd* in full at Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, NJ on January 30, 2016\\.", "In February 2012, Catch 22's official website showed that they would be making an appearance at Bamboozle 2012\\. After a hiatus, in February 2015, Catch 22 was listed as a performer for Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Quebec.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://consequence.net/2015/02/amensia\\-rockfest\\-reveals\\-2015\\-lineup\\-and\\-once\\-again\\-its\\-insane/\\|title\\=Amnesia Rockfest reveals 2015 lineup, and (once again) it's insane\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Consequence of Sound]]\\|date\\=February 11, 2015}} Jamie Egan returned to Catch 22 in 2019, replacing Dave Solomon. Mike Corvasce also replaced Pat Kays.", "In November 2022, the band played their 100th show as a band, as part of *Skanksgiving* at Starland Ballroom.", "In October 2023, the band confirmed in a Facebook comment that they have been working on material, and will hopefully get something out by 2024\\.", "Near the end of April of 2024, Jamie's son Connor starting performing in the band as a touring member.", "" ]
Types ----- ### Canada {{main\|Pass system (Canadian history)}} In 1885 the "[pass system](/wiki/Pass_system_%28Canadian_history%29 "Pass system (Canadian history)")" was introduced in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), to restrict and control the movement of [First Nations](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada "First Nations in Canada") people within Canada. Instituted at the time of the [North\-West Rebellion](/wiki/North-West_Rebellion "North-West Rebellion"), it remained in force for 60 years despite having no basis in law.{{cite web \| url \=http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/dark\-history\-canada\-s\-pass\-system\-1\.3454022 \| title \=Dark history of Canada's First Nations pass system uncovered in documentary \| last \=Cram \| first \=Stephanie \| date \=February 19, 2016 \| website \= CBC News \| publisher \= \[\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] \| access\-date \=February 20, 2016 }} Any First Nation person caught outside his Indian reserve without a pass issued by an Indian agent was returned to the reserve or incarcerated. ### France {{expand section\|date\=April 2013}} In [France](/wiki/France "France"), in the past, one had to show an internal passport to change [city](/wiki/City "City"). Former convicts who had served [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour "Forced labour"), even after having served their sentence, had a [yellow passport](/wiki/Yellow_passport_%28France%29 "Yellow passport (France)"), which made them outcasts. A famous holder of the yellow passport is the former [*{{lang\|fr\|bagnard\|nocat\=true}}*](/wiki/Penal_servitude "Penal servitude") [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean "Jean Valjean") the hero of the novel [Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables "Les Misérables") by [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo").Victor Hugo, *{{lang\|fr\|les Misérables}}* A *[décret](/wiki/Decree%23France "Decree#France")* issued 2 October 1795 (10 [Vendémiaire](/wiki/Vend%C3%A9miaire "Vendémiaire") year IV in the [French Republican Calendar](/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar "French Republican Calendar")) required all persons traveling outside the limits of their [canton](/wiki/Cantons_of_France "Cantons of France") to possess either an internal passport (for voyages within France) or external passport (for travel outside France). In 1815 an internal passport cost 2 [francs](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") and was delivered by the mayor of the commune to the residence of the passport requester.{{cite book\|last1\=Fouché\|first1\=Nicole\|title\=Émigration alsacienne aux États\-Unis, 1815\-1870\|date\=1992\|publisher\=Publications de la Sorbonne\|location\=Paris\|isbn\=2859442170\|language\=fr\|chapter\=Chapitre Premier: Les passeports}}{{rp\|19}} Internal passports were significantly easier to obtain than passports for foreign travel, which cost 10 francs in 1815\. In the early 19th century, many emigrants obtained cheaper and easier\-to\-obtain internal passports to travel to the port of Le Havre, from which most ships to the United States departed.{{rp\|19, 23–26}} As control of the issuance of internal passports, which required a certificate of good behavior, was in the hands of the mayors of communes, there was some degree of favoritism in the issuance/denial of internal passports in the 18th century.{{rp\|23–24}} Internal passports were finally abolished in France in 1862\.{{cite web\|url\=https://french\-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2011/01/passports.html\|title\=Passports\|publisher\=French Genealogy Blog\|language\=en\|author\=Anne Morddel\|date\=16 January 2011\|access\-date\=24 October 2019}} #### Booklet and notebook of circulation of travellers {{expand section\|date\=April 2013}} In [France](/wiki/France "France"), the "livret de circulation" (booklet of circulation) and its variant the "carnet de circulation" (notebook of circulation) provided to those of [no fixed abode](/wiki/No_fixed_abode "No fixed abode") were particularly constraining and [discriminatory](/wiki/Discrimination "Discrimination") obligations imposed on [itinerants](/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe "Itinerant groups in Europe"). At the end of 2012, when examining a {{Interlanguage link\|priority question of constitutionality\|fr\|3\=question prioritaire de constitutionnalité\|lt\=priority question of constitutionality\|vertical\-align\=sup}}, the [Constitutional Council](/wiki/Conseil_constitutionnel_%28France%29 "Conseil constitutionnel (France)") ended the notebook of circulation, considering that it harmed disproportionately the [freedom of movement](/wiki/Freedom_of_movement "Freedom of movement"). ### South Africa In [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"), the [pass laws](/wiki/Pass_laws "Pass laws") (notably the Pass Laws Act 1952, which applied until 1986\) were a component of the [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid") system. The laws regulated where, when and for how long persons could remain outside their "homeland"—which, for many people, was not their homeland, so thousands of indigenous people [were forced to change region](/wiki/Forced_displacement "Forced displacement"). These laws also made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 15 to carry a *pass book* at all times. However, the legislation also required that citizens of all races have on their person an ID book, which closely approximates a passport. ### Soviet Union and its successors {{Main\|Passport system in the Soviet Union\|Propiska in the Soviet Union}} [360px\|thumb\|Pages of internal passport, issued in 1910 in [Imperial Russia](/wiki/Imperial_Russia "Imperial Russia")](/wiki/Image:InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg "InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg") The internal passport system of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") was abandoned after the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution") in 1917, lifting most limitations upon internal movements of members of labouring classes in Soviet Russia. [Labour booklets](/wiki/Employment_Record_Book "Employment Record Book") became the principal means of personal identification. In 1932, the "passport regime" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and "relieve" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of "hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements" and those "not engaged in labor of social usefulness". The "passportization" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid\-1970s. Internal passports were used in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") for identification of persons for various purposes. In particular, passports were used to control and monitor the place of residence by means of the *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union "Propiska in the Soviet Union")*, a regulation designed to control the population's internal movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. For example, a valid *propiska* was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered. Besides marriage to a resident of another area, university education was the most popular way of circumventing one's *propiska* and residing elsewhere. Also, since only a minority of dwellings were privately owned, having a *propiska* at a certain address meant that one had the right to live there. All residents were required by [law](/wiki/Law "Law") to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the [Ministry of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Russia%29 "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)"). {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2013}} For example, citizens needed to submit photographs of themselves for their passport, taken when they were issued the document at age 16, and again at ages 25 and 45\. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2013}} Formally, passports were not necessary for traveling per se in late Soviet Union. Bus, train, and air tickets were sold without names, and identification documents were not necessary for boarding buses and trains (and only became necessary to board a plane in the mid\-1970s) except when traveling to/from border\-adjacent areas and controlled cities. Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document). Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most [Comecon](/wiki/Comecon "Comecon") countries and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") as a member of a touristic group. The leaflet functioned as an equivalent of exit visa stamped in international passports; destination countries did not require entry visas at that time. #### The Russian Federation {{main\|Internal passport of Russia}} In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets. The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union. On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002\. On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45\. The text in the passports is in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"). Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages. A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004\. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid\-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one. The *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union "Propiska in the Soviet Union")* was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia "Constitution of Russia") in 1993, and replaced with "residency registration" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence. Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were *propiska*s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the *propiska*; many continue to call it a "*propiska*". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering. Unlike with the *propiska*, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. *De facto* citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [closed cities](/wiki/Closed_city "Closed city") or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote. In November 2010, the [Federal Migration Service](/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service "Federal Migration Service") announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [drivers' licenses](/wiki/Drivers%27_license "Drivers' license").[{{lang\|ru\|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}](http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml), BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010 In 2013, a plastic ID card, [Universal electronic card](/wiki/Universal_electronic_card "Universal electronic card") was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old\-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017\.{{in lang\|ru}} [АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт](http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao\-uek\-soobshchaet\-o\-zakrytii\-proekta\-po\-vypusku\-universalnykh\-elektronnykh\-kart/ \|date\=2017\-02\-04 }} #### Belarus {{main\|Belarusian passport}} In Belarus, internal passports and passports for travelling abroad were merged into one kind of document in 1991\. Passports are the primary means of identification for citizens of Belarus both in homeland and abroad. Belarusian citizens must have a passport after they have reached the age of 14; passports can also be issued to younger children for travelling abroad. Passports are valid for 10 years regardless of age. Apart from visa pages, a considerable number of pages in Belarusian passports are designated for "internal" records, such as place of residence and marriage. Citizens had to obtain special stamp enabling the passport bearer to cross the border of the [Union State](/wiki/Union_State "Union State") before 2005 when the Constitutional Court ruled the practice not conforming to the Constitution.{{citation needed\|reason\=needs to cite court case\|date\=September 2014}} Combination of primary identification document with international passport causes significant inconvenience to bearers who cannot certify their identity while their passports are processed for visas in embassies and consulates. A passport can also be easily invalidated by a careless foreign passport control official by placing a stamp in a reserved page. ### China and neighbors The internal passport system in China and some neighbors evolved from an ancient *huji* system of [family register](/wiki/Family_register "Family register"). The system has evolved to manage internal movement, distribution of welfare, and other rights. #### People's Republic of China {{Main\|Hukou system\|Custody and repatriation\|Template:China and China\-related Identity and Travel Documents}} {{Missing information\|section\|居住证制度 (\[local] living permit system)\|date\=February 2021}} The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") (PRC) maintains a system of residency registration in [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China") known as *[hukou](/wiki/Hukou_system "Hukou system")*, by which government permission is needed to formally change one's place of residence. It is enforced with [identity cards](/wiki/Resident_Identity_Card "Resident Identity Card"). This system effectively controlled internal migration before the 1980s, but subsequent market reforms caused it to collapse as a means of migration control. An estimated 150 to 200 million people are part of the "[blind flow](/wiki/Blind_flow "Blind flow")" and have unofficially migrated, generally from poor, rural areas to wealthy, urban ones. However, unofficial residents are often denied official services such as education and medical care and are sometimes subject to both social and political [discrimination](/wiki/Discrimination "Discrimination"). #### Korea {{Main\|hoju}} #### Vietnam {{Main\|hộ khẩu}} ### Germany The [Kennkarte](/wiki/Kennkarte "Kennkarte") was the basic identity document in use inside Germany (including occupied incorporated territories) during the [Third Reich](/wiki/Third_Reich "Third Reich") era. They were first introduced in July 1938\. Due to legal arguments, the first cards were not issued until June 1941\. They were normally obtained through a police precinct and bore the stamps of the corresponding issuing office and official. Every male German citizen aged 18 and older, and every Jewish citizen (both male and female) was issued one and was expected to produce it when confronted by officials. German authorities continued to issue them until 1943\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.papertotravel.com/topic/node/10\|title\=Civilian Identity Card (Kennkarte)\|publisher\=PaperToTravel\|language\=en\|author\=Halim Shahirasul\|access\-date\=16 April 2021}} ### Sweden Internal passports were abolished in Sweden in 1860\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hhogman.se/domestic\-travel\-certificates\-sweden.htm\|title\=Domestic Travel Certificates\|publisher\=History\|language\=en\|author\=Hans Högman\|access\-date\=24 October 2019}} ### United States of America Throughout the [Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies "Thirteen Colonies") before the [Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"), [slaves](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States "Slavery in the colonial United States") confined to homes or [agricultural plantations](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South "Plantations in the American South"), or whose movements were limited by curfews, could be required to furnish written evidence their owner had granted an exemption to permit their free movement. For example the [New Hampshire Assembly](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Assembly "New Hampshire Assembly") in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night":{{cite book \|isbn\=9781584652892 \|title\=Black Portsmouth: Three Centuries of African\-American Heritage \|year\=2004 \|last1\=Sammons \|first1\=Mark J. \|last2\=Cunningham \|first2\=Valerie \|pages\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=f7BJj742rUwC\&lpg\=PP1\&pg\=PA32 32–33] \|publisher\=University of New Hampshire Press \|place\=\[\[Durham, New Hampshire]] \|url\=http://www.upne.com/1584652896\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810234657/http://www.upne.com/1584652896\.html \|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-10 \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-27 \|oclc\=845682328 \|lccn\=2004007172}}{{cite book \|title\=Acts and laws of His Majesty's province of New\-Hampshire, in New\-England: With sundry acts of Parliament \|series\=Laws, etc \|year\=1759 \|publisher\=Daniel Fowle \|place\=\[\[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] \|url\=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009706837 \|page\= \[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hxj3t1?urlappend\=%3Bseq\=64 40]}} {{blockquote\|Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock.}}Notices emphasizing the curfew were published in *[The New Hampshire Gazette](/wiki/The_New_Hampshire_Gazette "The New Hampshire Gazette")* in 1764 and 1771\. Internal passports were required for African Americans in the southern [slave states](/wiki/Slave_state "Slave state") before the American Civil War, for example, an authenticated internal passport dated 1815 was presented to Massachusetts citizen George Barker to allow him to freely travel as a free black man to visit relatives in slave states.{{cite web\|title\=Celebrating Black Americana\|url\=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365418399/\|website\=video.pbs.org\|access\-date\=16 February 2015\|format\=video}} After many of these states seceded, forming the [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America"), the central Confederate government not only systematized this system{{clarify\|date\=January 2019}} but required internal passports for whites as well.{{cite book \|last\=Neely \|first\=Mark E. Jr. \|title\=Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties \|location\=Milwaukee \|publisher\=Marquette University Press \|year\=1993 \|pages\=11, 16 \|isbn\=0\-87462\-325\-1 }} Such an internalized passport in the U.S. today would be unconstitutional under the [Privileges and Immunities Clause](/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause "Privileges and Immunities Clause").
[ "Types\n-----", "### Canada", "{{main\\|Pass system (Canadian history)}}\nIn 1885 the \"[pass system](/wiki/Pass_system_%28Canadian_history%29 \"Pass system (Canadian history)\")\" was introduced in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), to restrict and control the movement of [First Nations](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada \"First Nations in Canada\") people within Canada. Instituted at the time of the [North\\-West Rebellion](/wiki/North-West_Rebellion \"North-West Rebellion\"), it remained in force for 60 years despite having no basis in law.{{cite web\n \\| url \\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/dark\\-history\\-canada\\-s\\-pass\\-system\\-1\\.3454022\n \\| title \\=Dark history of Canada's First Nations pass system uncovered in documentary\n \\| last \\=Cram\n \\| first \\=Stephanie\n \\| date \\=February 19, 2016\n \\| website \\= CBC News\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]\n \\| access\\-date \\=February 20, 2016\n }} Any First Nation person caught outside his Indian reserve without a pass issued by an Indian agent was returned to the reserve or incarcerated.", "### France", "{{expand section\\|date\\=April 2013}}", "In [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), in the past, one had to show an internal passport to change [city](/wiki/City \"City\"). Former convicts who had served [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour \"Forced labour\"), even after having served their sentence, had a [yellow passport](/wiki/Yellow_passport_%28France%29 \"Yellow passport (France)\"), which made them outcasts. A famous holder of the yellow passport is the former [*{{lang\\|fr\\|bagnard\\|nocat\\=true}}*](/wiki/Penal_servitude \"Penal servitude\") [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean \"Jean Valjean\") the hero of the novel [Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables \"Les Misérables\") by [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo \"Victor Hugo\").Victor Hugo, *{{lang\\|fr\\|les Misérables}}*", "A *[décret](/wiki/Decree%23France \"Decree#France\")* issued 2 October 1795 (10 [Vendémiaire](/wiki/Vend%C3%A9miaire \"Vendémiaire\") year IV in the [French Republican Calendar](/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar \"French Republican Calendar\")) required all persons traveling outside the limits of their [canton](/wiki/Cantons_of_France \"Cantons of France\") to possess either an internal passport (for voyages within France) or external passport (for travel outside France). In 1815 an internal passport cost 2 [francs](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") and was delivered by the mayor of the commune to the residence of the passport requester.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Fouché\\|first1\\=Nicole\\|title\\=Émigration alsacienne aux États\\-Unis, 1815\\-1870\\|date\\=1992\\|publisher\\=Publications de la Sorbonne\\|location\\=Paris\\|isbn\\=2859442170\\|language\\=fr\\|chapter\\=Chapitre Premier: Les passeports}}{{rp\\|19}} Internal passports were significantly easier to obtain than passports for foreign travel, which cost 10 francs in 1815\\. In the early 19th century, many emigrants obtained cheaper and easier\\-to\\-obtain internal passports to travel to the port of Le Havre, from which most ships to the United States departed.{{rp\\|19, 23–26}} As control of the issuance of internal passports, which required a certificate of good behavior, was in the hands of the mayors of communes, there was some degree of favoritism in the issuance/denial of internal passports in the 18th century.{{rp\\|23–24}}", "Internal passports were finally abolished in France in 1862\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://french\\-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2011/01/passports.html\\|title\\=Passports\\|publisher\\=French Genealogy Blog\\|language\\=en\\|author\\=Anne Morddel\\|date\\=16 January 2011\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2019}}", "#### Booklet and notebook of circulation of travellers", "{{expand section\\|date\\=April 2013}}", "In [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), the \"livret de circulation\" (booklet of circulation) and its variant the \"carnet de circulation\" (notebook of circulation) provided to those of [no fixed abode](/wiki/No_fixed_abode \"No fixed abode\") were particularly constraining and [discriminatory](/wiki/Discrimination \"Discrimination\") obligations imposed on [itinerants](/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe \"Itinerant groups in Europe\").", "At the end of 2012, when examining a {{Interlanguage link\\|priority question of constitutionality\\|fr\\|3\\=question prioritaire de constitutionnalité\\|lt\\=priority question of constitutionality\\|vertical\\-align\\=sup}}, the [Constitutional Council](/wiki/Conseil_constitutionnel_%28France%29 \"Conseil constitutionnel (France)\") ended the notebook of circulation, considering that it harmed disproportionately the [freedom of movement](/wiki/Freedom_of_movement \"Freedom of movement\").", "### South Africa", "In [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), the [pass laws](/wiki/Pass_laws \"Pass laws\") (notably the Pass Laws Act 1952, which applied until 1986\\) were a component of the [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\") system. The laws regulated where, when and for how long persons could remain outside their \"homeland\"—which, for many people, was not their homeland, so thousands of indigenous people [were forced to change region](/wiki/Forced_displacement \"Forced displacement\"). These laws also made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 15 to carry a *pass book* at all times. However, the legislation also required that citizens of all races have on their person an ID book, which closely approximates a passport.", "### Soviet Union and its successors", "{{Main\\|Passport system in the Soviet Union\\|Propiska in the Soviet Union}}\n[360px\\|thumb\\|Pages of internal passport, issued in 1910 in [Imperial Russia](/wiki/Imperial_Russia \"Imperial Russia\")](/wiki/Image:InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg \"InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg\")", "The internal passport system of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") was abandoned after the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") in 1917, lifting most limitations upon internal movements of members of labouring classes in Soviet Russia. [Labour booklets](/wiki/Employment_Record_Book \"Employment Record Book\") became the principal means of personal identification.", "In 1932, the \"passport regime\" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and \"relieve\" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of \"hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements\" and those \"not engaged in labor of social usefulness\". The \"passportization\" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid\\-1970s.", "Internal passports were used in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") for identification of persons for various purposes. In particular, passports were used to control and monitor the place of residence by means of the *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Propiska in the Soviet Union\")*, a regulation designed to control the population's internal movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. For example, a valid *propiska* was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered. Besides marriage to a resident of another area, university education was the most popular way of circumventing one's *propiska* and residing elsewhere. Also, since only a minority of dwellings were privately owned, having a *propiska* at a certain address meant that one had the right to live there.", "All residents were required by [law](/wiki/Law \"Law\") to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the [Ministry of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Russia%29 \"Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)\"). {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2013}} For example, citizens needed to submit photographs of themselves for their passport, taken when they were issued the document at age 16, and again at ages 25 and 45\\. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2013}}", "Formally, passports were not necessary for traveling per se in late Soviet Union. Bus, train, and air tickets were sold without names, and identification documents were not necessary for boarding buses and trains (and only became necessary to board a plane in the mid\\-1970s) except when traveling to/from border\\-adjacent areas and controlled cities. Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document).", "Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most [Comecon](/wiki/Comecon \"Comecon\") countries and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\") as a member of a touristic group. The leaflet functioned as an equivalent of exit visa stamped in international passports; destination countries did not require entry visas at that time.", "#### The Russian Federation", "{{main\\|Internal passport of Russia}}", "In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets.", "The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union.", "On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002\\.", "On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45\\. The text in the passports is in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"). Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages.", "A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004\\. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid\\-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one.", "The *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Propiska in the Soviet Union\")* was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia \"Constitution of Russia\") in 1993, and replaced with \"residency registration\" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence.", "Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were *propiska*s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the *propiska*; many continue to call it a \"*propiska*\". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering.", "Unlike with the *propiska*, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. *De facto* citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [closed cities](/wiki/Closed_city \"Closed city\") or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote.", "In November 2010, the [Federal Migration Service](/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service \"Federal Migration Service\") announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [drivers' licenses](/wiki/Drivers%27_license \"Drivers' license\").[{{lang\\|ru\\|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}](http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml), BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010 In 2013, a plastic ID card, [Universal electronic card](/wiki/Universal_electronic_card \"Universal electronic card\") was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old\\-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017\\.{{in lang\\|ru}} [АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт](http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao\\-uek\\-soobshchaet\\-o\\-zakrytii\\-proekta\\-po\\-vypusku\\-universalnykh\\-elektronnykh\\-kart/ \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-04 }}", "#### Belarus", "{{main\\|Belarusian passport}}\nIn Belarus, internal passports and passports for travelling abroad were merged into one kind of document in 1991\\. Passports are the primary means of identification for citizens of Belarus both in homeland and abroad. Belarusian citizens must have a passport after they have reached the age of 14; passports can also be issued to younger children for travelling abroad. Passports are valid for 10 years regardless of age.", "Apart from visa pages, a considerable number of pages in Belarusian passports are designated for \"internal\" records, such as place of residence and marriage. Citizens had to obtain special stamp enabling the passport bearer to cross the border of the [Union State](/wiki/Union_State \"Union State\") before 2005 when the Constitutional Court ruled the practice not conforming to the Constitution.{{citation needed\\|reason\\=needs to cite court case\\|date\\=September 2014}}", "Combination of primary identification document with international passport causes significant inconvenience to bearers who cannot certify their identity while their passports are processed for visas in embassies and consulates. A passport can also be easily invalidated by a careless foreign passport control official by placing a stamp in a reserved page.", "### China and neighbors", "The internal passport system in China and some neighbors evolved from an ancient *huji* system of [family register](/wiki/Family_register \"Family register\"). The system has evolved to manage internal movement, distribution of welfare, and other rights.", "#### People's Republic of China", "{{Main\\|Hukou system\\|Custody and repatriation\\|Template:China and China\\-related Identity and Travel Documents}}\n{{Missing information\\|section\\|居住证制度 (\\[local] living permit system)\\|date\\=February 2021}}", "The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") (PRC) maintains a system of residency registration in [mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\") known as *[hukou](/wiki/Hukou_system \"Hukou system\")*, by which government permission is needed to formally change one's place of residence. It is enforced with [identity cards](/wiki/Resident_Identity_Card \"Resident Identity Card\"). This system effectively controlled internal migration before the 1980s, but subsequent market reforms caused it to collapse as a means of migration control. An estimated 150 to 200 million people are part of the \"[blind flow](/wiki/Blind_flow \"Blind flow\")\" and have unofficially migrated, generally from poor, rural areas to wealthy, urban ones. However, unofficial residents are often denied official services such as education and medical care and are sometimes subject to both social and political [discrimination](/wiki/Discrimination \"Discrimination\").", "#### Korea", "{{Main\\|hoju}}", "#### Vietnam", "{{Main\\|hộ khẩu}}", "### Germany", "The [Kennkarte](/wiki/Kennkarte \"Kennkarte\") was the basic identity document in use inside Germany (including occupied incorporated territories) during the [Third Reich](/wiki/Third_Reich \"Third Reich\") era. They were first introduced in July 1938\\. Due to legal arguments, the first cards were not issued until June 1941\\. They were normally obtained through a police precinct and bore the stamps of the corresponding issuing office and official. Every male German citizen aged 18 and older, and every Jewish citizen (both male and female) was issued one and was expected to produce it when confronted by officials. German authorities continued to issue them until 1943\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.papertotravel.com/topic/node/10\\|title\\=Civilian Identity Card (Kennkarte)\\|publisher\\=PaperToTravel\\|language\\=en\\|author\\=Halim Shahirasul\\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2021}}", "### Sweden", "Internal passports were abolished in Sweden in 1860\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hhogman.se/domestic\\-travel\\-certificates\\-sweden.htm\\|title\\=Domestic Travel Certificates\\|publisher\\=History\\|language\\=en\\|author\\=Hans Högman\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2019}}", "### United States of America", "Throughout the [Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies \"Thirteen Colonies\") before the [Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), [slaves](/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States \"Slavery in the colonial United States\") confined to homes or [agricultural plantations](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South \"Plantations in the American South\"), or whose movements were limited by curfews, could be required to furnish written evidence their owner had granted an exemption to permit their free movement. For example the [New Hampshire Assembly](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Assembly \"New Hampshire Assembly\") in 1714 passed \"An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night\":{{cite book\n\\|isbn\\=9781584652892\n\\|title\\=Black Portsmouth: Three Centuries of African\\-American Heritage\n\\|year\\=2004\n\\|last1\\=Sammons\n\\|first1\\=Mark J.\n\\|last2\\=Cunningham\n\\|first2\\=Valerie\n\\|pages\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=f7BJj742rUwC\\&lpg\\=PP1\\&pg\\=PA32 32–33]\n\\|publisher\\=University of New Hampshire Press\n\\|place\\=\\[\\[Durham, New Hampshire]]\n\\|url\\=http://www.upne.com/1584652896\\.html\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810234657/http://www.upne.com/1584652896\\.html\n\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-10\n\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-27\n\\|oclc\\=845682328\n\\|lccn\\=2004007172}}{{cite book\n\\|title\\=Acts and laws of His Majesty's province of New\\-Hampshire, in New\\-England: With sundry acts of Parliament\n\\|series\\=Laws, etc\n\\|year\\=1759\n\\|publisher\\=Daniel Fowle\n\\|place\\=\\[\\[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]\n\\|url\\=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009706837\n\\|page\\= \\[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hxj3t1?urlappend\\=%3Bseq\\=64 40]}} {{blockquote\\|Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock.}}Notices emphasizing the curfew were published in *[The New Hampshire Gazette](/wiki/The_New_Hampshire_Gazette \"The New Hampshire Gazette\")* in 1764 and 1771\\.", "Internal passports were required for African Americans in the southern [slave states](/wiki/Slave_state \"Slave state\") before the American Civil War, for example, an authenticated internal passport dated 1815 was presented to Massachusetts citizen George Barker to allow him to freely travel as a free black man to visit relatives in slave states.{{cite web\\|title\\=Celebrating Black Americana\\|url\\=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365418399/\\|website\\=video.pbs.org\\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2015\\|format\\=video}} After many of these states seceded, forming the [Confederate States of America](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\"), the central Confederate government not only systematized this system{{clarify\\|date\\=January 2019}} but required internal passports for whites as well.{{cite book \\|last\\=Neely \\|first\\=Mark E. Jr. \\|title\\=Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties \\|location\\=Milwaukee \\|publisher\\=Marquette University Press \\|year\\=1993 \\|pages\\=11, 16 \\|isbn\\=0\\-87462\\-325\\-1 }}", "Such an internalized passport in the U.S. today would be unconstitutional under the [Privileges and Immunities Clause](/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause \"Privileges and Immunities Clause\").", "" ]
### Soviet Union and its successors {{Main\|Passport system in the Soviet Union\|Propiska in the Soviet Union}} [360px\|thumb\|Pages of internal passport, issued in 1910 in [Imperial Russia](/wiki/Imperial_Russia "Imperial Russia")](/wiki/Image:InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg "InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg") The internal passport system of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") was abandoned after the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution") in 1917, lifting most limitations upon internal movements of members of labouring classes in Soviet Russia. [Labour booklets](/wiki/Employment_Record_Book "Employment Record Book") became the principal means of personal identification. In 1932, the "passport regime" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and "relieve" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of "hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements" and those "not engaged in labor of social usefulness". The "passportization" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid\-1970s. Internal passports were used in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") for identification of persons for various purposes. In particular, passports were used to control and monitor the place of residence by means of the *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union "Propiska in the Soviet Union")*, a regulation designed to control the population's internal movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. For example, a valid *propiska* was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered. Besides marriage to a resident of another area, university education was the most popular way of circumventing one's *propiska* and residing elsewhere. Also, since only a minority of dwellings were privately owned, having a *propiska* at a certain address meant that one had the right to live there. All residents were required by [law](/wiki/Law "Law") to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the [Ministry of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Russia%29 "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)"). {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2013}} For example, citizens needed to submit photographs of themselves for their passport, taken when they were issued the document at age 16, and again at ages 25 and 45\. {{Citation needed\|date\=April 2013}} Formally, passports were not necessary for traveling per se in late Soviet Union. Bus, train, and air tickets were sold without names, and identification documents were not necessary for boarding buses and trains (and only became necessary to board a plane in the mid\-1970s) except when traveling to/from border\-adjacent areas and controlled cities. Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document). Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most [Comecon](/wiki/Comecon "Comecon") countries and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") as a member of a touristic group. The leaflet functioned as an equivalent of exit visa stamped in international passports; destination countries did not require entry visas at that time. #### The Russian Federation {{main\|Internal passport of Russia}} In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets. The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union. On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002\. On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45\. The text in the passports is in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"). Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages. A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004\. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid\-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one. The *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union "Propiska in the Soviet Union")* was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia "Constitution of Russia") in 1993, and replaced with "residency registration" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence. Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were *propiska*s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the *propiska*; many continue to call it a "*propiska*". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering. Unlike with the *propiska*, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. *De facto* citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [closed cities](/wiki/Closed_city "Closed city") or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote. In November 2010, the [Federal Migration Service](/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service "Federal Migration Service") announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [drivers' licenses](/wiki/Drivers%27_license "Drivers' license").[{{lang\|ru\|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}](http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml), BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010 In 2013, a plastic ID card, [Universal electronic card](/wiki/Universal_electronic_card "Universal electronic card") was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old\-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017\.{{in lang\|ru}} [АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт](http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao\-uek\-soobshchaet\-o\-zakrytii\-proekta\-po\-vypusku\-universalnykh\-elektronnykh\-kart/ \|date\=2017\-02\-04 }} #### Belarus {{main\|Belarusian passport}} In Belarus, internal passports and passports for travelling abroad were merged into one kind of document in 1991\. Passports are the primary means of identification for citizens of Belarus both in homeland and abroad. Belarusian citizens must have a passport after they have reached the age of 14; passports can also be issued to younger children for travelling abroad. Passports are valid for 10 years regardless of age. Apart from visa pages, a considerable number of pages in Belarusian passports are designated for "internal" records, such as place of residence and marriage. Citizens had to obtain special stamp enabling the passport bearer to cross the border of the [Union State](/wiki/Union_State "Union State") before 2005 when the Constitutional Court ruled the practice not conforming to the Constitution.{{citation needed\|reason\=needs to cite court case\|date\=September 2014}} Combination of primary identification document with international passport causes significant inconvenience to bearers who cannot certify their identity while their passports are processed for visas in embassies and consulates. A passport can also be easily invalidated by a careless foreign passport control official by placing a stamp in a reserved page.
[ "### Soviet Union and its successors", "{{Main\\|Passport system in the Soviet Union\\|Propiska in the Soviet Union}}\n[360px\\|thumb\\|Pages of internal passport, issued in 1910 in [Imperial Russia](/wiki/Imperial_Russia \"Imperial Russia\")](/wiki/Image:InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg \"InternalPassport-RussianEmpire1910.jpg\")", "The internal passport system of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") was abandoned after the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") in 1917, lifting most limitations upon internal movements of members of labouring classes in Soviet Russia. [Labour booklets](/wiki/Employment_Record_Book \"Employment Record Book\") became the principal means of personal identification.", "In 1932, the \"passport regime\" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and \"relieve\" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of \"hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements\" and those \"not engaged in labor of social usefulness\". The \"passportization\" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid\\-1970s.", "Internal passports were used in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") for identification of persons for various purposes. In particular, passports were used to control and monitor the place of residence by means of the *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Propiska in the Soviet Union\")*, a regulation designed to control the population's internal movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. For example, a valid *propiska* was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered. Besides marriage to a resident of another area, university education was the most popular way of circumventing one's *propiska* and residing elsewhere. Also, since only a minority of dwellings were privately owned, having a *propiska* at a certain address meant that one had the right to live there.", "All residents were required by [law](/wiki/Law \"Law\") to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the [Ministry of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Russia%29 \"Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)\"). {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2013}} For example, citizens needed to submit photographs of themselves for their passport, taken when they were issued the document at age 16, and again at ages 25 and 45\\. {{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2013}}", "Formally, passports were not necessary for traveling per se in late Soviet Union. Bus, train, and air tickets were sold without names, and identification documents were not necessary for boarding buses and trains (and only became necessary to board a plane in the mid\\-1970s) except when traveling to/from border\\-adjacent areas and controlled cities. Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document).", "Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most [Comecon](/wiki/Comecon \"Comecon\") countries and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\") as a member of a touristic group. The leaflet functioned as an equivalent of exit visa stamped in international passports; destination countries did not require entry visas at that time.", "#### The Russian Federation", "{{main\\|Internal passport of Russia}}", "In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets.", "The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union.", "On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002\\.", "On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45\\. The text in the passports is in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"). Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages.", "A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004\\. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid\\-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one.", "The *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Propiska in the Soviet Union\")* was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia \"Constitution of Russia\") in 1993, and replaced with \"residency registration\" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence.", "Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were *propiska*s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the *propiska*; many continue to call it a \"*propiska*\". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering.", "Unlike with the *propiska*, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. *De facto* citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [closed cities](/wiki/Closed_city \"Closed city\") or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote.", "In November 2010, the [Federal Migration Service](/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service \"Federal Migration Service\") announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [drivers' licenses](/wiki/Drivers%27_license \"Drivers' license\").[{{lang\\|ru\\|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}](http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml), BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010 In 2013, a plastic ID card, [Universal electronic card](/wiki/Universal_electronic_card \"Universal electronic card\") was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old\\-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017\\.{{in lang\\|ru}} [АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт](http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao\\-uek\\-soobshchaet\\-o\\-zakrytii\\-proekta\\-po\\-vypusku\\-universalnykh\\-elektronnykh\\-kart/ \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-04 }}", "#### Belarus", "{{main\\|Belarusian passport}}\nIn Belarus, internal passports and passports for travelling abroad were merged into one kind of document in 1991\\. Passports are the primary means of identification for citizens of Belarus both in homeland and abroad. Belarusian citizens must have a passport after they have reached the age of 14; passports can also be issued to younger children for travelling abroad. Passports are valid for 10 years regardless of age.", "Apart from visa pages, a considerable number of pages in Belarusian passports are designated for \"internal\" records, such as place of residence and marriage. Citizens had to obtain special stamp enabling the passport bearer to cross the border of the [Union State](/wiki/Union_State \"Union State\") before 2005 when the Constitutional Court ruled the practice not conforming to the Constitution.{{citation needed\\|reason\\=needs to cite court case\\|date\\=September 2014}}", "Combination of primary identification document with international passport causes significant inconvenience to bearers who cannot certify their identity while their passports are processed for visas in embassies and consulates. A passport can also be easily invalidated by a careless foreign passport control official by placing a stamp in a reserved page.", "" ]
#### The Russian Federation {{main\|Internal passport of Russia}} In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets. The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union. On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002\. On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45\. The text in the passports is in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"). Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages. A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004\. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid\-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one. The *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union "Propiska in the Soviet Union")* was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia "Constitution of Russia") in 1993, and replaced with "residency registration" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence. Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were *propiska*s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the *propiska*; many continue to call it a "*propiska*". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering. Unlike with the *propiska*, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. *De facto* citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [closed cities](/wiki/Closed_city "Closed city") or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote. In November 2010, the [Federal Migration Service](/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service "Federal Migration Service") announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [drivers' licenses](/wiki/Drivers%27_license "Drivers' license").[{{lang\|ru\|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}](http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml), BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010 In 2013, a plastic ID card, [Universal electronic card](/wiki/Universal_electronic_card "Universal electronic card") was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old\-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017\.{{in lang\|ru}} [АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт](http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao\-uek\-soobshchaet\-o\-zakrytii\-proekta\-po\-vypusku\-universalnykh\-elektronnykh\-kart/ \|date\=2017\-02\-04 }}
[ "#### The Russian Federation", "{{main\\|Internal passport of Russia}}", "In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets.", "The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union.", "On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002\\.", "On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45\\. The text in the passports is in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"). Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages.", "A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004\\. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid\\-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one.", "The *[propiska](/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Propiska in the Soviet Union\")* was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia \"Constitution of Russia\") in 1993, and replaced with \"residency registration\" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence.", "Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were *propiska*s. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the *propiska*; many continue to call it a \"*propiska*\". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering.", "Unlike with the *propiska*, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. *De facto* citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of [closed cities](/wiki/Closed_city \"Closed city\") or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote.", "In November 2010, the [Federal Migration Service](/wiki/Federal_Migration_Service \"Federal Migration Service\") announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or [drivers' licenses](/wiki/Drivers%27_license \"Drivers' license\").[{{lang\\|ru\\|Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта}}](http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/11/101118_russia_passports_cancellation.shtml), BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010 In 2013, a plastic ID card, [Universal electronic card](/wiki/Universal_electronic_card \"Universal electronic card\") was introduced, and any citizen had the right to reject it and retain an old\\-style internal passport. This card system was abandoned in January 2017\\.{{in lang\\|ru}} [АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт](http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao-uek-soobshchaet-o-zakrytii-proekta-po-vypusku-universalnykh-elektronnykh-kart/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005514/http://www.uecard.ru/press/news/ao\\-uek\\-soobshchaet\\-o\\-zakrytii\\-proekta\\-po\\-vypusku\\-universalnykh\\-elektronnykh\\-kart/ \\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-04 }}", "" ]
Biography --------- Klippel was born in [Potts Point](/wiki/Potts_Point "Potts Point"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") on 19 June 1920\. At the age of six, he made his first model ship after being taken on a ferry ride on Sydney Harbour. Model making became a passion. He was educated at [Sydney Grammar School](/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School "Sydney Grammar School"). He trained to work in the wool industry but in 1939 he joined the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy "Royal Australian Navy"). He was employed to make models of planes while he was serving in the [Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships](/wiki/Defensively_Equipped_Merchant_Ships "Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships") at the Gunnery Instruction Centre during World War II. While working at the centre he was able to attend evening classes in sculpture under Lyndon Dadswell at [East Sydney Technical College](/wiki/National_Art_School "National Art School") and after his military discharge, was able to attend for a full year. His parents' business was successful and with their support, he left Australia in 1947 to study at the [Slade School of Fine Art](/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art "Slade School of Fine Art") where he remained for six months. He lived and painted at [The Abbey Arts Centre](/wiki/The_Abbey_Arts_Centre "The Abbey Arts Centre") in [New Barnet](/wiki/New_Barnet "New Barnet"), London, along with artists [Leonard French](/wiki/Leonard_French "Leonard French"), [James Gleeson](/wiki/James_Gleeson "James Gleeson"), [Peter Benjamin Graham](/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Graham "Peter Benjamin Graham"), [Douglas Green](/wiki/Douglas_Green_%28Australian_artist%29 "Douglas Green (Australian artist)"), [Stacha Halpern](/wiki/Stacha_Halpern "Stacha Halpern"), [Grahame King](/wiki/Grahame_King "Grahame King") and [Inge King](/wiki/Inge_King "Inge King"). In November 1948, Klippel, Gleeson and the young [Lucian Freud](/wiki/Lucian_Freud "Lucian Freud") exhibited together in London. [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton"), the originator of [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"), arranged for Klippel's work to be exhibited in Paris the following year. He spent a year in Paris where he attended lectures by [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti "Jiddu Krishnamurti"). This strengthened a lifelong interest in Eastern religion and philosophy, [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"), [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism"), and [Zen](/wiki/Zen "Zen"). After 18 months in Paris, Klippel returned to Australia in 1950\. In 1957 he sailed to the United States, living in New York . He taught sculpture at the Minneapolis School of Art (now the [Minneapolis College of Art and Design](/wiki/Minneapolis_College_of_Art_and_Design "Minneapolis College of Art and Design")) from 1958 to 1962 and returned to New York until 1963\. He then returned to Sydney, where he remained until his death. He taught at [Alexander Mackie College of Advanced Education](/wiki/Alexander_Mackie_College_of_Advanced_Education "Alexander Mackie College of Advanced Education") from 1975 to 1979\. In 1988 he was appointed an Officer of the [Order of Australia](/wiki/Order_of_Australia "Order of Australia") for his services to art.[It's an Honour](https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/870346) He died in Sydney on his 81st birthday, 19 June 2001\.[Parliament of New South Wales](http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20010627050)
[ "Biography\n---------", "Klippel was born in [Potts Point](/wiki/Potts_Point \"Potts Point\"), [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") on 19 June 1920\\. At the age of six, he made his first model ship after being taken on a ferry ride on Sydney Harbour. Model making became a passion. He was educated at [Sydney Grammar School](/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School \"Sydney Grammar School\"). He trained to work in the wool industry but in 1939 he joined the [Royal Australian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy \"Royal Australian Navy\"). He was employed to make models of planes while he was serving in the [Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships](/wiki/Defensively_Equipped_Merchant_Ships \"Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships\") at the Gunnery Instruction Centre during World War II.", "While working at the centre he was able to attend evening classes in sculpture under Lyndon Dadswell at [East Sydney Technical College](/wiki/National_Art_School \"National Art School\") and after his military discharge, was able to attend for a full year.", "His parents' business was successful and with their support, he left Australia in 1947 to study at the [Slade School of Fine Art](/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art \"Slade School of Fine Art\") where he remained for six months. He lived and painted at [The Abbey Arts Centre](/wiki/The_Abbey_Arts_Centre \"The Abbey Arts Centre\") in [New Barnet](/wiki/New_Barnet \"New Barnet\"), London, along with artists [Leonard French](/wiki/Leonard_French \"Leonard French\"), [James Gleeson](/wiki/James_Gleeson \"James Gleeson\"), [Peter Benjamin Graham](/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Graham \"Peter Benjamin Graham\"), [Douglas Green](/wiki/Douglas_Green_%28Australian_artist%29 \"Douglas Green (Australian artist)\"), [Stacha Halpern](/wiki/Stacha_Halpern \"Stacha Halpern\"), [Grahame King](/wiki/Grahame_King \"Grahame King\") and [Inge King](/wiki/Inge_King \"Inge King\"). In November 1948, Klippel, Gleeson and the young [Lucian Freud](/wiki/Lucian_Freud \"Lucian Freud\") exhibited together in London. [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton \"André Breton\"), the originator of [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\"), arranged for Klippel's work to be exhibited in Paris the following year.", "He spent a year in Paris where he attended lectures by [Jiddu Krishnamurti](/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti \"Jiddu Krishnamurti\"). This strengthened a lifelong interest in Eastern religion and philosophy, [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\"), and [Zen](/wiki/Zen \"Zen\"). After 18 months in Paris, Klippel returned to Australia in 1950\\.", "In 1957 he sailed to the United States, living in New York . He taught sculpture at the Minneapolis School of Art (now the [Minneapolis College of Art and Design](/wiki/Minneapolis_College_of_Art_and_Design \"Minneapolis College of Art and Design\")) from 1958 to 1962 and returned to New York until 1963\\. He then returned to Sydney, where he remained until his death. He taught at [Alexander Mackie College of Advanced Education](/wiki/Alexander_Mackie_College_of_Advanced_Education \"Alexander Mackie College of Advanced Education\") from 1975 to 1979\\.", "In 1988 he was appointed an Officer of the [Order of Australia](/wiki/Order_of_Australia \"Order of Australia\") for his services to art.[It's an Honour](https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/870346)", "He died in Sydney on his 81st birthday, 19 June 2001\\.[Parliament of New South Wales](http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20010627050)", "" ]
Work ---- Klippel's work commonly utilized an extraordinary diversity of junk materials: wood, stone, plastic toy kits, wooden pattern parts, typewriter machinery, industrial piping and machine parts, as well as bronze, silver, oils, photography, collage and paper. He is also notable for the great diversity of scale of his work, from intricate whimsical structures in metal to the large wooden assemblages of the 1980s. His mature work was usually untitled, being distinguished by simple number sequences. While in London, he met other expatriate Australians including the surrealist painter [James Gleeson](/wiki/James_Gleeson "James Gleeson"). The two collaborated on several works, including *Madame Sophie Sesostoris* (1947–48\),{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/SA3\.1970/\|title\=No 35 Madame Sophie Sesostoris (a pre\-raphaelite satire)\|last\=Klippel\|first\=Robert\|last2\=Gleeson\|first2\=James\|date\=1947–1948\|website\=AGNSW collection record\|publisher\=Art Gallery of New South Wales\|access\-date\=9 May 2016}} a [Pre\-Raphaelite](/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite "Pre-Raphaelite") satire, combining Klippel's sculpture with Gleeson's painting. For a time, Klippel embraced the surrealist ethic, exhibiting at a major surrealist show and meeting [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton "André Breton"). During his time in London, he began a series of drawings and filled his notebooks with analytical diagrams of organic and mechanical objects, everything from screws and cogs to insects and shells, and making detailed drawings of the [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic "Anthropomorphic") forms used by artists such as [Henry Moore](/wiki/Henry_Moore "Henry Moore") and [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"). Whereas Moore had related the human figure to the forms of nature, Klippel set out to relate the forms of nature to the shapes and forms of machinery in an industrial society. He made the statement that he wished "to seek the inter\-relationship between the cogwheel and the bud." By the time Klippel returned to Sydney in 1950, he was committed to construction as a method and was producing totally abstract sculptures. His work was received with little enthusiasm in Australia at first, with his first sculptural work was not selling in his country until 1956\. Forced to work full\-time, his production dropped to a mere 18 pieces between 1950 and 1957\. By the 1950s Klippel had grown apart from the surrealists and in New York he was invigorated by the rise of [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism") and the [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_%28art%29 "New York School (art)"). He moved away increasingly from traditional sculpture and produced his first junk assemblages in 1960\. He began incorporating machine parts, pieces of wood and industrial piping into his works. In 1964, art critic [Robert Hughes](/wiki/Robert_Hughes_%28critic%29 "Robert Hughes (critic)") called Klippel "one of the few Australian sculptors worthy of international attention". The statement cemented his international reputation, but he struggled to win acceptance in his own country. [The Blurb](http://www.theblurb.com.au/Issue20/Klippel.htm) During the 1970s and '80s, when the traditional distinctions between sculpture and architecture, design, photography, performance and painting were frequently presented as obsolete, Klippel remained committed to the idea of sculpture as abstract, as occupying sculptural space, and as sustaining in ways beyond literary or narrative function. Klippel's last decades were extremely prolific. In the 1980s he completed a major series of small bronzes, as well as a large number of monumental wooden assemblages, made from the pattern\-parts of early twentieth century maritime machinery. Working with wood, metals, plastics, junk, machinery parts, oils, watercolours and paper, and utilising the techniques of casting, assemblage, painting and collage, he had completed over 1,200 sculptures by the end of the 1990s. A documentary film, *Make It New: A Portrait of the Sculptor Robert Klippel*, was produced in 2003\.
[ "Work\n----", "Klippel's work commonly utilized an extraordinary diversity of junk materials: wood, stone, plastic toy kits, wooden pattern parts, typewriter machinery, industrial piping and machine parts, as well as bronze, silver, oils, photography, collage and paper. He is also notable for the great diversity of scale of his work, from intricate whimsical structures in metal to the large wooden assemblages of the 1980s. His mature work was usually untitled, being distinguished by simple number sequences.", "While in London, he met other expatriate Australians including the surrealist painter [James Gleeson](/wiki/James_Gleeson \"James Gleeson\"). The two collaborated on several works, including *Madame Sophie Sesostoris* (1947–48\\),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/SA3\\.1970/\\|title\\=No 35 Madame Sophie Sesostoris (a pre\\-raphaelite satire)\\|last\\=Klippel\\|first\\=Robert\\|last2\\=Gleeson\\|first2\\=James\\|date\\=1947–1948\\|website\\=AGNSW collection record\\|publisher\\=Art Gallery of New South Wales\\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2016}} a [Pre\\-Raphaelite](/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite \"Pre-Raphaelite\") satire, combining Klippel's sculpture with Gleeson's painting. For a time, Klippel embraced the surrealist ethic, exhibiting at a major surrealist show and meeting [André Breton](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton \"André Breton\").", "During his time in London, he began a series of drawings and filled his notebooks with analytical diagrams of organic and mechanical objects, everything from screws and cogs to insects and shells, and making detailed drawings of the [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic \"Anthropomorphic\") forms used by artists such as [Henry Moore](/wiki/Henry_Moore \"Henry Moore\") and [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\"). Whereas Moore had related the human figure to the forms of nature, Klippel set out to relate the forms of nature to the shapes and forms of machinery in an industrial society. He made the statement that he wished \"to seek the inter\\-relationship between the cogwheel and the bud.\"", "By the time Klippel returned to Sydney in 1950, he was committed to construction as a method and was producing totally abstract sculptures. His work was received with little enthusiasm in Australia at first, with his first sculptural work was not selling in his country until 1956\\. Forced to work full\\-time, his production dropped to a mere 18 pieces between 1950 and 1957\\.", "By the 1950s Klippel had grown apart from the surrealists and in New York he was invigorated by the rise of [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism \"Abstract expressionism\") and the [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_%28art%29 \"New York School (art)\"). He moved away increasingly from traditional sculpture and produced his first junk assemblages in 1960\\. He began incorporating machine parts, pieces of wood and industrial piping into his works.", "In 1964, art critic [Robert Hughes](/wiki/Robert_Hughes_%28critic%29 \"Robert Hughes (critic)\") called Klippel \"one of the few Australian sculptors worthy of international attention\". The statement cemented his international reputation, but he struggled to win acceptance in his own country. [The Blurb](http://www.theblurb.com.au/Issue20/Klippel.htm) During the 1970s and '80s, when the traditional distinctions between sculpture and architecture, design, photography, performance and painting were frequently presented as obsolete, Klippel remained committed to the idea of sculpture as abstract, as occupying sculptural space, and as sustaining in ways beyond literary or narrative function.", "Klippel's last decades were extremely prolific. In the 1980s he completed a major series of small bronzes, as well as a large number of monumental wooden assemblages, made from the pattern\\-parts of early twentieth century maritime machinery. Working with wood, metals, plastics, junk, machinery parts, oils, watercolours and paper, and utilising the techniques of casting, assemblage, painting and collage, he had completed over 1,200 sculptures by the end of the 1990s.", "A documentary film, *Make It New: A Portrait of the Sculptor Robert Klippel*, was produced in 2003\\.", "" ]
Charitable activities --------------------- Despite being a charity, Bright Ideas Trust does not give away grants but instead helps beneficiaries access start\-up finance via start\-up loans. The charity provides bespoke support for young people who want to start their own business. Each young person is matched with a mentor, who works with them during the business planning stage and for at least the first twelve months of the business trading. Mentors are usually experienced entrepreneurs from a wide variety of sectors. Every 2 months Bright Ideas Trust hosts an informal networking event for young people and people interested in helping them set up in business. Each event includes an interview with a young person the charity has helped, a guest speaker who is usually an established business owner and an expert business panel q\&a session. Bright Ideas Trust also delivers enterprise awareness workshops and events in schools, colleges, universities and other youth organisations to help young people make fully informed decisions regarding their career choice. Bright Ideas Trust also engages with prisons, youth offending teams, housing associations and other organisations supporting employability projects for young people.
[ "Charitable activities\n---------------------", "Despite being a charity, Bright Ideas Trust does not give away grants but instead helps beneficiaries access start\\-up finance via start\\-up loans.", "The charity provides bespoke support for young people who want to start their own business. Each young person is matched with a mentor, who works with them during the business planning stage and for at least the first twelve months of the business trading. Mentors are usually experienced entrepreneurs from a wide variety of sectors.", "Every 2 months Bright Ideas Trust hosts an informal networking event for young people and people interested in helping them set up in business. Each event includes an interview with a young person the charity has helped, a guest speaker who is usually an established business owner and an expert business panel q\\&a session.", "Bright Ideas Trust also delivers enterprise awareness workshops and events in schools, colleges, universities and other youth organisations to help young people make fully informed decisions regarding their career choice.", "Bright Ideas Trust also engages with prisons, youth offending teams, housing associations and other organisations supporting employability projects for young people.", "" ]
NBA career ---------- ### Los Angeles Lakers Nixon was selected in the first round of the [1977 NBA draft](/wiki/1977_NBA_draft "1977 NBA draft") by the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers") with the 22nd overall pick.{{cite web\|first\=Gilbert\|last\=McGregor\|title\=Who is Norm Nixon? All\-Star guard more than footnote in 'Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty'\|date\=March 8, 2022\|work\=Sporting News\|url\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nba/news/lakers\-norm\-nixon\-guard\-winning\-time/kj29piljtfk7seim72i801yp\|access\-date\=November 15, 2022}} They had already picked another [point guard](/wiki/Point_guard "Point guard"), [Brad Davis](/wiki/Brad_Davis_%28basketball%29 "Brad Davis (basketball)"), earlier in that draft.{{cite magazine\|first\=Bruce\|last\=Newman\|title\=NO GLITZ, BUT MAYBE GLORY\|date\=November 21, 1983\|magazine\=Sports Illustrated\|url\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1983/11/21/no\-glitz\-but\-maybe\-glory\|access\-date\=November 15, 2022}} Nixon played for the Lakers for six successful seasons. For the 1978–79 season, Nixon tied [Eddie Jordan](/wiki/Eddie_Jordan_%28basketball%29 "Eddie Jordan (basketball)") of the [New Jersey Nets](/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets "New Jersey Nets") for the NBA lead in steals with 201,["1978\-79 NBA Expanded Leaders"](https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1979_leaders.html) – Basketball\-Reference.com and total games (82 regular season \+ 23 playoffs \= 105\). The next season (1979–80\), he led the league in minutes played (3,226\), minutes\-per\-game (39\.3\), and was third in assists with 642\.["1979\-80 NBA Expanded Leaders"](https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1980_leaders.html). – Basketball\-Reference.com. In [1979–80](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Los_Angeles_Lakers_season "1979–80 Los Angeles Lakers season"), Lakers coach [Jack McKinney](/wiki/Jack_McKinney_%28basketball%29 "Jack McKinney (basketball)") had the {{convert\|6\|ft\|9\|in\|m\|adj\=on}} rookie [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson "Magic Johnson"), who some analysts thought should play [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 "Forward (basketball)"), be a point guard, even though Nixon was already one of the best in the league.{{cite news\|last\=Helin\|first\=Kurt\|title\=The Extra Pass: Talking "Showtime" Lakers with author Jeff Pearlman\|date\=March 5, 2014\|publisher\=NBC Sports\|url\=https://nba.nbcsports.com/2014/03/05/the\-extra\-pass\-talking\-showtime\-lakers\-with\-author\-jeff\-pearlman/\|access\-date\=September 29, 2018}}{{cite book\|last\=Ramsay\|first\=Dr. Jack\|title\=Dr. Jack's Leadership Lessons Learned From a Lifetime in Basketball\|page\=98\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons\|year\=2004\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=uDQYw\_Dr\-hEC\&q\=%22magic\+johnson%22\+forward\+mckinney\&pg\=PA98\|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-46929\-2}} In his four years sharing play\-making responsibilities with Johnson, Nixon averaged at least seven assists each season.{{cite web\|first1\=Andy\|last1\=Kamenetzky\|first2\=Brian\|last2\=Kamenetzky\|title\=If the Lakers had a Ring of Honor for second\-tier greats, who would get in?\|date\=May 16, 2020\|work\=The Athletic\|url\=https://theathletic.com/1816962/2020/05/15/if\-the\-lakers\-had\-a\-ring\-of\-honor\-for\-second\-tier\-greats\-who\-would\-get\-in/\|url\-access\=subscription\|access\-date\=November 15, 2022\|quote\=He averaged at least seven assists per game four times while sharing play\-making duties with Magic Johnson, and during the 1982 title run (one of his two championships in purple and gold), his playoff averages were fantastic: 20\.4 points, 8\.1 assists, 1\.6 steals.}} In the 1978 ([Seattle SuperSonics](/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics "Seattle SuperSonics")), 1979 (Seattle), and 1981 ([Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets")) playoffs, the Lakers were eliminated by the eventual Western Conference champion. But Nixon helped the [Showtime Lakers](/wiki/Showtime_Lakers "Showtime Lakers") win NBA championships in [1980](/wiki/1980_NBA_Finals "1980 NBA Finals") (4–2\) and [1982](/wiki/1982_NBA_Finals "1982 NBA Finals") (4–2\), both against the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers "Philadelphia 76ers"). Nixon led the team in scoring in the 1982 playoffs, averaging 20\.4 points per game. The Lakers lost in the [1983 NBA Finals](/wiki/1983_NBA_Finals "1983 NBA Finals"), in which Philadelphia [swept](/wiki/Sweep_%28sports%29 "Sweep (sports)") 4–0\. In game one of the 1983 finals, Nixon had a violent collision with [Andrew Toney](/wiki/Andrew_Toney "Andrew Toney") of the 76ers early in the first quarter. He continued to play in games one and two despite a separated shoulder. ### San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers Prior to the start of the [1983–84 season](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_NBA_season "1983–84 NBA season"), Nixon was traded to the [San Diego Clippers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers%231978%E2%80%931984:San_Diego_Clippers "San Diego Clippers") in exchange for the draft rights to guard [Byron Scott](/wiki/Byron_Scott_%28basketball%29 "Byron Scott (basketball)") and backup center [Swen Nater](/wiki/Swen_Nater "Swen Nater"). Lakers general manager [Jerry West](/wiki/Jerry_West "Jerry West") made the deal to free Johnson from sharing the ball with Nixon.{{cite news\|last\=Schrader\|first\=Steve\|title\=Ticker: Jerry West still fielding Magic Johnson\-Norm Nixon questions\|date\=March 23, 2014\|newspaper\=Detroit Free Press\|url\=http://www.freep.com/article/20140323/SPORTS03/303230065/ticker?odyssey\=obinsite\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324014222/http://www.freep.com/article/20140323/SPORTS03/303230065/ticker?odyssey\=obinsite\|archive\-date\=March 24, 2014\|url\-status\=live}} In his first year with the Clippers, Nixon led the league in total assists with 914, and regular season games played (82\). He made the All\-Star team for the second time in the 1984–85 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/players/n/nixonno01\.html \|title\=Norm Nixon player page \|publisher\=Basketball\-reference.com \|access\-date\=January 19, 2013}} After the 1985–86 season, he spent much of his later career on the injured list, spending more than two full seasons on the injured list before retiring for good at the end of the [1988–89 season](/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NBA_season "1988–89 NBA season"). During his time with the Clippers, the team never made the playoffs. Nixon missed the 1986–87 season after stepping into a hole during a softball game in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park") on July 23, 1986\. He suffered severe damage to the tendon just above his left knee. Nixon ruptured his right Achilles tendon during a pre\-season practice on November 4, 1987; the injury caused him to miss the entire 1987–88 season.Zeigler, Mark. – "After two career\-threatening injuries, the Clippers' Norm Nixon still is planning to ... BOUNCE BACK". – *[San Diego Union](/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune "San Diego Union-Tribune")*. – March 23, 1988\. Before his injuries, he played in 715 of 725 games available in his first nine seasons. ### Career accomplishments During his NBA career, Nixon scored 12,065 points (15\.7 points per game) and had 6,386 assists (8\.3\) in 768 games played. He was also remembered for faking a [free throw](/wiki/Free_throw "Free throw") at the end of a Lakers\-[San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs "San Antonio Spurs") game on November 30, 1982, which caused a double lane violation.Swansburg, John. – ["The NBA dares to trifle with the sports\-time continuum"](http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2008/03/doover_dos_and_donts.html). – *[Slate Magazine](/wiki/Slate_Magazine "Slate Magazine")*. The referees erroneously ordered a jump ball, instead of requiring Nixon to re\-shoot the free throw. The Lakers got the ball and Nixon made a field goal to tie the game, where they prevailed in overtime. The last three seconds of the game were later replayed in April 1983\.
[ "NBA career\n----------", "### Los Angeles Lakers", "Nixon was selected in the first round of the [1977 NBA draft](/wiki/1977_NBA_draft \"1977 NBA draft\") by the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\") with the 22nd overall pick.{{cite web\\|first\\=Gilbert\\|last\\=McGregor\\|title\\=Who is Norm Nixon? All\\-Star guard more than footnote in 'Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty'\\|date\\=March 8, 2022\\|work\\=Sporting News\\|url\\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nba/news/lakers\\-norm\\-nixon\\-guard\\-winning\\-time/kj29piljtfk7seim72i801yp\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2022}} They had already picked another [point guard](/wiki/Point_guard \"Point guard\"), [Brad Davis](/wiki/Brad_Davis_%28basketball%29 \"Brad Davis (basketball)\"), earlier in that draft.{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Bruce\\|last\\=Newman\\|title\\=NO GLITZ, BUT MAYBE GLORY\\|date\\=November 21, 1983\\|magazine\\=Sports Illustrated\\|url\\=https://vault.si.com/vault/1983/11/21/no\\-glitz\\-but\\-maybe\\-glory\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2022}} Nixon played for the Lakers for six successful seasons. For the 1978–79 season, Nixon tied [Eddie Jordan](/wiki/Eddie_Jordan_%28basketball%29 \"Eddie Jordan (basketball)\") of the [New Jersey Nets](/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets \"New Jersey Nets\") for the NBA lead in steals with 201,[\"1978\\-79 NBA Expanded Leaders\"](https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1979_leaders.html) – Basketball\\-Reference.com and total games (82 regular season \\+ 23 playoffs \\= 105\\). The next season (1979–80\\), he led the league in minutes played (3,226\\), minutes\\-per\\-game (39\\.3\\), and was third in assists with 642\\.[\"1979\\-80 NBA Expanded Leaders\"](https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1980_leaders.html). – Basketball\\-Reference.com. In [1979–80](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Los_Angeles_Lakers_season \"1979–80 Los Angeles Lakers season\"), Lakers coach [Jack McKinney](/wiki/Jack_McKinney_%28basketball%29 \"Jack McKinney (basketball)\") had the {{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|9\\|in\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} rookie [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson \"Magic Johnson\"), who some analysts thought should play [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 \"Forward (basketball)\"), be a point guard, even though Nixon was already one of the best in the league.{{cite news\\|last\\=Helin\\|first\\=Kurt\\|title\\=The Extra Pass: Talking \"Showtime\" Lakers with author Jeff Pearlman\\|date\\=March 5, 2014\\|publisher\\=NBC Sports\\|url\\=https://nba.nbcsports.com/2014/03/05/the\\-extra\\-pass\\-talking\\-showtime\\-lakers\\-with\\-author\\-jeff\\-pearlman/\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2018}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Ramsay\\|first\\=Dr. Jack\\|title\\=Dr. Jack's Leadership Lessons Learned From a Lifetime in Basketball\\|page\\=98\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons\\|year\\=2004\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=uDQYw\\_Dr\\-hEC\\&q\\=%22magic\\+johnson%22\\+forward\\+mckinney\\&pg\\=PA98\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-46929\\-2}} In his four years sharing play\\-making responsibilities with Johnson, Nixon averaged at least seven assists each season.{{cite web\\|first1\\=Andy\\|last1\\=Kamenetzky\\|first2\\=Brian\\|last2\\=Kamenetzky\\|title\\=If the Lakers had a Ring of Honor for second\\-tier greats, who would get in?\\|date\\=May 16, 2020\\|work\\=The Athletic\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/1816962/2020/05/15/if\\-the\\-lakers\\-had\\-a\\-ring\\-of\\-honor\\-for\\-second\\-tier\\-greats\\-who\\-would\\-get\\-in/\\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2022\\|quote\\=He averaged at least seven assists per game four times while sharing play\\-making duties with Magic Johnson, and during the 1982 title run (one of his two championships in purple and gold), his playoff averages were fantastic: 20\\.4 points, 8\\.1 assists, 1\\.6 steals.}}", "In the 1978 ([Seattle SuperSonics](/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics \"Seattle SuperSonics\")), 1979 (Seattle), and 1981 ([Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets \"Houston Rockets\")) playoffs, the Lakers were eliminated by the eventual Western Conference champion. But Nixon helped the [Showtime Lakers](/wiki/Showtime_Lakers \"Showtime Lakers\") win NBA championships in [1980](/wiki/1980_NBA_Finals \"1980 NBA Finals\") (4–2\\) and [1982](/wiki/1982_NBA_Finals \"1982 NBA Finals\") (4–2\\), both against the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers \"Philadelphia 76ers\"). Nixon led the team in scoring in the 1982 playoffs, averaging 20\\.4 points per game.", "The Lakers lost in the [1983 NBA Finals](/wiki/1983_NBA_Finals \"1983 NBA Finals\"), in which Philadelphia [swept](/wiki/Sweep_%28sports%29 \"Sweep (sports)\") 4–0\\. In game one of the 1983 finals, Nixon had a violent collision with [Andrew Toney](/wiki/Andrew_Toney \"Andrew Toney\") of the 76ers early in the first quarter. He continued to play in games one and two despite a separated shoulder.", "### San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers", "Prior to the start of the [1983–84 season](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_NBA_season \"1983–84 NBA season\"), Nixon was traded to the [San Diego Clippers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers%231978%E2%80%931984:San_Diego_Clippers \"San Diego Clippers\") in exchange for the draft rights to guard [Byron Scott](/wiki/Byron_Scott_%28basketball%29 \"Byron Scott (basketball)\") and backup center [Swen Nater](/wiki/Swen_Nater \"Swen Nater\"). Lakers general manager [Jerry West](/wiki/Jerry_West \"Jerry West\") made the deal to free Johnson from sharing the ball with Nixon.{{cite news\\|last\\=Schrader\\|first\\=Steve\\|title\\=Ticker: Jerry West still fielding Magic Johnson\\-Norm Nixon questions\\|date\\=March 23, 2014\\|newspaper\\=Detroit Free Press\\|url\\=http://www.freep.com/article/20140323/SPORTS03/303230065/ticker?odyssey\\=obinsite\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324014222/http://www.freep.com/article/20140323/SPORTS03/303230065/ticker?odyssey\\=obinsite\\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In his first year with the Clippers, Nixon led the league in total assists with 914, and regular season games played (82\\). He made the All\\-Star team for the second time in the 1984–85 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/players/n/nixonno01\\.html \\|title\\=Norm Nixon player page \\|publisher\\=Basketball\\-reference.com \\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2013}}", "After the 1985–86 season, he spent much of his later career on the injured list, spending more than two full seasons on the injured list before retiring for good at the end of the [1988–89 season](/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NBA_season \"1988–89 NBA season\"). During his time with the Clippers, the team never made the playoffs.", "Nixon missed the 1986–87 season after stepping into a hole during a softball game in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\") on July 23, 1986\\. He suffered severe damage to the tendon just above his left knee. Nixon ruptured his right Achilles tendon during a pre\\-season practice on November 4, 1987; the injury caused him to miss the entire 1987–88 season.Zeigler, Mark. – \"After two career\\-threatening injuries, the Clippers' Norm Nixon still is planning to ... BOUNCE BACK\". – *[San Diego Union](/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune \"San Diego Union-Tribune\")*. – March 23, 1988\\. Before his injuries, he played in 715 of 725 games available in his first nine seasons.", "### Career accomplishments", "During his NBA career, Nixon scored 12,065 points (15\\.7 points per game) and had 6,386 assists (8\\.3\\) in 768 games played. He was also remembered for faking a [free throw](/wiki/Free_throw \"Free throw\") at the end of a Lakers\\-[San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs \"San Antonio Spurs\") game on November 30, 1982, which caused a double lane violation.Swansburg, John. – [\"The NBA dares to trifle with the sports\\-time continuum\"](http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2008/03/doover_dos_and_donts.html). – *[Slate Magazine](/wiki/Slate_Magazine \"Slate Magazine\")*. The referees erroneously ordered a jump ball, instead of requiring Nixon to re\\-shoot the free throw. The Lakers got the ball and Nixon made a field goal to tie the game, where they prevailed in overtime. The last three seconds of the game were later replayed in April 1983\\.", "" ]
Programming ----------- KCRW is an affiliate of NPR. Music programming includes the station's music program *[Morning Becomes Eclectic](/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic "Morning Becomes Eclectic")*. [Warren Olney](/wiki/Warren_Olney_%28journalist%29 "Warren Olney (journalist)") hosts the station's news and public affairs programs, *To the Point* (nationally distributed by Public Radio International). KCRW covers the Southern California film industry with programs including *The Business* with Kim Masters, *The Treatment* with Elvis Mitchell, *Martini Shot* with Rob Long, and film reviews from Pulitzer Prize winning [*Wall Street Journal*](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal") film critic [Joe Morgenstern](/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern "Joe Morgenstern"). Music programs feature an eclectic array of songs from around the globe, particularly on the daily music program *Morning Becomes Eclectic* and the daytime weekend line\-up. At night, music such as [house](/wiki/House_music "House music"), [progressive](/wiki/Progressive_electronic_music "Progressive electronic music"), and [electronic dance music](/wiki/Electronic_dance_music "Electronic dance music") are the main styles on shows formerly known as *Metropolis* and *Nocturna*. KCRW dropped all program names except *[Morning Becomes Eclectic](/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic "Morning Becomes Eclectic")* and *Strictly Jazz* in 2008\. Three of the station's previous music directors currently have programs on the air at KCRW. Local and regional touring artists can send recordings to KCRW for consideration of airplay. KCRW airs Santa Monica City Council meetings live when they are held. Because of the nature of the repeater network, Santa Monica City Council meetings can be heard throughout the Southern California region reaching out to approximately 150 mi (240 km). Before its current host, [Evan Kleiman](/wiki/Evan_Kleiman "Evan Kleiman"), took over as host, the KCRW show *Good Food* was parodied on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")* in a [recurring character](/wiki/Recurring_character "Recurring character") [sketch](/wiki/Sketch_comedy "Sketch comedy") series, *[Delicious Dish](/wiki/Delicious_Dish "Delicious Dish")*, with [Ana Gasteyer](/wiki/Ana_Gasteyer "Ana Gasteyer") and [Molly Shannon](/wiki/Molly_Shannon "Molly Shannon"). Since 2013, KCRW has put on the annual Radio Race, a 24\-hour competition in which participants can write, record, and edit a nonfiction radio story. *Here Be Monsters*, a podcast about fears and the unknown, got its start on KCRW after winning Radio Race.
[ "Programming\n-----------", "KCRW is an affiliate of NPR. Music programming includes the station's music program *[Morning Becomes Eclectic](/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic \"Morning Becomes Eclectic\")*.", "[Warren Olney](/wiki/Warren_Olney_%28journalist%29 \"Warren Olney (journalist)\") hosts the station's news and public affairs programs, *To the Point* (nationally distributed by Public Radio International).", "KCRW covers the Southern California film industry with programs including *The Business* with Kim Masters, *The Treatment* with Elvis Mitchell, *Martini Shot* with Rob Long, and film reviews from Pulitzer Prize winning [*Wall Street Journal*](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\") film critic [Joe Morgenstern](/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern \"Joe Morgenstern\").", "Music programs feature an eclectic array of songs from around the globe, particularly on the daily music program *Morning Becomes Eclectic* and the daytime weekend line\\-up. At night, music such as [house](/wiki/House_music \"House music\"), [progressive](/wiki/Progressive_electronic_music \"Progressive electronic music\"), and [electronic dance music](/wiki/Electronic_dance_music \"Electronic dance music\") are the main styles on shows formerly known as *Metropolis* and *Nocturna*. KCRW dropped all program names except *[Morning Becomes Eclectic](/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic \"Morning Becomes Eclectic\")* and *Strictly Jazz* in 2008\\. Three of the station's previous music directors currently have programs on the air at KCRW.", "Local and regional touring artists can send recordings to KCRW for consideration of airplay.", "KCRW airs Santa Monica City Council meetings live when they are held. Because of the nature of the repeater network, Santa Monica City Council meetings can be heard throughout the Southern California region reaching out to approximately 150 mi (240 km).", "Before its current host, [Evan Kleiman](/wiki/Evan_Kleiman \"Evan Kleiman\"), took over as host, the KCRW show *Good Food* was parodied on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")* in a [recurring character](/wiki/Recurring_character \"Recurring character\") [sketch](/wiki/Sketch_comedy \"Sketch comedy\") series, *[Delicious Dish](/wiki/Delicious_Dish \"Delicious Dish\")*, with [Ana Gasteyer](/wiki/Ana_Gasteyer \"Ana Gasteyer\") and [Molly Shannon](/wiki/Molly_Shannon \"Molly Shannon\").", "Since 2013, KCRW has put on the annual Radio Race, a 24\\-hour competition in which participants can write, record, and edit a nonfiction radio story. *Here Be Monsters*, a podcast about fears and the unknown, got its start on KCRW after winning Radio Race.", "" ]
Stations -------- KCRW programming is relayed by five full\-power stations. However, KERW—serving San Luis Obispo—is a full\-time HD1 simulcast partner with KCRW\-HD2's "Eclectic 24" music programming. "Eclectic 24" is heard on the HD2 signals of the four other stations, as it does on KCRW itself. [thumb\|The RF spectrum occupied by KCRW. The center portion is the analog FM signal, the rectangular portions on the outside are the digital HD radio signal.](/wiki/File:KCRW_RF_spectrum.png "KCRW RF spectrum.png") | [Call sign](/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America "Call signs in North America") | [Frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") | [City of license](/wiki/City_of_license "City of license") | [FID](/wiki/Facility_ID "Facility ID") | [Class](/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes "List of North American broadcast station classes") | [ERP](/wiki/Effective_radiated_power "Effective radiated power")([W](/wiki/Watt "Watt")) | [Height](/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain "Height above average terrain")([m](/wiki/Metre "Metre") ([ft](/wiki/Foot_%28unit%29 "Foot (unit)"))) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | KCRI | 89\.3 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio "HD Radio")) | [Indio, California](/wiki/Indio%2C_California "Indio, California") | {{FID\|59087}} | B1 | 3,200 | {{Convert\|174\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} | | [KERW](/wiki/KERW "KERW") | 101\.3 FM | [Los Osos\-Baywood Park, California](/wiki/Los_Osos-Baywood_Park%2C_California "Los Osos-Baywood Park, California") | {{FID\|63523}} | B | 3,600 | {{Convert\|502\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} | | KCRY | 88\.1 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio "HD Radio")) | [Mojave, California](/wiki/Mojave%2C_California "Mojave, California") | {{FID\|59092}} | B1 | 10,500 | {{Convert\|\-29\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} | | KCRU | 89\.1 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio "HD Radio")) | [Oxnard, California](/wiki/Oxnard%2C_California "Oxnard, California") | {{FID\|59085}} | A | 850 | {{Convert\|260\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} | | [KDRW](/wiki/KDRW "KDRW") | 88\.7 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio "HD Radio")) | [Santa Barbara, California](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_California "Santa Barbara, California") | {{FID\|69085}} | B | 12,000 | {{Convert\|264\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} | The call letters of KCRI, KCRU, KCRY, and KDRW are identified at the top of each hour alongside those of KCRW, as are the frequencies of those stations and their transmitters. KCRW also directly feeds three low\-power [translators](/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station "Broadcast relay station"), while other stations feed four additional translators. | [Call sign](/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America "Call signs in North America") | [Frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") | [City of license](/wiki/City_of_license "City of license") | [FID](/wiki/Facility_ID "Facility ID") | Relays | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | K215BA | 90\.9 FM | [Beaumont, California](/wiki/Beaumont%2C_California "Beaumont, California") | {{FID\|59090}} | KCRW | | K225BA | 92\.9 FM | [Borrego Springs, California](/wiki/Borrego_Springs%2C_California "Borrego Springs, California") | {{FID\|141934}} | KCRI | | K261AC | 100\.1 FM | [China Lake, California](/wiki/China_Lake%2C_Kern_County%2C_California "China Lake, Kern County, California") | {{FID\|28585}} | KCRY | | K272DI | 102\.3 FM | [Fillmore, California](/wiki/Fillmore%2C_California "Fillmore, California") | {{FID\|59089}} | KCRU | | K295AH | 106\.9 FM | [Goleta, California](/wiki/Goleta%2C_California "Goleta, California") | {{FID\|84739}} | KCRU | | K209CN | 89\.7 FM | [Gorman, California](/wiki/Gorman%2C_California "Gorman, California") | {{FID\|76970}} | KCRW | | K210CL | 89\.9 FM | [Lemon Grove, California](/wiki/Lemon_Grove%2C_California "Lemon Grove, California") | {{FID\|90642}} | KCRW | | K271AC | 102\.1 FM | [Ojai, California](/wiki/Ojai%2C_California "Ojai, California") | {{FID\|59093}} | KCRU | | K207FA | 89\.3 FM | [Twentynine Palms, California](/wiki/Twentynine_Palms%2C_California "Twentynine Palms, California") | {{FID\|83662}} | KCRI | KCRW also has applications pending for new translators on 88\.5 in [Mojave](/wiki/Mojave%2C_California "Mojave, California"), 89\.9 in Temecula, 90\.1 in Baker, 90\.3 FM in [Barstow](/wiki/Barstow%2C_California "Barstow, California"), and 105\.7 FM in [Julian](/wiki/Julian%2C_California "Julian, California").{{As of?\|date\=March 2024}} Previous translators (now off the air and licenses returned to the FCC) operated on 88\.3 FM in [Palmdale](/wiki/Palmdale%2C_California "Palmdale, California"), 89\.1 FM in [Camarillo](/wiki/Camarillo%2C_California "Camarillo, California"), 90\.9 FM in [Palm Springs](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California "Palm Springs, California"), and 100\.1 in [China Lake](/wiki/China_Lake%2C_Kern_County%2C_California "China Lake, Kern County, California"). Another former translator, K296AI, was the only KCRW translator not owned by the station. It is operated by Indian Wells Valley TV Booster, Inc., which also operates translators that rebroadcast Los Angeles–area television stations in the [Ridgecrest](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California "Ridgecrest, California") area. That translator currently rebroadcasts [KMZT](/wiki/KMZT_%28AM%29 "KMZT (AM)"). In February 2014, KCRW announced that it would buy Santa Barbara station [KDB](/wiki/KDB_%28FM%29 "KDB (FM)") (93\.7 FM), currently a classical music station, for $1 million. The transaction will allow KCRW to begin using another Santa Barbara station, [KQSC](/wiki/KDRW "KDRW") (88\.7 FM) as a repeater for KCRW's programming, while transferring [KUSC](/wiki/KUSC "KUSC")'s classical programming from KQSC to KDB, thereby preserving KDB's role as Santa Barbara's classical station.Ryan Faughnder, ["KCRW buying Santa Barbara classical station KDB"](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-kcrw-buying-santa-barbara-classical-station-kdb-20140218,0,6396684.story#axzz2thJedcGv), *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, February 18, 2014\. ### KCRW Berlin On September 13, 2017, partner station, KCRW Berlin, was awarded a broadcast license in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), on 104\.1 MHz. This license and frequency had previously been held by [NPR Berlin](/wiki/NPR_Berlin "NPR Berlin"). The station has a website at [kcrwberlin.com](https://kcrwberlin.com). KCRW Berlin ceased broadcasting on December 13, 2020, due to the economic disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.foxnews.com/world/american\-radio\-station\-germany\-goes\-off\-air\-75\-years\-blames\-coronavirus\-pandemic\|title\=American radio station in Germany goes off the air after 75 years, blames coronavirus pandemic\|date\=30 December 2020\|work\=Fox News\|access\-date\=9 January 2021}}
[ "Stations\n--------", "KCRW programming is relayed by five full\\-power stations. However, KERW—serving San Luis Obispo—is a full\\-time HD1 simulcast partner with KCRW\\-HD2's \"Eclectic 24\" music programming. \"Eclectic 24\" is heard on the HD2 signals of the four other stations, as it does on KCRW itself.", "[thumb\\|The RF spectrum occupied by KCRW. The center portion is the analog FM signal, the rectangular portions on the outside are the digital HD radio signal.](/wiki/File:KCRW_RF_spectrum.png \"KCRW RF spectrum.png\")", "", "| [Call sign](/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America \"Call signs in North America\") | [Frequency](/wiki/Frequency \"Frequency\") | [City of license](/wiki/City_of_license \"City of license\") | [FID](/wiki/Facility_ID \"Facility ID\") | [Class](/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes \"List of North American broadcast station classes\") | [ERP](/wiki/Effective_radiated_power \"Effective radiated power\")([W](/wiki/Watt \"Watt\")) | [Height](/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain \"Height above average terrain\")([m](/wiki/Metre \"Metre\") ([ft](/wiki/Foot_%28unit%29 \"Foot (unit)\"))) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| KCRI | 89\\.3 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio \"HD Radio\")) | [Indio, California](/wiki/Indio%2C_California \"Indio, California\") | {{FID\\|59087}} | B1 | 3,200 | {{Convert\\|174\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| [KERW](/wiki/KERW \"KERW\") | 101\\.3 FM | [Los Osos\\-Baywood Park, California](/wiki/Los_Osos-Baywood_Park%2C_California \"Los Osos-Baywood Park, California\") | {{FID\\|63523}} | B | 3,600 | {{Convert\\|502\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| KCRY | 88\\.1 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio \"HD Radio\")) | [Mojave, California](/wiki/Mojave%2C_California \"Mojave, California\") | {{FID\\|59092}} | B1 | 10,500 | {{Convert\\|\\-29\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| KCRU | 89\\.1 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio \"HD Radio\")) | [Oxnard, California](/wiki/Oxnard%2C_California \"Oxnard, California\") | {{FID\\|59085}} | A | 850 | {{Convert\\|260\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} |\n| [KDRW](/wiki/KDRW \"KDRW\") | 88\\.7 FM ([HD](/wiki/HD_Radio \"HD Radio\")) | [Santa Barbara, California](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_California \"Santa Barbara, California\") | {{FID\\|69085}} | B | 12,000 | {{Convert\\|264\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} |", "The call letters of KCRI, KCRU, KCRY, and KDRW are identified at the top of each hour alongside those of KCRW, as are the frequencies of those stations and their transmitters.", "KCRW also directly feeds three low\\-power [translators](/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station \"Broadcast relay station\"), while other stations feed four additional translators.", "", "| [Call sign](/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America \"Call signs in North America\") | [Frequency](/wiki/Frequency \"Frequency\") | [City of license](/wiki/City_of_license \"City of license\") | [FID](/wiki/Facility_ID \"Facility ID\") | Relays |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| K215BA | 90\\.9 FM | [Beaumont, California](/wiki/Beaumont%2C_California \"Beaumont, California\") | {{FID\\|59090}} | KCRW |\n| K225BA | 92\\.9 FM | [Borrego Springs, California](/wiki/Borrego_Springs%2C_California \"Borrego Springs, California\") | {{FID\\|141934}} | KCRI |\n| K261AC | 100\\.1 FM | [China Lake, California](/wiki/China_Lake%2C_Kern_County%2C_California \"China Lake, Kern County, California\") | {{FID\\|28585}} | KCRY |\n| K272DI | 102\\.3 FM | [Fillmore, California](/wiki/Fillmore%2C_California \"Fillmore, California\") | {{FID\\|59089}} | KCRU |\n| K295AH | 106\\.9 FM | [Goleta, California](/wiki/Goleta%2C_California \"Goleta, California\") | {{FID\\|84739}} | KCRU |\n| K209CN | 89\\.7 FM | [Gorman, California](/wiki/Gorman%2C_California \"Gorman, California\") | {{FID\\|76970}} | KCRW |\n| K210CL | 89\\.9 FM | [Lemon Grove, California](/wiki/Lemon_Grove%2C_California \"Lemon Grove, California\") | {{FID\\|90642}} | KCRW |\n| K271AC | 102\\.1 FM | [Ojai, California](/wiki/Ojai%2C_California \"Ojai, California\") | {{FID\\|59093}} | KCRU |\n| K207FA | 89\\.3 FM | [Twentynine Palms, California](/wiki/Twentynine_Palms%2C_California \"Twentynine Palms, California\") | {{FID\\|83662}} | KCRI |", "KCRW also has applications pending for new translators on 88\\.5 in [Mojave](/wiki/Mojave%2C_California \"Mojave, California\"), 89\\.9 in Temecula, 90\\.1 in Baker, 90\\.3 FM in [Barstow](/wiki/Barstow%2C_California \"Barstow, California\"), and 105\\.7 FM in [Julian](/wiki/Julian%2C_California \"Julian, California\").{{As of?\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "Previous translators (now off the air and licenses returned to the FCC) operated on 88\\.3 FM in [Palmdale](/wiki/Palmdale%2C_California \"Palmdale, California\"), 89\\.1 FM in [Camarillo](/wiki/Camarillo%2C_California \"Camarillo, California\"), 90\\.9 FM in [Palm Springs](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California \"Palm Springs, California\"), and 100\\.1 in [China Lake](/wiki/China_Lake%2C_Kern_County%2C_California \"China Lake, Kern County, California\"). Another former translator, K296AI, was the only KCRW translator not owned by the station. It is operated by Indian Wells Valley TV Booster, Inc., which also operates translators that rebroadcast Los Angeles–area television stations in the [Ridgecrest](/wiki/Ridgecrest%2C_California \"Ridgecrest, California\") area. That translator currently rebroadcasts [KMZT](/wiki/KMZT_%28AM%29 \"KMZT (AM)\").", "In February 2014, KCRW announced that it would buy Santa Barbara station [KDB](/wiki/KDB_%28FM%29 \"KDB (FM)\") (93\\.7 FM), currently a classical music station, for $1 million. The transaction will allow KCRW to begin using another Santa Barbara station, [KQSC](/wiki/KDRW \"KDRW\") (88\\.7 FM) as a repeater for KCRW's programming, while transferring [KUSC](/wiki/KUSC \"KUSC\")'s classical programming from KQSC to KDB, thereby preserving KDB's role as Santa Barbara's classical station.Ryan Faughnder, [\"KCRW buying Santa Barbara classical station KDB\"](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-kcrw-buying-santa-barbara-classical-station-kdb-20140218,0,6396684.story#axzz2thJedcGv), *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*, February 18, 2014\\.", "### KCRW Berlin", "On September 13, 2017, partner station, KCRW Berlin, was awarded a broadcast license in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), on 104\\.1 MHz. This license and frequency had previously been held by [NPR Berlin](/wiki/NPR_Berlin \"NPR Berlin\"). The station has a website at [kcrwberlin.com](https://kcrwberlin.com).", "KCRW Berlin ceased broadcasting on December 13, 2020, due to the economic disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.foxnews.com/world/american\\-radio\\-station\\-germany\\-goes\\-off\\-air\\-75\\-years\\-blames\\-coronavirus\\-pandemic\\|title\\=American radio station in Germany goes off the air after 75 years, blames coronavirus pandemic\\|date\\=30 December 2020\\|work\\=Fox News\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2021}}", "" ]
Town fortifications ------------------- The {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} in front of a [town gate](/wiki/Town_gate "Town gate") is a fortified area between the main gate and the outer gate of a medieval town gateway system. Town gates were often built in the shape of a [gate tower](/wiki/Gate_tower "Gate tower"), with a second, and sometimes even a third, gate in front of it (so\-called double or triple gate systems). In front of the town walls in the area of the town gates there was usually a second wall in which the outer gate was located. An enemy who had breached the outer gate and penetrated the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} would find himself in an enclosed area with very little scope to exploit his initial success. By contrast, the defenders retreating behind the main town walls could easily engage the enemy below them in the killing ground of the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}}. The [barbican](/wiki/Barbican "Barbican") is based on a similar concept to the gateway {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} and is found in front of the main wall but separated from it by an additional [moat](/wiki/Moat "Moat"). In the [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite "Hussite") period (around 1420/30\) impressive examples were built that were mainly intended as protection against early [firearms](/wiki/Firearm "Firearm"). The open area of the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} was mainly used in peacetime to keep [animals](/wiki/Animal "Animal") or as a [garden](/wiki/Garden "Garden"). As their defensive function became superfluous, in many cases [barns](/wiki/Barn "Barn"), [stables](/wiki/Stable "Stable") and storage buildings were erected in {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}}s. The [Zwinger at Dresden](/wiki/Zwinger%2C_Dresden "Zwinger, Dresden") inherited its name from the old {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} in front of the Crown Gate ({{lang\|de\|Kronentor}}) on the outer wall of the fortress. It was never intended as a fortification, however, but was conceived as the outer courtyard of a new palace.
[ "Town fortifications\n-------------------", "The {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} in front of a [town gate](/wiki/Town_gate \"Town gate\") is a fortified area between the main gate and the outer gate of a medieval town gateway system. Town gates were often built in the shape of a [gate tower](/wiki/Gate_tower \"Gate tower\"), with a second, and sometimes even a third, gate in front of it (so\\-called double or triple gate systems). In front of the town walls in the area of the town gates there was usually a second wall in which the outer gate was located. An enemy who had breached the outer gate and penetrated the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} would find himself in an enclosed area with very little scope to exploit his initial success. By contrast, the defenders retreating behind the main town walls could easily engage the enemy below them in the killing ground of the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}}.", "The [barbican](/wiki/Barbican \"Barbican\") is based on a similar concept to the gateway {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} and is found in front of the main wall but separated from it by an additional [moat](/wiki/Moat \"Moat\").", "In the [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite \"Hussite\") period (around 1420/30\\) impressive examples were built that were mainly intended as protection against early [firearms](/wiki/Firearm \"Firearm\").", "The open area of the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} was mainly used in peacetime to keep [animals](/wiki/Animal \"Animal\") or as a [garden](/wiki/Garden \"Garden\"). As their defensive function became superfluous, in many cases [barns](/wiki/Barn \"Barn\"), [stables](/wiki/Stable \"Stable\") and storage buildings were erected in {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}}s.", "The [Zwinger at Dresden](/wiki/Zwinger%2C_Dresden \"Zwinger, Dresden\") inherited its name from the old {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} in front of the Crown Gate ({{lang\\|de\\|Kronentor}}) on the outer wall of the fortress. It was never intended as a fortification, however, but was conceived as the outer courtyard of a new palace.", "" ]
Development ----------- [thumb\|left\|Part view of the [Theodosian Wall](/wiki/Theodosian_Wall "Theodosian Wall") of the former city of Constantinople. In the foreground: the double {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}}.](/wiki/File:Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg "Theodosianische Landmauer in Istanbul.jpg") The development of the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} has not been well researched to date. By the fifth century A.D. a fully developed {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} had been built in front of the Byzantine [walls](/wiki/Theodosian_Walls "Theodosian Walls") of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople"). In [early medieval](/wiki/Early_medieval "Early medieval") fortifications, too, a succession of defensive walls can be seen. Especially during the time of the [Hungarian invasions](/wiki/Hungarian_invasions "Hungarian invasions"), defensive castles were protected by [berms](/wiki/Berm "Berm") and outer [ramparts](/wiki/Rampart_%28fortification%29 "Rampart (fortification)") to guard against the cavalry attacks of the [Magyars](/wiki/Magyars "Magyars"). These were not {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}} in the true sense of the word; often an intermediate moat separated the lines of defence. Such a moat is also frequently part of late medieval {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}}. Occasionally the narrow outworks of the [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg_%28Castle%29 "Habsburg (Castle)") (Aargau) or of {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Alt\-Bolanden}} (Rhineland\-Palatinate), which date to the late 10th and early 11th centuries, are seen as early {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}}. These fortification elements do not have any direct successors, however. In central Europe {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}} first reappeared in the first half of the 13th century in front of the ring\-walls of small fortifications. Towards the end of that century, the defensive capability of castles was being enhanced in this way far more frequently, for example at [Gnandstein Castle](/wiki/Gnandstein_Castle "Gnandstein Castle") in [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony"); [Château du Landsberg](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Landsberg "Château du Landsberg") and [Château d'Andlau](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Andlau "Château d'Andlau") in [Alsace](/wiki/Alsace "Alsace"). In southern France the heavily restored {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} in the town fortifications of [Carcassonne](/wiki/Carcassonne "Carcassonne") appears to have been built. Initially {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} walls were very close to the main wall. In the 14th century, the first firearms caused a further growth in the number of {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}}. Countless examples were built, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries. In [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia "Franconia") the fortification of late medieval city has largely survived. In [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg "Nuremberg") a low {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} was built in front of the older ring\-wall. In the early 15th century, [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") was fitted with a new double ring of town walls, as depicted in the [Nuremberg Chronicle](/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle "Nuremberg Chronicle"). By connecting the inner and the outer ring – to be more exactly, the respective inner and outer (\= lower) watch towers – with numerous party walls, a succession of zwinger segments soon encircled the place as a whole. The first {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} walls of the [High Middle Ages](/wiki/High_Middle_Ages "High Middle Ages") were usually not protected by towers. The [artillery](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") fortifications of the [Late Middle Ages](/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages "Late Middle Ages"), by contrast, were defended by numerous [flanking](/wiki/Flanking_tower "Flanking tower") and, sometimes also, [battery towers](/wiki/Battery_tower "Battery tower") or [roundels](/wiki/Roundel_%28castle%29 "Roundel (castle)"). The {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}} of a small group of castles in the Franconian [Haßberge](/wiki/Ha%C3%9Fberge "Haßberge") date to the [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite "Hussite") period. As elsewhere the [territorial lords](/wiki/Territorial_lord "Territorial lord") were reacting to the serious threat of rebels from nearby [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"). These {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}} at the castles of [Altenstein](/wiki/Altenstein_Castle_%28Lower_Franconia%29 "Altenstein Castle (Lower Franconia)"), [Rauheneck](/wiki/Rauheneck_Castle_%28Ebern%29 "Rauheneck Castle (Ebern)") and [Schmachtenberg](/wiki/Schmachtenberg_Castle "Schmachtenberg Castle") have been well preserved. At Rauheneck Castle the defences are further strengthened by two [bretèches](/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che "Bretèche"). These features and [hoardings](/wiki/Hoarding_%28castle%29 "Hoarding (castle)") ({{lang\|de\|Kampfhäuser}}) may also be seen as part of other {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwingers}}. The Hussite period additions of many castles in the endangered regions often went back to innovations that had been developed by the Hussites themselves. A prime example is the town fortification of the south Bohemian Hussite town of [Tábor](/wiki/T%C3%A1bor "Tábor"). Parts of the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} in front of the main gate have survived even today. In general the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} walls were markedly lower and less thick that the actual ring walls. Often only a parapet wall was erected around the intended killing ground of the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}}. Occasionally a covered or open [wall walk](/wiki/Wall_walk "Wall walk") was built on the inside of the wall, as at [Trausnitz Castle](/wiki/Trausnitz_Castle "Trausnitz Castle") in [Landshut](/wiki/Landshut "Landshut"). Even underground wall walks with embrasures for hand guns may be seen, for example, at [Hochhaus Castle](/wiki/Hochhaus_Castle "Hochhaus Castle") near [Nördlingen](/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen "Nördlingen"). {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} walls could fully surround a fortification or just a particularly vulnerable section. There is often a moat in front of them, the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} wall also acting as the [revetment](/wiki/Revetment "Revetment") of the moat. On hillside castles the {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} wall was a supporting wall and often very high to provide static stability of the whole site. Frequently, small, hidden [sally ports](/wiki/Sally_port "Sally port") or [posterns](/wiki/Postern "Postern") enabled direct combat with an enemy in the moat area. The actual {{lang\|de\|italic\=no\|Zwinger}} area was also often accessible through sally ports.
[ "Development\n-----------", "[thumb\\|left\\|Part view of the [Theodosian Wall](/wiki/Theodosian_Wall \"Theodosian Wall\") of the former city of Constantinople. In the foreground: the double {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}}.](/wiki/File:Theodosianische_Landmauer_in_Istanbul.jpg \"Theodosianische Landmauer in Istanbul.jpg\")\nThe development of the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} has not been well researched to date. By the fifth century A.D. a fully developed {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} had been built in front of the Byzantine [walls](/wiki/Theodosian_Walls \"Theodosian Walls\") of [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\").", "In [early medieval](/wiki/Early_medieval \"Early medieval\") fortifications, too, a succession of defensive walls can be seen. Especially during the time of the [Hungarian invasions](/wiki/Hungarian_invasions \"Hungarian invasions\"), defensive castles were protected by [berms](/wiki/Berm \"Berm\") and outer [ramparts](/wiki/Rampart_%28fortification%29 \"Rampart (fortification)\") to guard against the cavalry attacks of the [Magyars](/wiki/Magyars \"Magyars\"). These were not {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}} in the true sense of the word; often an intermediate moat separated the lines of defence. Such a moat is also frequently part of late medieval {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}}.", "Occasionally the narrow outworks of the [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg_%28Castle%29 \"Habsburg (Castle)\") (Aargau) or of {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Alt\\-Bolanden}} (Rhineland\\-Palatinate), which date to the late 10th and early 11th centuries, are seen as early {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}}. These fortification elements do not have any direct successors, however.", "In central Europe {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}} first reappeared in the first half of the 13th century in front of the ring\\-walls of small fortifications. Towards the end of that century, the defensive capability of castles was being enhanced in this way far more frequently, for example at [Gnandstein Castle](/wiki/Gnandstein_Castle \"Gnandstein Castle\") in [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\"); [Château du Landsberg](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Landsberg \"Château du Landsberg\") and [Château d'Andlau](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Andlau \"Château d'Andlau\") in [Alsace](/wiki/Alsace \"Alsace\"). In southern France the heavily restored {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} in the town fortifications of [Carcassonne](/wiki/Carcassonne \"Carcassonne\") appears to have been built. Initially {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} walls were very close to the main wall.", "In the 14th century, the first firearms caused a further growth in the number of {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}}. Countless examples were built, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries. In [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia \"Franconia\") the fortification of late medieval city has largely survived. In [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg \"Nuremberg\") a low {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} was built in front of the older ring\\-wall. In the early 15th century, [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") was fitted with a new double ring of town walls, as depicted in the [Nuremberg Chronicle](/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle \"Nuremberg Chronicle\"). By connecting the inner and the outer ring – to be more exactly, the respective inner and outer (\\= lower) watch towers – with numerous party walls, a succession of zwinger segments soon encircled the place as a whole.", "The first {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} walls of the [High Middle Ages](/wiki/High_Middle_Ages \"High Middle Ages\") were usually not protected by towers. The [artillery](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") fortifications of the [Late Middle Ages](/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages \"Late Middle Ages\"), by contrast, were defended by numerous [flanking](/wiki/Flanking_tower \"Flanking tower\") and, sometimes also, [battery towers](/wiki/Battery_tower \"Battery tower\") or [roundels](/wiki/Roundel_%28castle%29 \"Roundel (castle)\").", "The {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}} of a small group of castles in the Franconian [Haßberge](/wiki/Ha%C3%9Fberge \"Haßberge\") date to the [Hussite](/wiki/Hussite \"Hussite\") period. As elsewhere the [territorial lords](/wiki/Territorial_lord \"Territorial lord\") were reacting to the serious threat of rebels from nearby [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\"). These {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}} at the castles of [Altenstein](/wiki/Altenstein_Castle_%28Lower_Franconia%29 \"Altenstein Castle (Lower Franconia)\"), [Rauheneck](/wiki/Rauheneck_Castle_%28Ebern%29 \"Rauheneck Castle (Ebern)\") and [Schmachtenberg](/wiki/Schmachtenberg_Castle \"Schmachtenberg Castle\") have been well preserved. At Rauheneck Castle the defences are further strengthened by two [bretèches](/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che \"Bretèche\"). These features and [hoardings](/wiki/Hoarding_%28castle%29 \"Hoarding (castle)\") ({{lang\\|de\\|Kampfhäuser}}) may also be seen as part of other {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwingers}}.", "The Hussite period additions of many castles in the endangered regions often went back to innovations that had been developed by the Hussites themselves. A prime example is the town fortification of the south Bohemian Hussite town of [Tábor](/wiki/T%C3%A1bor \"Tábor\"). Parts of the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} in front of the main gate have survived even today.", "In general the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} walls were markedly lower and less thick that the actual ring walls. Often only a parapet wall was erected around the intended killing ground of the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}}. Occasionally a covered or open [wall walk](/wiki/Wall_walk \"Wall walk\") was built on the inside of the wall, as at [Trausnitz Castle](/wiki/Trausnitz_Castle \"Trausnitz Castle\") in [Landshut](/wiki/Landshut \"Landshut\"). Even underground wall walks with embrasures for hand guns may be seen, for example, at [Hochhaus Castle](/wiki/Hochhaus_Castle \"Hochhaus Castle\") near [Nördlingen](/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen \"Nördlingen\").", "{{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} walls could fully surround a fortification or just a particularly vulnerable section. There is often a moat in front of them, the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} wall also acting as the [revetment](/wiki/Revetment \"Revetment\") of the moat. On hillside castles the {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} wall was a supporting wall and often very high to provide static stability of the whole site.", "Frequently, small, hidden [sally ports](/wiki/Sally_port \"Sally port\") or [posterns](/wiki/Postern \"Postern\") enabled direct combat with an enemy in the moat area. The actual {{lang\\|de\\|italic\\=no\\|Zwinger}} area was also often accessible through sally ports.", "" ]
Career ------ In 1972, Press founded Nigel Press Associates Ltd (NPA) to continue his research in the commercial arena with an emphasis on structural mapping and photogeology. During the 1970s, in conjunction with Dutch geologist Dr. Wim Kampschuur, the Tectosat Exploration System was developed,Kampschuur, Wim and Press, Nigel (1977\). The Direct Relationship of Features Interpreted from Landsat Imagery to Plate Tectonic Concepts in the Atlantic Region: Its Significance in Hydrocarbon Exploration. Proceedings of the AAPG Pecora III Symposium, Sioux Falls, November 1977\. using brittle fracture patterns found on satellite imagery as a means of better understanding mechanisms and consequences of plate tectonics. Studies were undertaken on a continent\-wide scale throughout Europe (including the Greenland\-Norwegian basin), Africa, Arabia and parts of India, linking extensive, specially collected field data to satellite interpretation. The studies were subscribed to by most of the world's major oil companies as well as mining companies and international organisations such as [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP "UNDP"). These studies formed the foundation on which further interpretation has been made worldwide by [NPA Satellite Mapping](/wiki/NPA_Satellite_Mapping "NPA Satellite Mapping") (now [CGG](/wiki/CGG_%28company%29 "CGG (company)")) up to the present day. During this period, NPA became the leading commercial supplier of imagery from different satellite sources and the go\-to supplier for photo\-mosaicked images, and later, digitally processed images and mosaics \- a forerunner service to today's [Google Earth](/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth"). With the advent of the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency")'s radar satellites in the early 1990s, Press, in conjunction with Dr Geoff Lawrence, led NPA to develop Offshore Basin Screening using sea surface roughness patterns observed on radar imagery to detect slicks caused by traces of hydrocarbons seeping from the sea floor.Press, Nigel and Lawrence, Geoff (1995\). Offshore Basin Screening from ERS Satellite. European Space Agency. This technique has become a universally recognised complimentary data source to seismic surveying and other offshore exploration tools, and is used by most of the world's major oil companies who draw on a global database compiled and maintained by CGG\-NPA. Growing availability of satellite radar during the 1990s led Press to focus NPA on developing methods using interferometric principles to detect small amounts of ground surface movement that remain difficult to survey with ground\-based techniques. The ability to measure millimetric\-level surface changes due to both geological and anthropogenic effects introduced a new dimension to environmental studies in disciplines ranging from earthquake and volcano studies to groundwater and oil extraction and engineering geology.Aldiss, Don, et al, (2013\). Geological Interpretation of Current Subsidence and Uplift in the London Area, UK, as shown by High Precision Satellite\-based Surveying. It is now widely applied by CGG\-NPA in monitoring projects such as fracking extraction, pipelines and transportation tunnelling. Much of this work was originally done as collaborative research projects with the [British National Space Centre](/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre "British National Space Centre") (BNSC, now [UK Space](/wiki/UK_Space_Agency "UK Space Agency")), the European Space Agency, the [Joint Research Centre](/wiki/Joint_Research_Centre "Joint Research Centre") and latterly under [EU Framework Program for Research and Technological Development](/wiki/EU_Framework_Program_for_Research_and_Technological_Development "EU Framework Program for Research and Technological Development") and [Copernicus Programme](/wiki/Copernicus_Programme "Copernicus Programme"). NPA, with project manager Ren Capes, conceived and led the [ESA Terrafirma Project](http://www.eurogeosurveys.org/projects/terrafirma/) and the [EU PanGeo Project](http://www.pangeoproject.eu/). Press was instrumental in founding [British Association of Remote Sensing Companies](http://www.barsc.org.uk/) (BARSC) and served several terms as chair. He was an advisor to the DG of BNSC and an Executive Member of [The Parliamentary Space Committee](http://www.ukspace.org/space-organisations/parliamentary-space-committee/). Press is a Fellow of [The Geological Society of London](/wiki/The_Geological_Society_of_London "The Geological Society of London") and of [The Royal Geographical Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Geographical_Society "The Royal Geographical Society"). In 2008, Press sold NPA to [Fugro](/wiki/Fugro "Fugro"), who in turn sold NPA to CGG when they divested of their Geological exploration activities in 2012\. Press is no longer directly involved in the activities of CGG\-NPA. Press has been involved with the charity MapAction since its inception in the late 1990s in the wake of the Bosnia crisis; one of MapAction's first volunteers was an NPA employee and NPA provided practical support and computer servers for many years. Press acted in the role of Development Director, became a Trustee in 2008 and subsequently Secretary to the Board. He took over as chair in December 2015 and retired in 2021\. He remains an advisor on technology.
[ "Career\n------", "In 1972, Press founded Nigel Press Associates Ltd (NPA) to continue his research in the commercial arena with an emphasis on structural mapping and photogeology. During the 1970s, in conjunction with Dutch geologist Dr. Wim Kampschuur, the Tectosat Exploration System was developed,Kampschuur, Wim and Press, Nigel (1977\\). The Direct Relationship of Features Interpreted from Landsat Imagery to Plate Tectonic Concepts in the Atlantic Region: Its Significance in Hydrocarbon Exploration. Proceedings of the AAPG Pecora III Symposium, Sioux Falls, November 1977\\. using brittle fracture patterns found on satellite imagery as a means of better understanding mechanisms and consequences of plate tectonics. Studies were undertaken on a continent\\-wide scale throughout Europe (including the Greenland\\-Norwegian basin), Africa, Arabia and parts of India, linking extensive, specially collected field data to satellite interpretation. The studies were subscribed to by most of the world's major oil companies as well as mining companies and international organisations such as [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP \"UNDP\"). These studies formed the foundation on which further interpretation has been made worldwide by [NPA Satellite Mapping](/wiki/NPA_Satellite_Mapping \"NPA Satellite Mapping\") (now [CGG](/wiki/CGG_%28company%29 \"CGG (company)\")) up to the present day.", "During this period, NPA became the leading commercial supplier of imagery from different satellite sources and the go\\-to supplier for photo\\-mosaicked images, and later, digitally processed images and mosaics \\- a forerunner service to today's [Google Earth](/wiki/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\").\nWith the advent of the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency \"European Space Agency\")'s radar satellites in the early 1990s, Press, in conjunction with Dr Geoff Lawrence, led NPA to develop Offshore Basin Screening using sea surface roughness patterns observed on radar imagery to detect slicks caused by traces of hydrocarbons seeping from the sea floor.Press, Nigel and Lawrence, Geoff (1995\\). Offshore Basin Screening from ERS Satellite. European Space Agency. This technique has become a universally recognised complimentary data source to seismic surveying and other offshore exploration tools, and is used by most of the world's major oil companies who draw on a global database compiled and maintained by CGG\\-NPA.", "Growing availability of satellite radar during the 1990s led Press to focus NPA on developing methods using interferometric principles to detect small amounts of ground surface movement that remain difficult to survey with ground\\-based techniques. The ability to measure millimetric\\-level surface changes due to both geological and anthropogenic effects introduced a new dimension to environmental studies in disciplines ranging from earthquake and volcano studies to groundwater and oil extraction and engineering geology.Aldiss, Don, et al, (2013\\). Geological Interpretation of Current Subsidence and Uplift in the London Area, UK, as shown by High Precision Satellite\\-based Surveying. It is now widely applied by CGG\\-NPA in monitoring projects such as fracking extraction, pipelines and transportation tunnelling. Much of this work was originally done as collaborative research projects with the [British National Space Centre](/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre \"British National Space Centre\") (BNSC, now [UK Space](/wiki/UK_Space_Agency \"UK Space Agency\")), the European Space Agency, the [Joint Research Centre](/wiki/Joint_Research_Centre \"Joint Research Centre\") and latterly under [EU Framework Program for Research and Technological Development](/wiki/EU_Framework_Program_for_Research_and_Technological_Development \"EU Framework Program for Research and Technological Development\") and [Copernicus Programme](/wiki/Copernicus_Programme \"Copernicus Programme\"). NPA, with project manager Ren Capes, conceived and led the [ESA Terrafirma Project](http://www.eurogeosurveys.org/projects/terrafirma/) and the [EU PanGeo Project](http://www.pangeoproject.eu/).", "Press was instrumental in founding [British Association of Remote Sensing Companies](http://www.barsc.org.uk/) (BARSC) and served several terms as chair. He was an advisor to the DG of BNSC and an Executive Member of [The Parliamentary Space Committee](http://www.ukspace.org/space-organisations/parliamentary-space-committee/). Press is a Fellow of [The Geological Society of London](/wiki/The_Geological_Society_of_London \"The Geological Society of London\") and of [The Royal Geographical Society](/wiki/The_Royal_Geographical_Society \"The Royal Geographical Society\").", "In 2008, Press sold NPA to [Fugro](/wiki/Fugro \"Fugro\"), who in turn sold NPA to CGG when they divested of their Geological exploration activities in 2012\\. Press is no longer directly involved in the activities of CGG\\-NPA.", "Press has been involved with the charity MapAction since its inception in the late 1990s in the wake of the Bosnia crisis; one of MapAction's first volunteers was an NPA employee and NPA provided practical support and computer servers for many years. Press acted in the role of Development Director, became a Trustee in 2008 and subsequently Secretary to the Board. He took over as chair in December 2015 and retired in 2021\\. He remains an advisor on technology.", "" ]
Plot ---- The film opens with David Lamb visiting his sick and dying father Walter Lamb. After visiting his father, David goes to his motel room, where he is currently living. David's father dies. After attending his father's burial, David ends up in a parking lot "in a particularly depressed\-looking corner of Chicago," smoking, where Tommie is sent by her friends to ask David for a cigarette. When asked, David gives her a cigarette, and Tommie shows him her friends. David decides to scare her friends by pretending to kidnap her. He tries to prove a point to her and brings her home. Back at David's work, his boss, Wilson, gives David his condolences, and insists that David take some time off work. Linny and David make passionate love in the office stairwell, after which David tells Linnie he is going away to his property in the country for a while to clear his head. David runs into Tommie at the parking lot, gives his name as "Gary" and offers to buy her lunch. Back at Tommie's home, her mother Linda, and her mother's boyfriend Jesse, ask where she has been, and Tommie lies, claiming that she was at a friend's house. The next day, Tommie and David hang out again; David asks Tommie to go on a camping trip for a week. He tells her he would bring her back before any one would start to worry. At a hotel, David tells Tommie he wants her to think if she really wants to stay, or go back home. He tells her this might look like a [kidnapping](/wiki/Kidnapping "Kidnapping") due to their age differences so she can leave at any time. Tommie decides to stay. At a truck stop, Melissa sees Tommie crying. Tommie lies and says her name is "Emily." Tommie tells David she wants to go home; he tells her he could take her home, like he said he would earlier. The next day, David and Tommie hang out by a lake. While there at the lake, Foster, a neighbor of theirs at the cabin, tells the two of them that they are on private property. David lies easily, telling him he's with his niece Emily (aka Tommie). Returning from the mountains, Tommie asks David if she could have a [root beer](/wiki/Root_beer "Root beer"); David asks Tommie to get him a [beer](/wiki/Beer "Beer"); she asks if she can have some of the beer, and he agrees she can have one sip of it. Foster walks into the room, where he sees Tommie holding the beer. David pretends to yell at "Emily", sends her out of the room and apologizes to Foster about what happened. Foster warns David there are unfriendly neighbors nearby who don't like kids. One morning, David notices a car approaching the cabin; he hides Tommie in a closet and tells her not to be seen. The car turns out to be driven by Linny, who came to give David company. David tells Tommie to run to the 'shop' (a back part of the cabin) quietly as she can. Later that night, Tommie asks David why Linny called him "David" instead of "Gary". He tells her, it's to "protect her/us". While David is talking to Tommie one morning, Linny walks in, and almost catches Tommie. Linny tells David she's going to get mattresses from the other room; David lies, since Tommie is hiding in that room, by telling her a fake ghost story about "Emily". Tommie is seen running from the cabin, to Foster's house. She returns to the outside of cabin and through the window witnesses David and Linny having sex. David notices that Tommie is watching. Outside the house, David/Gary holds Tommie/Emily and tells her a secret \- that his younger brother left home and disappeared when he was very young, never coming home again. He makes her promise not to tell anyone, and to always call him "Gary." Next morning Tommie walks into the cabin living room and calls Gary's name. Linny awakes with fright and wakes David (aka Gary) who claims that the girl is "Emily" who has been sick and has been staying here because of it. As Linny goes to drive away upset, David lies to her that "Emily" is the child of his brother who died and Linny says "you never told me that." He pleads with her to be patient with him but she drives off. David tells Tommie they are going to head back home. In a motel on the way back he breaks down and cries, saying that Tommie will forget him as she grows older. She put hers hand on his shoulder and says "I won't." Once they arrive at their hometown, the two emotionally say goodbye. They will not see each other again, but he tells her he will leave signs, like a broken window, or a ribbon tied in a strange place so she'll know he's been around, and that when she closes her eyes and remembers the wind and the rain from their trip, she will be like an apple tree standing in the ashes of all the houses in her city. The film ends with Tommie chasing after David as he drives away.
[ "Plot\n----", "The film opens with David Lamb visiting his sick and dying father Walter Lamb. After visiting his father, David goes to his motel room, where he is currently living. David's father dies. After attending his father's burial, David ends up in a parking lot \"in a particularly depressed\\-looking corner of Chicago,\" smoking, where Tommie is sent by her friends to ask David for a cigarette. When asked, David gives her a cigarette, and Tommie shows him her friends. David decides to scare her friends by pretending to kidnap her. He tries to prove a point to her and brings her home.", "Back at David's work, his boss, Wilson, gives David his condolences, and insists that David take some time off work. Linny and David make passionate love in the office stairwell, after which David tells Linnie he is going away to his property in the country for a while to clear his head. David runs into Tommie at the parking lot, gives his name as \"Gary\" and offers to buy her lunch. Back at Tommie's home, her mother Linda, and her mother's boyfriend Jesse, ask where she has been, and Tommie lies, claiming that she was at a friend's house. The next day, Tommie and David hang out again; David asks Tommie to go on a camping trip for a week. He tells her he would bring her back before any one would start to worry. At a hotel, David tells Tommie he wants her to think if she really wants to stay, or go back home. He tells her this might look like a [kidnapping](/wiki/Kidnapping \"Kidnapping\") due to their age differences so she can leave at any time. Tommie decides to stay.", "At a truck stop, Melissa sees Tommie crying. Tommie lies and says her name is \"Emily.\" Tommie tells David she wants to go home; he tells her he could take her home, like he said he would earlier. The next day, David and Tommie hang out by a lake. While there at the lake, Foster, a neighbor of theirs at the cabin, tells the two of them that they are on private property. David lies easily, telling him he's with his niece Emily (aka Tommie). Returning from the mountains, Tommie asks David if she could have a [root beer](/wiki/Root_beer \"Root beer\"); David asks Tommie to get him a [beer](/wiki/Beer \"Beer\"); she asks if she can have some of the beer, and he agrees she can have one sip of it. Foster walks into the room, where he sees Tommie holding the beer. David pretends to yell at \"Emily\", sends her out of the room and apologizes to Foster about what happened. Foster warns David there are unfriendly neighbors nearby who don't like kids. One morning, David notices a car approaching the cabin; he hides Tommie in a closet and tells her not to be seen. The car turns out to be driven by Linny, who came to give David company.", "David tells Tommie to run to the 'shop' (a back part of the cabin) quietly as she can. Later that night, Tommie asks David why Linny called him \"David\" instead of \"Gary\". He tells her, it's to \"protect her/us\". While David is talking to Tommie one morning, Linny walks in, and almost catches Tommie. Linny tells David she's going to get mattresses from the other room; David lies, since Tommie is hiding in that room, by telling her a fake ghost story about \"Emily\". Tommie is seen running from the cabin, to Foster's house. She returns to the outside of cabin and through the window witnesses David and Linny having sex. David notices that Tommie is watching. Outside the house, David/Gary holds Tommie/Emily and tells her a secret \\- that his younger brother left home and disappeared when he was very young, never coming home again. He makes her promise not to tell anyone, and to always call him \"Gary.\"", "Next morning Tommie walks into the cabin living room and calls Gary's name. Linny awakes with fright and wakes David (aka Gary) who claims that the girl is \"Emily\" who has been sick and has been staying here because of it. As Linny goes to drive away upset, David lies to her that \"Emily\" is the child of his brother who died and Linny says \"you never told me that.\" He pleads with her to be patient with him but she drives off.", "David tells Tommie they are going to head back home. In a motel on the way back he breaks down and cries, saying that Tommie will forget him as she grows older. She put hers hand on his shoulder and says \"I won't.\" Once they arrive at their hometown, the two emotionally say goodbye. They will not see each other again, but he tells her he will leave signs, like a broken window, or a ribbon tied in a strange place so she'll know he's been around, and that when she closes her eyes and remembers the wind and the rain from their trip, she will be like an apple tree standing in the ashes of all the houses in her city.", "The film ends with Tommie chasing after David as he drives away.", "" ]
Medical uses ------------ Lactobacillus vaccines are primarily used in the therapy and prophylaxis of dysbiotic conditions of the vaginal ecosystem ([bacterial vaginitis](/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis "Bacterial vaginosis"), [vaginal trichomoniasis](/wiki/Trichomoniasis "Trichomoniasis"), and to a lesser extent, [vaginal candidiasis](/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection "Vaginal yeast infection")). Secondarily, they are used in the prophylaxis and complementary treatment of various urogenital diseases, if vaginal dysbiosis is suspected to be the root cause of the condition. These include (chronic) [upper genital tract infections](/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease "Pelvic inflammatory disease"), [urinary tract infections](/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections "Urinary tract infections") and [cervical dysplasias](/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia"). The prophylactic use in patients with a history of late [miscarriage](/wiki/Miscarriage "Miscarriage") and [preterm labor](/wiki/Preterm_labor "Preterm labor") is practiced preferably before conception. ### Effectiveness #### Bacterial vaginitis Rüttgers studied the benefit of vaccination with Gynatren in preventing bacterial vaginitis in a patient group with frequent vaginal infections. All of the 192 patients participating in the prospective, randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study received local treatment with a [tetracycline](/wiki/Tetracycline "Tetracycline")\-[amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B "Amphotericin B") vaginal suppository. 95 patients additionally received vaccination with Gynatren, whereas 97 patients were treated with a placebo preparation of identical outward appearance. One month after the start of the treatment 85% of the patients in the active treatment group and 83% in the placebo group were cured (asymptomatic and free from pathogenic bacteria). After 3 months 78% of the verum group and 60% of the placebo group remained free from infection. After 6 months 76% and 40%, and after 12 months 75% and 37% of women in the respective groups were still free from infection. Another study by Boos and Rüttgers investigated the therapeutic effect of SolcoTrichovac when used as a sole therapeutic agent. The 182 patients enrolled into the study showed symptoms of acute vaginitis, and most of them had been treated for months with topical or oral antibiotics or antimycotics without success. For the course of the study they were advised to refrain from using such preparations. Six months after the first injection 71% of the patients showed a normal vaginal flora according to the classification of Jirovec and Peter. Further studies on the therapeutic and preventive efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines alone or in combination to antimicrobial treatment in bacterial vaginitis have produced similar results. #### Vaginal trichomoniasis Litschgi has investigated the use of SolcoTrichovac both as a therapeutic and as a recurrence prophylactic measure. On the latter subject he reported enrolling 114 women with trichomoniasis into a randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study, 66% of whom had case histories of recurrent vulvovaginitis. All patients as well as their sexual partners received systemic and/or local [nitroimidazole](/wiki/Nitroimidazole "Nitroimidazole") treatment. 61 patients were additionally vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac, 53 patients with placebo. At the first follow\-up check, 6 weeks after the first injection, 3 patients in each group still had motile trichomonads. Among the patients that were pronounced cured at this visit, a total of 15 reinfections (33\.3%) were recorded in the placebo group during the follow\-up period from month 4 to month 12 after the first injection, whilst in the verum group there were no new infections. Harris designed a similar randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study with 198 participants and reported a reinfection rate of 21\.6% in the placebo group, in contrast to 3\.1% in the SolcoTrichovac group 8 months after completing the course of three injections. Further studies have confirmed the efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines as a powerful complementary treatment and recurrence prophylactic measure in trichomoniasis. #### Vaginal candidiasis [Vaginal mycoses](/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection "Vaginal yeast infection") are considered a weak indicator that the lactobacillus flora is compromised, since *[Candida albicans](/wiki/Candida_albicans "Candida albicans")* and *Lactobacilli* can coexist symbiotically. Consequently, immunotherapeutic modulation of the lactobacillus flora has a lesser success rate in this condition than in bacterial and trichomonal vaginitis. Verling reported vaccinating 42 patients with candida\-induced chronic colpo\-vaginitis with SolcoTrichovac, who had shown resistance to usual fungicidal treatment such as topical [amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B "Amphotericin B"), [nystatin](/wiki/Nystatin "Nystatin") and [povidone\-iodine](/wiki/Povidone-iodine "Povidone-iodine"). Of these, 7 patients (17%) have healed and another 18 patients (43%) showed only mild symptoms one month after the third injection. #### Urinary tract infections In many women prone to recurrent urinary tract infections, the mucosal surfaces of the vaginal introitus are colonized by *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli "Escherichia coli")* and *[Enterococci](/wiki/Enterococci "Enterococci")*, rather than *Lactobacilli*. Reid and Burton have postulated that the vagina may act as a reservoir for uropathogens. In the proposed scenario, the dysbiotic vaginal environment is continually seeding the bladder with infectious microbes leading to a persistent or recurrent urinary tract infection. As they suggested, by recolonizing the vagina with lactobacilli and displacing the pathogens, the infection of the bladder may resolve. No studies have been conducted on the use of lactobacillus vaccines in recurrent urinary tract infections using modern formulations of the vaccine. The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi reported initial success in preventing uropoietic infections in pregnant women under therapy with experimental single\-strain vaccines. #### Intrauterine infections during pregnancy The relationship between intrauterine infections and second\-trimester pregnancy loss as well as early preterm delivery has been established. Most bacteria found in the uterus in association with preterm labor are of vaginal origin, with only a small minority originating from the abdominal cavity or from an inadvertent needle contamination at the time of amniocentesis. Pathogenic bacteria may ascend through the cervix and maintain a subacute infection of the upper genital tract and the fetal membranes for months before the infection is eventually detected. These infections tend to remain asymptomatic and are not associated with fever, a tender uterus, or peripheral\-blood leukocytosis. Often the first symptoms are the [rupture of membranes](/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes "Prelabor rupture of membranes") and preterm labor, at which point the conservation of pregnancy becomes difficult. Early treatment and prophylaxis of vaginal infections are crucially important especially in those patients, that have already experienced a second\-trimester miscarriage, which is associated with 27% rate of recurrence (pregnancy loss between 14 and {{frac\|23\|6\|7}} weeks of gestation), 10% rate of extremely preterm delivery (24 to {{frac\|27\|6\|7}} weeks), and further 23% rate of very, moderate or late preterm delivery (28 to {{frac\|36\|6\|7}} weeks) in the subsequent pregnancy. A study performed by Lázár and her coworkers examined the incidence of low\-birth\-weight offspring among therapeutically and preventively vaccinated women. Out of 413 pregnant women presenting with acute urogenital infections, 209 were vaccinated with Gynevac additionally to conventional antimicrobial treatment, whereas 204 women only received antimicrobial therapy. A birth\-weight below 2500 g was recorded in 10\.4% of vaccinated patients compared to 24\.1% among patients that had not received lactobacillus vaccination. The rate of perinatal mortality was 1\.42% in the vaccinated group in contrast to 3\.86% among non\-vaccinated patients. On average the gestational period was longer in vaccinated patients, 81\.3% of whom reached full term, in contrast to only 66\.7% of the non\-vaccinated patients. Preventive lactobacillus vaccination with Gynevac was performed on 1396 healthy women, partly before conception and partly during early pregnancy. The reported incidence of low birth weight was 7\.9% among vaccinated women compared to 14\.0% among healthy controls. In a subsequent prospective study with the participation of 1852 vaccinated pregnant women and 1418 controls, Lázár and coworkers reported a preterm birth rate of 7\.1% among vaccinated women and 12\.2% among those that declined lactobacillus vaccination. ### Formulation Each ampoule of Gynatren contains at least {{val\|7e9}} inactivated microorganisms of eight *Lactobacillus* strains in approximately equal amounts ({{val\|8\.75e8}} microorganisms per strain). Three strains belong to the species *[L. vaginalis](/wiki/L._vaginalis "L. vaginalis")*, three strains to *[L. rhamnosus](/wiki/L._rhamnosus "L. rhamnosus")*, one strain to *[L. fermentum](/wiki/L._fermentum "L. fermentum")* and one to *[L. salivarius](/wiki/L._salivarius "L. salivarius")*. The eight specific aberrant polymorphous *Lactobacillus* strains have been deposited at the [Westerdijk Institute](/wiki/Westerdijk_Institute "Westerdijk Institute") (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) in 1977 under the strain numbers CBS 465\.77 to CBS 472\.77\. Inactivated material from the eight strains is mixed and diluted with [physiological sodium chloride solution](/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29 "Saline (medicine)"). [Phenol](/wiki/Phenol "Phenol") is added as a preservative. The vaccine usually has a total nitrogen content of 3\.68 mg in 100 ml solution (based on the dry material, using the [Kjeldahl method](/wiki/Kjeldahl_method "Kjeldahl method")). Using the conversion factor of 6\.25 to convert nitrogen concentration to protein concentration, this means that there is on average 0\.115 mg bacterial proteins in each ampoule of 0\.5 ml. Gynevac is composed of five specific aberrant polymorphous *Lactobacillus* strains, four belonging to the species *[L. fermentum](/wiki/L._fermentum "L. fermentum")* and one to the species *[L. reuteri](/wiki/L._reuteri "L. reuteri")*. The further ingredients are [formaldehyde](/wiki/Formaldehyde "Formaldehyde") and sodium ethylmercuric thiosalicylate ([Thiomersal](/wiki/Thiomersal "Thiomersal")) as preservatives and sodium chloride solution as a diluent. Each ampoule of 1 ml contains between 0\.08 mg and 0\.32 mg bacterial proteins. ### Schedule The usual vaccination schedule of Gynatren is 3 intramuscular injections of 0\.5 ml vaccine at intervals of 2 weeks, followed by a booster dose of 0\.5 ml 6–12 months after the first injection. The booster injection raises the serum antibody titres in most cases back to similar levels to those found shortly after primary vaccination and ensures renewed immune protection for about 2 further years. Grčić et al. recommends the periodic administration of booster doses every 2 years to maintain protective immunity for many years. The schedule of Gynevac includes 5 intragluteal injections of 1 ml vaccine at intervals of 10 days. Protective immunity is conferred for about a year. The primary immunization program may be repeated, if reinfection or relapse occurs.
[ "Medical uses\n------------", "Lactobacillus vaccines are primarily used in the therapy and prophylaxis of dysbiotic conditions of the vaginal ecosystem ([bacterial vaginitis](/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis \"Bacterial vaginosis\"), [vaginal trichomoniasis](/wiki/Trichomoniasis \"Trichomoniasis\"), and to a lesser extent, [vaginal candidiasis](/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection \"Vaginal yeast infection\")). Secondarily, they are used in the prophylaxis and complementary treatment of various urogenital diseases, if vaginal dysbiosis is suspected to be the root cause of the condition. These include (chronic) [upper genital tract infections](/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease \"Pelvic inflammatory disease\"), [urinary tract infections](/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections \"Urinary tract infections\") and [cervical dysplasias](/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia \"Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia\"). The prophylactic use in patients with a history of late [miscarriage](/wiki/Miscarriage \"Miscarriage\") and [preterm labor](/wiki/Preterm_labor \"Preterm labor\") is practiced preferably before conception.", "### Effectiveness", "#### Bacterial vaginitis", "Rüttgers studied the benefit of vaccination with Gynatren in preventing bacterial vaginitis in a patient group with frequent vaginal infections. All of the 192 patients participating in the prospective, randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study received local treatment with a [tetracycline](/wiki/Tetracycline \"Tetracycline\")\\-[amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B \"Amphotericin B\") vaginal suppository. 95 patients additionally received vaccination with Gynatren, whereas 97 patients were treated with a placebo preparation of identical outward appearance. One month after the start of the treatment 85% of the patients in the active treatment group and 83% in the placebo group were cured (asymptomatic and free from pathogenic bacteria). After 3 months 78% of the verum group and 60% of the placebo group remained free from infection. After 6 months 76% and 40%, and after 12 months 75% and 37% of women in the respective groups were still free from infection.", "Another study by Boos and Rüttgers investigated the therapeutic effect of SolcoTrichovac when used as a sole therapeutic agent. The 182 patients enrolled into the study showed symptoms of acute vaginitis, and most of them had been treated for months with topical or oral antibiotics or antimycotics without success. For the course of the study they were advised to refrain from using such preparations. Six months after the first injection 71% of the patients showed a normal vaginal flora according to the classification of Jirovec and Peter. Further studies on the therapeutic and preventive efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines alone or in combination to antimicrobial treatment in bacterial vaginitis have produced similar results.", "#### Vaginal trichomoniasis", "Litschgi has investigated the use of SolcoTrichovac both as a therapeutic and as a recurrence prophylactic measure. On the latter subject he reported enrolling 114 women with trichomoniasis into a randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study, 66% of whom had case histories of recurrent vulvovaginitis. All patients as well as their sexual partners received systemic and/or local [nitroimidazole](/wiki/Nitroimidazole \"Nitroimidazole\") treatment. 61 patients were additionally vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac, 53 patients with placebo. At the first follow\\-up check, 6 weeks after the first injection, 3 patients in each group still had motile trichomonads. Among the patients that were pronounced cured at this visit, a total of 15 reinfections (33\\.3%) were recorded in the placebo group during the follow\\-up period from month 4 to month 12 after the first injection, whilst in the verum group there were no new infections. Harris designed a similar randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study with 198 participants and reported a reinfection rate of 21\\.6% in the placebo group, in contrast to 3\\.1% in the SolcoTrichovac group 8 months after completing the course of three injections. Further studies have confirmed the efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines as a powerful complementary treatment and recurrence prophylactic measure in trichomoniasis.", "#### Vaginal candidiasis", "[Vaginal mycoses](/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection \"Vaginal yeast infection\") are considered a weak indicator that the lactobacillus flora is compromised, since *[Candida albicans](/wiki/Candida_albicans \"Candida albicans\")* and *Lactobacilli* can coexist symbiotically. Consequently, immunotherapeutic modulation of the lactobacillus flora has a lesser success rate in this condition than in bacterial and trichomonal vaginitis. Verling reported vaccinating 42 patients with candida\\-induced chronic colpo\\-vaginitis with SolcoTrichovac, who had shown resistance to usual fungicidal treatment such as topical [amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B \"Amphotericin B\"), [nystatin](/wiki/Nystatin \"Nystatin\") and [povidone\\-iodine](/wiki/Povidone-iodine \"Povidone-iodine\"). Of these, 7 patients (17%) have healed and another 18 patients (43%) showed only mild symptoms one month after the third injection.", "#### Urinary tract infections", "In many women prone to recurrent urinary tract infections, the mucosal surfaces of the vaginal introitus are colonized by *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli \"Escherichia coli\")* and *[Enterococci](/wiki/Enterococci \"Enterococci\")*, rather than *Lactobacilli*. Reid and Burton have postulated that the vagina may act as a reservoir for uropathogens. In the proposed scenario, the dysbiotic vaginal environment is continually seeding the bladder with infectious microbes leading to a persistent or recurrent urinary tract infection. As they suggested, by recolonizing the vagina with lactobacilli and displacing the pathogens, the infection of the bladder may resolve. No studies have been conducted on the use of lactobacillus vaccines in recurrent urinary tract infections using modern formulations of the vaccine. The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi reported initial success in preventing uropoietic infections in pregnant women under therapy with experimental single\\-strain vaccines.", "#### Intrauterine infections during pregnancy", "The relationship between intrauterine infections and second\\-trimester pregnancy loss as well as early preterm delivery has been established. Most bacteria found in the uterus in association with preterm labor are of vaginal origin, with only a small minority originating from the abdominal cavity or from an inadvertent needle contamination at the time of amniocentesis. Pathogenic bacteria may ascend through the cervix and maintain a subacute infection of the upper genital tract and the fetal membranes for months before the infection is eventually detected. These infections tend to remain asymptomatic and are not associated with fever, a tender uterus, or peripheral\\-blood leukocytosis. Often the first symptoms are the [rupture of membranes](/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes \"Prelabor rupture of membranes\") and preterm labor, at which point the conservation of pregnancy becomes difficult. Early treatment and prophylaxis of vaginal infections are crucially important especially in those patients, that have already experienced a second\\-trimester miscarriage, which is associated with 27% rate of recurrence (pregnancy loss between 14 and {{frac\\|23\\|6\\|7}} weeks of gestation), 10% rate of extremely preterm delivery (24 to {{frac\\|27\\|6\\|7}} weeks), and further 23% rate of very, moderate or late preterm delivery (28 to {{frac\\|36\\|6\\|7}} weeks) in the subsequent pregnancy.", "A study performed by Lázár and her coworkers examined the incidence of low\\-birth\\-weight offspring among therapeutically and preventively vaccinated women. Out of 413 pregnant women presenting with acute urogenital infections, 209 were vaccinated with Gynevac additionally to conventional antimicrobial treatment, whereas 204 women only received antimicrobial therapy. A birth\\-weight below 2500 g was recorded in 10\\.4% of vaccinated patients compared to 24\\.1% among patients that had not received lactobacillus vaccination. The rate of perinatal mortality was 1\\.42% in the vaccinated group in contrast to 3\\.86% among non\\-vaccinated patients. On average the gestational period was longer in vaccinated patients, 81\\.3% of whom reached full term, in contrast to only 66\\.7% of the non\\-vaccinated patients. Preventive lactobacillus vaccination with Gynevac was performed on 1396 healthy women, partly before conception and partly during early pregnancy. The reported incidence of low birth weight was 7\\.9% among vaccinated women compared to 14\\.0% among healthy controls. In a subsequent prospective study with the participation of 1852 vaccinated pregnant women and 1418 controls, Lázár and coworkers reported a preterm birth rate of 7\\.1% among vaccinated women and 12\\.2% among those that declined lactobacillus vaccination.", "### Formulation", "Each ampoule of Gynatren contains at least {{val\\|7e9}} inactivated microorganisms of eight *Lactobacillus* strains in approximately equal amounts ({{val\\|8\\.75e8}} microorganisms per strain). Three strains belong to the species *[L. vaginalis](/wiki/L._vaginalis \"L. vaginalis\")*, three strains to *[L. rhamnosus](/wiki/L._rhamnosus \"L. rhamnosus\")*, one strain to *[L. fermentum](/wiki/L._fermentum \"L. fermentum\")* and one to *[L. salivarius](/wiki/L._salivarius \"L. salivarius\")*. The eight specific aberrant polymorphous *Lactobacillus* strains have been deposited at the [Westerdijk Institute](/wiki/Westerdijk_Institute \"Westerdijk Institute\") (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures) in 1977 under the strain numbers CBS 465\\.77 to CBS 472\\.77\\. Inactivated material from the eight strains is mixed and diluted with [physiological sodium chloride solution](/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29 \"Saline (medicine)\"). [Phenol](/wiki/Phenol \"Phenol\") is added as a preservative. The vaccine usually has a total nitrogen content of 3\\.68 mg in 100 ml solution (based on the dry material, using the [Kjeldahl method](/wiki/Kjeldahl_method \"Kjeldahl method\")). Using the conversion factor of 6\\.25 to convert nitrogen concentration to protein concentration, this means that there is on average 0\\.115 mg bacterial proteins in each ampoule of 0\\.5 ml.", "Gynevac is composed of five specific aberrant polymorphous *Lactobacillus* strains, four belonging to the species *[L. fermentum](/wiki/L._fermentum \"L. fermentum\")* and one to the species *[L. reuteri](/wiki/L._reuteri \"L. reuteri\")*. The further ingredients are [formaldehyde](/wiki/Formaldehyde \"Formaldehyde\") and sodium ethylmercuric thiosalicylate ([Thiomersal](/wiki/Thiomersal \"Thiomersal\")) as preservatives and sodium chloride solution as a diluent. Each ampoule of 1 ml contains between 0\\.08 mg and 0\\.32 mg bacterial proteins.", "### Schedule", "The usual vaccination schedule of Gynatren is 3 intramuscular injections of 0\\.5 ml vaccine at intervals of 2 weeks, followed by a booster dose of 0\\.5 ml 6–12 months after the first injection. The booster injection raises the serum antibody titres in most cases back to similar levels to those found shortly after primary vaccination and ensures renewed immune protection for about 2 further years. Grčić et al. recommends the periodic administration of booster doses every 2 years to maintain protective immunity for many years.", "The schedule of Gynevac includes 5 intragluteal injections of 1 ml vaccine at intervals of 10 days. Protective immunity is conferred for about a year. The primary immunization program may be repeated, if reinfection or relapse occurs.", "" ]
### Effectiveness #### Bacterial vaginitis Rüttgers studied the benefit of vaccination with Gynatren in preventing bacterial vaginitis in a patient group with frequent vaginal infections. All of the 192 patients participating in the prospective, randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study received local treatment with a [tetracycline](/wiki/Tetracycline "Tetracycline")\-[amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B "Amphotericin B") vaginal suppository. 95 patients additionally received vaccination with Gynatren, whereas 97 patients were treated with a placebo preparation of identical outward appearance. One month after the start of the treatment 85% of the patients in the active treatment group and 83% in the placebo group were cured (asymptomatic and free from pathogenic bacteria). After 3 months 78% of the verum group and 60% of the placebo group remained free from infection. After 6 months 76% and 40%, and after 12 months 75% and 37% of women in the respective groups were still free from infection. Another study by Boos and Rüttgers investigated the therapeutic effect of SolcoTrichovac when used as a sole therapeutic agent. The 182 patients enrolled into the study showed symptoms of acute vaginitis, and most of them had been treated for months with topical or oral antibiotics or antimycotics without success. For the course of the study they were advised to refrain from using such preparations. Six months after the first injection 71% of the patients showed a normal vaginal flora according to the classification of Jirovec and Peter. Further studies on the therapeutic and preventive efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines alone or in combination to antimicrobial treatment in bacterial vaginitis have produced similar results. #### Vaginal trichomoniasis Litschgi has investigated the use of SolcoTrichovac both as a therapeutic and as a recurrence prophylactic measure. On the latter subject he reported enrolling 114 women with trichomoniasis into a randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study, 66% of whom had case histories of recurrent vulvovaginitis. All patients as well as their sexual partners received systemic and/or local [nitroimidazole](/wiki/Nitroimidazole "Nitroimidazole") treatment. 61 patients were additionally vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac, 53 patients with placebo. At the first follow\-up check, 6 weeks after the first injection, 3 patients in each group still had motile trichomonads. Among the patients that were pronounced cured at this visit, a total of 15 reinfections (33\.3%) were recorded in the placebo group during the follow\-up period from month 4 to month 12 after the first injection, whilst in the verum group there were no new infections. Harris designed a similar randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study with 198 participants and reported a reinfection rate of 21\.6% in the placebo group, in contrast to 3\.1% in the SolcoTrichovac group 8 months after completing the course of three injections. Further studies have confirmed the efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines as a powerful complementary treatment and recurrence prophylactic measure in trichomoniasis. #### Vaginal candidiasis [Vaginal mycoses](/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection "Vaginal yeast infection") are considered a weak indicator that the lactobacillus flora is compromised, since *[Candida albicans](/wiki/Candida_albicans "Candida albicans")* and *Lactobacilli* can coexist symbiotically. Consequently, immunotherapeutic modulation of the lactobacillus flora has a lesser success rate in this condition than in bacterial and trichomonal vaginitis. Verling reported vaccinating 42 patients with candida\-induced chronic colpo\-vaginitis with SolcoTrichovac, who had shown resistance to usual fungicidal treatment such as topical [amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B "Amphotericin B"), [nystatin](/wiki/Nystatin "Nystatin") and [povidone\-iodine](/wiki/Povidone-iodine "Povidone-iodine"). Of these, 7 patients (17%) have healed and another 18 patients (43%) showed only mild symptoms one month after the third injection. #### Urinary tract infections In many women prone to recurrent urinary tract infections, the mucosal surfaces of the vaginal introitus are colonized by *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli "Escherichia coli")* and *[Enterococci](/wiki/Enterococci "Enterococci")*, rather than *Lactobacilli*. Reid and Burton have postulated that the vagina may act as a reservoir for uropathogens. In the proposed scenario, the dysbiotic vaginal environment is continually seeding the bladder with infectious microbes leading to a persistent or recurrent urinary tract infection. As they suggested, by recolonizing the vagina with lactobacilli and displacing the pathogens, the infection of the bladder may resolve. No studies have been conducted on the use of lactobacillus vaccines in recurrent urinary tract infections using modern formulations of the vaccine. The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi reported initial success in preventing uropoietic infections in pregnant women under therapy with experimental single\-strain vaccines. #### Intrauterine infections during pregnancy The relationship between intrauterine infections and second\-trimester pregnancy loss as well as early preterm delivery has been established. Most bacteria found in the uterus in association with preterm labor are of vaginal origin, with only a small minority originating from the abdominal cavity or from an inadvertent needle contamination at the time of amniocentesis. Pathogenic bacteria may ascend through the cervix and maintain a subacute infection of the upper genital tract and the fetal membranes for months before the infection is eventually detected. These infections tend to remain asymptomatic and are not associated with fever, a tender uterus, or peripheral\-blood leukocytosis. Often the first symptoms are the [rupture of membranes](/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes "Prelabor rupture of membranes") and preterm labor, at which point the conservation of pregnancy becomes difficult. Early treatment and prophylaxis of vaginal infections are crucially important especially in those patients, that have already experienced a second\-trimester miscarriage, which is associated with 27% rate of recurrence (pregnancy loss between 14 and {{frac\|23\|6\|7}} weeks of gestation), 10% rate of extremely preterm delivery (24 to {{frac\|27\|6\|7}} weeks), and further 23% rate of very, moderate or late preterm delivery (28 to {{frac\|36\|6\|7}} weeks) in the subsequent pregnancy. A study performed by Lázár and her coworkers examined the incidence of low\-birth\-weight offspring among therapeutically and preventively vaccinated women. Out of 413 pregnant women presenting with acute urogenital infections, 209 were vaccinated with Gynevac additionally to conventional antimicrobial treatment, whereas 204 women only received antimicrobial therapy. A birth\-weight below 2500 g was recorded in 10\.4% of vaccinated patients compared to 24\.1% among patients that had not received lactobacillus vaccination. The rate of perinatal mortality was 1\.42% in the vaccinated group in contrast to 3\.86% among non\-vaccinated patients. On average the gestational period was longer in vaccinated patients, 81\.3% of whom reached full term, in contrast to only 66\.7% of the non\-vaccinated patients. Preventive lactobacillus vaccination with Gynevac was performed on 1396 healthy women, partly before conception and partly during early pregnancy. The reported incidence of low birth weight was 7\.9% among vaccinated women compared to 14\.0% among healthy controls. In a subsequent prospective study with the participation of 1852 vaccinated pregnant women and 1418 controls, Lázár and coworkers reported a preterm birth rate of 7\.1% among vaccinated women and 12\.2% among those that declined lactobacillus vaccination.
[ "### Effectiveness", "#### Bacterial vaginitis", "Rüttgers studied the benefit of vaccination with Gynatren in preventing bacterial vaginitis in a patient group with frequent vaginal infections. All of the 192 patients participating in the prospective, randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study received local treatment with a [tetracycline](/wiki/Tetracycline \"Tetracycline\")\\-[amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B \"Amphotericin B\") vaginal suppository. 95 patients additionally received vaccination with Gynatren, whereas 97 patients were treated with a placebo preparation of identical outward appearance. One month after the start of the treatment 85% of the patients in the active treatment group and 83% in the placebo group were cured (asymptomatic and free from pathogenic bacteria). After 3 months 78% of the verum group and 60% of the placebo group remained free from infection. After 6 months 76% and 40%, and after 12 months 75% and 37% of women in the respective groups were still free from infection.", "Another study by Boos and Rüttgers investigated the therapeutic effect of SolcoTrichovac when used as a sole therapeutic agent. The 182 patients enrolled into the study showed symptoms of acute vaginitis, and most of them had been treated for months with topical or oral antibiotics or antimycotics without success. For the course of the study they were advised to refrain from using such preparations. Six months after the first injection 71% of the patients showed a normal vaginal flora according to the classification of Jirovec and Peter. Further studies on the therapeutic and preventive efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines alone or in combination to antimicrobial treatment in bacterial vaginitis have produced similar results.", "#### Vaginal trichomoniasis", "Litschgi has investigated the use of SolcoTrichovac both as a therapeutic and as a recurrence prophylactic measure. On the latter subject he reported enrolling 114 women with trichomoniasis into a randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study, 66% of whom had case histories of recurrent vulvovaginitis. All patients as well as their sexual partners received systemic and/or local [nitroimidazole](/wiki/Nitroimidazole \"Nitroimidazole\") treatment. 61 patients were additionally vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac, 53 patients with placebo. At the first follow\\-up check, 6 weeks after the first injection, 3 patients in each group still had motile trichomonads. Among the patients that were pronounced cured at this visit, a total of 15 reinfections (33\\.3%) were recorded in the placebo group during the follow\\-up period from month 4 to month 12 after the first injection, whilst in the verum group there were no new infections. Harris designed a similar randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study with 198 participants and reported a reinfection rate of 21\\.6% in the placebo group, in contrast to 3\\.1% in the SolcoTrichovac group 8 months after completing the course of three injections. Further studies have confirmed the efficacy of lactobacillus vaccines as a powerful complementary treatment and recurrence prophylactic measure in trichomoniasis.", "#### Vaginal candidiasis", "[Vaginal mycoses](/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection \"Vaginal yeast infection\") are considered a weak indicator that the lactobacillus flora is compromised, since *[Candida albicans](/wiki/Candida_albicans \"Candida albicans\")* and *Lactobacilli* can coexist symbiotically. Consequently, immunotherapeutic modulation of the lactobacillus flora has a lesser success rate in this condition than in bacterial and trichomonal vaginitis. Verling reported vaccinating 42 patients with candida\\-induced chronic colpo\\-vaginitis with SolcoTrichovac, who had shown resistance to usual fungicidal treatment such as topical [amphotericin B](/wiki/Amphotericin_B \"Amphotericin B\"), [nystatin](/wiki/Nystatin \"Nystatin\") and [povidone\\-iodine](/wiki/Povidone-iodine \"Povidone-iodine\"). Of these, 7 patients (17%) have healed and another 18 patients (43%) showed only mild symptoms one month after the third injection.", "#### Urinary tract infections", "In many women prone to recurrent urinary tract infections, the mucosal surfaces of the vaginal introitus are colonized by *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli \"Escherichia coli\")* and *[Enterococci](/wiki/Enterococci \"Enterococci\")*, rather than *Lactobacilli*. Reid and Burton have postulated that the vagina may act as a reservoir for uropathogens. In the proposed scenario, the dysbiotic vaginal environment is continually seeding the bladder with infectious microbes leading to a persistent or recurrent urinary tract infection. As they suggested, by recolonizing the vagina with lactobacilli and displacing the pathogens, the infection of the bladder may resolve. No studies have been conducted on the use of lactobacillus vaccines in recurrent urinary tract infections using modern formulations of the vaccine. The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi reported initial success in preventing uropoietic infections in pregnant women under therapy with experimental single\\-strain vaccines.", "#### Intrauterine infections during pregnancy", "The relationship between intrauterine infections and second\\-trimester pregnancy loss as well as early preterm delivery has been established. Most bacteria found in the uterus in association with preterm labor are of vaginal origin, with only a small minority originating from the abdominal cavity or from an inadvertent needle contamination at the time of amniocentesis. Pathogenic bacteria may ascend through the cervix and maintain a subacute infection of the upper genital tract and the fetal membranes for months before the infection is eventually detected. These infections tend to remain asymptomatic and are not associated with fever, a tender uterus, or peripheral\\-blood leukocytosis. Often the first symptoms are the [rupture of membranes](/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes \"Prelabor rupture of membranes\") and preterm labor, at which point the conservation of pregnancy becomes difficult. Early treatment and prophylaxis of vaginal infections are crucially important especially in those patients, that have already experienced a second\\-trimester miscarriage, which is associated with 27% rate of recurrence (pregnancy loss between 14 and {{frac\\|23\\|6\\|7}} weeks of gestation), 10% rate of extremely preterm delivery (24 to {{frac\\|27\\|6\\|7}} weeks), and further 23% rate of very, moderate or late preterm delivery (28 to {{frac\\|36\\|6\\|7}} weeks) in the subsequent pregnancy.", "A study performed by Lázár and her coworkers examined the incidence of low\\-birth\\-weight offspring among therapeutically and preventively vaccinated women. Out of 413 pregnant women presenting with acute urogenital infections, 209 were vaccinated with Gynevac additionally to conventional antimicrobial treatment, whereas 204 women only received antimicrobial therapy. A birth\\-weight below 2500 g was recorded in 10\\.4% of vaccinated patients compared to 24\\.1% among patients that had not received lactobacillus vaccination. The rate of perinatal mortality was 1\\.42% in the vaccinated group in contrast to 3\\.86% among non\\-vaccinated patients. On average the gestational period was longer in vaccinated patients, 81\\.3% of whom reached full term, in contrast to only 66\\.7% of the non\\-vaccinated patients. Preventive lactobacillus vaccination with Gynevac was performed on 1396 healthy women, partly before conception and partly during early pregnancy. The reported incidence of low birth weight was 7\\.9% among vaccinated women compared to 14\\.0% among healthy controls. In a subsequent prospective study with the participation of 1852 vaccinated pregnant women and 1418 controls, Lázár and coworkers reported a preterm birth rate of 7\\.1% among vaccinated women and 12\\.2% among those that declined lactobacillus vaccination.", "" ]
Mechanism of action ------------------- The mechanism of action of lactobacillus vaccines is far from being completely understood. At least three theories have been proposed. The most commonly accepted one, as formulated by Påhlson and Larsson, suggests that the vaccine breaks the immune tolerance of the host and makes it possible for the immune defense to attack aberrant, "ecologically wrong" lactobacilli and create an environment for beneficial strains to become dominant. Rüttgers on the other hand described SolcoTrichovac as an anti\-adhesive vaccine, suggesting that the induced antibodies and perhaps other mechanisms inhibit the adhesion of microbes to epithelial cells in a largely nonspecific manner. A [third hypothesis](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine%23Alternative_theory_of_the_mechanism_of_action "Lactobacillus vaccine#Alternative theory of the mechanism of action"), advanced by Goisis among others, involves the possibility of an immunomodulation resulting in tolerance, rather than defense against the bacterial antigens used in the vaccine. Multiple authors have proposed [cellular immunological phenomena](/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity "Cell-mediated immunity") as the primary mediators of protective effect of lactobacillus vaccines. [Studies into cellular immunity](/wiki/Immunohistochemistry "Immunohistochemistry") are technically challenging in humans owing to the difficulty of sampling lymphoid tissues as opposed to secretions, and none has been performed so far on lactobacillus vaccines. A number of studies have been published on the [humoral responses](/wiki/Humoral_immunity "Humoral immunity") to primary and booster immunization in serum and in the vaginal secretions. Rüttgers identified mucosal [secretory IgA](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A%23Secretory_IgA "Immunoglobulin A#Secretory IgA") as a strong immune correlate of vaccine efficacy. ### Humoral immune response [thumb\|Serum anti\-aberrant\-lactobacillus antibody titres (geometric mean and standard error) in 97 women vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac (Milovanović 1983\). A booster dose was given 12 months after the first injection.](/wiki/File:SerumTitres_Milovanovic.png "SerumTitres Milovanovic.png") [thumb\|Total secretory IgA concentration (arithmetic mean and standard error) of the vaginal secretions of 95 women vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac (Rüttgers 1988\).](/wiki/File:MucosalTitres_Ruettgers.png "MucosalTitres Ruettgers.png") [Mucosal surfaces](/wiki/Mucous_membrane "Mucous membrane") are a major portal of entry for [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogens "Pathogens") into the body. [Antibodies](/wiki/Antibodies "Antibodies") in mucosal secretions represent the first line of immune defense of the mucosae. They are capable to bind to specific pathogens and prevent their [adherence](/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin "Bacterial adhesin") to the [epithelial cell lining](/wiki/Epithelium "Epithelium") of the mucous membranes. Neutralized pathogens can then be eliminated from the mucosal surfaces by means of conveyance by the [mucus](/wiki/Mucus "Mucus") stream. Mucosae throughout the body have been described as parts of a [common mucosal immune system](/wiki/Common_mucosal_immune_system "Common mucosal immune system") (CMIS). The basis for this concept is the observation that [precursor lymphocytes](/wiki/Lymphoblast "Lymphoblast") sensitized to a certain [antigen](/wiki/Antigen "Antigen") at a specific [mucosal site](/wiki/Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue") can migrate and assume [effector function](/wiki/Plasma_cell "Plasma cell") at distant mucosal tissues. Although the female genital tract is thought of as part of the CMIS, it shows some characteristics that set it apart from other mucosal immune sites. One of these features is the relative inefficacy of local antigenic stimulation owing to a sparsity of mucosal lymphoepithelial inductive sites. A further distinctive characteristic is the significant contribution of the systemic immune compartment to the pool of antibodies. In most external secretions, like tears, saliva or milk, the dominant antibody class is [secretory IgA](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A%23Secretory_IgA "Immunoglobulin A#Secretory IgA") (sIgA), whereas in the cervicovaginal secretions [IgG](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G "Immunoglobulin G") levels equal or exceed the levels of sIgA. A large portion of this IgG is thought to originate from the circulation and appear in vaginal fluids via [transudation](/wiki/Transudate "Transudate") through the uterine tissues. There are reports that systemic immunization can stimulate humoral immune protection in vaginal secretions more efficiently than in other mucosal secretions, where serum\-derived IgG concentrations remain lower. Milovanović and coworkers studied the serum antibody response of 97 women with trichomonad colpitis to primary immunization with SolcoTrichovac (3 intramuscular injections of 0\.5 ml vaccine at intervals of 2 weeks) and a booster dose of 0\.5 ml administered 12 months after the first injection. The agglutination titres were determined by preparing two\-fold serial dilutions of the serum samples in isotonic saline (dilutions of 1:10 to 1:1280\), using 0\.5 ml concentrated lactobacillus vaccine as an [agglutinogen](/wiki/Agglutinogen "Agglutinogen"). An at least threefold elevation of the agglutination titres following primary immunization was detected in the serum of 93\.8% of patients; the rest of the patients were considered non\-responders or poor responders to the vaccination. The geometric mean of the agglutination titres increased from the basal level of 1:56 before vaccination to 1:320 after finishing the primary immunization program, and it was still 1:140 one year later. Two weeks after the booster injection the mean titres were raised back to 1:343\. Rüttgers quantified the total concentration of secretory IgA antibodies in the vaginal secretions of 192 women with bacterial vaginitis participating in a randomized, double\-blind, placebo\-controlled study. 95 patients were treated with SolcoTrichovac and 97 with placebo, according to the primary immunization scheme described above. The samples were tested using the [enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay](/wiki/ELISA "ELISA") according to Åkerlund et al. The mean baseline concentrations were similar in the two comparative groups. One month after the start of the therapy the sIgA concentration in the active\-treatment group had risen significantly compared to the baseline and also in comparison to the placebo group. This difference gradually decreased over the subsequent months. After 12 months the sIgA concentration in the SolcoTrichovac group had fallen back to baseline value. About 35% of the actively treated patients had not developed a pronounced mucosal immune response. In these patients sIgA concentration of the vaginal secretion remained unchanged or showed only a short\-lived elevation. Rüttgers observed that this group of patients by large overlapped with those, that had had reinfections during the follow\-up period of 12 months, and concluded that vaginal sIgA concentration is a better correlate to immune protection than serum antibody titres. On the question of the mechanism underlying the induction of IgA\-secreting [plasma cells](/wiki/Plasma_cells "Plasma cells") in the vaginal mucosa, Pavić and Stojković suggested that intramuscularly administered antigens may be transported to the local immunocompetent organ, in this case the vagina, and provoke a local secretory immune response. Patrolling [dendritic cells](/wiki/Dendritic_cells "Dendritic cells") exposed to killed bacterial antigens at a muscular injection site however typically do not migrate further than the local draining [lymph nodes](/wiki/Lymph_nodes "Lymph nodes"), where [antigen presentation](/wiki/Antigen_presentation "Antigen presentation") and the activation of [T](/wiki/T_cell "T cell") and [B cells](/wiki/B_cells "B cells") occur. Effector and memory lymphocytes in turn preferentially [home back](/wiki/Lymphocyte_homing_receptor "Lymphocyte homing receptor") to the tissue where they were first activated, in this case the secondary lymph nodes. This is the reason why parenteral immunization with non\-replicating antigens is generally considered ineffective in eliciting a mucosal immune response. Another possible explanation for an increased level of anti\-aberrant\-lactobacillus sIgA in vaginal secretions involves natural priming by mucosal infection at this site. Similarly to how subcutaneously administered killed whole\-cell [cholera vaccines](/wiki/Cholera_vaccine%23Injectable "Cholera vaccine#Injectable") reportedly only provoke substantial mucosal secretory antibody response in cholera‐endemic countries, vaginal priming with aberrant lactobacilli may be necessary for the generation of mucosal IgA\-secreting plasma cells following parenteral vaccination. ### Effect on the vaginal ecology Protective lactobacilli inhibit the growth of other microorganisms by competing for adherence to [epithelial cells](/wiki/Epithelium "Epithelium") and by producing antimicrobial compounds. These compounds include [lactic acid](/wiki/Lactic_acid "Lactic acid"), which lowers the vaginal pH, [hydrogen peroxide](/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide "Hydrogen peroxide") and [bacteriocins](/wiki/Bacteriocins "Bacteriocins"). Aberrant strains of *Lactobacilli* are incapable to effectively control the vaginal microbiota, leading to an overgrowth of a mixed flora of [aerobic](/wiki/Aerobic_organism "Aerobic organism"), [anaerobic](/wiki/Anaerobic_organism "Anaerobic organism") and [microaerophilic](/wiki/Microaerophile "Microaerophile") bacterial species. Antibodies and cellular defense mechanisms directed against aberrant lactobacilli induced by vaccination have been shown to change the composition of the vaginal flora. Milovanović and his coworkers found a marked reduction in prevalence of *[Klebsiella](/wiki/Klebsiella "Klebsiella")* and *[Proteus](/wiki/Proteus_%28bacterium%29 "Proteus (bacterium)")* infestations in 36 trichomoniasis patients under therapy with SolcoTrichovac, while normal, metabolically active *Lactobacillus* species that could initially be found in only 11% of patients, were present in 72% after finishing treatment. Karkut observed a significant reduction in the incidence of *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli "Escherichia coli")* (55% to 23%), *[Group B Streptococci](/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae "Streptococcus agalactiae")* (37% to 10%), *[Enterococci](/wiki/Enterococcus "Enterococcus")* (36% to 12%), *[Bacteroides](/wiki/Bacteroides "Bacteroides")* (25% to 3%) and *[Gardnerella vaginalis](/wiki/Gardnerella_vaginalis "Gardnerella vaginalis")* (37% to 9%) in 94 patients treated for recurrent bacterial vaginitis eight weeks after initial injection. The incidence of aberrant lactobacilli fell from 17% to 3%, while that of normal lactobacilli rose from 31% to 72% during the course of the eight weeks. Harris reported a significant reduction of the number of microbial species (other than lactobacilli) found in post\-treatment cultures from 77 patients. Litschgi found, that the incidence of mixed bacterial infections characterized by the presence of *G. vaginalis*, haemolytic *[Streptococci](/wiki/Streptococci "Streptococci")* and *[Staphylococci](/wiki/Staphylococci "Staphylococci")* was reduced by two\-thirds four weeks after finishing therapy in 120 patients treated for bacterial colpitis. He observed a similar reduction of the less frequent *Klebsiella*, *Proteus*\-dominant infections. A quantitative bacteriological analysis has been performed by Milovanović and coworkers in a group of 36 trichomoniasis patients. The study aimed at quantifying locally unusual and mostly pathogenic organisms, whereby anaerobes were excluded for methodological reasons. Bacterial counts of aerobes excluding lactobacilli reportedly dropped from 18,900 organisms per 0\.1 ml vaginal secretion on the day of the first SolcoTrichovac injection to 5800 organisms 112 days thereafter. Goisis and his coworkers reported a mean count of lactobacilli of {{val\|1\.6e6}} organisms per ml vaginal secretion before vaccination with SolcoTrichovac in 19 trichomoniasis patients. One month after the start of the treatment the count increased to {{val\|4\.6e6}} bacilli per ml. In 46 patients with bacterial vaginitis the lactobacillus counts were significantly higher during the entire course of treatment with {{val\|8\.6e6}} bacilli per ml before and {{val\|15e6}} bacilli per ml after vaccination. While this study summed the counts of normal and aberrant lactobacilli, microscopic study of the fixed, Gram\-stained smears of vaginal secretions revealed lactobacilli of differing lengths, with a predominance of short forms in trichomoniasis patients before vaccination; the bacilli retained this tendency even in cultures started from the secretion samples. The morphology of lactobacilli shifted towards normal rod\-shaped forms under therapy in most patients, which property was once again retained in culture. Müller and Salzer have confirmed the quantitative increase in physiological lactobacilli under vaccination therapy of 28 patients with recurrent bacterial infections. The decreasingly diverse and numerous populations of non\-lactic acid\-producing bacteria and the concurrent growth of normal, metabolically active lactobacilli lead to a gradual decrease of vaginal pH. Goisis and his coworkers reported in trichomoniasis patients a mean pH value of 6\.14 at the time of the first injection, 5\.64 two weeks later, and 5\.23 on the day of treatment completion, two weeks after the second visit. In patients with vaginitis not caused by trichomonads a mean initial pH of 5\.81 was documented, which dropped to 5\.39 two weeks later and finally to 4\.98\. Karkut has published very similar results. Boos and Rüttgers measured in 182 patients with bacterial vaginitis a vaginal pH of 4\.90 before therapy and 4\.26 six months after the start of therapy.
[ "Mechanism of action\n-------------------", "The mechanism of action of lactobacillus vaccines is far from being completely understood. At least three theories have been proposed. The most commonly accepted one, as formulated by Påhlson and Larsson, suggests that the vaccine breaks the immune tolerance of the host and makes it possible for the immune defense to attack aberrant, \"ecologically wrong\" lactobacilli and create an environment for beneficial strains to become dominant. Rüttgers on the other hand described SolcoTrichovac as an anti\\-adhesive vaccine, suggesting that the induced antibodies and perhaps other mechanisms inhibit the adhesion of microbes to epithelial cells in a largely nonspecific manner. A [third hypothesis](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine%23Alternative_theory_of_the_mechanism_of_action \"Lactobacillus vaccine#Alternative theory of the mechanism of action\"), advanced by Goisis among others, involves the possibility of an immunomodulation resulting in tolerance, rather than defense against the bacterial antigens used in the vaccine.", "Multiple authors have proposed [cellular immunological phenomena](/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity \"Cell-mediated immunity\") as the primary mediators of protective effect of lactobacillus vaccines. [Studies into cellular immunity](/wiki/Immunohistochemistry \"Immunohistochemistry\") are technically challenging in humans owing to the difficulty of sampling lymphoid tissues as opposed to secretions, and none has been performed so far on lactobacillus vaccines. A number of studies have been published on the [humoral responses](/wiki/Humoral_immunity \"Humoral immunity\") to primary and booster immunization in serum and in the vaginal secretions. Rüttgers identified mucosal [secretory IgA](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A%23Secretory_IgA \"Immunoglobulin A#Secretory IgA\") as a strong immune correlate of vaccine efficacy.", "### Humoral immune response", "[thumb\\|Serum anti\\-aberrant\\-lactobacillus antibody titres (geometric mean and standard error) in 97 women vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac (Milovanović 1983\\). A booster dose was given 12 months after the first injection.](/wiki/File:SerumTitres_Milovanovic.png \"SerumTitres Milovanovic.png\")\n[thumb\\|Total secretory IgA concentration (arithmetic mean and standard error) of the vaginal secretions of 95 women vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac (Rüttgers 1988\\).](/wiki/File:MucosalTitres_Ruettgers.png \"MucosalTitres Ruettgers.png\")\n[Mucosal surfaces](/wiki/Mucous_membrane \"Mucous membrane\") are a major portal of entry for [pathogens](/wiki/Pathogens \"Pathogens\") into the body. [Antibodies](/wiki/Antibodies \"Antibodies\") in mucosal secretions represent the first line of immune defense of the mucosae. They are capable to bind to specific pathogens and prevent their [adherence](/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin \"Bacterial adhesin\") to the [epithelial cell lining](/wiki/Epithelium \"Epithelium\") of the mucous membranes. Neutralized pathogens can then be eliminated from the mucosal surfaces by means of conveyance by the [mucus](/wiki/Mucus \"Mucus\") stream. Mucosae throughout the body have been described as parts of a [common mucosal immune system](/wiki/Common_mucosal_immune_system \"Common mucosal immune system\") (CMIS). The basis for this concept is the observation that [precursor lymphocytes](/wiki/Lymphoblast \"Lymphoblast\") sensitized to a certain [antigen](/wiki/Antigen \"Antigen\") at a specific [mucosal site](/wiki/Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue \"Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue\") can migrate and assume [effector function](/wiki/Plasma_cell \"Plasma cell\") at distant mucosal tissues. Although the female genital tract is thought of as part of the CMIS, it shows some characteristics that set it apart from other mucosal immune sites. One of these features is the relative inefficacy of local antigenic stimulation owing to a sparsity of mucosal lymphoepithelial inductive sites. A further distinctive characteristic is the significant contribution of the systemic immune compartment to the pool of antibodies. In most external secretions, like tears, saliva or milk, the dominant antibody class is [secretory IgA](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A%23Secretory_IgA \"Immunoglobulin A#Secretory IgA\") (sIgA), whereas in the cervicovaginal secretions [IgG](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G \"Immunoglobulin G\") levels equal or exceed the levels of sIgA. A large portion of this IgG is thought to originate from the circulation and appear in vaginal fluids via [transudation](/wiki/Transudate \"Transudate\") through the uterine tissues. There are reports that systemic immunization can stimulate humoral immune protection in vaginal secretions more efficiently than in other mucosal secretions, where serum\\-derived IgG concentrations remain lower.", "Milovanović and coworkers studied the serum antibody response of 97 women with trichomonad colpitis to primary immunization with SolcoTrichovac (3 intramuscular injections of 0\\.5 ml vaccine at intervals of 2 weeks) and a booster dose of 0\\.5 ml administered 12 months after the first injection. The agglutination titres were determined by preparing two\\-fold serial dilutions of the serum samples in isotonic saline (dilutions of 1:10 to 1:1280\\), using 0\\.5 ml concentrated lactobacillus vaccine as an [agglutinogen](/wiki/Agglutinogen \"Agglutinogen\"). An at least threefold elevation of the agglutination titres following primary immunization was detected in the serum of 93\\.8% of patients; the rest of the patients were considered non\\-responders or poor responders to the vaccination. The geometric mean of the agglutination titres increased from the basal level of 1:56 before vaccination to 1:320 after finishing the primary immunization program, and it was still 1:140 one year later. Two weeks after the booster injection the mean titres were raised back to 1:343\\.", "Rüttgers quantified the total concentration of secretory IgA antibodies in the vaginal secretions of 192 women with bacterial vaginitis participating in a randomized, double\\-blind, placebo\\-controlled study. 95 patients were treated with SolcoTrichovac and 97 with placebo, according to the primary immunization scheme described above. The samples were tested using the [enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay](/wiki/ELISA \"ELISA\") according to Åkerlund et al. The mean baseline concentrations were similar in the two comparative groups. One month after the start of the therapy the sIgA concentration in the active\\-treatment group had risen significantly compared to the baseline and also in comparison to the placebo group. This difference gradually decreased over the subsequent months. After 12 months the sIgA concentration in the SolcoTrichovac group had fallen back to baseline value. About 35% of the actively treated patients had not developed a pronounced mucosal immune response. In these patients sIgA concentration of the vaginal secretion remained unchanged or showed only a short\\-lived elevation. Rüttgers observed that this group of patients by large overlapped with those, that had had reinfections during the follow\\-up period of 12 months, and concluded that vaginal sIgA concentration is a better correlate to immune protection than serum antibody titres.", "On the question of the mechanism underlying the induction of IgA\\-secreting [plasma cells](/wiki/Plasma_cells \"Plasma cells\") in the vaginal mucosa, Pavić and Stojković suggested that intramuscularly administered antigens may be transported to the local immunocompetent organ, in this case the vagina, and provoke a local secretory immune response. Patrolling [dendritic cells](/wiki/Dendritic_cells \"Dendritic cells\") exposed to killed bacterial antigens at a muscular injection site however typically do not migrate further than the local draining [lymph nodes](/wiki/Lymph_nodes \"Lymph nodes\"), where [antigen presentation](/wiki/Antigen_presentation \"Antigen presentation\") and the activation of [T](/wiki/T_cell \"T cell\") and [B cells](/wiki/B_cells \"B cells\") occur. Effector and memory lymphocytes in turn preferentially [home back](/wiki/Lymphocyte_homing_receptor \"Lymphocyte homing receptor\") to the tissue where they were first activated, in this case the secondary lymph nodes. This is the reason why parenteral immunization with non\\-replicating antigens is generally considered ineffective in eliciting a mucosal immune response. Another possible explanation for an increased level of anti\\-aberrant\\-lactobacillus sIgA in vaginal secretions involves natural priming by mucosal infection at this site. Similarly to how subcutaneously administered killed whole\\-cell [cholera vaccines](/wiki/Cholera_vaccine%23Injectable \"Cholera vaccine#Injectable\") reportedly only provoke substantial mucosal secretory antibody response in cholera‐endemic countries, vaginal priming with aberrant lactobacilli may be necessary for the generation of mucosal IgA\\-secreting plasma cells following parenteral vaccination.", "### Effect on the vaginal ecology", "Protective lactobacilli inhibit the growth of other microorganisms by competing for adherence to [epithelial cells](/wiki/Epithelium \"Epithelium\") and by producing antimicrobial compounds. These compounds include [lactic acid](/wiki/Lactic_acid \"Lactic acid\"), which lowers the vaginal pH, [hydrogen peroxide](/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide \"Hydrogen peroxide\") and [bacteriocins](/wiki/Bacteriocins \"Bacteriocins\"). Aberrant strains of *Lactobacilli* are incapable to effectively control the vaginal microbiota, leading to an overgrowth of a mixed flora of [aerobic](/wiki/Aerobic_organism \"Aerobic organism\"), [anaerobic](/wiki/Anaerobic_organism \"Anaerobic organism\") and [microaerophilic](/wiki/Microaerophile \"Microaerophile\") bacterial species. Antibodies and cellular defense mechanisms directed against aberrant lactobacilli induced by vaccination have been shown to change the composition of the vaginal flora. Milovanović and his coworkers found a marked reduction in prevalence of *[Klebsiella](/wiki/Klebsiella \"Klebsiella\")* and *[Proteus](/wiki/Proteus_%28bacterium%29 \"Proteus (bacterium)\")* infestations in 36 trichomoniasis patients under therapy with SolcoTrichovac, while normal, metabolically active *Lactobacillus* species that could initially be found in only 11% of patients, were present in 72% after finishing treatment. Karkut observed a significant reduction in the incidence of *[Escherichia coli](/wiki/Escherichia_coli \"Escherichia coli\")* (55% to 23%), *[Group B Streptococci](/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae \"Streptococcus agalactiae\")* (37% to 10%), *[Enterococci](/wiki/Enterococcus \"Enterococcus\")* (36% to 12%), *[Bacteroides](/wiki/Bacteroides \"Bacteroides\")* (25% to 3%) and *[Gardnerella vaginalis](/wiki/Gardnerella_vaginalis \"Gardnerella vaginalis\")* (37% to 9%) in 94 patients treated for recurrent bacterial vaginitis eight weeks after initial injection. The incidence of aberrant lactobacilli fell from 17% to 3%, while that of normal lactobacilli rose from 31% to 72% during the course of the eight weeks. Harris reported a significant reduction of the number of microbial species (other than lactobacilli) found in post\\-treatment cultures from 77 patients. Litschgi found, that the incidence of mixed bacterial infections characterized by the presence of *G. vaginalis*, haemolytic *[Streptococci](/wiki/Streptococci \"Streptococci\")* and *[Staphylococci](/wiki/Staphylococci \"Staphylococci\")* was reduced by two\\-thirds four weeks after finishing therapy in 120 patients treated for bacterial colpitis. He observed a similar reduction of the less frequent *Klebsiella*, *Proteus*\\-dominant infections.", "A quantitative bacteriological analysis has been performed by Milovanović and coworkers in a group of 36 trichomoniasis patients. The study aimed at quantifying locally unusual and mostly pathogenic organisms, whereby anaerobes were excluded for methodological reasons. Bacterial counts of aerobes excluding lactobacilli reportedly dropped from 18,900 organisms per 0\\.1 ml vaginal secretion on the day of the first SolcoTrichovac injection to 5800 organisms 112 days thereafter. Goisis and his coworkers reported a mean count of lactobacilli of {{val\\|1\\.6e6}} organisms per ml vaginal secretion before vaccination with SolcoTrichovac in 19 trichomoniasis patients. One month after the start of the treatment the count increased to {{val\\|4\\.6e6}} bacilli per ml. In 46 patients with bacterial vaginitis the lactobacillus counts were significantly higher during the entire course of treatment with {{val\\|8\\.6e6}} bacilli per ml before and {{val\\|15e6}} bacilli per ml after vaccination. While this study summed the counts of normal and aberrant lactobacilli, microscopic study of the fixed, Gram\\-stained smears of vaginal secretions revealed lactobacilli of differing lengths, with a predominance of short forms in trichomoniasis patients before vaccination; the bacilli retained this tendency even in cultures started from the secretion samples. The morphology of lactobacilli shifted towards normal rod\\-shaped forms under therapy in most patients, which property was once again retained in culture. Müller and Salzer have confirmed the quantitative increase in physiological lactobacilli under vaccination therapy of 28 patients with recurrent bacterial infections.", "The decreasingly diverse and numerous populations of non\\-lactic acid\\-producing bacteria and the concurrent growth of normal, metabolically active lactobacilli lead to a gradual decrease of vaginal pH. Goisis and his coworkers reported in trichomoniasis patients a mean pH value of 6\\.14 at the time of the first injection, 5\\.64 two weeks later, and 5\\.23 on the day of treatment completion, two weeks after the second visit. In patients with vaginitis not caused by trichomonads a mean initial pH of 5\\.81 was documented, which dropped to 5\\.39 two weeks later and finally to 4\\.98\\. Karkut has published very similar results. Boos and Rüttgers measured in 182 patients with bacterial vaginitis a vaginal pH of 4\\.90 before therapy and 4\\.26 six months after the start of therapy.", "" ]
History ------- ### Invention In 1969 a research project was started in Budapest, Hungary to develop a vaccine against trichomoniasis, initiated by György Philipp, a Hungarian gynaecologist and led by Károly Újhelyi, head of the Vaccine Production and Research Department of the Hungarian Institute of Public Health, one of the most distinguished Hungarian physician\-scientists of the 20th century and a pioneer of vaccine research and technology. In 1972 the research group reported vaccinating 300 patients with acute trichomonal colpitis with [autovaccines](/wiki/Autovaccine "Autovaccine") consisting primarily of inactivated *Trichomonas vaginalis* strains cultured from vaginal samples of the patients themselves, along with some residual amounts of the accompanying bacterial flora, inadvertently present in the cultures. Despite a marked alleviation of clinical symptoms, all trichomoniasis patients still tested positive upon completion of the autovaccine therapy. Újhelyi and his coworkers attributed the partial therapeutic effect to the bacterial residue in the *T. vaginalis* cultures used for the vaccine. They identified a Gram\-positive *Lactobacillus* with a tendency to polymorphism commonly present in the accompanying flora of trichomoniasis patients. To test their assumption, further 700 patients each received treatment with an inactivated bacterial vaccine composed of one of 16 such polymorphic *Lactobacillus* strains. The effect was studied on eight patient groups with the following conditions: (1\) colpitis, including trichomonal colpitis (2\) [erythroplakia](/wiki/Erythroplakia "Erythroplakia") (3\) [endocervicitis](/wiki/Cervicitis "Cervicitis") (4\) upper genital tract infection (5\) urinary tract infection (6\) infertility (7\) genital lesions and tumors (8\) trichomoniasis during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. Treatment with the experimental bacterial vaccines was capable to eliminate trichomoniasis in 28% of infected patients and resolved or alleviated many of the examined urogenital conditions. After this initial breakthrough, Újhelyi and his coworkers directed their efforts into the development and optimization of Gynevac, a composite bacterial vaccine, containing five aberrant, polymorphic *Lactobacillus* strains. Erika Lázár, a Hungarian gynaecologist and specialist in the field of reproductive medicine, and her coworkers performed many of the clinical trials on Gynevac, focusing clinical and research interest on the prevention of ascending infections during pregnancy. In two prospective studies performed between 1976 and 1982 in rural, socioeconomically disadvantaged [Kazincbarcika](/wiki/Kazincbarcika "Kazincbarcika") with the enrollment of nearly 3500 pregnant women, lactobacillus vaccination appeared to reduce the incidence of preterm birth by about 40%. ### 1980\-2012 In 1975 the research group of Újhelyi sold the unpatented technology to Solco Basel AG, a Swiss pharmaceutical company with the agreement, that Solco would manufacture and market the vaccine in Western Europe, whereas the Hungarian company HUMÁN Oltóanyagtermelő Vállalat (later Vakcina Kft.) would supply the Eastern markets ("[Soviet Bloc](/wiki/Soviet_Bloc "Soviet Bloc")"). In 1980 Solco's researchers patented the vaccine; in 1981 the company obtained regulatory approval and started marketing the vaccine under the trade name SolcoTrichovac. After prolonged clinical trials, mainly driven by Lázár, the production and marketing of Gynevac started in Hungary in 1997\. After Solco's acquisition of the technology, mainly Swiss and German researchers have joined the investigations. In 1980 Mario Litschgi reported a cure rate of trichomoniasis of 92\.5% in a clinical study with 427 female participants. Following this initial success, a number of studies have been conducted on the vaccine. Most of the reports can be found in the proceedings of two symposia: the Symposium on Trichomoniasis (1981\) featured investigations with *Trichomonas vaginalis*\-infected women and mainly clinical results, whereas the Symposia on the Immunotherapy of Vaginal Infections (1983\) focused on the therapy of bacterial infections and delved into the mechanism of action. Solco continued to develop the formulation, during the course of which the new species *[Lactobacillus vaginalis](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaginalis "Lactobacillus vaginalis")* was identified in 1989\. In the same year, the Hamburg\-based pharmaceutical company Strathmann GmbH \& Co. KG. overtook production of the vaccines SolcoUrovac (now named Strovac) and SolcoTrichovac (now named Gynatren). ### 2012\-today In 2012 Gynevac was withdrawn from the market, not due to any unexpected adverse effects, but rather due to Vakcina Kft. failing to obtain regulatory compliance upon the EU\-accession of Hungary. Today Gynatren is the only lactobacillus vaccine marketed for the treatment of non\-specific bacterial vaginitis and trichomoniasis, and it is mostly only prescribed by a select few gynaecologists in the [DACH countries](/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers%23Europe "Geographical distribution of German speakers#Europe") and Hungary. In Germany the vaccine may be covered by health insurance upon individual deliberation of the attending gynaecologist.
[ "History\n-------", "### Invention", "In 1969 a research project was started in Budapest, Hungary to develop a vaccine against trichomoniasis, initiated by György Philipp, a Hungarian gynaecologist and led by Károly Újhelyi, head of the Vaccine Production and Research Department of the Hungarian Institute of Public Health, one of the most distinguished Hungarian physician\\-scientists of the 20th century and a pioneer of vaccine research and technology. In 1972 the research group reported vaccinating 300 patients with acute trichomonal colpitis with [autovaccines](/wiki/Autovaccine \"Autovaccine\") consisting primarily of inactivated *Trichomonas vaginalis* strains cultured from vaginal samples of the patients themselves, along with some residual amounts of the accompanying bacterial flora, inadvertently present in the cultures. Despite a marked alleviation of clinical symptoms, all trichomoniasis patients still tested positive upon completion of the autovaccine therapy.", "Újhelyi and his coworkers attributed the partial therapeutic effect to the bacterial residue in the *T. vaginalis* cultures used for the vaccine. They identified a Gram\\-positive *Lactobacillus* with a tendency to polymorphism commonly present in the accompanying flora of trichomoniasis patients. To test their assumption, further 700 patients each received treatment with an inactivated bacterial vaccine composed of one of 16 such polymorphic *Lactobacillus* strains. The effect was studied on eight patient groups with the following conditions: (1\\) colpitis, including trichomonal colpitis (2\\) [erythroplakia](/wiki/Erythroplakia \"Erythroplakia\") (3\\) [endocervicitis](/wiki/Cervicitis \"Cervicitis\") (4\\) upper genital tract infection (5\\) urinary tract infection (6\\) infertility (7\\) genital lesions and tumors (8\\) trichomoniasis during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. Treatment with the experimental bacterial vaccines was capable to eliminate trichomoniasis in 28% of infected patients and resolved or alleviated many of the examined urogenital conditions. After this initial breakthrough, Újhelyi and his coworkers directed their efforts into the development and optimization of Gynevac, a composite bacterial vaccine, containing five aberrant, polymorphic *Lactobacillus* strains. Erika Lázár, a Hungarian gynaecologist and specialist in the field of reproductive medicine, and her coworkers performed many of the clinical trials on Gynevac, focusing clinical and research interest on the prevention of ascending infections during pregnancy. In two prospective studies performed between 1976 and 1982 in rural, socioeconomically disadvantaged [Kazincbarcika](/wiki/Kazincbarcika \"Kazincbarcika\") with the enrollment of nearly 3500 pregnant women, lactobacillus vaccination appeared to reduce the incidence of preterm birth by about 40%.", "### 1980\\-2012", "In 1975 the research group of Újhelyi sold the unpatented technology to Solco Basel AG, a Swiss pharmaceutical company with the agreement, that Solco would manufacture and market the vaccine in Western Europe, whereas the Hungarian company HUMÁN Oltóanyagtermelő Vállalat (later Vakcina Kft.) would supply the Eastern markets (\"[Soviet Bloc](/wiki/Soviet_Bloc \"Soviet Bloc\")\"). In 1980 Solco's researchers patented the vaccine; in 1981 the company obtained regulatory approval and started marketing the vaccine under the trade name SolcoTrichovac. After prolonged clinical trials, mainly driven by Lázár, the production and marketing of Gynevac started in Hungary in 1997\\.", "After Solco's acquisition of the technology, mainly Swiss and German researchers have joined the investigations. In 1980 Mario Litschgi reported a cure rate of trichomoniasis of 92\\.5% in a clinical study with 427 female participants. Following this initial success, a number of studies have been conducted on the vaccine. Most of the reports can be found in the proceedings of two symposia: the Symposium on Trichomoniasis (1981\\) featured investigations with *Trichomonas vaginalis*\\-infected women and mainly clinical results, whereas the Symposia on the Immunotherapy of Vaginal Infections (1983\\) focused on the therapy of bacterial infections and delved into the mechanism of action. Solco continued to develop the formulation, during the course of which the new species *[Lactobacillus vaginalis](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaginalis \"Lactobacillus vaginalis\")* was identified in 1989\\. In the same year, the Hamburg\\-based pharmaceutical company Strathmann GmbH \\& Co. KG. overtook production of the vaccines SolcoUrovac (now named Strovac) and SolcoTrichovac (now named Gynatren).", "### 2012\\-today", "In 2012 Gynevac was withdrawn from the market, not due to any unexpected adverse effects, but rather due to Vakcina Kft. failing to obtain regulatory compliance upon the EU\\-accession of Hungary. Today Gynatren is the only lactobacillus vaccine marketed for the treatment of non\\-specific bacterial vaginitis and trichomoniasis, and it is mostly only prescribed by a select few gynaecologists in the [DACH countries](/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers%23Europe \"Geographical distribution of German speakers#Europe\") and Hungary. In Germany the vaccine may be covered by health insurance upon individual deliberation of the attending gynaecologist.", "" ]
Research -------- Research interest in lactobacillus vaccines peaked in the 1980s. The technical and theoretical advances in the fields of microbiology, immunology and vaccinology of the past few decades could help shed new light on the still not fully clarified mode of action of these clinically promising vaccines. More research is warranted to elucidate the distinct properties of "aberrant" strains of *Lactobacilli*, the exact mechanism by which they contribute to or accompany pathologies, the determinants of colonization in different groups of individuals. A further point of interest is the specificity of the immune stimulation – whether vaccination induces cross\-reacting antibodies with any other microorganism. A comparative study on lactobacillus heterovaccines like Gynatren and gynaecological autovaccines such as GynVaccine has yet to be performed. ### *Lactobacillus* strains used in the vaccines #### Characteristics It has not been clarified by what mechanism the [lactobacilli used in the vaccines](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine%23Formulation "Lactobacillus vaccine#Formulation") ("aberrant" lactobacilli) fail to confer protection against vaginal pathogens. At the time of invention, available knowledge of the various health\-promoting mechanisms of lactobacilli was very limited. For example, Eschenbach's seminal work on {{chem\|H\|2\|O\|2}}\-producing lactobacilli has not been published until 1989; at this point scientific efforts to clarify the vaccine's mechanism of action have already subsided. The nutrient medium, carbohydrate fermentation profile, and microscopic appearance of the strains used in SolcoTrichovac have been described. Growth on an iron\-enriched medium of 0\.12 [mᴍ](/wiki/Molar_concentration "Molar concentration") concentration of [FeSO4·7H2O](/wiki/Iron%28II%29_sulfate "Iron(II) sulfate") is rather unusual for a lactobacillus species, and resembles the nutrient needs of *[L. iners](/wiki/Lactobacillus_iners "Lactobacillus iners")*, a vaginal lactobacillus associated with bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth, known for its ambiguous morphology, including coccobacillar cells (not used in the vaccine). Påhlson and Larsson hypothesized, that the defining characteristic of the lactobacilli used in SolcoTrichovac is a missing {{chem\|H\|2\|O\|2}}\-production, which has not been confirmed. Moreover, the correlation they found between bacterial cell morphology and health benefits, pointed towards an association between long uniform lactobacilli and decreased protection against vaginal infections, whereas polymorphic/shortened lactobacilli were described as innocuous inhabitants of the vaginal econiche. It seems, that the authors equated the strains used in SolcoTrichovac to those responsible for cytolytic vaginosis, which is generally considered a different condition, characterized by a lactobacillus overgrowth, rather than the depletion seen in patients colonized by the strains used in the vaccine. Various other properties that could potentially play a role in the (lack of) protective effect, like the ratio of {{sc\|L}}\-lactic acid to {{sc\|D}}\-lactic acid production (correlated to [MMP\-8](/wiki/MMP8 "MMP8") concentrations of the vaginal fluid), adhesion competition, self\- and co\-aggregation ability, production of bacteriocins, organic acids or biosurfactants, immunomodulatory properties, or [toxin](/wiki/Toxin "Toxin") production such as seen in *L. iners* remain obscure for the time. #### Risk factors of colonization The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi described the strains used in Gynevac as [pathobionts](/wiki/Pathobiont "Pathobiont") to *Trichomonas vaginalis*. He considered colonization with "aberrant", unprotective strains of lactobacilli, and their persistence even after protozoan infection has been cleared, a chronic post\-infectious complication, and introduced the term "lactobacillus syndrome" for the condition (not to be confused with the distinct pathologies of cytolytic vaginosis and vaginal lactobacillosis). Scattered reports suggest that some minority of *Lactobacillus* strains found in humans indeed enhance rather than inhibit parasite adhesion to the [vaginal epithelium](/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium "Vaginal epithelium"). In vitro preincubation of vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) with physiological concentrations ({{val\|1e7}}–{{val\|1e8}} CFU/ml) of *Lactobacillus* CBI3 (a human isolate of *[L. plantarum](/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum "Lactobacillus plantarum")* or *[L. pentosus](/wiki/Lactobacillus_pentosus "Lactobacillus pentosus")*) increased the number of *T. vaginalis* cells able to adhere to the VEC monolayer up to eightfold. McGrory and Garber reported a significant prolongation of *T. vaginalis* infection in estrogenized BALB/c mice intravaginally preinoculated with {{val\|1e9}} cells of *L. acidophilus* ATCC 4356 (originating from the human pharynx) in comparison to animals that had not been pretreated. Although initial infectivity in the two groups was comparable, at day 24 post\-infection 69% of *L. acidophilus*\-inoculated mice still showed positive *T. vaginalis* cultures, compared with only 11% of mice not harboring lactobacilli. Other hypothesized risk factors of colonization by lactobacilli of low protective value in general include prior antimicrobial treatment and congenital factors. #### Association with *T. vaginalis* Soszka and Kuczyńska described the appearance of morphological variations of *Lactobacilli*, when grown in the presence of a high concentration of *Trichomonas vaginalis*. The authors interpreted the observed atypical (coccoid) cell morphology as an involution (senescent, dying) form. Goisis et al. have shown, that shortened and coccoidal lactobacilli are not only present in the primary secretion samples of trichomoniasis patients, but also in the cultures started from these samples, free from competitive microorganisms and under optimal culture conditions, suggesting that the coccoid bacteria may represent a distinct viable [phenotype](/wiki/Phenotype "Phenotype"). Contrastingly, the isolates from vaccinated patients tended to assume bacilliform also in culture. The general consensus remains, that at least some of the morphology variants seen under trichomoniasis versus health are to be interpreted as representations of "true commensal" versus more pathogenic strains ([genotypes](/wiki/Genotypes "Genotypes")), although a possible relationship between morphotype and distinct environment\-driven [proteome](/wiki/Proteome "Proteome") profiles has not been excluded. ##### Immunological cross\-reaction with *T. vaginalis* The antigenic material responsible for the effect of lactobacillus vaccines is most likely surface antigens of the aberrant lactobacilli. The anti\-trichomonal effect of SolcoTrichovac has led multiple researchers to investigate the possibility of shared surface antigens between the specific strains used in the vaccine and *T. vaginalis*. The theory of antigenic cross\-reactivity was put to the test by Stojković. [Indirect immunofluorescence](/wiki/Indirect_immunofluorescence "Indirect immunofluorescence") was performed on trichomonads treated with rabbit antisera against aberrant lactobacilli and against *T. vaginalis*. Specific immunofluorescence was observed on those protozoa which had been treated with anti\-lactobacillus serum and anti\-trichomonas serum, but not on those treated with serum from non\-vaccinated animals. Bonilla\-Musoles performed an [electron microscopic](/wiki/Electron_microscope "Electron microscope") study on trichomonads treated with serum from women who were previously vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac. After three days the trichomonads exposed to antibody\-containing serum showed marked signs of destruction, similar to those observed under the influence of [metronidazole](/wiki/Metronidazole "Metronidazole"). The electron micrographs revealed cytoplasmic swelling, dilation of the reticuloendothelial lamellae and formation of vacuoles as well as evaginations and invaginations of cellular membranes. Alderete, Gombošová and others however described contrary findings, and attributed any anti\-trichomonal activity of lactobacillus vaccines to non\-specific immune mechanisms. The question of immunological relationship between aberrant lactobacilli and *T. vaginalis* has not been answered conclusively. ##### Phylogenetic relationships to *T. vaginalis* An intriguing hypothesis was advanced by [Alain de Weck](/wiki/Alain_de_Weck "Alain de Weck") that suggests [horizontal gene transfer](/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer "Horizontal gene transfer") between specific aberrant strains of *Lactobacilli* used in SolcoTrichovac and *T. vaginalis*, which leads to their (possible) cross\-immunogenicity. Phylogenetic relationships between *T. vaginalis* and aberrant lactobacilli have not been studied. Nevertheless, multiple examples of gene transfer between the parasite and bacteria have been documented. Audrey de Koning argues that lateral transfer of the [N\-acetylneuraminate lyase](/wiki/N-acetylneuraminate_lyase "N-acetylneuraminate lyase") gene from *[Pasteurellaceae](/wiki/Pasteurellaceae "Pasteurellaceae")* to *T. vaginalis* may have been a key factor in the adaptation of *Trichomonas* to parasitism. In an analogous manner, Buret et al. suggest gene exchanges between enteropathogens and normal microbiota during acute enteric infection as one of the possible causative factors behind post\-infectious intestinal inflammatory disorders. ### Alternative theory of the mechanism of action Goisis and his colleagues proposed an alternative hypothesis on the mechanism of action of SolcoTrichovac, suggesting that anti\-lactobacillus antibodies may stimulate proliferation of lactobacilli rather than their (strain\-specific) damage or inhibition. Among the circumstances they cited to support this theory, is their opinion that antibodies [specific to one strain](/wiki/Serotype "Serotype") of *Lactobacillus* would most likely cross\-react with several antigens present on various other strains (yet, both the concentration of anti\-lactobacillus sIgA antibodies and lactobacillus counts have been demonstrated to increase in vaccinated women). Further they referred to the inconspicuous metabolic profile and the lack of a verified pathomechanism of the strains used in SolcoTrichovac, suggesting that they may represent mere morphotypes rather than pathogenic/unprotective [biotypes](/wiki/Biovar "Biovar"). The proposed theory relies on analogies with other known examples of non\-classical, stimulatory/homeostatic antibody\-antigen interactions. Notably, the majority of [intestinal bacterial](/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_microbiota "Human gastrointestinal microbiota") cells in healthy individuals is bound by sIgA. The sIgA\-coating of commensal enteric bacteria is believed to promote intestinal microbial homeostasis by a number of mechanisms. Secreted IgA anchors commensal bacteria to the mucus and facilitates [biofilm](/wiki/Biofilm "Biofilm") formation, thereby limiting their translocation from the lumen into mucosal tissues. This minimizes activation of the innate immune system, a process termed "immune exclusion". Furthermore, the selective uptake of sIgA\-microbe immune complexes by [dendritic cells](/wiki/Dendritic_cells "Dendritic cells") (DCs) in [lymphoid follicles](/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch "Peyer's patch") has been shown to induce semimaturation of the DCs. The resulting, so\-called tolerogenic DCs downregulate the expression of [T cell](/wiki/T_cell "T cell") costimulatory molecules and [proinflammatory cytokines](/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokines "Proinflammatory cytokines"). The altered immune signaling favours local processing of antigens and a rapid induction of low\-affinity, broad\-specificity IgA, leaving the systemic immune compartment ignorant about these organisms. In contrast, direct translocation of non\-sIgA\-coated microbes or microbial products across the epithelium preferentially results in proinflammatory signalling and a systemic response against the invading agent, involving [affinity\-matured](/wiki/B_cell%23T_cell-dependent_activation "B cell#T cell-dependent activation") serum antibodies of the classes [IgA](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A "Immunoglobulin A"), [IgE](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E "Immunoglobulin E") and [IgG](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G "Immunoglobulin G"). Lastly, binding by sIgA can downregulate the expression of [virulence factors](/wiki/Virulence_factors "Virulence factors") e.g. involved in adhesion or nutrient acquisition by commensal bacteria. If the homeostasis breaks down, innate immune responses directed against commensal enteric bacteria lead to a shift in the species composition (dysbiosis). Invasive species are better equipped to resist or take advantage of host inflammatory mechanisms and in the perturbed niche successfully compete with the resident microbiota. Hypersensitivity responses to commensal enteric microbiota and a perturbation of microbial ecology is observed in many patients with [chronic enterocolitis](/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease "Inflammatory bowel disease"). This alternative theory coincides with the observation that women without a history of urinary tract or vaginal infections harbor higher antibody levels against vaginal lactobacilli than women with a history of these infections. Alvarez\-Olmos and her coworkers reported an approximately fourfold elevation of total IgG and a threefold elevation of total IgA concentration in the cervicovaginal secretions of adolescent women colonized with {{chem\|H\|2\|O\|2}}\-producing lactobacilli (associated with vaginal health) in comparison to those colonized with non\-{{chem\|H\|2\|O\|2}}\-producing lactobacilli. Goisis et al. described lactobacillus vaccination as a means to systemically boost a diminished pool of lactobacillus\-specific vaginal antibodies, likely increasing the potential for immune exclusion and tolerogenic responses to the microorganisms. They added to this a further hypothetical notion: loss of lactobacillus\-specific sIgA may be characteristic to patients co\-colonized by bacteria capable to gradually desialylate and finally proteolytically degrade sIgA, a known impairment of the vaginal defense system, established in the context of *Gardnerella vaginalis*\-specific antibodies. This contrasts with other proposed mechanism of sIgA deficiency, such as the loss of immunomodulatory strains or host immunodeficiency. Although Goisis et al. announced ongoing experiments and preliminary results to prove this theory, as well as the possible cross\-reactivity of "normal", ecologically beneficial lactobacilli with antibodies directed against the strains used in SolcoTrichovac, a conclusive report has not been publicized to date.
[ "Research\n--------", "Research interest in lactobacillus vaccines peaked in the 1980s. The technical and theoretical advances in the fields of microbiology, immunology and vaccinology of the past few decades could help shed new light on the still not fully clarified mode of action of these clinically promising vaccines. More research is warranted to elucidate the distinct properties of \"aberrant\" strains of *Lactobacilli*, the exact mechanism by which they contribute to or accompany pathologies, the determinants of colonization in different groups of individuals. A further point of interest is the specificity of the immune stimulation – whether vaccination induces cross\\-reacting antibodies with any other microorganism. A comparative study on lactobacillus heterovaccines like Gynatren and gynaecological autovaccines such as GynVaccine has yet to be performed.", "### *Lactobacillus* strains used in the vaccines", "#### Characteristics", "It has not been clarified by what mechanism the [lactobacilli used in the vaccines](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine%23Formulation \"Lactobacillus vaccine#Formulation\") (\"aberrant\" lactobacilli) fail to confer protection against vaginal pathogens. At the time of invention, available knowledge of the various health\\-promoting mechanisms of lactobacilli was very limited. For example, Eschenbach's seminal work on {{chem\\|H\\|2\\|O\\|2}}\\-producing lactobacilli has not been published until 1989; at this point scientific efforts to clarify the vaccine's mechanism of action have already subsided.", "The nutrient medium, carbohydrate fermentation profile, and microscopic appearance of the strains used in SolcoTrichovac have been described. Growth on an iron\\-enriched medium of 0\\.12 [mᴍ](/wiki/Molar_concentration \"Molar concentration\") concentration of [FeSO4·7H2O](/wiki/Iron%28II%29_sulfate \"Iron(II) sulfate\") is rather unusual for a lactobacillus species, and resembles the nutrient needs of *[L. iners](/wiki/Lactobacillus_iners \"Lactobacillus iners\")*, a vaginal lactobacillus associated with bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth, known for its ambiguous morphology, including coccobacillar cells (not used in the vaccine).", "Påhlson and Larsson hypothesized, that the defining characteristic of the lactobacilli used in SolcoTrichovac is a missing {{chem\\|H\\|2\\|O\\|2}}\\-production, which has not been confirmed. Moreover, the correlation they found between bacterial cell morphology and health benefits, pointed towards an association between long uniform lactobacilli and decreased protection against vaginal infections, whereas polymorphic/shortened lactobacilli were described as innocuous inhabitants of the vaginal econiche. It seems, that the authors equated the strains used in SolcoTrichovac to those responsible for cytolytic vaginosis, which is generally considered a different condition, characterized by a lactobacillus overgrowth, rather than the depletion seen in patients colonized by the strains used in the vaccine.", "Various other properties that could potentially play a role in the (lack of) protective effect, like the ratio of {{sc\\|L}}\\-lactic acid to {{sc\\|D}}\\-lactic acid production (correlated to [MMP\\-8](/wiki/MMP8 \"MMP8\") concentrations of the vaginal fluid), adhesion competition, self\\- and co\\-aggregation ability, production of bacteriocins, organic acids or biosurfactants, immunomodulatory properties, or [toxin](/wiki/Toxin \"Toxin\") production such as seen in *L. iners* remain obscure for the time.", "#### Risk factors of colonization", "The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi described the strains used in Gynevac as [pathobionts](/wiki/Pathobiont \"Pathobiont\") to *Trichomonas vaginalis*. He considered colonization with \"aberrant\", unprotective strains of lactobacilli, and their persistence even after protozoan infection has been cleared, a chronic post\\-infectious complication, and introduced the term \"lactobacillus syndrome\" for the condition (not to be confused with the distinct pathologies of cytolytic vaginosis and vaginal lactobacillosis). Scattered reports suggest that some minority of *Lactobacillus* strains found in humans indeed enhance rather than inhibit parasite adhesion to the [vaginal epithelium](/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium \"Vaginal epithelium\"). In vitro preincubation of vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) with physiological concentrations ({{val\\|1e7}}–{{val\\|1e8}} CFU/ml) of *Lactobacillus* CBI3 (a human isolate of *[L. plantarum](/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum \"Lactobacillus plantarum\")* or *[L. pentosus](/wiki/Lactobacillus_pentosus \"Lactobacillus pentosus\")*) increased the number of *T. vaginalis* cells able to adhere to the VEC monolayer up to eightfold. McGrory and Garber reported a significant prolongation of *T. vaginalis* infection in estrogenized BALB/c mice intravaginally preinoculated with {{val\\|1e9}} cells of *L. acidophilus* ATCC 4356 (originating from the human pharynx) in comparison to animals that had not been pretreated. Although initial infectivity in the two groups was comparable, at day 24 post\\-infection 69% of *L. acidophilus*\\-inoculated mice still showed positive *T. vaginalis* cultures, compared with only 11% of mice not harboring lactobacilli.", "Other hypothesized risk factors of colonization by lactobacilli of low protective value in general include prior antimicrobial treatment and congenital factors.", "#### Association with *T. vaginalis*", "Soszka and Kuczyńska described the appearance of morphological variations of *Lactobacilli*, when grown in the presence of a high concentration of *Trichomonas vaginalis*. The authors interpreted the observed atypical (coccoid) cell morphology as an involution (senescent, dying) form. Goisis et al. have shown, that shortened and coccoidal lactobacilli are not only present in the primary secretion samples of trichomoniasis patients, but also in the cultures started from these samples, free from competitive microorganisms and under optimal culture conditions, suggesting that the coccoid bacteria may represent a distinct viable [phenotype](/wiki/Phenotype \"Phenotype\"). Contrastingly, the isolates from vaccinated patients tended to assume bacilliform also in culture. The general consensus remains, that at least some of the morphology variants seen under trichomoniasis versus health are to be interpreted as representations of \"true commensal\" versus more pathogenic strains ([genotypes](/wiki/Genotypes \"Genotypes\")), although a possible relationship between morphotype and distinct environment\\-driven [proteome](/wiki/Proteome \"Proteome\") profiles has not been excluded.", "##### Immunological cross\\-reaction with *T. vaginalis*", "The antigenic material responsible for the effect of lactobacillus vaccines is most likely surface antigens of the aberrant lactobacilli. The anti\\-trichomonal effect of SolcoTrichovac has led multiple researchers to investigate the possibility of shared surface antigens between the specific strains used in the vaccine and *T. vaginalis*. The theory of antigenic cross\\-reactivity was put to the test by Stojković. [Indirect immunofluorescence](/wiki/Indirect_immunofluorescence \"Indirect immunofluorescence\") was performed on trichomonads treated with rabbit antisera against aberrant lactobacilli and against *T. vaginalis*. Specific immunofluorescence was observed on those protozoa which had been treated with anti\\-lactobacillus serum and anti\\-trichomonas serum, but not on those treated with serum from non\\-vaccinated animals. Bonilla\\-Musoles performed an [electron microscopic](/wiki/Electron_microscope \"Electron microscope\") study on trichomonads treated with serum from women who were previously vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac. After three days the trichomonads exposed to antibody\\-containing serum showed marked signs of destruction, similar to those observed under the influence of [metronidazole](/wiki/Metronidazole \"Metronidazole\"). The electron micrographs revealed cytoplasmic swelling, dilation of the reticuloendothelial lamellae and formation of vacuoles as well as evaginations and invaginations of cellular membranes. Alderete, Gombošová and others however described contrary findings, and attributed any anti\\-trichomonal activity of lactobacillus vaccines to non\\-specific immune mechanisms. The question of immunological relationship between aberrant lactobacilli and *T. vaginalis* has not been answered conclusively.", "##### Phylogenetic relationships to *T. vaginalis*", "An intriguing hypothesis was advanced by [Alain de Weck](/wiki/Alain_de_Weck \"Alain de Weck\") that suggests [horizontal gene transfer](/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer \"Horizontal gene transfer\") between specific aberrant strains of *Lactobacilli* used in SolcoTrichovac and *T. vaginalis*, which leads to their (possible) cross\\-immunogenicity. Phylogenetic relationships between *T. vaginalis* and aberrant lactobacilli have not been studied. Nevertheless, multiple examples of gene transfer between the parasite and bacteria have been documented. Audrey de Koning argues that lateral transfer of the [N\\-acetylneuraminate lyase](/wiki/N-acetylneuraminate_lyase \"N-acetylneuraminate lyase\") gene from *[Pasteurellaceae](/wiki/Pasteurellaceae \"Pasteurellaceae\")* to *T. vaginalis* may have been a key factor in the adaptation of *Trichomonas* to parasitism. In an analogous manner, Buret et al. suggest gene exchanges between enteropathogens and normal microbiota during acute enteric infection as one of the possible causative factors behind post\\-infectious intestinal inflammatory disorders.", "### Alternative theory of the mechanism of action", "Goisis and his colleagues proposed an alternative hypothesis on the mechanism of action of SolcoTrichovac, suggesting that anti\\-lactobacillus antibodies may stimulate proliferation of lactobacilli rather than their (strain\\-specific) damage or inhibition. Among the circumstances they cited to support this theory, is their opinion that antibodies [specific to one strain](/wiki/Serotype \"Serotype\") of *Lactobacillus* would most likely cross\\-react with several antigens present on various other strains (yet, both the concentration of anti\\-lactobacillus sIgA antibodies and lactobacillus counts have been demonstrated to increase in vaccinated women). Further they referred to the inconspicuous metabolic profile and the lack of a verified pathomechanism of the strains used in SolcoTrichovac, suggesting that they may represent mere morphotypes rather than pathogenic/unprotective [biotypes](/wiki/Biovar \"Biovar\"). The proposed theory relies on analogies with other known examples of non\\-classical, stimulatory/homeostatic antibody\\-antigen interactions. Notably, the majority of [intestinal bacterial](/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_microbiota \"Human gastrointestinal microbiota\") cells in healthy individuals is bound by sIgA. The sIgA\\-coating of commensal enteric bacteria is believed to promote intestinal microbial homeostasis by a number of mechanisms. Secreted IgA anchors commensal bacteria to the mucus and facilitates [biofilm](/wiki/Biofilm \"Biofilm\") formation, thereby limiting their translocation from the lumen into mucosal tissues. This minimizes activation of the innate immune system, a process termed \"immune exclusion\". Furthermore, the selective uptake of sIgA\\-microbe immune complexes by [dendritic cells](/wiki/Dendritic_cells \"Dendritic cells\") (DCs) in [lymphoid follicles](/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch \"Peyer's patch\") has been shown to induce semimaturation of the DCs. The resulting, so\\-called tolerogenic DCs downregulate the expression of [T cell](/wiki/T_cell \"T cell\") costimulatory molecules and [proinflammatory cytokines](/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokines \"Proinflammatory cytokines\"). The altered immune signaling favours local processing of antigens and a rapid induction of low\\-affinity, broad\\-specificity IgA, leaving the systemic immune compartment ignorant about these organisms. In contrast, direct translocation of non\\-sIgA\\-coated microbes or microbial products across the epithelium preferentially results in proinflammatory signalling and a systemic response against the invading agent, involving [affinity\\-matured](/wiki/B_cell%23T_cell-dependent_activation \"B cell#T cell-dependent activation\") serum antibodies of the classes [IgA](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A \"Immunoglobulin A\"), [IgE](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E \"Immunoglobulin E\") and [IgG](/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G \"Immunoglobulin G\"). Lastly, binding by sIgA can downregulate the expression of [virulence factors](/wiki/Virulence_factors \"Virulence factors\") e.g. involved in adhesion or nutrient acquisition by commensal bacteria. If the homeostasis breaks down, innate immune responses directed against commensal enteric bacteria lead to a shift in the species composition (dysbiosis). Invasive species are better equipped to resist or take advantage of host inflammatory mechanisms and in the perturbed niche successfully compete with the resident microbiota. Hypersensitivity responses to commensal enteric microbiota and a perturbation of microbial ecology is observed in many patients with [chronic enterocolitis](/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease \"Inflammatory bowel disease\").", "This alternative theory coincides with the observation that women without a history of urinary tract or vaginal infections harbor higher antibody levels against vaginal lactobacilli than women with a history of these infections. Alvarez\\-Olmos and her coworkers reported an approximately fourfold elevation of total IgG and a threefold elevation of total IgA concentration in the cervicovaginal secretions of adolescent women colonized with {{chem\\|H\\|2\\|O\\|2}}\\-producing lactobacilli (associated with vaginal health) in comparison to those colonized with non\\-{{chem\\|H\\|2\\|O\\|2}}\\-producing lactobacilli.", "Goisis et al. described lactobacillus vaccination as a means to systemically boost a diminished pool of lactobacillus\\-specific vaginal antibodies, likely increasing the potential for immune exclusion and tolerogenic responses to the microorganisms. They added to this a further hypothetical notion: loss of lactobacillus\\-specific sIgA may be characteristic to patients co\\-colonized by bacteria capable to gradually desialylate and finally proteolytically degrade sIgA, a known impairment of the vaginal defense system, established in the context of *Gardnerella vaginalis*\\-specific antibodies. This contrasts with other proposed mechanism of sIgA deficiency, such as the loss of immunomodulatory strains or host immunodeficiency.", "Although Goisis et al. announced ongoing experiments and preliminary results to prove this theory, as well as the possible cross\\-reactivity of \"normal\", ecologically beneficial lactobacilli with antibodies directed against the strains used in SolcoTrichovac, a conclusive report has not been publicized to date.", "" ]
### *Lactobacillus* strains used in the vaccines #### Characteristics It has not been clarified by what mechanism the [lactobacilli used in the vaccines](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine%23Formulation "Lactobacillus vaccine#Formulation") ("aberrant" lactobacilli) fail to confer protection against vaginal pathogens. At the time of invention, available knowledge of the various health\-promoting mechanisms of lactobacilli was very limited. For example, Eschenbach's seminal work on {{chem\|H\|2\|O\|2}}\-producing lactobacilli has not been published until 1989; at this point scientific efforts to clarify the vaccine's mechanism of action have already subsided. The nutrient medium, carbohydrate fermentation profile, and microscopic appearance of the strains used in SolcoTrichovac have been described. Growth on an iron\-enriched medium of 0\.12 [mᴍ](/wiki/Molar_concentration "Molar concentration") concentration of [FeSO4·7H2O](/wiki/Iron%28II%29_sulfate "Iron(II) sulfate") is rather unusual for a lactobacillus species, and resembles the nutrient needs of *[L. iners](/wiki/Lactobacillus_iners "Lactobacillus iners")*, a vaginal lactobacillus associated with bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth, known for its ambiguous morphology, including coccobacillar cells (not used in the vaccine). Påhlson and Larsson hypothesized, that the defining characteristic of the lactobacilli used in SolcoTrichovac is a missing {{chem\|H\|2\|O\|2}}\-production, which has not been confirmed. Moreover, the correlation they found between bacterial cell morphology and health benefits, pointed towards an association between long uniform lactobacilli and decreased protection against vaginal infections, whereas polymorphic/shortened lactobacilli were described as innocuous inhabitants of the vaginal econiche. It seems, that the authors equated the strains used in SolcoTrichovac to those responsible for cytolytic vaginosis, which is generally considered a different condition, characterized by a lactobacillus overgrowth, rather than the depletion seen in patients colonized by the strains used in the vaccine. Various other properties that could potentially play a role in the (lack of) protective effect, like the ratio of {{sc\|L}}\-lactic acid to {{sc\|D}}\-lactic acid production (correlated to [MMP\-8](/wiki/MMP8 "MMP8") concentrations of the vaginal fluid), adhesion competition, self\- and co\-aggregation ability, production of bacteriocins, organic acids or biosurfactants, immunomodulatory properties, or [toxin](/wiki/Toxin "Toxin") production such as seen in *L. iners* remain obscure for the time. #### Risk factors of colonization The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi described the strains used in Gynevac as [pathobionts](/wiki/Pathobiont "Pathobiont") to *Trichomonas vaginalis*. He considered colonization with "aberrant", unprotective strains of lactobacilli, and their persistence even after protozoan infection has been cleared, a chronic post\-infectious complication, and introduced the term "lactobacillus syndrome" for the condition (not to be confused with the distinct pathologies of cytolytic vaginosis and vaginal lactobacillosis). Scattered reports suggest that some minority of *Lactobacillus* strains found in humans indeed enhance rather than inhibit parasite adhesion to the [vaginal epithelium](/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium "Vaginal epithelium"). In vitro preincubation of vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) with physiological concentrations ({{val\|1e7}}–{{val\|1e8}} CFU/ml) of *Lactobacillus* CBI3 (a human isolate of *[L. plantarum](/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum "Lactobacillus plantarum")* or *[L. pentosus](/wiki/Lactobacillus_pentosus "Lactobacillus pentosus")*) increased the number of *T. vaginalis* cells able to adhere to the VEC monolayer up to eightfold. McGrory and Garber reported a significant prolongation of *T. vaginalis* infection in estrogenized BALB/c mice intravaginally preinoculated with {{val\|1e9}} cells of *L. acidophilus* ATCC 4356 (originating from the human pharynx) in comparison to animals that had not been pretreated. Although initial infectivity in the two groups was comparable, at day 24 post\-infection 69% of *L. acidophilus*\-inoculated mice still showed positive *T. vaginalis* cultures, compared with only 11% of mice not harboring lactobacilli. Other hypothesized risk factors of colonization by lactobacilli of low protective value in general include prior antimicrobial treatment and congenital factors. #### Association with *T. vaginalis* Soszka and Kuczyńska described the appearance of morphological variations of *Lactobacilli*, when grown in the presence of a high concentration of *Trichomonas vaginalis*. The authors interpreted the observed atypical (coccoid) cell morphology as an involution (senescent, dying) form. Goisis et al. have shown, that shortened and coccoidal lactobacilli are not only present in the primary secretion samples of trichomoniasis patients, but also in the cultures started from these samples, free from competitive microorganisms and under optimal culture conditions, suggesting that the coccoid bacteria may represent a distinct viable [phenotype](/wiki/Phenotype "Phenotype"). Contrastingly, the isolates from vaccinated patients tended to assume bacilliform also in culture. The general consensus remains, that at least some of the morphology variants seen under trichomoniasis versus health are to be interpreted as representations of "true commensal" versus more pathogenic strains ([genotypes](/wiki/Genotypes "Genotypes")), although a possible relationship between morphotype and distinct environment\-driven [proteome](/wiki/Proteome "Proteome") profiles has not been excluded. ##### Immunological cross\-reaction with *T. vaginalis* The antigenic material responsible for the effect of lactobacillus vaccines is most likely surface antigens of the aberrant lactobacilli. The anti\-trichomonal effect of SolcoTrichovac has led multiple researchers to investigate the possibility of shared surface antigens between the specific strains used in the vaccine and *T. vaginalis*. The theory of antigenic cross\-reactivity was put to the test by Stojković. [Indirect immunofluorescence](/wiki/Indirect_immunofluorescence "Indirect immunofluorescence") was performed on trichomonads treated with rabbit antisera against aberrant lactobacilli and against *T. vaginalis*. Specific immunofluorescence was observed on those protozoa which had been treated with anti\-lactobacillus serum and anti\-trichomonas serum, but not on those treated with serum from non\-vaccinated animals. Bonilla\-Musoles performed an [electron microscopic](/wiki/Electron_microscope "Electron microscope") study on trichomonads treated with serum from women who were previously vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac. After three days the trichomonads exposed to antibody\-containing serum showed marked signs of destruction, similar to those observed under the influence of [metronidazole](/wiki/Metronidazole "Metronidazole"). The electron micrographs revealed cytoplasmic swelling, dilation of the reticuloendothelial lamellae and formation of vacuoles as well as evaginations and invaginations of cellular membranes. Alderete, Gombošová and others however described contrary findings, and attributed any anti\-trichomonal activity of lactobacillus vaccines to non\-specific immune mechanisms. The question of immunological relationship between aberrant lactobacilli and *T. vaginalis* has not been answered conclusively. ##### Phylogenetic relationships to *T. vaginalis* An intriguing hypothesis was advanced by [Alain de Weck](/wiki/Alain_de_Weck "Alain de Weck") that suggests [horizontal gene transfer](/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer "Horizontal gene transfer") between specific aberrant strains of *Lactobacilli* used in SolcoTrichovac and *T. vaginalis*, which leads to their (possible) cross\-immunogenicity. Phylogenetic relationships between *T. vaginalis* and aberrant lactobacilli have not been studied. Nevertheless, multiple examples of gene transfer between the parasite and bacteria have been documented. Audrey de Koning argues that lateral transfer of the [N\-acetylneuraminate lyase](/wiki/N-acetylneuraminate_lyase "N-acetylneuraminate lyase") gene from *[Pasteurellaceae](/wiki/Pasteurellaceae "Pasteurellaceae")* to *T. vaginalis* may have been a key factor in the adaptation of *Trichomonas* to parasitism. In an analogous manner, Buret et al. suggest gene exchanges between enteropathogens and normal microbiota during acute enteric infection as one of the possible causative factors behind post\-infectious intestinal inflammatory disorders.
[ "### *Lactobacillus* strains used in the vaccines", "#### Characteristics", "It has not been clarified by what mechanism the [lactobacilli used in the vaccines](/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine%23Formulation \"Lactobacillus vaccine#Formulation\") (\"aberrant\" lactobacilli) fail to confer protection against vaginal pathogens. At the time of invention, available knowledge of the various health\\-promoting mechanisms of lactobacilli was very limited. For example, Eschenbach's seminal work on {{chem\\|H\\|2\\|O\\|2}}\\-producing lactobacilli has not been published until 1989; at this point scientific efforts to clarify the vaccine's mechanism of action have already subsided.", "The nutrient medium, carbohydrate fermentation profile, and microscopic appearance of the strains used in SolcoTrichovac have been described. Growth on an iron\\-enriched medium of 0\\.12 [mᴍ](/wiki/Molar_concentration \"Molar concentration\") concentration of [FeSO4·7H2O](/wiki/Iron%28II%29_sulfate \"Iron(II) sulfate\") is rather unusual for a lactobacillus species, and resembles the nutrient needs of *[L. iners](/wiki/Lactobacillus_iners \"Lactobacillus iners\")*, a vaginal lactobacillus associated with bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth, known for its ambiguous morphology, including coccobacillar cells (not used in the vaccine).", "Påhlson and Larsson hypothesized, that the defining characteristic of the lactobacilli used in SolcoTrichovac is a missing {{chem\\|H\\|2\\|O\\|2}}\\-production, which has not been confirmed. Moreover, the correlation they found between bacterial cell morphology and health benefits, pointed towards an association between long uniform lactobacilli and decreased protection against vaginal infections, whereas polymorphic/shortened lactobacilli were described as innocuous inhabitants of the vaginal econiche. It seems, that the authors equated the strains used in SolcoTrichovac to those responsible for cytolytic vaginosis, which is generally considered a different condition, characterized by a lactobacillus overgrowth, rather than the depletion seen in patients colonized by the strains used in the vaccine.", "Various other properties that could potentially play a role in the (lack of) protective effect, like the ratio of {{sc\\|L}}\\-lactic acid to {{sc\\|D}}\\-lactic acid production (correlated to [MMP\\-8](/wiki/MMP8 \"MMP8\") concentrations of the vaginal fluid), adhesion competition, self\\- and co\\-aggregation ability, production of bacteriocins, organic acids or biosurfactants, immunomodulatory properties, or [toxin](/wiki/Toxin \"Toxin\") production such as seen in *L. iners* remain obscure for the time.", "#### Risk factors of colonization", "The inventor of lactobacillus vaccines, Újhelyi described the strains used in Gynevac as [pathobionts](/wiki/Pathobiont \"Pathobiont\") to *Trichomonas vaginalis*. He considered colonization with \"aberrant\", unprotective strains of lactobacilli, and their persistence even after protozoan infection has been cleared, a chronic post\\-infectious complication, and introduced the term \"lactobacillus syndrome\" for the condition (not to be confused with the distinct pathologies of cytolytic vaginosis and vaginal lactobacillosis). Scattered reports suggest that some minority of *Lactobacillus* strains found in humans indeed enhance rather than inhibit parasite adhesion to the [vaginal epithelium](/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium \"Vaginal epithelium\"). In vitro preincubation of vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) with physiological concentrations ({{val\\|1e7}}–{{val\\|1e8}} CFU/ml) of *Lactobacillus* CBI3 (a human isolate of *[L. plantarum](/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum \"Lactobacillus plantarum\")* or *[L. pentosus](/wiki/Lactobacillus_pentosus \"Lactobacillus pentosus\")*) increased the number of *T. vaginalis* cells able to adhere to the VEC monolayer up to eightfold. McGrory and Garber reported a significant prolongation of *T. vaginalis* infection in estrogenized BALB/c mice intravaginally preinoculated with {{val\\|1e9}} cells of *L. acidophilus* ATCC 4356 (originating from the human pharynx) in comparison to animals that had not been pretreated. Although initial infectivity in the two groups was comparable, at day 24 post\\-infection 69% of *L. acidophilus*\\-inoculated mice still showed positive *T. vaginalis* cultures, compared with only 11% of mice not harboring lactobacilli.", "Other hypothesized risk factors of colonization by lactobacilli of low protective value in general include prior antimicrobial treatment and congenital factors.", "#### Association with *T. vaginalis*", "Soszka and Kuczyńska described the appearance of morphological variations of *Lactobacilli*, when grown in the presence of a high concentration of *Trichomonas vaginalis*. The authors interpreted the observed atypical (coccoid) cell morphology as an involution (senescent, dying) form. Goisis et al. have shown, that shortened and coccoidal lactobacilli are not only present in the primary secretion samples of trichomoniasis patients, but also in the cultures started from these samples, free from competitive microorganisms and under optimal culture conditions, suggesting that the coccoid bacteria may represent a distinct viable [phenotype](/wiki/Phenotype \"Phenotype\"). Contrastingly, the isolates from vaccinated patients tended to assume bacilliform also in culture. The general consensus remains, that at least some of the morphology variants seen under trichomoniasis versus health are to be interpreted as representations of \"true commensal\" versus more pathogenic strains ([genotypes](/wiki/Genotypes \"Genotypes\")), although a possible relationship between morphotype and distinct environment\\-driven [proteome](/wiki/Proteome \"Proteome\") profiles has not been excluded.", "##### Immunological cross\\-reaction with *T. vaginalis*", "The antigenic material responsible for the effect of lactobacillus vaccines is most likely surface antigens of the aberrant lactobacilli. The anti\\-trichomonal effect of SolcoTrichovac has led multiple researchers to investigate the possibility of shared surface antigens between the specific strains used in the vaccine and *T. vaginalis*. The theory of antigenic cross\\-reactivity was put to the test by Stojković. [Indirect immunofluorescence](/wiki/Indirect_immunofluorescence \"Indirect immunofluorescence\") was performed on trichomonads treated with rabbit antisera against aberrant lactobacilli and against *T. vaginalis*. Specific immunofluorescence was observed on those protozoa which had been treated with anti\\-lactobacillus serum and anti\\-trichomonas serum, but not on those treated with serum from non\\-vaccinated animals. Bonilla\\-Musoles performed an [electron microscopic](/wiki/Electron_microscope \"Electron microscope\") study on trichomonads treated with serum from women who were previously vaccinated with SolcoTrichovac. After three days the trichomonads exposed to antibody\\-containing serum showed marked signs of destruction, similar to those observed under the influence of [metronidazole](/wiki/Metronidazole \"Metronidazole\"). The electron micrographs revealed cytoplasmic swelling, dilation of the reticuloendothelial lamellae and formation of vacuoles as well as evaginations and invaginations of cellular membranes. Alderete, Gombošová and others however described contrary findings, and attributed any anti\\-trichomonal activity of lactobacillus vaccines to non\\-specific immune mechanisms. The question of immunological relationship between aberrant lactobacilli and *T. vaginalis* has not been answered conclusively.", "##### Phylogenetic relationships to *T. vaginalis*", "An intriguing hypothesis was advanced by [Alain de Weck](/wiki/Alain_de_Weck \"Alain de Weck\") that suggests [horizontal gene transfer](/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer \"Horizontal gene transfer\") between specific aberrant strains of *Lactobacilli* used in SolcoTrichovac and *T. vaginalis*, which leads to their (possible) cross\\-immunogenicity. Phylogenetic relationships between *T. vaginalis* and aberrant lactobacilli have not been studied. Nevertheless, multiple examples of gene transfer between the parasite and bacteria have been documented. Audrey de Koning argues that lateral transfer of the [N\\-acetylneuraminate lyase](/wiki/N-acetylneuraminate_lyase \"N-acetylneuraminate lyase\") gene from *[Pasteurellaceae](/wiki/Pasteurellaceae \"Pasteurellaceae\")* to *T. vaginalis* may have been a key factor in the adaptation of *Trichomonas* to parasitism. In an analogous manner, Buret et al. suggest gene exchanges between enteropathogens and normal microbiota during acute enteric infection as one of the possible causative factors behind post\\-infectious intestinal inflammatory disorders.", "" ]
History ------- Access keys were introduced to HTML in 1999 and quickly achieved near\-universal browser support. ### Conflict with browser and screen reader controls Many browsers define their own keyboard shortcuts, which are used to control the browser itself: for instance, several browsers on Windows use {{key press\|Alt}}\+{{key press\|D}} to focus the URL bar. Some initial implementations used the same modifier keys for access keys: for instance, accesskey\="D" would also assign {{key press\|Alt}}\+{{key press\|D}}, resulting in one or the other of the meanings being unavailable. In the summer of 2002, a Canadian Web Accessibility{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wats.ca/show.php?contentid\=32 \|title\=Using Accesskeys: is it worth it? \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204224705/http://www.wats.ca/show.php?contentid\=32 \|archivedate\=February 4, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} consultancy did an informal survey to see if implementing accesskeys caused issues for users of [adaptive technology](/wiki/Adaptive_technology "Adaptive technology"), especially [screen reading technology](/wiki/Screen_reader "Screen reader") used by blind and low vision users. These users require numerous keyboard shortcuts to access web pages, as “pointing and clicking” a mouse is not an option for them. Their research showed that most key stroke combinations did in fact present a conflict for one or more of these technologies, and their final recommendation was to avoid using accesskeys altogether. Subsequently, browsers changed their modifier keys to avoid the conflict, as can be seen in the table above: typically, {{key press\|Alt}}\+{{key press\|Shift}} on Windows, and {{key press\|Ctrl}} \+ {{key press\|Opt}} on Mac. ### \<access\> element In [XHTML 2](/wiki/XHTML_2 "XHTML 2"), a revised web authoring language, the HTML Working Group of the [World Wide Web Consortium](/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium "World Wide Web Consortium") deprecated the accesskey attribute in favor of the \<access\> element defined in the [XHTML Role Access Module](http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-xhtml2-20050527/mod-role.html#s_rolemodule). However, XHTML 2 has been retired in favor of [HTML5](/wiki/HTML5 "HTML5"), which (as of August 2009\) continues to permit accesskey attributes, and does not define the \<access\> element type.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.w3\.org/TR/html5/editing.html\#the\-accesskey\-attribute\|title\=The accesskey attribute\|publisher\=\[\[World Wide Web Consortium]]\|accessdate\=2012\-02\-06}} ### Use of standard access key mappings In 2004, a standard emerged using numbers, which promotes consistency for users, and enables the increased predictability of keyboard shortcuts on different sites. These include, for example, 1 to go to the homepage, 0 for search, / for contact, and others.. Ten years later, in 2014, an updated and more comprehensive standard using both letters and numbers was released {{cite web \|url\=https://www.standardaccesskeys.com/ \|title\=Home \|website\=standardaccesskeys.com}} in order to breathe new life into browser access key standardization efforts.
[ "History\n-------", "Access keys were introduced to HTML in 1999 and quickly achieved near\\-universal browser support.", "### Conflict with browser and screen reader controls", "Many browsers define their own keyboard shortcuts, which are used to control the browser itself: for instance, several browsers on Windows use {{key press\\|Alt}}\\+{{key press\\|D}} to focus the URL bar. Some initial implementations used the same modifier keys for access keys: for instance, accesskey\\=\"D\" would also assign {{key press\\|Alt}}\\+{{key press\\|D}}, resulting in one or the other of the meanings being unavailable.", "In the summer of 2002, a Canadian Web Accessibility{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wats.ca/show.php?contentid\\=32 \\|title\\=Using Accesskeys: is it worth it? \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204224705/http://www.wats.ca/show.php?contentid\\=32 \\|archivedate\\=February 4, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} consultancy did an informal survey to see if implementing accesskeys caused issues for users of [adaptive technology](/wiki/Adaptive_technology \"Adaptive technology\"), especially [screen reading technology](/wiki/Screen_reader \"Screen reader\") used by blind and low vision users. These users require numerous keyboard shortcuts to access web pages, as “pointing and clicking” a mouse is not an option for them. Their research showed that most key stroke combinations did in fact present a conflict for one or more of these technologies, and their final recommendation was to avoid using accesskeys altogether.", "Subsequently, browsers changed their modifier keys to avoid the conflict, as can be seen in the table above: typically, {{key press\\|Alt}}\\+{{key press\\|Shift}} on Windows, and {{key press\\|Ctrl}} \\+ {{key press\\|Opt}} on Mac.", "### \\<access\\> element", "In [XHTML 2](/wiki/XHTML_2 \"XHTML 2\"), a revised web authoring language, the HTML Working Group of the [World Wide Web Consortium](/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium \"World Wide Web Consortium\") deprecated the accesskey attribute in favor of the \\<access\\> element defined in the [XHTML Role Access Module](http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-xhtml2-20050527/mod-role.html#s_rolemodule). However, XHTML 2 has been retired in favor of [HTML5](/wiki/HTML5 \"HTML5\"), which (as of August 2009\\) continues to permit accesskey attributes, and does not define the \\<access\\> element type.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.w3\\.org/TR/html5/editing.html\\#the\\-accesskey\\-attribute\\|title\\=The accesskey attribute\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[World Wide Web Consortium]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-02\\-06}}", "### Use of standard access key mappings", "In 2004, a standard emerged using numbers, which promotes consistency for users, and enables the increased predictability of keyboard shortcuts on different sites. These include, for example, 1 to go to the homepage, 0 for search, / for contact, and others..", "Ten years later, in 2014, an updated and more comprehensive standard using both letters and numbers was released {{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.standardaccesskeys.com/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=standardaccesskeys.com}} in order to breathe new life into browser access key standardization efforts.", "" ]
Movies and soundtracks ---------------------- Becker's tracks "Hot As Love" and "Hard Times" were featured in the 2019 film *The Fixer,* from RavensFilm Productions.{{cite web\|author\=Nicholas J. Michalak \|url\=http://www.ravensfilm.com/fixer/ \|title\=RavensFilm Productions \| The Fixer \|publisher\=Ravensfilm.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2014\-06\-14}} Becker scored the soundtrack of the horror film *Leaf Blower Massacre 2*, released by T\-Nasty Productions. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Curse Of The Slasher Nurse*, released by Screamtime Films. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Creekers*, released by R.U. Plugged In Productions. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Cellar Secret*, released by Faux Pas Films. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Cannibal Claus*, released by The Sleaze Box. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Ghoulish Tales*, released by The Sleaze Box. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the short horror film *The Passage*, released by Nightmare Film Crew. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Memento Mortis*, released by Troma Entertainment. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Rise of The Scarecrows*, released by Cinema Epoch. Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Evil Awakening*, released by Tempe Video.
[ "Movies and soundtracks\n----------------------", "Becker's tracks \"Hot As Love\" and \"Hard Times\" were featured in the 2019 film *The Fixer,* from RavensFilm Productions.{{cite web\\|author\\=Nicholas J. Michalak \\|url\\=http://www.ravensfilm.com/fixer/ \\|title\\=RavensFilm Productions \\| The Fixer \\|publisher\\=Ravensfilm.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2014\\-06\\-14}}", "Becker scored the soundtrack of the horror film *Leaf Blower Massacre 2*, released by T\\-Nasty Productions.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Curse Of The Slasher Nurse*, released by Screamtime Films.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Creekers*, released by R.U. Plugged In Productions.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Cellar Secret*, released by Faux Pas Films.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Cannibal Claus*, released by The Sleaze Box.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Ghoulish Tales*, released by The Sleaze Box.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the short horror film *The Passage*, released by Nightmare Film Crew.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Memento Mortis*, released by Troma Entertainment.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Rise of The Scarecrows*, released by Cinema Epoch.", "Becker performed on the soundtrack of the horror film *Evil Awakening*, released by Tempe Video.", "" ]
Subclades of I\-L460 -------------------- ### I\-P37\.2 The **I\-P37\.2\+** (also known as **I2a1a**) (ISOGG 2019\). The subclade divergence for I\-P37\.2 occurred 10\.7±4\.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for the P37\.2 subclade is 8\.0±4\.0 kya. It is the predominant version of I2 in Eastern Europe.{{cite book \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-94\-007\-6704\-1\_31 \|chapter\=The Mediterranean Human Population: An Anthropological Genetics Perspective \|title\=The Mediterranean Sea \|year\=2014 \| vauthors \= Sazzini M, Sarno S, Luiselli D \|pages\=529–551 \|isbn\=978\-94\-007\-6703\-4 }} The I2a is further made up by subgroups I\-M26, I\-M423, I\-L1286, I\-L880\. #### I\-L158 Haplogroup **I\-M26** (or **M26**) *I2a1a1a* (ISOGG 2019\). Haplogroup I\-L158 (L158, L159\.1/S169\.1, M26\) accounts for approximately 40% of all [patrilines](/wiki/Patrilineality "Patrilineality") among [Sardinians](/wiki/Sardinian_people "Sardinian people").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rootsi S \|title\=Y\-Chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe \|journal\=Documenta Praehistorica \|date\=31 December 2006 \|volume\=33 \|pages\=17–20 \|doi\=10\.4312/dp.33\.3 \|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Low\-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y\-chromosome phylogeny \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 341 \| issue \= 6145 \| pages \= 565–569 \| date \= August 2013 \| pmid \= 23908240 \| pmc \= 5500864 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1237947 \| bibcode \= 2013Sci...341\..565F }} It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees") (9\.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9\.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2\.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8\.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and [Iberia](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula"), and it has been found in 1\.6% of a sample of [Albanians](/wiki/Albanians "Albanians") living in the [Republic of North Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia "Republic of North Macedonia"){{cite journal \| vauthors \= Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al\-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara\-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Y\-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe \| journal \= European Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 17 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 820–830 \| date \= June 2009 \| pmid \= 19107149 \| pmc \= 2947100 \| doi \= 10\.1038/ejhg.2008\.249 }} and 1\.2% (3/257\) of a sample of [Czechs](/wiki/Czechs "Czechs").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T, Popa LO, Banyko J, Kracmarova A, Malaspina P, Novelletto A, Brdicka R \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Y\-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic \| journal \= American Journal of Physical Anthropology \| volume \= 132 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 132–139 \| date \= January 2007 \| pmid \= 17078035 \| doi \= 10\.1002/ajpa.20500 \| hdl\-access \= free \| hdl \= 2108/35058 }} The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated as 8\.0±4\.0 kya. #### I\-L178 I\-L178 is very rare, but has been found in two persons from Germany and one from Poland. The age of YSTR variation for the M423 subclade is 8\.8±3\.6 kya.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH \| display\-authors \= 6 \|chapter\=New phylogenetic relationships for Y\-chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory \|title\=Rethinking the Human Evolution \| veditors \= Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar\-Yosef O, Stringer C \|year\=2007 \|pages\=33–42 \| publisher \= McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research \|isbn\=978\-1\-902937\-46\-5 }} #### I2a\-L621 [thumb\|right\|The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I\-P37 clusters, ancestral "Dnieper\-Carpathian" (DYS448\=20\) and derived "Balkan" (DYS448\=19: represented by a single SNP I\-PH908\), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017\).](/wiki/File:The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg "The approximate frequency and variance of haplogroup I-P37 clusters in Eastern Europe.jpg") I2a1a2b\-L621 is typical of the [Slavic](/wiki/Slavs "Slavs") populations, being highest in [Southeastern European](/wiki/Southeastern_European "Southeastern European") regions of [Bosnia\-Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina "Bosnia-Herzegovina") and [South Croatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia") (\>45%),{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mršić G, Gršković B, Vrdoljak A, Popović M, Valpotić I, Anđelinović Š, Stenzl V, Ehler E, Urban L, Lacković G, Underhill P, Primorac D \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Croatian national reference Y\-STR haplotype database \| journal \= Molecular Biology Reports \| volume \= 39 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 7727–7741 \| date \= July 2012 \| pmid \= 22391654 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s11033\-012\-1610\-3 \| ref \= {{harvid\|Mršić et al.\|2012}} \| s2cid \= 18011987 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Kovacevic L, Tambets K, Ilumäe AM, Kushniarevich A, Yunusbayev B, Solnik A, Bego T, Primorac D, Skaro V, Leskovac A, Jakovski Z, Drobnic K, Tolk HV, Kovacevic S, Rudan P, Metspalu E, Marjanovic D \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Standing at the gateway to Europe\-\-the genetic structure of Western balkan populations based on autosomal and haploid markers \| journal \= PLOS ONE \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= e105090 \| year \= 2014 \| pmid \= 25148043 \| pmc \= 4141785 \| doi \= 10\.1371/journal.pone.0105090 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2014PLoSO...9j5090K }} in [Croats](/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats "Genetic studies on Croats") (37\.7\-69\.8%), [Bosniaks](/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks "Genetic studies on Bosniaks") (43\.53\-52\.17%), and [Serbs](/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Serbs "Genetic studies on Serbs") (36\.6\-42%){{em dash}}often called "Dinaric".{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Fóthi E, Gonzalez A, Fehér T, Gugora A, Fóthi Á, Biró O, Keyser C \|title\=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes \|journal\=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences \|volume\=12 \|issue\=1 \|date\=2020 \|doi\=10\.1007/s12520\-019\-00996\-0\|doi\-access\=free \|quote\=We looked at 16 loci from 640 I2a\-L621 samples in FTDNA’s I2a project database and found that 7 individuals were 2 genetic steps away the Karos samples, of whom 1 was a Hungarian from Kunszentmárton, 2 were Ukrainians, 1 was Lithuanian, 1 was Belarusian, 1 was Russian, and 1 was a German from Poland. Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto\-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE ... The SNP\-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50\.5% of Croatians, 30\.1% of Serbs, 31\.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM\_5\). ... Their genetic haplogroup, I2a\-CTS10228, is widespread among Slavs, but it is only present in 7% of Caucasian peoples, namely among the Karachay ... As such, it appears that the I2a\-CTS10228 haplogroup in the paternal lineage of the Karos leaders arises from a specific branch in the Northern Caucasus dating to about 400–500 CE. Its modern descendents live among the Karachay, Hungarians, and various other surrounding nationalities.}} It has the highest variance and concentration in [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") (i.e., [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), [Southeastern Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus")).{{cite thesis \|type\=PhD \|author\=O.M. Utevska \|date\=2017 \|title\=Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі \|trans\-title\=The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe \|publisher\=National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of \[\[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]\|url\=http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/\|language\=uk\|pages\=219–226, 302}} According to YFull YTree it formed 11,400 [YBP](/wiki/YBP "YBP") and had [TMRCA](/wiki/TMRCA "TMRCA") 6,500 [YBP](/wiki/YBP "YBP"), while its main subclades lineage is I\-CTS10936 (6,500\-5,600 YBP) \> I\-S19848 (5,600 YBP) \> I\-CTS4002 (5,600\-5,100 YBP) \> I\-CTS10228 (5,100\-3,400 YBP) \> I\-Y3120 (3,400\-2,100 YBP) \> I\-Y18331 (2,100 YBP) / I\-Z17855 (2,100\-1650 YBP) / I\-Y4460 (2,100 YBP) / I\-S17250 (2,100\-1,850 YBP) \> I\-PH908 (1,850\-1,700 YBP).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I\-PH908/\|title\=I\-PH908 YTree v8\.06\.01\|date\=27 June 2020\|publisher\=YFull.com\|access\-date\=17 July 2020}} Older research considered that the high frequency of this subclade in the [South Slavic](/wiki/South_Slavic_languages "South Slavic languages")\-speaking populations to be the result of "pre\-Slavic" [paleolithic](/wiki/Paleolithic "Paleolithic") settlement in the region. Peričić *et al.* (2005\) for instance placed its expansion to have occurred "not earlier than the [YD](/wiki/Younger_Dryas "Younger Dryas") to [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene "Holocene") transition and not later than the early [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic")".{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Marjanovic D, Fornarino S, Montagna S, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Pojskic N, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Drobnic K, Andjelinovic S, Torroni A, Santachiara\-Benerecetti AS, Semino O \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= The peopling of modern Bosnia\-Herzegovina: Y\-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups \| journal \= Annals of Human Genetics \| volume \= 69 \| issue \= Pt 6 \| pages \= 757–763 \| date \= November 2005 \| pmid \= 16266413 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1529\-8817\.2005\.00190\.x \| s2cid \= 36632274 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rębała K, Mikulich AI, Tsybovsky IS, Siváková D, Džupinková Z, Szczerkowska\-Dobosz A, Szczerkowska Z \| title \= Y\-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin \| journal \= Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 52 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 406–414 \| date \= 16 March 2007 \| pmid \= 17364156 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s10038\-007\-0125\-6 \| doi\-access \= free }} However, the prehistoric [autochthonous](/wiki/wiktionary:Autochthonous "Autochthonous") origin of the haplogroup I2 in the Balkans is now considered as outdated,{{refn\|group\=nb\|The SNP I\-P37 itself formed approximately 21,000 \[\[YBP]] and had \[\[Most recent common ancestor\|TMRCA]] 18,400 YBP according to YFull YTree,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I\-P37/\|title\=I\-P37 YTree v8\.06\.01\|date\=27 June 2020\|publisher\=YFull.com\|access\-date\=17 July 2020}} being too old and widespread as an SNP for argumentation of ancient autochthony or medieval migration as well the old research used outdated nomenclature. According to "I\-P37 (I2a)" project at \[\[Family Tree DNA]], the divergence at STR marker DYS448 20 \> 19 is reported since 2007,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/i\-2a\-hap\-group/about/results\|title\=I2a Y\-Haplogroup \- Results: I2a2a\-Dinaric\|publisher\=\[\[Family Tree DNA]]\|access\-date\=11 November 2018\|quote\=Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2\-M423\-Dinaric into Din\-N and Din\-S. Din\-N is older than Din\-S. N\=north of the Danube and S\=south of the Danube River ... May 8, 2007: Dinaric I1b1 and DYS 448\. DYS448 19 for S and 20 for N.}} while the SNP which defines the STR Dinaric\-South cluster, I\-PH908, is reported since 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=https://i2aproject.blogspot.com/2016/08/link\-to\-i\-l621\-tree\-showing\-major\-str\_22\.html\|title\=Link to I\-L621 tree showing major STR clusters (Updated)\|date\=22 August 2016\|author\=Bernie Cullen\|work\=i2aproject.blogspot.com\|publisher\=\[\[Blogger (service)\|Blogger]]\|access\-date\=3 April 2019}} The SNP I\-PH908 at \[\[ISOGG]] phylogenetic tree is named as I2a1a2b1a1a1c,{{cite web\|url\=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1WkRe8UxrhMZ\-CaYtPET5rIBbzqCNkGER4YJurbG2ESQ/edit\#gid\=198726360\|title\=Y\-DNA Haplogroup I and its Subclades \- 2019\-2020\|date\=1 October 2019\|publisher\=\[\[ISOGG]]\|access\-date\=17 July 2020}} while formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,800 YBP according to YFull.}} as already Battaglia *et al.* (2009\) observed highest variance of the haplogroup in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), and Zupan *et al.* (2013\) noted that it suggests it arrived with [Slavic migration](/wiki/Migration_Period%23Second_wave "Migration Period#Second wave") from the homeland which was in present\-day Ukraine.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Zupan A, Vrabec K, Glavač D \| title \= The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations \| journal \= Annals of Human Biology \| volume \= 40 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 515–526 \| date \= 2013 \| pmid \= 23879710 \| doi \= 10\.3109/03014460\.2013\.813584 \| ref \= {{harvid\|Zupan et al.\|2013}} \| s2cid \= 34621779 }} O.M. Utevska (2017\), in her PhD thesis, despite being a part of research team who came to a different conclusion in 2015,{{Cite journal \|last1\=Kushniarevich \|first1\=Alena \|last2\=Utevska \|first2\=Olga \|last3\=Chuhryaeva \|first3\=Marina \|last4\=Agdzhoyan \|first4\=Anastasia \|last5\=Dibirova \|first5\=Khadizhat \|last6\=Uktveryte \|first6\=Ingrida \|last7\=Möls \|first7\=Märt \|last8\=Mulahasanovic \|first8\=Lejla \|last9\=Pshenichnov \|first9\=Andrey \|last10\=Frolova \|first10\=Svetlana \|last11\=Shanko \|first11\=Andrey \|last12\=Metspalu \|first12\=Ene \|last13\=Reidla \|first13\=Maere \|last14\=Tambets \|first14\=Kristiina \|last15\=Tamm \|first15\=Erika \|date\=2015\-09\-02 \|editor\-last\=Calafell \|editor\-first\=Francesc \|title\=Genetic Heritage of the Balto\-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y\-Chromosomal Data \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|language\=en \|volume\=10 \|issue\=9 \|pages\=e0135820 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0135820 \|issn\=1932\-6203 \|pmc\=4558026 \|pmid\=26332464 \|bibcode\=2015PLoSO..1035820K \|doi\-access\=free }} proposed that the haplogroup STR [haplotypes](/wiki/Haplotype "Haplotype") have the highest diversity in Ukraine, with ancestral STR marker result "DYS448\=20" comprising "[Dnieper](/wiki/Dnieper "Dnieper")\-[Carpathian](/wiki/Carpathian "Carpathian")" cluster, while younger derived result "DYS448\=19" comprising the "Balkan cluster" which is predominant among the South Slavs. According to her, this "Balkan cluster" also has the highest variance in Ukraine, which indicates that the very high frequency in the Western Balkan is probably because of a [founder effect](/wiki/Founder_effect "Founder effect"). Utevska calculated that the STR cluster divergence and its secondary expansion from the middle reaches of the Dnieper river or from [Eastern Carpathians](/wiki/Eastern_Carpathians "Eastern Carpathians") towards the Balkan peninsula happened approximately 2,860 ± 730 years ago, relating it to the times before Slavs, but much after the decline of the [Cucuteni–Trypillia culture](/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture "Cucuteni–Trypillia culture"). However, STR\-based calculations give overestimated dates,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Šarac J, Šarić T, Havaš Auguštin D, Novokmet N, Vekarić N, Mustać M, Grahovac B, Kapović M, Nevajda B, Glasnović A, Missoni S, Rootsi S, Rudan P \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Genetic heritage of Croatians in the Southeastern European gene pool\-Y chromosome analysis of the Croatian continental and Island population \| journal \= American Journal of Human Biology \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 837–845 \| date \= November 2016 \| pmid \= 27279290 \| doi \= 10\.1002/ajhb.22876 \| quote \= It is important to stress that the proposed old age of the I2a1b\-M423 and R1a1a1b1a\*\-M558 lineages obtained in previous studies (Battaglia et al., 2009; Peričić et al., 2005; Rootsi et al., 2004; Underhill et al., 2007, 2015\) has been based on STR analysis (8 and 10 loci, respectively) and recent studies clearly indicate that the STR\-based age calculations tend to yield overestimated dates (Batini et al., 2015; Hallast et al., 2015; Karmin et al., 2015\). \| s2cid \= 25873634 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Balanovsky O \| title \= Toward a consensus on SNP and STR mutation rates on the human Y\-chromosome \| journal \= Human Genetics \| volume \= 136 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 575–590 \| date \= May 2017 \| pmid \= 28455625 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s00439\-017\-1805\-8 \| s2cid \= 3714493 \| quote \= While the reasons for the difference between genealogical and evolutionary Y\-STR rates are thus partly understood, it remains unclear which rate to use. Many have applied the evolutionary rate, though quite a few have used the genealogical, or both, rates. Genetic genealogists generally apply the genealogical rate and criticize population\-genetic studies for reporting (in their view) three\-times overestimated ages ... The age of each haplogroup was also calculated using the STR genealogical rate and the STR evolutionary rate. Confidence intervals for the two STR\-based ages (not shown on the plot) do not overlap. For example, the genealogical age of I2a\-L621 (2200 ± 500 years) reaches the envelope age (from 2600 to 3100 ages), while the evolutionary age lies far beyond (9900 ± 2700 years). The observed pattern (Fig. 2a) clearly differs for haplogroups of different age classes. For ages less than 7000 years, the genealogical STR rate provides results consistent with or slightly underestimating the "true" ages, while the evolutionary rate results in three\-fold overestimates. For ages between roughly 7000 and 15,000 years neither STR rate provides correct results. For haplogroups older than 15,000 years, the evolutionary rate estimates correctly or overestimates the "true" age. }} and more specifically, the "Balkan cluster" is represented by a single SNP, I\-PH908, known as I2a1a2b1a1a1c in [ISOGG](/wiki/ISOGG "ISOGG") phylogenetic tree (2019\), and according to YFull YTree it formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,850\-1,700 YBP (2nd\-3rd century AD). It is considered that I\-L621 could have been present in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Neparáczki E, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Maár K, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Kustár Á, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Marcsik A, Balogh C, Lőrinczy G, Gál SS, Tomka P, Kovacsóczy B, Kovács L, Raskó I, Török T \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Y\-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin \| journal \= Scientific Reports \| volume \= 9 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 16569 \| date \= November 2019 \| pmid \= 31719606 \| pmc \= 6851379 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41598\-019\-53105\-5 \| publisher \= \[\[Nature Research]] \| quote \= Hg I2a1a2b\-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9\) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups. It might have been a major lineage of the Cucuteni\-Trypillian culture and it was present in the Baden culture of the Calcholitic Carpathian Basin24 ... The identical I2a1a2b Hg\-s of Magyarhomorog individuals appears to be frequent among high\-ranking Conquerors, as the most distinguished graves in the Karos2 and 3 cemeteries also belong to this lineage. \| bibcode \= 2019NatSR...916569N }} but until now was mainly found [G2a](/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201 "Haplogroup G-M201") and non\-I2\-L621 clades,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Mathieson I, Alpaslan\-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi\-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, Olalde I, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Fernandes D, Ferry M, Gamarra B, Fortes GG, Haak W, Harney E, Jones E, Keating D, Krause\-Kyora B, Kucukkalipci I, Michel M, Mittnik A, Nägele K, Novak M, Oppenheimer J, Patterson N, Pfrengle S, Sirak K, Stewardson K, Vai S, Alexandrov S, Alt KW, Andreescu R, Antonović D, Ash A, Atanassova N, Bacvarov K, Gusztáv MB, Bocherens H, Bolus M, Boroneanţ A, Boyadzhiev Y, Budnik A, Burmaz J, Chohadzhiev S, Conard NJ, Cottiaux R, Čuka M, Cupillard C, Drucker DG, Elenski N, Francken M, Galabova B, Ganetsovski G, Gély B, Hajdu T, Handzhyiska V, Harvati K, Higham T, Iliev S, Janković I, Karavanić I, Kennett DJ, Komšo D, Kozak A, Labuda D, Lari M, Lazar C, Leppek M, Leshtakov K, Vetro DL, Los D, Lozanov I, Malina M, Martini F, McSweeney K, Meller H, Menđušić M, Mirea P, Moiseyev V, Petrova V, Price TD, Simalcsik A, Sineo L, Šlaus M, Slavchev V, Stanev P, Starović A, Szeniczey T, Talamo S, Teschler\-Nicola M, Thevenet C, Valchev I, Valentin F, Vasilyev S, Veljanovska F, Venelinova S, Veselovskaya E, Viola B, Virag C, Zaninović J, Zäuner S, Stockhammer PW, Catalano G, Krauß R, Caramelli D, Zariņa G, Gaydarska B, Lillie M, Nikitin AG, Potekhina I, Papathanasiou A, Borić D, Bonsall C, Krause J, Pinhasi R, Reich D \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= The genomic history of southeastern Europe \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 555 \| issue \= 7695 \| pages \= 197–203 \| date \= March 2018 \| pmid \= 29466330 \| pmc \= 6091220 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nature25778 \| bibcode \= 2018Natur.555\..197M }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Gelabert P, Schmidt RW, Fernandes DM, Karsten JK, Harper TK, Madden GD, Ledogar SH, Sokhatsky M, Oota H, Kennett DJ, Pinhasi R \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine \| journal \= Scientific Reports \| volume \= 12 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 7242 \| date \= May 2022 \| pmid \= 35508651 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41598\-022\-11117\-8 \| publisher \= \[\[Nature Research]] \| pmc \= 9068698 \| bibcode \= 2022NatSR..12\.7242G }} and another clade I2a1a1\-CTS595 was present in the [Baden culture](/wiki/Baden_culture "Baden culture") of the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") Carpathian Basin.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lipson M, Szécsényi\-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, Rohland N, Stewardson K, Ferry M, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Harney E, Nordenfelt S, Llamas B, Gusztáv Mende B, Köhler K, Oross K, Bondár M, Marton T, Osztás A, Jakucs J, Paluch T, Horváth F, Csengeri P, Koós J, Sebők K, Anders A, Raczky P, Regenye J, Barna JP, Fábián S, Serlegi G, Toldi Z, Gyöngyvér Nagy E, Dani J, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Márk L, Melegh B, Bánfai Z, Domboróczki L, Fernández\-Eraso J, Antonio Mujika\-Alustiza J, Alonso Fernández C, Jiménez Echevarría J, Bollongino R, Orschiedt J, Schierhold K, Meller H, Cooper A, Burger J, Bánffy E, Alt KW, Lalueza\-Fox C, Haak W, Reich D \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 551 \| issue \= 7680 \| pages \= 368–372 \| date \= November 2017 \| pmid \= 29144465 \| pmc \= 5973800 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nature24476 \| bibcode \= 2017Natur.551\..368L }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Patterson N, Isakov M, Booth T, Büster L, Fischer CE, Olalde I, Ringbauer H, Akbari A, Cheronet O, Bleasdale M, Adamski N, Altena E, Bernardos R, Brace S, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Candilio F, Culleton B, Curtis E, Demetz L, Carlson KS, Edwards CJ, Fernandes DM, Foody MG, Freilich S, Goodchild H, Kearns A, Lawson AM, Lazaridis I, Mah M, Mallick S, Mandl K, Micco A, Michel M, Morante GB, Oppenheimer J, Özdoğan KT, Qiu L, Schattke C, Stewardson K, Workman JN, Zalzala F, Zhang Z, Agustí B, Allen T, Almássy K, Amkreutz L, Ash A, Baillif\-Ducros C, Barclay A, Bartosiewicz L, Baxter K, Bernert Z, Blažek J, Bodružić M, Boissinot P, Bonsall C, Bradley P, Brittain M, Brookes A, Brown F, Brown L, Brunning R, Budd C, Burmaz J, Canet S, Carnicero\-Cáceres S, Čaušević\-Bully M, Chamberlain A, Chauvin S, Clough S, Čondić N, Coppa A, Craig O, Črešnar M, Cummings V, Czifra S, Danielisová A, Daniels R, Davies A, de Jersey P, Deacon J, Deminger C, Ditchfield PW, Dizdar M, Dobeš M, Dobisíková M, Domboróczki L, Drinkall G, Đukić A, Ernée M, Evans C, Evans J, Fernández\-Götz M, Filipović S, Fitzpatrick A, Fokkens H, Fowler C, Fox A, Gallina Z, Gamble M, González Morales MR, González\-Rabanal B, Green A, Gyenesei K, Habermehl D, Hajdu T, Hamilton D, Harris J, Hayden C, Hendriks J, Hernu B, Hey G, Horňák M, Ilon G, Istvánovits E, Jones AM, Kavur MB, Kazek K, Kenyon RA, Khreisheh A, Kiss V, Kleijne J, Knight M, Kootker LM, Kovács PF, Kozubová A, Kulcsár G, Kulcsár V, Le Pennec C, Legge M, Leivers M, Loe L, López\-Costas O, Lord T, Los D, Lyall J, Marín\-Arroyo AB, Mason P, Matošević D, Maxted A, McIntyre L, McKinley J, McSweeney K, Meijlink B, Mende BG, Menđušić M, Metlička M, Meyer S, Mihovilić K, Milasinovic L, Minnitt S, Moore J, Morley G, Mullan G, Musilová M, Neil B, Nicholls R, Novak M, Pala M, Papworth M, Paresys C, Patten R, Perkić D, Pesti K, Petit A, Petriščáková K, Pichon C, Pickard C, Pilling Z, Price TD, Radović S, Redfern R, Resutík B, Rhodes DT, Richards MB, Roberts A, Roefstra J, Sankot P, Šefčáková A, Sheridan A, Skae S, Šmolíková M, Somogyi K, Somogyvári Á, Stephens M, Szabó G, Szécsényi\-Nagy A, Szeniczey T, Tabor J, Tankó K, Maria CT, Terry R, Teržan B, Teschler\-Nicola M, Torres\-Martínez JF, Trapp J, Turle R, Ujvári F, van der Heiden M, Veleminsky P, Veselka B, Vytlačil Z, Waddington C, Ware P, Wilkinson P, Wilson L, Wiseman R, Young E, Zaninović J, Žitňan A, Lalueza\-Fox C, de Knijff P, Barnes I, Halkon P, Thomas MG, Kennett DJ, Cunliffe B, Lillie M, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Armit I, Reich D \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Large\-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 601 \| issue \= 7894 \| pages \= 588–594 \| date \= January 2022 \| pmid \= 34937049 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41586\-021\-04287\-4 \| pmc \= 8889665 \| bibcode \= 2022Natur.601\..588P \| s2cid \= 245509501 }} Although it is dominant among the modern Slavic peoples on the territory of the former Balkan provinces of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire"), until now it was not found among the samples from the Roman period and is almost absent in contemporary population of [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). According to Pamjav *et al.* (2019\) and Fóthi *et al.* (2020\), the distribution of ancestral subclades like of I\-CTS10228 among contemporary carriers indicates a rapid expansion from Southeastern [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"), is mainly related to the Slavs and their medieval migration, and the "largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans".{{cite book\| vauthors \= Pamjav H, Fehér T, Németh E, Koppány Csáji L \|title\=Genetika és őstörténet\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xq2xDwAAQBAJ\|year\=2019\|publisher\=Napkút Kiadó\|language\=Hungarian\|isbn\=978\-963\-263\-855\-3\|pages\=58\|quote\=Az I2\-CTS10228 (köznevén „dinári\-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet\-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a\-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet\-Európában. Nyugat\-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.}} According to a 2023 archaeogenetic study, I2a\-L621 is absent in the antiquity and appears only since the Early Middle Ages "always associated with Eastern European related ancestry in the autosomal genome, which supports that these lineages were introduced in the Balkans by Eastern European migrants during the Early Medieval period."{{cite journal \|last1\=Olalde \|first1\=Iñigo \|last2\=Carrión \|first2\=Pablo \|date\=December 7, 2023 \|title\=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations \|journal\=\[\[Cell (journal)\|Cell]] \|volume\=186 \|issue\=25 \|pages\=P5472–5485\.E9 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.cell.2023\.10\.018 \|doi\-access\=free \|pmid\=38065079 \|pmc\=10752003 }} Some of the earliest archeogenetic samples until now is [Sungir 6](/wiki/Sungir "Sungir") (\~900 YBP) near [Vladimir, Russia](/wiki/Vladimir%2C_Russia "Vladimir, Russia") which belonged to the I\-S17250 \> I\-Y5596 \> I\-Z16971 \> I\-Y5595 \> I\-A16681 subclade,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sikora M, Seguin\-Orlando A, Sousa VC, Albrechtsen A, Korneliussen T, Ko A, Rasmussen S, Dupanloup I, Nigst PR, Bosch MD, Renaud G, Allentoft ME, Margaryan A, Vasilyev SV, Veselovskaya EV, Borutskaya SB, Deviese T, Comeskey D, Higham T, Manica A, Foley R, Meltzer DJ, Nielsen R, Excoffier L, Mirazon Lahr M, Orlando L, Willerslev E \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 358 \| issue \= 6363 \| pages \= 659–662 \| date \= November 2017 \| pmid \= 28982795 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.aao1807 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2017Sci...358\..659S }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I\-A16681/\|title\=I\-A16681 YTree v8\.06\.01\|date\=27 June 2020\|publisher\=YFull.com\|access\-date\=17 July 2020}} as well I\-CTS10228 and I\-Y3120 subclades found in two [Vikings](/wiki/Viking_Age%23 "Viking Age#") from Sweden (VK53\) and Ukraine (VK542\) with predominantly Slavic ancestry of which the second belongs to [Gleb Svyatoslavich](/wiki/Gleb_Svyatoslavich "Gleb Svyatoslavich") (11th century).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno\-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner\-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MT, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Population genomics of the Viking world \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 585 \| issue \= 7825 \| pages \= 390–396 \| date \= September 2020 \| pmid \= 32939067 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41586\-020\-2688\-8 \| bibcode \= 2020Natur.585\..390M \| hdl\-access \= free \| hdl \= 10852/83989 \| biorxiv \= 10\.1101/703405 \| s2cid \= 221769227 }} It was also found in the skeletal remains of [Hungarian conquerors](/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin "Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin") of the [Carpathian Basin](/wiki/Carpathian_Basin "Carpathian Basin") from the 9th century, part of Western Eurasian\-Slavic component of the Hungarians.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Maróti Z, Neparáczki E, Schütz O, Maár K, Varga GI, Kovács B, Kalmár T, Nyerki E, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Tihanyi B, Marcsik A, Pálfi G, Bernert Z, Gallina Z, Horváth C, Varga S, Költő L, Raskó I, Nagy PL, Balogh C, Zink A, Maixner F, Götherström A, George R, Szalontai C, Szenthe G, Gáll E, Kiss AP, Gulyás B, Kovacsóczy BN, Gál SS, Tomka P, Török T \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians \| language \= English \| journal \= Current Biology \| volume \= 32 \| issue \= 13 \| pages \= 2858–2870\.e7 \| date \= July 2022 \| pmid \= 35617951 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.cub.2022\.04\.093 \| quote \= It is notable that the European Y\-Hg I2a1a2b1a1a was also specific for the Conqueror group, especially for the elite as also shown before,34 very often accompanied by Asian maternal lineages, indicating that I2a1a2b1a1a could be more typical for the immigrants than to the local population. \| s2cid \= 249050620 \| doi\-access \= free }} ### I\-M223 [Haplogroup](/wiki/Haplogroup "Haplogroup") I\-M223 aka I2a1b1 (ISOGG 2019\), formerly I2a2a (ISOGG 2014\). The age of YSTR variation for the I\-M223 [subclade](/wiki/Subclade "Subclade") has been variously estimated as 13\.2±2\.7 kya, 12\.3±3\.1 kya., 14\.6 kya{{Cite web \| url\=https://yfull.com/tree/I\-M223/ \| title\=I\-M223 YTree}} and 14\.6±3\.8 kya (Rootsi 2004\). I\-M223 has a peak in Germany and another in the northeast of Sweden, but also appears in [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania")/[Moldova](/wiki/Moldova "Moldova"), Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Chiaroni J, Underhill PA, Cavalli\-Sforza LL \| title \= Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution \| journal \= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume \= 106 \| issue \= 48 \| pages \= 20174–20179 \| date \= December 2009 \| pmid \= 19920170 \| pmc \= 2787129 \| doi \= 10\.1073/pnas.0910803106 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2009PNAS..10620174C }} Haplogroup I\-M223 has been found in over 4% of the population only in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), and [England](/wiki/England "England") (excluding [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall")) – also the southern tips of [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") in Northwest Europe; the provinces of [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy "Normandy"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine_%28province%29 "Maine (province)"), [Anjou](/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou "Duchy of Anjou"), and [Perche](/wiki/Perche "Perche") in northwestern [France](/wiki/France "France"); the province of [Provence](/wiki/Provence "Provence") in southeastern France; the regions of [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany "Tuscany"), [Umbria](/wiki/Umbria "Umbria"), and [Latium](/wiki/Latium "Latium") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"); [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") and the area around Russia's [Ryazan Oblast](/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast "Ryazan Oblast") and [Mordovia](/wiki/Mordovia "Mordovia") in Eastern Europe. Of historical note, both haplogroups I\-M253 and I\-M223 appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of [Bithynia](/wiki/Bithynia "Bithynia") and [Galatia](/wiki/Galatia "Galatia") in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"). Haplogroup I\-M223 also occurs among approximately 1% of [Sardinians](/wiki/Sardinia "Sardinia"). #### I\-M284 Haplogroup I2a1b1a1a (ISOGG 2019\) or I\-M284, has been found almost exclusively amongst the populations of the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") suggesting that it may have arisen amongst the [Ancient Britons](/wiki/Ancient_Britons "Ancient Britons"), with a [most recent common ancestor](/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor "Most recent common ancestor") (MRCA) who lived about 3,100 years [BP](/wiki/Before_present "Before present").[YFull, 2021, *I\-M284*](https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-M284/) The presence of this subclade "provides some tentative evidence of ancient flow with eastern areas that could support the idea that the \[late Celtic] [La Tene culture](/wiki/La_Tene_culture "La Tene culture") was accompanied by some migration." Where it is found in those of predominately Irish descent, with [Gaelic](/wiki/Gaelic_name "Gaelic name") surnames, it may suggest an ancestor who arrived in Ireland during prehistory, from Celtic Britain.{{cite book \| vauthors \= McEvoy BP, Bradly DG \|chapter\=Irish Genetics and Celts \|pages\=107–120 \| veditors \= Cunliffe BW, Koch JT \|title\=Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language, and Literature \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=Oxbow Books \|isbn\=978\-1\-84217\-410\-4 }} For example, I\-M284 includes many males with the surnames McGuinness and McCartan, who have a single, historically recorded male ancestor in the 6th century; thus it is unlikely to be the result of subsequent migration from Britain to Ireland. Some subclades of I\-M284 that are atypical of Ireland are relatively common in continental Europe, which also supports a point of origin east of Ireland. #### I\-CTS10057 Continentals. Mother Haplogroup for group I\-Z161 (Continental 1 and 2\) and I\-L701 group (Continental 3\). Around 10\.000 years old. ##### I\-Z161 Haplogroup I2a1b1a2b (ISOGG 2019\). Z161\+ defines the I2 Continental clade 1 and 2\. Its age is estimated around 7,000 years old. It is mainly found in North Europe, especially in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. In Northwest Sicily it can also be found; this is believed to be due to remnants of a Norman settlement. ##### I\-L701 Called Continental 3\. Continental 3 has a wide distribution. Found in Central Europe from Germany, Austria to Poland, Romania and Ukraine, but also in lower frequencies in Greece, Italy, France, Spain, England, Ireland, and Armenia. It may have been disseminated in part by the [Goths](/wiki/Goths "Goths"). It is nearly absent from Scandinavia and Scotland. ### I\-M436 {{Expand section\|date\=January 2021}}
[ "Subclades of I\\-L460\n--------------------", "### I\\-P37\\.2", "The **I\\-P37\\.2\\+** (also known as **I2a1a**) (ISOGG 2019\\). The subclade divergence for I\\-P37\\.2 occurred 10\\.7±4\\.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for the P37\\.2 subclade is 8\\.0±4\\.0 kya. It is the predominant version of I2 in Eastern Europe.{{cite book \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-94\\-007\\-6704\\-1\\_31 \\|chapter\\=The Mediterranean Human Population: An Anthropological Genetics Perspective \\|title\\=The Mediterranean Sea \\|year\\=2014 \\| vauthors \\= Sazzini M, Sarno S, Luiselli D \\|pages\\=529–551 \\|isbn\\=978\\-94\\-007\\-6703\\-4 }} The I2a is further made up by subgroups I\\-M26, I\\-M423, I\\-L1286, I\\-L880\\.", "#### I\\-L158", "Haplogroup **I\\-M26** (or **M26**) *I2a1a1a* (ISOGG 2019\\).", "Haplogroup I\\-L158 (L158, L159\\.1/S169\\.1, M26\\) accounts for approximately 40% of all [patrilines](/wiki/Patrilineality \"Patrilineality\") among [Sardinians](/wiki/Sardinian_people \"Sardinian people\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rootsi S \\|title\\=Y\\-Chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe \\|journal\\=Documenta Praehistorica \\|date\\=31 December 2006 \\|volume\\=33 \\|pages\\=17–20 \\|doi\\=10\\.4312/dp.33\\.3 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Low\\-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y\\-chromosome phylogeny \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 341 \\| issue \\= 6145 \\| pages \\= 565–569 \\| date \\= August 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23908240 \\| pmc \\= 5500864 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1237947 \\| bibcode \\= 2013Sci...341\\..565F }} It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\") (9\\.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9\\.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2\\.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8\\.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and [Iberia](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\"), and it has been found in 1\\.6% of a sample of [Albanians](/wiki/Albanians \"Albanians\") living in the [Republic of North Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia \"Republic of North Macedonia\"){{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al\\-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara\\-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Y\\-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe \\| journal \\= European Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 17 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 820–830 \\| date \\= June 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19107149 \\| pmc \\= 2947100 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/ejhg.2008\\.249 }} and 1\\.2% (3/257\\) of a sample of [Czechs](/wiki/Czechs \"Czechs\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T, Popa LO, Banyko J, Kracmarova A, Malaspina P, Novelletto A, Brdicka R \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Y\\-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic \\| journal \\= American Journal of Physical Anthropology \\| volume \\= 132 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 132–139 \\| date \\= January 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17078035 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/ajpa.20500 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free \\| hdl \\= 2108/35058 }} The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated as 8\\.0±4\\.0 kya.", "#### I\\-L178", "I\\-L178 is very rare, but has been found in two persons from Germany and one from Poland. The age of YSTR variation for the M423 subclade is 8\\.8±3\\.6 kya.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\|chapter\\=New phylogenetic relationships for Y\\-chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory \\|title\\=Rethinking the Human Evolution \\| veditors \\= Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar\\-Yosef O, Stringer C \\|year\\=2007 \\|pages\\=33–42 \\| publisher \\= McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-902937\\-46\\-5 }}", "#### I2a\\-L621", "[thumb\\|right\\|The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I\\-P37 clusters, ancestral \"Dnieper\\-Carpathian\" (DYS448\\=20\\) and derived \"Balkan\" (DYS448\\=19: represented by a single SNP I\\-PH908\\), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017\\).](/wiki/File:The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg \"The approximate frequency and variance of haplogroup I-P37 clusters in Eastern Europe.jpg\")\nI2a1a2b\\-L621 is typical of the [Slavic](/wiki/Slavs \"Slavs\") populations, being highest in [Southeastern European](/wiki/Southeastern_European \"Southeastern European\") regions of [Bosnia\\-Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina \"Bosnia-Herzegovina\") and [South Croatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\") (\\>45%),{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mršić G, Gršković B, Vrdoljak A, Popović M, Valpotić I, Anđelinović Š, Stenzl V, Ehler E, Urban L, Lacković G, Underhill P, Primorac D \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Croatian national reference Y\\-STR haplotype database \\| journal \\= Molecular Biology Reports \\| volume \\= 39 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 7727–7741 \\| date \\= July 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22391654 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s11033\\-012\\-1610\\-3 \\| ref \\= {{harvid\\|Mršić et al.\\|2012}} \\| s2cid \\= 18011987 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Kovacevic L, Tambets K, Ilumäe AM, Kushniarevich A, Yunusbayev B, Solnik A, Bego T, Primorac D, Skaro V, Leskovac A, Jakovski Z, Drobnic K, Tolk HV, Kovacevic S, Rudan P, Metspalu E, Marjanovic D \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Standing at the gateway to Europe\\-\\-the genetic structure of Western balkan populations based on autosomal and haploid markers \\| journal \\= PLOS ONE \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= e105090 \\| year \\= 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25148043 \\| pmc \\= 4141785 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1371/journal.pone.0105090 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2014PLoSO...9j5090K }} in [Croats](/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats \"Genetic studies on Croats\") (37\\.7\\-69\\.8%), [Bosniaks](/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks \"Genetic studies on Bosniaks\") (43\\.53\\-52\\.17%), and [Serbs](/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Serbs \"Genetic studies on Serbs\") (36\\.6\\-42%){{em dash}}often called \"Dinaric\".{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Fóthi E, Gonzalez A, Fehér T, Gugora A, Fóthi Á, Biró O, Keyser C \\|title\\=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes \\|journal\\=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=2020 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s12520\\-019\\-00996\\-0\\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|quote\\=We looked at 16 loci from 640 I2a\\-L621 samples in FTDNA’s I2a project database and found that 7 individuals were 2 genetic steps away the Karos samples, of whom 1 was a Hungarian from Kunszentmárton, 2 were Ukrainians, 1 was Lithuanian, 1 was Belarusian, 1 was Russian, and 1 was a German from Poland. Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto\\-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE ... The SNP\\-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50\\.5% of Croatians, 30\\.1% of Serbs, 31\\.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM\\_5\\). ... Their genetic haplogroup, I2a\\-CTS10228, is widespread among Slavs, but it is only present in 7% of Caucasian peoples, namely among the Karachay ... As such, it appears that the I2a\\-CTS10228 haplogroup in the paternal lineage of the Karos leaders arises from a specific branch in the Northern Caucasus dating to about 400–500 CE. Its modern descendents live among the Karachay, Hungarians, and various other surrounding nationalities.}} It has the highest variance and concentration in [Eastern Europe](/wiki/Eastern_Europe \"Eastern Europe\") (i.e., [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), [Southeastern Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\")).{{cite thesis \\|type\\=PhD \\|author\\=O.M. Utevska \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі \\|trans\\-title\\=The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe \\|publisher\\=National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of \\[\\[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]\\|url\\=http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/\\|language\\=uk\\|pages\\=219–226, 302}} According to YFull YTree it formed 11,400 [YBP](/wiki/YBP \"YBP\") and had [TMRCA](/wiki/TMRCA \"TMRCA\") 6,500 [YBP](/wiki/YBP \"YBP\"), while its main subclades lineage is I\\-CTS10936 (6,500\\-5,600 YBP) \\> I\\-S19848 (5,600 YBP) \\> I\\-CTS4002 (5,600\\-5,100 YBP) \\> I\\-CTS10228 (5,100\\-3,400 YBP) \\> I\\-Y3120 (3,400\\-2,100 YBP) \\> I\\-Y18331 (2,100 YBP) / I\\-Z17855 (2,100\\-1650 YBP) / I\\-Y4460 (2,100 YBP) / I\\-S17250 (2,100\\-1,850 YBP) \\> I\\-PH908 (1,850\\-1,700 YBP).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I\\-PH908/\\|title\\=I\\-PH908 YTree v8\\.06\\.01\\|date\\=27 June 2020\\|publisher\\=YFull.com\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2020}}", "Older research considered that the high frequency of this subclade in the [South Slavic](/wiki/South_Slavic_languages \"South Slavic languages\")\\-speaking populations to be the result of \"pre\\-Slavic\" [paleolithic](/wiki/Paleolithic \"Paleolithic\") settlement in the region. Peričić *et al.* (2005\\) for instance placed its expansion to have occurred \"not earlier than the [YD](/wiki/Younger_Dryas \"Younger Dryas\") to [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\") transition and not later than the early [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\")\".{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Marjanovic D, Fornarino S, Montagna S, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Pojskic N, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Drobnic K, Andjelinovic S, Torroni A, Santachiara\\-Benerecetti AS, Semino O \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= The peopling of modern Bosnia\\-Herzegovina: Y\\-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups \\| journal \\= Annals of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 69 \\| issue \\= Pt 6 \\| pages \\= 757–763 \\| date \\= November 2005 \\| pmid \\= 16266413 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1529\\-8817\\.2005\\.00190\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 36632274 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rębała K, Mikulich AI, Tsybovsky IS, Siváková D, Džupinková Z, Szczerkowska\\-Dobosz A, Szczerkowska Z \\| title \\= Y\\-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin \\| journal \\= Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 52 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 406–414 \\| date \\= 16 March 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17364156 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s10038\\-007\\-0125\\-6 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} However, the prehistoric [autochthonous](/wiki/wiktionary:Autochthonous \"Autochthonous\") origin of the haplogroup I2 in the Balkans is now considered as outdated,{{refn\\|group\\=nb\\|The SNP I\\-P37 itself formed approximately 21,000 \\[\\[YBP]] and had \\[\\[Most recent common ancestor\\|TMRCA]] 18,400 YBP according to YFull YTree,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I\\-P37/\\|title\\=I\\-P37 YTree v8\\.06\\.01\\|date\\=27 June 2020\\|publisher\\=YFull.com\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2020}} being too old and widespread as an SNP for argumentation of ancient autochthony or medieval migration as well the old research used outdated nomenclature. According to \"I\\-P37 (I2a)\" project at \\[\\[Family Tree DNA]], the divergence at STR marker DYS448 20 \\> 19 is reported since 2007,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/i\\-2a\\-hap\\-group/about/results\\|title\\=I2a Y\\-Haplogroup \\- Results: I2a2a\\-Dinaric\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Family Tree DNA]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018\\|quote\\=Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2\\-M423\\-Dinaric into Din\\-N and Din\\-S. Din\\-N is older than Din\\-S. N\\=north of the Danube and S\\=south of the Danube River ... May 8, 2007: Dinaric I1b1 and DYS 448\\. DYS448 19 for S and 20 for N.}} while the SNP which defines the STR Dinaric\\-South cluster, I\\-PH908, is reported since 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://i2aproject.blogspot.com/2016/08/link\\-to\\-i\\-l621\\-tree\\-showing\\-major\\-str\\_22\\.html\\|title\\=Link to I\\-L621 tree showing major STR clusters (Updated)\\|date\\=22 August 2016\\|author\\=Bernie Cullen\\|work\\=i2aproject.blogspot.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Blogger (service)\\|Blogger]]\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2019}} The SNP I\\-PH908 at \\[\\[ISOGG]] phylogenetic tree is named as I2a1a2b1a1a1c,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1WkRe8UxrhMZ\\-CaYtPET5rIBbzqCNkGER4YJurbG2ESQ/edit\\#gid\\=198726360\\|title\\=Y\\-DNA Haplogroup I and its Subclades \\- 2019\\-2020\\|date\\=1 October 2019\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ISOGG]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2020}} while formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,800 YBP according to YFull.}} as already Battaglia *et al.* (2009\\) observed highest variance of the haplogroup in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), and Zupan *et al.* (2013\\) noted that it suggests it arrived with [Slavic migration](/wiki/Migration_Period%23Second_wave \"Migration Period#Second wave\") from the homeland which was in present\\-day Ukraine.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Zupan A, Vrabec K, Glavač D \\| title \\= The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations \\| journal \\= Annals of Human Biology \\| volume \\= 40 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 515–526 \\| date \\= 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23879710 \\| doi \\= 10\\.3109/03014460\\.2013\\.813584 \\| ref \\= {{harvid\\|Zupan et al.\\|2013}} \\| s2cid \\= 34621779 }} O.M. Utevska (2017\\), in her PhD thesis, despite being a part of research team who came to a different conclusion in 2015,{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Kushniarevich \\|first1\\=Alena \\|last2\\=Utevska \\|first2\\=Olga \\|last3\\=Chuhryaeva \\|first3\\=Marina \\|last4\\=Agdzhoyan \\|first4\\=Anastasia \\|last5\\=Dibirova \\|first5\\=Khadizhat \\|last6\\=Uktveryte \\|first6\\=Ingrida \\|last7\\=Möls \\|first7\\=Märt \\|last8\\=Mulahasanovic \\|first8\\=Lejla \\|last9\\=Pshenichnov \\|first9\\=Andrey \\|last10\\=Frolova \\|first10\\=Svetlana \\|last11\\=Shanko \\|first11\\=Andrey \\|last12\\=Metspalu \\|first12\\=Ene \\|last13\\=Reidla \\|first13\\=Maere \\|last14\\=Tambets \\|first14\\=Kristiina \\|last15\\=Tamm \\|first15\\=Erika \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-02 \\|editor\\-last\\=Calafell \\|editor\\-first\\=Francesc \\|title\\=Genetic Heritage of the Balto\\-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y\\-Chromosomal Data \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=9 \\|pages\\=e0135820 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0135820 \\|issn\\=1932\\-6203 \\|pmc\\=4558026 \\|pmid\\=26332464 \\|bibcode\\=2015PLoSO..1035820K \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} proposed that the haplogroup STR [haplotypes](/wiki/Haplotype \"Haplotype\") have the highest diversity in Ukraine, with ancestral STR marker result \"DYS448\\=20\" comprising \"[Dnieper](/wiki/Dnieper \"Dnieper\")\\-[Carpathian](/wiki/Carpathian \"Carpathian\")\" cluster, while younger derived result \"DYS448\\=19\" comprising the \"Balkan cluster\" which is predominant among the South Slavs. According to her, this \"Balkan cluster\" also has the highest variance in Ukraine, which indicates that the very high frequency in the Western Balkan is probably because of a [founder effect](/wiki/Founder_effect \"Founder effect\"). Utevska calculated that the STR cluster divergence and its secondary expansion from the middle reaches of the Dnieper river or from [Eastern Carpathians](/wiki/Eastern_Carpathians \"Eastern Carpathians\") towards the Balkan peninsula happened approximately 2,860 ± 730 years ago, relating it to the times before Slavs, but much after the decline of the [Cucuteni–Trypillia culture](/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture \"Cucuteni–Trypillia culture\"). However, STR\\-based calculations give overestimated dates,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Šarac J, Šarić T, Havaš Auguštin D, Novokmet N, Vekarić N, Mustać M, Grahovac B, Kapović M, Nevajda B, Glasnović A, Missoni S, Rootsi S, Rudan P \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Genetic heritage of Croatians in the Southeastern European gene pool\\-Y chromosome analysis of the Croatian continental and Island population \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Biology \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 837–845 \\| date \\= November 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27279290 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/ajhb.22876 \\| quote \\= It is important to stress that the proposed old age of the I2a1b\\-M423 and R1a1a1b1a\\*\\-M558 lineages obtained in previous studies (Battaglia et al., 2009; Peričić et al., 2005; Rootsi et al., 2004; Underhill et al., 2007, 2015\\) has been based on STR analysis (8 and 10 loci, respectively) and recent studies clearly indicate that the STR\\-based age calculations tend to yield overestimated dates (Batini et al., 2015; Hallast et al., 2015; Karmin et al., 2015\\). \\| s2cid \\= 25873634 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Balanovsky O \\| title \\= Toward a consensus on SNP and STR mutation rates on the human Y\\-chromosome \\| journal \\= Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 136 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 575–590 \\| date \\= May 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28455625 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s00439\\-017\\-1805\\-8 \\| s2cid \\= 3714493 \\| quote \\= While the reasons for the difference between genealogical and evolutionary Y\\-STR rates are thus partly understood, it remains unclear which rate to use. Many have applied the evolutionary rate, though quite a few have used the genealogical, or both, rates. Genetic genealogists generally apply the genealogical rate and criticize population\\-genetic studies for reporting (in their view) three\\-times overestimated ages ... The age of each haplogroup was also calculated using the STR genealogical rate and the STR evolutionary rate. Confidence intervals for the two STR\\-based ages (not shown on the plot) do not overlap. For example, the genealogical age of I2a\\-L621 (2200 ± 500 years) reaches the envelope age (from 2600 to 3100 ages), while the evolutionary age lies far beyond (9900 ± 2700 years). The observed pattern (Fig. 2a) clearly differs for haplogroups of different age classes. For ages less than 7000 years, the genealogical STR rate provides results consistent with or slightly underestimating the \"true\" ages, while the evolutionary rate results in three\\-fold overestimates. For ages between roughly 7000 and 15,000 years neither STR rate provides correct results. For haplogroups older than 15,000 years, the evolutionary rate estimates correctly or overestimates the \"true\" age. }} and more specifically, the \"Balkan cluster\" is represented by a single SNP, I\\-PH908, known as I2a1a2b1a1a1c in [ISOGG](/wiki/ISOGG \"ISOGG\") phylogenetic tree (2019\\), and according to YFull YTree it formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,850\\-1,700 YBP (2nd\\-3rd century AD).", "It is considered that I\\-L621 could have been present in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Neparáczki E, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Maár K, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Kustár Á, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Marcsik A, Balogh C, Lőrinczy G, Gál SS, Tomka P, Kovacsóczy B, Kovács L, Raskó I, Török T \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Y\\-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin \\| journal \\= Scientific Reports \\| volume \\= 9 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 16569 \\| date \\= November 2019 \\| pmid \\= 31719606 \\| pmc \\= 6851379 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41598\\-019\\-53105\\-5 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Nature Research]] \\| quote \\= Hg I2a1a2b\\-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9\\) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups. It might have been a major lineage of the Cucuteni\\-Trypillian culture and it was present in the Baden culture of the Calcholitic Carpathian Basin24 ... The identical I2a1a2b Hg\\-s of Magyarhomorog individuals appears to be frequent among high\\-ranking Conquerors, as the most distinguished graves in the Karos2 and 3 cemeteries also belong to this lineage. \\| bibcode \\= 2019NatSR...916569N }} but until now was mainly found [G2a](/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201 \"Haplogroup G-M201\") and non\\-I2\\-L621 clades,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Mathieson I, Alpaslan\\-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi\\-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, Olalde I, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Fernandes D, Ferry M, Gamarra B, Fortes GG, Haak W, Harney E, Jones E, Keating D, Krause\\-Kyora B, Kucukkalipci I, Michel M, Mittnik A, Nägele K, Novak M, Oppenheimer J, Patterson N, Pfrengle S, Sirak K, Stewardson K, Vai S, Alexandrov S, Alt KW, Andreescu R, Antonović D, Ash A, Atanassova N, Bacvarov K, Gusztáv MB, Bocherens H, Bolus M, Boroneanţ A, Boyadzhiev Y, Budnik A, Burmaz J, Chohadzhiev S, Conard NJ, Cottiaux R, Čuka M, Cupillard C, Drucker DG, Elenski N, Francken M, Galabova B, Ganetsovski G, Gély B, Hajdu T, Handzhyiska V, Harvati K, Higham T, Iliev S, Janković I, Karavanić I, Kennett DJ, Komšo D, Kozak A, Labuda D, Lari M, Lazar C, Leppek M, Leshtakov K, Vetro DL, Los D, Lozanov I, Malina M, Martini F, McSweeney K, Meller H, Menđušić M, Mirea P, Moiseyev V, Petrova V, Price TD, Simalcsik A, Sineo L, Šlaus M, Slavchev V, Stanev P, Starović A, Szeniczey T, Talamo S, Teschler\\-Nicola M, Thevenet C, Valchev I, Valentin F, Vasilyev S, Veljanovska F, Venelinova S, Veselovskaya E, Viola B, Virag C, Zaninović J, Zäuner S, Stockhammer PW, Catalano G, Krauß R, Caramelli D, Zariņa G, Gaydarska B, Lillie M, Nikitin AG, Potekhina I, Papathanasiou A, Borić D, Bonsall C, Krause J, Pinhasi R, Reich D \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= The genomic history of southeastern Europe \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 555 \\| issue \\= 7695 \\| pages \\= 197–203 \\| date \\= March 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29466330 \\| pmc \\= 6091220 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nature25778 \\| bibcode \\= 2018Natur.555\\..197M }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Gelabert P, Schmidt RW, Fernandes DM, Karsten JK, Harper TK, Madden GD, Ledogar SH, Sokhatsky M, Oota H, Kennett DJ, Pinhasi R \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine \\| journal \\= Scientific Reports \\| volume \\= 12 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 7242 \\| date \\= May 2022 \\| pmid \\= 35508651 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41598\\-022\\-11117\\-8 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Nature Research]] \\| pmc \\= 9068698 \\| bibcode \\= 2022NatSR..12\\.7242G }} and another clade I2a1a1\\-CTS595 was present in the [Baden culture](/wiki/Baden_culture \"Baden culture\") of the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") Carpathian Basin.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lipson M, Szécsényi\\-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, Rohland N, Stewardson K, Ferry M, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Harney E, Nordenfelt S, Llamas B, Gusztáv Mende B, Köhler K, Oross K, Bondár M, Marton T, Osztás A, Jakucs J, Paluch T, Horváth F, Csengeri P, Koós J, Sebők K, Anders A, Raczky P, Regenye J, Barna JP, Fábián S, Serlegi G, Toldi Z, Gyöngyvér Nagy E, Dani J, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Márk L, Melegh B, Bánfai Z, Domboróczki L, Fernández\\-Eraso J, Antonio Mujika\\-Alustiza J, Alonso Fernández C, Jiménez Echevarría J, Bollongino R, Orschiedt J, Schierhold K, Meller H, Cooper A, Burger J, Bánffy E, Alt KW, Lalueza\\-Fox C, Haak W, Reich D \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 551 \\| issue \\= 7680 \\| pages \\= 368–372 \\| date \\= November 2017 \\| pmid \\= 29144465 \\| pmc \\= 5973800 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nature24476 \\| bibcode \\= 2017Natur.551\\..368L }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Patterson N, Isakov M, Booth T, Büster L, Fischer CE, Olalde I, Ringbauer H, Akbari A, Cheronet O, Bleasdale M, Adamski N, Altena E, Bernardos R, Brace S, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Candilio F, Culleton B, Curtis E, Demetz L, Carlson KS, Edwards CJ, Fernandes DM, Foody MG, Freilich S, Goodchild H, Kearns A, Lawson AM, Lazaridis I, Mah M, Mallick S, Mandl K, Micco A, Michel M, Morante GB, Oppenheimer J, Özdoğan KT, Qiu L, Schattke C, Stewardson K, Workman JN, Zalzala F, Zhang Z, Agustí B, Allen T, Almássy K, Amkreutz L, Ash A, Baillif\\-Ducros C, Barclay A, Bartosiewicz L, Baxter K, Bernert Z, Blažek J, Bodružić M, Boissinot P, Bonsall C, Bradley P, Brittain M, Brookes A, Brown F, Brown L, Brunning R, Budd C, Burmaz J, Canet S, Carnicero\\-Cáceres S, Čaušević\\-Bully M, Chamberlain A, Chauvin S, Clough S, Čondić N, Coppa A, Craig O, Črešnar M, Cummings V, Czifra S, Danielisová A, Daniels R, Davies A, de Jersey P, Deacon J, Deminger C, Ditchfield PW, Dizdar M, Dobeš M, Dobisíková M, Domboróczki L, Drinkall G, Đukić A, Ernée M, Evans C, Evans J, Fernández\\-Götz M, Filipović S, Fitzpatrick A, Fokkens H, Fowler C, Fox A, Gallina Z, Gamble M, González Morales MR, González\\-Rabanal B, Green A, Gyenesei K, Habermehl D, Hajdu T, Hamilton D, Harris J, Hayden C, Hendriks J, Hernu B, Hey G, Horňák M, Ilon G, Istvánovits E, Jones AM, Kavur MB, Kazek K, Kenyon RA, Khreisheh A, Kiss V, Kleijne J, Knight M, Kootker LM, Kovács PF, Kozubová A, Kulcsár G, Kulcsár V, Le Pennec C, Legge M, Leivers M, Loe L, López\\-Costas O, Lord T, Los D, Lyall J, Marín\\-Arroyo AB, Mason P, Matošević D, Maxted A, McIntyre L, McKinley J, McSweeney K, Meijlink B, Mende BG, Menđušić M, Metlička M, Meyer S, Mihovilić K, Milasinovic L, Minnitt S, Moore J, Morley G, Mullan G, Musilová M, Neil B, Nicholls R, Novak M, Pala M, Papworth M, Paresys C, Patten R, Perkić D, Pesti K, Petit A, Petriščáková K, Pichon C, Pickard C, Pilling Z, Price TD, Radović S, Redfern R, Resutík B, Rhodes DT, Richards MB, Roberts A, Roefstra J, Sankot P, Šefčáková A, Sheridan A, Skae S, Šmolíková M, Somogyi K, Somogyvári Á, Stephens M, Szabó G, Szécsényi\\-Nagy A, Szeniczey T, Tabor J, Tankó K, Maria CT, Terry R, Teržan B, Teschler\\-Nicola M, Torres\\-Martínez JF, Trapp J, Turle R, Ujvári F, van der Heiden M, Veleminsky P, Veselka B, Vytlačil Z, Waddington C, Ware P, Wilkinson P, Wilson L, Wiseman R, Young E, Zaninović J, Žitňan A, Lalueza\\-Fox C, de Knijff P, Barnes I, Halkon P, Thomas MG, Kennett DJ, Cunliffe B, Lillie M, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Armit I, Reich D \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Large\\-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 601 \\| issue \\= 7894 \\| pages \\= 588–594 \\| date \\= January 2022 \\| pmid \\= 34937049 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41586\\-021\\-04287\\-4 \\| pmc \\= 8889665 \\| bibcode \\= 2022Natur.601\\..588P \\| s2cid \\= 245509501 }} Although it is dominant among the modern Slavic peoples on the territory of the former Balkan provinces of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\"), until now it was not found among the samples from the Roman period and is almost absent in contemporary population of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). According to Pamjav *et al.* (2019\\) and Fóthi *et al.* (2020\\), the distribution of ancestral subclades like of I\\-CTS10228 among contemporary carriers indicates a rapid expansion from Southeastern [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), is mainly related to the Slavs and their medieval migration, and the \"largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans\".{{cite book\\| vauthors \\= Pamjav H, Fehér T, Németh E, Koppány Csáji L \\|title\\=Genetika és őstörténet\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xq2xDwAAQBAJ\\|year\\=2019\\|publisher\\=Napkút Kiadó\\|language\\=Hungarian\\|isbn\\=978\\-963\\-263\\-855\\-3\\|pages\\=58\\|quote\\=Az I2\\-CTS10228 (köznevén „dinári\\-kárpáti\") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet\\-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a\\-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet\\-Európában. Nyugat\\-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.}} According to a 2023 archaeogenetic study, I2a\\-L621 is absent in the antiquity and appears only since the Early Middle Ages \"always associated with Eastern European related ancestry in the autosomal genome, which supports that these lineages were introduced in the Balkans by Eastern European migrants during the Early Medieval period.\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Olalde \\|first1\\=Iñigo \\|last2\\=Carrión \\|first2\\=Pablo \\|date\\=December 7, 2023 \\|title\\=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Cell (journal)\\|Cell]] \\|volume\\=186 \\|issue\\=25 \\|pages\\=P5472–5485\\.E9 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.cell.2023\\.10\\.018 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|pmid\\=38065079 \\|pmc\\=10752003 }}", "Some of the earliest archeogenetic samples until now is [Sungir 6](/wiki/Sungir \"Sungir\") (\\~900 YBP) near [Vladimir, Russia](/wiki/Vladimir%2C_Russia \"Vladimir, Russia\") which belonged to the I\\-S17250 \\> I\\-Y5596 \\> I\\-Z16971 \\> I\\-Y5595 \\> I\\-A16681 subclade,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sikora M, Seguin\\-Orlando A, Sousa VC, Albrechtsen A, Korneliussen T, Ko A, Rasmussen S, Dupanloup I, Nigst PR, Bosch MD, Renaud G, Allentoft ME, Margaryan A, Vasilyev SV, Veselovskaya EV, Borutskaya SB, Deviese T, Comeskey D, Higham T, Manica A, Foley R, Meltzer DJ, Nielsen R, Excoffier L, Mirazon Lahr M, Orlando L, Willerslev E \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 358 \\| issue \\= 6363 \\| pages \\= 659–662 \\| date \\= November 2017 \\| pmid \\= 28982795 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.aao1807 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2017Sci...358\\..659S }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yfull.com/tree/I\\-A16681/\\|title\\=I\\-A16681 YTree v8\\.06\\.01\\|date\\=27 June 2020\\|publisher\\=YFull.com\\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2020}} as well I\\-CTS10228 and I\\-Y3120 subclades found in two [Vikings](/wiki/Viking_Age%23 \"Viking Age#\") from Sweden (VK53\\) and Ukraine (VK542\\) with predominantly Slavic ancestry of which the second belongs to [Gleb Svyatoslavich](/wiki/Gleb_Svyatoslavich \"Gleb Svyatoslavich\") (11th century).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno\\-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner\\-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MT, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Population genomics of the Viking world \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 585 \\| issue \\= 7825 \\| pages \\= 390–396 \\| date \\= September 2020 \\| pmid \\= 32939067 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41586\\-020\\-2688\\-8 \\| bibcode \\= 2020Natur.585\\..390M \\| hdl\\-access \\= free \\| hdl \\= 10852/83989 \\| biorxiv \\= 10\\.1101/703405 \\| s2cid \\= 221769227 }} It was also found in the skeletal remains of [Hungarian conquerors](/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin \"Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin\") of the [Carpathian Basin](/wiki/Carpathian_Basin \"Carpathian Basin\") from the 9th century, part of Western Eurasian\\-Slavic component of the Hungarians.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Maróti Z, Neparáczki E, Schütz O, Maár K, Varga GI, Kovács B, Kalmár T, Nyerki E, Nagy I, Latinovics D, Tihanyi B, Marcsik A, Pálfi G, Bernert Z, Gallina Z, Horváth C, Varga S, Költő L, Raskó I, Nagy PL, Balogh C, Zink A, Maixner F, Götherström A, George R, Szalontai C, Szenthe G, Gáll E, Kiss AP, Gulyás B, Kovacsóczy BN, Gál SS, Tomka P, Török T \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Current Biology \\| volume \\= 32 \\| issue \\= 13 \\| pages \\= 2858–2870\\.e7 \\| date \\= July 2022 \\| pmid \\= 35617951 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.cub.2022\\.04\\.093 \\| quote \\= It is notable that the European Y\\-Hg I2a1a2b1a1a was also specific for the Conqueror group, especially for the elite as also shown before,34 very often accompanied by Asian maternal lineages, indicating that I2a1a2b1a1a could be more typical for the immigrants than to the local population. \\| s2cid \\= 249050620 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}", "### I\\-M223", "[Haplogroup](/wiki/Haplogroup \"Haplogroup\") I\\-M223 aka I2a1b1 (ISOGG 2019\\), formerly I2a2a (ISOGG 2014\\). The age of YSTR variation for the I\\-M223 [subclade](/wiki/Subclade \"Subclade\") has been variously estimated as 13\\.2±2\\.7 kya, 12\\.3±3\\.1 kya., 14\\.6 kya{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://yfull.com/tree/I\\-M223/ \\| title\\=I\\-M223 YTree}} and 14\\.6±3\\.8 kya (Rootsi 2004\\). I\\-M223 has a peak in Germany and another in the northeast of Sweden, but also appears in [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\")/[Moldova](/wiki/Moldova \"Moldova\"), Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Chiaroni J, Underhill PA, Cavalli\\-Sforza LL \\| title \\= Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution \\| journal \\= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\| volume \\= 106 \\| issue \\= 48 \\| pages \\= 20174–20179 \\| date \\= December 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19920170 \\| pmc \\= 2787129 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1073/pnas.0910803106 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2009PNAS..10620174C }} Haplogroup I\\-M223 has been found in over 4% of the population only in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), and [England](/wiki/England \"England\") (excluding [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\")) – also the southern tips of [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") and [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") in Northwest Europe; the provinces of [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine_%28province%29 \"Maine (province)\"), [Anjou](/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou \"Duchy of Anjou\"), and [Perche](/wiki/Perche \"Perche\") in northwestern [France](/wiki/France \"France\"); the province of [Provence](/wiki/Provence \"Provence\") in southeastern France; the regions of [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany \"Tuscany\"), [Umbria](/wiki/Umbria \"Umbria\"), and [Latium](/wiki/Latium \"Latium\") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"); [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia \"Moldavia\") and the area around Russia's [Ryazan Oblast](/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast \"Ryazan Oblast\") and [Mordovia](/wiki/Mordovia \"Mordovia\") in Eastern Europe. Of historical note, both haplogroups I\\-M253 and I\\-M223 appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of [Bithynia](/wiki/Bithynia \"Bithynia\") and [Galatia](/wiki/Galatia \"Galatia\") in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). Haplogroup I\\-M223 also occurs among approximately 1% of [Sardinians](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\").", "#### I\\-M284", "Haplogroup I2a1b1a1a (ISOGG 2019\\) or I\\-M284, has been found almost exclusively amongst the populations of the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") suggesting that it may have arisen amongst the [Ancient Britons](/wiki/Ancient_Britons \"Ancient Britons\"), with a [most recent common ancestor](/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor \"Most recent common ancestor\") (MRCA) who lived about 3,100 years [BP](/wiki/Before_present \"Before present\").[YFull, 2021, *I\\-M284*](https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-M284/) The presence of this subclade \"provides some tentative evidence of ancient flow with eastern areas that could support the idea that the \\[late Celtic] [La Tene culture](/wiki/La_Tene_culture \"La Tene culture\") was accompanied by some migration.\"", "Where it is found in those of predominately Irish descent, with [Gaelic](/wiki/Gaelic_name \"Gaelic name\") surnames, it may suggest an ancestor who arrived in Ireland during prehistory, from Celtic Britain.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= McEvoy BP, Bradly DG \\|chapter\\=Irish Genetics and Celts \\|pages\\=107–120 \\| veditors \\= Cunliffe BW, Koch JT \\|title\\=Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language, and Literature \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=Oxbow Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84217\\-410\\-4 }} For example, I\\-M284 includes many males with the surnames McGuinness and McCartan, who have a single, historically recorded male ancestor in the 6th century; thus it is unlikely to be the result of subsequent migration from Britain to Ireland. Some subclades of I\\-M284 that are atypical of Ireland are relatively common in continental Europe, which also supports a point of origin east of Ireland.", "#### I\\-CTS10057", "Continentals. Mother Haplogroup for group I\\-Z161 (Continental 1 and 2\\) and I\\-L701 group (Continental 3\\). Around 10\\.000 years old.", "##### I\\-Z161", "Haplogroup I2a1b1a2b (ISOGG 2019\\). Z161\\+ defines the I2 Continental clade 1 and 2\\. Its age is estimated around 7,000 years old. It is mainly found in North Europe, especially in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. In Northwest Sicily it can also be found; this is believed to be due to remnants of a Norman settlement.", "##### I\\-L701", "Called Continental 3\\. Continental 3 has a wide distribution. Found in Central Europe from Germany, Austria to Poland, Romania and Ukraine, but also in lower frequencies in Greece, Italy, France, Spain, England, Ireland, and Armenia. It may have been disseminated in part by the [Goths](/wiki/Goths \"Goths\"). It is nearly absent from Scandinavia and Scotland.", "### I\\-M436", "{{Expand section\\|date\\=January 2021}}", "" ]
History ------- Amid a flurry of line\-up changes in the mid\-1970s, including the departure of founding members Daevid Allen and [Gilli Smyth](/wiki/Gilli_Smyth "Gilli Smyth"), Gong drummer [Pierre Moerlen](/wiki/Pierre_Moerlen "Pierre Moerlen") was in charge of the band with two albums remaining on a contract with [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Records "Virgin Records"). Moerlen formed a new line\-up with his brother Benoit on mallet percussion, US\-born bassist [Hansford Rowe](/wiki/Hansford_Rowe_%28musician%29 "Hansford Rowe (musician)"), and a rotating cast of session guitarists, notably [Allan Holdsworth](/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth "Allan Holdsworth"), [Mick Taylor](/wiki/Mick_Taylor "Mick Taylor"), [Mike Oldfield](/wiki/Mike_Oldfield "Mike Oldfield"), and Bon Lozaga. They released two albums under the Gong moniker, *[Gazeuse!](/wiki/Gazeuse%21 "Gazeuse!")* (called *Expresso* in North America) in 1976 and then *[Expresso II](/wiki/Expresso_II "Expresso II")* in 1978\. Following the completion of the Virgin contract, Moerlen changed the name of the group to Pierre Moerlen's Gong. In early 1979, the group released *[Downwind](/wiki/Downwind_%28album%29 "Downwind (album)")*, which was a more rock/pop flavoured album that featured occasional lead vocals by Moerlen himself and a cameo by [Steve Winwood](/wiki/Steve_Winwood "Steve Winwood"). Later in 1979 they released another album, *[Time is the Key](/wiki/Time_is_the_Key "Time is the Key")*, that took the band further into pop/rock territory. The live album "Pierre Moerlen's Gong Live" was released in 1980, followed by another studio album, *[Leave It Open](/wiki/Leave_It_Open_%28album%29 "Leave It Open (album)")*, in 1981\. By this point, Pierre Moerlen's incarnation of Gong scaled back its activity greatly, not releasing another record until 1986's [Scientology](/wiki/Scientology "Scientology")\-inspired *Breakthrough*, featuring members of the Swedish band Tribute. *Second Wind* followed in 1988\. The group quietly disbanded soon after. Lozaga, Rowe, and Benoit Moerlen went on to form ***Gongzilla*** in the early 1990s, releasing four albums to date which are very much an extension of the percussive fusion that the original group brought to the fold, and they perform a mix of new and old live material going back to the *Gazeuse*/*Expresso II* period. Moerlen joined them for their 2002 European tour. Moerlen revived the Pierre Moerlen's Gong name in 2002 and recorded the album *[Pentanine](/wiki/Pentanine "Pentanine")* with Russian musicians.{{cite web \|access\-date\=22 April 2018 \|lang\=en \|title\=Pierre Moerlin's Gong — Pentanine (Musea FGBG 4606\.AR, 2004, CD) \|url\=http://www.expose.org/index.php/articles/display/pierre\-moerlins\-gong\-pentanine\-3\.html \|website\=expose.org}} The last Pierre Moerlen's Gong album was started in 2005 with another new line\-up, this time of young French musicians, when Moerlen died unexpectedly on 3 May 2005, age 53, of natural causes. Although the project was at an early stage, the band nevertheless decided to record Pierre's last compositions, along with some of their own, and release it posthumously as *Tribute* in 2010\.
[ "History\n-------", "Amid a flurry of line\\-up changes in the mid\\-1970s, including the departure of founding members Daevid Allen and [Gilli Smyth](/wiki/Gilli_Smyth \"Gilli Smyth\"), Gong drummer [Pierre Moerlen](/wiki/Pierre_Moerlen \"Pierre Moerlen\") was in charge of the band with two albums remaining on a contract with [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\").", "Moerlen formed a new line\\-up with his brother Benoit on mallet percussion, US\\-born bassist [Hansford Rowe](/wiki/Hansford_Rowe_%28musician%29 \"Hansford Rowe (musician)\"), and a rotating cast of session guitarists, notably [Allan Holdsworth](/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth \"Allan Holdsworth\"), [Mick Taylor](/wiki/Mick_Taylor \"Mick Taylor\"), [Mike Oldfield](/wiki/Mike_Oldfield \"Mike Oldfield\"), and Bon Lozaga.", "They released two albums under the Gong moniker, *[Gazeuse!](/wiki/Gazeuse%21 \"Gazeuse!\")* (called *Expresso* in North America) in 1976 and then *[Expresso II](/wiki/Expresso_II \"Expresso II\")* in 1978\\. Following the completion of the Virgin contract, Moerlen changed the name of the group to Pierre Moerlen's Gong. In early 1979, the group released *[Downwind](/wiki/Downwind_%28album%29 \"Downwind (album)\")*, which was a more rock/pop flavoured album that featured occasional lead vocals by Moerlen himself and a cameo by [Steve Winwood](/wiki/Steve_Winwood \"Steve Winwood\"). Later in 1979 they released another album, *[Time is the Key](/wiki/Time_is_the_Key \"Time is the Key\")*, that took the band further into pop/rock territory. The live album \"Pierre Moerlen's Gong Live\" was released in 1980, followed by another studio album, *[Leave It Open](/wiki/Leave_It_Open_%28album%29 \"Leave It Open (album)\")*, in 1981\\. By this point, Pierre Moerlen's incarnation of Gong scaled back its activity greatly, not releasing another record until 1986's [Scientology](/wiki/Scientology \"Scientology\")\\-inspired *Breakthrough*, featuring members of the Swedish band Tribute. *Second Wind* followed in 1988\\. The group quietly disbanded soon after.", "Lozaga, Rowe, and Benoit Moerlen went on to form ***Gongzilla*** in the early 1990s, releasing four albums to date which are very much an extension of the percussive fusion that the original group brought to the fold, and they perform a mix of new and old live material going back to the *Gazeuse*/*Expresso II* period. Moerlen joined them for their 2002 European tour.", "Moerlen revived the Pierre Moerlen's Gong name in 2002 and recorded the album *[Pentanine](/wiki/Pentanine \"Pentanine\")* with Russian musicians.{{cite web \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2018 \\|lang\\=en \\|title\\=Pierre Moerlin's Gong — Pentanine (Musea FGBG 4606\\.AR, 2004, CD) \\|url\\=http://www.expose.org/index.php/articles/display/pierre\\-moerlins\\-gong\\-pentanine\\-3\\.html \\|website\\=expose.org}}", "The last Pierre Moerlen's Gong album was started in 2005 with another new line\\-up, this time of young French musicians, when Moerlen died unexpectedly on 3 May 2005, age 53, of natural causes. Although the project was at an early stage, the band nevertheless decided to record Pierre's last compositions, along with some of their own, and release it posthumously as *Tribute* in 2010\\.", "" ]
History ------- Destilaria Rio\-Grandense de Petróleo S.A., the first Brazilian distillery, was founded in November 1934 by Brazilian and Argentinian investors in [Uruguaiana](/wiki/Uruguaiana "Uruguaiana"), state of [Rio Grande do Sul](/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul "Rio Grande do Sul"). The distillery produced full\-scale gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, and fuel oil. In August 1936, the owners of Destilaria Rio\-Grandense de Petróleo partnered with a group of Uruguayan investors and created Ipiranga SA, a Brazilian oil company. The new company was headquartered in [Rio Grande](/wiki/Rio_Grande%2C_Rio_Grande_do_Sul "Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul"). On September 7, 1937, the Refinaria de Petróleo Riograndense was founded in the city of Uruguaiana. At the same time, Companhia Brasileira de Petróleo Ipiranga (Ipiranga Brazilian Oil Corporation) was founded under Destilaria Rio\-Grandense de Petróleo S.A.{{cite web \|url\=http://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/handle/10923/3929\|title\=Institutional Repository\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|author\=Denise Martins \|publisher\=PUC}} [280px\|left\|Ipiranga Logo from 1996](/wiki/File:Ipiranga_Logo.jpg "Ipiranga Logo.jpg") In 1938, Ipiranga opened its first gas station in Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul). In the same year, Brazil's President [Getúlio Vargas](/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas "Getúlio Vargas") signed a decree which nationalized the oil refining industry. By the 1940s, Ipiranga produced solvents, asphalt, lubricants and insecticides in Brazil to counter import restrictions during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Production stopped for the duration of the war. In 1953, the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") began operating units of [thermal cracking](/wiki/Thermal_cracking "Thermal cracking"), which allowed for the production of new fuels. In 1957, Ipiranga split fuel distribution operations into two companies: Distribuidora de Produtos de Petróleo Ipiranga (DPPI, distribution of petroleum products) which covered the [South Region](/wiki/South_Region%2C_Brazil "South Region, Brazil") in Brazil, and Companhia Brasileira de Petróleo Ipiranga (CBPI), which covered all other regions in the country. In May 1959, Ipiranga bought [Gulf Oil](/wiki/Gulf_Oil "Gulf Oil") Brazil, and expanded its operations to Brazil.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\=877897\|title\=Company Overview of Distribuidora de Produtos de Petroleo Ipiranga S.A\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|publisher\=Bloomberg}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/ipiranga\-s\-a\-history/\|title\=Ipiranga S.A. History\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|publisher\=Funding Universe}} In 1993, Ipiranga bought the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Petroleum "Atlantic Petroleum") service station network in Brazil and became one of the largest gas distribution companies in the country.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.itaboraiweblist.com.br/index.php/mundo/item/741\-petrobras\-quer\-evitar\-a\-entrada\-da\-venezuelana\-pdvsa\-no\-mercado?tmpl\=component\&print\=1\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183115/http://www.itaboraiweblist.com.br/index.php/mundo/item/741\-petrobras\-quer\-evitar\-a\-entrada\-da\-venezuelana\-pdvsa\-no\-mercado?tmpl\=component\&print\=1\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=March 3, 2016\|title\=Petrobras quer evitar a entrada da venezuelana PDVSA no mercado\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|date\=March 20, 2007\|publisher\=Itabora}} According to the newspaper *[O Globo](/wiki/O_Globo "O Globo")*, the purchase of Atlantic was the largest private company acquisition in the country's history. Ipiranga acquired 11 am/pm franchise locations. In the following year, the company launched Jet Oil, an automotive and oil change service franchise.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.autobem.com.br/?secao\=noticias\_exibe\&id\=4\|title\=Jet Oil, da rede Ipiranga, é a maior franquia automotiva do Brasil\|access\-date\=4 June 2015 \|date\=September 18, 2010 \|publisher\=Autobem\|language\=pt\|trans\-title\=Jet Oil, Ipiranga's network, is the largest automotive franchise in Brazil}}{{cite web\|url\=http://infoener.iee.usp.br/infoener/hemeroteca/imagens/59958\.htm\|title\=Ipiranga integra distribuidoras de combustível\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|date\=March 23, 2002\|publisher\=InfoEner\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525173339/http://infoener.iee.usp.br/infoener/hemeroteca/imagens/59958\.htm\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ntc.org.br/scripts/Noticias/materia\_completa.asp?codigo\=3342\&vTipoNoti\=N\|title\=Ipiranga integra distribuidoras de combustível\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|publisher\=NTC\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721220129/http://www.ntc.org.br/scripts/Noticias/materia\_completa.asp?codigo\=3342\&vTipoNoti\=N\|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-21\|url\-status\=dead}} Ipiranga’s [Londrina](/wiki/Londrina "Londrina") facility earned its [ISO 14001](/wiki/ISO_14001 "ISO 14001") — Environmental Management System certification in 1998\. Ipiranga was the first fuel distribution company in Latin America to earn the certification.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.revistagreenbuilding.com.br/projeto.php?id\=32\|title\=À favor do meio ambiente\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|publisher\=GreenBuilding\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721145837/http://www.revistagreenbuilding.com.br/projeto.php?id\=32\|archive\-date\=July 21, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2006, Ipiranga started to offer [biodiesel](/wiki/Biodiesel "Biodiesel") in its stations.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.biodieselbr.com/noticias/biodiesel/r1\-ipiranga\-adere\-biodiesel\-antes\-virar\-lei\-02\-08\-06\.htm\|title\=Ipiranga adere ao biodiesel antes de virar lei\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|date\=August 2, 2006\|publisher\=Biodiesel}} ### Ipiranga In March 2007, Group Ipiranga was acquired by three companies: Ultra, [Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras "Petrobras") and [Braskem](/wiki/Braskem "Braskem"). Ultra acquired the Ipiranga brand, its management team and its gas distribution chain in the South and [Southeast](/wiki/Southeast_Region%2C_Brazil "Southeast Region, Brazil") regions of Brazil. The industrial operations and the rest of the fuel distribution network were transferred to Petrobras and Braskem.{{cite web \|url\=http://www1\.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u115304\.shtml\|title\=Petrobras, Ultra e Braskem compram Ipiranga por US$ 4 bilhões\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|date\=March 19, 2007\|publisher\=Biodiesel\|language\=pt\|trans\-title\=Petrobras, Ultra and Braskem buy Ipiranga for US $ 4 billion}} The acquisition made Ultra the second\-largest gas distribution company in Brazil. That same year, Ipiranga Zero Carbon Card was launched. A portion of all gas purchases on the credit card went to [carbon neutrality](/wiki/Carbon_neutrality "Carbon neutrality") programs, such as planting trees.{{cite web \|url\=http://oglobo.globo.com/economia/compra\-do\-grupo\-ipiranga\-de\-us\-4\-bilhoes\-maior\-aquisicao\-ja\-realizada\-no\-pais\-4208420\|title\=Compra do grupo Ipiranga de R$4 milhões, é a maior aquisição já realizada no país\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|author\=Juliana Rangel \|date\=March 19, 2007\|publisher\=Globo \|trans\-title\=Purchase of the Ipiranga group, of US $ 4 billion, is the largest acquisition ever made in the country\|language\=pt}} In 2008, Ultra bought [Texaco](/wiki/Texaco "Texaco")'s fuel distribution chain in Brazil. By then, Texaco had 1986 gas stations in the country. Ipiranga’s presence in Brazil expanded to the [Central\-West](/wiki/Central-West_Region%2C_Brazil "Central-West Region, Brazil"), [North](/wiki/North_Region%2C_Brazil "North Region, Brazil") and [Northeast](/wiki/Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil "Northeast Region, Brazil") regions, thus covering all the states of the country. As part of the acquisition, the gas stations were entitled to keep using the Texaco brand for five years; after that they would be converted into Ipiranga's brand. The acquisition brought Ultra's share of the Brazilian fuel distribution business to 23 percent. Also in 2008, Ipiranga launched Jet Oil Motos, a specialized franchise in oil change services for motorcycles.{{cite web \|url\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/grupo\-ipiranga\-e\-vendido\-por\-us\-4\-bilhoes\-m0124862/\|title\=Grupo Ipiranga é vendido por US$ 4 bilhões\|first1\=João \|last1\=Sandrini \|date\=2017\-03\-19\|publisher\=\[\[Exame]]\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-26\|trans\-title\=Ipiranga Group sells for US $ 4 billion\|language\=pt}}{{cite web \|url\=http://g1\.globo.com/Noticias/Economia\_Negocios/0,,MUL12204\-9356,00\.html\|title\=Petrobras, Braskem e Ultra compram Ipiranga por US$ 4 bilhões\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015 \|author\=Laura Naime \|date\=March 19, 2007\|publisher\=G1 }} Ipiranga opened the first eco\-efficient station in Brazil, in [Porto Alegre](/wiki/Porto_Alegre "Porto Alegre") (Rio Grande do Sul), in 2009\. The station was designed to increase the effectiveness of energy management, water, waste and materials. In October 2010, Ultra acquired Distribuidora Nacional de Petróleo (DNP), expanding the volume of Ipiranga by 40% in the northern states of [Amazonas](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Brazilian_state%29 "Amazonas (Brazilian state)"), [Rondônia](/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia "Rondônia"), [Roraima](/wiki/Roraima "Roraima"), [Acre](/wiki/Acre_%28state%29 "Acre (state)"), [Pará](/wiki/Par%C3%A1 "Pará") and [Mato Grosso](/wiki/Mato_Grosso "Mato Grosso"). The following year, Ipiranga launched a project to collect batteries and cell phones in approximately 30 Jet Oil stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In November 2012, Ipiranga partnered with [Odebrecht](/wiki/Odebrecht "Odebrecht") TransPort to create ConectCar, a company engaged in the electronic payment of tolls, parking and fuel. ConectCar began operations in April 2013 in São Paulo.{{cite web\|url\=http://brasileconomico.ig.com.br/ultimas\-noticias/ultrapar\-e\-odebrecht\-se\-associam\-e\-criam\-conectcar\_125356\.html\|title\=Ultrapar e Odebrecht se associam e criam ConectCar\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|date\=November 27, 2012\|publisher\=Brasil Econômico\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721174919/http://brasileconomico.ig.com.br/ultimas\-noticias/ultrapar\-e\-odebrecht\-se\-associam\-e\-criam\-conectcar\_125356\.html\|archive\-date\=July 21, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2014, Ipiranga was named best wholesale company by "Melhores e Maiores" of [Exame](/wiki/Exame "Exame") magazine for the fourth consecutive year. That same year, am/pm, a franchise owned by Ipiranga, was voted the 11th\-most\-profitable franchise in Brazil by *Exame* magazine.{{cite web\|url\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/ipiranga\-e\-a\-melhor\-de\-atacado\-de\-2012\|title\=Ipiranga é a melhor de atacado de 2012\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|date\=2012\-07\-04\|publisher\=\[\[Exame]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105180226/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/ipiranga\-e\-a\-melhor\-de\-atacado\-de\-2012\|archive\-date\=2015\-11\-05}}
[ "History\n-------", "Destilaria Rio\\-Grandense de Petróleo S.A., the first Brazilian distillery, was founded in November 1934 by Brazilian and Argentinian investors in [Uruguaiana](/wiki/Uruguaiana \"Uruguaiana\"), state of [Rio Grande do Sul](/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul \"Rio Grande do Sul\"). The distillery produced full\\-scale gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, and fuel oil. In August 1936, the owners of Destilaria Rio\\-Grandense de Petróleo partnered with a group of Uruguayan investors and created Ipiranga SA, a Brazilian oil company. The new company was headquartered in [Rio Grande](/wiki/Rio_Grande%2C_Rio_Grande_do_Sul \"Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul\"). On September 7, 1937, the Refinaria de Petróleo Riograndense was founded in the city of Uruguaiana. At the same time, Companhia Brasileira de Petróleo Ipiranga (Ipiranga Brazilian Oil Corporation) was founded under Destilaria Rio\\-Grandense de Petróleo S.A.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/handle/10923/3929\\|title\\=Institutional Repository\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|author\\=Denise Martins \\|publisher\\=PUC}}", "[280px\\|left\\|Ipiranga Logo from 1996](/wiki/File:Ipiranga_Logo.jpg \"Ipiranga Logo.jpg\")", "In 1938, Ipiranga opened its first gas station in Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul). In the same year, Brazil's President [Getúlio Vargas](/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas \"Getúlio Vargas\") signed a decree which nationalized the oil refining industry.", "By the 1940s, Ipiranga produced solvents, asphalt, lubricants and insecticides in Brazil to counter import restrictions during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). Production stopped for the duration of the war. In 1953, the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") began operating units of [thermal cracking](/wiki/Thermal_cracking \"Thermal cracking\"), which allowed for the production of new fuels.", "In 1957, Ipiranga split fuel distribution operations into two companies: Distribuidora de Produtos de Petróleo Ipiranga (DPPI, distribution of petroleum products) which covered the [South Region](/wiki/South_Region%2C_Brazil \"South Region, Brazil\") in Brazil, and Companhia Brasileira de Petróleo Ipiranga (CBPI), which covered all other regions in the country. In May 1959, Ipiranga bought [Gulf Oil](/wiki/Gulf_Oil \"Gulf Oil\") Brazil, and expanded its operations to Brazil.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId\\=877897\\|title\\=Company Overview of Distribuidora de Produtos de Petroleo Ipiranga S.A\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/ipiranga\\-s\\-a\\-history/\\|title\\=Ipiranga S.A. History\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Funding Universe}}", "In 1993, Ipiranga bought the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Petroleum \"Atlantic Petroleum\") service station network in Brazil and became one of the largest gas distribution companies in the country.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.itaboraiweblist.com.br/index.php/mundo/item/741\\-petrobras\\-quer\\-evitar\\-a\\-entrada\\-da\\-venezuelana\\-pdvsa\\-no\\-mercado?tmpl\\=component\\&print\\=1\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183115/http://www.itaboraiweblist.com.br/index.php/mundo/item/741\\-petrobras\\-quer\\-evitar\\-a\\-entrada\\-da\\-venezuelana\\-pdvsa\\-no\\-mercado?tmpl\\=component\\&print\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=March 3, 2016\\|title\\=Petrobras quer evitar a entrada da venezuelana PDVSA no mercado\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|date\\=March 20, 2007\\|publisher\\=Itabora}}\nAccording to the newspaper *[O Globo](/wiki/O_Globo \"O Globo\")*, the purchase of Atlantic was the largest private company acquisition in the country's history. Ipiranga acquired 11 am/pm franchise locations. In the following year, the company launched Jet Oil, an automotive and oil change service franchise.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.autobem.com.br/?secao\\=noticias\\_exibe\\&id\\=4\\|title\\=Jet Oil, da rede Ipiranga, é a maior franquia automotiva do Brasil\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2015 \\|date\\=September 18, 2010 \\|publisher\\=Autobem\\|language\\=pt\\|trans\\-title\\=Jet Oil, Ipiranga's network, is the largest automotive franchise in Brazil}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://infoener.iee.usp.br/infoener/hemeroteca/imagens/59958\\.htm\\|title\\=Ipiranga integra distribuidoras de combustível\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|date\\=March 23, 2002\\|publisher\\=InfoEner\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525173339/http://infoener.iee.usp.br/infoener/hemeroteca/imagens/59958\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ntc.org.br/scripts/Noticias/materia\\_completa.asp?codigo\\=3342\\&vTipoNoti\\=N\\|title\\=Ipiranga integra distribuidoras de combustível\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|publisher\\=NTC\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721220129/http://www.ntc.org.br/scripts/Noticias/materia\\_completa.asp?codigo\\=3342\\&vTipoNoti\\=N\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-21\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Ipiranga’s [Londrina](/wiki/Londrina \"Londrina\") facility earned its [ISO 14001](/wiki/ISO_14001 \"ISO 14001\") — Environmental Management System certification in 1998\\. Ipiranga was the first fuel distribution company in Latin America to earn the certification.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.revistagreenbuilding.com.br/projeto.php?id\\=32\\|title\\=À favor do meio ambiente\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|publisher\\=GreenBuilding\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721145837/http://www.revistagreenbuilding.com.br/projeto.php?id\\=32\\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2006, Ipiranga started to offer [biodiesel](/wiki/Biodiesel \"Biodiesel\") in its stations.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.biodieselbr.com/noticias/biodiesel/r1\\-ipiranga\\-adere\\-biodiesel\\-antes\\-virar\\-lei\\-02\\-08\\-06\\.htm\\|title\\=Ipiranga adere ao biodiesel antes de virar lei\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|date\\=August 2, 2006\\|publisher\\=Biodiesel}}", "### Ipiranga", "In March 2007, Group Ipiranga was acquired by three companies: Ultra, [Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras \"Petrobras\") and [Braskem](/wiki/Braskem \"Braskem\"). Ultra acquired the Ipiranga brand, its management team and its gas distribution chain in the South and [Southeast](/wiki/Southeast_Region%2C_Brazil \"Southeast Region, Brazil\") regions of Brazil. The industrial operations and the rest of the fuel distribution network were transferred to Petrobras and Braskem.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www1\\.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u115304\\.shtml\\|title\\=Petrobras, Ultra e Braskem compram Ipiranga por US$ 4 bilhões\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|date\\=March 19, 2007\\|publisher\\=Biodiesel\\|language\\=pt\\|trans\\-title\\=Petrobras, Ultra and Braskem buy Ipiranga for US $ 4 billion}} The acquisition made Ultra the second\\-largest gas distribution company in Brazil.", "That same year, Ipiranga Zero Carbon Card was launched. A portion of all gas purchases on the credit card went to [carbon neutrality](/wiki/Carbon_neutrality \"Carbon neutrality\") programs, such as planting trees.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://oglobo.globo.com/economia/compra\\-do\\-grupo\\-ipiranga\\-de\\-us\\-4\\-bilhoes\\-maior\\-aquisicao\\-ja\\-realizada\\-no\\-pais\\-4208420\\|title\\=Compra do grupo Ipiranga de R$4 milhões, é a maior aquisição já realizada no país\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|author\\=Juliana Rangel \\|date\\=March 19, 2007\\|publisher\\=Globo \\|trans\\-title\\=Purchase of the Ipiranga group, of US $ 4 billion, is the largest acquisition ever made in the country\\|language\\=pt}}", "In 2008, Ultra bought [Texaco](/wiki/Texaco \"Texaco\")'s fuel distribution chain in Brazil. By then, Texaco had 1986 gas stations in the country. Ipiranga’s presence in Brazil expanded to the [Central\\-West](/wiki/Central-West_Region%2C_Brazil \"Central-West Region, Brazil\"), [North](/wiki/North_Region%2C_Brazil \"North Region, Brazil\") and [Northeast](/wiki/Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil \"Northeast Region, Brazil\") regions, thus covering all the states of the country. As part of the acquisition, the gas stations were entitled to keep using the Texaco brand for five years; after that they would be converted into Ipiranga's brand. The acquisition brought Ultra's share of the Brazilian fuel distribution business to 23 percent. Also in 2008, Ipiranga launched Jet Oil Motos, a specialized franchise in oil change services for motorcycles.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/grupo\\-ipiranga\\-e\\-vendido\\-por\\-us\\-4\\-bilhoes\\-m0124862/\\|title\\=Grupo Ipiranga é vendido por US$ 4 bilhões\\|first1\\=João \\|last1\\=Sandrini \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-19\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Exame]]\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-26\\|trans\\-title\\=Ipiranga Group sells for US $ 4 billion\\|language\\=pt}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://g1\\.globo.com/Noticias/Economia\\_Negocios/0,,MUL12204\\-9356,00\\.html\\|title\\=Petrobras, Braskem e Ultra compram Ipiranga por US$ 4 bilhões\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015 \\|author\\=Laura Naime \\|date\\=March 19, 2007\\|publisher\\=G1 }}", "Ipiranga opened the first eco\\-efficient station in Brazil, in [Porto Alegre](/wiki/Porto_Alegre \"Porto Alegre\") (Rio Grande do Sul), in 2009\\. The station was designed to increase the effectiveness of energy management, water, waste and materials.", "In October 2010, Ultra acquired Distribuidora Nacional de Petróleo (DNP), expanding the volume of Ipiranga by 40% in the northern states of [Amazonas](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Brazilian_state%29 \"Amazonas (Brazilian state)\"), [Rondônia](/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia \"Rondônia\"), [Roraima](/wiki/Roraima \"Roraima\"), [Acre](/wiki/Acre_%28state%29 \"Acre (state)\"), [Pará](/wiki/Par%C3%A1 \"Pará\") and [Mato Grosso](/wiki/Mato_Grosso \"Mato Grosso\"). The following year, Ipiranga launched a project to collect batteries and cell phones in approximately 30 Jet Oil stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro.", "In November 2012, Ipiranga partnered with [Odebrecht](/wiki/Odebrecht \"Odebrecht\") TransPort to create ConectCar, a company engaged in the electronic payment of tolls, parking and fuel. ConectCar began operations in April 2013 in São Paulo.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://brasileconomico.ig.com.br/ultimas\\-noticias/ultrapar\\-e\\-odebrecht\\-se\\-associam\\-e\\-criam\\-conectcar\\_125356\\.html\\|title\\=Ultrapar e Odebrecht se associam e criam ConectCar\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|date\\=November 27, 2012\\|publisher\\=Brasil Econômico\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721174919/http://brasileconomico.ig.com.br/ultimas\\-noticias/ultrapar\\-e\\-odebrecht\\-se\\-associam\\-e\\-criam\\-conectcar\\_125356\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 2014, Ipiranga was named best wholesale company by \"Melhores e Maiores\" of [Exame](/wiki/Exame \"Exame\") magazine for the fourth consecutive year. That same year, am/pm, a franchise owned by Ipiranga, was voted the 11th\\-most\\-profitable franchise in Brazil by *Exame* magazine.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/ipiranga\\-e\\-a\\-melhor\\-de\\-atacado\\-de\\-2012\\|title\\=Ipiranga é a melhor de atacado de 2012\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-04\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Exame]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105180226/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/noticias/ipiranga\\-e\\-a\\-melhor\\-de\\-atacado\\-de\\-2012\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-05}}", "" ]
History ------- The fort is built on a headland that originally contained a small chapel holding a replica of the [Virgen de Copacabana](/wiki/Virgen_de_Copacabana "Virgen de Copacabana"), the [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint") of [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"). In 1908 the Brazilian army started to build a modern coastal defense fort on the headland to protect both the beach of Copacabana and the entrance to the harbour of [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). The fort, completed in 1914, consists of two armoured cupolas, one holding a pair of {{convert\|305\|mm\|in\|0\|abbr\=on}} [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp "Krupp") cannons, and the other a pair of {{convert\|190\|mm\|in\|frac\=2\|abbr\=on}} Krupp cannons. The name of the turret with the 305mm guns is "Duque de Caxias", and the guns are named "Barroso" and "Osório". This cupola is behind and above the one holding the 190 mm guns so that it can fire over them. The 305 mm Krupp guns could fire a shell of some {{convert\|445\|kg\|lb\|abbr\=on}} up to a distance of {{convert\|23\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. The cupola with the 190 mm guns is named "André Vidal". These guns could fire from {{convert\|200\|m\|yd\|abbr\=on}} to {{convert\|18\.2\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}.[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duque de Caxias](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva%2C_Duke_of_Caxias "Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias") was a Brazilian army marshal and politician, and one of the founders of the Brazilian army in the early 19th century. Francisco Manuel Barroso da Silva was an early Brazilian admiral. Manuel Luís Osório was a Brazilian military and political figure from Rio. André Vidal de Negreiros was a governor of the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the 17th century. The fort also has two small retractable casements on the flanks, each holding a {{convert\|75\|mm\|in\|0\|abbr\=on}} quick\-firing gun with a 180° traverse and a range of {{convert\|7\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}}. Unlike the large [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp "Krupp") guns, these 75 mm guns are no longer in place. The north casement is named "Antônio João" and the south casement is named "Ricardo Franco".Antônio João Ribeiro was a cavalry lieutenant who distinguished himself in the [Paraguayan War](/wiki/Paraguayan_War "Paraguayan War"). Ricardo Franco de Almeida Serra was a Portuguese soldier who was important in the early 19th century in Brazil and who is credited with being a founder of the Brazilian army's engineers. On 5 July 1922, the fort was the centre point of the [18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt](/wiki/18_of_the_Copacabana_Fort_revolt "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt"). It was the first revolt of the [*tenentista* movement](/wiki/Tenente_revolts "Tenente revolts"), in the context of the Brazilian [Old Republic](/wiki/History_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931930%29 "History of Brazil (1889–1930)"). The rebellious officers turned the fort's guns on Rio de Janeiro. To suppress the revolt, the government brought the battleships [*São Paulo*](/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Brazilian battleship São Paulo") and [*Minas Geraes*](/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes "Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes"). On 6 July *São Paulo* bombarded the fort, firing five salvos and obtaining at least two hits; the fort surrendered half an hour later.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naval.com.br/historia/SP\_x\_Copacabana/SP\_x\_Copacabana\_p2\.htm \|title\=Um encouraçado contra o forte: 2ª Parte \|author\=Guilherme Poggio \|date\=n.d. \|publisher\=Poder Naval Online \|language\=pt \|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412041258/http://naval.com.br/historia/SP\_x\_Copacabana/SP\_x\_Copacabana\_p2\.htm \|archive\-date\=2009\-04\-12 }} *Minas Geraes* did not fire. Brazil disbanded its coastal defense artillery branch in 1987\. At that time the military deactivated the fort, at least as far as its role as a coastal artillery post was concerned. Except for the cupola at the fort on [San Paolo Island](/wiki/San_Paolo_Island "San Paolo Island") outside the harbour of [Taranto](/wiki/Taranto "Taranto"), the cupolas of Copacabana fort, together with other cupolas at nearby Fort Lage ({{illm\|Fort Tamandaré da Laje\|lt\=Fort of Laje\|pt\|Forte Tamandaré da Laje}}: 2 × 240 mm, 2 × 150 mm, and 2 × 2 × 75 mm) and Fort Imbui ({{illm\|Fort D. Pedro II of Imbuí\|lt\=Fort D. Pedro II do Imbuí\|pt\|Forte D. Pedro II do Imbuí}}: 2 × 280 mm L/40 and 2 × 2 × 75 mm L/25 Krupp guns), are the only remaining heavy fortress cupolas of the Krupp design in the world.
[ "History\n-------", "The fort is built on a headland that originally contained a small chapel holding a replica of the [Virgen de Copacabana](/wiki/Virgen_de_Copacabana \"Virgen de Copacabana\"), the [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint \"Patron saint\") of [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\"). In 1908 the Brazilian army started to build a modern coastal defense fort on the headland to protect both the beach of Copacabana and the entrance to the harbour of [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). The fort, completed in 1914, consists of two armoured cupolas, one holding a pair of {{convert\\|305\\|mm\\|in\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp \"Krupp\") cannons, and the other a pair of {{convert\\|190\\|mm\\|in\\|frac\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} Krupp cannons.", "The name of the turret with the 305mm guns is \"Duque de Caxias\", and the guns are named \"Barroso\" and \"Osório\". This cupola is behind and above the one holding the 190 mm guns so that it can fire over them. The 305 mm Krupp guns could fire a shell of some {{convert\\|445\\|kg\\|lb\\|abbr\\=on}} up to a distance of {{convert\\|23\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. The cupola with the 190 mm guns is named \"André Vidal\". These guns could fire from {{convert\\|200\\|m\\|yd\\|abbr\\=on}} to {{convert\\|18\\.2\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}.[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duque de Caxias](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva%2C_Duke_of_Caxias \"Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias\") was a Brazilian army marshal and politician, and one of the founders of the Brazilian army in the early 19th century. Francisco Manuel Barroso da Silva was an early Brazilian admiral. Manuel Luís Osório was a Brazilian military and political figure from Rio. André Vidal de Negreiros was a governor of the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the 17th century.", "The fort also has two small retractable casements on the flanks, each holding a {{convert\\|75\\|mm\\|in\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} quick\\-firing gun with a 180° traverse and a range of {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}}. Unlike the large [Krupp](/wiki/Krupp \"Krupp\") guns, these 75 mm guns are no longer in place. The north casement is named \"Antônio João\" and the south casement is named \"Ricardo Franco\".Antônio João Ribeiro was a cavalry lieutenant who distinguished himself in the [Paraguayan War](/wiki/Paraguayan_War \"Paraguayan War\"). Ricardo Franco de Almeida Serra was a Portuguese soldier who was important in the early 19th century in Brazil and who is credited with being a founder of the Brazilian army's engineers.", "On 5 July 1922, the fort was the centre point of the [18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt](/wiki/18_of_the_Copacabana_Fort_revolt \"18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt\"). It was the first revolt of the [*tenentista* movement](/wiki/Tenente_revolts \"Tenente revolts\"), in the context of the Brazilian [Old Republic](/wiki/History_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931930%29 \"History of Brazil (1889–1930)\"). The rebellious officers turned the fort's guns on Rio de Janeiro. To suppress the revolt, the government brought the battleships [*São Paulo*](/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Brazilian battleship São Paulo\") and [*Minas Geraes*](/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes \"Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes\"). On 6 July *São Paulo* bombarded the fort, firing five salvos and obtaining at least two hits; the fort surrendered half an hour later.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naval.com.br/historia/SP\\_x\\_Copacabana/SP\\_x\\_Copacabana\\_p2\\.htm \\|title\\=Um encouraçado contra o forte: 2ª Parte \\|author\\=Guilherme Poggio \\|date\\=n.d. \\|publisher\\=Poder Naval Online \\|language\\=pt \\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412041258/http://naval.com.br/historia/SP\\_x\\_Copacabana/SP\\_x\\_Copacabana\\_p2\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-12 }} *Minas Geraes* did not fire.", "Brazil disbanded its coastal defense artillery branch in 1987\\. At that time the military deactivated the fort, at least as far as its role as a coastal artillery post was concerned. Except for the cupola at the fort on [San Paolo Island](/wiki/San_Paolo_Island \"San Paolo Island\") outside the harbour of [Taranto](/wiki/Taranto \"Taranto\"), the cupolas of Copacabana fort, together with other cupolas at nearby Fort Lage ({{illm\\|Fort Tamandaré da Laje\\|lt\\=Fort of Laje\\|pt\\|Forte Tamandaré da Laje}}: 2 × 240 mm, 2 × 150 mm, and 2 × 2 × 75 mm) and Fort Imbui ({{illm\\|Fort D. Pedro II of Imbuí\\|lt\\=Fort D. Pedro II do Imbuí\\|pt\\|Forte D. Pedro II do Imbuí}}: 2 × 280 mm L/40 and 2 × 2 × 75 mm L/25 Krupp guns), are the only remaining heavy fortress cupolas of the Krupp design in the world.", "" ]
History ------- {{See also\|Esteban Torres High School\#History\|l1\=Esteban Torres High School}} ### Pre\-Construction #### Overcrowding at James A. Garfield High School By the late 2000s, the Eastside region of the City of Los Angeles and East Los Angeles, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles, had a problem with overcrowded high schools due minimal school choices for new students. However, it was the overcrowded conditions at [James A. Garfield High School](/wiki/Garfield_High_School_%28Los_Angeles_County%2C_California%29 "Garfield High School (Los Angeles County, California)"), the only high school in East Los Angeles, which led to the establishment of Esteban E. Torres High School and its five pilot schools. Garfield was founded in 1925 and was built to withhold 1,500 students; however, by the late 20th century, the student population at the school had increased to a point at which the school had to implement a multi\-track/year\-round calendar to relieve the overpopulation, though this did not last. The overcrowding problem continued into the 21st century, prompting demands for the construction of a second high school in the area. #### Approval of East Los Angeles High School No. 2 In 2004, the Board of the Education of the City of Los Angeles approved the construction of a new high school, then called “East Los Angeles High School No. 2”. On June 22, the Board of Education approved the final location of the future Esteban E. Torres High School. Prior to the construction of the Torres High School campus, the land on which the ELARA building is now located was an agricultural center administered by the Los Angeles Conservation Corps. ### Founding of ELARA [thumb\|left\|320x240px\|ELARA main entrance in 2013](/wiki/File:ELARA_side_entrance.jpg "ELARA side entrance.jpg") In 2009, seven James A. Garfield High School teachers, along with students, parents, and representatives from community\-based organizations, such as Inner City Struggle, joined and submitted a proposal to the Los Angeles Unified School District Public School Choice motion in order to found the proposed East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy as a Pilot School at the yet unopened Esteban E. Torres High School campus. The main Design Team was composed of Martin Buchman, Michael Leavy, Zoe Souliotis\-Foley, Michael Rocha, Rachel Varty, Norm Chen, and Adrianne Harwood.{{cite web\|title\=ELARA (Urban Planning and Design) Application: Appendices\|url\=http://notebook.lausd.net/pls/ptl/docs/PAGE/CA\_LAUSD/LAUSDNET/RESOURCES/VOLUNTEER\_PAGE/SCHOOL\_OF\_CHOICE/NOVEMBER\_2009/PROPOSALS/ELA%20RENAISSANCE%20\-%20ESTEBAN%20APPENDICES.PDF\|website\=LAUSD\|publisher\=Los Angeles Unified School District}} ### 2010\-present After being approved by the motion, the East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy opened, alongside its four other sister schools—East Los Angeles Performing Arts Academy (now Magnet), Engineering and Technology Academy, Humanitas Academy of Art and Technology, and Social Justice Leadership Academy—on September 13, 2010, at Torres campus. On June 21, 2012, ELARA held its first class graduation. On June 5, 2014, the last of the founding student body graduated from the school. On September 24, 2018, former biology teacher, Gina Murry, was accused of sexually assaulting a 15\-year\-old student during the months of May and June. She faces six counts of [unlawful sexual intercourse](/wiki/Unlawful_sexual_intercourse "Unlawful sexual intercourse") and four counts each of committing a lewd act on a child, [oral copulation](/wiki/Oral_sex "Oral sex") of a person under 16, and [sexual penetration](/wiki/Sexual_penetration "Sexual penetration") by a foreign object.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/East\-LA\-Teacher\-Accused\-of\-Sex\-Assault\-on\-15\-Year\-Old\-494192171\.html\|title\=Female East LA Teacher Accused of Sex Assault on 15\-Year\-Old\|work\=NBC Southern California\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-26\|language\=en}} On November 5, 2019, Murry pleaded no contest to the accusations.{{Cite news\|url\=https://da.lacounty.gov/media/news/ex\-high\-school\-teacher\-pleads\-sexually\-assaulting\-student\|title\=November 5, 2019: Ex\-High School Teacher Pleads to Sexually Assaulting Student\|work\=Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-17\|language\=en}} On January 14, 2020, she was sentenced to 2 years in state prison.{{Cite news\|url\=https://da.lacounty.gov/media/news/ex\-high\-school\-teacher\-sentenced\-sexually\-assaulting\-student\|title\=January 14, 2020: Ex\-High School Teacher Sentenced for Sexually Assaulting Student\|work\=Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-17\|language\=en}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{See also\\|Esteban Torres High School\\#History\\|l1\\=Esteban Torres High School}}", "### Pre\\-Construction", "#### Overcrowding at James A. Garfield High School", "By the late 2000s, the Eastside region of the City of Los Angeles and East Los Angeles, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles, had a problem with overcrowded high schools due minimal school choices for new students. However, it was the overcrowded conditions at [James A. Garfield High School](/wiki/Garfield_High_School_%28Los_Angeles_County%2C_California%29 \"Garfield High School (Los Angeles County, California)\"), the only high school in East Los Angeles, which led to the establishment of Esteban E. Torres High School and its five pilot schools. Garfield was founded in 1925 and was built to withhold 1,500 students; however, by the late 20th century, the student population at the school had increased to a point at which the school had to implement a multi\\-track/year\\-round calendar to relieve the overpopulation, though this did not last. The overcrowding problem continued into the 21st century, prompting demands for the construction of a second high school in the area.", "#### Approval of East Los Angeles High School No. 2", "In 2004, the Board of the Education of the City of Los Angeles approved the construction of a new high school, then called “East Los Angeles High School No. 2”. \nOn June 22, the Board of Education approved the final location of the future Esteban E. Torres High School.", "Prior to the construction of the Torres High School campus, the land on which the ELARA building is now located was an agricultural center administered by the Los Angeles Conservation Corps.", "### Founding of ELARA", "[thumb\\|left\\|320x240px\\|ELARA main entrance in 2013](/wiki/File:ELARA_side_entrance.jpg \"ELARA side entrance.jpg\")\nIn 2009, seven James A. Garfield High School teachers, along with students, parents, and representatives from community\\-based organizations, such as Inner City Struggle, joined and submitted a proposal to the Los Angeles Unified School District Public School Choice motion in order to found the proposed East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy as a Pilot School at the yet unopened Esteban E. Torres High School campus.\nThe main Design Team was composed of Martin Buchman, Michael Leavy, Zoe Souliotis\\-Foley, Michael Rocha, Rachel Varty, Norm Chen, and Adrianne Harwood.{{cite web\\|title\\=ELARA (Urban Planning and Design) Application: Appendices\\|url\\=http://notebook.lausd.net/pls/ptl/docs/PAGE/CA\\_LAUSD/LAUSDNET/RESOURCES/VOLUNTEER\\_PAGE/SCHOOL\\_OF\\_CHOICE/NOVEMBER\\_2009/PROPOSALS/ELA%20RENAISSANCE%20\\-%20ESTEBAN%20APPENDICES.PDF\\|website\\=LAUSD\\|publisher\\=Los Angeles Unified School District}}", "### 2010\\-present", "After being approved by the motion, the East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy opened, alongside its four other sister schools—East Los Angeles Performing Arts Academy (now Magnet), Engineering and Technology Academy, Humanitas Academy of Art and Technology, and Social Justice Leadership Academy—on September 13, 2010, at Torres campus.", "On June 21, 2012, ELARA held its first class graduation. On June 5, 2014, the last of the founding student body graduated from the school.", "On September 24, 2018, former biology teacher, Gina Murry, was accused of sexually assaulting a 15\\-year\\-old student during the months of May and June. She faces six counts of [unlawful sexual intercourse](/wiki/Unlawful_sexual_intercourse \"Unlawful sexual intercourse\") and four counts each of committing a lewd act on a child, [oral copulation](/wiki/Oral_sex \"Oral sex\") of a person under 16, and [sexual penetration](/wiki/Sexual_penetration \"Sexual penetration\") by a foreign object.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/East\\-LA\\-Teacher\\-Accused\\-of\\-Sex\\-Assault\\-on\\-15\\-Year\\-Old\\-494192171\\.html\\|title\\=Female East LA Teacher Accused of Sex Assault on 15\\-Year\\-Old\\|work\\=NBC Southern California\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-26\\|language\\=en}} On November 5, 2019, Murry pleaded no contest to the accusations.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://da.lacounty.gov/media/news/ex\\-high\\-school\\-teacher\\-pleads\\-sexually\\-assaulting\\-student\\|title\\=November 5, 2019: Ex\\-High School Teacher Pleads to Sexually Assaulting Student\\|work\\=Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-17\\|language\\=en}} On January 14, 2020, she was sentenced to 2 years in state prison.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://da.lacounty.gov/media/news/ex\\-high\\-school\\-teacher\\-sentenced\\-sexually\\-assaulting\\-student\\|title\\=January 14, 2020: Ex\\-High School Teacher Sentenced for Sexually Assaulting Student\\|work\\=Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-17\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Education --------- ### School of Urban Planning and Public Policy [thumb\|right\|600x400px\|ELARA main entrance in 2017](/wiki/File:East_Los_Angeles_Renaissance_Academy_2017.jpg "East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy 2017.jpg") ELARA was designed to prepare students in the field of urban planning and public policy. The mission of the school is for students to see themselves as architects of their own future and of their community. ELARA offers to its students a full range of college preparatory classes, independent study opportunities, project\-based electives in Journalism and Urban Planning, and community\-based internships—all with an emphasis in urban planning and public policy. ELARA college\-ready graduates obtain broad\-based knowledge, learn collaborative skills, and gain the self\-confidence necessary to become innovators and leaders in their communities and professions. Renaissance is "one of only three high schools in the United States with an Urban Planning/Public Policy focus".{{cite web\|title\=About Us\|url\=http://renaissance\-lausd\-ca.schoolloop.com/aboutus\|access\-date\=August 13, 2012}} ### Principals of ELARA | Term as Principal | | Principal | Prior Position | Term | Assistant Principal | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | September 13, 2010–June 22, 2012 | **Maricela Ramirez** | [Theodore Roosevelt High School](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%29 "Theodore Roosevelt High School (Los Angeles)")Social Studies Teacher | – | none | | 2 | August 14, 2012–June 10, 2016 | **Jose Gonzalez** | Special Education Coordinator | August 18, 2015–June 10, 2016 | Martin A. Buchman | | 3 | August 16, 2016– Present | **Martin A. Buchman** | Renaissance Lead Teacher \& Assistant Principal | Current | Diana Martinez | ### Schedule #### Block Schedule (2010\-2012\) During its first two years, ELARA functioned under a 2x8 [block schedule](/wiki/Block_scheduling "Block scheduling") system that allowed for the flexibility to accommodate students who needed to remediate their academic stance, accelerate in their studies, and acquire special needs during the regular school day. Under this schedule, students were granted an advantage in gaining more [course credits](/wiki/Course_credit "Course credit") than they would have gotten on a traditional schedule where a student would go to all their classes in a single day. | Ex. 2x8 Block Schedule of an 11th Grader (2011\-2012\) | | | Period | 1st Semester | | 2nd Semester | | | Day A | Day B | Day A | Day B | | Period 1/5 | Draft Architecture 1A | Trigonometry A | Draft Architecture 1B | Trigonometry B | | Period 2/6 | AP English Lit. A | AP Spanish Lang. A | AP English Lit. B | AP Spanish Lang. B | | Advisory | | | | | | Lunch | | | | | | Period 3/7 | Sociology | U.S. History A | Psychology | U.S. History B | | Period 4/8 | Drawing A | Filmmaking A | Drawing B | Filmmaking B | #### 6\-Course Rotating Schedule (2012\-present) During the 2012–2013 school year, ELARA switched from the 8\-course block schedule system to a 6\-course rotating schedule system.{{cite web\|title\=Bell Schedule\|url\=http://renaissance\-lausd\-ca.schoolloop.com/bellschedule}} Under this system, students meet for five of their six classes on any one day. Each day, one class of the six is “dropped” in the first rotation and another is “dropped” in the second rotation, adding the previously missing class to the beginning of the rotation. The rotation takes six days to complete and the process repeats beginning on the 7th school day. Under this schedule system, ELARA class periods, or "tracks", are not listed in numerical hierarchy (1, 2, 3\...) but in a letter\-based hierarchy (A, B, C...). ### Community Partners ELARA is in partnership with:{{cite web\|title\=School Partnerships\|url\=http://www.elara.org/Partnerships\|access\-date\=October 6, 2013}} * [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") * [USC](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") * [Huntington Library](/wiki/Huntington_Library "Huntington Library") * Los Angeles Education Partnership{{cite web\|title\=LAEP\|url\=http://www.laep.org/\|access\-date\=August 30, 2012}} * Public Matters LLC{{cite web\|title\=Public Matters LLC\|url\=http://www.publicmattersgroup.com/\|access\-date\=August 30, 2012}} * [826LA](/wiki/826LA "826LA"){{cite web\|title\=826LA\|url\=http://826la.org/\|access\-date\=October 6, 2013}} * Inner City Struggle{{cite web\|title\=Inner City Struggle: Building a Movement in the Eastside\|url\=http://innercitystruggle.org/section/view/home\|access\-date\=October 6, 2013}} * Tony Bennett's Exploring the Arts * Los Angeles Service Academy
[ "Education\n---------", "### School of Urban Planning and Public Policy", "[thumb\\|right\\|600x400px\\|ELARA main entrance in 2017](/wiki/File:East_Los_Angeles_Renaissance_Academy_2017.jpg \"East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy 2017.jpg\")\nELARA was designed to prepare students in the field of urban planning and public policy. The mission of the school is for students to see themselves as architects of their own future and of their community.", "ELARA offers to its students a full range of college preparatory classes, independent study opportunities, project\\-based electives in Journalism and Urban Planning, and community\\-based internships—all with an emphasis in urban planning and public policy.", "ELARA college\\-ready graduates obtain broad\\-based knowledge, learn collaborative skills, and gain the self\\-confidence necessary to become innovators and leaders in their communities and professions.", "Renaissance is \"one of only three high schools in the United States with an Urban Planning/Public Policy focus\".{{cite web\\|title\\=About Us\\|url\\=http://renaissance\\-lausd\\-ca.schoolloop.com/aboutus\\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2012}}", "### Principals of ELARA", "", "| Term as Principal | | Principal | Prior Position | Term | Assistant Principal |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | September 13, 2010–June 22, 2012 | **Maricela Ramirez** | [Theodore Roosevelt High School](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Theodore Roosevelt High School (Los Angeles)\")Social Studies Teacher | – | none |\n| 2 | August 14, 2012–June 10, 2016 | **Jose Gonzalez** | Special Education Coordinator | August 18, 2015–June 10, 2016 | Martin A. Buchman |\n| 3 | August 16, 2016– Present | **Martin A. Buchman** | Renaissance Lead Teacher \\& Assistant Principal | Current | Diana Martinez |", "### Schedule", "#### Block Schedule (2010\\-2012\\)", "During its first two years, ELARA functioned under a 2x8 [block schedule](/wiki/Block_scheduling \"Block scheduling\") system that allowed for the flexibility to accommodate students who needed to remediate their academic stance, accelerate in their studies, and acquire special needs during the regular school day. Under this schedule, students were granted an advantage in gaining more [course credits](/wiki/Course_credit \"Course credit\") than they would have gotten on a traditional schedule where a student would go to all their classes in a single day.", "| Ex. 2x8 Block Schedule of an 11th Grader (2011\\-2012\\)", "| |\n| Period | 1st Semester | | 2nd Semester | |\n| Day A | Day B | Day A | Day B |\n| Period 1/5 | Draft Architecture 1A | Trigonometry A | Draft Architecture 1B | Trigonometry B |\n| Period 2/6 | AP English Lit. A | AP Spanish Lang. A | AP English Lit. B | AP Spanish Lang. B |\n| Advisory | | | | |\n| Lunch | | | | |\n| Period 3/7 | Sociology | U.S. History A | Psychology | U.S. History B |\n| Period 4/8 | Drawing A | Filmmaking A | Drawing B | Filmmaking B |", "", "#### 6\\-Course Rotating Schedule (2012\\-present)", "During the 2012–2013 school year, ELARA switched from the 8\\-course block schedule system to a 6\\-course rotating schedule system.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bell Schedule\\|url\\=http://renaissance\\-lausd\\-ca.schoolloop.com/bellschedule}} Under this system, students meet for five of their six classes on any one day. Each day, one class of the six is “dropped” in the first rotation and another is “dropped” in the second rotation, adding the previously missing class to the beginning of the rotation. The rotation takes six days to complete and the process repeats beginning on the 7th school day.", "Under this schedule system, ELARA class periods, or \"tracks\", are not listed in numerical hierarchy (1, 2, 3\\...) but in a letter\\-based hierarchy (A, B, C...).", "### Community Partners", "ELARA is in partnership with:{{cite web\\|title\\=School Partnerships\\|url\\=http://www.elara.org/Partnerships\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2013}}\n* [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\")\n* [USC](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\")\n* [Huntington Library](/wiki/Huntington_Library \"Huntington Library\")\n* Los Angeles Education Partnership{{cite web\\|title\\=LAEP\\|url\\=http://www.laep.org/\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2012}}\n* Public Matters LLC{{cite web\\|title\\=Public Matters LLC\\|url\\=http://www.publicmattersgroup.com/\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2012}}\n* [826LA](/wiki/826LA \"826LA\"){{cite web\\|title\\=826LA\\|url\\=http://826la.org/\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2013}}\n* Inner City Struggle{{cite web\\|title\\=Inner City Struggle: Building a Movement in the Eastside\\|url\\=http://innercitystruggle.org/section/view/home\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2013}}\n* Tony Bennett's Exploring the Arts\n* Los Angeles Service Academy", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career Lassiter was born **Robert Henry Glodowski** in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey "Camden, New Jersey") and raised in [Collingswood, New Jersey](/wiki/Collingswood%2C_New_Jersey "Collingswood, New Jersey"), where he lived until dropping out of [high school](/wiki/High_school "High school") in the middle of his junior year and running away to New York City. He then wandered the United States doing odd jobs until arriving in 1970 on [St. Thomas](/wiki/Saint_Thomas%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands") in the [U.S. Virgin Islands](/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands "U.S. Virgin Islands").{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wplp/wplplast.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= \[\[WPLP]] \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1987\-08\-28 \| accessdate \= 2009\-11\-19 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030159/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wplp/wplplast.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2009\-03\-25 }} A sales representative from a [beautiful music](/wiki/Beautiful_music "Beautiful music") [radio station](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") heard Lassiter's voice in a bar in [Charlotte Amalie](/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands") in the Virgin Islands one afternoon and immediately suggested he apply for an on\-air job. Lassiter was soon hired as a music [disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey") at the salesman's station, [WESP](/wiki/WESP "WESP")\-FM, signing on September 1, 1970, under the air name of "**Ron Scott**."{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/ellen.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= \[\[WFLA (AM)]] \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1997\-04\-28 \| accessdate \= 2009\-11\-19 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030604/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/ellen.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2009\-03\-25 }} He would move from there to beautiful music and progressive rock stations all over the country: [WOUR](/wiki/WOUR "WOUR")\-FM in [Utica, New York](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York "Utica, New York"); [WOWI](/wiki/WOWI "WOWI")\-FM in [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"); [WEZS](/wiki/WURV "WURV")\-FM in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"); and [WJOI](/wiki/WRKZ "WRKZ")\-FM in Pittsburgh. After his first marriage in 1972, he legally changed his name to Lassiter. In 1981, Lassiter was working as a [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") DJ at WKQS\-FM 99\.9 in [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami") under the name **Bobby Clifford** when he heard talk\-radio giant [Neil Rogers](/wiki/Neil_Rogers "Neil Rogers") on [WINZ](/wiki/WINZ_%28AM%29 "WINZ (AM)") (940 AM). Rogers became Lassiter's mentor and idol, whom he followed into talk radio by taking a late\-night weekend slot at Miami's [WGBS](/wiki/WAQI "WAQI")\-AM (710\) in 1984\. (Lassiter apparently intended to continue as Bobby Clifford on WGBS, but in preparing for his debut the station prepared promos and announcements using the name "Lassiter" without asking; Lassiter was forced to use his real name on the air.) Rogers heard Lassiter on WGBS and liked what he did, urging his own station—in a relentless, on\-air campaign—to hire the newcomer. WINZ did hire Lassiter as a weekend host, but fired him in December 1985 when he uttered a profanity on the air.{{cite news \| last\=Thornton \| first\=Linda R. \| title\=Profanity Loses Job for Talk Show Host \| date\=December 10, 1985 \| newspaper\=The Miami Herald}} ### Tampa: WPLP (1985–87\) and WFLA (1987–89\) In September 1985, [Tampa Bay](/wiki/Tampa_Bay "Tampa Bay")'s first all\-talk station, [WPLP](/wiki/WPLP "WPLP")\-AM, lured Lassiter to [Tampa](/wiki/Tampa "Tampa") with his first (low\-paid) full\-time position on weeknights. (At the time he was still working weekends on WINZ and doing fill\-ins at WPLP; the station intended to move Neil Rogers from nighttime to day and, until Lassiter was fired, was grooming him as Rogers' replacement.) He took over WPLP's afternoon drive time slot on September 23, 1985\. Lassiter recalled on the air that the station initially offered him $12,000 per year, which he turned down, eventually accepting a comeback offer of $18,000 when Rogers suggested he take the job as training for doing talk radio every day. (He later admitted faking his resume to get hired at WPLP, claiming to be a graduate of the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania").{{cite web \| title \= The Last of Lassiter \| publisher \= WFMU's Beware of Blog \| date \= October 19, 2006 \| url \= http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/10/the\_last\_of\_las.html \| accessdate \= August 25, 2008}}) Although Lassiter's Miami career was not to be, he soon took Tampa by storm with his confrontational and deliberately offensive style, quickly rising to the top\-rated talk program in the market by an enormous margin. He was, in fact, the second\-highest\-rated radio show in the market, bested only by [Cleveland Wheeler](/wiki/Cleveland_Wheeler "Cleveland Wheeler") and [Scott Shannon](/wiki/Scott_Shannon "Scott Shannon")'s Q\-ZOO on [WRBQ\-FM](/wiki/WRBQ-FM "WRBQ-FM").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tbo.com/news/metro/MGBC1OJTDTE.html \|title\=Tampa Radio Pioneer Bob Lassiter Signs off \|accessdate\=2007\-01\-17 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114055520/http://www.tbo.com/news/metro/MGBC1OJTDTE.html \|archivedate\=2007\-01\-14 }} Lassiter redefined AM talk radio in Tampa Bay, asserting himself as an on\-air bully who targeted [Christians](/wiki/Christians "Christians"), [conservatives](/wiki/American_conservatism "American conservatism"), the elderly, and virtually everybody else. As he himself would one day describe: {{blockquote\|A dozen years ago when I came to this town, talk radio was really quite amusing. ... It was basically old men talking to ''older'' men. ... Some exciting shows I heard in this market were things like, "If you know anybody famous, give me a call." And that was it. And the guy just repeated it over and over and over again, and got ''one'' call in an hour from somebody who knew ''one'' of the \[\[Harmonicats]]! ... Another show that I heard in this market was "What's your favorite \[\[vaudeville]] theater?" Another ... about once a month: "I own a \[\[Chevrolet Corvette\|Corvette]]. Do you own a Corvette? Give me a call if you do. What do you think about Corvettes? Would you like to own a Corvette? Did I mention that I owned one?" And he'd get two calls an hour. And I came in and sat down, and said "\[\[Ronald Reagan]]'s a moron! And an idiot! You'll piss on his grave one of these days!" And the old people went berserk. Absolutely berserk!{{sup\|(1:22:34–1:24:00\)}}}} Instead of a market for the retirees who formed much of the area's population, Lassiter made talk radio a young listener's medium: kids and young [Baby Boomers](/wiki/Baby_Boomer "Baby Boomer") would listen to hear Lassiter torment the old people. In the process, they would join in on the conversation and find themselves lambasted as well. Lassiter's ratings and reputation were such that the biggest AM radio station in the market, [WFLA](/wiki/WFLA_%28AM%29 "WFLA (AM)"), hired him away from WPLP for substantially more money in mid\-1987\. At FLA Lassiter joined the ranks of the golden age of Tampa talk radio,{{citation needed\|date\=November 2009}} with such personalities as Dick Norman, [Tedd Webb](/wiki/Tedd_Webb "Tedd Webb"), and [Liz Richards](/wiki/Liz_Richards "Liz Richards"), and maintained his ratings supremacy to that local competition. Indeed, while Lassiter had pulled upwards of 7% shares at WPLP — which by itself made him the number one talk show in Tampa Bay — at WFLA he rose to 8 and 9 shares, at a time when the entire talk\-radio audience in Tampa Bay was roughly a 10 share of the market.{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/wfla030488\.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= \[\[WFLA (AM)]] \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1988\-03\-04 \| accessdate \= 2009\-11\-19 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071102204139/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/wfla030488\.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2007\-11\-02 }} ### Chicago (1989–91\) By 1989 Lassiter had become something of a sensation in the broadcast industry, appearing on national television and creating a demand for his talents in the largest markets in the U.S. [WABC (AM)](/wiki/WABC_%28AM%29 "WABC (AM)") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 "New York (state)") made an offer in 1988, but WFLA would not let him out of his contract. (The slot at WABC eventually went to [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh "Rush Limbaugh") instead.) Ultimately he was won over by [WLS (AM)](/wiki/WLS_%28AM%29 "WLS (AM)"), the [Capital Cities/ABC](/wiki/Capital_Cities_Communications "Capital Cities Communications") radio hub in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), who offered him a five\-year, $1\.05 million contract for the afternoon drive timeslot.{{cite news \| last\=Fischer \| first\=Roger \| title\='Mad Dog' Lassiter leaves WFLA \| date\=June 29, 1989 \| newspaper\=The St. Petersburg Times}} Lassiter's tenure at WLS was uneasy from the start: the CapCities executives behind the station micromanaged to an extreme degree, and were anxious to cultivate a friendly, inoffensive image, which ran completely counter to the type of radio that Lassiter did best. Members of management were waiting outside the studio on Lassiter's first night at WLS (23 August 1989\) to give him a laundry list of things he had done that they did not want on their airwaves. Lassiter felt that since CapCities executives knew of his work before they even asked for a job interview, they knew perfectly well what kind of on\-air personality they were getting. Lassiter deeply resented their sudden desire to rein him in. Rather than change the style that had attracted WLS to him in the first place, Lassiter asked to be let out of the contract. The station refused, touching off what Lassiter called "open warfare" between WLS executives and their new employee. Their attempts to censor him only intensified his efforts to insult and infuriate his audience (and employers) on\-air, and led Lassiter to walk out in the middle of staff meetings off\-air. One journalist wrote that {{blockquote\|he was at odds with management from the first day. "They'd scream everyday and I'd scream right back at them." Even worse, they put the Mad Dog on a short leash, but he kept breaking the chain. When told to curb his usual vulgarity and verbal abuse, he developed a code of secret insults which sounded like glowing compliments, and made the list available to listeners. When he was forbidden from saying he'd ever lived or worked anywhere other than Chicago, he'd coyly carry on in mock ignorance with the callers that remembered him from Florida. "Tampa? Can't say as I've ever worked there." "Oh, Sure you did, remember WFLA?" "WFLA? I can't say as I've ever worked there." It confused listeners who knew better, and drove management insane.{{cite web \| title \= Coming Up For Air: WFLA talk host Bob Lassiter is a man who loves to be loathed. \| publisher \= Weekly Planet \| date \= August 31, 1996 \| url \= http://blogfiles.wfmu.org/AK/Coming\_Up\_For\_Air.txt \| accessdate \= December 18, 2009}}}} By late 1991, both parties were exasperated; unimpressive Arbitron ratings did not ease tensions. Lassiter's five\-year contract had an escape clause that gave WLS the option to terminate it at the end of 1991, and Lassiter was openly predicting that the station would do exactly that. In fact, they didn't even wait for the end of the year, removing Lassiter from the air following his afternoon broadcast on September 20\.{{cite news \| last\=Feder \| first\=Robert \| title\='Mad WLS boosts Johns to afternoon talker \| date\=September 23, 1991 \| newspaper\=Chicago Sun\-Times}} Although he would remember his time in Chicago as "a two\-and\-a\-half\-year nightmare", the job did raise Lassiter's profile significantly; in 1990, he appeared on [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN")'s *[Crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire_%28U.S._TV_program%29 "Crossfire (U.S. TV program)")* as a representative of left\-wing political talk radio.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/video.html \|title\=Bob Lassiter Video \|accessdate\=2007\-01\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518012856/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/video.html \|archivedate\=2006\-05\-18 }} In December 2005, Lassiter would later point out that \- more than fourteen years after he was thrown off the air \- he was still on the FAQ page on the WLS website. Indeed, as of August 2007, Question 7 on that page is "Why don't you bring back Bob Lassiter/[Larry Lujack](/wiki/Larry_Lujack "Larry Lujack")/etc.?" [https://web.archive.org/web/20061114123710/http://www.wlsam.com/article.asp?id\=152547](https://web.archive.org/web/20061114123710/http://www.wlsam.com/article.asp?id=152547). "Maybe you don't know much about Lujack, but to be mentioned in the same sentence with him and WLS is more than an honor", Lassiter said. "It is and always will be the highlight of my career."{{cite web \|url\=http://blog.bloglassiter.com/?p\=103 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122523/http://blog.bloglassiter.com/?p\=103 \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-29 \|title\=blog lassiter » Blog Archive » ! ! !}} ### Return to Tampa #### WSUN (1993–95\) Lassiter then moved to [Davenport, Iowa](/wiki/Davenport%2C_Iowa "Davenport, Iowa") with the intention of retiring from the radio business. After a year and a half, however, Tampa came calling again; the venerable WSUN was experimenting with a non\-topical talk\-radio format and offered him a hefty sum for its morning\-drive slot. Lassiter accepted the job and moved back to Tampa, returning to the air on February 1, 1993\.{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= WSUN \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1993\-02\-01 \| accessdate \= 2009\-12\-18 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120220091200/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2012\-02\-20 }} The morning time slot saw Lassiter's combative persona reach a peak, as he began an increasingly hostile feud with his old mentor Neil Rogers. Neil would constantly deride him about his weight, calling him "Blob". Though it started out as a put down, the fans of Lassiter in Tampa area began to use it as a term of endearment. However, he was not a ratings success, and in January 1994 he moved to the mid\-afternoon; Sharon Taylor, the newscaster for his morning show, became his on\-air sidekick. While his numbers vastly improved, the circumstances forced him to change his approach drastically; in his final month (November 1995\), Lassiter famously teased Taylor about her [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") [turkey](/wiki/Turkey_meat "Turkey meat"). Despite his adaptations and his ratings (he regularly routed [WFLA](/wiki/WFLA_%28AM%29 "WFLA (AM)") in his afternoon day part), Lassiter recognized that the station was failing and, as he had at WLS, began publicly predicting that his contract option would not be renewed. Again he was correct; WSUN's parent company [Cox Broadcasting](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises "Cox Enterprises") fired him before his scheduled showtime on November 27, 1995\. Although Lassiter would later recall that no employer had ever treated him better or been more fun to work for, the end of his relationship with WSUN was very bitter: Cox refused to release him from his non\-compete agreement (despite the fact that WSUN was changing formats and thus Lassiter would not be competition). #### WFLA (1996–99\) Once the non\-compete expired in April 1996, Lassiter returned to WFLA's night shift and reclaimed his classic persona, as well as his [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron "Arbitron") ratings throne. By that time, however, the business had changed dramatically. [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh "Rush Limbaugh") had transformed the AM band; Lassiter referred to his style as "Support Group Radio" — he found that listeners had become used to having their beliefs echoed and reinforced by the radio host, not challenged—and not particularly primed to call the show. In addition, the [Telecommunications Act of 1996](/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996 "Telecommunications Act of 1996") had deregulated station ownership, leading the industry to trend towards national [syndication](/wiki/Radio_syndication "Radio syndication") and away from local personalities. The contrarian and often left\-leaning Lassiter increasingly found himself an [anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism "Anachronism"), even as he garnered tremendous market shares of listeners who both loved and loathed him. He rolled with the punches as best he could, provoking his audience more furiously than ever and taking on\-air potshots at WFLA's own conservative host, [Mark Larsen](http://www.themorningmagazine.com/), but it often seemed that his real nemesis was the very industry he was part of, [commercial radio](/wiki/Commercial_radio "Commercial radio"). In 1999 WFLA, which had been owned by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor "Jacor"), was purchased along with all of Jacor's holdings by [Clear Channel](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications") (now iHeartMedia). At the time Clear Channel was building its radio empire and employing a variety of cost\-cutting techniques, such as relying heavily on centralized, syndicated programming and eliminating local personalities and technicians from its payroll. Lassiter, disgusted by the changes Clear Channel was making and knowing that his time in radio was not long, began expressing open hostility to their policies on the air; at one point he was even reading employee questionnaires circulated inside the offices, and describing the deeply caustic answers he was filling in. Finally on December 1, 1999, four weeks before his contract was set to expire, Lassiter opened his broadcast with a monologue aimed directly at WFLA's business office: {{blockquote\|Management gets very, very, very distraught when I deal with internal things publicly. But for a month now, meetings get postponed, calls don't get returned; little things like that, you know? So we'll deal with it publicly. My contract expires December 31, 1999 at 12 midnight. I inquired a month ago as to whether or not they had any interest in renewing it. As I said, phone calls don't get returned, lunch engagements get postponed, "Uh, give me another week on that, would ya?" Yesterday I had people saying goodbye to me. I had to read on a local bulletin board that yesterday was going to be my last day. Well, I'm tired of making phone calls and not having them returned. I'm tired of all this kind of crap, so here's the bottom line: as far as I am concerned—and there will be no further discourse on this—as far as I am concerned, I will do my last show on December 23, because I have a week's vacation coming to me and I'll be damned if I'm gonna get screwed out of it. So that settles the matter. You don't have to hide behind closed, locked doors anymore; you don't have to avoid me when I'm pulling into the parking lot; you don't have to look the other way when you're walking past the windows; you don't have to fail to return phone calls; you don't have to beg for another week; you don't have to bail out of luncheon meetings. That's it. And there will be no further discussion. This sucks! It sucks big time! I'll bet you're mad at me for talking about this on the air, aren't you? "''Why does he do that?''" It's real simple. Treat me like I don't exist, and you don't exist. Thank you ever so much, WFLA. Thank you ever so much.{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= \[\[WFLA (AM)]] \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1999\-12\-01 \| accessdate \= 2009\-12\-18 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030429/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2009\-03\-25 }} }} Predictably, he was told the next day that he need not bother to return to work at WFLA that day or any other. "Most men would have been devastated upon losing a six\-figure, cushy job," Lassiter said later. "I was relieved." He officially retired from radio. His slot was filled by future radio star [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck "Glenn Beck").
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "Lassiter was born **Robert Henry Glodowski** in [Camden, New Jersey](/wiki/Camden%2C_New_Jersey \"Camden, New Jersey\") and raised in [Collingswood, New Jersey](/wiki/Collingswood%2C_New_Jersey \"Collingswood, New Jersey\"), where he lived until dropping out of [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") in the middle of his junior year and running away to New York City. He then wandered the United States doing odd jobs until arriving in 1970 on [St. Thomas](/wiki/Saint_Thomas%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands\") in the [U.S. Virgin Islands](/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands \"U.S. Virgin Islands\").{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wplp/wplplast.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= \\[\\[WPLP]] \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1987\\-08\\-28 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-11\\-19 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030159/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wplp/wplplast.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2009\\-03\\-25 }}", "A sales representative from a [beautiful music](/wiki/Beautiful_music \"Beautiful music\") [radio station](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") heard Lassiter's voice in a bar in [Charlotte Amalie](/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie%2C_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands\") in the Virgin Islands one afternoon and immediately suggested he apply for an on\\-air job. Lassiter was soon hired as a music [disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey \"Disc jockey\") at the salesman's station, [WESP](/wiki/WESP \"WESP\")\\-FM, signing on September 1, 1970, under the air name of \"**Ron Scott**.\"{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/ellen.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= \\[\\[WFLA (AM)]] \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1997\\-04\\-28 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-11\\-19 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030604/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/ellen.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2009\\-03\\-25 }}", "He would move from there to beautiful music and progressive rock stations all over the country: [WOUR](/wiki/WOUR \"WOUR\")\\-FM in [Utica, New York](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York \"Utica, New York\"); [WOWI](/wiki/WOWI \"WOWI\")\\-FM in [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"); [WEZS](/wiki/WURV \"WURV\")\\-FM in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\"); and [WJOI](/wiki/WRKZ \"WRKZ\")\\-FM in Pittsburgh. After his first marriage in 1972, he legally changed his name to Lassiter.", "In 1981, Lassiter was working as a [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") DJ at WKQS\\-FM 99\\.9 in [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\") under the name **Bobby Clifford** when he heard talk\\-radio giant [Neil Rogers](/wiki/Neil_Rogers \"Neil Rogers\") on [WINZ](/wiki/WINZ_%28AM%29 \"WINZ (AM)\") (940 AM). Rogers became Lassiter's mentor and idol, whom he followed into talk radio by taking a late\\-night weekend slot at Miami's [WGBS](/wiki/WAQI \"WAQI\")\\-AM (710\\) in 1984\\. (Lassiter apparently intended to continue as Bobby Clifford on WGBS, but in preparing for his debut the station prepared promos and announcements using the name \"Lassiter\" without asking; Lassiter was forced to use his real name on the air.) Rogers heard Lassiter on WGBS and liked what he did, urging his own station—in a relentless, on\\-air campaign—to hire the newcomer. WINZ did hire Lassiter as a weekend host, but fired him in December 1985 when he uttered a profanity on the air.{{cite news \\| last\\=Thornton \\| first\\=Linda R. \\| title\\=Profanity Loses Job for Talk Show Host \\| date\\=December 10, 1985 \\| newspaper\\=The Miami Herald}}", "### Tampa: WPLP (1985–87\\) and WFLA (1987–89\\)", "In September 1985, [Tampa Bay](/wiki/Tampa_Bay \"Tampa Bay\")'s first all\\-talk station, [WPLP](/wiki/WPLP \"WPLP\")\\-AM, lured Lassiter to [Tampa](/wiki/Tampa \"Tampa\") with his first (low\\-paid) full\\-time position on weeknights. (At the time he was still working weekends on WINZ and doing fill\\-ins at WPLP; the station intended to move Neil Rogers from nighttime to day and, until Lassiter was fired, was grooming him as Rogers' replacement.) He took over WPLP's afternoon drive time slot on September 23, 1985\\. Lassiter recalled on the air that the station initially offered him $12,000 per year, which he turned down, eventually accepting a comeback offer of $18,000 when Rogers suggested he take the job as training for doing talk radio every day. (He later admitted faking his resume to get hired at WPLP, claiming to be a graduate of the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\").{{cite web \\| title \\= The Last of Lassiter \\| publisher \\= WFMU's Beware of Blog \\| date \\= October 19, 2006 \\| url \\= http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2006/10/the\\_last\\_of\\_las.html \\| accessdate \\= August 25, 2008}})", "Although Lassiter's Miami career was not to be, he soon took Tampa by storm with his confrontational and deliberately offensive style, quickly rising to the top\\-rated talk program in the market by an enormous margin. He was, in fact, the second\\-highest\\-rated radio show in the market, bested only by [Cleveland Wheeler](/wiki/Cleveland_Wheeler \"Cleveland Wheeler\") and [Scott Shannon](/wiki/Scott_Shannon \"Scott Shannon\")'s Q\\-ZOO on [WRBQ\\-FM](/wiki/WRBQ-FM \"WRBQ-FM\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tbo.com/news/metro/MGBC1OJTDTE.html \\|title\\=Tampa Radio Pioneer Bob Lassiter Signs off \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-01\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114055520/http://www.tbo.com/news/metro/MGBC1OJTDTE.html \\|archivedate\\=2007\\-01\\-14 }}", "Lassiter redefined AM talk radio in Tampa Bay, asserting himself as an on\\-air bully who targeted [Christians](/wiki/Christians \"Christians\"), [conservatives](/wiki/American_conservatism \"American conservatism\"), the elderly, and virtually everybody else. As he himself would one day describe:", "{{blockquote\\|A dozen years ago when I came to this town, talk radio was really quite amusing. ... It was basically old men talking to ''older'' men. ... Some exciting shows I heard in this market were things like, \"If you know anybody famous, give me a call.\" And that was it. And the guy just repeated it over and over and over again, and got ''one'' call in an hour from somebody who knew ''one'' of the \\[\\[Harmonicats]]! ... Another show that I heard in this market was \"What's your favorite \\[\\[vaudeville]] theater?\" Another ... about once a month: \"I own a \\[\\[Chevrolet Corvette\\|Corvette]]. Do you own a Corvette? Give me a call if you do. What do you think about Corvettes? Would you like to own a Corvette? Did I mention that I owned one?\" And he'd get two calls an hour. And I came in and sat down, and said \"\\[\\[Ronald Reagan]]'s a moron! And an idiot! You'll piss on his grave one of these days!\" And the old people went berserk. Absolutely berserk!{{sup\\|(1:22:34–1:24:00\\)}}}}", "Instead of a market for the retirees who formed much of the area's population, Lassiter made talk radio a young listener's medium: kids and young [Baby Boomers](/wiki/Baby_Boomer \"Baby Boomer\") would listen to hear Lassiter torment the old people. In the process, they would join in on the conversation and find themselves lambasted as well.", "Lassiter's ratings and reputation were such that the biggest AM radio station in the market, [WFLA](/wiki/WFLA_%28AM%29 \"WFLA (AM)\"), hired him away from WPLP for substantially more money in mid\\-1987\\. At FLA Lassiter joined the ranks of the golden age of Tampa talk radio,{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2009}} with such personalities as Dick Norman, [Tedd Webb](/wiki/Tedd_Webb \"Tedd Webb\"), and [Liz Richards](/wiki/Liz_Richards \"Liz Richards\"), and maintained his ratings supremacy to that local competition. Indeed, while Lassiter had pulled upwards of 7% shares at WPLP — which by itself made him the number one talk show in Tampa Bay — at WFLA he rose to 8 and 9 shares, at a time when the entire talk\\-radio audience in Tampa Bay was roughly a 10 share of the market.{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/wfla030488\\.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= \\[\\[WFLA (AM)]] \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1988\\-03\\-04 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-11\\-19 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071102204139/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/wfla030488\\.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2007\\-11\\-02 }}", "### Chicago (1989–91\\)", "By 1989 Lassiter had become something of a sensation in the broadcast industry, appearing on national television and creating a demand for his talents in the largest markets in the U.S. [WABC (AM)](/wiki/WABC_%28AM%29 \"WABC (AM)\") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") made an offer in 1988, but WFLA would not let him out of his contract. (The slot at WABC eventually went to [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh \"Rush Limbaugh\") instead.) Ultimately he was won over by [WLS (AM)](/wiki/WLS_%28AM%29 \"WLS (AM)\"), the [Capital Cities/ABC](/wiki/Capital_Cities_Communications \"Capital Cities Communications\") radio hub in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), who offered him a five\\-year, $1\\.05 million contract for the afternoon drive timeslot.{{cite news \\| last\\=Fischer \\| first\\=Roger \\| title\\='Mad Dog' Lassiter leaves WFLA \\| date\\=June 29, 1989 \\| newspaper\\=The St. Petersburg Times}}", "Lassiter's tenure at WLS was uneasy from the start: the CapCities executives behind the station micromanaged to an extreme degree, and were anxious to cultivate a friendly, inoffensive image, which ran completely counter to the type of radio that Lassiter did best. Members of management were waiting outside the studio on Lassiter's first night at WLS (23 August 1989\\) to give him a laundry list of things he had done that they did not want on their airwaves. Lassiter felt that since CapCities executives knew of his work before they even asked for a job interview, they knew perfectly well what kind of on\\-air personality they were getting. Lassiter deeply resented their sudden desire to rein him in.", "Rather than change the style that had attracted WLS to him in the first place, Lassiter asked to be let out of the contract. The station refused, touching off what Lassiter called \"open warfare\" between WLS executives and their new employee. Their attempts to censor him only intensified his efforts to insult and infuriate his audience (and employers) on\\-air, and led Lassiter to walk out in the middle of staff meetings off\\-air. One journalist wrote that", "{{blockquote\\|he was at odds with management from the first day. \"They'd scream everyday and I'd scream right back at them.\" Even worse, they put the Mad Dog on a short leash, but he kept breaking the chain. When told to curb his usual vulgarity and verbal abuse, he developed a code of secret insults which sounded like glowing compliments, and made the list available to listeners. When he was forbidden from saying he'd ever lived or worked anywhere other than Chicago, he'd coyly carry on in mock ignorance with the callers that remembered him from Florida.", "\"Tampa? Can't say as I've ever worked there.\"", "\"Oh, Sure you did, remember WFLA?\"", "\"WFLA? I can't say as I've ever worked there.\"", "It confused listeners who knew better, and drove management insane.{{cite web \\| title \\= Coming Up For Air: WFLA talk host Bob Lassiter is a man who loves to be loathed. \\| publisher \\= Weekly Planet \\| date \\= August 31, 1996 \\| url \\= http://blogfiles.wfmu.org/AK/Coming\\_Up\\_For\\_Air.txt \\| accessdate \\= December 18, 2009}}}}", "By late 1991, both parties were exasperated; unimpressive Arbitron ratings did not ease tensions. Lassiter's five\\-year contract had an escape clause that gave WLS the option to terminate it at the end of 1991, and Lassiter was openly predicting that the station would do exactly that. In fact, they didn't even wait for the end of the year, removing Lassiter from the air following his afternoon broadcast on September 20\\.{{cite news \\| last\\=Feder \\| first\\=Robert \\| title\\='Mad WLS boosts Johns to afternoon talker \\| date\\=September 23, 1991 \\| newspaper\\=Chicago Sun\\-Times}}", "Although he would remember his time in Chicago as \"a two\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year nightmare\", the job did raise Lassiter's profile significantly; in 1990, he appeared on [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")'s *[Crossfire](/wiki/Crossfire_%28U.S._TV_program%29 \"Crossfire (U.S. TV program)\")* as a representative of left\\-wing political talk radio.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/video.html \\|title\\=Bob Lassiter Video \\|accessdate\\=2007\\-01\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518012856/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/video.html \\|archivedate\\=2006\\-05\\-18 }} In December 2005, Lassiter would later point out that \\- more than fourteen years after he was thrown off the air \\- he was still on the FAQ page on the WLS website. Indeed, as of August 2007, Question 7 on that page is \"Why don't you bring back Bob Lassiter/[Larry Lujack](/wiki/Larry_Lujack \"Larry Lujack\")/etc.?\" [https://web.archive.org/web/20061114123710/http://www.wlsam.com/article.asp?id\\=152547](https://web.archive.org/web/20061114123710/http://www.wlsam.com/article.asp?id=152547). \"Maybe you don't know much about Lujack, but to be mentioned in the same sentence with him and WLS is more than an honor\", Lassiter said. \"It is and always will be the highlight of my career.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://blog.bloglassiter.com/?p\\=103 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122523/http://blog.bloglassiter.com/?p\\=103 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-29 \\|title\\=blog lassiter » Blog Archive » ! ! !}}", "### Return to Tampa", "#### WSUN (1993–95\\)", "Lassiter then moved to [Davenport, Iowa](/wiki/Davenport%2C_Iowa \"Davenport, Iowa\") with the intention of retiring from the radio business. After a year and a half, however, Tampa came calling again; the venerable WSUN was experimenting with a non\\-topical talk\\-radio format and offered him a hefty sum for its morning\\-drive slot. Lassiter accepted the job and moved back to Tampa, returning to the air on February 1, 1993\\.{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\\.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= WSUN \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1993\\-02\\-01 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-12\\-18 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120220091200/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\\.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2012\\-02\\-20 }}", "The morning time slot saw Lassiter's combative persona reach a peak, as he began an increasingly hostile feud with his old mentor Neil Rogers. Neil would constantly deride him about his weight, calling him \"Blob\". Though it started out as a put down, the fans of Lassiter in Tampa area began to use it as a term of endearment. However, he was not a ratings success, and in January 1994 he moved to the mid\\-afternoon; Sharon Taylor, the newscaster for his morning show, became his on\\-air sidekick. While his numbers vastly improved, the circumstances forced him to change his approach drastically; in his final month (November 1995\\), Lassiter famously teased Taylor about her [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") [turkey](/wiki/Turkey_meat \"Turkey meat\").", "Despite his adaptations and his ratings (he regularly routed [WFLA](/wiki/WFLA_%28AM%29 \"WFLA (AM)\") in his afternoon day part), Lassiter recognized that the station was failing and, as he had at WLS, began publicly predicting that his contract option would not be renewed. Again he was correct; WSUN's parent company [Cox Broadcasting](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises \"Cox Enterprises\") fired him before his scheduled showtime on November 27, 1995\\. Although Lassiter would later recall that no employer had ever treated him better or been more fun to work for, the end of his relationship with WSUN was very bitter: Cox refused to release him from his non\\-compete agreement (despite the fact that WSUN was changing formats and thus Lassiter would not be competition).", "#### WFLA (1996–99\\)", "Once the non\\-compete expired in April 1996, Lassiter returned to WFLA's night shift and reclaimed his classic persona, as well as his [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron \"Arbitron\") ratings throne.", "By that time, however, the business had changed dramatically. [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh \"Rush Limbaugh\") had transformed the AM band; Lassiter referred to his style as \"Support Group Radio\" — he found that listeners had become used to having their beliefs echoed and reinforced by the radio host, not challenged—and not particularly primed to call the show. In addition, the [Telecommunications Act of 1996](/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996 \"Telecommunications Act of 1996\") had deregulated station ownership, leading the industry to trend towards national [syndication](/wiki/Radio_syndication \"Radio syndication\") and away from local personalities.", "The contrarian and often left\\-leaning Lassiter increasingly found himself an [anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism \"Anachronism\"), even as he garnered tremendous market shares of listeners who both loved and loathed him. He rolled with the punches as best he could, provoking his audience more furiously than ever and taking on\\-air potshots at WFLA's own conservative host, [Mark Larsen](http://www.themorningmagazine.com/), but it often seemed that his real nemesis was the very industry he was part of, [commercial radio](/wiki/Commercial_radio \"Commercial radio\").", "In 1999 WFLA, which had been owned by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor \"Jacor\"), was purchased along with all of Jacor's holdings by [Clear Channel](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") (now iHeartMedia). At the time Clear Channel was building its radio empire and employing a variety of cost\\-cutting techniques, such as relying heavily on centralized, syndicated programming and eliminating local personalities and technicians from its payroll. Lassiter, disgusted by the changes Clear Channel was making and knowing that his time in radio was not long, began expressing open hostility to their policies on the air; at one point he was even reading employee questionnaires circulated inside the offices, and describing the deeply caustic answers he was filling in.", "Finally on December 1, 1999, four weeks before his contract was set to expire, Lassiter opened his broadcast with a monologue aimed directly at WFLA's business office:", "{{blockquote\\|Management gets very, very, very distraught when I deal with internal things publicly. But for a month now, meetings get postponed, calls don't get returned; little things like that, you know? So we'll deal with it publicly.", "My contract expires December 31, 1999 at 12 midnight. I inquired a month ago as to whether or not they had any interest in renewing it. As I said, phone calls don't get returned, lunch engagements get postponed, \"Uh, give me another week on that, would ya?\" Yesterday I had people saying goodbye to me. I had to read on a local bulletin board that yesterday was going to be my last day.", "Well, I'm tired of making phone calls and not having them returned. I'm tired of all this kind of crap, so here's the bottom line: as far as I am concerned—and there will be no further discourse on this—as far as I am concerned, I will do my last show on December 23, because I have a week's vacation coming to me and I'll be damned if I'm gonna get screwed out of it.", "So that settles the matter. You don't have to hide behind closed, locked doors anymore; you don't have to avoid me when I'm pulling into the parking lot; you don't have to look the other way when you're walking past the windows; you don't have to fail to return phone calls; you don't have to beg for another week; you don't have to bail out of luncheon meetings. That's it. And there will be no further discussion. This sucks! It sucks big time!", "I'll bet you're mad at me for talking about this on the air, aren't you? \"''Why does he do that?''\" It's real simple. Treat me like I don't exist, and you don't exist. Thank you ever so much, WFLA. Thank you ever so much.{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= \\[\\[WFLA (AM)]] \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1999\\-12\\-01 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-12\\-18 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030429/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2009\\-03\\-25 }}\n}}", "Predictably, he was told the next day that he need not bother to return to work at WFLA that day or any other. \"Most men would have been devastated upon losing a six\\-figure, cushy job,\" Lassiter said later. \"I was relieved.\" He officially retired from radio. His slot was filled by future radio star [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck \"Glenn Beck\").", "" ]
### Return to Tampa #### WSUN (1993–95\) Lassiter then moved to [Davenport, Iowa](/wiki/Davenport%2C_Iowa "Davenport, Iowa") with the intention of retiring from the radio business. After a year and a half, however, Tampa came calling again; the venerable WSUN was experimenting with a non\-topical talk\-radio format and offered him a hefty sum for its morning\-drive slot. Lassiter accepted the job and moved back to Tampa, returning to the air on February 1, 1993\.{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= WSUN \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1993\-02\-01 \| accessdate \= 2009\-12\-18 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120220091200/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2012\-02\-20 }} The morning time slot saw Lassiter's combative persona reach a peak, as he began an increasingly hostile feud with his old mentor Neil Rogers. Neil would constantly deride him about his weight, calling him "Blob". Though it started out as a put down, the fans of Lassiter in Tampa area began to use it as a term of endearment. However, he was not a ratings success, and in January 1994 he moved to the mid\-afternoon; Sharon Taylor, the newscaster for his morning show, became his on\-air sidekick. While his numbers vastly improved, the circumstances forced him to change his approach drastically; in his final month (November 1995\), Lassiter famously teased Taylor about her [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 "Thanksgiving (United States)") [turkey](/wiki/Turkey_meat "Turkey meat"). Despite his adaptations and his ratings (he regularly routed [WFLA](/wiki/WFLA_%28AM%29 "WFLA (AM)") in his afternoon day part), Lassiter recognized that the station was failing and, as he had at WLS, began publicly predicting that his contract option would not be renewed. Again he was correct; WSUN's parent company [Cox Broadcasting](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises "Cox Enterprises") fired him before his scheduled showtime on November 27, 1995\. Although Lassiter would later recall that no employer had ever treated him better or been more fun to work for, the end of his relationship with WSUN was very bitter: Cox refused to release him from his non\-compete agreement (despite the fact that WSUN was changing formats and thus Lassiter would not be competition). #### WFLA (1996–99\) Once the non\-compete expired in April 1996, Lassiter returned to WFLA's night shift and reclaimed his classic persona, as well as his [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron "Arbitron") ratings throne. By that time, however, the business had changed dramatically. [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh "Rush Limbaugh") had transformed the AM band; Lassiter referred to his style as "Support Group Radio" — he found that listeners had become used to having their beliefs echoed and reinforced by the radio host, not challenged—and not particularly primed to call the show. In addition, the [Telecommunications Act of 1996](/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996 "Telecommunications Act of 1996") had deregulated station ownership, leading the industry to trend towards national [syndication](/wiki/Radio_syndication "Radio syndication") and away from local personalities. The contrarian and often left\-leaning Lassiter increasingly found himself an [anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism "Anachronism"), even as he garnered tremendous market shares of listeners who both loved and loathed him. He rolled with the punches as best he could, provoking his audience more furiously than ever and taking on\-air potshots at WFLA's own conservative host, [Mark Larsen](http://www.themorningmagazine.com/), but it often seemed that his real nemesis was the very industry he was part of, [commercial radio](/wiki/Commercial_radio "Commercial radio"). In 1999 WFLA, which had been owned by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor "Jacor"), was purchased along with all of Jacor's holdings by [Clear Channel](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications") (now iHeartMedia). At the time Clear Channel was building its radio empire and employing a variety of cost\-cutting techniques, such as relying heavily on centralized, syndicated programming and eliminating local personalities and technicians from its payroll. Lassiter, disgusted by the changes Clear Channel was making and knowing that his time in radio was not long, began expressing open hostility to their policies on the air; at one point he was even reading employee questionnaires circulated inside the offices, and describing the deeply caustic answers he was filling in. Finally on December 1, 1999, four weeks before his contract was set to expire, Lassiter opened his broadcast with a monologue aimed directly at WFLA's business office: {{blockquote\|Management gets very, very, very distraught when I deal with internal things publicly. But for a month now, meetings get postponed, calls don't get returned; little things like that, you know? So we'll deal with it publicly. My contract expires December 31, 1999 at 12 midnight. I inquired a month ago as to whether or not they had any interest in renewing it. As I said, phone calls don't get returned, lunch engagements get postponed, "Uh, give me another week on that, would ya?" Yesterday I had people saying goodbye to me. I had to read on a local bulletin board that yesterday was going to be my last day. Well, I'm tired of making phone calls and not having them returned. I'm tired of all this kind of crap, so here's the bottom line: as far as I am concerned—and there will be no further discourse on this—as far as I am concerned, I will do my last show on December 23, because I have a week's vacation coming to me and I'll be damned if I'm gonna get screwed out of it. So that settles the matter. You don't have to hide behind closed, locked doors anymore; you don't have to avoid me when I'm pulling into the parking lot; you don't have to look the other way when you're walking past the windows; you don't have to fail to return phone calls; you don't have to beg for another week; you don't have to bail out of luncheon meetings. That's it. And there will be no further discussion. This sucks! It sucks big time! I'll bet you're mad at me for talking about this on the air, aren't you? "''Why does he do that?''" It's real simple. Treat me like I don't exist, and you don't exist. Thank you ever so much, WFLA. Thank you ever so much.{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= \[\[WFLA (AM)]] \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1999\-12\-01 \| accessdate \= 2009\-12\-18 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030429/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2009\-03\-25 }} }} Predictably, he was told the next day that he need not bother to return to work at WFLA that day or any other. "Most men would have been devastated upon losing a six\-figure, cushy job," Lassiter said later. "I was relieved." He officially retired from radio. His slot was filled by future radio star [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck "Glenn Beck").
[ "### Return to Tampa", "#### WSUN (1993–95\\)", "Lassiter then moved to [Davenport, Iowa](/wiki/Davenport%2C_Iowa \"Davenport, Iowa\") with the intention of retiring from the radio business. After a year and a half, however, Tampa came calling again; the venerable WSUN was experimenting with a non\\-topical talk\\-radio format and offered him a hefty sum for its morning\\-drive slot. Lassiter accepted the job and moved back to Tampa, returning to the air on February 1, 1993\\.{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\\.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= WSUN \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1993\\-02\\-01 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-12\\-18 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120220091200/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wsun/wsun020193\\.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2012\\-02\\-20 }}", "The morning time slot saw Lassiter's combative persona reach a peak, as he began an increasingly hostile feud with his old mentor Neil Rogers. Neil would constantly deride him about his weight, calling him \"Blob\". Though it started out as a put down, the fans of Lassiter in Tampa area began to use it as a term of endearment. However, he was not a ratings success, and in January 1994 he moved to the mid\\-afternoon; Sharon Taylor, the newscaster for his morning show, became his on\\-air sidekick. While his numbers vastly improved, the circumstances forced him to change his approach drastically; in his final month (November 1995\\), Lassiter famously teased Taylor about her [Thanksgiving](/wiki/Thanksgiving_%28United_States%29 \"Thanksgiving (United States)\") [turkey](/wiki/Turkey_meat \"Turkey meat\").", "Despite his adaptations and his ratings (he regularly routed [WFLA](/wiki/WFLA_%28AM%29 \"WFLA (AM)\") in his afternoon day part), Lassiter recognized that the station was failing and, as he had at WLS, began publicly predicting that his contract option would not be renewed. Again he was correct; WSUN's parent company [Cox Broadcasting](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises \"Cox Enterprises\") fired him before his scheduled showtime on November 27, 1995\\. Although Lassiter would later recall that no employer had ever treated him better or been more fun to work for, the end of his relationship with WSUN was very bitter: Cox refused to release him from his non\\-compete agreement (despite the fact that WSUN was changing formats and thus Lassiter would not be competition).", "#### WFLA (1996–99\\)", "Once the non\\-compete expired in April 1996, Lassiter returned to WFLA's night shift and reclaimed his classic persona, as well as his [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron \"Arbitron\") ratings throne.", "By that time, however, the business had changed dramatically. [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh \"Rush Limbaugh\") had transformed the AM band; Lassiter referred to his style as \"Support Group Radio\" — he found that listeners had become used to having their beliefs echoed and reinforced by the radio host, not challenged—and not particularly primed to call the show. In addition, the [Telecommunications Act of 1996](/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996 \"Telecommunications Act of 1996\") had deregulated station ownership, leading the industry to trend towards national [syndication](/wiki/Radio_syndication \"Radio syndication\") and away from local personalities.", "The contrarian and often left\\-leaning Lassiter increasingly found himself an [anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism \"Anachronism\"), even as he garnered tremendous market shares of listeners who both loved and loathed him. He rolled with the punches as best he could, provoking his audience more furiously than ever and taking on\\-air potshots at WFLA's own conservative host, [Mark Larsen](http://www.themorningmagazine.com/), but it often seemed that his real nemesis was the very industry he was part of, [commercial radio](/wiki/Commercial_radio \"Commercial radio\").", "In 1999 WFLA, which had been owned by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor \"Jacor\"), was purchased along with all of Jacor's holdings by [Clear Channel](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") (now iHeartMedia). At the time Clear Channel was building its radio empire and employing a variety of cost\\-cutting techniques, such as relying heavily on centralized, syndicated programming and eliminating local personalities and technicians from its payroll. Lassiter, disgusted by the changes Clear Channel was making and knowing that his time in radio was not long, began expressing open hostility to their policies on the air; at one point he was even reading employee questionnaires circulated inside the offices, and describing the deeply caustic answers he was filling in.", "Finally on December 1, 1999, four weeks before his contract was set to expire, Lassiter opened his broadcast with a monologue aimed directly at WFLA's business office:", "{{blockquote\\|Management gets very, very, very distraught when I deal with internal things publicly. But for a month now, meetings get postponed, calls don't get returned; little things like that, you know? So we'll deal with it publicly.", "My contract expires December 31, 1999 at 12 midnight. I inquired a month ago as to whether or not they had any interest in renewing it. As I said, phone calls don't get returned, lunch engagements get postponed, \"Uh, give me another week on that, would ya?\" Yesterday I had people saying goodbye to me. I had to read on a local bulletin board that yesterday was going to be my last day.", "Well, I'm tired of making phone calls and not having them returned. I'm tired of all this kind of crap, so here's the bottom line: as far as I am concerned—and there will be no further discourse on this—as far as I am concerned, I will do my last show on December 23, because I have a week's vacation coming to me and I'll be damned if I'm gonna get screwed out of it.", "So that settles the matter. You don't have to hide behind closed, locked doors anymore; you don't have to avoid me when I'm pulling into the parking lot; you don't have to look the other way when you're walking past the windows; you don't have to fail to return phone calls; you don't have to beg for another week; you don't have to bail out of luncheon meetings. That's it. And there will be no further discussion. This sucks! It sucks big time!", "I'll bet you're mad at me for talking about this on the air, aren't you? \"''Why does he do that?''\" It's real simple. Treat me like I don't exist, and you don't exist. Thank you ever so much, WFLA. Thank you ever so much.{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= \\[\\[WFLA (AM)]] \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1999\\-12\\-01 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-12\\-18 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030429/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2009\\-03\\-25 }}\n}}", "Predictably, he was told the next day that he need not bother to return to work at WFLA that day or any other. \"Most men would have been devastated upon losing a six\\-figure, cushy job,\" Lassiter said later. \"I was relieved.\" He officially retired from radio. His slot was filled by future radio star [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck \"Glenn Beck\").", "" ]
#### WFLA (1996–99\) Once the non\-compete expired in April 1996, Lassiter returned to WFLA's night shift and reclaimed his classic persona, as well as his [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron "Arbitron") ratings throne. By that time, however, the business had changed dramatically. [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh "Rush Limbaugh") had transformed the AM band; Lassiter referred to his style as "Support Group Radio" — he found that listeners had become used to having their beliefs echoed and reinforced by the radio host, not challenged—and not particularly primed to call the show. In addition, the [Telecommunications Act of 1996](/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996 "Telecommunications Act of 1996") had deregulated station ownership, leading the industry to trend towards national [syndication](/wiki/Radio_syndication "Radio syndication") and away from local personalities. The contrarian and often left\-leaning Lassiter increasingly found himself an [anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism "Anachronism"), even as he garnered tremendous market shares of listeners who both loved and loathed him. He rolled with the punches as best he could, provoking his audience more furiously than ever and taking on\-air potshots at WFLA's own conservative host, [Mark Larsen](http://www.themorningmagazine.com/), but it often seemed that his real nemesis was the very industry he was part of, [commercial radio](/wiki/Commercial_radio "Commercial radio"). In 1999 WFLA, which had been owned by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor "Jacor"), was purchased along with all of Jacor's holdings by [Clear Channel](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications "Clear Channel Communications") (now iHeartMedia). At the time Clear Channel was building its radio empire and employing a variety of cost\-cutting techniques, such as relying heavily on centralized, syndicated programming and eliminating local personalities and technicians from its payroll. Lassiter, disgusted by the changes Clear Channel was making and knowing that his time in radio was not long, began expressing open hostility to their policies on the air; at one point he was even reading employee questionnaires circulated inside the offices, and describing the deeply caustic answers he was filling in. Finally on December 1, 1999, four weeks before his contract was set to expire, Lassiter opened his broadcast with a monologue aimed directly at WFLA's business office: {{blockquote\|Management gets very, very, very distraught when I deal with internal things publicly. But for a month now, meetings get postponed, calls don't get returned; little things like that, you know? So we'll deal with it publicly. My contract expires December 31, 1999 at 12 midnight. I inquired a month ago as to whether or not they had any interest in renewing it. As I said, phone calls don't get returned, lunch engagements get postponed, "Uh, give me another week on that, would ya?" Yesterday I had people saying goodbye to me. I had to read on a local bulletin board that yesterday was going to be my last day. Well, I'm tired of making phone calls and not having them returned. I'm tired of all this kind of crap, so here's the bottom line: as far as I am concerned—and there will be no further discourse on this—as far as I am concerned, I will do my last show on December 23, because I have a week's vacation coming to me and I'll be damned if I'm gonna get screwed out of it. So that settles the matter. You don't have to hide behind closed, locked doors anymore; you don't have to avoid me when I'm pulling into the parking lot; you don't have to look the other way when you're walking past the windows; you don't have to fail to return phone calls; you don't have to beg for another week; you don't have to bail out of luncheon meetings. That's it. And there will be no further discussion. This sucks! It sucks big time! I'll bet you're mad at me for talking about this on the air, aren't you? "''Why does he do that?''" It's real simple. Treat me like I don't exist, and you don't exist. Thank you ever so much, WFLA. Thank you ever so much.{{cite episode \| url \= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \| title \= The Bob Lassiter Show \| first \= Bob \| last \= Lassiter \| station \= \[\[WFLA (AM)]] \| location \= \[\[Tampa, Florida]] \| airdate \= 1999\-12\-01 \| accessdate \= 2009\-12\-18 \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030429/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \| archivedate \= 2009\-03\-25 }} }} Predictably, he was told the next day that he need not bother to return to work at WFLA that day or any other. "Most men would have been devastated upon losing a six\-figure, cushy job," Lassiter said later. "I was relieved." He officially retired from radio. His slot was filled by future radio star [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck "Glenn Beck").
[ "#### WFLA (1996–99\\)", "Once the non\\-compete expired in April 1996, Lassiter returned to WFLA's night shift and reclaimed his classic persona, as well as his [Arbitron](/wiki/Arbitron \"Arbitron\") ratings throne.", "By that time, however, the business had changed dramatically. [Rush Limbaugh](/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh \"Rush Limbaugh\") had transformed the AM band; Lassiter referred to his style as \"Support Group Radio\" — he found that listeners had become used to having their beliefs echoed and reinforced by the radio host, not challenged—and not particularly primed to call the show. In addition, the [Telecommunications Act of 1996](/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996 \"Telecommunications Act of 1996\") had deregulated station ownership, leading the industry to trend towards national [syndication](/wiki/Radio_syndication \"Radio syndication\") and away from local personalities.", "The contrarian and often left\\-leaning Lassiter increasingly found himself an [anachronism](/wiki/Anachronism \"Anachronism\"), even as he garnered tremendous market shares of listeners who both loved and loathed him. He rolled with the punches as best he could, provoking his audience more furiously than ever and taking on\\-air potshots at WFLA's own conservative host, [Mark Larsen](http://www.themorningmagazine.com/), but it often seemed that his real nemesis was the very industry he was part of, [commercial radio](/wiki/Commercial_radio \"Commercial radio\").", "In 1999 WFLA, which had been owned by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor \"Jacor\"), was purchased along with all of Jacor's holdings by [Clear Channel](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") (now iHeartMedia). At the time Clear Channel was building its radio empire and employing a variety of cost\\-cutting techniques, such as relying heavily on centralized, syndicated programming and eliminating local personalities and technicians from its payroll. Lassiter, disgusted by the changes Clear Channel was making and knowing that his time in radio was not long, began expressing open hostility to their policies on the air; at one point he was even reading employee questionnaires circulated inside the offices, and describing the deeply caustic answers he was filling in.", "Finally on December 1, 1999, four weeks before his contract was set to expire, Lassiter opened his broadcast with a monologue aimed directly at WFLA's business office:", "{{blockquote\\|Management gets very, very, very distraught when I deal with internal things publicly. But for a month now, meetings get postponed, calls don't get returned; little things like that, you know? So we'll deal with it publicly.", "My contract expires December 31, 1999 at 12 midnight. I inquired a month ago as to whether or not they had any interest in renewing it. As I said, phone calls don't get returned, lunch engagements get postponed, \"Uh, give me another week on that, would ya?\" Yesterday I had people saying goodbye to me. I had to read on a local bulletin board that yesterday was going to be my last day.", "Well, I'm tired of making phone calls and not having them returned. I'm tired of all this kind of crap, so here's the bottom line: as far as I am concerned—and there will be no further discourse on this—as far as I am concerned, I will do my last show on December 23, because I have a week's vacation coming to me and I'll be damned if I'm gonna get screwed out of it.", "So that settles the matter. You don't have to hide behind closed, locked doors anymore; you don't have to avoid me when I'm pulling into the parking lot; you don't have to look the other way when you're walking past the windows; you don't have to fail to return phone calls; you don't have to beg for another week; you don't have to bail out of luncheon meetings. That's it. And there will be no further discussion. This sucks! It sucks big time!", "I'll bet you're mad at me for talking about this on the air, aren't you? \"''Why does he do that?''\" It's real simple. Treat me like I don't exist, and you don't exist. Thank you ever so much, WFLA. Thank you ever so much.{{cite episode \\| url \\= http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \\| title \\= The Bob Lassiter Show \\| first \\= Bob \\| last \\= Lassiter \\| station \\= \\[\\[WFLA (AM)]] \\| location \\= \\[\\[Tampa, Florida]] \\| airdate \\= 1999\\-12\\-01 \\| accessdate \\= 2009\\-12\\-18 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030429/http://www.boblassiterairchecks.com/wfla/final.mp3 \\| archivedate \\= 2009\\-03\\-25 }}\n}}", "Predictably, he was told the next day that he need not bother to return to work at WFLA that day or any other. \"Most men would have been devastated upon losing a six\\-figure, cushy job,\" Lassiter said later. \"I was relieved.\" He officially retired from radio. His slot was filled by future radio star [Glenn Beck](/wiki/Glenn_Beck \"Glenn Beck\").", "" ]
Style ----- Although frequently funny and thought\-provoking, Lassiter was always caustic, always contrarian, and often downright mean. He typically began his show with a topical [monologue](/wiki/Monologue "Monologue") that could last anywhere from five minutes to an hour to a full three\-hour shift; the monologue was usually designed to incite his listeners to the point of blind rage, at which point he would begin to accept calls from people who were furious to the point of inarticulacy. As he once put it, "It dawned on me that if I talked for an hour, hour and a half, by the time I stopped these people weren't rational. And then I would just rip them to shreds."{{Cite web \| url\=http://newflux.blogspot.com/2002\_08\_20\_newflux\_archive.html \|title \= Music News}} In fact, Lassiter showed extreme disdain and impatience with his callers, not hesitating to poke fun at them, subtly trap them into demonstrating their hypocrisy or lies, or even to insult them outright. "Get off my phone, you subhuman pig!" became one of his most famous catchphrases. Lassiter famously began each hour of his show by giving the day of the week, date, and time (e.g., "Six minutes after the hour of eight o'clock; welcome back, funseekers. It's a Thursday night, September the twelfth, nineteen hundred and ninety six.") He also cultivated a number of signature sign\-offs over the years. At WPLP he ended each show by saying "Behave yourselves", and playing "[Take It To the Limit](/wiki/Take_It_To_the_Limit "Take It To the Limit")" by [The Eagles](/wiki/The_Eagles "The Eagles"); at WLS, he signed off with, "Love you, Chicago"; in his final years at WFLA he closed by playing an extended version of [The Blues Brothers](/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers "The Blues Brothers")' "Sweet Home Chicago" as he continued speaking or answering phones, then finally playing a tape of a caller saying "That's it?...We're done?...well, have a good night then." ### Callers Lassiter had no use for callers who agreed with him, often rushing them off the line so he could find someone with whom he could have a compelling fight. In fact, after his monologue and topic setup he would often tell people who agreed with him not to call, that he was only interested in opposing viewpoints that day; if he received callers who agreed with him anyway, he would immediately hang up on them. Lassiter was willing to give equal time to those who disagreed with him, even if he would mercilessly lambast them afterward. Frequently, though, he had to force the opposition to speak their piece, cutting off their attempts at preambles, red herrings and ad hominem attacks and demanding that they answer the question at hand. If there was an exception to this rule, it was with the cranks and extremists: when he received calls from the religious fringe, [conspiracy theorists](/wiki/Conspiracy_theorists "Conspiracy theorists"), ideologues, even members of the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan "Ku Klux Klan")—he would let them have their say, even encouraging them to make outrageously offensive and marginal statements and thus discredit themselves. In later years, Lassiter became known for "punishing" his listeners when they didn't call in. If he reached a point in the show at which the switchboard wasn't lit, rather than riffing or starting a new monologue to fill the time, Lassiter would allow dead air to sit in. He might hum "The Anniversary Waltz", drum his fingers on the console, or even be heard quietly dealing himself a game of [solitaire](/wiki/Solitaire_%28game%29 "Solitaire (game)"). Sometimes he would adopt more creative punishments: one night in Chicago, when nobody would address his topic, Lassiter invited calls from Born\-Again Christians who wanted to give their personal religious testimonies, and wouldn't allow any other callers.{{cite web \|url\=http://boblassiterairchecks.com/blog/2007/10/11/personal\-testimony/ \|title\=Bob Lassiter Airchecks \|accessdate\=2008\-05\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106192323/http://boblassiterairchecks.com/blog/2007/10/11/personal\-testimony/ \|archivedate\=2009\-01\-06 }} The message was, it was a call\-in show, so it was callers' job to carry the program. Lassiter had no intention of doing their job for them. Occasionally, though, he would reward callers who annoyed him with absolute silence: in fact, on the night of August 2, 1996, Lassiter kept a caller on the air at WFLA without saying a word for 12 full minutes.{{Cite web \| url\=http://lizardbytes.com/scrapbook03\.html \| title\=The Bob Lassiter Scrapbook Page 3}} On the other hand, despite his unsparingly caustic demeanor and complete frankness, radio with Lassiter was in many respects a kind of free\-for\-all. At least once a week, Lassiter would do "open phones", letting people call in with whatever they wanted to talk about. At times, he would even bypass the call screeners and answer the phones himself—a format he called "Chat With Bob"—letting prank callers, and anyone who wanted to be on the radio at all, speak (although he would censor them if necessary). This would lead to an inordinant number of people calling in and flushing toilets or holding the receiver up to the radio to hear the show on the six second tape delay; Lassiter would frequently respond to these calls by mocking the lengthy period of time they would wait on hold (typically forty minutes to an hour) just to do something completely trivial. ### Monologues Although he was unpleasant and pointedly controversial, Lassiter was a careful and engaging [orator](/wiki/Orator "Orator"), building his monologues and [telephone](/wiki/Telephone "Telephone") harassment with masterful diction, phrasing, and dynamics. It was a strategy that worked: he himself often noted that the secret of his success was that even the many people who despised him couldn't help but listen night after night, year after year. Lassiter was not shy about airing his personal life on the air: he shared extremely intimate details of his own childhood (including his parents' divorce and his subsequent estrangement from his father); his first marriage, including stories of an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion "Abortion") and infidelities by both parties; his own history of [recreational drug use](/wiki/Recreational_drug_use "Recreational drug use"); and the ups and downs of his radio career. "You probably know more about me than you do about your own spouse, unless you have a better\-than\-average marriage", he once informed his listeners. Listeners were also frequently treated to present\-day anecdotes about himself and his second wife Mary (the former Mary Toensfeldt—nicknamed "Muffy" — who had been the business manager at WPLP during his tenure there), or his hobbies of [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy "Astronomy"), [birdwatching](/wiki/Birdwatching "Birdwatching"), futures trading, and fiddling with his home computer. Often these were subjects he defaulted to when taking a break from "coliseum\-style radio."{{Cite web \| url\=http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2005/11/long\_live\_lassi.html \|title \= Long Live Lassiter}} ### Stunts Lassiter was also famous for the hoaxes and stunts he pulled on the radio. At times he told his audiences that he would dunk a kitten into a bucket of water live on the air until the board filled with calls, or that he was now forbidden by broadcast\-decency advocates from having any even remotely controversial content on his shows. One Friday in the mid\-1990s, he and the entire staff of WFLA convinced listeners that he had been pulled from the air by panicky management while substituting for another host, told them that there would be a major announcement about his future during his regular timeslot on Monday, and when listeners tuned in he was back on the air to rub their nose in their own gullibility. #### The $50,000 Giveaway The most famous and celebrated of his stunts became known as the "$50,000 Giveaway", which Lassiter pulled at WPLP on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day "New Year's Day") 1987\. Explaining that there were to be changes in station policy in attempt to get big ratings, Lassiter announced that WPLP would be awarding $50,000 to each and every person who called that night and every other night in 1987; if they were listening before they called, Lassiter promised, callers would receive an additional $10,000\. Additionally, the best caller of each hour would receive a brand\-new [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_car "Rolls-Royce car"), while the worst caller would receive an all\-expenses\-paid trip to Paris. Other prizes, such as vacation homes, yachts, and a penthouse in the [Trump Tower](/wiki/Trump_Tower_%28New_York%29 "Trump Tower (New York)"), were offered occasionally throughout the show. Every few minutes as Lassiter talked, his producer Michael Serio would cut in and whisper a disclaimer: "*Pssst! Hey, he doesn't mean a word of it! So don't get any smart ideas about suing us!*" Despite this, at least half of Lassiter's callers during his first three hours believed every word he told them and expressed absolute glee at having won $50,000 for doing nothing but calling a radio show. Even when Lassiter explained that to collect their money they merely needed to show up at the station in the morning (though he claimed not to know the address) and ask for it in *cash*, tax\-free, with no need of identification, these "winners" never seemed to think that anything was fishy. At the end of the third hour, Lassiter admitted openly to his callers that he had been lying all along, pointed out that his promises were absolutely outrageous and unbelievable, and took callers to task for taking him at his word without stopping to think about whether what they were hearing was even possible. Even after he did so, calls continued to pour in from people who wanted to win $50,000\.
[ "Style\n-----", "Although frequently funny and thought\\-provoking, Lassiter was always caustic, always contrarian, and often downright mean. He typically began his show with a topical [monologue](/wiki/Monologue \"Monologue\") that could last anywhere from five minutes to an hour to a full three\\-hour shift; the monologue was usually designed to incite his listeners to the point of blind rage, at which point he would begin to accept calls from people who were furious to the point of inarticulacy. As he once put it, \"It dawned on me that if I talked for an hour, hour and a half, by the time I stopped these people weren't rational. And then I would just rip them to shreds.\"{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://newflux.blogspot.com/2002\\_08\\_20\\_newflux\\_archive.html \\|title \\= Music News}} In fact, Lassiter showed extreme disdain and impatience with his callers, not hesitating to poke fun at them, subtly trap them into demonstrating their hypocrisy or lies, or even to insult them outright. \"Get off my phone, you subhuman pig!\" became one of his most famous catchphrases.", "Lassiter famously began each hour of his show by giving the day of the week, date, and time (e.g., \"Six minutes after the hour of eight o'clock; welcome back, funseekers. It's a Thursday night, September the twelfth, nineteen hundred and ninety six.\") He also cultivated a number of signature sign\\-offs over the years. At WPLP he ended each show by saying \"Behave yourselves\", and playing \"[Take It To the Limit](/wiki/Take_It_To_the_Limit \"Take It To the Limit\")\" by [The Eagles](/wiki/The_Eagles \"The Eagles\"); at WLS, he signed off with, \"Love you, Chicago\"; in his final years at WFLA he closed by playing an extended version of [The Blues Brothers](/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers \"The Blues Brothers\")' \"Sweet Home Chicago\" as he continued speaking or answering phones, then finally playing a tape of a caller saying \"That's it?...We're done?...well, have a good night then.\"", "### Callers", "Lassiter had no use for callers who agreed with him, often rushing them off the line so he could find someone with whom he could have a compelling fight. In fact, after his monologue and topic setup he would often tell people who agreed with him not to call, that he was only interested in opposing viewpoints that day; if he received callers who agreed with him anyway, he would immediately hang up on them.", "Lassiter was willing to give equal time to those who disagreed with him, even if he would mercilessly lambast them afterward. Frequently, though, he had to force the opposition to speak their piece, cutting off their attempts at preambles, red herrings and ad hominem attacks and demanding that they answer the question at hand. If there was an exception to this rule, it was with the cranks and extremists: when he received calls from the religious fringe, [conspiracy theorists](/wiki/Conspiracy_theorists \"Conspiracy theorists\"), ideologues, even members of the [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\")—he would let them have their say, even encouraging them to make outrageously offensive and marginal statements and thus discredit themselves.", "In later years, Lassiter became known for \"punishing\" his listeners when they didn't call in. If he reached a point in the show at which the switchboard wasn't lit, rather than riffing or starting a new monologue to fill the time, Lassiter would allow dead air to sit in. He might hum \"The Anniversary Waltz\", drum his fingers on the console, or even be heard quietly dealing himself a game of [solitaire](/wiki/Solitaire_%28game%29 \"Solitaire (game)\"). Sometimes he would adopt more creative punishments: one night in Chicago, when nobody would address his topic, Lassiter invited calls from Born\\-Again Christians who wanted to give their personal religious testimonies, and wouldn't allow any other callers.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://boblassiterairchecks.com/blog/2007/10/11/personal\\-testimony/ \\|title\\=Bob Lassiter Airchecks \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-05\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106192323/http://boblassiterairchecks.com/blog/2007/10/11/personal\\-testimony/ \\|archivedate\\=2009\\-01\\-06 }} The message was, it was a call\\-in show, so it was callers' job to carry the program. Lassiter had no intention of doing their job for them. Occasionally, though, he would reward callers who annoyed him with absolute silence: in fact, on the night of August 2, 1996, Lassiter kept a caller on the air at WFLA without saying a word for 12 full minutes.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://lizardbytes.com/scrapbook03\\.html \\| title\\=The Bob Lassiter Scrapbook Page 3}}", "On the other hand, despite his unsparingly caustic demeanor and complete frankness, radio with Lassiter was in many respects a kind of free\\-for\\-all. At least once a week, Lassiter would do \"open phones\", letting people call in with whatever they wanted to talk about. At times, he would even bypass the call screeners and answer the phones himself—a format he called \"Chat With Bob\"—letting prank callers, and anyone who wanted to be on the radio at all, speak (although he would censor them if necessary). This would lead to an inordinant number of people calling in and flushing toilets or holding the receiver up to the radio to hear the show on the six second tape delay; Lassiter would frequently respond to these calls by mocking the lengthy period of time they would wait on hold (typically forty minutes to an hour) just to do something completely trivial.", "### Monologues", "Although he was unpleasant and pointedly controversial, Lassiter was a careful and engaging [orator](/wiki/Orator \"Orator\"), building his monologues and [telephone](/wiki/Telephone \"Telephone\") harassment with masterful diction, phrasing, and dynamics. It was a strategy that worked: he himself often noted that the secret of his success was that even the many people who despised him couldn't help but listen night after night, year after year.", "Lassiter was not shy about airing his personal life on the air: he shared extremely intimate details of his own childhood (including his parents' divorce and his subsequent estrangement from his father); his first marriage, including stories of an [abortion](/wiki/Abortion \"Abortion\") and infidelities by both parties; his own history of [recreational drug use](/wiki/Recreational_drug_use \"Recreational drug use\"); and the ups and downs of his radio career. \"You probably know more about me than you do about your own spouse, unless you have a better\\-than\\-average marriage\", he once informed his listeners. Listeners were also frequently treated to present\\-day anecdotes about himself and his second wife Mary (the former Mary Toensfeldt—nicknamed \"Muffy\" — who had been the business manager at WPLP during his tenure there), or his hobbies of [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\"), [birdwatching](/wiki/Birdwatching \"Birdwatching\"), futures trading, and fiddling with his home computer. Often these were subjects he defaulted to when taking a break from \"coliseum\\-style radio.\"{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2005/11/long\\_live\\_lassi.html \\|title \\= Long Live Lassiter}}", "### Stunts", "Lassiter was also famous for the hoaxes and stunts he pulled on the radio. At times he told his audiences that he would dunk a kitten into a bucket of water live on the air until the board filled with calls, or that he was now forbidden by broadcast\\-decency advocates from having any even remotely controversial content on his shows. One Friday in the mid\\-1990s, he and the entire staff of WFLA convinced listeners that he had been pulled from the air by panicky management while substituting for another host, told them that there would be a major announcement about his future during his regular timeslot on Monday, and when listeners tuned in he was back on the air to rub their nose in their own gullibility.", "#### The $50,000 Giveaway", "The most famous and celebrated of his stunts became known as the \"$50,000 Giveaway\", which Lassiter pulled at WPLP on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day \"New Year's Day\") 1987\\. Explaining that there were to be changes in station policy in attempt to get big ratings, Lassiter announced that WPLP would be awarding $50,000 to each and every person who called that night and every other night in 1987; if they were listening before they called, Lassiter promised, callers would receive an additional $10,000\\. Additionally, the best caller of each hour would receive a brand\\-new [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_car \"Rolls-Royce car\"), while the worst caller would receive an all\\-expenses\\-paid trip to Paris. Other prizes, such as vacation homes, yachts, and a penthouse in the [Trump Tower](/wiki/Trump_Tower_%28New_York%29 \"Trump Tower (New York)\"), were offered occasionally throughout the show.", "Every few minutes as Lassiter talked, his producer Michael Serio would cut in and whisper a disclaimer: \"*Pssst! Hey, he doesn't mean a word of it! So don't get any smart ideas about suing us!*\" Despite this, at least half of Lassiter's callers during his first three hours believed every word he told them and expressed absolute glee at having won $50,000 for doing nothing but calling a radio show. Even when Lassiter explained that to collect their money they merely needed to show up at the station in the morning (though he claimed not to know the address) and ask for it in *cash*, tax\\-free, with no need of identification, these \"winners\" never seemed to think that anything was fishy.", "At the end of the third hour, Lassiter admitted openly to his callers that he had been lying all along, pointed out that his promises were absolutely outrageous and unbelievable, and took callers to task for taking him at his word without stopping to think about whether what they were hearing was even possible. Even after he did so, calls continued to pour in from people who wanted to win $50,000\\.", "" ]
Input/Output mode ----------------- This mode is selected when D7 bit of the Control Word Register is 1\. There are three I/O modes:{{cite web\|url\=http://map.grauw.nl/resources/ppi/chipsi8255\.pdf\|title\=i8255 introduction}} 1. Mode 0 \- Simple I/O 2. Mode 1 \- Strobed I/O 3. Mode 2 \- Strobed Bi\-directional I/O ### Control Word format [thumb\|550 px\|I/O Control Word Format](/wiki/File:PAI8255.png "PAI8255.png") * **D0, D1, D3, D4** are assigned for port C lower, port B, port C upper and port A respectively. When these bits are **1**, the corresponding port acts as an input port. For e.g., if D0 \= D4 \= 1, then lower port C and port A act as input ports. If these bits are **0**, then the corresponding port acts as an output port. For e.g., if D1 \= D3 \= 0, then port B and upper port C act as output ports. * **D2** is used for mode selection of Group B (port B and lower port C). When D2 \= 0, mode 0 is selected and when D2 \= 1, mode 1 is selected. * **D5 \& D6** are used for mode selection of Group A ( port A and upper port C). The selection is done as follows: |D6 D5 Mode | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | X | 2 | * As it is I/O mode, **D7** \= 1\. For example, if port B and upper port C have to be initialized as input ports and lower port C and port A as output ports (all in mode 0\): 1. Since it is an I/O mode, D7 \= 1\. 2. Mode selection bits, D2, D5, D6 are all 0 for mode 0 operation. 3. Port B and upper port C should operate as Input ports, hence, D1 \= D3 \= 1\. 4. Port A and lower port C should operate as Output ports, hence, D4 \= D0 \= 0\. Hence, for the desired operation, the control word register will have to be loaded with **"10001010" \= 8A (hex)**. ### Mode 0 \- simple I/O In this mode, the ports can be used for simple I/O operations without handshaking signals. Port A, port B provide simple I/O operation. The two halves of port C can be either used together as an additional 8\-bit port, or they can be used as individual 4\-bit ports. Since the two halves of port C are independent, they may be used such that one\-half is initialized as an input port while the other half is initialized as an output port. The input/output features in mode 0 are as follows: 1. Output ports are latched. 2. Input ports are buffered, not latched. 3. Ports do not have handshake or interrupt capability. 4. With 4 ports, 16 different combinations of I/O are possible. 'Latched' means the bits are put into a storage register (array of flip\-flops) which holds its output constant even if the inputs change after being latched. The 8255's outputs are latched to hold the last data written to them. This is required because the data only stays on the bus for one cycle. So, without latching, the outputs would become invalid as soon as the write cycle finishes. The inputs are not latched because the CPU only has to read their current values, then store the data in a CPU register or memory if it needs to be referenced at a later time. If an input changes while the port is being read then the result may be indeterminate. #### Mode 0 – input mode * In the input mode, the 8255 gets data from the external peripheral ports and the CPU reads the received data via its data bus. * The CPU first selects the 8255 chip by making {\\neg}CS low. Then it selects the desired port using A0 and A1 lines. * The CPU then issues an {\\neg}RD signal to read the data from the external peripheral device via the system data bus. #### Mode 0 \- output mode * In the output mode, the CPU sends data to 8255 via system data bus and then the external peripheral ports receive this data via 8255 port. * CPU first selects the 8255 chip by making {\\neg}CS low. It then selects the desired port using A0 and A1 lines. * CPU then issues a {\\neg}WR signal to write data to the selected port via the system data bus. This data is then received by the external peripheral device connected to the selected port. ### Mode 1 \- Strobed Input/output mode When we wish to use port A or port B for handshake (strobed) input or output operation, we initialise that port in mode 1 (port A and port B can be initialised to operate in different modes, i.e., for e.g., port A can operate in mode 0 and port B in mode 1\). Some of the pins of port C function as handshake lines. For port B in this mode (irrespective of whether is acting as an input port or output port), PC0, PC1 and PC2 pins function as handshake lines. If port A is initialised as mode 1 input port, then, PC3, PC4 and PC5 function as handshake signals. Pins PC6 and PC7 are available for use as input/output lines. The mode 1 which supports handshaking has following features: Two ports i.e. port A and B can be used as 8\-bit i/o ports. Each port uses three lines of port c as handshake signal and remaining two signals can be used as i/o ports. Interrupt logic is supported. Input and Output data are latched. 1. 1. 1. 1. **Input Handshaking signals** 1\. IBF (Input Buffer Full) \- It is an output indicating that the input latch contains information. 2\. STB (Strobed Input) \- The strobe input loads data into the port latch, which holds the information until it is input to the microprocessor via the IN instruction. 3\. INTR (Interrupt request) \- It is an output that requests an interrupt. The INTR pin becomes a logic 1 when the STB input returns to a logic 1, and is cleared when the data are input from the port by the microprocessor. 4\. INTE (Interrupt enable) \- It is neither an input nor an output; it is an internal bit programmed via the port PC4(port A) or PC2(port B) bit position. **Output Handshaking signals** 1\. OBF (Output Buffer Full) \- It is an output that goes low whenever data are output(OUT) to the port A or port B latch. This signal is set to a logic 1 whenever the ACK pulse returns from the external device. 2\. ACK (Acknowledge)\-It causes the OBF pin to return to a logic 1 level. The ACK signal is a response from an external device, indicating that it has received the data from the 82C55A port. 3\. INTR (Interrupt request) \- It is a signal that often interrupts the microprocessor when the external device receives the data via the signal. this pin is qualified by the internal INTE(interrupt enable) bit. 4\. INTE (Interrupt enable) \- It is neither an input nor an output; it is an internal bit programmed to enable or disable the INTR pin. The INTE A bit is programmed using the PC6 bit and INTE B is programmed using the PC2 bit. ### Mode 2 \- Strobed Bidirectional Input/Output mode Only port A can be initialized in this mode. Port A can be used for *bidirectional handshake* data transfer. This means that data can be input or output on the same eight lines (PA0 \- PA7\). Pins PC3 \- PC7 are used as handshake lines for port A. The remaining pins of port C (PC0 \- PC2\) can be used as input/output lines if group B is initialized in mode 0 or as handshaking for port B if group B is initialized in mode 1\. In this mode, the 8255 may be used to extend the system bus to a slave [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor "Microprocessor") or to transfer data bytes to and from a [floppy disk](/wiki/Floppy_disk "Floppy disk") controller. Acknowledgement and handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronisation between the data transmitter and receiver.
[ "Input/Output mode\n-----------------", "This mode is selected when D7 bit of the Control Word Register is 1\\. There are three I/O modes:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://map.grauw.nl/resources/ppi/chipsi8255\\.pdf\\|title\\=i8255 introduction}}\n1. Mode 0 \\- Simple I/O\n2. Mode 1 \\- Strobed I/O\n3. Mode 2 \\- Strobed Bi\\-directional I/O", "### Control Word format", "[thumb\\|550 px\\|I/O Control Word Format](/wiki/File:PAI8255.png \"PAI8255.png\")\n* **D0, D1, D3, D4** are assigned for port C lower, port B, port C upper and port A respectively. When these bits are **1**, the corresponding port acts as an input port. For e.g., if D0 \\= D4 \\= 1, then lower port C and port A act as input ports. If these bits are **0**, then the corresponding port acts as an output port. For e.g., if D1 \\= D3 \\= 0, then port B and upper port C act as output ports.\n* **D2** is used for mode selection of Group B (port B and lower port C). When D2 \\= 0, mode 0 is selected and when D2 \\= 1, mode 1 is selected.\n* **D5 \\& D6** are used for mode selection of Group A ( port A and upper port C). The selection is done as follows:", "|D6", "D5", "Mode |\n| 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 0 | 1 | 1 |\n| 1 | X | 2 |\n* As it is I/O mode, **D7** \\= 1\\.\nFor example, if port B and upper port C have to be initialized as input ports and lower port C and port A as output ports (all in mode 0\\):\n1. Since it is an I/O mode, D7 \\= 1\\.\n2. Mode selection bits, D2, D5, D6 are all 0 for mode 0 operation.\n3. Port B and upper port C should operate as Input ports, hence, D1 \\= D3 \\= 1\\.\n4. Port A and lower port C should operate as Output ports, hence, D4 \\= D0 \\= 0\\.", "Hence, for the desired operation, the control word register will have to be loaded with **\"10001010\" \\= 8A (hex)**.", "### Mode 0 \\- simple I/O", "In this mode, the ports can be used for simple I/O operations without handshaking signals. Port A, port B provide simple I/O operation. The two halves of port C can be either used together as an additional 8\\-bit port, or they can be used as individual 4\\-bit ports. Since the two halves of port C are independent, they may be used such that one\\-half is initialized as an input port while the other half is initialized as an output port.", "The input/output features in mode 0 are as follows:\n1. Output ports are latched.\n2. Input ports are buffered, not latched.\n3. Ports do not have handshake or interrupt capability.\n4. With 4 ports, 16 different combinations of I/O are possible.", "'Latched' means the bits are put into a storage register (array of flip\\-flops) which holds its output constant even if the inputs change after being latched.", "The 8255's outputs are latched to hold the last data written to them. This is required because the data only stays on the bus for one cycle. So, without latching, the outputs would become invalid as soon as the write cycle finishes.", "The inputs are not latched because the CPU only has to read their current values, then store the data in a CPU register or memory if it needs to be referenced at a later time. If an input changes while the port is being read then the result may be indeterminate.", "#### Mode 0 – input mode", "* In the input mode, the 8255 gets data from the external peripheral ports and the CPU reads the received data via its data bus.\n* The CPU first selects the 8255 chip by making {\\\\neg}CS low. Then it selects the desired port using A0 and A1 lines.\n* The CPU then issues an {\\\\neg}RD signal to read the data from the external peripheral device via the system data bus.", "#### Mode 0 \\- output mode", "* In the output mode, the CPU sends data to 8255 via system data bus and then the external peripheral ports receive this data via 8255 port.\n* CPU first selects the 8255 chip by making {\\\\neg}CS low. It then selects the desired port using A0 and A1 lines.\n* CPU then issues a {\\\\neg}WR signal to write data to the selected port via the system data bus. This data is then received by the external peripheral device connected to the selected port.", "### Mode 1 \\- Strobed Input/output mode", "When we wish to use port A or port B for handshake (strobed) input or output operation, we initialise that port in mode 1 (port A and port B can be initialised to operate in different modes, i.e., for e.g., port A can operate in mode 0 and port B in mode 1\\). Some of the pins of port C function as handshake lines.", "For port B in this mode (irrespective of whether is acting as an input port or output port), PC0, PC1 and PC2 pins function as handshake lines.", "If port A is initialised as mode 1 input port, then, PC3, PC4 and PC5 function as handshake signals. Pins PC6 and PC7 are available for use as input/output lines.", "The mode 1 which supports handshaking has following features:", "Two ports i.e. port A and B can be used as 8\\-bit i/o ports.\n Each port uses three lines of port c as handshake signal and remaining two signals can be used as i/o ports.\n Interrupt logic is supported.\n Input and Output data are latched.", "", "1. 1. 1. 1. **Input Handshaking signals**", "1\\. IBF (Input Buffer Full) \\- It is an output indicating that the input latch contains information.\n2\\. STB (Strobed Input) \\- The strobe input loads data into the port latch, which holds the information until it is input to the microprocessor via the IN instruction.\n3\\. INTR (Interrupt request) \\- It is an output that requests an interrupt. The INTR pin becomes a logic 1 when the STB input returns to a logic 1, and is cleared when the data are input from the port by the microprocessor.\n4\\. INTE (Interrupt enable) \\- It is neither an input nor an output; it is an internal bit programmed via the port PC4(port A) or PC2(port B) bit position.\n**Output Handshaking signals**\n1\\. OBF (Output Buffer Full) \\- It is an output that goes low whenever data are output(OUT) to the port A or port B latch. This signal is set to a logic 1 whenever the ACK pulse returns from the external device.\n2\\. ACK (Acknowledge)\\-It causes the OBF pin to return to a logic 1 level. The ACK signal is a response from an external device, indicating that it has received the data from the 82C55A port.\n3\\. INTR (Interrupt request) \\- It is a signal that often interrupts the microprocessor when the external device receives the data via the signal. this pin is qualified by the internal INTE(interrupt enable) bit.\n4\\. INTE (Interrupt enable) \\- It is neither an input nor an output; it is an internal bit programmed to enable or disable the INTR pin. The INTE A bit is programmed using the PC6 bit and INTE B is programmed using the PC2 bit.\n### Mode 2 \\- Strobed Bidirectional Input/Output mode", "Only port A can be initialized in this mode. Port A can be used for *bidirectional handshake* data transfer. This means that data can be input or output on the same eight lines (PA0 \\- PA7\\). Pins PC3 \\- PC7 are used as handshake lines for port A. The remaining pins of port C (PC0 \\- PC2\\) can be used as input/output lines if group B is initialized in mode 0 or as handshaking for port B if group B is initialized in mode 1\\. In this mode, the 8255 may be used to extend the system bus to a slave [microprocessor](/wiki/Microprocessor \"Microprocessor\") or to transfer data bytes to and from a [floppy disk](/wiki/Floppy_disk \"Floppy disk\") controller. Acknowledgement and handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronisation between the data transmitter and receiver.", "" ]
Life ---- He was born probably in 1784\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2020}} His father was [Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi](/wiki/Keeaumoku_P%C4%81paiahiahi "Keeaumoku Pāpaiahiahi") (1736–1804\), a noble from [Hawaiʻi Island](/wiki/Hawaii_%28island%29 "Hawaii (island)"), and his mother was Nāmāhānaʻi Kaleleokalani, the wife of her half\-brother the King of Maui, Kamehameha Nui. From his mother he was a related to many of the [kings of Maui](/wiki/Alii_nui_of_Maui "Alii nui of Maui").{{cite web\|title\=Kahekili Keeaumoku, (k) \|work\=Our Family History and Ancestry \|publisher\=Families of Old Hawaii \|url\=http://familiesofoldhawaii.com/getperson.php?personID\=I4073\&tree\=Ano \|access\-date\=2009\-12\-08 }}{{dead link\|date\=May 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} His father had been a counsellor and supporter of [Kamehameha I](/wiki/Kamehameha_I "Kamehameha I") during his early years. As the eldest son of Keʻeaumoku, he succeed his father as a counsellor during the last years of Kamehameha's campaigns in 1804\. He was appointed governor of [Maui](/wiki/Maui "Maui") and adjacent islands of [Molokaʻi](/wiki/Molokai "Molokai"), [Lānaʻi](/wiki/Lanai "Lanai") and [Kahoʻolawe](/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe "Kahoʻolawe") by Kamehameha I, also taking over for his father. Some early writers spell his name "Keaumoku".{{cite book \|author\=Sheldon Dibble \|author\-link\=Sheldon Dibble \|title\= History of the Sandwich Islands \|publisher\= Press of the Mission Seminary \|year\= 1843 \|location\= Lahainaluna \|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=EwqpkYKuXSMC }}{{rp\|228}} He served as Commander and Admiral of the King's Fleet and fought in the [Battle of Nu'uanu](/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu "Battle of Nuʻuanu") along with [Isaac Davis](/wiki/Isaac_Davis_%28advisor%29 "Isaac Davis (advisor)"). His siblings became notable leaders in various roles. His older sister [Kaʻahumanu](/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu "Kaʻahumanu") became a Queen consort of Kamehameha I, and after Kamehameha I's death served as Queen Regent. Another older sister [Queen Kalākua Kaheiheimālie](/wiki/Kal%C4%81kua_Kaheiheim%C4%81lie "Kalākua Kaheiheimālie"), and a younger sister [Lydia Namahana Piʻia](/wiki/Namahana_Pi%CA%BBia "Namahana Piʻia") also became royal wives. Younger brother [Kalua\-i\-Konahale Kuakini](/wiki/Kuakini "Kuakini") took the name "John Adams" and became [Royal Governor of Hawaiʻi island](/wiki/Governors_of_Hawaii_%28island%29 "Governors of Hawaii (island)"). As the custom with royalty of the time, he took multiple wives. His first two were Kekuauaea and [Akahi](/wiki/Akahi_%28died_1877%29 "Akahi (died 1877)"), the aunt who later willed her vast lands to [Bernice Pauahi Bishop](/wiki/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop "Bernice Pauahi Bishop"). Around 1821 he became the first husband of [Grace Kamaʻikuʻi Young](/wiki/Grace_Kamaikui "Grace Kamaikui") when she was in her teens, later the foster mother of [Emma Rooke](/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii "Queen Emma of Hawaii").{{cite book \|author\=George S. Kanahele \|title\=Emma: Hawai'i's Remarkable Queen: a Biography \|publisher\= \[\[University of Hawaii Press]] \|year\=1999 \|isbn\= 978\-0\-8248\-2240\-8 \|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=WLtlBNRt\_V4C }}{{rp\|2}} [left\|thumb\|Keeaumoku, facing away, and [Boki](/wiki/Boki_%28Hawaiian_chief%29 "Boki (Hawaiian chief)") on the Russian schooner *Kamchatka* by [Mikhail Tikhanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhanov "Mikhail Tikhanov").](/wiki/File:Tikhanov_-_Boki_and_Hekili_on_the_Kamchatka_%281818%29.jpg "Tikhanov - Boki and Hekili on the Kamchatka (1818).jpg") His reputation for extracting as much tax as the commoners could bear led to his nickname *Puʻu Nui* ("Great Pile"). The name refers to the rotting piles of excess goods outside his storehouses.{{cite book\|last\=Kamakau\|first\=Samuel\|author\-link\=Samuel Kamakau\|title\=Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii\|url\=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi\-bin/library?c\=chiefs\&l\=en\|edition\=Revised\|year\=1992\|orig\-year\=1961\|publisher\=\[\[Kamehameha Schools]] Press\|location\=Honolulu\|isbn\=0\-87336\-014\-1}}{{rp\|250}} In the true Hawaiian double entendre, the name also accurately described his physique: members of his family were known to be enormous. He took the name "Cox", after the first British sea captain to befriend him, Harold Cox, and "George" after King [King George IV](/wiki/George_IV "George IV"). He was usually called "Governor Cox" by foreigners. He learned English, and considered a friend of the European and American traders. The Maui port of [Lāhainā](/wiki/Lahaina%2C_Hawaii "Lahaina, Hawaii") became a popular port of call for [whaling](/wiki/Whaling "Whaling") ships in his tenure, and served as capital of the kingdom 1820–1845\.{{cite web\|url\=http://wehewehe.org/cgi\-bin/hdict?a\=q\&j\=pp\&l\=en\&q\=Lahaina\&d\=D48690 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120719153012/http://wehewehe.org/cgi\-bin/hdict?a\=q\&j\=pp\&l\=en\&q\=Lahaina\&d\=D48690 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-19 \|title\=lookup of Lahaina \|work\=on Place Names of Hawai'i \|author\=Pukui and Elbert \|year\=2004 \|publisher\=Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii \|access\-date\=2009\-12\-31 }} Captain Harold Cox would marry into Hawaiian royalty, and his daughter would marry [Chief Hoʻolulu](/wiki/Ho%CA%BBolulu "Hoʻolulu"), another former Kamehameha advisor. He was among the first to house the Protestant missionaries that had arrived from Boston in 1820\. His knowledge of English made him a valuable interpreter.{{rp\|186}} He attended public worship and collected the people together by ringing a large bell.{{cite book \|title\= Polynesian Researches During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Island \|author\= William Ellis \|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=R8INAAAAQAAJ \|year\= 1853 \|author\-link\= William Ellis (British missionary) }} They devised a writing system and he quickly learned to read and write. [thumb\|Plaque commemorating the site of the first printing in Hawaii.](/wiki/File:Honolulu-Mission-Houses-Press.JPG "Honolulu-Mission-Houses-Press.JPG") The first printing was done in a grass\-roofed hut in Honolulu at the site that is now [Kawaiahaʻo Church](/wiki/Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_Church "Kawaiahaʻo Church") in the afternoon of January 7, 1822\. The lever to begin the printing process was pulled by Keʻeaumoku in the presence of Elisha Loomis, printer; the reverend [Hiram Bingham](/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_I "Hiram Bingham I"); and James Hunnewell, mission benefactor. This first printing was the beginning of the Mission Press, which eventually printed millions of pages, most in the [Hawaiian language](/wiki/Hawaiian_language "Hawaiian language").{{rp\|179}} An English visitor in 1821 gives the following account of Keʻeaumoku II: {{quote\|This morning I went to Cox,... I expected to find him, as usual, either sleeping, or smoking, or drinking, or busy trafficking like myself. The door of his hut was half open, and I was about to enter unceremoniously, when a scene, too striking ever to be forgotten, and which would require the hand of a master painter to do it justice suddenly arrested my attention. About a dozen natives, of both sexes, were seated in a circle on the matted floor of the apartment, and, in the midst of them, sat John Honoree the Hawaiian catechist. All eyes were bent upon him; and the variously expressive features of each individual marked the degree of interest which had been excited in his mind. So absorbed, indeed, were they in the business which had assembled them, that my abrupt appearance at the door, created for some time neither interruption nor remark. The speaker held in his hand the Gospel of St. John, as published at Tahiti, and was endeavouring, by signs and familiar illustrations, to render its contents easy of comprehension. His simple yet energetic manner added weight to his opinion, and proved that he spoke, from personal conviction, the sincere and unpremeditated language of the heart. The Chief himself stood in the back ground, a little apart from the rest, leaning upon the shoulder of an attendant. A gleam of light suddenly fell upon his countenance, and disclosed features on which wonder, anxiety, and seriousness, were imprinted in the strongest characters. He wore no other dress than the ''malo'' round his waist; but his tall athletic form, and dignified demeanour, marked at one glance his rank and superiority over all around. One hand was raised instinctively to his head, in apensive attitude; his knitted brows bespoke intense thought, and his piercing eyes were fixed upon the speaker, with an inquiring, penetrating look, as much as to say, 'Can what you say be really true?' I gazed for some moments with mute astonishment, turning my regards from one to the other, and dreading to intrude upon the privacy of persons so usefully employed. At last, the chief turned round, and motioned with his hand, in a dignified manner, for me to withdraw. I did so; but carried away in my heart the remembrance of a scene, to which the place, the people and the occasion, united in attaching a peculiar interest. I learned, afterwards, that Cox had promised to build a school house, and present it to the missionaries for their use. A donation, which, considering his acknowledged love of money, affords no mean proof that his inquiries into the truth of the new religion had not been altogether fruitless.{{cite book \|author\=Charles Samuel Stewart \|editor\=William Ellis \|editor\-link\=William Ellis (British missionary) \|title\=A Residence in the Sandwich Islands \|publisher\=Weeks, Jordan \& Company \| pages \=203–205 \|year\=1839 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2SMVWj\_bJW0C }}}}
[ "Life\n----", "He was born probably in 1784\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2020}} His father was [Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi](/wiki/Keeaumoku_P%C4%81paiahiahi \"Keeaumoku Pāpaiahiahi\") (1736–1804\\), a noble from [Hawaiʻi Island](/wiki/Hawaii_%28island%29 \"Hawaii (island)\"), and his mother was Nāmāhānaʻi Kaleleokalani, the wife of her half\\-brother the King of Maui, Kamehameha Nui. From his mother he was a related to many of the [kings of Maui](/wiki/Alii_nui_of_Maui \"Alii nui of Maui\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Kahekili Keeaumoku, (k) \\|work\\=Our Family History and Ancestry \\|publisher\\=Families of Old Hawaii \\|url\\=http://familiesofoldhawaii.com/getperson.php?personID\\=I4073\\&tree\\=Ano \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-08 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "His father had been a counsellor and supporter of [Kamehameha I](/wiki/Kamehameha_I \"Kamehameha I\") during his early years. As the eldest son of Keʻeaumoku, he succeed his father as a counsellor during the last years of Kamehameha's campaigns in 1804\\. He was appointed governor of [Maui](/wiki/Maui \"Maui\") and adjacent islands of [Molokaʻi](/wiki/Molokai \"Molokai\"), [Lānaʻi](/wiki/Lanai \"Lanai\") and [Kahoʻolawe](/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe \"Kahoʻolawe\") by Kamehameha I, also taking over for his father. Some early writers spell his name \"Keaumoku\".{{cite book \\|author\\=Sheldon Dibble \\|author\\-link\\=Sheldon Dibble \\|title\\= History of the Sandwich Islands \\|publisher\\= Press of the Mission Seminary \\|year\\= 1843 \\|location\\= Lahainaluna \\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=EwqpkYKuXSMC }}{{rp\\|228}} He served as Commander and Admiral of the King's Fleet and fought in the [Battle of Nu'uanu](/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu \"Battle of Nuʻuanu\") along with [Isaac Davis](/wiki/Isaac_Davis_%28advisor%29 \"Isaac Davis (advisor)\").", "His siblings became notable leaders in various roles. His older sister [Kaʻahumanu](/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu \"Kaʻahumanu\") became a Queen consort of Kamehameha I, and after Kamehameha I's death served as Queen Regent. Another older sister [Queen Kalākua Kaheiheimālie](/wiki/Kal%C4%81kua_Kaheiheim%C4%81lie \"Kalākua Kaheiheimālie\"), and a younger sister [Lydia Namahana Piʻia](/wiki/Namahana_Pi%CA%BBia \"Namahana Piʻia\") also became royal wives. Younger brother [Kalua\\-i\\-Konahale Kuakini](/wiki/Kuakini \"Kuakini\") took the name \"John Adams\" and became [Royal Governor of Hawaiʻi island](/wiki/Governors_of_Hawaii_%28island%29 \"Governors of Hawaii (island)\").", "As the custom with royalty of the time, he took multiple wives. His first two were Kekuauaea and [Akahi](/wiki/Akahi_%28died_1877%29 \"Akahi (died 1877)\"), the aunt who later willed her vast lands to [Bernice Pauahi Bishop](/wiki/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop \"Bernice Pauahi Bishop\").\nAround 1821 he became the first husband of [Grace Kamaʻikuʻi Young](/wiki/Grace_Kamaikui \"Grace Kamaikui\") when she was in her teens, later the foster mother of [Emma Rooke](/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii \"Queen Emma of Hawaii\").{{cite book \\|author\\=George S. Kanahele \\|title\\=Emma: Hawai'i's Remarkable Queen: a Biography \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[University of Hawaii Press]] \\|year\\=1999 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-8248\\-2240\\-8 \\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=WLtlBNRt\\_V4C }}{{rp\\|2}}", "[left\\|thumb\\|Keeaumoku, facing away, and [Boki](/wiki/Boki_%28Hawaiian_chief%29 \"Boki (Hawaiian chief)\") on the Russian schooner *Kamchatka* by [Mikhail Tikhanov](/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhanov \"Mikhail Tikhanov\").](/wiki/File:Tikhanov_-_Boki_and_Hekili_on_the_Kamchatka_%281818%29.jpg \"Tikhanov - Boki and Hekili on the Kamchatka (1818).jpg\")\nHis reputation for extracting as much tax as the commoners could bear led to his nickname *Puʻu Nui* (\"Great Pile\"). The name refers to the rotting piles of excess goods outside his storehouses.{{cite book\\|last\\=Kamakau\\|first\\=Samuel\\|author\\-link\\=Samuel Kamakau\\|title\\=Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii\\|url\\=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi\\-bin/library?c\\=chiefs\\&l\\=en\\|edition\\=Revised\\|year\\=1992\\|orig\\-year\\=1961\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Kamehameha Schools]] Press\\|location\\=Honolulu\\|isbn\\=0\\-87336\\-014\\-1}}{{rp\\|250}}\nIn the true Hawaiian double entendre, the name also accurately described his physique: members of his family were known to be enormous.", "He took the name \"Cox\", after the first British sea captain to befriend him, Harold Cox, and \"George\" after King [King George IV](/wiki/George_IV \"George IV\"). He was usually called \"Governor Cox\" by foreigners. He learned English, and considered a friend of the European and American traders. The Maui port of [Lāhainā](/wiki/Lahaina%2C_Hawaii \"Lahaina, Hawaii\") became a popular port of call for [whaling](/wiki/Whaling \"Whaling\") ships in his tenure, and served as capital of the kingdom 1820–1845\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://wehewehe.org/cgi\\-bin/hdict?a\\=q\\&j\\=pp\\&l\\=en\\&q\\=Lahaina\\&d\\=D48690 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120719153012/http://wehewehe.org/cgi\\-bin/hdict?a\\=q\\&j\\=pp\\&l\\=en\\&q\\=Lahaina\\&d\\=D48690 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-19 \\|title\\=lookup of Lahaina \\|work\\=on Place Names of Hawai'i \\|author\\=Pukui and Elbert \\|year\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-12\\-31 }} Captain Harold Cox would marry into Hawaiian royalty, and his daughter would marry [Chief Hoʻolulu](/wiki/Ho%CA%BBolulu \"Hoʻolulu\"), another former Kamehameha advisor.", "He was among the first to house the Protestant missionaries that had arrived from Boston in 1820\\. His knowledge of English made him a valuable interpreter.{{rp\\|186}} He attended public worship and collected the people together by ringing a large bell.{{cite book \\|title\\= Polynesian Researches During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Island \\|author\\= William Ellis \\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=R8INAAAAQAAJ \\|year\\= 1853 \\|author\\-link\\= William Ellis (British missionary) }} They devised a writing system and he quickly learned to read and write.\n[thumb\\|Plaque commemorating the site of the first printing in Hawaii.](/wiki/File:Honolulu-Mission-Houses-Press.JPG \"Honolulu-Mission-Houses-Press.JPG\")\nThe first printing was done in a grass\\-roofed hut in Honolulu at the site that is now [Kawaiahaʻo Church](/wiki/Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_Church \"Kawaiahaʻo Church\") in the afternoon of January 7, 1822\\. The lever to begin the printing process was pulled by Keʻeaumoku in the presence of Elisha Loomis, printer; the reverend [Hiram Bingham](/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_I \"Hiram Bingham I\"); and James Hunnewell, mission benefactor. This first printing was the beginning of the Mission Press, which eventually printed millions of pages, most in the [Hawaiian language](/wiki/Hawaiian_language \"Hawaiian language\").{{rp\\|179}}", "An English visitor in 1821 gives the following account of Keʻeaumoku II:", "{{quote\\|This morning I went to Cox,... I expected to find him, as usual, either sleeping, or smoking, or drinking, or busy trafficking like myself. The door of his hut was half open, and I was about to enter unceremoniously, when a scene, too striking ever to be forgotten, and which would require the hand of a master painter to do it justice suddenly arrested my attention.", "About a dozen natives, of both sexes, were seated in a circle on the matted floor of the apartment, and, in the midst of them, sat John Honoree the Hawaiian catechist. All eyes were bent upon him; and the variously expressive features of each individual marked the degree of interest which had been excited in his mind. So absorbed, indeed, were they in the business which had assembled them, that my abrupt appearance at the door, created for some time neither interruption nor remark. The speaker held in his hand the Gospel of St. John, as published at Tahiti, and was endeavouring, by signs and familiar illustrations, to render its contents easy of comprehension. His simple yet energetic manner added weight to his opinion, and proved that he spoke, from personal conviction, the sincere and unpremeditated language of the heart.", "The Chief himself stood in the back ground, a little apart from the rest, leaning upon the shoulder of an attendant. A gleam of light suddenly fell upon his countenance, and disclosed features on which wonder, anxiety, and seriousness, were imprinted in the strongest characters. He wore no other dress than the ''malo'' round his waist; but his tall athletic form, and dignified demeanour, marked at one glance his rank and superiority over all around. One hand was raised instinctively to his head, in apensive attitude; his knitted brows bespoke intense thought, and his piercing eyes were fixed upon the speaker, with an inquiring, penetrating look, as much as to say, 'Can what you say be really true?' I gazed for some moments with mute astonishment, turning my regards from one to the other, and dreading to intrude upon the privacy of persons so usefully employed. At last, the chief turned round, and motioned with his hand, in a dignified manner, for me to withdraw. I did so; but carried away in my heart the remembrance of a scene, to which the place, the people and the occasion, united in attaching a peculiar interest.", "I learned, afterwards, that Cox had promised to build a school house, and present it to the missionaries for their use. A donation, which, considering his acknowledged love of money, affords no mean proof that his inquiries into the truth of the new religion had not been altogether fruitless.{{cite book \\|author\\=Charles Samuel Stewart \\|editor\\=William Ellis \\|editor\\-link\\=William Ellis (British missionary) \\|title\\=A Residence in the Sandwich Islands \\|publisher\\=Weeks, Jordan \\& Company \\| pages \\=203–205 \\|year\\=1839 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2SMVWj\\_bJW0C }}}}", "" ]
Plot ---- The Jennings capture and hide their attacker in an abandoned restaurant. The man turns out to be an agent of [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad "Mossad") (the national intelligence agency of Israel), which prompts the Soviets to make a deal with Israel. Philip stays with their captive while the Soviets attempt to trade him for the scientist Anton. The Mossad agent aggravates Philip by discussing their roles in the war and says that where he "hides what he does", Philip "hides who he is". Elizabeth receives Martha’s messages for Clark. Posing as Clark’s sister Jennifer, she convinces Martha not to put Clark’s name on an application form. Martha, who is drunk, tells "Jennifer" that Clark is an "animal in bed". The FBI gets word that Anton is missing and realizes that the Soviets are trying to extract him. Elizabeth gets [Andrew Larrick](/wiki/Andrew_Larrick "Andrew Larrick")'s files from Mullen, who realizes that she will no longer be interested in a relationship with him. The trade deal is made and, after swapping the Mossad agent for Anton, Philip drives Anton to a cargo ship headed for Russia. En route, Anton begs Philip to let him stay in America and work from there, breaking down in tears. Philip ignores him. Based on Nina’s word, [Stan](/wiki/Stan_Beeman_%28The_Americans%29 "Stan Beeman (The Americans)") deduces that Oleg Igerovich Burov would be the one transporting Anton and tails him. When they arrive at the docks, Oleg is waiting for Stan (Anton was taken to another location). Oleg tells Stan that he is the only one who knows Nina is working for him, and threatens to expose it if he gets nothing in return.
[ "Plot\n----", "The Jennings capture and hide their attacker in an abandoned restaurant. The man turns out to be an agent of [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad \"Mossad\") (the national intelligence agency of Israel), which prompts the Soviets to make a deal with Israel. Philip stays with their captive while the Soviets attempt to trade him for the scientist Anton. The Mossad agent aggravates Philip by discussing their roles in the war and says that where he \"hides what he does\", Philip \"hides who he is\".", "Elizabeth receives Martha’s messages for Clark. Posing as Clark’s sister Jennifer, she convinces Martha not to put Clark’s name on an application form. Martha, who is drunk, tells \"Jennifer\" that Clark is an \"animal in bed\".", "The FBI gets word that Anton is missing and realizes that the Soviets are trying to extract him.", "Elizabeth gets [Andrew Larrick](/wiki/Andrew_Larrick \"Andrew Larrick\")'s files from Mullen, who realizes that she will no longer be interested in a relationship with him.", "The trade deal is made and, after swapping the Mossad agent for Anton, Philip drives Anton to a cargo ship headed for Russia. En route, Anton begs Philip to let him stay in America and work from there, breaking down in tears. Philip ignores him.", "Based on Nina’s word, [Stan](/wiki/Stan_Beeman_%28The_Americans%29 \"Stan Beeman (The Americans)\") deduces that Oleg Igerovich Burov would be the one transporting Anton and tails him. When they arrive at the docks, Oleg is waiting for Stan (Anton was taken to another location). Oleg tells Stan that he is the only one who knows Nina is working for him, and threatens to expose it if he gets nothing in return.", "" ]
Design and development ---------------------- The [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") (USAF) launched its [Next Generation Trainer](/wiki/Next_Generation_Trainer "Next Generation Trainer") (NGT) program to replace the [Cessna T\-37 Tweet](/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet "Cessna T-37 Tweet") primary trainer in 1981\.Braybrook 1985, p. 274\. Fairchild\-Republic submitted a shoulder\-winged [monoplane](/wiki/Monoplane "Monoplane") with a twin tail, powered by two [Garrett F109](/wiki/Garrett_F109 "Garrett F109") [turbofans](/wiki/Turbofan "Turbofan") and with pilot and instructor sitting side by side.Braybrook 1985, p. 275\. Part of the rationale was an expectation of increasing levels of general aviation traffic. A pressurized trainer would permit training at higher altitude, leading to fewer restrictions on the new pilots. In order to validate the proposed aircraft's design, and to explore its flight handling characteristics, Fairchild Republic contracted with Ames Industries of [Bohemia, New York](/wiki/Bohemia%2C_New_York "Bohemia, New York") to build a flyable 62% scale version. [Burt Rutan](/wiki/Burt_Rutan "Burt Rutan")'s [Rutan Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Rutan_Aircraft_Factory "Rutan Aircraft Factory") in [Mojave, California](/wiki/Mojave%2C_California "Mojave, California") was contracted to perform the flight test evaluations, with test pilot [Dick Rutan](/wiki/Dick_Rutan "Dick Rutan") doing the flying. The scale version was known at Rutan as the **Model 73 NGT**, this flying on 10 September 1981\.Braybrook 1985, pp. 275–276\. One requirement was for the aircraft to be able to go into a spin, but to also have easy recovery from the spin. This was demonstrated using the Model 73 NGT. Fairchild's design, to be designated T\-46, was announced winner of the competition on 2 July 1982, with the USAF placing an order for two prototypes and options for 54 production aircraft.*Flight International* 17 July 1982, p. 122\. It was planned to build 650 T\-46s for the USAF by 1991\.Mormillo 1986, p. 650\. The aircraft first flew on 15 October 1985,*Flight International* 26 October 1985, p. 8\. six months later than originally programmed date of 15 April. Costs had increased significantly during the development process, with the predicted unit cost rising from $1\.5 million in 1982 to $3 million in February 1985\. The 1985 [Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act](/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Rudman%E2%80%93Hollings_Balanced_Budget_Act "Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act") mandated spending cuts for the US government in an attempt to limit the national debt, and while testing did not reveal any major problems,Mormillo 1986, pp. 651–652\. [Secretary of the Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force "United States Secretary of the Air Force") [Russell A. Rourke](/wiki/Russell_A._Rourke "Russell A. Rourke") cancelled procurement of the T\-46, while allowing limited development to continue. While attempts were made in Congress to reinstate the program, which resulted in the FY 1987 budget being delayed, an amendment was passed to the 1987 Appropriations Bill to forbid any spending on the T\-46 until further evaluation of the T\-46 against the T\-37 and other trainers took place.*Flight International* 8 November 1986, p. 9\. The project was cancelled a little more than a year later, {{cspan\|for reasons that largely remain controversial\|date\=May 2023}}. The T\-46 was the last project of the Fairchild Republic Corporation, and after the program termination Fairchild had no more income. Without any new contracts and the NGT program cancelled, the company closed the Republic factory in [Farmingdale, New York](/wiki/Farmingdale%2C_New_York "Farmingdale, New York"), bringing 60 years of Fairchild aircraft manufacturing to an end. [thumb\|right\|Two T\-46 aircraft circling [Edwards AFB](/wiki/Edwards_AFB "Edwards AFB")](/wiki/File:Fairchild_T-46-2.jpg "Fairchild T-46-2.jpg") The aircraft itself featured a side\-by\-side configuration, a twin (or "H") tail (similar to the company's [A\-10](/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II "A-10 Thunderbolt II")), [ejection seats](/wiki/Ejection_seat "Ejection seat"), pressurization, and two [turbofan](/wiki/Turbofan "Turbofan") engines. Had it gone into full production the NGT program called for 650 aircraft being built up to 1992\. There was potential for some overseas sales as well, such as in the light ground attack role in addition to its role as a trainer.Warwick 1985, p. 29\.
[ "Design and development\n----------------------", "The [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\") (USAF) launched its [Next Generation Trainer](/wiki/Next_Generation_Trainer \"Next Generation Trainer\") (NGT) program to replace the [Cessna T\\-37 Tweet](/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet \"Cessna T-37 Tweet\") primary trainer in 1981\\.Braybrook 1985, p. 274\\. Fairchild\\-Republic submitted a shoulder\\-winged [monoplane](/wiki/Monoplane \"Monoplane\") with a twin tail, powered by two [Garrett F109](/wiki/Garrett_F109 \"Garrett F109\") [turbofans](/wiki/Turbofan \"Turbofan\") and with pilot and instructor sitting side by side.Braybrook 1985, p. 275\\. Part of the rationale was an expectation of increasing levels of general aviation traffic. A pressurized trainer would permit training at higher altitude, leading to fewer restrictions on the new pilots.", "In order to validate the proposed aircraft's design, and to explore its flight handling characteristics, Fairchild Republic contracted with Ames Industries of [Bohemia, New York](/wiki/Bohemia%2C_New_York \"Bohemia, New York\") to build a flyable 62% scale version. [Burt Rutan](/wiki/Burt_Rutan \"Burt Rutan\")'s [Rutan Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Rutan_Aircraft_Factory \"Rutan Aircraft Factory\") in [Mojave, California](/wiki/Mojave%2C_California \"Mojave, California\") was contracted to perform the flight test evaluations, with test pilot [Dick Rutan](/wiki/Dick_Rutan \"Dick Rutan\") doing the flying. The scale version was known at Rutan as the **Model 73 NGT**, this flying on 10 September 1981\\.Braybrook 1985, pp. 275–276\\. One requirement was for the aircraft to be able to go into a spin, but to also have easy recovery from the spin. This was demonstrated using the Model 73 NGT.", "Fairchild's design, to be designated T\\-46, was announced winner of the competition on 2 July 1982, with the USAF placing an order for two prototypes and options for 54 production aircraft.*Flight International* 17 July 1982, p. 122\\. It was planned to build 650 T\\-46s for the USAF by 1991\\.Mormillo 1986, p. 650\\.", "The aircraft first flew on 15 October 1985,*Flight International* 26 October 1985, p. 8\\. six months later than originally programmed date of 15 April. Costs had increased significantly during the development process, with the predicted unit cost rising from $1\\.5 million in 1982 to $3 million in February 1985\\. The 1985 [Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act](/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Rudman%E2%80%93Hollings_Balanced_Budget_Act \"Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act\") mandated spending cuts for the US government in an attempt to limit the national debt, and while testing did not reveal any major problems,Mormillo 1986, pp. 651–652\\. [Secretary of the Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force \"United States Secretary of the Air Force\") [Russell A. Rourke](/wiki/Russell_A._Rourke \"Russell A. Rourke\") cancelled procurement of the T\\-46, while allowing limited development to continue. While attempts were made in Congress to reinstate the program, which resulted in the FY 1987 budget being delayed, an amendment was passed to the 1987 Appropriations Bill to forbid any spending on the T\\-46 until further evaluation of the T\\-46 against the T\\-37 and other trainers took place.*Flight International* 8 November 1986, p. 9\\.", "The project was cancelled a little more than a year later, {{cspan\\|for reasons that largely remain controversial\\|date\\=May 2023}}. The T\\-46 was the last project of the Fairchild Republic Corporation, and after the program termination Fairchild had no more income. Without any new contracts and the NGT program cancelled, the company closed the Republic factory in [Farmingdale, New York](/wiki/Farmingdale%2C_New_York \"Farmingdale, New York\"), bringing 60 years of Fairchild aircraft manufacturing to an end.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Two T\\-46 aircraft circling [Edwards AFB](/wiki/Edwards_AFB \"Edwards AFB\")](/wiki/File:Fairchild_T-46-2.jpg \"Fairchild T-46-2.jpg\")", "The aircraft itself featured a side\\-by\\-side configuration, a twin (or \"H\") tail (similar to the company's [A\\-10](/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II \"A-10 Thunderbolt II\")), [ejection seats](/wiki/Ejection_seat \"Ejection seat\"), pressurization, and two [turbofan](/wiki/Turbofan \"Turbofan\") engines. Had it gone into full production the NGT program called for 650 aircraft being built up to 1992\\. There was potential for some overseas sales as well, such as in the light ground attack role in addition to its role as a trainer.Warwick 1985, p. 29\\.", "" ]
History and heritage -------------------- [thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Street in Tideswell, Derbyshire](/wiki/File:Street_in_Tideswell%2C_UK.jpg "Street in Tideswell, UK.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Tideswell [well dressing](/wiki/Well_dressing "Well dressing") is usually at the end of June{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.welldressing.com/venue.php?id\=117\|title \= Derbyshire Well Dressings \- Tideswell}}](/wiki/File:Tideswell_well_dressing_1989.jpg "Tideswell well dressing 1989.jpg") In the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), Tideswell was a [market town](/wiki/Market_town "Market town") known for [lead mining](/wiki/Derbyshire_lead_mining_history "Derbyshire lead mining history"). The Tideswell lead miners were renowned for their strength and were much prized by the military authorities.{{cite web\|last\=Calder\|first\=Simon\|title\=Did Derbyshire Peak Too Early?\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/did\-derbyshire\-peak\-too\-early\-simon\-calder\-follows\-a\-300yearold\-guide\-to\-six\-of\-the\-countys\-seven\-wonders\-while\-angela\-lambert\-visits\-the\-greatest\-chatsworth\-1532429\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/did\-derbyshire\-peak\-too\-early\-simon\-calder\-follows\-a\-300yearold\-guide\-to\-six\-of\-the\-countys\-seven\-wonders\-while\-angela\-lambert\-visits\-the\-greatest\-chatsworth\-1532429\.html \|archive\-date\=7 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|work\=The Independent\|accessdate\=10 September 2011\|author2\=Lambert, Angela \|date\=11 July 1992\|quote\=The miners have a footnote in history. Much renowned for their strength and resilience, they were regarded as ideal soldiers. It was a platoon of Tideswell men which caused George III to remark: 'I don't know what effect these men will have on the enemy, but good God they frighten me.'}}{{cbignore}} The [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book") of 1086 lists TIDESUUELLE as the King's land in the charge of [William Peverel](/wiki/William_Peverel "William Peverel"){{cite web \|url \= http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/derbyshire3\.html\#tideswell \|title\=Derbyshire S\-Z\|website \= Domesday Book Online\|access\-date \= 25 January 2017\|quote \= Tidesuuelle: King's land in the charge of William Peverel.}} with fewer than five households.{{cite web \|url\=http://opendomesday.org/place/SK1575/tideswell/ \|title\=Place: Tideswell\|last \= Powell\-Smith\|first \= Anna\|website \= Open Domesday \|access\-date \= 25 January 2017 \| quote \= Total population: 4\.4 households (very small).}} Tideswell is now best known for its 14th\-century [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church "Parish church"), the [Church of St John the Baptist](/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Tideswell "St John the Baptist, Tideswell"), known as the "Cathedral of the Peak", which contains three 15th\-century [misericords](/wiki/Misericord "Misericord"). [thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|Outside the church of [St John the Baptist, Tideswell](/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Tideswell "St John the Baptist, Tideswell")](/wiki/File:Outside_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_of_England_church_in_Tideswell.jpg "Outside of St John the Baptist Church of England church in Tideswell.jpg") A [sundial](/wiki/Sundial "Sundial") lies in the churchyard; it is positioned on steps which local historian Neville T. Sharpe thinks likely to be those of the village's [market cross](/wiki/Market_cross "Market cross"). A market and two\-day fair were granted to the village in 1251\.{{cite book \|first\=Neville T. \|last\=Sharpe \|title\=Crosses of the Peak District \|publisher\=Landmark Collectors Library \|date\=2002}} The Foljambe family, later the [Foljambe baronets](/wiki/Foljambe_baronets "Foljambe baronets"), were the principal landowners from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The town has a week\-long festival near the [summer solstice](/wiki/Summer_solstice "Summer solstice") known as the [Wakes](/wiki/Wakes_week "Wakes week"), culminating in "Big Saturday", which includes a torchlight procession through the streets, led by a brass band playing a unique tune called the Tideswell Processional,[A Tideswell Man's blog](http://atideswellman.wordpress.com/2005/11/04/tideswell-band-the-torchlight-morris-dance/) and townsfolk dancing a traditional weaving dance. ### Markeygate House Markeygate House on Bank Square is thought to be the oldest dwelling in Tideswell, built in 1432\. It is an English Heritage Grade II [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building "Listed building") (Entry Number: 1288059\) that has undergone significant remodelling over time, having served as an ale house and family butcher. File:Markeygate House.jpg\|Markeygate House File:Detail of the door to Markeygate House.jpg\|Detail of the door to Markeygate House ### Taste Tideswell In May 2009, Tideswell won a £400,000 grant from the [Big Lottery Fund's *Village SOS*](/wiki/Village_SOS_-_Big_Lottery_Fund "Village SOS - Big Lottery Fund") programme. In a bid to help keep its village shops open and thriving—over 20 shops had closed in the preceding decade—*Taste Tideswell* was created, to reconnect local people with their food and make Tideswell famous as a food destination. On 6 December 2010 the Tideswell School of Food opened, running full\-priced cookery and brewing courses as well as subsidised community courses. The School of Food was intended to be the financial engine for the project that would help to develop work in the community. It closed during 2014 because of cashflow issues.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/cookery\-school\-closes\-its\-doors\-1\-6884520 \|title\=Cookery school closes its doors \|newspaper\=Buxton Advertiser \|date\=8 October 2014 \|accessdate\=13 December 2014}} *Tideswell Made* is a quality mark that local food producers, retailers, public houses and holiday accommodation can buy into. Ensuring products are sourced as locally as possible and made locally, *Tideswell Made* is marketed by *Taste Tideswell* and helps local business get wider recognition for their locally made produce. *Taste Tideswell* has an education service, visiting schools with a variety of food\- and growing\-related activities. School groups also visit the School of Food for practical hands\-on activities. Behind the Parish Church, a small community garden has been developed to provide a training ground for those wanting to learn more about growing. There is also a small commercial kitchen available for hire by local food producers, particularly those who are looking to make the step up from home\-based production. In May 2011, the first Tideswell Food Festival was held, attracting over 2,000 people, despite poor weather. On 7 September 2011, the *Taste Tideswell* story was broadcast as part of the *Village SOS* series on [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One"). It showed the rapid development of the project, along with the individual story of Tim Nicol, the 'Village Champion' who moved to live in Tideswell for a year and helped the volunteer directors get *Taste Tideswell* established. As of August 2011, *Taste Tideswell* employed eight members of staff, most of whom lived in the village, and had ten visiting chef/tutors on its books. Although the School of Food had to close, Tideswell's annual Food Festival has continued to be a success each year.
[ "History and heritage\n--------------------", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Street in Tideswell, Derbyshire](/wiki/File:Street_in_Tideswell%2C_UK.jpg \"Street in Tideswell, UK.jpg\")", "[thumb\\|left\\|Tideswell [well dressing](/wiki/Well_dressing \"Well dressing\") is usually at the end of June{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.welldressing.com/venue.php?id\\=117\\|title \\= Derbyshire Well Dressings \\- Tideswell}}](/wiki/File:Tideswell_well_dressing_1989.jpg \"Tideswell well dressing 1989.jpg\")\nIn the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), Tideswell was a [market town](/wiki/Market_town \"Market town\") known for [lead mining](/wiki/Derbyshire_lead_mining_history \"Derbyshire lead mining history\"). The Tideswell lead miners were renowned for their strength and were much prized by the military authorities.{{cite web\\|last\\=Calder\\|first\\=Simon\\|title\\=Did Derbyshire Peak Too Early?\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/did\\-derbyshire\\-peak\\-too\\-early\\-simon\\-calder\\-follows\\-a\\-300yearold\\-guide\\-to\\-six\\-of\\-the\\-countys\\-seven\\-wonders\\-while\\-angela\\-lambert\\-visits\\-the\\-greatest\\-chatsworth\\-1532429\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/did\\-derbyshire\\-peak\\-too\\-early\\-simon\\-calder\\-follows\\-a\\-300yearold\\-guide\\-to\\-six\\-of\\-the\\-countys\\-seven\\-wonders\\-while\\-angela\\-lambert\\-visits\\-the\\-greatest\\-chatsworth\\-1532429\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|work\\=The Independent\\|accessdate\\=10 September 2011\\|author2\\=Lambert, Angela \\|date\\=11 July 1992\\|quote\\=The miners have a footnote in history. Much renowned for their strength and resilience, they were regarded as ideal soldiers. It was a platoon of Tideswell men which caused George III to remark: 'I don't know what effect these men will have on the enemy, but good God they frighten me.'}}{{cbignore}} The [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") of 1086 lists TIDESUUELLE as the King's land in the charge of [William Peverel](/wiki/William_Peverel \"William Peverel\"){{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/derbyshire3\\.html\\#tideswell \\|title\\=Derbyshire S\\-Z\\|website \\= Domesday Book Online\\|access\\-date \\= 25 January 2017\\|quote \\= Tidesuuelle: King's land in the charge of William Peverel.}} with fewer than five households.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://opendomesday.org/place/SK1575/tideswell/ \\|title\\=Place: Tideswell\\|last \\= Powell\\-Smith\\|first \\= Anna\\|website \\= Open Domesday \\|access\\-date \\= 25 January 2017 \\| quote \\= Total population: 4\\.4 households (very small).}}", "Tideswell is now best known for its 14th\\-century [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church \"Parish church\"), the [Church of St John the Baptist](/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Tideswell \"St John the Baptist, Tideswell\"), known as the \"Cathedral of the Peak\", which contains three 15th\\-century [misericords](/wiki/Misericord \"Misericord\").", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Outside the church of [St John the Baptist, Tideswell](/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%2C_Tideswell \"St John the Baptist, Tideswell\")](/wiki/File:Outside_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_of_England_church_in_Tideswell.jpg \"Outside of St John the Baptist Church of England church in Tideswell.jpg\")", "A [sundial](/wiki/Sundial \"Sundial\") lies in the churchyard; it is positioned on steps which local historian Neville T. Sharpe thinks likely to be those of the village's [market cross](/wiki/Market_cross \"Market cross\"). A market and two\\-day fair were granted to the village in 1251\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=Neville T. \\|last\\=Sharpe \\|title\\=Crosses of the Peak District \\|publisher\\=Landmark Collectors Library \\|date\\=2002}} The Foljambe family, later the [Foljambe baronets](/wiki/Foljambe_baronets \"Foljambe baronets\"), were the principal landowners from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries.", "The town has a week\\-long festival near the [summer solstice](/wiki/Summer_solstice \"Summer solstice\") known as the [Wakes](/wiki/Wakes_week \"Wakes week\"), culminating in \"Big Saturday\", which includes a torchlight procession through the streets, led by a brass band playing a unique tune called the Tideswell Processional,[A Tideswell Man's blog](http://atideswellman.wordpress.com/2005/11/04/tideswell-band-the-torchlight-morris-dance/) and townsfolk dancing a traditional weaving dance.", "### Markeygate House", "Markeygate House on Bank Square is thought to be the oldest dwelling in Tideswell, built in 1432\\. It is an English Heritage Grade II [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\") (Entry Number: 1288059\\) that has undergone significant remodelling over time, having served as an ale house and family butcher.", "", "File:Markeygate House.jpg\\|Markeygate House\nFile:Detail of the door to Markeygate House.jpg\\|Detail of the door to Markeygate House", "", "### Taste Tideswell", "In May 2009, Tideswell won a £400,000 grant from the [Big Lottery Fund's *Village SOS*](/wiki/Village_SOS_-_Big_Lottery_Fund \"Village SOS - Big Lottery Fund\") programme. In a bid to help keep its village shops open and thriving—over 20 shops had closed in the preceding decade—*Taste Tideswell* was created, to reconnect local people with their food and make Tideswell famous as a food destination. On 6 December 2010 the Tideswell School of Food opened, running full\\-priced cookery and brewing courses as well as subsidised community courses. The School of Food was intended to be the financial engine for the project that would help to develop work in the community. It closed during 2014 because of cashflow issues.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/cookery\\-school\\-closes\\-its\\-doors\\-1\\-6884520 \\|title\\=Cookery school closes its doors \\|newspaper\\=Buxton Advertiser \\|date\\=8 October 2014 \\|accessdate\\=13 December 2014}}", "*Tideswell Made* is a quality mark that local food producers, retailers, public houses and holiday accommodation can buy into. Ensuring products are sourced as locally as possible and made locally, *Tideswell Made* is marketed by *Taste Tideswell* and helps local business get wider recognition for their locally made produce. *Taste Tideswell* has an education service, visiting schools with a variety of food\\- and growing\\-related activities. School groups also visit the School of Food for practical hands\\-on activities.", "Behind the Parish Church, a small community garden has been developed to provide a training ground for those wanting to learn more about growing. There is also a small commercial kitchen available for hire by local food producers, particularly those who are looking to make the step up from home\\-based production. In May 2011, the first Tideswell Food Festival was held, attracting over 2,000 people, despite poor weather.", "On 7 September 2011, the *Taste Tideswell* story was broadcast as part of the *Village SOS* series on [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One \"BBC One\"). It showed the rapid development of the project, along with the individual story of Tim Nicol, the 'Village Champion' who moved to live in Tideswell for a year and helped the volunteer directors get *Taste Tideswell* established. As of August 2011, *Taste Tideswell* employed eight members of staff, most of whom lived in the village, and had ten visiting chef/tutors on its books. Although the School of Food had to close, Tideswell's annual Food Festival has continued to be a success each year.", "" ]
Programs -------- ### Music for the Young{{Cite web \|title\=Music For The Young {{!}} Programs \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/music\-for\-the\-young/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}} One of the distinct aspects of The Music Studio is its programs catered to very young learners. In Music for the Very Young, 2\-year\-olds are able to experience music classes that are designed for their learning and attention capabilities. The four session course allows the toddlers and their parents to partake in musical activities including songs, dances, games, and different instruments. Let’s Begin is another four session course and is intended for ages 3\-7\. The design of this course is twofold\- a standalone class on its own, it also serves as an introduction to the Foundation Program, showing the kinds of activities and lessons that the core program entails. The course incorporates singing, ear training, rhythm, movement, note reading, ensemble, and composition. ### The Foundation Program{{Cite web \|title\=The Foundation {{!}} Programs \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/the\-foundation/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}} The Foundation Program is The Music Studio’s two part school\-year program in which children ages 4\-8 start out in weekly small group classes. Students use textbooks written by Liberty during the first component, called Music Fundamentals. A two year program for those aged 4\-6 and a shorter one year program for students older than 6, the course emphasizes exploration and creativity, through various activities such as singing, movement, ear training, and reading music. The students interact with many instruments, including but not limited to keyboard, recorders, guitars, and [Orff instruments](/wiki/Orff_instruments "Orff instruments"). Parents are encouraged to join for every class and are included in activities. After students complete the Music Fundamentals course, they move on to Creative Keyboard, a two year course with more in\-depth musical training. All instruments are still used but there is an emphasis on the piano. In this course curriculum advances to ear training, sight reading, improvisation, technical development, music theory, music history, and more. Students also partake in a yearly recital, performing both individual and group pieces. At the end of the year, both cohorts from The Foundation Program perform in an end\-of\-year show,{{Cite news \|last\=Barnes \|first\=Steve \|date\=June 19, 2012 \|title\=The Music Studio celebrates 35 years \|url\=https://www.timesunion.com/preview/article/The\-Music\-Studio\-celebrates\-35\-years\-3634956\.php \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 17, 2024 \|work\=Times Union}} most recently held at [The Palace Theater in Albany.](/wiki/Palace_Theatre_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29 "Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)") ### The Piano Program{{Cite web \|title\=The Piano Program {{!}} Programs \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/the\-piano\-program/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}} Students that have completed The Foundation Program are then eligible to move on to The Music Studio's Piano Program, where they receive weekly private lessons and attend occasional group classes with their peers. Students remain in The Piano Program for the rest of their schooling, until they graduate from high school. In the Piano Program, students are required to perform in multiple recitals a year as well as evaluations both at The Music Studio and through the New York State Music Teachers Association. ### Recreational Piano for Adults{{Cite web \|title\=Recreational Piano Classes {{!}} Programs \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/recreational\-piano/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}} The Music Studio also offers a few levels of group lessons for adults\- two beginner levels, an intermediate class, as well as a "no\-pressure refresher" for those who have previous musical knowledge. ### Classes for Children with Special Needs{{Cite web \|title\=Music for Children with Special Needs \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/special\-needs/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}} The Music Studio offers a program taught by Beth McLaughlin,{{Cite web \|title\=Beth McLaughlin \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/faculties/beth\-mclaughlin/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}} a music therapist and music teacher, for children with special needs.{{Cite news \|last\=Hornbeck \|first\=Leigh \|date\=March 10, 2017 \|title\=Music classes for kids on the autism spectrum, other special needs \|url\=https://www.timesunion.com/tuplus\-features/article/Music\-classes\-for\-kids\-on\-the\-autism\-spectrum\-10990675\.php \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 17, 2024 \|work\=Times Union}} Circle of Friends is a four week class for 4\-6 year old children with special needs and their parents. McLaughlin also teaches private lessons for students with special needs, with the content of instruction individualized to each students' needs. ### Summer Camps and Classes The school has offered several different summer programs in the past, including the Piano Camp, The Music Studio Rocks,{{Cite web \|title\=The Music Studio Rocked! \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/news\-events/music\-studio\-rocked/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite news \|date\=July 31, 2012 \|title\=Your best shot \|url\=https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Your\-best\-shot\-3752000\.php \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=August 17, 2024 \|work\=Times Union}} and Catch a Rising Star.{{Cite web \|title\=Catch a Rising Star {{!}} Summer Program \|url\=https://themusicstudio.com/summercamps/catch\-rising\-star/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-17 \|website\=The Music Studio \|language\=en\-US}}
[ "Programs\n--------", "### Music for the Young{{Cite web \\|title\\=Music For The Young {{!}} Programs \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/music\\-for\\-the\\-young/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "One of the distinct aspects of The Music Studio is its programs catered to very young learners. In Music for the Very Young, 2\\-year\\-olds are able to experience music classes that are designed for their learning and attention capabilities. The four session course allows the toddlers and their parents to partake in musical activities including songs, dances, games, and different instruments.", "Let’s Begin is another four session course and is intended for ages 3\\-7\\. The design of this course is twofold\\- a standalone class on its own, it also serves as an introduction to the Foundation Program, showing the kinds of activities and lessons that the core program entails. The course incorporates singing, ear training, rhythm, movement, note reading, ensemble, and composition.", "### The Foundation Program{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Foundation {{!}} Programs \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/the\\-foundation/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The Foundation Program is The Music Studio’s two part school\\-year program in which children ages 4\\-8 start out in weekly small group classes. Students use textbooks written by Liberty during the first component, called Music Fundamentals. A two year program for those aged 4\\-6 and a shorter one year program for students older than 6, the course emphasizes exploration and creativity, through various activities such as singing, movement, ear training, and reading music. The students interact with many instruments, including but not limited to keyboard, recorders, guitars, and [Orff instruments](/wiki/Orff_instruments \"Orff instruments\"). Parents are encouraged to join for every class and are included in activities.", "After students complete the Music Fundamentals course, they move on to Creative Keyboard, a two year course with more in\\-depth musical training. All instruments are still used but there is an emphasis on the piano. In this course curriculum advances to ear training, sight reading, improvisation, technical development, music theory, music history, and more. Students also partake in a yearly recital, performing both individual and group pieces. At the end of the year, both cohorts from The Foundation Program perform in an end\\-of\\-year show,{{Cite news \\|last\\=Barnes \\|first\\=Steve \\|date\\=June 19, 2012 \\|title\\=The Music Studio celebrates 35 years \\|url\\=https://www.timesunion.com/preview/article/The\\-Music\\-Studio\\-celebrates\\-35\\-years\\-3634956\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2024 \\|work\\=Times Union}} most recently held at [The Palace Theater in Albany.](/wiki/Palace_Theatre_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29 \"Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)\")", "### The Piano Program{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Piano Program {{!}} Programs \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/the\\-piano\\-program/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Students that have completed The Foundation Program are then eligible to move on to The Music Studio's Piano Program, where they receive weekly private lessons and attend occasional group classes with their peers. Students remain in The Piano Program for the rest of their schooling, until they graduate from high school. In the Piano Program, students are required to perform in multiple recitals a year as well as evaluations both at The Music Studio and through the New York State Music Teachers Association.", "### Recreational Piano for Adults{{Cite web \\|title\\=Recreational Piano Classes {{!}} Programs \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/recreational\\-piano/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The Music Studio also offers a few levels of group lessons for adults\\- two beginner levels, an intermediate class, as well as a \"no\\-pressure refresher\" for those who have previous musical knowledge.", "### Classes for Children with Special Needs{{Cite web \\|title\\=Music for Children with Special Needs \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/program/special\\-needs/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The Music Studio offers a program taught by Beth McLaughlin,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Beth McLaughlin \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/faculties/beth\\-mclaughlin/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}} a music therapist and music teacher, for children with special needs.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Hornbeck \\|first\\=Leigh \\|date\\=March 10, 2017 \\|title\\=Music classes for kids on the autism spectrum, other special needs \\|url\\=https://www.timesunion.com/tuplus\\-features/article/Music\\-classes\\-for\\-kids\\-on\\-the\\-autism\\-spectrum\\-10990675\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2024 \\|work\\=Times Union}} Circle of Friends is a four week class for 4\\-6 year old children with special needs and their parents. McLaughlin also teaches private lessons for students with special needs, with the content of instruction individualized to each students' needs.", "### Summer Camps and Classes", "The school has offered several different summer programs in the past, including the Piano Camp, The Music Studio Rocks,{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Music Studio Rocked! \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/news\\-events/music\\-studio\\-rocked/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 31, 2012 \\|title\\=Your best shot \\|url\\=https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Your\\-best\\-shot\\-3752000\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2024 \\|work\\=Times Union}} and Catch a Rising Star.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Catch a Rising Star {{!}} Summer Program \\|url\\=https://themusicstudio.com/summercamps/catch\\-rising\\-star/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-17 \\|website\\=The Music Studio \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
Death ----- On October 19 (lunar calendar September 10\), [Niimi Nishiki](/wiki/Niimi_Nishiki "Niimi Nishiki"), who was a sub\-captain of the Shinsengumi, was ordered to commit [seppuku](/wiki/Seppuku "Seppuku") by Hijikata and Yamanami. Most likely, this was the beginning of the plan by the Kondō faction to expel Serizawa and his allies. When Serizawa, Hirayama, and Hirama found out about the involuntary seppuku, they were unable to retaliate because in August they had started recruiting many of their members to side with Kondō. Noguchi Kenji, who was a fukuchou jokin and a member of Serizawa's group, was not in [Mibu](/wiki/Mibu%2C_Kyoto "Mibu, Kyoto") village at this time of the assassination. But there is a possibility that Niimi was forced to commit seppuku by a Mito samurai for the murder of a Mibu Roushigumi member and Kondō's group was not involved with his death. Therefore, Serizawa's group may have *not* known about Kondō's assassination plans. On October 30 (lunar calendar September 18; however there is debate that it could have happened 2 days earlier in October 28\), all of the Shinsengumi had a drinking party at which was a plan to assassinate Serizawa. The selected few led by Hijikata went into the house of Yagi Gennojō that night, Serizawa was then assassinated along with Oume, a woman who was sleeping with him, and also Hirayama. Hirama, the sole survivor in Serizawa's group, managed to flee back to Mito where he reported Serizawa Kamo's death to his family. The assassination was carried out under [Matsudaira Katamori](/wiki/Matsudaira_Katamori "Matsudaira Katamori")'s order. Three months later, on February 4, 1864 (lunar calendar December 27, 1863\), Noguchi was ordered to commit seppuku by the Shinsengumi. ### Assassination There is some debate about who exactly was involved with killing Serizawa. Obviously those chosen to take part in the plot would have been members that Kondo and Hijikata trusted and also able to keep it a secret. The lineup was most likely [Hijikata](/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D "Hijikata Toshizō"), [Okita](/wiki/Okita_S%C5%8Dji "Okita Sōji"), [Yamanami Keisuke](/wiki/Yamanami_Keisuke "Yamanami Keisuke"), [Inoue](/wiki/Inoue_Genzabur%C5%8D "Inoue Genzaburō"), and [Harada](/wiki/Harada_Sanosuke "Harada Sanosuke"). There is an alternative theory that the assassination was done by Hijikata, [Tōdō](/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Heisuke "Tōdō Heisuke"), [Saitō](/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Hajime "Saitō Hajime") and Harada. It is highly unlikely that [Kondō](/wiki/Kond%C5%8D_Isami "Kondō Isami") himself was involved with the assassination because it would have been too risky to get the next lead captain injured or killed. There have been a number of theories about the motive for the assassination: * *Serizawa was too out of hand, so Aizu secretly planned to assassinate Serizawa Kamo with Kondō and Hijikata.* This is the most mainstream and widely\-believed theory. It's quite possible that both Aizu and Kondō felt Serizawa was too reckless to be the lead captain of a group that was intended to regulate peace in Kyoto, and one who would react violently to dismissal. * *The Mito clan was thinking of taking Serizawa's Mibu Roushigumi to the fore\-runner of sonno joi. Aizu clan felt this was a threat because they are more pro\-Tokugawa than pro\-Imperial court like Mito, so they commanded Kondo to assassinate Serizawa's group.* This is a lesser\-known theory. The Aizu clan could have commanded Kondō to assassinate Serizawa because he was reckless in order to hide the true motive; an underlying political conflict with Mito. Aizu was having trouble in Kyoto already from samurais from Chōshū and Tosa causing violence openly in the streets, so they could have wanted to prevent Mito samurais from entering the blood bath of Kyoto. Then, extreme samurais from 3 states (Mito, Chōshū and Tosa) were competing with each other carrying out terrorist actions against those who they believed were against anti\-foreigner ideals. A Mito official in Kyoto could have been plotting to take Serizawa's group and make them side with Mito. * *Kondo and Hijikata used Serizawa to have connections with Aizu and now that was accomplished they eliminated Serizawa's group to take a hold of the group.* It's likely that Kondo and Hijikata hated Serizawa in the first place. But, they probably wouldn't have been able to form Mibu Roushigumi, which later became the Shinsengumi, if it wasn't for Serizawa's brother's close relations with the Aizu clan; they allowed him to be lead captain because they were just using him to get connections with Aizu. When they felt they securely had the trust to Aizu they assassinated Serizawa because they no longer needed him. It is possible that they also kept the assassination in the dark from the Aizu clan since they have reported Serizawa's cause of death from illness. ### Grave Kondō's group held a funeral for his death and Serizawa's older brother came to it. His grave was built a year after his death in Mibu Temple and it still resides there today. There is a quote about him from Nagakura Shinpachi: ◎新選組顛末記\-永倉 新八 猛烈な勤皇思想を抱き、つねに攘夷を叫んでいた。 大勢からは先生と呼ばれていた。 それほどの才幹で、国家有事の時にむざむざと横死したことは、彼自身のみならず、国家的損害であるとは、当時、心あるものの一致するところであった。 which roughly translates as: "He held extremely strong pro\-Imperial court ideals and screamed for the expelling out of foreigners. Everyone called him *[sensei](/wiki/Sensei "Sensei")*. He was that much of a man but he died when the country needed him. We felt this is not just a loss for him but a loss for the country".
[ "Death\n-----", "On October 19 (lunar calendar September 10\\), [Niimi Nishiki](/wiki/Niimi_Nishiki \"Niimi Nishiki\"), who was a sub\\-captain of the Shinsengumi, was ordered to commit [seppuku](/wiki/Seppuku \"Seppuku\") by Hijikata and Yamanami. Most likely, this was the beginning of the plan by the Kondō faction to expel Serizawa and his allies. When Serizawa, Hirayama, and Hirama found out about the involuntary seppuku, they were unable to retaliate because in August they had started recruiting many of their members to side with Kondō. Noguchi Kenji, who was a fukuchou jokin and a member of Serizawa's group, was not in [Mibu](/wiki/Mibu%2C_Kyoto \"Mibu, Kyoto\") village at this time of the assassination. But there is a possibility that Niimi was forced to commit seppuku by a Mito samurai for the murder of a Mibu Roushigumi member and Kondō's group was not involved with his death. Therefore, Serizawa's group may have *not* known about Kondō's assassination plans.", "On October 30 (lunar calendar September 18; however there is debate that it could have happened 2 days earlier in October 28\\), all of the Shinsengumi had a drinking party at which was a plan to assassinate Serizawa. The selected few led by Hijikata went into the house of Yagi Gennojō that night, Serizawa was then assassinated along with Oume, a woman who was sleeping with him, and also Hirayama. Hirama, the sole survivor in Serizawa's group, managed to flee back to Mito where he reported Serizawa Kamo's death to his family. The assassination was carried out under [Matsudaira Katamori](/wiki/Matsudaira_Katamori \"Matsudaira Katamori\")'s order. Three months later, on February 4, 1864 (lunar calendar December 27, 1863\\), Noguchi was ordered to commit seppuku by the Shinsengumi.", "### Assassination", "There is some debate about who exactly was involved with killing Serizawa. Obviously those chosen to take part in the plot would have been members that Kondo and Hijikata trusted and also able to keep it a secret. The lineup was most likely [Hijikata](/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D \"Hijikata Toshizō\"), [Okita](/wiki/Okita_S%C5%8Dji \"Okita Sōji\"), [Yamanami Keisuke](/wiki/Yamanami_Keisuke \"Yamanami Keisuke\"), [Inoue](/wiki/Inoue_Genzabur%C5%8D \"Inoue Genzaburō\"), and [Harada](/wiki/Harada_Sanosuke \"Harada Sanosuke\"). There is an alternative theory that the assassination was done by Hijikata, [Tōdō](/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Heisuke \"Tōdō Heisuke\"), [Saitō](/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Hajime \"Saitō Hajime\") and Harada. It is highly unlikely that [Kondō](/wiki/Kond%C5%8D_Isami \"Kondō Isami\") himself was involved with the assassination because it would have been too risky to get the next lead captain injured or killed.", "There have been a number of theories about the motive for the assassination:", "* *Serizawa was too out of hand, so Aizu secretly planned to assassinate Serizawa Kamo with Kondō and Hijikata.*", "This is the most mainstream and widely\\-believed theory. It's quite possible that both Aizu and Kondō felt Serizawa was too reckless to be the lead captain of a group that was intended to regulate peace in Kyoto, and one who would react violently to dismissal.", "* *The Mito clan was thinking of taking Serizawa's Mibu Roushigumi to the fore\\-runner of sonno joi. Aizu clan felt this was a threat because they are more pro\\-Tokugawa than pro\\-Imperial court like Mito, so they commanded Kondo to assassinate Serizawa's group.*", "This is a lesser\\-known theory. The Aizu clan could have commanded Kondō to assassinate Serizawa because he was reckless in order to hide the true motive; an underlying political conflict with Mito. Aizu was having trouble in Kyoto already from samurais from Chōshū and Tosa causing violence openly in the streets, so they could have wanted to prevent Mito samurais from entering the blood bath of Kyoto. Then, extreme samurais from 3 states (Mito, Chōshū and Tosa) were competing with each other carrying out terrorist actions against those who they believed were against anti\\-foreigner ideals. A Mito official in Kyoto could have been plotting to take Serizawa's group and make them side with Mito.", "* *Kondo and Hijikata used Serizawa to have connections with Aizu and now that was accomplished they eliminated Serizawa's group to take a hold of the group.*", "It's likely that Kondo and Hijikata hated Serizawa in the first place. But, they probably wouldn't have been able to form Mibu Roushigumi, which later became the Shinsengumi, if it wasn't for Serizawa's brother's close relations with the Aizu clan; they allowed him to be lead captain because they were just using him to get connections with Aizu. When they felt they securely had the trust to Aizu they assassinated Serizawa because they no longer needed him. It is possible that they also kept the assassination in the dark from the Aizu clan since they have reported Serizawa's cause of death from illness.", "### Grave", "Kondō's group held a funeral for his death and Serizawa's older brother came to it. His grave was built a year after his death in Mibu Temple and it still resides there today.", "There is a quote about him from Nagakura Shinpachi:", "◎新選組顛末記\\-永倉 新八\n猛烈な勤皇思想を抱き、つねに攘夷を叫んでいた。\n大勢からは先生と呼ばれていた。\nそれほどの才幹で、国家有事の時にむざむざと横死したことは、彼自身のみならず、国家的損害であるとは、当時、心あるものの一致するところであった。", "which roughly translates as:", "\"He held extremely strong pro\\-Imperial court ideals and screamed for the expelling out of foreigners. Everyone called him *[sensei](/wiki/Sensei \"Sensei\")*. He was that much of a man but he died when the country needed him. We felt this is not just a loss for him but a loss for the country\".", "" ]
In popular culture ------------------ {{In popular culture\|date\=April 2018}} Serizawa is featured in [Shiba Ryotaro](/wiki/Shiba_Ryotaro "Shiba Ryotaro")'s *[Moeyo Ken](/wiki/Moeyo_Ken "Moeyo Ken")* (*Burn, O Sword*) and *[Shinsengumi Keppuroku](/wiki/Shinsengumi_Keppuroku "Shinsengumi Keppuroku")* (*Record of Shinsengumi Bloodshed*). He is also featured in the manga *[Kaze Hikaru](/wiki/Kaze_Hikaru "Kaze Hikaru")* as Commander Serizawa and is pictured as a jolly man, often red nosed from drunkenness but below his comic and often\-perverted nature is also a fierce opponent who should not be underestimated. He is often seen on drinking fests with the rest of the Mibu clan or always trying to get a kiss from Kamiya Seizaburo (Tominaga Sei). He falls in love in with a woman named Oume. His fight with Sumo wrestlers and meeting Oume are historical facts based on the real\-life story of Serizawa. Serizawa's assassination was portrayed in the anime version of *[Peacemaker Kurogane](/wiki/Peacemaker_Kurogane "Peacemaker Kurogane")* Serizawa is featured in NHK [Shinsengumi](/wiki/Shinsengumi%21 "Shinsengumi!") portrayed by [Kōichi Satō](/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Sat%C5%8D_%28actor%29 "Kōichi Satō (actor)"), as a powerful swordsman, with a short temper, yet he had a strong spirit, and a great love for his country. Four Shinsengumi members were sent to assassinate him: Hijikata, Okita, Harada, and Sannan. Okita foolishly swung his Katana and it got stuck on the lintel off a doorway. Serizawa broke Hijikata's sword in two then slipped on his own bottle of sake. Okita stabbed him through the heart with his Kodachi, and Hijikata finished him off by stabbing him in the back. In *[Rurouni Kenshin](/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin "Rurouni Kenshin")* the character [Shishio Makoto](/wiki/Shishio_Makoto "Shishio Makoto") is roughly based on Serizawa Kamo as said by the manga artist [Nobuhiro Watsuki](/wiki/Nobuhiro_Watsuki "Nobuhiro Watsuki"), creator of Rurouni Kenshin series, during an interview (contained in [Kenshin Kaden](/wiki/Kenshin_Kaden "Kenshin Kaden")). Also included as a character in Hakuouki Reimeiroku, Serizawa plays a major role in the most recent{{when\|date\=April 2018}} series of the anime *[Hakuōki](/wiki/Haku%C5%8Dki "Hakuōki")*. In the 2014 game *[**Ryū ga Gotoku** Ishin](/wiki/Yakuza_Ishin "Yakuza Ishin")!*, Serizawa Kamo kills Miburoshigumi captain Inōe Genzaburo, and takes on the dead man's identity at the behest of leader [Kondō Isami](/wiki/Kond%C5%8D_Isami "Kondō Isami"). He says that three of the existing captains must take on the role of the dead Mito faction members in order to keep the group alive, which he then renames the Shinsengumi. Serizawa Kamo appeared in With You I Bloom: The Shinsengumi Youth Chronicle in 2024 based on the 1963 Shinsengumi manga by [Osamu Tezuka](/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka "Osamu Tezuka"). He was portrayed by [Ryosuke Miura](/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dsuke_Miura "Ryōsuke Miura").
[ "In popular culture\n------------------", "{{In popular culture\\|date\\=April 2018}}\nSerizawa is featured in [Shiba Ryotaro](/wiki/Shiba_Ryotaro \"Shiba Ryotaro\")'s *[Moeyo Ken](/wiki/Moeyo_Ken \"Moeyo Ken\")* (*Burn, O Sword*) and *[Shinsengumi Keppuroku](/wiki/Shinsengumi_Keppuroku \"Shinsengumi Keppuroku\")* (*Record of Shinsengumi Bloodshed*).", "He is also featured in the manga *[Kaze Hikaru](/wiki/Kaze_Hikaru \"Kaze Hikaru\")* as Commander Serizawa and is pictured as a jolly man, often red nosed from drunkenness but below his comic and often\\-perverted nature is also a fierce opponent who should not be underestimated. He is often seen on drinking fests with the rest of the Mibu clan or always trying to get a kiss from Kamiya Seizaburo (Tominaga Sei). He falls in love in with a woman named Oume. His fight with Sumo wrestlers and meeting Oume are historical facts based on the real\\-life story of Serizawa.", "Serizawa's assassination was portrayed in the anime version of *[Peacemaker Kurogane](/wiki/Peacemaker_Kurogane \"Peacemaker Kurogane\")*", "Serizawa is featured in NHK [Shinsengumi](/wiki/Shinsengumi%21 \"Shinsengumi!\") portrayed by [Kōichi Satō](/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Sat%C5%8D_%28actor%29 \"Kōichi Satō (actor)\"), as a powerful swordsman, with a short temper, yet he had a strong spirit, and a great love for his country. Four Shinsengumi members were sent to assassinate him: Hijikata, Okita, Harada, and Sannan. Okita foolishly swung his Katana and it got stuck on the lintel off a doorway. Serizawa broke Hijikata's sword in two then slipped on his own bottle of sake. Okita stabbed him through the heart with his Kodachi, and Hijikata finished him off by stabbing him in the back.", "In *[Rurouni Kenshin](/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin \"Rurouni Kenshin\")* the character [Shishio Makoto](/wiki/Shishio_Makoto \"Shishio Makoto\") is roughly based on Serizawa Kamo as said by the manga artist [Nobuhiro Watsuki](/wiki/Nobuhiro_Watsuki \"Nobuhiro Watsuki\"), creator of Rurouni Kenshin series, during an interview (contained in [Kenshin Kaden](/wiki/Kenshin_Kaden \"Kenshin Kaden\")).", "Also included as a character in Hakuouki Reimeiroku, Serizawa plays a major role in the most recent{{when\\|date\\=April 2018}} series of the anime *[Hakuōki](/wiki/Haku%C5%8Dki \"Hakuōki\")*.", "In the 2014 game *[**Ryū ga Gotoku** Ishin](/wiki/Yakuza_Ishin \"Yakuza Ishin\")!*, Serizawa Kamo kills Miburoshigumi captain Inōe Genzaburo, and takes on the dead man's identity at the behest of leader [Kondō Isami](/wiki/Kond%C5%8D_Isami \"Kondō Isami\"). He says that three of the existing captains must take on the role of the dead Mito faction members in order to keep the group alive, which he then renames the Shinsengumi.", "Serizawa Kamo appeared in With You I Bloom: The Shinsengumi Youth Chronicle in 2024 based on the 1963 Shinsengumi manga by [Osamu Tezuka](/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka \"Osamu Tezuka\"). He was portrayed by [Ryosuke Miura](/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dsuke_Miura \"Ryōsuke Miura\").", "" ]
Design and development ---------------------- The B.5 was the first aircraft designed and built in [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia") at the end of the First World War. Designed and constructed at the [Bohemia Pilsen](/wiki/Bohemia_Pilsen "Bohemia Pilsen") works the B.5 had one engine and two seats in separate, tandem open cockpits. The B.5 was a typical biplane sport/trainer aircraft of the period, with staggered upper and lower wings; the lower wing attaching directly to the lower fuselage between the two cockpits and the one piece upper wing supported on cabane and inter\-plane struts. The structure of the fuselage and wings was entirely conventional with fabric and/or plywood skinning and wooden structure. Conventional fin and tailplane were sited at the rear of the fuselage and were fitted with fin and elevators of generous area for yaw and pitch control. Roll control was effected by ailerons fitted to the upper wings only. The undercarriage consisted of bungee sprung main\-wheels on a live axle supported by wire\-braced struts and a sprung tail\-skid at the extreme end of the fuselage. Power was supplied by a *Neue Automobil\-Gesellschaft mbH* [NAG 4\-cyl in\-line](/wiki/NAG_4-cyl_in-line "NAG 4-cyl in-line") piston engine, rated at {{convert\|40\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}, turning a two\-blade wooden propeller counter\-clockwise as viewed from the cockpit. Colours and markings were simple with the [fabric covering](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering "Aircraft fabric covering") being left in its natural colour doped with a clear varnish. Large black letters across the span of the lower wing bottom surface spelt out *BOHEMIA*.
[ "Design and development\n----------------------", "The B.5 was the first aircraft designed and built in [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\") at the end of the First World War. Designed and constructed at the [Bohemia Pilsen](/wiki/Bohemia_Pilsen \"Bohemia Pilsen\") works the B.5 had one engine and two seats in separate, tandem open cockpits.", "The B.5 was a typical biplane sport/trainer aircraft of the period, with staggered upper and lower wings; the lower wing attaching directly to the lower fuselage between the two cockpits and the one piece upper wing supported on cabane and inter\\-plane struts.", "The structure of the fuselage and wings was entirely conventional with fabric and/or plywood skinning and wooden structure. Conventional fin and tailplane were sited at the rear of the fuselage and were fitted with fin and elevators of generous area for yaw and pitch control. Roll control was effected by ailerons fitted to the upper wings only. The undercarriage consisted of bungee sprung main\\-wheels on a live axle supported by wire\\-braced struts and a sprung tail\\-skid at the extreme end of the fuselage.", "Power was supplied by a *Neue Automobil\\-Gesellschaft mbH* [NAG 4\\-cyl in\\-line](/wiki/NAG_4-cyl_in-line \"NAG 4-cyl in-line\") piston engine, rated at {{convert\\|40\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, turning a two\\-blade wooden propeller counter\\-clockwise as viewed from the cockpit.", "Colours and markings were simple with the [fabric covering](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering \"Aircraft fabric covering\") being left in its natural colour doped with a clear varnish. Large black letters across the span of the lower wing bottom surface spelt out *BOHEMIA*.", "" ]
Cultural influence ------------------ [Michael Palin](/wiki/Michael_Palin "Michael Palin") notably performed the song with the choir of the [Russian Pacific Fleet](/wiki/Russian_Pacific_Fleet "Russian Pacific Fleet") in the television series *[Full Circle with Michael Palin](/wiki/Full_Circle_with_Michael_Palin "Full Circle with Michael Palin")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.palinstravels.co.uk/book\-808\|title\=Palin's Travels: Russkiy Island, Eastern Russia, Full Circle, Day 22\|website\=www.palinstravels.co.uk\|access\-date\=22 June 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=lL4KtwR3TKI \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/lL4KtwR3TKI \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Polyushko Pole Michael Palin and the Russian Pacific Navy\|last\=krisztina kugelman\|date\=4 August 2012\|access\-date\=22 June 2019\|via\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} The song is the third one heard at the beginning of *[Cast Away](/wiki/Cast_Away "Cast Away")*, an American movie starring [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks "Tom Hanks"), right after [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley "Elvis Presley")'s "[Heartbreak Hotel](/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel "Heartbreak Hotel")" and "[All Shook Up](/wiki/All_Shook_Up "All Shook Up")". The song is used throughout the movie "[REDS](/wiki/Reds_%28film%29 "Reds (film)")" (1981\), the epic historical drama about American journalist John Reed who chronicled the October Revolution in Russia in 1917\. The opening credits of the 1966 Cold War comedy film *[The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming](/wiki/The_Russians_Are_Coming%2C_the_Russians_Are_Coming "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming")* uses this song. The song plays during a scene taking place at the Greek Parliament for Kremlin, in the [Nikos Perakis](/wiki/Nikos_Perakis "Nikos Perakis") film *[Loufa \& Parallagi](/wiki/Loufa_%26_Parallagi "Loufa & Parallagi")* (1984\). The [anime](/wiki/Anime "Anime") *[Girls und Panzer](/wiki/Girls_und_Panzer "Girls und Panzer")* uses "Polyushko\-polye" along with "[Katyusha](/wiki/Katyusha_%28song%29 "Katyusha (song)")" as the theme songs for the fictional "Pravda Girls High School". High school teacher Pedersen's pupils sing the song in the class room, and the melody is used throughout the film *[Comrade Pedersen](/wiki/Comrade_Pedersen "Comrade Pedersen")*. The melody is the basis for [Ervin And Andrea Litkei’s](/wiki/Ervin_Litkei "Ervin Litkei") song "Hold Me Forever",{{YouTube\|EW2NwKfW8uM}} which is featured in the credits for season 4, episode 6 of *[What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)](/wiki/What_We_Do_in_the_Shadows_%28TV_series%29 "What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)")*. [Blackmore's Night](/wiki/Blackmore%27s_Night "Blackmore's Night") adapted the melody for "Gone with the Wind", which appears on their 1999 album *[Under a Violet Moon](/wiki/Under_a_Violet_Moon "Under a Violet Moon")*. It is used in the opening scene of the TV series *[Kleo](/wiki/Kleo "Kleo")*, and a remix version by [Modeselektor](/wiki/Modeselektor "Modeselektor") appears in the closing credits of the season 1 final episode. [Chabad\-Lubavitch](/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch "Chabad-Lubavitch") chasidim created a [nigun](/wiki/Nigun "Nigun") using the tune and sing it to the words "Der Rebbe Zal Zayn Gezunt" (may the [Rebbe](/wiki/Rebbe "Rebbe") be healthy).{{cite web \|title\=Reb Yisrael Duchman: Der Rebbe Zal Zayn Gezunt \|url\=https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/music\_cdo/aid/5032614/jewish/Reb\-Yisrael\-Duchman\-Der\-Rebbe\-Zal\-Zayn\-Gezunt.htm \|website\=Chabad.org}} German [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal "Power metal") band [Powerwolf](/wiki/Powerwolf "Powerwolf") used the melody of "Polyushko\-polye" for the song "Werewolves of Armenia" in their 2009 album *[Bible of the Beast](/wiki/Bible_of_the_Beast "Bible of the Beast")*.
[ "Cultural influence\n------------------", "[Michael Palin](/wiki/Michael_Palin \"Michael Palin\") notably performed the song with the choir of the [Russian Pacific Fleet](/wiki/Russian_Pacific_Fleet \"Russian Pacific Fleet\") in the television series *[Full Circle with Michael Palin](/wiki/Full_Circle_with_Michael_Palin \"Full Circle with Michael Palin\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.palinstravels.co.uk/book\\-808\\|title\\=Palin's Travels: Russkiy Island, Eastern Russia, Full Circle, Day 22\\|website\\=www.palinstravels.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=lL4KtwR3TKI \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/lL4KtwR3TKI \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Polyushko Pole Michael Palin and the Russian Pacific Navy\\|last\\=krisztina kugelman\\|date\\=4 August 2012\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2019\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}", "The song is the third one heard at the beginning of *[Cast Away](/wiki/Cast_Away \"Cast Away\")*, an American movie starring [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks \"Tom Hanks\"), right after [Elvis Presley](/wiki/Elvis_Presley \"Elvis Presley\")'s \"[Heartbreak Hotel](/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel \"Heartbreak Hotel\")\" and \"[All Shook Up](/wiki/All_Shook_Up \"All Shook Up\")\".", "The song is used throughout the movie \"[REDS](/wiki/Reds_%28film%29 \"Reds (film)\")\" (1981\\), the epic historical drama about American journalist John Reed who chronicled the October Revolution in Russia in 1917\\.", "The opening credits of the 1966 Cold War comedy film *[The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming](/wiki/The_Russians_Are_Coming%2C_the_Russians_Are_Coming \"The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming\")* uses this song.", "The song plays during a scene taking place at the Greek Parliament for Kremlin, in the [Nikos Perakis](/wiki/Nikos_Perakis \"Nikos Perakis\") film *[Loufa \\& Parallagi](/wiki/Loufa_%26_Parallagi \"Loufa & Parallagi\")* (1984\\).", "The [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\") *[Girls und Panzer](/wiki/Girls_und_Panzer \"Girls und Panzer\")* uses \"Polyushko\\-polye\" along with \"[Katyusha](/wiki/Katyusha_%28song%29 \"Katyusha (song)\")\" as the theme songs for the fictional \"Pravda Girls High School\".", "High school teacher Pedersen's pupils sing the song in the class room, and the melody is used throughout the film *[Comrade Pedersen](/wiki/Comrade_Pedersen \"Comrade Pedersen\")*.", "The melody is the basis for [Ervin And Andrea Litkei’s](/wiki/Ervin_Litkei \"Ervin Litkei\") song \"Hold Me Forever\",{{YouTube\\|EW2NwKfW8uM}} which is featured in the credits for season 4, episode 6 of *[What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)](/wiki/What_We_Do_in_the_Shadows_%28TV_series%29 \"What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)\")*.", "[Blackmore's Night](/wiki/Blackmore%27s_Night \"Blackmore's Night\") adapted the melody for \"Gone with the Wind\", which appears on their 1999 album *[Under a Violet Moon](/wiki/Under_a_Violet_Moon \"Under a Violet Moon\")*.", "It is used in the opening scene of the TV series *[Kleo](/wiki/Kleo \"Kleo\")*, and a remix version by [Modeselektor](/wiki/Modeselektor \"Modeselektor\") appears in the closing credits of the season 1 final episode.", "[Chabad\\-Lubavitch](/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch \"Chabad-Lubavitch\") chasidim created a [nigun](/wiki/Nigun \"Nigun\") using the tune and sing it to the words \"Der Rebbe Zal Zayn Gezunt\" (may the [Rebbe](/wiki/Rebbe \"Rebbe\") be healthy).{{cite web \\|title\\=Reb Yisrael Duchman: Der Rebbe Zal Zayn Gezunt \\|url\\=https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/music\\_cdo/aid/5032614/jewish/Reb\\-Yisrael\\-Duchman\\-Der\\-Rebbe\\-Zal\\-Zayn\\-Gezunt.htm \\|website\\=Chabad.org}}", "German [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal \"Power metal\") band [Powerwolf](/wiki/Powerwolf \"Powerwolf\") used the melody of \"Polyushko\\-polye\" for the song \"Werewolves of Armenia\" in their 2009 album *[Bible of the Beast](/wiki/Bible_of_the_Beast \"Bible of the Beast\")*.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1950\= 407 \|1960\= 483 \|1970\= 502 \|1980\= 447 \|1990\= 462 \|2000\= 435 \|2010\= 410 \|2020\= 377 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=November 25, 2012}} of 2010, there were 410 people, 162 households, and 109 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|525\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 176 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|225\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 92\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 3\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 5\.9% of the population. There were 162 households, of which 31\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32\.7% were non\-families. 27\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.53 and the average family size was 3\.06\. The median age in the village was 37\.8 years. 24\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 11% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23\.8% were from 25 to 44; 26\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50\.7% male and 49\.3% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 435 people, 172 households, and 126 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\|497\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 181 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|206\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 95\.86% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.46% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.92% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.46% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 2\.30% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.76% of the population. There were 172 households, out of which 33\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\.2% were non\-families. 21\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.53 and the average family size was 2\.92\. In the village, the population was spread out, with 28\.0% under the age of 18, 10\.1% from 18 to 24, 26\.2% from 25 to 44, 20\.0% from 45 to 64, and 15\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\.6 males. The median income for a household in the village was $41,389, and the median income for a family was $48,958\. Males had a median income of $40,000 versus $28,929 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $16,238\. About 6\.4% of families and 9\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 14\.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1950\\= 407\n\\|1960\\= 483\n\\|1970\\= 502\n\\|1980\\= 447\n\\|1990\\= 462\n\\|2000\\= 435\n\\|2010\\= 410\n\\|2020\\= 377\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=November 25, 2012}} of 2010, there were 410 people, 162 households, and 109 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|525\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 176 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|225\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 92\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 3\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 5\\.9% of the population.", "There were 162 households, of which 31\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32\\.7% were non\\-families. 27\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.53 and the average family size was 3\\.06\\.", "The median age in the village was 37\\.8 years. 24\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 11% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 26\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50\\.7% male and 49\\.3% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 435 people, 172 households, and 126 families living in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|497\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 181 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|206\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 95\\.86% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.46% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.92% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.46% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.30% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.76% of the population.", "There were 172 households, out of which 33\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\\.2% were non\\-families. 21\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.53 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.", "In the village, the population was spread out, with 28\\.0% under the age of 18, 10\\.1% from 18 to 24, 26\\.2% from 25 to 44, 20\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the village was $41,389, and the median income for a family was $48,958\\. Males had a median income of $40,000 versus $28,929 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $16,238\\. About 6\\.4% of families and 9\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 14\\.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Ultimatum and acceptance ------------------------ [thumb\|Lithuanian President [Antanas Smetona](/wiki/Antanas_Smetona "Antanas Smetona") fled the country shortly after acceptance of the ultimatum](/wiki/File:Antanas_Smetona_2.jpg "Antanas Smetona 2.jpg") Just before midnight on June 14, while the world was focused on the [imminent capitulation of Paris](/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 "Armistice of 22 June 1940"), Molotov presented the ultimatum to Urbšys in Moscow. It reiterated the earlier charges of kidnapping Soviet soldiers and conspiracy with Latvia and Estonia. The ultimatum demanded:Shtromas (2003\), p. 252 1. That Skučas and Povilaitis be put on trial for ordering the Soviet soldiers to be kidnapped; 2. That a government, more capable of adhering to the Mutual Assistance Pact, be formed; 3. That an unspecified, but "sufficiently large" number of Soviet troops be allowed to enter Lithuanian territory; 4. That an answer be given by 10:00 am the next morning. The Lithuanian government—given less than 12 hours to respond—debated the ultimatum during the night session. It was clear that no matter how the government responded, the Soviet army would invade Lithuania.Senn (2007\), p. 97 President [Antanas Smetona](/wiki/Antanas_Smetona "Antanas Smetona") agreed only with the demand to form a new governmentSenn (2007\), p. 103 argued for military resistance, even if it were symbolic.Misiunas (1993\), p. 19 Merkys and his deputy [Kazys Bizauskas](/wiki/Kazys_Bizauskas "Kazys Bizauskas") urged acceptance.Sabaliūnas (1972\), p. 181 Soviet troops were stationed in Lithuania since October 1939 and acted honorably – the Soviets would surely continue to be reasonable. Bizauskas, a member of the opposition, saw the ultimatum as an opportunity to get rid of the Smetona regime. Historians cited his attitudes to illustrate his incomprehension of the dire situation.Senn (2007\), p. 104 Raštikis, as the potential head of a new government, was invited to the meeting. Both former and current Chief Military Commanders Raštikis and [Vincas Vitkauskas](/wiki/Vincas_Vitkauskas "Vincas Vitkauskas") reported that mounting an effective armed resistance, when Soviet troops were already in the country and the Lithuanian military was not mobilized, was impossible. The government also rejected a diplomatic protest. In Raštikis' view, such actions were empty and would do no more than anger the SovietsAnušauskas (2005\), p. 60 and Urbšys, calling from Moscow, urged not to needlessly antagonize the Soviets.Senn (2007\), p. 105 Merkys and his cabinet resigned to make way for a new government led by Raštikis. The session ended at 7 am with a decision to accept all Soviet demands without expressing protest or complaint. By noon, the Lithuanians received a reply from Moscow stating that Raštikis was not a suitable candidate for Prime Minister. The selection of another candidate would be supervised by Molotov's deputy [Vladimir Dekanozov](/wiki/Vladimir_Dekanozov "Vladimir Dekanozov").Rauch (2006\), p. 220 Merkys continued to act as Prime Minister. Smetona, who continued to disagree with the majority of his government, decided to leave the country in protest and appointed Merkys as acting president. By late evening on June 15, Smetona and Minister of Defense [Kazys Musteikis](/wiki/Kazys_Musteikis "Kazys Musteikis") reached [Kybartai](/wiki/Kybartai "Kybartai") and crossed the border into Germany, where they were granted temporary asylum. The Lithuanian guards did not allow them to pass; thus, Smetona had to wade across the shallow [Liepona](/wiki/Liepona "Liepona") rivulet. Smetona's departure worked to the Soviets′ advantage; its indignity opened him to ridicule and they were able to exploit the sentiments against him without fearing that he would be seen as a martyr.Senn (2007\), p. 106 By fleeing, Smetona escaped the fate of Latvian President [Kārlis Ulmanis](/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis "Kārlis Ulmanis") and Estonian President [Konstantin Päts](/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts "Konstantin Päts"), who were manipulated by the Soviets and later arrested.Senn (2007\), p. 107 Under the Lithuanian constitution, Merkys became acting president. The Red Army was scheduled to enter Lithuanian territory from three separate directions at 3:00 pm and had orders to take control of [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius"), [Kaunas](/wiki/Kaunas "Kaunas"), [Raseiniai](/wiki/Raseiniai "Raseiniai"), [Panevėžys](/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys "Panevėžys"), and [Šiauliai](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai "Šiauliai").Anušauskas (2005\), p. 60–61 The Lithuanian Army was ordered not to resist and to extend friendly greetings; its air force was ordered to remain on the ground. The Soviets came in great numbers clogging Lithuanian roads. They had an obvious intention to show power and intimidate any resistance.Senn (2007\), p. 99 Writer [Ignas Šeinius](/wiki/Ignas_%C5%A0einius "Ignas Šeinius") claimed that he observed the same squadron of Soviet planes making the same flight over and over again to create an impression of much larger [Soviet Air Forces](/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces "Soviet Air Forces"). On June 16, nearly identical ultimata were issued to Latvia and Estonia, although they were given only eight hours to respond. With Lithuania already in Soviet hands, armed resistance in Latvia or Estonia was even more futile. All three states were occupied and lost their independence until 1990\.
[ "Ultimatum and acceptance\n------------------------", "[thumb\\|Lithuanian President [Antanas Smetona](/wiki/Antanas_Smetona \"Antanas Smetona\") fled the country shortly after acceptance of the ultimatum](/wiki/File:Antanas_Smetona_2.jpg \"Antanas Smetona 2.jpg\")", "Just before midnight on June 14, while the world was focused on the [imminent capitulation of Paris](/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 \"Armistice of 22 June 1940\"), Molotov presented the ultimatum to Urbšys in Moscow. It reiterated the earlier charges of kidnapping Soviet soldiers and conspiracy with Latvia and Estonia. The ultimatum demanded:Shtromas (2003\\), p. 252\n1. That Skučas and Povilaitis be put on trial for ordering the Soviet soldiers to be kidnapped;\n2. That a government, more capable of adhering to the Mutual Assistance Pact, be formed;\n3. That an unspecified, but \"sufficiently large\" number of Soviet troops be allowed to enter Lithuanian territory;\n4. That an answer be given by 10:00 am the next morning.", "The Lithuanian government—given less than 12 hours to respond—debated the ultimatum during the night session. It was clear that no matter how the government responded, the Soviet army would invade Lithuania.Senn (2007\\), p. 97 President [Antanas Smetona](/wiki/Antanas_Smetona \"Antanas Smetona\") agreed only with the demand to form a new governmentSenn (2007\\), p. 103 argued for military resistance, even if it were symbolic.Misiunas (1993\\), p. 19 Merkys and his deputy [Kazys Bizauskas](/wiki/Kazys_Bizauskas \"Kazys Bizauskas\") urged acceptance.Sabaliūnas (1972\\), p. 181 Soviet troops were stationed in Lithuania since October 1939 and acted honorably – the Soviets would surely continue to be reasonable. Bizauskas, a member of the opposition, saw the ultimatum as an opportunity to get rid of the Smetona regime. Historians cited his attitudes to illustrate his incomprehension of the dire situation.Senn (2007\\), p. 104 Raštikis, as the potential head of a new government, was invited to the meeting. Both former and current Chief Military Commanders Raštikis and [Vincas Vitkauskas](/wiki/Vincas_Vitkauskas \"Vincas Vitkauskas\") reported that mounting an effective armed resistance, when Soviet troops were already in the country and the Lithuanian military was not mobilized, was impossible. The government also rejected a diplomatic protest. In Raštikis' view, such actions were empty and would do no more than anger the SovietsAnušauskas (2005\\), p. 60 and Urbšys, calling from Moscow, urged not to needlessly antagonize the Soviets.Senn (2007\\), p. 105 Merkys and his cabinet resigned to make way for a new government led by Raštikis. The session ended at 7 am with a decision to accept all Soviet demands without expressing protest or complaint.", "By noon, the Lithuanians received a reply from Moscow stating that Raštikis was not a suitable candidate for Prime Minister. The selection of another candidate would be supervised by Molotov's deputy [Vladimir Dekanozov](/wiki/Vladimir_Dekanozov \"Vladimir Dekanozov\").Rauch (2006\\), p. 220 Merkys continued to act as Prime Minister. Smetona, who continued to disagree with the majority of his government, decided to leave the country in protest and appointed Merkys as acting president. By late evening on June 15, Smetona and Minister of Defense [Kazys Musteikis](/wiki/Kazys_Musteikis \"Kazys Musteikis\") reached [Kybartai](/wiki/Kybartai \"Kybartai\") and crossed the border into Germany, where they were granted temporary asylum. The Lithuanian guards did not allow them to pass; thus, Smetona had to wade across the shallow [Liepona](/wiki/Liepona \"Liepona\") rivulet. Smetona's departure worked to the Soviets′ advantage; its indignity opened him to ridicule and they were able to exploit the sentiments against him without fearing that he would be seen as a martyr.Senn (2007\\), p. 106 By fleeing, Smetona escaped the fate of Latvian President [Kārlis Ulmanis](/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis \"Kārlis Ulmanis\") and Estonian President [Konstantin Päts](/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts \"Konstantin Päts\"), who were manipulated by the Soviets and later arrested.Senn (2007\\), p. 107 Under the Lithuanian constitution, Merkys became acting president.", "The Red Army was scheduled to enter Lithuanian territory from three separate directions at 3:00 pm and had orders to take control of [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\"), [Kaunas](/wiki/Kaunas \"Kaunas\"), [Raseiniai](/wiki/Raseiniai \"Raseiniai\"), [Panevėžys](/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys \"Panevėžys\"), and [Šiauliai](/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai \"Šiauliai\").Anušauskas (2005\\), p. 60–61 The Lithuanian Army was ordered not to resist and to extend friendly greetings; its air force was ordered to remain on the ground. The Soviets came in great numbers clogging Lithuanian roads. They had an obvious intention to show power and intimidate any resistance.Senn (2007\\), p. 99 Writer [Ignas Šeinius](/wiki/Ignas_%C5%A0einius \"Ignas Šeinius\") claimed that he observed the same squadron of Soviet planes making the same flight over and over again to create an impression of much larger [Soviet Air Forces](/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces \"Soviet Air Forces\").", "On June 16, nearly identical ultimata were issued to Latvia and Estonia, although they were given only eight hours to respond. With Lithuania already in Soviet hands, armed resistance in Latvia or Estonia was even more futile. All three states were occupied and lost their independence until 1990\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- Morioka, a [prosecutor](/wiki/Prosecutor "Prosecutor") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), is accused of theft by a woman and again by a man. The stolen items are found at his house, much to his bewilderment, and he flees out the bathroom window. Morioka's superior revokes his position as a prosecutor and calls out a manhunt on him, assigning detective Yamura (from the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department "Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department")) to the case. Morioka tracks one of his accusers to Makami Village in the [Noto Peninsula](/wiki/Noto_Peninsula "Noto Peninsula") in [Ishikawa Prefecture](/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture "Ishikawa Prefecture") but finds her dead. He finds a wedding photo of her and the other accuser among her items. After Morioka has left, the police later arrive and find the body, tracking her husband Yokomichi Keiji back to a town called Kounogi in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido "Hokkaido"), where they set up an ambush. Morioka soon arrives but manages to escape the police chase. While moving through the woods, Morioka notices and disarms a tripwire hooked to a shotgun then uses it to scare off a bear attacking a woman who is stuck up a tree. The bear chases Morioka off a cliff and into a river. The woman, Mayumi, rescues him and nurses him back to health at her family home. Morioka states that his name is Maeda but Mayumi's father Tonami Yohinori, who wants to run for governor, recognizes him as Morioka and offers to help. Tonami's assistant Nakayama calls the police in an attempt to help Tonami's political ambitions and Morioka flees the house. Mayumi follows him on horseback and helps him escape, confessing what she has done to Yamura when the police arrive at her house. Yamura follows her to a seaside shanty where Morioka is hiding and forces them back toward her house at gunpoint. While walking they are attacked by a bear and Yamura is clawed. Morioka helps the injured Yamura back to the hideout and cauterizes the wound with a burning branch. Yamura asserts that he will still arrest Morioka despite this but Morioka easily overpowers the weakened Yamura and escapes with Mayumi to a cave hideout. Mayumi's father finds them there and offers his private plane to Morioka so that he can hurry to Tokyo to find Yokomichi. Tonami then withdraws from the race for governor and sends Mayumi to Tokyo under the guise of concluding a business deal for him. Morioka crash lands on a beach near [Mito](/wiki/Mito%2C_Ibaraki "Mito, Ibaraki"), sneaks past police roadblocks on a truck, and makes his way through the woods to Tokyo. He falls ill and is helped by an unknown woman who recognizes him from the wanted posters. The next night Morioka is spotted by police in Tokyo and chased through the crowded streets before being rescued by Mayumi on horseback leading a pack of horses that crashes through a [shield wall](/wiki/Shield_wall "Shield wall") set up by the police. The next day Yamura arrives at Mayumi's hotel and shows Morioka a copy of Yokomichi's medical record from a mental hospital where he is being treated for paranoid schizophrenia under the name Suzuki Takeshi. He states that the hospital is operated by the Nagaoka Company owned by Representative Nagaoka Ryosuke. Representative Ryosuke was speaking with Representative Asakura before Asakura suddenly jumped out a window in an alleged suicide, an explanation that Morioka always doubted. The day before Asakura died, a large amount of money was extorted from him by the Tonan company, a company that also purchased guinea pigs from Yokomichi Keiji. Morioka and Mayumi escape from the hotel before police can arrive. Yamura's superior reprimands him and reminds him of the five\-year prison sentence that is mandatory for making deals with suspects. Morioka and Mayumi drive to the mental hospital, where they pretend that Morioka is her husband and have him committed. The doctor, Vice President Doto, recognizes Morioka and taunts him by showing him Yokomichi, who has been rendered incoherent by a strong sedative. Doto force\-feeds the same sedative to Morioka and imprisons him in the mental hospital as a schizophrenic under the name Tsuyama and refuses to release him to Mayumi. Morioka intentionally spills some of the pills given to him so that he can pocket them. He slips a pill into Mayumi's hand when she visits and she takes it to Yamura. Representative Ryosuke visits the hospital and is given a demonstration of the effects of the sedative known as "AX" that blocks parts of the brain responsible for will and makes those who take it obedient to commands. The doctor demonstrates this by commanding a patient to stab himself in the arm, which the patient does. The patient formerly headed the protests against Ryosuke's company but the new drug will be used as a means to get rid of people like him. Morioka, who has been vomiting up the pills after swallowing them, is instructed to write a suicide note then taken to a roof and instructed to jump. Morioka walks to the edge of the roof but instead of jumping he explains that he now understands that Asakura was convinced to jump after being given drugs by Nagaoka. The orderlies attempt to strangle Morioka as Yamura and Hosoi arrive. Doto runs from Yamura and commits suicide by jumping off the roof and Ryosuke's assistant Sakai is found dead as a result of suicide as well. Morioka, Yamura, and Hosoi catch Ryosuke preparing to fly to South Korea with a briefcase full of dollars and Morioka explains that they know Asakura was blackmailing Ryosuke about the drug "AX". He continues that Ryosuke knew that he did not believe it was a suicide and therefore sent the Yokomichis to stop him. Morioka also recognizes Ryosuke's assistants as the men who killed Mrs. Yokomichi and later shot at him in Hokkaido. Yamura orders Hosoi to arrest Ryosuke's men and Ryosuke tells his men that he will get them out of jail the next day. Ryosuke attempts to leave for his flight but Yamura pulls out his gun and commands Ryosuke to jump out the window but Ryosuke fights back so Morioka and Yamura both shoot him and call it self\-defense. The General Prosecutor accepts this explanation but states that Morioka will still have to face prosecution for some of his actions. Morioka explains that he now believes that some criminals cannot be battled with the law along and that he no longer wishes to be prosecutor. Yamura says that when he comes to arrest Morioka he will give him another chance to escape. Morioka leaves and meets Mayumi, explaining that they will have to live on the run. She accepts this and says that she will stay on the run with him.
[ "Plot\n----", "Morioka, a [prosecutor](/wiki/Prosecutor \"Prosecutor\") in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), is accused of theft by a woman and again by a man. The stolen items are found at his house, much to his bewilderment, and he flees out the bathroom window. Morioka's superior revokes his position as a prosecutor and calls out a manhunt on him, assigning detective Yamura (from the [Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department](/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department \"Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\")) to the case. Morioka tracks one of his accusers to Makami Village in the [Noto Peninsula](/wiki/Noto_Peninsula \"Noto Peninsula\") in [Ishikawa Prefecture](/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture \"Ishikawa Prefecture\") but finds her dead. He finds a wedding photo of her and the other accuser among her items. After Morioka has left, the police later arrive and find the body, tracking her husband Yokomichi Keiji back to a town called Kounogi in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\"), where they set up an ambush. Morioka soon arrives but manages to escape the police chase.", "While moving through the woods, Morioka notices and disarms a tripwire hooked to a shotgun then uses it to scare off a bear attacking a woman who is stuck up a tree. The bear chases Morioka off a cliff and into a river. The woman, Mayumi, rescues him and nurses him back to health at her family home. Morioka states that his name is Maeda but Mayumi's father Tonami Yohinori, who wants to run for governor, recognizes him as Morioka and offers to help. Tonami's assistant Nakayama calls the police in an attempt to help Tonami's political ambitions and Morioka flees the house. Mayumi follows him on horseback and helps him escape, confessing what she has done to Yamura when the police arrive at her house. Yamura follows her to a seaside shanty where Morioka is hiding and forces them back toward her house at gunpoint. While walking they are attacked by a bear and Yamura is clawed. Morioka helps the injured Yamura back to the hideout and cauterizes the wound with a burning branch. Yamura asserts that he will still arrest Morioka despite this but Morioka easily overpowers the weakened Yamura and escapes with Mayumi to a cave hideout. Mayumi's father finds them there and offers his private plane to Morioka so that he can hurry to Tokyo to find Yokomichi. Tonami then withdraws from the race for governor and sends Mayumi to Tokyo under the guise of concluding a business deal for him.", "Morioka crash lands on a beach near [Mito](/wiki/Mito%2C_Ibaraki \"Mito, Ibaraki\"), sneaks past police roadblocks on a truck, and makes his way through the woods to Tokyo. He falls ill and is helped by an unknown woman who recognizes him from the wanted posters. The next night Morioka is spotted by police in Tokyo and chased through the crowded streets before being rescued by Mayumi on horseback leading a pack of horses that crashes through a [shield wall](/wiki/Shield_wall \"Shield wall\") set up by the police.", "The next day Yamura arrives at Mayumi's hotel and shows Morioka a copy of Yokomichi's medical record from a mental hospital where he is being treated for paranoid schizophrenia under the name Suzuki Takeshi. He states that the hospital is operated by the Nagaoka Company owned by Representative Nagaoka Ryosuke. Representative Ryosuke was speaking with Representative Asakura before Asakura suddenly jumped out a window in an alleged suicide, an explanation that Morioka always doubted. The day before Asakura died, a large amount of money was extorted from him by the Tonan company, a company that also purchased guinea pigs from Yokomichi Keiji.", "Morioka and Mayumi escape from the hotel before police can arrive. Yamura's superior reprimands him and reminds him of the five\\-year prison sentence that is mandatory for making deals with suspects. Morioka and Mayumi drive to the mental hospital, where they pretend that Morioka is her husband and have him committed. The doctor, Vice President Doto, recognizes Morioka and taunts him by showing him Yokomichi, who has been rendered incoherent by a strong sedative. Doto force\\-feeds the same sedative to Morioka and imprisons him in the mental hospital as a schizophrenic under the name Tsuyama and refuses to release him to Mayumi. Morioka intentionally spills some of the pills given to him so that he can pocket them. He slips a pill into Mayumi's hand when she visits and she takes it to Yamura.", "Representative Ryosuke visits the hospital and is given a demonstration of the effects of the sedative known as \"AX\" that blocks parts of the brain responsible for will and makes those who take it obedient to commands. The doctor demonstrates this by commanding a patient to stab himself in the arm, which the patient does. The patient formerly headed the protests against Ryosuke's company but the new drug will be used as a means to get rid of people like him. Morioka, who has been vomiting up the pills after swallowing them, is instructed to write a suicide note then taken to a roof and instructed to jump. Morioka walks to the edge of the roof but instead of jumping he explains that he now understands that Asakura was convinced to jump after being given drugs by Nagaoka. The orderlies attempt to strangle Morioka as Yamura and Hosoi arrive. Doto runs from Yamura and commits suicide by jumping off the roof and Ryosuke's assistant Sakai is found dead as a result of suicide as well.", "Morioka, Yamura, and Hosoi catch Ryosuke preparing to fly to South Korea with a briefcase full of dollars and Morioka explains that they know Asakura was blackmailing Ryosuke about the drug \"AX\". He continues that Ryosuke knew that he did not believe it was a suicide and therefore sent the Yokomichis to stop him. Morioka also recognizes Ryosuke's assistants as the men who killed Mrs. Yokomichi and later shot at him in Hokkaido. Yamura orders Hosoi to arrest Ryosuke's men and Ryosuke tells his men that he will get them out of jail the next day. Ryosuke attempts to leave for his flight but Yamura pulls out his gun and commands Ryosuke to jump out the window but Ryosuke fights back so Morioka and Yamura both shoot him and call it self\\-defense. The General Prosecutor accepts this explanation but states that Morioka will still have to face prosecution for some of his actions. Morioka explains that he now believes that some criminals cannot be battled with the law along and that he no longer wishes to be prosecutor. Yamura says that when he comes to arrest Morioka he will give him another chance to escape. Morioka leaves and meets Mayumi, explaining that they will have to live on the run. She accepts this and says that she will stay on the run with him.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- Born in [Lucena, Córdoba](/wiki/Lucena%2C_C%C3%B3rdoba "Lucena, Córdoba"), [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia"), Palanca made his debut as a senior with CDC Torreforta in the 1975–76 season, in the regional leagues. In 1976 he joined [Tercera División](/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n "Tercera División") side [Gimnàstic de Tarragona](/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona "Gimnàstic de Tarragona"), being a regular starter in the club's two consecutive promotions. Palanca made his professional debut on 2 September 1979, starting in a 0–3 away loss against [Recreativo de Huelva](/wiki/Recreativo_de_Huelva "Recreativo de Huelva") for the second level championship. He scored his first goals in the category fourteen days later, contributing with a brace in a 3–2 home win against [Deportivo de La Coruña](/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a "Deportivo de La Coruña"); it would be his only two goals of [the campaign](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "1979–80 Segunda División"), which ended in relegation to [Segunda División B](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B "Segunda División B"). Palanca signed for [RCD Espanyol](/wiki/RCD_Espanyol "RCD Espanyol") in the summer of 1982, moving straight to [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga"). He only made his debut in the category on 3 September 1983, playing the last seven minutes in a 1–4 home defeat to [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid"). Palanca moved to second division club [CE Sabadell FC](/wiki/CE_Sabadell_FC "CE Sabadell FC") in 1985, contributing rarely with the club in [his first season](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n "1985–86 Segunda División") (which ended in top tier promotion), but failing to feature a single minute in [his second](/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_La_Liga "1986–87 La Liga"). He subsequently returned to *Nàstic* in the third division, scoring ten goals during his one\-year spell. Palanca finished his spell for Gimnàstic with 62 goals in 225 matches overall.{{cite web\|url\=http://rctgn.cat/palanca\-per\-mi\-es\-especial\-jugar\-al\-nastic/\|title\=Palanca: “Per mi és especial jugar al Nàstic”\|trans\-title\=Palanca: "For it is special to play at ''Nàstic''\|publisher\=Ràdio Ciutat Tarragona\|language\=ca\|date\=9 July 2015\|accessdate\=19 October 2018}} He subsequently represented fourth division side [CD Tortosa](/wiki/CD_Tortosa "CD Tortosa"){{cite web\|url\=http://hemeroteca\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1988/09/17/MD19880917\-050\.pdf\|title\=CLUB DEPORTIVO TORTOSA\|publisher\=\[\[Mundo Deportivo]]\|language\=es\|date\=17 September 1988\|accessdate\=19 October 2018}} before retiring in 1989 at the age of 32\.
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "Born in [Lucena, Córdoba](/wiki/Lucena%2C_C%C3%B3rdoba \"Lucena, Córdoba\"), [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\"), Palanca made his debut as a senior with CDC Torreforta in the 1975–76 season, in the regional leagues. In 1976 he joined [Tercera División](/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Tercera División\") side [Gimnàstic de Tarragona](/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stic_de_Tarragona \"Gimnàstic de Tarragona\"), being a regular starter in the club's two consecutive promotions.", "Palanca made his professional debut on 2 September 1979, starting in a 0–3 away loss against [Recreativo de Huelva](/wiki/Recreativo_de_Huelva \"Recreativo de Huelva\") for the second level championship. He scored his first goals in the category fourteen days later, contributing with a brace in a 3–2 home win against [Deportivo de La Coruña](/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a \"Deportivo de La Coruña\"); it would be his only two goals of [the campaign](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1979–80 Segunda División\"), which ended in relegation to [Segunda División B](/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B \"Segunda División B\").", "Palanca signed for [RCD Espanyol](/wiki/RCD_Espanyol \"RCD Espanyol\") in the summer of 1982, moving straight to [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\"). He only made his debut in the category on 3 September 1983, playing the last seven minutes in a 1–4 home defeat to [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\").", "Palanca moved to second division club [CE Sabadell FC](/wiki/CE_Sabadell_FC \"CE Sabadell FC\") in 1985, contributing rarely with the club in [his first season](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1985–86 Segunda División\") (which ended in top tier promotion), but failing to feature a single minute in [his second](/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_La_Liga \"1986–87 La Liga\"). He subsequently returned to *Nàstic* in the third division, scoring ten goals during his one\\-year spell.", "Palanca finished his spell for Gimnàstic with 62 goals in 225 matches overall.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rctgn.cat/palanca\\-per\\-mi\\-es\\-especial\\-jugar\\-al\\-nastic/\\|title\\=Palanca: “Per mi és especial jugar al Nàstic”\\|trans\\-title\\=Palanca: \"For it is special to play at ''Nàstic''\\|publisher\\=Ràdio Ciutat Tarragona\\|language\\=ca\\|date\\=9 July 2015\\|accessdate\\=19 October 2018}} He subsequently represented fourth division side [CD Tortosa](/wiki/CD_Tortosa \"CD Tortosa\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca\\-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1988/09/17/MD19880917\\-050\\.pdf\\|title\\=CLUB DEPORTIVO TORTOSA\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Mundo Deportivo]]\\|language\\=es\\|date\\=17 September 1988\\|accessdate\\=19 October 2018}} before retiring in 1989 at the age of 32\\.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Austin was born in [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"). Prior to entering the Senate, Austin had careers as a lawyer and as a senior civil servant. He graduated from the [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia "University of British Columbia") (BA, LLB) and [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") (LLM).{{cite web \| url\=https://historyproject.allard.ubc.ca/law\-history\-project/profile/honourable\-jack\-austin\-pc\-cm\-obc\-qc\-lld\-hon \| title\=The Honourable Jack Austin PC, CM, OBC, QC, LLD (Hon.) \| historyproject.allard.ubc.ca }} In the 1950s, Austin was a legal partner of [Nathan Nemetz](/wiki/Nathaniel_Nemetz "Nathaniel Nemetz"), who later served as chief justice of the [British Columbia Court of Appeal](/wiki/British_Columbia_Court_of_Appeal "British Columbia Court of Appeal"). Nemetz recruited Austin to join the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada").Kelly Korbin, "A lifetime in the public eye: Retiring senator shares high points; his hopes for Canada", *Jewish Independent Online*, February 10, 2007 {{cite web \|url\=http://www.jewishindependent.ca/Archives/Feb06/archives05Feb10\-02\.html \|title\=Welcome to the Jewish Independent Online \|access\-date\=2007\-04\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162038/http://www.jewishindependent.ca/Archives/Feb06/archives05Feb10\-02\.html \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-28 }} In the early 1960s, Austin's political career began when he served as executive assistant to [Arthur Laing](/wiki/Arthur_Laing "Arthur Laing") while he was [Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources](/wiki/Minister_of_Northern_Affairs "Minister of Northern Affairs"). While he was in Ottawa, [Paul Martin Sr.](/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr. "Paul Martin Sr.") asked him to serve on the legal team that negotiated the [Columbia River Treaty](/wiki/Columbia_River_Treaty "Columbia River Treaty") on behalf of the government. Austin's only attempt to win an election was as the Liberal candidate in [Vancouver Kingsway](/wiki/Vancouver_Kingsway "Vancouver Kingsway") in the [1965 federal election](/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election "1965 Canadian federal election"), at which time it was an open seat. He came second to [Grace MacInnis](/wiki/Grace_MacInnis "Grace MacInnis"), who held the constituency on behalf of the [New Democratic Party](/wiki/New_Democratic_Party "New Democratic Party"). In 1970, he was appointed [deputy minister](/wiki/Deputy_minister_%28Canada%29 "Deputy minister (Canada)") of Energy, Mines and Resources and was part of the first Canadian trade mission sent to the [People's Republic of China](/wiki/China "China"). He also played a key role in the establishment of [Petro\-Canada](/wiki/Petro-Canada "Petro-Canada") and [Expo 86](/wiki/Expo_86 "Expo 86") in Vancouver. In 1974, Prime Minister [Pierre Trudeau](/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau "Pierre Trudeau") appointed Austin to be his chief of staff. In 1975, on Trudeau's recommendation, [Governor General](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada "Governor General of Canada") [Jules Léger](/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9ger "Jules Léger") appointed him to the Senate. During Pierre Trudeau's final mandate as prime minister, Austin served as a [Minister of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State_%28Canada%29 "Minister of State (Canada)") in the [cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29 "Cabinet (government)") from 1981 to 1982 and then Minister of State for Social Development until Trudeau's retirement in 1984\. He returned to the [Cabinet of Canada](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada "Cabinet of Canada") in 2003 when Prime Minister [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin") appointed him [Leader of the Government in the Senate](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_%28Canada%29 "Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)"), in which capacity he served until the Liberal defeat in the [2006 election](/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election "2006 Canadian federal election"). He took [mandatory retirement](/wiki/Mandatory_retirement "Mandatory retirement") from the Senate on March 2, 2007, his seventy\-fifth birthday. He received the [Order of the Aztec Eagle](/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle "Order of the Aztec Eagle") from the [Government of Mexico](/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico "Federal government of Mexico") in 2000\.[Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 135, No. 8](http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2001/2001-02-24/pdf/g1-13508.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306221538/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2001/2001\-02\-24/pdf/g1\-13508\.pdf \|date\=2012\-03\-06 }} He was also inducted into the [Order of British Columbia](/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia "Order of British Columbia") in 2010\. He has three daughters: Barbara, Edith and Sharon.
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Austin was born in [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary \"Calgary\"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"). Prior to entering the Senate, Austin had careers as a lawyer and as a senior civil servant. He graduated from the [University of British Columbia](/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia \"University of British Columbia\") (BA, LLB) and [Harvard Law School](/wiki/Harvard_Law_School \"Harvard Law School\") (LLM).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://historyproject.allard.ubc.ca/law\\-history\\-project/profile/honourable\\-jack\\-austin\\-pc\\-cm\\-obc\\-qc\\-lld\\-hon \\| title\\=The Honourable Jack Austin PC, CM, OBC, QC, LLD (Hon.) \\| historyproject.allard.ubc.ca }} In the 1950s, Austin was a legal partner of [Nathan Nemetz](/wiki/Nathaniel_Nemetz \"Nathaniel Nemetz\"), who later served as chief justice of the [British Columbia Court of Appeal](/wiki/British_Columbia_Court_of_Appeal \"British Columbia Court of Appeal\"). Nemetz recruited Austin to join the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\").Kelly Korbin, \"A lifetime in the public eye: Retiring senator shares high points; his hopes for Canada\", *Jewish Independent Online*, February 10, 2007 {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jewishindependent.ca/Archives/Feb06/archives05Feb10\\-02\\.html \\|title\\=Welcome to the Jewish Independent Online \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-04\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162038/http://www.jewishindependent.ca/Archives/Feb06/archives05Feb10\\-02\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-28 }}", "In the early 1960s, Austin's political career began when he served as executive assistant to [Arthur Laing](/wiki/Arthur_Laing \"Arthur Laing\") while he was [Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources](/wiki/Minister_of_Northern_Affairs \"Minister of Northern Affairs\"). While he was in Ottawa, [Paul Martin Sr.](/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr. \"Paul Martin Sr.\") asked him to serve on the legal team that negotiated the [Columbia River Treaty](/wiki/Columbia_River_Treaty \"Columbia River Treaty\") on behalf of the government.", "Austin's only attempt to win an election was as the Liberal candidate in [Vancouver Kingsway](/wiki/Vancouver_Kingsway \"Vancouver Kingsway\") in the [1965 federal election](/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election \"1965 Canadian federal election\"), at which time it was an open seat. He came second to [Grace MacInnis](/wiki/Grace_MacInnis \"Grace MacInnis\"), who held the constituency on behalf of the [New Democratic Party](/wiki/New_Democratic_Party \"New Democratic Party\").", "In 1970, he was appointed [deputy minister](/wiki/Deputy_minister_%28Canada%29 \"Deputy minister (Canada)\") of Energy, Mines and Resources and was part of the first Canadian trade mission sent to the [People's Republic of China](/wiki/China \"China\"). He also played a key role in the establishment of [Petro\\-Canada](/wiki/Petro-Canada \"Petro-Canada\") and [Expo 86](/wiki/Expo_86 \"Expo 86\") in Vancouver.", "In 1974, Prime Minister [Pierre Trudeau](/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau \"Pierre Trudeau\") appointed Austin to be his chief of staff. In 1975, on Trudeau's recommendation, [Governor General](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada \"Governor General of Canada\") [Jules Léger](/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9ger \"Jules Léger\") appointed him to the Senate. During Pierre Trudeau's final mandate as prime minister, Austin served as a [Minister of State](/wiki/Minister_of_State_%28Canada%29 \"Minister of State (Canada)\") in the [cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29 \"Cabinet (government)\") from 1981 to 1982 and then Minister of State for Social Development until Trudeau's retirement in 1984\\. He returned to the [Cabinet of Canada](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada \"Cabinet of Canada\") in 2003 when Prime Minister [Paul Martin](/wiki/Paul_Martin \"Paul Martin\") appointed him [Leader of the Government in the Senate](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_%28Canada%29 \"Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)\"), in which capacity he served until the Liberal defeat in the [2006 election](/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election \"2006 Canadian federal election\"). He took [mandatory retirement](/wiki/Mandatory_retirement \"Mandatory retirement\") from the Senate on March 2, 2007, his seventy\\-fifth birthday.", "He received the [Order of the Aztec Eagle](/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle \"Order of the Aztec Eagle\") from the [Government of Mexico](/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico \"Federal government of Mexico\") in 2000\\.[Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 135, No. 8](http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2001/2001-02-24/pdf/g1-13508.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306221538/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2001/2001\\-02\\-24/pdf/g1\\-13508\\.pdf \\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-06 }} He was also inducted into the [Order of British Columbia](/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia \"Order of British Columbia\") in 2010\\.", "He has three daughters: Barbara, Edith and Sharon.", "" ]
Career ------ ### University of Iowa His teaching career began at the University of Iowa where he became a professor of psychology after graduation. He would go on to be the department chair and dean of the graduate school. In 1929 he was appointed director of the [Iowa Child Welfare Research Station](/wiki/Iowa_Child_Welfare_Research_Station "Iowa Child Welfare Research Station"). While director of the station he would debate with Dr. [Lewis Terman](/wiki/Lewis_Terman "Lewis Terman") of [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") on the nature of intelligence and the usefulness of intelligence testing. Stoddard defended the view that environment and intelligence influenced each other. Terman advocated that intelligence was unchanging and based almost entirely on heredity. ### University of the State of New York Stoddard was named president of the University of the State of New York and Commissioner of Education in September 1942\. As commissioner he was vocally against letting 14 year olds drop out of school to work because they could potentially be exploited. ### Japan In 1946, he was assigned to General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur") to advise on establishing a new Japanese educational system. He was also asked by [Emperor Hirohito](/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito "Emperor Hirohito") to find a tutor for Prince [Akihito](/wiki/Akihito "Akihito"). He was then assigned to the U.S. delegation for [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") at their first meeting in Paris. ### University of Illinois Later in 1946, Stoddard was named president of the University of Illinois. While at Illinois, he oversaw postwar expansion which included doubling the faculty and opening branch campuses in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and Galesburg. His tenure was marred by left\-wing student activism and disputes over academic philosophies in the economics department which led to clashes with the state's legislature.{{cite web \|url\=https://archives.library.illinois.edu/slcold/researchguides/coldwar/universitypolitics/stoddard.php \|website\=archives.library.illinois.edu \|publisher\=Student Life and Culture Archival Program – University of Illinois \|title\=The Rise and Fall of President George D. Stoddard \|date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028023419/https://archives.library.illinois.edu/slcold/researchguides/coldwar/universitypolitics/stoddard.php \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-28 \|url\-status\=dead}} He had a falling out with the Board of Trustees over university\-supported research on [Krebiozen](/wiki/Krebiozen "Krebiozen"), a drug claimed to be a cancer cure. When he ordered an end to funding for the research in 1953, he lost a “no confidence” vote with the trustees and resigned. ### New York University After leaving Illinois, Stoddard was hired by NYU to chair a self\-study of the university's role in the urban community. The study led to the reorganization of the School of Education's curriculum and administration.{{cite web\|url\=http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/m/snapshots/history\_of\_deans\|publisher\=steinhardt.nyu.edu\|title\=History of the Deans – Snapshots of Steinhardt – NYU Steinhardt\|accessdate\=2016\-11\-27}} Stoddard became dean of the department of education in 1956\. In 1960 he was named chancellor and executive vice president of the university. In 1962 he opened the first center for Hebrew studies at a public university. He retired in 1964 but remained a distinguished professor of education for three years. ### Long Island University In 1967 he came out of retirement to serve as vice chancellor of LIU. His main focus was starting the university's Brooklyn center. He was promoted to chancellor and eventually retired again in 1969\. ### Educational views Stoddard's first love was always elementary education. He championed departmentalized elementary education and educational technology. He also advocated the social value of play where he said, *On the playing fields of America, our youth each day can learn to accept and understand racial and religious differences.* ### Outside of Academia Stoddard was active in many groups outside of education. He was a member of the board of the [Lincoln Center for Performing Arts](/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_Performing_Arts "Lincoln Center for Performing Arts"). He also completed a report for the [Carnegie Corporation](/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation "Carnegie Corporation") on operations and programming for the [Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences").{{cite magazine\|date\=Summer 1969\|volume\=56\|number\=2\|magazine\=The Emerald of Sigma Pi\|title\=Alumni News From Everywhere\|page\=70\|url\= http://www.enivation.com/SigmaPi/archive/Emerald/1969/SP\_EMERALD\_VOL\_56\_NO\_2\_SUMMER\_1969\.pdf}}
[ "Career\n------", "### University of Iowa", "His teaching career began at the University of Iowa where he became a professor of psychology after graduation. He would go on to be the department chair and dean of the graduate school.", "In 1929 he was appointed director of the [Iowa Child Welfare Research Station](/wiki/Iowa_Child_Welfare_Research_Station \"Iowa Child Welfare Research Station\"). While director of the station he would debate with Dr. [Lewis Terman](/wiki/Lewis_Terman \"Lewis Terman\") of [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") on the nature of intelligence and the usefulness of intelligence testing. Stoddard defended the view that environment and intelligence influenced each other. Terman advocated that intelligence was unchanging and based almost entirely on heredity.", "### University of the State of New York", "Stoddard was named president of the University of the State of New York and Commissioner of Education in September 1942\\. As commissioner he was vocally against letting 14 year olds drop out of school to work because they could potentially be exploited.", "### Japan", "In 1946, he was assigned to General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\") to advise on establishing a new Japanese educational system. He was also asked by [Emperor Hirohito](/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito \"Emperor Hirohito\") to find a tutor for Prince [Akihito](/wiki/Akihito \"Akihito\"). He was then assigned to the U.S. delegation for [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") at their first meeting in Paris.", "### University of Illinois", "Later in 1946, Stoddard was named president of the University of Illinois. While at Illinois, he oversaw postwar expansion which included doubling the faculty and opening branch campuses in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and Galesburg. His tenure was marred by left\\-wing student activism and disputes over academic philosophies in the economics department which led to clashes with the state's legislature.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://archives.library.illinois.edu/slcold/researchguides/coldwar/universitypolitics/stoddard.php \\|website\\=archives.library.illinois.edu \\|publisher\\=Student Life and Culture Archival Program – University of Illinois \\|title\\=The Rise and Fall of President George D. Stoddard \\|date\\=\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028023419/https://archives.library.illinois.edu/slcold/researchguides/coldwar/universitypolitics/stoddard.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-28 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "", "He had a falling out with the Board of Trustees over university\\-supported research on [Krebiozen](/wiki/Krebiozen \"Krebiozen\"), a drug claimed to be a cancer cure. When he ordered an end to funding for the research in 1953, he lost a “no confidence” vote with the trustees and resigned.", "### New York University", "After leaving Illinois, Stoddard was hired by NYU to chair a self\\-study of the university's role in the urban community. The study led to the reorganization of the School of Education's curriculum and administration.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/m/snapshots/history\\_of\\_deans\\|publisher\\=steinhardt.nyu.edu\\|title\\=History of the Deans – Snapshots of Steinhardt – NYU Steinhardt\\|accessdate\\=2016\\-11\\-27}}", "Stoddard became dean of the department of education in 1956\\. In 1960 he was named chancellor and executive vice president of the university. In 1962 he opened the first center for Hebrew studies at a public university. He retired in 1964 but remained a distinguished professor of education for three years.", "### Long Island University", "In 1967 he came out of retirement to serve as vice chancellor of LIU. His main focus was starting the university's Brooklyn center. He was promoted to chancellor and eventually retired again in 1969\\.", "### Educational views", "Stoddard's first love was always elementary education. He championed departmentalized elementary education and educational technology. He also advocated the social value of play where he said, *On the playing fields of America, our youth each day can learn to accept and understand racial and religious differences.*", "### Outside of Academia", "Stoddard was active in many groups outside of education. He was a member of the board of the [Lincoln Center for Performing Arts](/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_Performing_Arts \"Lincoln Center for Performing Arts\"). He also completed a report for the [Carnegie Corporation](/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation \"Carnegie Corporation\") on operations and programming for the [Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences\").{{cite magazine\\|date\\=Summer 1969\\|volume\\=56\\|number\\=2\\|magazine\\=The Emerald of Sigma Pi\\|title\\=Alumni News From Everywhere\\|page\\=70\\|url\\= http://www.enivation.com/SigmaPi/archive/Emerald/1969/SP\\_EMERALD\\_VOL\\_56\\_NO\\_2\\_SUMMER\\_1969\\.pdf}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Emile Haag was born in [Hunsdorf](/wiki/Hunsdorf "Hunsdorf"). After his secondary education at the Lycée classique de Diekirch, he went on to study history in [Aix\-en\-Provence](/wiki/Aix-en-Provence "Aix-en-Provence") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). After completing his military service, he went on to pursue a Luxembourg doctorate (1968\), through the system called "collation des grades", and became a teacher at the [Athénée de Luxembourg](/wiki/Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_de_Luxembourg "Athénée de Luxembourg"). In 1981, he became deputy principal, and from 1993 until 2007 he was the principal of this school. From 1969 on Haag also taught at the European branch of the [Miami University Dolibois European Center](/wiki/Miami_University_Dolibois_European_Center "Miami University Dolibois European Center") (MUDEC) in Luxembourg. Between 1971 and 1973 he was also a guest lecturer at [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University "Miami University") in the US\-state of [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") and received an award for outstanding teaching. From 1973 until 1980, he was involved in research at the National archives of Luxembourg, and later taught Modern History at the University Centre of Luxembourg, predecessor of the [University of Luxembourg](/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg "University of Luxembourg") (founded 2003\). In 2015, he published *The Rise of Luxembourg from Independence to Success*, a book chronicling Luxembourg's recent history.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/the\-rise\-of\-luxembourg\-from\-independence\-to\-success\-new\-book\-aims\-to\-set\-the\-record\-straight\-for\-luxembourg\-5593f1b50c88b46a8ce5c1aa \|title\=Article on the book release \|access\-date\=2015\-07\-01 \|archive\-date\=2017\-07\-25 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725021346/https://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/the\-rise\-of\-luxembourg\-from\-independence\-to\-success\-new\-book\-aims\-to\-set\-the\-record\-straight\-for\-luxembourg\-5593f1b50c88b46a8ce5c1aa \|url\-status\=dead }} Since 1978 he has been a corresponding member of the Historical section of the [Grand Ducal Institute](/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Institute "Grand Ducal Institute"), and since 2008 he was the President of the Association for the historical heritage of Luxembourg, the \<\< Union luxembourgeoise pour l'histoire et le patrimoine \>\> (ULHP).
[ "Biography\n---------", "Emile Haag was born in [Hunsdorf](/wiki/Hunsdorf \"Hunsdorf\"). After his secondary education at the Lycée classique de Diekirch, he went on to study history in [Aix\\-en\\-Provence](/wiki/Aix-en-Provence \"Aix-en-Provence\") and [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\").", "After completing his military service, he went on to pursue a Luxembourg doctorate (1968\\), through the system called \"collation des grades\", and became a teacher at the [Athénée de Luxembourg](/wiki/Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_de_Luxembourg \"Athénée de Luxembourg\"). In 1981, he became deputy principal, and from 1993 until 2007 he was the principal of this school.", "From 1969 on Haag also taught at the European branch of the [Miami University Dolibois European Center](/wiki/Miami_University_Dolibois_European_Center \"Miami University Dolibois European Center\") (MUDEC) in Luxembourg. Between 1971 and 1973 he was also a guest lecturer at [Miami University](/wiki/Miami_University \"Miami University\") in the US\\-state of [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\") and received an award for outstanding teaching.", "From 1973 until 1980, he was involved in research at the National archives of Luxembourg, and later taught Modern History at the University Centre of Luxembourg, predecessor of the [University of Luxembourg](/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg \"University of Luxembourg\") (founded 2003\\).", "In 2015, he published *The Rise of Luxembourg from Independence to Success*, a book chronicling Luxembourg's recent history.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/the\\-rise\\-of\\-luxembourg\\-from\\-independence\\-to\\-success\\-new\\-book\\-aims\\-to\\-set\\-the\\-record\\-straight\\-for\\-luxembourg\\-5593f1b50c88b46a8ce5c1aa \\|title\\=Article on the book release \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-25 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725021346/https://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/the\\-rise\\-of\\-luxembourg\\-from\\-independence\\-to\\-success\\-new\\-book\\-aims\\-to\\-set\\-the\\-record\\-straight\\-for\\-luxembourg\\-5593f1b50c88b46a8ce5c1aa \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Since 1978 he has been a corresponding member of the Historical section of the [Grand Ducal Institute](/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Institute \"Grand Ducal Institute\"), and since 2008 he was the President of the Association for the historical heritage of Luxembourg, the \\<\\< Union luxembourgeoise pour l'histoire et le patrimoine \\>\\> (ULHP).", "" ]
Baseball career --------------- ### Early seasons (1900–03\) Early in 1900 Unglaub signed with the [minor league](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball") [Meriden Silverites](/wiki/Meriden_Silverites "Meriden Silverites"), who played in the Connecticut State League.{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Meriden Daily Journal \|title\=Meriden Baseball. \|date\=April 25, 1900 \|page\=1 \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80952756/the\-journal/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 6, 2021}}{{free access}} He made his debut for Meriden on May 9, 1900, in a 5\-4 loss to Bristol Bellmakers.{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Meriden Daily Journal \|title\=Meriden Lost The First Game Baseball In Arctic Weather. \|page\=4 \|date\=May 10, 1900 \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80952803/the\-journal/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 6, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub went on to appear in 92 games with the Meriden baseball club during 1900 season playing [third base](/wiki/Third_base "Third base") and [catcher](/wiki/Catcher_%28baseball%29 "Catcher (baseball)") getting 117 hits in 365 [at bats](/wiki/At_bat "At bat") and [batting](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .321\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=unglau002rob \|title\=Bob Unglaub Minor \& Independent League Statistics and History\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=July 9, 2021}} Following a good performance in Meriden's 14\-6 win against Waterbury in their last home game on September 7, Unglaub was sold to [Worcester Farmers](/wiki/Worcester_Farmers "Worcester Farmers") of the [Eastern League](/wiki/International_League "International League").{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Meriden Daily Journal \|date\=September 8, 1900 \|page\=1 \|title\=Goes To Worcester. \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80965973/the\-journal/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub immediately started for Worcester in their 4\-2 win against Syracuse on September 10 and stayed on to appear in remaining 12 games with Worcester during the 1900 season.{{cite news \|newspaper\=\[\[The Boston Globe]] \|date\=September 11, 1900 \|page\=2 \|title\=Worcester 4, Syracuse 2\. \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80966927/the\-boston\-globe/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} He played an entire 1901 season with Worcester, serving as a [third baseman](/wiki/Third_baseman "Third baseman") and batting .247\. Following his first full successful season in Eastern League, Unglaub attracted attention of several other clubs. While he verbally agreed to stay with Worcester for another year and received approximately {{US$\|50\|long\=no}} in advance money from the club's president, he went on trial with [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") and signed a contract with them in January 1902\.{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Boston Post \|date\=January 21, 1902 \|page\=5 \|title\=Philadelphia Signs Unglaub. \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971584/boston\-post/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}}{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Fall River Daily Herald \|date\=January 27, 1902 \|page\=4 \|title\=Sporting Variety. \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971932/the\-fall\-river\-daily\-herald/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub initially denied signing the contract with another club,{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Meriden Daily Journal \|title\=Unglaub's Case. \|date\=January 23, 1902 \|page\=2 \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971810/the\-journal/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} but the truth eventually came out and his contract with Philadelphia was nullified.{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Meriden Daily Journal \|title\=State League Circuit News. \|page\=4 \|date\=February 7, 1902 \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80972190/the\-journal/ \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} Refusing to return to Worcester, Unglaub crossed the country to join the [Sacramento Senators](/wiki/Sacramento_Senators_%28baseball%29 "Sacramento Senators (baseball)") of the independent [California State League](/wiki/California_State_League "California State League") for the upcoming 1902 season.{{cite news \|newspaper\=\[\[The San Francisco Examiner]] \|date\=February 28, 1902 \|page\=4 \|title\=He Bats With His Coat Off \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80981040/the\-san\-francisco\-examiner/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}}{{cite news \|newspaper\=The Daily Globe \|title\=Sporting Notes. \|date\=March 31, 1902 \|page\=6 \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971556/fall\-river\-globe/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} He made his debut for the Senators on April 5, 1902, in their 6\-5 away loss to San Francisco Ponies.{{cite news \|newspaper\=\[\[The Sacramento Bee]] \|date\=April 7, 1902 \|page\=5 \|title\=The Baseball Season Opens With Great Eclat. \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81041767/the\-sacramento\-bee/ \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]] \|access\-date\=July 8, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub started the season as a second baseman, but was quickly shifted to [shortstop](/wiki/Shortstop "Shortstop"), finishing the season as a first baseman and right infielder. He played his last game for Sacramento on December 7, 1902, in their 4\-2 win against San Francisco, finishing the season with .260 batting and appearing in 150 games for the Senators. He joined the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers_%28American_Association%29 "Milwaukee Brewers (American Association)") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%2820th_century%29 "American Association (20th century)") in 1903 and batted .304, moving back to third base during the year. ### First taste of the major leagues (1904–05\) In 1904, Unglaub reached the [major leagues](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") for the first time, debuting with the [New York Highlanders](/wiki/New_York_Highlanders "New York Highlanders"). Though initially signed by the [Boston Americans](/wiki/Boston_Americans "Boston Americans"), his rights were transferred to New York in an unknown transaction before the season started.{{efn\|A contemporary news account from the ''Boston American'' fails to mention exactly what sort of transaction it was.}} Unglaub made his major league debut on April 15, [pinch\-hitting](/wiki/Pinch_hitter "Pinch hitter") and taking over at shortstop in a 4–1 loss to Boston. He started four straight games at third base from May 3 through 6 before being sidelined due to [blood poisoning](/wiki/Blood_poisoning "Blood poisoning").{{cite web\|url\=https://aws.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=unglabo01\&t\=b\&year\=1904\|title\=Bob Unglaub 1904 Batting Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 15, 2021}} Still not having played since May 6, he was sent back to the Americans in late July as a [player to be named later](/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later "Player to be named later") from an earlier trade for [Patsy Dougherty](/wiki/Patsy_Dougherty "Patsy Dougherty").{{cite web\|url\=https://baseballbiography.com/bob\-unglaub\|title\=Bob Unglaub\|work\=baseballbiography.com\|access\-date\=October 24, 2006}}. Retrieved October 24, 2006\. In Boston, he was used sparingly, appearing in nine games for the rest of the year. The only two he played to completion were [doubleheaders](/wiki/Doubleheader_%28baseball%29 "Doubleheader (baseball)"). On July 4, 1905, Unglaub played all 20 innings at first base in a pitching duel between [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young "Cy Young") of the Americans and [Rube Waddell](/wiki/Rube_Waddell "Rube Waddell") of the [Philadelphia Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics "Oakland Athletics"). He successfully fielded all 32 [chances](/wiki/Chance_%28baseball%29 "Chance (baseball)") with no [errors](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 "Error (baseball)"), though Boston lost 4–2\.{{cite web\|url\=https://aws.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS190507042\.shtml\|title\=Philadelphia Athletics at Boston Americans Box Score, July 4, 1905\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 15, 2021}} Much of his playing time came at the end of the year, when he replaced player\-manager [Jimmy Collins](/wiki/Jimmy_Collins "Jimmy Collins") at third base in the second game of a doubleheader against the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns "St. Louis Browns") on September 22, then served as the starting third baseman for the rest of the season, batting .288 with 13 [runs scored](/wiki/Runs_scored "Runs scored") and six [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in "Runs batted in") (RBI) in the season's final 16 games.{{cite web\|url\=https://aws.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=unglabo01\&t\=b\&year\=1905\|title\=Bob Unglaub 1905 Batting Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 15, 2021}}{{cite web\|url\=https://aws.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=colliji01\&t\=b\&year\=1905\|title\=Jimmy Collins 1905 Batting Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 15, 2021}} In 43 games, he batted .223 with 18 runs scored, 27 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), and 11 RBI.{{cite web\|url\=https://aws.baseball\-reference.com/players/u/unglabo01\.shtml\|title\=Bob Unglaub Stats\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 15, 2021}} ### Salary dispute (1906–07\) Unglaub would not continue to start at third base for the Americans in 1906\. Under baseball's [National Agreement](/wiki/National_Agreement_%28baseball%29 "National Agreement (baseball)"), players were supposed to make more money in the major leagues than in the minors. Unglaub claimed that he had been paid $2,000 in 1903 by the Brewers but that his salary had stayed the same since he reached the major leagues. In March 1906, Unglaub wrote a letter to [August Herrmann](/wiki/August_Herrmann "August Herrmann"), president of the [National Commission](/wiki/National_Baseball_Commission "National Baseball Commission"), asking for his help in the matter; he also sent an open letter to *Sporting Life* in April detailing his grievances. Though Herrman thought he was entitled to a raise, [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League") (AL) president [Ban Johnson](/wiki/Ban_Johnson "Ban Johnson") and fellow Commission member Henry Pulliam disagreed, preventing the Commission from interfering with the dispute. Finding no sympathy from the Commission, Unglaub turned his back on the major leagues and signed with the [Williamsport Millionaires](/wiki/Williamsport_Millionaires "Williamsport Millionaires") of the [Tri\-State League](/wiki/Tri-State_League "Tri-State League"), which was not affiliated with organized baseball. His salary in 1906 is unknown, but in 1907, the team offered him $4,500\. Unglaub was unable to take advantage of the offer, however, because the league became affiliated with organized baseball again in 1907, and his contract was transferred back to Boston. He was fined $200 for skipping the 1906 season, and Unglaub vented his frustrations in an angry letter to the Americans: "So far as I can see it is a case of pure blackmail to extort money from a man to let him make a living for himself \& family and so far as I am concerned there will be no fine paid." ### Everyday player and manager (1907–08\) Back in Boston, Unglaub became the Americans' everyday first baseman. The Red Sox were struggling to find a [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)"), as [Chick Stahl](/wiki/Chick_Stahl "Chick Stahl"), who previously served in that capacity, committed suicide during [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training"). [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young "Cy Young") filled the role for six games before resigning; his replacement, [George Huff](/wiki/George_Huff_%28baseball%29 "George Huff (baseball)"), lasted eight before doing the same. Then, team owner [John I. Taylor](/wiki/John_I._Taylor "John I. Taylor") picked Unglaub to take over the role. As Unglaub later recalled: {{cquote\|After I was appointed the team went mad, raving mad, for some reason, winning four out of the first five games. The winning was done entirely by \[\[Bunt (baseball)\|bunting]]. We didn’t swing at the ball once an inning. We bunted to get on and bunted the happy ones all the way home. It was a great system all right. And the newspapers spent columns talking about our tapping. I was naturally puffed up like a toy balloon and dreamed of teasing our way to a pennant. Then, just to show what fans are made of when they get thinking too much, I began to get letters asking me why, if I had taught the team to bunt, I could not teach the men to drive the ball smartly on a straight line, over the heads of the \[\[infielder]]s, when said infielders were playing in! What do you think of that! They were handing me a roast because I did not make the players turn off straight \[\[Single (baseball)\|singles]] in these days when .300 hitters are so scarce you can count them on one hand!}} The team went 9–20 (.310\) before Unglaub was replaced as manager by [Deacon McGuire](/wiki/Deacon_McGuire "Deacon McGuire"); however, Unglaub still served as team [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28baseball%29 "Captain (baseball)"). He struggled to field his position and became a constant source of criticism from the fans, who would boo him during games. "Wanted\-A good first baseman, who can handle fast balls, occasionally stop bounders, who won’t confuse base ball with bowling, and who won’t draw back when at bat," one reporter wrote. In 139 games, Unglaub batted .254 with 49 runs scored, 138 hits, one [home run](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"), and 62 RBI. He continued to hold the first base position for Boston until July, when he was traded to the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901-1960%29 "Washington Senators (1901-1960)"). Unglaub did not immediately report to his new team, claiming that they had failed to communicate with him and threatening to join the independent [Stockton Millers](/wiki/Stockton_Millers "Stockton Millers") unless he was guaranteed the same salary he had made in Boston. [Joe Cantillon](/wiki/Joe_Cantillon "Joe Cantillon"), the Senators' manager, said the team had been unable to contact Unglaub but that they would pay the same salary, and Unglaub soon reported. A week after his last game with Boston, he was playing for the Senators.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\=unglabo01\&t\=b\&year\=1908\|title\=Bob Unglaub 1908 Batting Gamelogs\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 16, 2021}} ### Washington Senators (1908–10\) [thumb\|right\|1900s card of Unglaub with the Senators, mistakenly spelling his name as "Unglane"](/wiki/File:Unglaub%2C_Washington_Nationals%2C_baseball_card_portrait_LCCN2007683854.jpg "Unglaub, Washington Nationals, baseball card portrait LCCN2007683854.jpg") Unglaub's move to Washington "revived his career," according to baseball historian Frank Russo. He was used mostly at second and third base but still found himself in the lineup every day. He had batted .263 in 72 games with Boston, but Unglaub upped his average to .308 with the Senators. In 144 games (his career high) between the two clubs, he batted .286 with 46 runs scored, 155 hits, one home run, and 54 RBI. Before the 1909 season, Unglaub expressed satisfaction with his situation in Washington. "It’s whatever Joe says,” he told reporters. “If the team needs me anywhere at all, it is satisfactory to me, for I shall try and deliver the goods. I would, of course, prefer the infield, but if there is not room there, it is all the same to me." Though not the best at fielding, he could (and did) play a variety of positions, covering at third and first while [Bill Shipke](/wiki/Bill_Shipke "Bill Shipke") and [Jerry Freeman](/wiki/Jerry_Freeman "Jerry Freeman") were struggling and filling in for an injured [Jim Delahanty](/wiki/Jim_Delahanty "Jim Delahanty") at second base and a hurt [Clyde Milan](/wiki/Clyde_Milan "Clyde Milan") in the outfield. The *Washington Post* praised his hitting in April: "Unglaub is a batter whom any pitcher must fear, for when he hits the ball it usually goes on a long journey." Russo, however, said "he was never a great hitter." In May, Unglaub missed some time with broken ribs, reportedly caused when [Bob Ganley](/wiki/Bob_Ganley "Bob Ganley") hit him with a baseball bat in a brawl. The Senators denied this, but Ganley was released shortly thereafter. Playing 130 games in his first season with the Senators, Unglaub batted .265 with 43 runs scored, 127 hits, three home runs, and 41 RBI. In 1910, Unglaub went back to playing first base full time. He appeared in 124 games, accumulating 29 runs scored, 101 hits, and 44 RBI. His batting average dropped to .234, and he hit zero home runs in what would be his last major league season. Unglaub batted and threw right\-handed. He stood {{convert\|5\|ft\|11\|in\|m}} and weighed {{convert\|178\|lb\|kg}}. In a 595\-game major\-league career, he batted .258 with 188 runs scored, 554 hits, five home runs, and 216 RBI. ### Later career (1911–16\) Before the 1911 season, the Senators sold Unglaub's contract to the [Lincoln Railsplitters](/wiki/Lincoln_Railsplitters "Lincoln Railsplitters") of the [Western League](/wiki/Western_League_%281900%E2%80%931958%29 "Western League (1900–1958)"), where he played and managed. After a season with them, he split 1912 between the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_%28minor_league%29 "Baltimore Orioles (minor league)") (now an [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League") team) and the [Minneapolis Millers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Millers "Minneapolis Millers") of the American Association. He spent 1913 with Minneapolis, then finished out his career with the [Fargo\-Moorhead Graingrowers](/wiki/Fargo-Moorhead_Graingrowers "Fargo-Moorhead Graingrowers"), whom he played for and managed for from 1914\-16\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=unglau002rob\|title\=Bob Unglaub Minor \& Independent Leagues Statistics \& History\|work\=Baseball\-Reference\|access\-date\=February 16, 2021}}
[ "Baseball career\n---------------", "### Early seasons (1900–03\\)", "Early in 1900 Unglaub signed with the [minor league](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball \"Minor League Baseball\") [Meriden Silverites](/wiki/Meriden_Silverites \"Meriden Silverites\"), who played in the Connecticut State League.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Meriden Daily Journal \\|title\\=Meriden Baseball. \\|date\\=April 25, 1900 \\|page\\=1 \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80952756/the\\-journal/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2021}}{{free access}} He made his debut for Meriden on May 9, 1900, in a 5\\-4 loss to Bristol Bellmakers.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Meriden Daily Journal \\|title\\=Meriden Lost The First Game Baseball In Arctic Weather. \\|page\\=4 \\|date\\=May 10, 1900 \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80952803/the\\-journal/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub went on to appear in 92 games with the Meriden baseball club during 1900 season playing [third base](/wiki/Third_base \"Third base\") and [catcher](/wiki/Catcher_%28baseball%29 \"Catcher (baseball)\") getting 117 hits in 365 [at bats](/wiki/At_bat \"At bat\") and [batting](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .321\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=unglau002rob \\|title\\=Bob Unglaub Minor \\& Independent League Statistics and History\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2021}} Following a good performance in Meriden's 14\\-6 win against Waterbury in their last home game on September 7, Unglaub was sold to [Worcester Farmers](/wiki/Worcester_Farmers \"Worcester Farmers\") of the [Eastern League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\").{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Meriden Daily Journal \\|date\\=September 8, 1900 \\|page\\=1 \\|title\\=Goes To Worcester. \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80965973/the\\-journal/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub immediately started for Worcester in their 4\\-2 win against Syracuse on September 10 and stayed on to appear in remaining 12 games with Worcester during the 1900 season.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]] \\|date\\=September 11, 1900 \\|page\\=2 \\|title\\=Worcester 4, Syracuse 2\\. \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80966927/the\\-boston\\-globe/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} He played an entire 1901 season with Worcester, serving as a [third baseman](/wiki/Third_baseman \"Third baseman\") and batting .247\\.", "Following his first full successful season in Eastern League, Unglaub attracted attention of several other clubs. While he verbally agreed to stay with Worcester for another year and received approximately {{US$\\|50\\|long\\=no}} in advance money from the club's president, he went on trial with [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") and signed a contract with them in January 1902\\.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Boston Post \\|date\\=January 21, 1902 \\|page\\=5 \\|title\\=Philadelphia Signs Unglaub. \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971584/boston\\-post/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}}{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Fall River Daily Herald \\|date\\=January 27, 1902 \\|page\\=4 \\|title\\=Sporting Variety. \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971932/the\\-fall\\-river\\-daily\\-herald/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub initially denied signing the contract with another club,{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Meriden Daily Journal \\|title\\=Unglaub's Case. \\|date\\=January 23, 1902 \\|page\\=2 \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971810/the\\-journal/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} but the truth eventually came out and his contract with Philadelphia was nullified.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Meriden Daily Journal \\|title\\=State League Circuit News. \\|page\\=4 \\|date\\=February 7, 1902 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80972190/the\\-journal/ \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} Refusing to return to Worcester, Unglaub crossed the country to join the [Sacramento Senators](/wiki/Sacramento_Senators_%28baseball%29 \"Sacramento Senators (baseball)\") of the independent [California State League](/wiki/California_State_League \"California State League\") for the upcoming 1902 season.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The San Francisco Examiner]] \\|date\\=February 28, 1902 \\|page\\=4 \\|title\\=He Bats With His Coat Off \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80981040/the\\-san\\-francisco\\-examiner/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}}{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=The Daily Globe \\|title\\=Sporting Notes. \\|date\\=March 31, 1902 \\|page\\=6 \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80971556/fall\\-river\\-globe/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2021}}{{free access}} He made his debut for the Senators on April 5, 1902, in their 6\\-5 away loss to San Francisco Ponies.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Sacramento Bee]] \\|date\\=April 7, 1902 \\|page\\=5 \\|title\\=The Baseball Season Opens With Great Eclat. \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81041767/the\\-sacramento\\-bee/ \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021}}{{free access}} Unglaub started the season as a second baseman, but was quickly shifted to [shortstop](/wiki/Shortstop \"Shortstop\"), finishing the season as a first baseman and right infielder. He played his last game for Sacramento on December 7, 1902, in their 4\\-2 win against San Francisco, finishing the season with .260 batting and appearing in 150 games for the Senators.", "He joined the [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers_%28American_Association%29 \"Milwaukee Brewers (American Association)\") of the [American Association](/wiki/American_Association_%2820th_century%29 \"American Association (20th century)\") in 1903 and batted .304, moving back to third base during the year.", "### First taste of the major leagues (1904–05\\)", "In 1904, Unglaub reached the [major leagues](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") for the first time, debuting with the [New York Highlanders](/wiki/New_York_Highlanders \"New York Highlanders\"). Though initially signed by the [Boston Americans](/wiki/Boston_Americans \"Boston Americans\"), his rights were transferred to New York in an unknown transaction before the season started.{{efn\\|A contemporary news account from the ''Boston American'' fails to mention exactly what sort of transaction it was.}} Unglaub made his major league debut on April 15, [pinch\\-hitting](/wiki/Pinch_hitter \"Pinch hitter\") and taking over at shortstop in a 4–1 loss to Boston. He started four straight games at third base from May 3 through 6 before being sidelined due to [blood poisoning](/wiki/Blood_poisoning \"Blood poisoning\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aws.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=unglabo01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=1904\\|title\\=Bob Unglaub 1904 Batting Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2021}} Still not having played since May 6, he was sent back to the Americans in late July as a [player to be named later](/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later \"Player to be named later\") from an earlier trade for [Patsy Dougherty](/wiki/Patsy_Dougherty \"Patsy Dougherty\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://baseballbiography.com/bob\\-unglaub\\|title\\=Bob Unglaub\\|work\\=baseballbiography.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2006}}. Retrieved October 24, 2006\\. In Boston, he was used sparingly, appearing in nine games for the rest of the year. The only two he played to completion were [doubleheaders](/wiki/Doubleheader_%28baseball%29 \"Doubleheader (baseball)\").", "On July 4, 1905, Unglaub played all 20 innings at first base in a pitching duel between [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\") of the Americans and [Rube Waddell](/wiki/Rube_Waddell \"Rube Waddell\") of the [Philadelphia Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\"). He successfully fielded all 32 [chances](/wiki/Chance_%28baseball%29 \"Chance (baseball)\") with no [errors](/wiki/Error_%28baseball%29 \"Error (baseball)\"), though Boston lost 4–2\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aws.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS190507042\\.shtml\\|title\\=Philadelphia Athletics at Boston Americans Box Score, July 4, 1905\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2021}} Much of his playing time came at the end of the year, when he replaced player\\-manager [Jimmy Collins](/wiki/Jimmy_Collins \"Jimmy Collins\") at third base in the second game of a doubleheader against the [St. Louis Browns](/wiki/St._Louis_Browns \"St. Louis Browns\") on September 22, then served as the starting third baseman for the rest of the season, batting .288 with 13 [runs scored](/wiki/Runs_scored \"Runs scored\") and six [runs batted in](/wiki/Runs_batted_in \"Runs batted in\") (RBI) in the season's final 16 games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aws.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=unglabo01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=1905\\|title\\=Bob Unglaub 1905 Batting Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aws.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=colliji01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=1905\\|title\\=Jimmy Collins 1905 Batting Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2021}} In 43 games, he batted .223 with 18 runs scored, 27 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), and 11 RBI.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://aws.baseball\\-reference.com/players/u/unglabo01\\.shtml\\|title\\=Bob Unglaub Stats\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2021}}", "### Salary dispute (1906–07\\)", "Unglaub would not continue to start at third base for the Americans in 1906\\. Under baseball's [National Agreement](/wiki/National_Agreement_%28baseball%29 \"National Agreement (baseball)\"), players were supposed to make more money in the major leagues than in the minors. Unglaub claimed that he had been paid $2,000 in 1903 by the Brewers but that his salary had stayed the same since he reached the major leagues. In March 1906, Unglaub wrote a letter to [August Herrmann](/wiki/August_Herrmann \"August Herrmann\"), president of the [National Commission](/wiki/National_Baseball_Commission \"National Baseball Commission\"), asking for his help in the matter; he also sent an open letter to *Sporting Life* in April detailing his grievances. Though Herrman thought he was entitled to a raise, [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\") (AL) president [Ban Johnson](/wiki/Ban_Johnson \"Ban Johnson\") and fellow Commission member Henry Pulliam disagreed, preventing the Commission from interfering with the dispute.", "Finding no sympathy from the Commission, Unglaub turned his back on the major leagues and signed with the [Williamsport Millionaires](/wiki/Williamsport_Millionaires \"Williamsport Millionaires\") of the [Tri\\-State League](/wiki/Tri-State_League \"Tri-State League\"), which was not affiliated with organized baseball. His salary in 1906 is unknown, but in 1907, the team offered him $4,500\\. Unglaub was unable to take advantage of the offer, however, because the league became affiliated with organized baseball again in 1907, and his contract was transferred back to Boston. He was fined $200 for skipping the 1906 season, and Unglaub vented his frustrations in an angry letter to the Americans: \"So far as I can see it is a case of pure blackmail to extort money from a man to let him make a living for himself \\& family and so far as I am concerned there will be no fine paid.\"", "### Everyday player and manager (1907–08\\)", "Back in Boston, Unglaub became the Americans' everyday first baseman. The Red Sox were struggling to find a [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\"), as [Chick Stahl](/wiki/Chick_Stahl \"Chick Stahl\"), who previously served in that capacity, committed suicide during [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\"). [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\") filled the role for six games before resigning; his replacement, [George Huff](/wiki/George_Huff_%28baseball%29 \"George Huff (baseball)\"), lasted eight before doing the same. Then, team owner [John I. Taylor](/wiki/John_I._Taylor \"John I. Taylor\") picked Unglaub to take over the role. As Unglaub later recalled:", "{{cquote\\|After I was appointed the team went mad, raving mad, for some reason, winning four out of the first five games. The winning was done entirely by \\[\\[Bunt (baseball)\\|bunting]]. We didn’t swing at the ball once an inning. We bunted to get on and bunted the happy ones all the way home. It was a great system all right. And the newspapers spent columns talking about our tapping. I was naturally puffed up like a toy balloon and dreamed of teasing our way to a pennant. Then, just to show what fans are made of when they get thinking too much, I began to get letters asking me why, if I had taught the team to bunt, I could not teach the men to drive the ball smartly on a straight line, over the heads of the \\[\\[infielder]]s, when said infielders were playing in! What do you think of that! They were handing me a roast because I did not make the players turn off straight \\[\\[Single (baseball)\\|singles]] in these days when .300 hitters are so scarce you can count them on one hand!}}", "The team went 9–20 (.310\\) before Unglaub was replaced as manager by [Deacon McGuire](/wiki/Deacon_McGuire \"Deacon McGuire\"); however, Unglaub still served as team [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28baseball%29 \"Captain (baseball)\"). He struggled to field his position and became a constant source of criticism from the fans, who would boo him during games. \"Wanted\\-A good first baseman, who can handle fast balls, occasionally stop bounders, who won’t confuse base ball with bowling, and who won’t draw back when at bat,\" one reporter wrote. In 139 games, Unglaub batted .254 with 49 runs scored, 138 hits, one [home run](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"), and 62 RBI. He continued to hold the first base position for Boston until July, when he was traded to the [Washington Senators](/wiki/Washington_Senators_%281901-1960%29 \"Washington Senators (1901-1960)\"). Unglaub did not immediately report to his new team, claiming that they had failed to communicate with him and threatening to join the independent [Stockton Millers](/wiki/Stockton_Millers \"Stockton Millers\") unless he was guaranteed the same salary he had made in Boston. [Joe Cantillon](/wiki/Joe_Cantillon \"Joe Cantillon\"), the Senators' manager, said the team had been unable to contact Unglaub but that they would pay the same salary, and Unglaub soon reported. A week after his last game with Boston, he was playing for the Senators.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id\\=unglabo01\\&t\\=b\\&year\\=1908\\|title\\=Bob Unglaub 1908 Batting Gamelogs\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2021}}", "### Washington Senators (1908–10\\)", "[thumb\\|right\\|1900s card of Unglaub with the Senators, mistakenly spelling his name as \"Unglane\"](/wiki/File:Unglaub%2C_Washington_Nationals%2C_baseball_card_portrait_LCCN2007683854.jpg \"Unglaub, Washington Nationals, baseball card portrait LCCN2007683854.jpg\")\nUnglaub's move to Washington \"revived his career,\" according to baseball historian Frank Russo. He was used mostly at second and third base but still found himself in the lineup every day. He had batted .263 in 72 games with Boston, but Unglaub upped his average to .308 with the Senators. In 144 games (his career high) between the two clubs, he batted .286 with 46 runs scored, 155 hits, one home run, and 54 RBI.", "Before the 1909 season, Unglaub expressed satisfaction with his situation in Washington. \"It’s whatever Joe says,” he told reporters. “If the team needs me anywhere at all, it is satisfactory to me, for I shall try and deliver the goods. I would, of course, prefer the infield, but if there is not room there, it is all the same to me.\" Though not the best at fielding, he could (and did) play a variety of positions, covering at third and first while [Bill Shipke](/wiki/Bill_Shipke \"Bill Shipke\") and [Jerry Freeman](/wiki/Jerry_Freeman \"Jerry Freeman\") were struggling and filling in for an injured [Jim Delahanty](/wiki/Jim_Delahanty \"Jim Delahanty\") at second base and a hurt [Clyde Milan](/wiki/Clyde_Milan \"Clyde Milan\") in the outfield. The *Washington Post* praised his hitting in April: \"Unglaub is a batter whom any pitcher must fear, for when he hits the ball it usually goes on a long journey.\" Russo, however, said \"he was never a great hitter.\" In May, Unglaub missed some time with broken ribs, reportedly caused when [Bob Ganley](/wiki/Bob_Ganley \"Bob Ganley\") hit him with a baseball bat in a brawl. The Senators denied this, but Ganley was released shortly thereafter. Playing 130 games in his first season with the Senators, Unglaub batted .265 with 43 runs scored, 127 hits, three home runs, and 41 RBI.", "In 1910, Unglaub went back to playing first base full time. He appeared in 124 games, accumulating 29 runs scored, 101 hits, and 44 RBI. His batting average dropped to .234, and he hit zero home runs in what would be his last major league season.", "Unglaub batted and threw right\\-handed. He stood {{convert\\|5\\|ft\\|11\\|in\\|m}} and weighed {{convert\\|178\\|lb\\|kg}}. In a 595\\-game major\\-league career, he batted .258 with 188 runs scored, 554 hits, five home runs, and 216 RBI.", "### Later career (1911–16\\)", "Before the 1911 season, the Senators sold Unglaub's contract to the [Lincoln Railsplitters](/wiki/Lincoln_Railsplitters \"Lincoln Railsplitters\") of the [Western League](/wiki/Western_League_%281900%E2%80%931958%29 \"Western League (1900–1958)\"), where he played and managed. After a season with them, he split 1912 between the [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_%28minor_league%29 \"Baltimore Orioles (minor league)\") (now an [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\") team) and the [Minneapolis Millers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Millers \"Minneapolis Millers\") of the American Association. He spent 1913 with Minneapolis, then finished out his career with the [Fargo\\-Moorhead Graingrowers](/wiki/Fargo-Moorhead_Graingrowers \"Fargo-Moorhead Graingrowers\"), whom he played for and managed for from 1914\\-16\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=unglau002rob\\|title\\=Bob Unglaub Minor \\& Independent Leagues Statistics \\& History\\|work\\=Baseball\\-Reference\\|access\\-date\\=February 16, 2021}}", "" ]
Gameplay -------- Characters walk around an overworld map and then enter dungeons, where they fight monsters and either buy or find new equipment and spells. The player's party supports up to four characters at once, along with a Capsule Monster. There are various forms of transportation faster than walking, including a warping spell, a boat modified into a submarine, and a blimp. The game includes the casino [minigames](/wiki/Minigame "Minigame") Pachinko Slot, Black Jack, Slot Machine, Stud Poker, and Action Bingo. In dungeons, monsters appear on the map, and can be avoided if the player wishes. Motion in dungeons is also turn\-based, and monsters do not move unless the player does. The main player character, Maxim, gains a number of tools and weapons which can only be used in dungeons (similar to *[The Legend of Zelda](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda "The Legend of Zelda")* titles), such as a bow and arrow, bombs and a [hookshot](/wiki/Hookshot_%28device%29 "Hookshot (device)"). These, along with his sword, stun monsters temporarily and interact with obstacles. Dungeons place great emphasis on puzzles. On the world map, monsters are encountered randomly. Aside from the RPG standards of "Fight", "Use Item" and "Use Magic", characters have access to IP Skills, which are attached to weapons, armor and accessories.{{cite magazine \|title\=IP Techniques \|magazine\=\[\[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] \|issue\=83\|publisher\=Sendai Publishing\|date\=June 1996 \|pages\=60–61}} Each character's IP bar fills when taking damage, and is depleted when an available IP skill is invoked. IP Skills take varying amounts of charge to activate. Players can freely wear and customize their characters with sets of these weapons and armor for different IP skill effects and apply them while utilizing tactics during battles. Also, IP Skills themselves cannot be customized, sometimes forcing the player to choose between a newer and stronger piece of gear, or an older, weaker one that has a useful IP Skill. Capsule monsters are special creatures which the player may only find on specific locations of the world. Once a Capsule monster is found, the party acquires a fifth, [computer controlled](/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence "Artificial Intelligence") member. These monsters can be fed items and equipment, and once they are satiated they evolve to a different form, up to a fifth and definitive form, labeled M. Seven of them exist, and each Capsule monster belongs to a different element (Neutral, [Light](/wiki/Light "Light"), [Wind](/wiki/Wind "Wind"), [Water](/wiki/Water "Water"), [Dark](/wiki/Shadow "Shadow"), [Fire](/wiki/Fire "Fire") and [Soil](/wiki/Soil "Soil")), and has a different set of skills. The Ancient Cave, a randomly generated dungeon composed of 99 floors, is presented to the player as a [side\-quest](/wiki/Side-quest "Side-quest") in the town of Gruberik. Every time the player enters the cave, a new layout is generated, similar to the [roguelike](/wiki/Roguelike "Roguelike") genre. Within the cave, the characters are downgraded to zero [experience points](/wiki/Experience_point "Experience point") and stripped of nearly all equipment and items. The player must proceed through the cave's floors, collecting equipment, finding magic spells and increasing levels, with the objective of reaching the Ancient Cave's final floor. There are three ways of exiting the cave: by dying, by reaching its bottom, and by finding and using an item exclusive to the cave, named "providence". Within the cave lie two kinds of chests, blue and red. Red chests contain items which can only be used inside the cave for the duration of the playing session. As soon as the player leaves the cave, all items from red chests disappear, except for "Iris Treasures", which cannot be equipped and serve only as collectibles. The bottom floor of the inn in Gruberik serves as a storage for these items. The rare blue chests contains items which can be used outside the cave and brought back to the cave on subsequent journeys. Some items that can be found in blue chests can also be found by other means, such as monster drops. These can also be taken in and out of the Ancient Cave just as if they were found in blue chests.
[ "Gameplay\n--------", "Characters walk around an overworld map and then enter dungeons, where they fight monsters and either buy or find new equipment and spells. The player's party supports up to four characters at once, along with a Capsule Monster. There are various forms of transportation faster than walking, including a warping spell, a boat modified into a submarine, and a blimp. The game includes the casino [minigames](/wiki/Minigame \"Minigame\") Pachinko Slot, Black Jack, Slot Machine, Stud Poker, and Action Bingo.", "In dungeons, monsters appear on the map, and can be avoided if the player wishes. Motion in dungeons is also turn\\-based, and monsters do not move unless the player does. The main player character, Maxim, gains a number of tools and weapons which can only be used in dungeons (similar to *[The Legend of Zelda](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda \"The Legend of Zelda\")* titles), such as a bow and arrow, bombs and a [hookshot](/wiki/Hookshot_%28device%29 \"Hookshot (device)\"). These, along with his sword, stun monsters temporarily and interact with obstacles. Dungeons place great emphasis on puzzles. On the world map, monsters are encountered randomly.", "Aside from the RPG standards of \"Fight\", \"Use Item\" and \"Use Magic\", characters have access to IP Skills, which are attached to weapons, armor and accessories.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=IP Techniques \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] \\|issue\\=83\\|publisher\\=Sendai Publishing\\|date\\=June 1996 \\|pages\\=60–61}} Each character's IP bar fills when taking damage, and is depleted when an available IP skill is invoked. IP Skills take varying amounts of charge to activate. Players can freely wear and customize their characters with sets of these weapons and armor for different IP skill effects and apply them while utilizing tactics during battles. Also, IP Skills themselves cannot be customized, sometimes forcing the player to choose between a newer and stronger piece of gear, or an older, weaker one that has a useful IP Skill.", "Capsule monsters are special creatures which the player may only find on specific locations of the world. Once a Capsule monster is found, the party acquires a fifth, [computer controlled](/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence \"Artificial Intelligence\") member. These monsters can be fed items and equipment, and once they are satiated they evolve to a different form, up to a fifth and definitive form, labeled M. Seven of them exist, and each Capsule monster belongs to a different element (Neutral, [Light](/wiki/Light \"Light\"), [Wind](/wiki/Wind \"Wind\"), [Water](/wiki/Water \"Water\"), [Dark](/wiki/Shadow \"Shadow\"), [Fire](/wiki/Fire \"Fire\") and [Soil](/wiki/Soil \"Soil\")), and has a different set of skills.", "The Ancient Cave, a randomly generated dungeon composed of 99 floors, is presented to the player as a [side\\-quest](/wiki/Side-quest \"Side-quest\") in the town of Gruberik. Every time the player enters the cave, a new layout is generated, similar to the [roguelike](/wiki/Roguelike \"Roguelike\") genre. Within the cave, the characters are downgraded to zero [experience points](/wiki/Experience_point \"Experience point\") and stripped of nearly all equipment and items. The player must proceed through the cave's floors, collecting equipment, finding magic spells and increasing levels, with the objective of reaching the Ancient Cave's final floor. There are three ways of exiting the cave: by dying, by reaching its bottom, and by finding and using an item exclusive to the cave, named \"providence\". Within the cave lie two kinds of chests, blue and red. Red chests contain items which can only be used inside the cave for the duration of the playing session. As soon as the player leaves the cave, all items from red chests disappear, except for \"Iris Treasures\", which cannot be equipped and serve only as collectibles. The bottom floor of the inn in Gruberik serves as a storage for these items. The rare blue chests contains items which can be used outside the cave and brought back to the cave on subsequent journeys. Some items that can be found in blue chests can also be found by other means, such as monster drops. These can also be taken in and out of the Ancient Cave just as if they were found in blue chests.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career Simoni was born in [Palù di Giovo](/wiki/Giovo "Giovo"), in [Trentino](/wiki/Trentino "Trentino"), and began competing as an amateur with the goal of someday winning the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia "Giro d'Italia"). Simoni confirmed his potential in 1993, when he won both the amateur version of the Giro d'Italia (known as the [Baby Giro](/wiki/Baby_Giro "Baby Giro")) and the Italian Road Cycling Championship. Prior to his retirement in 2010, Simoni would reveal to the Italian newspaper *La Gazzetta dello Sport* that the Giro was the one race that attracted him to cycling and which motivated him as a professional. "It was the Giro that brought me to cycling when I was a child", he said. "It triggered my dreams."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/21/sports/cycling/21iht\-BIKE.html\|title\=Simoni Heeds Giro's Call and Races Once Again\|first\=Samuel\|last\=Abt\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=20 May 2010\|access\-date\=20 January 2018}} Simoni turned professional in 1994 with the {{UCI team code\|JOL\|1994}} team, but suffered through an inauspicious rookie season, having to cope with the deaths of both his father and older brother. It was only three years later in 1997 that Simoni won his first professional race, a stage of the [Giro del Trentino](/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino "Giro del Trentino"), while riding for the {{UCI team code\|RIS\|1997}} team of sports director [Giancarlo Ferretti](/wiki/Giancarlo_Ferretti "Giancarlo Ferretti"). 1998 was another disappointing season for Simoni, and his results sheet was barren after a year spent with the {{UCI team code\|CTA\|1998}} team. He briefly quit cycling and worked as a [bicycle mechanic](/wiki/Bicycle_mechanic "Bicycle mechanic") for [1984 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/1984_Giro_d%27Italia "1984 Giro d'Italia") winner [Francesco Moser](/wiki/Francesco_Moser "Francesco Moser"). However, a resurgent Simoni joined the {{UCI team code\|ALB\|1999}} team in 1999 and finished a surprising third on the [general classification](/wiki/General_classification "General classification") of [that year's Giro d'Italia](/wiki/1999_Giro_d%27Italia "1999 Giro d'Italia"). In a race that saw another mercurial Italian climber thrown off the Giro for doping ([Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani "Marco Pantani")), Simoni was criticized in some sectors of the press for claiming a podium finish without having earned the placing. But he proved his critics wrong by winning a stage in the [Tour de Suisse](/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse "Tour de Suisse") and again finishing on the final podium. ### First Giro d'Italia victory, 2001 The 2000 season started well for Simoni: he'd transferred to the top\-ranked {{UCI team code\|LAM\|2000}} team of two\-time Giro d'Italia winner [Giuseppe Saronni](/wiki/Giuseppe_Saronni "Giuseppe Saronni") and went on to again finish on the podium of the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2000_Giro_d%27Italia "2000 Giro d'Italia"). Simoni cemented his reputation as a climbing specialist by winning the dramatic [Alto de El Angliru](/wiki/Alto_de_El_Angliru "Alto de El Angliru") stage of that year's [Vuelta a España](/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a "Vuelta a España"). Simoni started the [2001 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2001_Giro_d%27Italia "2001 Giro d'Italia") as Lampre's undisputed leader and hope for the general classification, which he won with a comfortable margin.{{Clarify\|reason\=vague\|date\=January 2018}} ### Second Giro d'Italia victory, 2003 Following his Giro victory Simoni moved to the {{UCI team code\|SAE\|2002}} team with the goal of repeating his Giro success of the previous year. However, traces of [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") were found in his blood and he was disqualified despite his protestations of innocence. It was later determined that the cocaine in his blood came from candies that his aunt had bought for him from [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru").{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2018}} In 2003, the Saeco team came to the Giro d'Italia with the sole purpose of supporting Simoni. After competing with a resurgent [Stefano Garzelli](/wiki/Stefano_Garzelli "Stefano Garzelli"), [Yaroslav Popovych](/wiki/Yaroslav_Popovych "Yaroslav Popovych") and [Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani "Marco Pantani") in the high mountains in a hailstorm, Simoni achieved his second Giro d'Italia victory. His pursuit was documented in the film *The Quest*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thequestfilm.com/\|title\=TheQuestFilm.com\|website\=www.TheQuestFilm.com\|access\-date\=20 January 2018}} Following his successful performance in the Giro, he set his aims on the [Tour de France](/wiki/Tour_de_France "Tour de France") and in several interviews challenged the incumbent [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong "Lance Armstrong") to a battle in the mountains. His performance was lacking, although he was able to gain a stage win. ### Later career Simoni failed to defend his title in the [2004 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2004_Giro_d%27Italia "2004 Giro d'Italia") with the emergence of his teammate [Damiano Cunego](/wiki/Damiano_Cunego "Damiano Cunego"). After some public dispute, Simoni reconciled with Cunego and agreed to continue on the same team, which became {{UCI team code\|LAM\|2005}}. In the [2005 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2005_Giro_d%27Italia "2005 Giro d'Italia") the team took advantage of the publicity and played up the rivalry between Simoni and Cunego, boasting their strength for the Giro. The early part of the Giro saw Cunego lose significant time in the early mountain stages – he was later diagnosed with [Epstein\-Barr](/wiki/Epstein-Barr "Epstein-Barr") viral infection – firmly establishing Simoni as the team leader for the Giro. However, Simoni failed to dislodge [Paolo Savoldelli](/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli "Paolo Savoldelli") in the last mountain stage, even with an epic performance which saw him and [Danilo Di Luca](/wiki/Danilo_Di_Luca "Danilo Di Luca") work together to gain time on Savoldelli. Suffering from cramps, he also failed to win that stage. Simoni was slated to join [Giancarlo Ferretti](/wiki/Giancarlo_Ferretti "Giancarlo Ferretti")'s Sony\-Ericsson team, which was supposed to be the continuation of the [Fassa Bortolo](/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo "Fassa Bortolo") team. However, it later turned out that Ferretti had fallen victim to a fraud, and the team did not in fact exist. After a strong performance in which he finished second in the [Giro di Lombardia](/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia "Giro di Lombardia") (which was won by Cunego in the previous edition), Simoni signed a contract to join {{UCI team code\|FUJ\|2006}}. [thumb\|right\|Gilberto Simoni during "La Prevostura 2007" Granfondo competition](/wiki/File:Gilberto_Simoni_mtb.jpg "Gilberto Simoni mtb.jpg") On the urging of his frame sponsor, Scott USA, Simoni began competing in [mountain bike marathon](/wiki/Mountain_bike_marathon "Mountain bike marathon") events during the 2006 off\-season for road bicycle racing. He quickly garnered impressive results by winning the Italian National Championship for Mountain Bike Marathon. Simoni was embroiled in public row with fellow Italian [Ivan Basso](/wiki/Ivan_Basso "Ivan Basso") of {{UCI team code\|SAX\|2006}}. Simoni alleged that Basso offered him a stage win in the [2006 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2006_Giro_d%27Italia "2006 Giro d'Italia") into Aprica five kilometers from the finish after the two cyclists had broken away from the main field. Basso has denied any such offer, and went on to win the stage by 77 seconds. Simoni retracted his accusations several days later. In dramatic fashion, with [Leonardo Piepoli](/wiki/Leonardo_Piepoli "Leonardo Piepoli")'s support he won the epic stage 17 to [Monte Zoncolan](/wiki/Monte_Zoncolan "Monte Zoncolan") in the [2007 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2007_Giro_d%27Italia "2007 Giro d'Italia"). After a lengthy search for a team for 2010, that included negotiations with his previous team {{UCI team code\|SDA\|2010}} as well as with {{UCI team code\|AST\|2010}} and {{UCI team code\|RRC\|2010}}, Simoni re\-joined his former Lampre *squadra*, rechristened as {{UCI team code\|LAM\|2010}}. The 2010 Giro d'Italia was the final race of his career.{{cite web\|author\=Gregor Brown \|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/simoni\-to\-ride\-last\-giro\-ditalia\-with\-lampre \|title\=Simoni To Ride Last Giro D'Italia With Lampre \|date\=12 January 2010 \|publisher\=Cyclingnews.com \|access\-date\=8 August 2012}} He finished 69th overall, 2:40:14 behind two\-time winner and compatriot [Ivan Basso](/wiki/Ivan_Basso "Ivan Basso"). Simoni was characteristically frank about his last bid for glory, which poignantly saw him beaten in the sprint for the Cima Coppi KOM prize by the Swiss Johann Tschopp, at the summit of the [Passo di Gavia](/wiki/Passo_di_Gavia "Passo di Gavia") in the penultimate Giro stage. Mobbed at the finish line by Italian media looking for one final quote from a rider who rarely hesitated to speak his mind, Simoni mused: "Perhaps if I'd played more of a bluffing game, I might have had something left for the finish but never mind. That's bike racing. I'm just glad the Giro is over. I've had enough now."{{cite web\|author\=Stephen Farrand \|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/simoni\-makes\-one\-final\-attack\-in\-the\-mountains \|title\=Simoni Makes One Final Attack In The Mountains \|date\=29 May 2010 \|publisher\=Cyclingnews.com \|access\-date\=8 August 2012}} The Trentinese explained that his curtain call did not go as planned, though he still claimed to have enjoyed closing\-out his storied career by finishing a three\-week Grand Tour, one of the most challenging events for an endurance road cyclist: "I've known it was time to retire for awhile {{sic}} It's been on my mind for the last two years. I knew this Giro was my last race. I've been a professional for 17 years, and it really is time to quit. I honestly thought I'd go better than I did in this Giro. I knew I couldn't win it like in 2003 or 2007 (Monte Zoncolan stage), but I didn't expect to suffer so much and for so long during the three weeks. It's been a strange goodbye. I've ridden the Giro almost as an outsider, without the pressure to win and do well. It's hurt but I've been able to enjoy it. Before the finish today, the whole thing flashed before my eyes."
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "Simoni was born in [Palù di Giovo](/wiki/Giovo \"Giovo\"), in [Trentino](/wiki/Trentino \"Trentino\"), and began competing as an amateur with the goal of someday winning the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia \"Giro d'Italia\"). Simoni confirmed his potential in 1993, when he won both the amateur version of the Giro d'Italia (known as the [Baby Giro](/wiki/Baby_Giro \"Baby Giro\")) and the Italian Road Cycling Championship. Prior to his retirement in 2010, Simoni would reveal to the Italian newspaper *La Gazzetta dello Sport* that the Giro was the one race that attracted him to cycling and which motivated him as a professional. \"It was the Giro that brought me to cycling when I was a child\", he said. \"It triggered my dreams.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/21/sports/cycling/21iht\\-BIKE.html\\|title\\=Simoni Heeds Giro's Call and Races Once Again\\|first\\=Samuel\\|last\\=Abt\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=20 May 2010\\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018}}", "Simoni turned professional in 1994 with the {{UCI team code\\|JOL\\|1994}} team, but suffered through an inauspicious rookie season, having to cope with the deaths of both his father and older brother. It was only three years later in 1997 that Simoni won his first professional race, a stage of the [Giro del Trentino](/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino \"Giro del Trentino\"), while riding for the {{UCI team code\\|RIS\\|1997}} team of sports director [Giancarlo Ferretti](/wiki/Giancarlo_Ferretti \"Giancarlo Ferretti\").", "1998 was another disappointing season for Simoni, and his results sheet was barren after a year spent with the {{UCI team code\\|CTA\\|1998}} team. He briefly quit cycling and worked as a [bicycle mechanic](/wiki/Bicycle_mechanic \"Bicycle mechanic\") for [1984 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/1984_Giro_d%27Italia \"1984 Giro d'Italia\") winner [Francesco Moser](/wiki/Francesco_Moser \"Francesco Moser\"). However, a resurgent Simoni joined the {{UCI team code\\|ALB\\|1999}} team in 1999 and finished a surprising third on the [general classification](/wiki/General_classification \"General classification\") of [that year's Giro d'Italia](/wiki/1999_Giro_d%27Italia \"1999 Giro d'Italia\"). In a race that saw another mercurial Italian climber thrown off the Giro for doping ([Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani \"Marco Pantani\")), Simoni was criticized in some sectors of the press for claiming a podium finish without having earned the placing. But he proved his critics wrong by winning a stage in the [Tour de Suisse](/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse \"Tour de Suisse\") and again finishing on the final podium.", "### First Giro d'Italia victory, 2001", "The 2000 season started well for Simoni: he'd transferred to the top\\-ranked {{UCI team code\\|LAM\\|2000}} team of two\\-time Giro d'Italia winner [Giuseppe Saronni](/wiki/Giuseppe_Saronni \"Giuseppe Saronni\") and went on to again finish on the podium of the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2000_Giro_d%27Italia \"2000 Giro d'Italia\"). Simoni cemented his reputation as a climbing specialist by winning the dramatic [Alto de El Angliru](/wiki/Alto_de_El_Angliru \"Alto de El Angliru\") stage of that year's [Vuelta a España](/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"Vuelta a España\").", "Simoni started the [2001 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2001_Giro_d%27Italia \"2001 Giro d'Italia\") as Lampre's undisputed leader and hope for the general classification, which he won with a comfortable margin.{{Clarify\\|reason\\=vague\\|date\\=January 2018}}", "### Second Giro d'Italia victory, 2003", "Following his Giro victory Simoni moved to the {{UCI team code\\|SAE\\|2002}} team with the goal of repeating his Giro success of the previous year. However, traces of [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") were found in his blood and he was disqualified despite his protestations of innocence. It was later determined that the cocaine in his blood came from candies that his aunt had bought for him from [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2018}}", "In 2003, the Saeco team came to the Giro d'Italia with the sole purpose of supporting Simoni. After competing with a resurgent [Stefano Garzelli](/wiki/Stefano_Garzelli \"Stefano Garzelli\"), [Yaroslav Popovych](/wiki/Yaroslav_Popovych \"Yaroslav Popovych\") and [Marco Pantani](/wiki/Marco_Pantani \"Marco Pantani\") in the high mountains in a hailstorm, Simoni achieved his second Giro d'Italia victory. His pursuit was documented in the film *The Quest*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thequestfilm.com/\\|title\\=TheQuestFilm.com\\|website\\=www.TheQuestFilm.com\\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2018}}", "Following his successful performance in the Giro, he set his aims on the [Tour de France](/wiki/Tour_de_France \"Tour de France\") and in several interviews challenged the incumbent [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong \"Lance Armstrong\") to a battle in the mountains. His performance was lacking, although he was able to gain a stage win.", "### Later career", "Simoni failed to defend his title in the [2004 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2004_Giro_d%27Italia \"2004 Giro d'Italia\") with the emergence of his teammate [Damiano Cunego](/wiki/Damiano_Cunego \"Damiano Cunego\"). After some public dispute, Simoni reconciled with Cunego and agreed to continue on the same team, which became {{UCI team code\\|LAM\\|2005}}. In the [2005 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2005_Giro_d%27Italia \"2005 Giro d'Italia\") the team took advantage of the publicity and played up the rivalry between Simoni and Cunego, boasting their strength for the Giro. The early part of the Giro saw Cunego lose significant time in the early mountain stages – he was later diagnosed with [Epstein\\-Barr](/wiki/Epstein-Barr \"Epstein-Barr\") viral infection – firmly establishing Simoni as the team leader for the Giro. However, Simoni failed to dislodge [Paolo Savoldelli](/wiki/Paolo_Savoldelli \"Paolo Savoldelli\") in the last mountain stage, even with an epic performance which saw him and [Danilo Di Luca](/wiki/Danilo_Di_Luca \"Danilo Di Luca\") work together to gain time on Savoldelli. Suffering from cramps, he also failed to win that stage.", "Simoni was slated to join [Giancarlo Ferretti](/wiki/Giancarlo_Ferretti \"Giancarlo Ferretti\")'s Sony\\-Ericsson team, which was supposed to be the continuation of the [Fassa Bortolo](/wiki/Fassa_Bortolo \"Fassa Bortolo\") team. However, it later turned out that Ferretti had fallen victim to a fraud, and the team did not in fact exist. After a strong performance in which he finished second in the [Giro di Lombardia](/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia \"Giro di Lombardia\") (which was won by Cunego in the previous edition), Simoni signed a contract to join {{UCI team code\\|FUJ\\|2006}}.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Gilberto Simoni during \"La Prevostura 2007\" Granfondo competition](/wiki/File:Gilberto_Simoni_mtb.jpg \"Gilberto Simoni mtb.jpg\")\nOn the urging of his frame sponsor, Scott USA, Simoni began competing in [mountain bike marathon](/wiki/Mountain_bike_marathon \"Mountain bike marathon\") events during the 2006 off\\-season for road bicycle racing. He quickly garnered impressive results by winning the Italian National Championship for Mountain Bike Marathon.", "Simoni was embroiled in public row with fellow Italian [Ivan Basso](/wiki/Ivan_Basso \"Ivan Basso\") of {{UCI team code\\|SAX\\|2006}}. Simoni alleged that Basso offered him a stage win in the [2006 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2006_Giro_d%27Italia \"2006 Giro d'Italia\") into Aprica five kilometers from the finish after the two cyclists had broken away from the main field. Basso has denied any such offer, and went on to win the stage by 77 seconds. Simoni retracted his accusations several days later.", "In dramatic fashion, with [Leonardo Piepoli](/wiki/Leonardo_Piepoli \"Leonardo Piepoli\")'s support he won the epic stage 17 to [Monte Zoncolan](/wiki/Monte_Zoncolan \"Monte Zoncolan\") in the [2007 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2007_Giro_d%27Italia \"2007 Giro d'Italia\").", "After a lengthy search for a team for 2010, that included negotiations with his previous team {{UCI team code\\|SDA\\|2010}} as well as with {{UCI team code\\|AST\\|2010}} and {{UCI team code\\|RRC\\|2010}}, Simoni re\\-joined his former Lampre *squadra*, rechristened as {{UCI team code\\|LAM\\|2010}}. The 2010 Giro d'Italia was the final race of his career.{{cite web\\|author\\=Gregor Brown \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/simoni\\-to\\-ride\\-last\\-giro\\-ditalia\\-with\\-lampre \\|title\\=Simoni To Ride Last Giro D'Italia With Lampre \\|date\\=12 January 2010 \\|publisher\\=Cyclingnews.com \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2012}} He finished 69th overall, 2:40:14 behind two\\-time winner and compatriot [Ivan Basso](/wiki/Ivan_Basso \"Ivan Basso\"). Simoni was characteristically frank about his last bid for glory, which poignantly saw him beaten in the sprint for the Cima Coppi KOM prize by the Swiss Johann Tschopp, at the summit of the [Passo di Gavia](/wiki/Passo_di_Gavia \"Passo di Gavia\") in the penultimate Giro stage. Mobbed at the finish line by Italian media looking for one final quote from a rider who rarely hesitated to speak his mind, Simoni mused:", "\"Perhaps if I'd played more of a bluffing game, I might have had something left for the finish but never mind. That's bike racing. I'm just glad the Giro is over. I've had enough now.\"{{cite web\\|author\\=Stephen Farrand \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/simoni\\-makes\\-one\\-final\\-attack\\-in\\-the\\-mountains \\|title\\=Simoni Makes One Final Attack In The Mountains \\|date\\=29 May 2010 \\|publisher\\=Cyclingnews.com \\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2012}}", "The Trentinese explained that his curtain call did not go as planned, though he still claimed to have enjoyed closing\\-out his storied career by finishing a three\\-week Grand Tour, one of the most challenging events for an endurance road cyclist:", "\"I've known it was time to retire for awhile {{sic}} It's been on my mind for the last two years. I knew this Giro was my last race. I've been a professional for 17 years, and it really is time to quit. I honestly thought I'd go better than I did in this Giro. I knew I couldn't win it like in 2003 or 2007 (Monte Zoncolan stage), but I didn't expect to suffer so much and for so long during the three weeks. It's been a strange goodbye. I've ridden the Giro almost as an outsider, without the pressure to win and do well. It's hurt but I've been able to enjoy it. Before the finish today, the whole thing flashed before my eyes.\"", "" ]
History ------- The company that became Delphi was founded by [Wes Kussmaul](/wiki/Wes_Kussmaul "Wes Kussmaul") as Kussmaul Encyclopedia in 1981 and featured an encyclopedia, [e\-mail](/wiki/E-mail "E-mail"), and a primitive chat. Newswires, bulletin boards and better chat were added in early 1982\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://forums.delphiforums.com/delphihistory/messages/10/1\|title\=Delphi Forums Timeline}} Kussmaul recalled: > Delphi was actually launched in October 1981, at Jerry Milden's Northeast Computer Show, as the Kussmaul Encyclopedia\-\-the world's first commercially available computerized encyclopedia. (Frank Greenagle's Arête Encyclopedia was announced at about the same time, but you couldn't buy it until much later.) The Kussmaul Encyclopedia was actually a complete home computer system (your choice of Tandy Color Computer or Apple II) with a 300\-bps modem that dialed up to a VAX computer hosting our online encyclopedia database. We sold the system for about the same price and terms as Britannica. People wandered around in it and were impressed with the ease with which they could find information. We had a wonderful cross\-referencing system that turned every occurrence of a word that was the name of an entry in the encyclopedia into a hypertext link—in 1981\...Kussmaul, Wes. Own Your Privacy. PKI Press, 2007 In November 1982, Wes hired Glenn McIntyre as a software engineer primarily doing internal systems. Glenn brought in colleagues Kip Bryan and Dan Bruns. Kip wrote the software that became Delphi Conference and Delphi Forums. Dan upon finishing his MBA at Harvard, become President and subsequently CEO when Wes moved on to form Global Villages. On March 15, 1983, the Delphi name was first used by General Videotex Corporation. Forums were text\-based, and accessed via [Telenet](/wiki/Telenet "Telenet"), [Sprintnet](/wiki/Sprintnet "Sprintnet"), [Tymnet](/wiki/Tymnet "Tymnet"), Uninet, and [Datapac](/wiki/Datapac "Datapac"). In 1984, it had 4 million members.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/300243\|title\=The Starter Guide to Facebook Groups for Business\|date\=September 22, 2017\|author\=Kim Walsh Phillips\|work\=\[\[Entrepreneur (magazine)\|Entrepreneur]]\|accessdate\=February 3, 2019}}{{dubious\|date\=December 2023}} Delphi was extended to Argentina in 1985, through a partnership with the Argentine IT company Siscotel S.A.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos89/desarrollo\-internet\-argentina/desarrollo\-internet\-argentina.shtml\|title\=Desarrollo de Internet en Argentina \- Monografias.com\|last\=Monografias.com\|first\=Juan Francisco Puyó\|website\=www.monografias.com\|date\=12 December 2011 \|language\=es\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-27}} Delphi partnered with [ASCII Corp.](/wiki/ASCII_%28company%29 "ASCII (company)") of [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") to open online services in 1991\. Delphi provided national consumer access to the Internet in 1992\. Features included E\-mail (July 1992\), [FTP](/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol "File Transfer Protocol"), [Telnet](/wiki/Telnet "Telnet"), [Usenet](/wiki/Usenet "Usenet"), text\-based [Web](/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web") access (November 1992\), [MUDs](/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon "Multi-user dungeon"), [Finger](/wiki/Finger_protocol "Finger protocol"), and [Gopher](/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29 "Gopher (protocol)"). "To a lot of people at the time, we seemed to be in an enviable position" says Dan Bruns, Delphi's CEO. "But we didn't have a lot of financing to fuel our growth..."{{cite web\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\_archive/1999/11/01/270056/index.htm\|title\=They Coulda Been Contenders Once upon a time, Delphi was fighting it out with AOL. Then along came Rupert. \- November 1, 1999\|publisher\=Money.cnn.com\|accessdate\=16 February 2015}} In 1993, Delphi was sold to [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch "Rupert Murdoch")'s [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 "News Corporation (1980–2013)"). News Corporation recognized that there would be growth in consumer use of the internet and attempted to use Delphi as its vehicle. It had 125,000 text\-based customers in 1995 and had 150 employees.{{cite web\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/21341433\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jun\+24%2C\+1995\&author\=Irving\+Murphy%2C\+Globe\+Staff\&pub\=Boston\+Globe\+%28pre\-1997\+Fulltext%29\&desc\=Tenants%2C\+acreage\+added\+at\+former\+Wang\+Towers\&pqatl\=google \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130711001254/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/21341433\.html?FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&type\=current\&date\=Jun\+24,\+1995\&author\=Irving\+Murphy,\+Globe\+Staff\&pub\=Boston\+Globe\+(pre\-1997\+Fulltext)\&desc\=Tenants,\+acreage\+added\+at\+former\+Wang\+Towers\&pqatl\=google\&%23160\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 11, 2013\|title\=Tenants, acreage added at former Wang Towers\|publisher\=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com\|accessdate\=16 February 2015}} Murdoch hired away IBM's director of high\-performance computing and communications, Alan Baratz, in 1994 to run Delphi. Under Baratz Delphi acquired space in [Cross Point](/wiki/Cross_Point_%28Lowell%2C_Massachusetts%29 "Cross Point (Lowell, Massachusetts)") an office complex in [Lowell, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts "Lowell, Massachusetts") constructed for [Wang Laboratories](/wiki/Wang_Laboratories "Wang Laboratories") and built a large state\-of\-the\-art server farm.{{cite web\|url\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\_archive/1999/11/01/270056/index.htm\|title\=They Coulda Been Contenders Once upon a time, Delphi was fighting it out with AOL. Then along came Rupert. \- November 1, 1999\|publisher\=Money.cnn.com\|accessdate\=16 February 2015}} Bruns and General Manager Rusty Williams stayed on. Delphi peaked with 500,000 paid subscribers and about 600 employees. By 1995, Delphi had lost many of its subscribers, and Bruns left Delphi. In 1996, NewsCorp decided to exit the online business, was laying off almost half of Delphi's employees and wanted to sell or close Delphi. Dan Bruns and some of Delphi's original investors bought Delphi from NewsCorp for an undisclosed amount. With only 50,000 paying subscribers left, Delphi was back to its pre\-NewsCorp size. "We were on the same growth slope, but this time we were going down instead of up," he says. "It felt a little poetic." In 1996, Delphi launched a free, ad\-supported managed\-content website with associated [message boards](/wiki/Internet_forum "Internet forum") and [chat rooms](/wiki/Chat_room "Chat room"), under the management of a team led by Dan Bruns and which included Bill Louden, who had headed [GEnie](/wiki/GEnie "GEnie") during its heyday. For a period of time, both text\-based and web\-based community services were available. After a year as a managed content site, Delphi reinvented itself as a community\-driven service that allowed anyone to create an online community. Prospero Technologies was formed in January 2000 as the merger of Delphi Forums and Wellengaged. Webpages for forums were discontinued. In 2001, Rob Brazell purchased Delphi Forums, merged it with eHow and Idea Exchange, and formed Blue Frogg Enterprises. The Delphi.com domain was sold to [Delphi Corporation](/wiki/Delphi_Corporation "Delphi Corporation"), the auto parts manufacturer.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}} Prospero was sold to [Inforonics](/wiki/Inforonics "Inforonics"). In 2002, Prospero reacquired Delphi Forums, joining it with [Talk City](/wiki/Talk_City "Talk City") to form Delphi Forums LLC. In 2008, online community developer [Mzinga](/wiki/Mzinga "Mzinga") acquired Littleton\-based Prospero Technologies LLC, which was then owned by Bruce Buckland, chairman and CEO of Mallory Ventures.{{cn\|date\=January 2020}} In March 2009, a Forrester Research analyst reported on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") that Mzinga was having financial difficulties after it had completed a second round of layoffs."Social Downsizing, the Boston Globe, March 29, 2009" On September 1, 2011, Mzinga sold Delphiforums back to early owner Dan Bruns. In January 2012, Delphi Forums resigned from the [Better Business Bureau](/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau "Better Business Bureau") in protest of their support for the [Stop Online Piracy Act](/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act "Stop Online Piracy Act") (SOPA).{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.delphiforums.com/news/20120109\.html\|title\=Delphi Forums Quits Better Business Bureau Over BBB's Support of SOPA\|date\=9 January 2012\|website\=www.delphiforums.com}} [thumbnail\|Delphi's 30th Anniversary Logo (2013\)](/wiki/File:Delphi_Forums_30th_Anniversary.gif "Delphi Forums 30th Anniversary.gif") In February 2013, Delphi Forums celebrated its 30th anniversary. Delphi owner Dan Bruns said, "It's true that the Delphi that launched in 1983 was very different from today's internet," Bruns said, "but one thing remains the same: places like Delphi Forums provide a friendly, comfortable setting for people to share common interests and passions and to build lasting friendships. If we keep that simple truth in mind, we have a terrific legacy to build on going forward."{{cite web\|url\=http://forums.delphiforums.com/delphihistory/messages?msg\=261\.1\|title\=Delphi Forums Celebrates 30 Years\|work\=Delphi Forums\|accessdate\=16 February 2015}} During 2014, Delphi Forums began a beta test of a new forum interface, called Zeta. The current long\-time format, now called Classic, also remains, and hosts may use either interface.{{cite web\|url\=http://forums.delphiforums.com/zetabeta/messages?msg\=522\.1\|title\=1/15 Release Notes\|work\=Delphi Forums\|accessdate\=16 February 2015}}
[ "History\n-------", "The company that became Delphi was founded by [Wes Kussmaul](/wiki/Wes_Kussmaul \"Wes Kussmaul\") as Kussmaul Encyclopedia in 1981 and featured an encyclopedia, [e\\-mail](/wiki/E-mail \"E-mail\"), and a primitive chat. Newswires, bulletin boards and better chat were added in early 1982\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://forums.delphiforums.com/delphihistory/messages/10/1\\|title\\=Delphi Forums Timeline}}", "Kussmaul recalled:", "", "> Delphi was actually launched in October 1981, at Jerry Milden's Northeast Computer Show, as the Kussmaul Encyclopedia\\-\\-the world's first commercially available computerized encyclopedia. (Frank Greenagle's Arête Encyclopedia was announced at about the same time, but you couldn't buy it until much later.) The Kussmaul Encyclopedia was actually a complete home computer system (your choice of Tandy Color Computer or Apple II) with a 300\\-bps modem that dialed up to a VAX computer hosting our online encyclopedia database. We sold the system for about the same price and terms as Britannica. People wandered around in it and were impressed with the ease with which they could find information. We had a wonderful cross\\-referencing system that turned every occurrence of a word that was the name of an entry in the encyclopedia into a hypertext link—in 1981\\...Kussmaul, Wes. Own Your Privacy. PKI Press, 2007", "In November 1982, Wes hired Glenn McIntyre as a software engineer primarily doing internal systems. Glenn brought in colleagues Kip Bryan and Dan Bruns. Kip wrote the software that became Delphi Conference and Delphi Forums. Dan upon finishing his MBA at Harvard, become President and subsequently CEO when Wes moved on to form Global Villages.", "On March 15, 1983, the Delphi name was first used by General Videotex Corporation. Forums were text\\-based, and accessed via [Telenet](/wiki/Telenet \"Telenet\"), [Sprintnet](/wiki/Sprintnet \"Sprintnet\"), [Tymnet](/wiki/Tymnet \"Tymnet\"), Uninet, and [Datapac](/wiki/Datapac \"Datapac\"). In 1984, it had 4 million members.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/300243\\|title\\=The Starter Guide to Facebook Groups for Business\\|date\\=September 22, 2017\\|author\\=Kim Walsh Phillips\\|work\\=\\[\\[Entrepreneur (magazine)\\|Entrepreneur]]\\|accessdate\\=February 3, 2019}}{{dubious\\|date\\=December 2023}}", "Delphi was extended to Argentina in 1985, through a partnership with the Argentine IT company Siscotel S.A.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos89/desarrollo\\-internet\\-argentina/desarrollo\\-internet\\-argentina.shtml\\|title\\=Desarrollo de Internet en Argentina \\- Monografias.com\\|last\\=Monografias.com\\|first\\=Juan Francisco Puyó\\|website\\=www.monografias.com\\|date\\=12 December 2011 \\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-27}}", "Delphi partnered with [ASCII Corp.](/wiki/ASCII_%28company%29 \"ASCII (company)\") of [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") to open online services in 1991\\.", "Delphi provided national consumer access to the Internet in 1992\\. Features included E\\-mail (July 1992\\), [FTP](/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol \"File Transfer Protocol\"), [Telnet](/wiki/Telnet \"Telnet\"), [Usenet](/wiki/Usenet \"Usenet\"), text\\-based [Web](/wiki/World_Wide_Web \"World Wide Web\") access (November 1992\\), [MUDs](/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon \"Multi-user dungeon\"), [Finger](/wiki/Finger_protocol \"Finger protocol\"), and [Gopher](/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29 \"Gopher (protocol)\"). \"To a lot of people at the time, we seemed to be in an enviable position\" says Dan Bruns, Delphi's CEO. \"But we didn't have a lot of financing to fuel our growth...\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\\_archive/1999/11/01/270056/index.htm\\|title\\=They Coulda Been Contenders Once upon a time, Delphi was fighting it out with AOL. Then along came Rupert. \\- November 1, 1999\\|publisher\\=Money.cnn.com\\|accessdate\\=16 February 2015}}", "In 1993, Delphi was sold to [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch \"Rupert Murdoch\")'s [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 \"News Corporation (1980–2013)\"). News Corporation recognized that there would be growth in consumer use of the internet and attempted to use Delphi as its vehicle. It had 125,000 text\\-based customers in 1995 and had 150 employees.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/21341433\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jun\\+24%2C\\+1995\\&author\\=Irving\\+Murphy%2C\\+Globe\\+Staff\\&pub\\=Boston\\+Globe\\+%28pre\\-1997\\+Fulltext%29\\&desc\\=Tenants%2C\\+acreage\\+added\\+at\\+former\\+Wang\\+Towers\\&pqatl\\=google \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130711001254/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/21341433\\.html?FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&type\\=current\\&date\\=Jun\\+24,\\+1995\\&author\\=Irving\\+Murphy,\\+Globe\\+Staff\\&pub\\=Boston\\+Globe\\+(pre\\-1997\\+Fulltext)\\&desc\\=Tenants,\\+acreage\\+added\\+at\\+former\\+Wang\\+Towers\\&pqatl\\=google\\&%23160\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 11, 2013\\|title\\=Tenants, acreage added at former Wang Towers\\|publisher\\=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com\\|accessdate\\=16 February 2015}} Murdoch hired away IBM's director of high\\-performance computing and communications, Alan Baratz, in 1994 to run Delphi. Under Baratz Delphi acquired space in [Cross Point](/wiki/Cross_Point_%28Lowell%2C_Massachusetts%29 \"Cross Point (Lowell, Massachusetts)\") an office complex in [Lowell, Massachusetts](/wiki/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts \"Lowell, Massachusetts\") constructed for [Wang Laboratories](/wiki/Wang_Laboratories \"Wang Laboratories\") and built a large state\\-of\\-the\\-art server farm.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb\\_archive/1999/11/01/270056/index.htm\\|title\\=They Coulda Been Contenders Once upon a time, Delphi was fighting it out with AOL. Then along came Rupert. \\- November 1, 1999\\|publisher\\=Money.cnn.com\\|accessdate\\=16 February 2015}} Bruns and General Manager Rusty Williams stayed on. Delphi peaked with 500,000 paid subscribers and about 600 employees.", "By 1995, Delphi had lost many of its subscribers, and Bruns left Delphi. In 1996, NewsCorp decided to exit the online business, was laying off almost half of Delphi's employees and wanted to sell or close Delphi. Dan Bruns and some of Delphi's original investors bought Delphi from NewsCorp for an undisclosed amount. With only 50,000 paying subscribers left, Delphi was back to its pre\\-NewsCorp size. \"We were on the same growth slope, but this time we were going down instead of up,\" he says. \"It felt a little poetic.\"", "In 1996, Delphi launched a free, ad\\-supported managed\\-content website with associated [message boards](/wiki/Internet_forum \"Internet forum\") and [chat rooms](/wiki/Chat_room \"Chat room\"), under the management of a team led by Dan Bruns and which included Bill Louden, who had headed [GEnie](/wiki/GEnie \"GEnie\") during its heyday. For a period of time, both text\\-based and web\\-based community services were available. After a year as a managed content site, Delphi reinvented itself as a community\\-driven service that allowed anyone to create an online community.", "Prospero Technologies was formed in January 2000 as the merger of Delphi Forums and Wellengaged. Webpages for forums were discontinued.", "In 2001, Rob Brazell purchased Delphi Forums, merged it with eHow and Idea Exchange, and formed Blue Frogg Enterprises. The Delphi.com domain was sold to [Delphi Corporation](/wiki/Delphi_Corporation \"Delphi Corporation\"), the auto parts manufacturer.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}} Prospero was sold to [Inforonics](/wiki/Inforonics \"Inforonics\").", "In 2002, Prospero reacquired Delphi Forums, joining it with [Talk City](/wiki/Talk_City \"Talk City\") to form Delphi Forums LLC.", "In 2008, online community developer [Mzinga](/wiki/Mzinga \"Mzinga\") acquired Littleton\\-based Prospero Technologies LLC, which was then owned by Bruce Buckland, chairman and CEO of Mallory Ventures.{{cn\\|date\\=January 2020}} In March 2009, a Forrester Research analyst reported on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") that Mzinga was having financial difficulties after it had completed a second round of layoffs.\"Social Downsizing, the Boston Globe, March 29, 2009\" On September 1, 2011, Mzinga sold Delphiforums back to early owner Dan Bruns.", "In January 2012, Delphi Forums resigned from the [Better Business Bureau](/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau \"Better Business Bureau\") in protest of their support for the [Stop Online Piracy Act](/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act \"Stop Online Piracy Act\") (SOPA).{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.delphiforums.com/news/20120109\\.html\\|title\\=Delphi Forums Quits Better Business Bureau Over BBB's Support of SOPA\\|date\\=9 January 2012\\|website\\=www.delphiforums.com}}", "[thumbnail\\|Delphi's 30th Anniversary Logo (2013\\)](/wiki/File:Delphi_Forums_30th_Anniversary.gif \"Delphi Forums 30th Anniversary.gif\")\nIn February 2013, Delphi Forums celebrated its 30th anniversary. Delphi owner Dan Bruns said, \"It's true that the Delphi that launched in 1983 was very different from today's internet,\" Bruns said, \"but one thing remains the same: places like Delphi Forums provide a friendly, comfortable setting for people to share common interests and passions and to build lasting friendships. If we keep that simple truth in mind, we have a terrific legacy to build on going forward.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forums.delphiforums.com/delphihistory/messages?msg\\=261\\.1\\|title\\=Delphi Forums Celebrates 30 Years\\|work\\=Delphi Forums\\|accessdate\\=16 February 2015}}", "During 2014, Delphi Forums began a beta test of a new forum interface, called Zeta. The current long\\-time format, now called Classic, also remains, and hosts may use either interface.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://forums.delphiforums.com/zetabeta/messages?msg\\=522\\.1\\|title\\=1/15 Release Notes\\|work\\=Delphi Forums\\|accessdate\\=16 February 2015}}", "" ]
Literary works -------------- In the 1990s Cowan turned to a more global perspective in literature. He became interested in fashioning a new prose – one that is spare, limpid, and devoid of all the old mechanisms of literary realism. This new prose is exploited in his novels *A Mapmaker's Dream*, *A Troubadour's Testament*, and more recently in his study of the [Persian](/wiki/Persia "Persia") poet, *[Rumi](/wiki/Rumi "Rumi")'s Divan of Shems of Tabriz*. Each of these books is an attempt to re\-affirm the greatness of the European and Near\-Eastern traditions. Though steeped in history and imbued with a continuum between past and present, Cowan's work is thoroughly directed toward the modern. In 2000, James Cowan returned to Australia after spending three years in Italy where he researched and wrote *Francis: A Saints Way*. This book became the inspiration for a new ballet devised by the [Queensland Ballet Co](/wiki/Dancenorth%23North_Queensland_Ballet_Company "Dancenorth#North Queensland Ballet Company"). and performed in 2002\. His latest book is *Journey to the Inner Mountain*, a study of [St Antony](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great "Anthony the Great") of [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") in the 3rd century, and *A Spanner in the Works*, a study of the impact of science and technology on contemporary spiritual life. Institutions that the author has lectured at are: the [University of Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna "University of Bologna") in Italy, the [University of Barcelona](/wiki/University_of_Barcelona "University of Barcelona"), Spain, [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_University "Michigan State University") MI, [Grand Valley State University](/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University "Grand Valley State University") MI, [Grand Rapids Museum](/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Art_Museum "Grand Rapids Art Museum") MI, the [Temenos Academy](/wiki/Temenos_Academy "Temenos Academy") in London, [Schumacher College](/wiki/Schumacher_College "Schumacher College") in Devon, Washburn University Topeka, KS, Earthwatch in Boston, Smith College Massachusetts, the International Centre in New Delhi, the Commonwealth Club of Rome, the Australian Embassy in Madrid, the American Research Institute in Cairo, as well as in numerous institutions in Australia. Many of these lectures have been on the subject of Aboriginal life, art and culture. His books have been published in the US, UK, Australia, Germany, France, Holland, Poland, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Croatia, Mauritius, Spain (Spanish and Catalan), Argentina, Brazil, Korea and Japan. Cowan's work lies at the intersection between modernism and ancient cultural perspectives. Many of his books explore the beliefs and practices of indigenous peoples as they attempt to come to terms with the modern world. His interest, too, in early monastic life throughout the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant") ([Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos "Mount Athos"), [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula"), [Nitrea Desert](/wiki/Nitrea_Desert "Nitrea Desert")), as well as the anchorites of present\-day Egypt, has allowed him to draw upon their experience to invigorate language. Myth, ritual and ancient belief are essential to the author's approach to revitalising metaphors. For the author, the aesthetic of diversity is made palpable through an ongoing encounter with what is forever different among peoples and places. James Cowan was the recipient of an honorary doctorate of Humane Letters from Grand Valley State University in Michigan for his life's work. He has lectured throughout the world on themes related to his deep knowledge of traditional peoples, Aboriginal art, metaphysics, and literature. He received a PhD from the University of Queensland for his work on [Vespasiano Gonzaga](/wiki/Vespasiano_I_Gonzaga "Vespasiano I Gonzaga") and his Ideal City in Italy.{{cite web \|title\=Hamlet's ghost: Vespasiano Gonzaga and his ideal city \|url\=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:411735 \|website\=UQ eSpace \|publisher\=University of Queensland \|accessdate\=9 January 2019}}
[ "Literary works\n--------------", "In the 1990s Cowan turned to a more global perspective in literature. He became interested in fashioning a new prose – one that is spare, limpid, and devoid of all the old mechanisms of literary realism. This new prose is exploited in his novels *A Mapmaker's Dream*, *A Troubadour's Testament*, and more recently in his study of the [Persian](/wiki/Persia \"Persia\") poet, *[Rumi](/wiki/Rumi \"Rumi\")'s Divan of Shems of Tabriz*. Each of these books is an attempt to re\\-affirm the greatness of the European and Near\\-Eastern traditions. Though steeped in history and imbued with a continuum between past and present, Cowan's work is thoroughly directed toward the modern.", "In 2000, James Cowan returned to Australia after spending three years in Italy where he researched and wrote *Francis: A Saints Way*. This book became the inspiration for a new ballet devised by the [Queensland Ballet Co](/wiki/Dancenorth%23North_Queensland_Ballet_Company \"Dancenorth#North Queensland Ballet Company\"). and performed in 2002\\. His latest book is *Journey to the Inner Mountain*, a study of [St Antony](/wiki/Anthony_the_Great \"Anthony the Great\") of [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") in the 3rd century, and *A Spanner in the Works*, a study of the impact of science and technology on contemporary spiritual life.", "Institutions that the author has lectured at are: the [University of Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna \"University of Bologna\") in Italy, the [University of Barcelona](/wiki/University_of_Barcelona \"University of Barcelona\"), Spain, [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_University \"Michigan State University\") MI, [Grand Valley State University](/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University \"Grand Valley State University\") MI, [Grand Rapids Museum](/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Art_Museum \"Grand Rapids Art Museum\") MI, the [Temenos Academy](/wiki/Temenos_Academy \"Temenos Academy\") in London, [Schumacher College](/wiki/Schumacher_College \"Schumacher College\") in Devon, Washburn University Topeka, KS, Earthwatch in Boston, Smith College Massachusetts, the International Centre in New Delhi, the Commonwealth Club of Rome, the Australian Embassy in Madrid, the American Research Institute in Cairo, as well as in numerous institutions in Australia. Many of these lectures have been on the subject of Aboriginal life, art and culture.", "His books have been published in the US, UK, Australia, Germany, France, Holland, Poland, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Croatia, Mauritius, Spain (Spanish and Catalan), Argentina, Brazil, Korea and Japan.", "Cowan's work lies at the intersection between modernism and ancient cultural perspectives. Many of his books explore the beliefs and practices of indigenous peoples as they attempt to come to terms with the modern world. His interest, too, in early monastic life throughout the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\") ([Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos \"Mount Athos\"), [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\"), [Nitrea Desert](/wiki/Nitrea_Desert \"Nitrea Desert\")), as well as the anchorites of present\\-day Egypt, has allowed him to draw upon their experience to invigorate language. Myth, ritual and ancient belief are essential to the author's approach to revitalising metaphors.", "For the author, the aesthetic of diversity is made palpable through an ongoing encounter with what is forever different among peoples and places.", "James Cowan was the recipient of an honorary doctorate of Humane Letters from Grand Valley State University in Michigan for his life's work. He has lectured throughout the world on themes related to his deep knowledge of traditional peoples, Aboriginal art, metaphysics, and literature.", "He received a PhD from the University of Queensland for his work on [Vespasiano Gonzaga](/wiki/Vespasiano_I_Gonzaga \"Vespasiano I Gonzaga\") and his Ideal City in Italy.{{cite web \\|title\\=Hamlet's ghost: Vespasiano Gonzaga and his ideal city \\|url\\=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:411735 \\|website\\=UQ eSpace \\|publisher\\=University of Queensland \\|accessdate\\=9 January 2019}}", "" ]
History ------- The Japanese government established a European\-style civil police system in 1874, under the centralized control of the Police Bureau within the Home Ministry, to put down internal disturbances and maintain order during the Meiji Restoration. By the 1880s, the police had developed into a nationwide instrument of government control, providing support for local leaders and enforcing public morality. They acted as general civil administrators, implementing official policies and thereby facilitating unification and modernization. In rural areas especially, the police had great authority and were accorded the same mixture of fear and respect as the village head. Their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the foundations of the authoritarian state in Japan in the first half of the twentieth century. The centralized police system steadily acquired responsibilities, until it controlled almost all aspects of daily life, including fire prevention and mediation of labor disputes. The system regulated public health, business, factories, and construction, and it issued permits and licenses. [The Peace Preservation Law of 1925](/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law "Peace Preservation Law") gave police the authority to arrest people for "[wrong thoughts](/wiki/Wrongthink "Wrongthink")". [Special Higher Police](/wiki/Special_Higher_Police "Special Higher Police") were created to regulate the content of motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns. Military police operating under the army and navy and the justice and home ministries aided the civilian police in limiting proscribed political activity. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, leading to friction with their civilian counterparts. After 1937 police directed business activities for the war effort, mobilized labor, and controlled transportation. After Japan's surrender in 1945, occupation authorities retained the prewar police structure until a new system was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947 Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong, centralized force to deal with postwar unrest{{emdash}}but in line with the thinking of American police reformers on the same subject{{emdash}}the police system was decentralized. About 1,600 independent municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more, and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the police under the jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Home Ministry was abolished and replaced by the less powerful Ministry of Home Affairs, and the police were stripped of their responsibility for fire protection, public health, and other administrative duties. When most of the occupation forces were transferred to Korea in 1950–51, the 75,000 strong [National Police Reserve](/wiki/National_Police_Reserve "National Police Reserve") was formed to back up the ordinary police during civil disturbances, and pressure mounted for a centralized system more compatible with Japanese political preferences. The 1947 Police Law was amended in 1951 to allow the municipal police of smaller communities to merge with the National Rural Police. Most chose this arrangement, and by 1954 only about 400 cities, towns, and villages still had their own police forces. Under the 1954 amended Police Law, a final restructuring created an even more centralized system in which local forces were organized by prefectures under a National Police Agency. The revised Police Law of 1954, still in effect in the 1990s, preserves some strong points of the postwar system, particularly measures ensuring civilian control and political neutrality, while allowing for increased centralization. The National Public Safety Commission system has been retained. State responsibility for maintaining public order has been clarified to include coordination of national and local efforts; centralization of police information, communications, and record keeping facilities; and national standards for training, uniforms, pay, rank, and promotion. Rural and municipal forces were abolished and integrated into prefectural forces, which handled basic police matters. Officials and inspectors in various ministries and agencies continue to exercise special police functions assigned to them in the 1947 Police Law.
[ "History\n-------", "The Japanese government established a European\\-style civil police system in 1874, under the centralized control of the Police Bureau within the Home Ministry, to put down internal disturbances and maintain order during the Meiji Restoration. By the 1880s, the police had developed into a nationwide instrument of government control, providing support for local leaders and enforcing public morality. They acted as general civil administrators, implementing official policies and thereby facilitating unification and modernization. In rural areas especially, the police had great authority and were accorded the same mixture of fear and respect as the village head. Their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the foundations of the authoritarian state in Japan in the first half of the twentieth century.", "The centralized police system steadily acquired responsibilities, until it controlled almost all aspects of daily life, including fire prevention and mediation of labor disputes. The system regulated public health, business, factories, and construction, and it issued permits and licenses. [The Peace Preservation Law of 1925](/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law \"Peace Preservation Law\") gave police the authority to arrest people for \"[wrong thoughts](/wiki/Wrongthink \"Wrongthink\")\". [Special Higher Police](/wiki/Special_Higher_Police \"Special Higher Police\") were created to regulate the content of motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns. Military police operating under the army and navy and the justice and home ministries aided the civilian police in limiting proscribed political activity. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, leading to friction with their civilian counterparts. After 1937 police directed business activities for the war effort, mobilized labor, and controlled transportation.", "After Japan's surrender in 1945, occupation authorities retained the prewar police structure until a new system was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947 Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong, centralized force to deal with postwar unrest{{emdash}}but in line with the thinking of American police reformers on the same subject{{emdash}}the police system was decentralized. About 1,600 independent municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more, and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the police under the jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Home Ministry was abolished and replaced by the less powerful Ministry of Home Affairs, and the police were stripped of their responsibility for fire protection, public health, and other administrative duties.", "When most of the occupation forces were transferred to Korea in 1950–51, the 75,000 strong [National Police Reserve](/wiki/National_Police_Reserve \"National Police Reserve\") was formed to back up the ordinary police during civil disturbances, and pressure mounted for a centralized system more compatible with Japanese political preferences. The 1947 Police Law was amended in 1951 to allow the municipal police of smaller communities to merge with the National Rural Police. Most chose this arrangement, and by 1954 only about 400 cities, towns, and villages still had their own police forces. Under the 1954 amended Police Law, a final restructuring created an even more centralized system in which local forces were organized by prefectures under a National Police Agency.", "The revised Police Law of 1954, still in effect in the 1990s, preserves some strong points of the postwar system, particularly measures ensuring civilian control and political neutrality, while allowing for increased centralization. The National Public Safety Commission system has been retained. State responsibility for maintaining public order has been clarified to include coordination of national and local efforts; centralization of police information, communications, and record keeping facilities; and national standards for training, uniforms, pay, rank, and promotion. Rural and municipal forces were abolished and integrated into prefectural forces, which handled basic police matters. Officials and inspectors in various ministries and agencies continue to exercise special police functions assigned to them in the 1947 Police Law.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Sheffield Wednesday Born in [Ossett](/wiki/Ossett "Ossett"), West Yorkshire, Wood was a [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. "Leeds United F.C.") fan and had a season ticket at Leeds, however Wood came up through the ranks at [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") and started to support The Owls instead.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.coventrycity\-mad.co.uk/news/tmnw/wood\_\_i\_want\_to\_beat\_leeds\_575323/index.shtml\|title\=Wood – I Want To Beat Leeds\|website\=Coventry MAD}} He broke into the senior side at the end of the [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football "2002–03 in English football") season and capped his superb performance with a goal on his full debut against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.").{{cite news \|title\=Burnley 2\-7 Sheff Wed\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/2950723\.stm\|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 April 2003 \|access\-date\=17 December 2020}} The young Wood made such an impression that he was handed a two\-year deal before he completed the second year of his Academy scholarship. He formed an impressive partnership with [Graham Coughlan](/wiki/Graham_Coughlan "Graham Coughlan") in the centre of defence and has put in a series of strong displays. Wood staked his claim for a regular spot as he missed just one of the final 28 games as Wednesday clinched promotion to the Championship the previous season. He enjoyed a lengthy run in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football "2005–06 in English football") season before an untimely injury cut short his season, which also deprived him of making an appearance for the Football League Select XI against an Italian Serie B representative side. To cap of this tremendous season, he was rewarded by receiving the Rhodes Fairbanks Young player of the year award by fans of the club.{{cite web \|url\=http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\=894\&p\=2\&stid\=8409532 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430180652/http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\=894\&p\=2\&stid\=8409532 \|archive\-date\=30 April 2006 }} On 3 March 2007, Wood returned from his injury to make his first start for Wednesday in 11 months in a 3–2 league win against Yorkshire rivals [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. "Leeds United F.C.") at Elland Road. He would go on to start in the rest of Wednesday's 11 games that season and helped them to finish the season with just one loss from 13 games – a run which almost saw the side finish in the Championship play\-offs. Prior to the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football "2008–09 in English football") season Wood was named joint captain alongside [Steve Watson](/wiki/Steve_Watson "Steve Watson"), although shortly after the season began Wood handed in a transfer request. The request was declined. In the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football "2009–10 in English football") campaign, after a successful start for Wood, scoring two goals in two matches, he declined a new contract with Wednesday, and he was transfer listed on 29 October 2009\.{{cite news \| title \= Owls transfer list defender Wood \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff\_wed/8331747\.stm \| publisher \= BBC Sport \| date \= 29 October 2009 \| access\-date \= 18 November 2009}} ### Coventry City On 18 November 2009, Wood signed for [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. "Coventry City F.C.") on [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28association_football%29 "Loan (association football)") until January 2010, when he was then expected to sign a permanent deal.{{cite news \| title \= News: Wood signs on loan \| url \= http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\~1877735,00\.html \| publisher \= Coventry City F.C. \| date \= 18 November 2009 \| access\-date \= 18 November 2009}} He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") on 21 November 2009\.{{cite news \| title \= Coventry 1–1 Crystal Palace \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/8350611\.stm \| publisher \= BBC Sport \| date \= 21 November 2009 \| access\-date \= 22 November 2009}} He then got his first goal for the Sky Blues the following game with the equaliser against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C."). On 6 December Wood even captained Coventry in a 1–0 loss to [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. "Scunthorpe United F.C."). After four starts and one substitute appearance, Wood made the move permanent signing on a contract till 2013 on 1 January 2010\.{{cite news \|title\=Wood and Hussey complete moves \|url\=http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\~1920671,00\.html \|publisher\=Coventry City F.C. \|date\=1 January 2010 \|access\-date\=1 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104120151/http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10269\~1920671%2C00\.html \|archive\-date\= 4 January 2010}} On 27 March 2010, Wood scored the equaliser for Coventry in a match against his former club, Sheffield Wednesday. He was also named as captain in this game which finished 1–1\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\~2007224,00\.html\|title\=FULL TIME: Coventry City 1 Sheff Wed 1\|date\=27 March 2010\|publisher\=Coventry City FC\|accessdate\=21 June 2021\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329001218/http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\~2007224,00\.html\|archivedate\=29 March 2010}} ### Charlton Athletic On 18 July 2013, Wood signed a one\-year deal with [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. "Charlton Athletic F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130718\-wood\-sign\-929040\.aspx\|title\=Wood deal confirmed\|date\=18 July 2013\|publisher\=Charlton Athletic\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130718171619/http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130718\-wood\-sign\-929040\.aspx\|archive\-date\=18 July 2013}} ### Rotherham United On 26 June 2014, Wood signed with [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. "Rotherham United F.C.").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20140626\-richard\-wood\-joins\-rotherham\-united\-1689525\.aspx\|title\=Richard Wood joins Rotherham United \|date\=26 June 2014 \|publisher\=Charlton Athletic}} On 20 February 2015, Wood signed a one\-month loan deal with [Crawley Town](/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C. "Crawley Town F.C.").{{cite news\|title\=Richard Wood: Crawley sign Rotherham defender on loan\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31558409\|access\-date\=3 March 2015\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=20 February 2015}} On 23 September 2015, Wood signed a one\-month loan deal with [Fleetwood Town](/wiki/Fleetwood_Town_F.C. "Fleetwood Town F.C.").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fleetwoodtownfc.com/news/2015/september/town\-sign\-defender\-wood\-on\-loan\-deal\-from\-rotherham/\|title\=Town sign defender Wood on loan deal from Rotherham\|publisher\=Fleetwood Town F.C.}} On 26 October 2015, he signed for [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. "Chesterfield F.C.") on a three\-month loan deal.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34637514\|title\=Spireites sign Millers defender Wood\|publisher\=BBC Sport }} Wood scored his first goal after his return to Rotherham in a 3–1 defeat to [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End "Preston North End") on 5 November 2016\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37807835 \|title\=Rotherham 1\-3 Preston North End \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=5 November 2016 \|access\-date\=7 November 2016}} Following the departure of [Paul Warne](/wiki/Paul_Warne "Paul Warne") as Rotherham United's manager in September 2022, Wood was installed as caretaker manager along with [Lee Peltier](/wiki/Lee_Peltier "Lee Peltier") as the club searched for a permanent option.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.themillers.co.uk/news/2022/september/read\-\-update\-on\-managerial\-situation/ \|title\=Update on managerial situation \|publisher\=Rotherham United F.C. \|date\=30 September 2022 \|access\-date\=3 October 2022}} The duo of Wood and Peltier oversaw one game as co\-caretakers, a 2–0 home loss to Wigan Athletic, before the appointment of Matt Taylor from Exeter City. After the final game of the 2022–23 season, manager Matt Taylor confirmed in a post\-match interview that Wood would not be offered a new contract with the club and would be released.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk/rotherham\-united/view,richard\-woods\-rotherham\-united\-career\-comes\-to\-an\-end\_45320\.htm\|title\=Richard Wood's Rotherham United career comes to an end\|publisher\=Rotherham Advertiser\|date\=9 May 2023}} ### Doncaster Rovers On 23 May 2023, Wood signed a one\-year contract with [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. "Doncaster Rovers F.C.").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.doncasterroversfc.co.uk/news/2023/may/wood\-signs/\|title\=Rovers sign experienced defender Richard Wood \|date\=23 May 2023 \|publisher\=Doncaster Rovers}}
[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Sheffield Wednesday", "Born in [Ossett](/wiki/Ossett \"Ossett\"), West Yorkshire, Wood was a [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. \"Leeds United F.C.\") fan and had a season ticket at Leeds, however Wood came up through the ranks at [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") and started to support The Owls instead.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.coventrycity\\-mad.co.uk/news/tmnw/wood\\_\\_i\\_want\\_to\\_beat\\_leeds\\_575323/index.shtml\\|title\\=Wood – I Want To Beat Leeds\\|website\\=Coventry MAD}} He broke into the senior side at the end of the [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football \"2002–03 in English football\") season and capped his superb performance with a goal on his full debut against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Burnley 2\\-7 Sheff Wed\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/2950723\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 April 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2020}} The young Wood made such an impression that he was handed a two\\-year deal before he completed the second year of his Academy scholarship.", "He formed an impressive partnership with [Graham Coughlan](/wiki/Graham_Coughlan \"Graham Coughlan\") in the centre of defence and has put in a series of strong displays.", "Wood staked his claim for a regular spot as he missed just one of the final 28 games as Wednesday clinched promotion to the Championship the previous season.", "He enjoyed a lengthy run in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football \"2005–06 in English football\") season before an untimely injury cut short his season, which also deprived him of making an appearance for the Football League Select XI against an Italian Serie B representative side. To cap of this tremendous season, he was rewarded by receiving the Rhodes Fairbanks Young player of the year award by fans of the club.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\\=894\\&p\\=2\\&stid\\=8409532 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430180652/http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\\=894\\&p\\=2\\&stid\\=8409532 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2006 }}", "On 3 March 2007, Wood returned from his injury to make his first start for Wednesday in 11 months in a 3–2 league win against Yorkshire rivals [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. \"Leeds United F.C.\") at Elland Road. He would go on to start in the rest of Wednesday's 11 games that season and helped them to finish the season with just one loss from 13 games – a run which almost saw the side finish in the Championship play\\-offs.", "Prior to the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football \"2008–09 in English football\") season Wood was named joint captain alongside [Steve Watson](/wiki/Steve_Watson \"Steve Watson\"), although shortly after the season began Wood handed in a transfer request. The request was declined.", "In the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football \"2009–10 in English football\") campaign, after a successful start for Wood, scoring two goals in two matches, he declined a new contract with Wednesday, and he was transfer listed on 29 October 2009\\.{{cite news \\| title \\= Owls transfer list defender Wood \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff\\_wed/8331747\\.stm \\| publisher \\= BBC Sport \\| date \\= 29 October 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 November 2009}}", "### Coventry City", "On 18 November 2009, Wood signed for [Coventry City](/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C. \"Coventry City F.C.\") on [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28association_football%29 \"Loan (association football)\") until January 2010, when he was then expected to sign a permanent deal.{{cite news \\| title \\= News: Wood signs on loan \\| url \\= http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\\~1877735,00\\.html \\| publisher \\= Coventry City F.C. \\| date \\= 18 November 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 November 2009}} He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") on 21 November 2009\\.{{cite news \\| title \\= Coventry 1–1 Crystal Palace \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/8350611\\.stm \\| publisher \\= BBC Sport \\| date \\= 21 November 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 22 November 2009}} He then got his first goal for the Sky Blues the following game with the equaliser against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\"). On 6 December Wood even captained Coventry in a 1–0 loss to [Scunthorpe United](/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C. \"Scunthorpe United F.C.\"). After four starts and one substitute appearance, Wood made the move permanent signing on a contract till 2013 on 1 January 2010\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Wood and Hussey complete moves \\|url\\=http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\\~1920671,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=Coventry City F.C. \\|date\\=1 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104120151/http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10269\\~1920671%2C00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\= 4 January 2010}}\nOn 27 March 2010, Wood scored the equaliser for Coventry in a match against his former club, Sheffield Wednesday. He was also named as captain in this game which finished 1–1\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\\~2007224,00\\.html\\|title\\=FULL TIME: Coventry City 1 Sheff Wed 1\\|date\\=27 March 2010\\|publisher\\=Coventry City FC\\|accessdate\\=21 June 2021\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329001218/http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269\\~2007224,00\\.html\\|archivedate\\=29 March 2010}}", "### Charlton Athletic", "On 18 July 2013, Wood signed a one\\-year deal with [Charlton Athletic](/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C. \"Charlton Athletic F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130718\\-wood\\-sign\\-929040\\.aspx\\|title\\=Wood deal confirmed\\|date\\=18 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Charlton Athletic\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130718171619/http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20130718\\-wood\\-sign\\-929040\\.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2013}}", "### Rotherham United", "On 26 June 2014, Wood signed with [Rotherham United](/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C. \"Rotherham United F.C.\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cafc.co.uk/news/article/20140626\\-richard\\-wood\\-joins\\-rotherham\\-united\\-1689525\\.aspx\\|title\\=Richard Wood joins Rotherham United \\|date\\=26 June 2014 \\|publisher\\=Charlton Athletic}} On 20 February 2015, Wood signed a one\\-month loan deal with [Crawley Town](/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C. \"Crawley Town F.C.\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Richard Wood: Crawley sign Rotherham defender on loan\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31558409\\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2015\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=20 February 2015}}", "On 23 September 2015, Wood signed a one\\-month loan deal with [Fleetwood Town](/wiki/Fleetwood_Town_F.C. \"Fleetwood Town F.C.\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fleetwoodtownfc.com/news/2015/september/town\\-sign\\-defender\\-wood\\-on\\-loan\\-deal\\-from\\-rotherham/\\|title\\=Town sign defender Wood on loan deal from Rotherham\\|publisher\\=Fleetwood Town F.C.}}", "On 26 October 2015, he signed for [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. \"Chesterfield F.C.\") on a three\\-month loan deal.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34637514\\|title\\=Spireites sign Millers defender Wood\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport }}", "Wood scored his first goal after his return to Rotherham in a 3–1 defeat to [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End \"Preston North End\") on 5 November 2016\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37807835 \\|title\\=Rotherham 1\\-3 Preston North End \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=5 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2016}}", "Following the departure of [Paul Warne](/wiki/Paul_Warne \"Paul Warne\") as Rotherham United's manager in September 2022, Wood was installed as caretaker manager along with [Lee Peltier](/wiki/Lee_Peltier \"Lee Peltier\") as the club searched for a permanent option.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.themillers.co.uk/news/2022/september/read\\-\\-update\\-on\\-managerial\\-situation/ \\|title\\=Update on managerial situation \\|publisher\\=Rotherham United F.C. \\|date\\=30 September 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=3 October 2022}} The duo of Wood and Peltier oversaw one game as co\\-caretakers, a 2–0 home loss to Wigan Athletic, before the appointment of Matt Taylor from Exeter City.", "After the final game of the 2022–23 season, manager Matt Taylor confirmed in a post\\-match interview that Wood would not be offered a new contract with the club and would be released.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk/rotherham\\-united/view,richard\\-woods\\-rotherham\\-united\\-career\\-comes\\-to\\-an\\-end\\_45320\\.htm\\|title\\=Richard Wood's Rotherham United career comes to an end\\|publisher\\=Rotherham Advertiser\\|date\\=9 May 2023}}", "### Doncaster Rovers", "On 23 May 2023, Wood signed a one\\-year contract with [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.doncasterroversfc.co.uk/news/2023/may/wood\\-signs/\\|title\\=Rovers sign experienced defender Richard Wood \\|date\\=23 May 2023 \\|publisher\\=Doncaster Rovers}}", "" ]
### Sheffield Wednesday Born in [Ossett](/wiki/Ossett "Ossett"), West Yorkshire, Wood was a [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. "Leeds United F.C.") fan and had a season ticket at Leeds, however Wood came up through the ranks at [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.") and started to support The Owls instead.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.coventrycity\-mad.co.uk/news/tmnw/wood\_\_i\_want\_to\_beat\_leeds\_575323/index.shtml\|title\=Wood – I Want To Beat Leeds\|website\=Coventry MAD}} He broke into the senior side at the end of the [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football "2002–03 in English football") season and capped his superb performance with a goal on his full debut against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. "Burnley F.C.").{{cite news \|title\=Burnley 2\-7 Sheff Wed\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/2950723\.stm\|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=26 April 2003 \|access\-date\=17 December 2020}} The young Wood made such an impression that he was handed a two\-year deal before he completed the second year of his Academy scholarship. He formed an impressive partnership with [Graham Coughlan](/wiki/Graham_Coughlan "Graham Coughlan") in the centre of defence and has put in a series of strong displays. Wood staked his claim for a regular spot as he missed just one of the final 28 games as Wednesday clinched promotion to the Championship the previous season. He enjoyed a lengthy run in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football "2005–06 in English football") season before an untimely injury cut short his season, which also deprived him of making an appearance for the Football League Select XI against an Italian Serie B representative side. To cap of this tremendous season, he was rewarded by receiving the Rhodes Fairbanks Young player of the year award by fans of the club.{{cite web \|url\=http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\=894\&p\=2\&stid\=8409532 \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430180652/http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\=894\&p\=2\&stid\=8409532 \|archive\-date\=30 April 2006 }} On 3 March 2007, Wood returned from his injury to make his first start for Wednesday in 11 months in a 3–2 league win against Yorkshire rivals [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. "Leeds United F.C.") at Elland Road. He would go on to start in the rest of Wednesday's 11 games that season and helped them to finish the season with just one loss from 13 games – a run which almost saw the side finish in the Championship play\-offs. Prior to the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football "2008–09 in English football") season Wood was named joint captain alongside [Steve Watson](/wiki/Steve_Watson "Steve Watson"), although shortly after the season began Wood handed in a transfer request. The request was declined. In the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football "2009–10 in English football") campaign, after a successful start for Wood, scoring two goals in two matches, he declined a new contract with Wednesday, and he was transfer listed on 29 October 2009\.{{cite news \| title \= Owls transfer list defender Wood \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff\_wed/8331747\.stm \| publisher \= BBC Sport \| date \= 29 October 2009 \| access\-date \= 18 November 2009}}
[ "### Sheffield Wednesday", "Born in [Ossett](/wiki/Ossett \"Ossett\"), West Yorkshire, Wood was a [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. \"Leeds United F.C.\") fan and had a season ticket at Leeds, however Wood came up through the ranks at [Sheffield Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") and started to support The Owls instead.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.coventrycity\\-mad.co.uk/news/tmnw/wood\\_\\_i\\_want\\_to\\_beat\\_leeds\\_575323/index.shtml\\|title\\=Wood – I Want To Beat Leeds\\|website\\=Coventry MAD}} He broke into the senior side at the end of the [2002–03](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football \"2002–03 in English football\") season and capped his superb performance with a goal on his full debut against [Burnley](/wiki/Burnley_F.C. \"Burnley F.C.\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Burnley 2\\-7 Sheff Wed\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/2950723\\.stm\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=26 April 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2020}} The young Wood made such an impression that he was handed a two\\-year deal before he completed the second year of his Academy scholarship.", "He formed an impressive partnership with [Graham Coughlan](/wiki/Graham_Coughlan \"Graham Coughlan\") in the centre of defence and has put in a series of strong displays.", "Wood staked his claim for a regular spot as he missed just one of the final 28 games as Wednesday clinched promotion to the Championship the previous season.", "He enjoyed a lengthy run in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football \"2005–06 in English football\") season before an untimely injury cut short his season, which also deprived him of making an appearance for the Football League Select XI against an Italian Serie B representative side. To cap of this tremendous season, he was rewarded by receiving the Rhodes Fairbanks Young player of the year award by fans of the club.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\\=894\\&p\\=2\\&stid\\=8409532 \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430180652/http://sheffieldwednesday.rivals.net/default.asp?sid\\=894\\&p\\=2\\&stid\\=8409532 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2006 }}", "On 3 March 2007, Wood returned from his injury to make his first start for Wednesday in 11 months in a 3–2 league win against Yorkshire rivals [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. \"Leeds United F.C.\") at Elland Road. He would go on to start in the rest of Wednesday's 11 games that season and helped them to finish the season with just one loss from 13 games – a run which almost saw the side finish in the Championship play\\-offs.", "Prior to the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football \"2008–09 in English football\") season Wood was named joint captain alongside [Steve Watson](/wiki/Steve_Watson \"Steve Watson\"), although shortly after the season began Wood handed in a transfer request. The request was declined.", "In the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football \"2009–10 in English football\") campaign, after a successful start for Wood, scoring two goals in two matches, he declined a new contract with Wednesday, and he was transfer listed on 29 October 2009\\.{{cite news \\| title \\= Owls transfer list defender Wood \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff\\_wed/8331747\\.stm \\| publisher \\= BBC Sport \\| date \\= 29 October 2009 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 November 2009}}", "" ]
Politician ---------- ### Municipal politics Petrović was first elected as mayor of Loznica via a direct vote as a G17 Plus candidate in the [2004 municipal elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections "2004 Serbian local elections"). Serbia subsequently ended the direct election of mayors, and Petrović was given a second term in office by a vote of the city assembly following the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections "2008 Serbian local elections").["Formirana vlast u Loznici"](http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/10100/formirana-vlast-u-loznici.html), *[Radio Television of Serbia](/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia "Radio Television of Serbia")*, 7 August 2008, accessed 16 January 2020\. In November 2006, Petrović and [United States ambassador of Serbia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Serbia "List of ambassadors of the United States to Serbia") [Michael C. Polt](/wiki/Michael_C._Polt "Michael C. Polt") inaugurated a Local Economic Development office in Loznica, funded by the [United States Agency for International Development](/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development") (USAID). In June 2010, Petrović joined with [Serbian economy minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Economy (Serbia)") [Mlađan Dinkić](/wiki/Mla%C4%91an_Dinki%C4%87 "Mlađan Dinkić") to announce that the [Italian](/wiki/Italy "Italy") clothing company Golden Lady would construct a factory in the city."INDUSTRIA: GOLDEN LADY APRE TERZO STABILIMENTO IN SERBIA," *ANSA \- Political and Economic News Service*, 16 June 2010\."Italy's Golden Lady To Build Third Factory in Serbia," *SeeNews*, 17 June 2010\. He also served in the Chamber of the Local Authorities in the [Congress of Local and Regional Authorities](/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities "Congress of Local and Regional Authorities") of the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") from 2004 to 2011, initially as a delegate for [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro "Serbia and Montenegro") and subsequently for Serbia after [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro")'s declaration of independence in 2006\.[Градоначелник Лознице Видоје Петровић](http://www.loznica.rs/OpstinaLoznica-Gradona%C4%8Delnik-Loznice-Vidoje-Petrovi%C4%87_311_), loznica.rs, accessed 16 January 2020\. In 2012, G17 Plus created a new political alliance called the [United Regions of Serbia](/wiki/United_Regions_of_Serbia "United Regions of Serbia") (URS). Petrović led the alliance to a plurality victory with twenty\-one out of fifty\-nine mandates in the [2012 local elections](/wiki/2012_Serbian_local_elections "2012 Serbian local elections") and was thereafter chosen for another term as mayor.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 8 (24 April 2012\), p. 1\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 11 (18 May 2012\), p. 2\. The URS dissolved after a poor showing in the [2014 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2014 Serbian parliamentary election"). Petrović joined the Progressive Party in 2015 and led the party to a majority victory with thirty\-four mandates in the [2016 local elections](/wiki/2016_Serbian_local_elections "2016 Serbian local elections").["Gradonačelnik Loznice postavljen za poverenika SNS"](https://www.blic.rs/vesti/srbija/gradonacelnik-loznice-postavljen-za-poverenika-sns/z690vsl), *Blic* (Source: *Tanjug*), 5 July 2015, accessed 16 January 2020\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 9 (13 April 2016\), p. 1\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 11 (27 April 2016\), p. 1\. In 2018, he and [Serbian president](/wiki/President_of_Serbia "President of Serbia") [Aleksandar Vučić](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Aleksandar Vučić") announced that the Chinese car parts company Minth would invest in a factory in the city."China's Minth to build 100 mln euro car parts factory in Serbia," *SeeNews – The Corporate Wire*, 5 October 2018, accessed 16 January 2020\. Petrović subsequently promoted investment in the [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") sector in Loznica in 2019, noting the presence of [Rio Tinto](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_%28corporation%29 "Rio Tinto (corporation)")'s [Jadar mine](/wiki/Jadar_mine "Jadar mine") in the municipality as an incentive."veicoli elettrici; Serbia, la miniera di litio polo per l’automotive," *Il Sole 24 Ore Digital Replica Edition of Print Edition*, 16 April 2019\. He led the Progressives to an increased majority with forty\-three out of fifty\-nine mandates in the [2020 local elections](/wiki/2020_Serbian_local_elections "2020 Serbian local elections").*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 13 (10 June 2020\), p. 1\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 16 (22 June 2020\), p. 2\. ### Member of the National Assembly Petrović appeared on the [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") of G17 Plus in the [2003 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2003 Serbian parliamentary election"), receiving the 172nd position out of 250\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\. децембра 2003\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Г17 ПЛУС \- МИРОЉУБ ЛАБУС)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726191803/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2003\.php \|date\=2017\-07\-26 }}, Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 16 January 2020\. The list won thirty\-four mandates, and he was not selected for a mandate. (From 2000 to 2011, mandates in Serbian elections held under [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation "Proportional representation") were awarded to successful parties or coalitions rather than individual candidates, and it was common practice for the mandates to be assigned out of numerical order. Petrović could have been assigned a mandate notwithstanding his position on the list – which was in any event mostly alphabetical – but he was not.) G17 Plus participated in Serbia's [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") after the election, and Petrović served in the [ministry of finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Finance (Serbia)") from March to October 2004\.[Градоначелник Лознице Видоје Петровић](http://www.loznica.rs/OpstinaLoznica-Gradona%C4%8Delnik-Loznice-Vidoje-Petrovi%C4%87_311_), loznica.rs, accessed 16 January 2020\. He again appeared on the G17 Plus list for the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2007 Serbian parliamentary election"). The list won nineteen mandates, and on this occasion he was selected for the party's assembly delegation.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\. јануара и 8\. фебрауара 2007\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Г17 плус \- Млађан Динкић)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020720/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2007\.php \|date\=2018\-04\-30 }}, Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 16 January 2020\. Petrović received the 183th position. The list was again primarily alphabetical.[14 February 2007 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/14-february-2007-legislature.489.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 16 January 2020\. G17 Plus joined an unstable [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") led by the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Serbia%29 "Democratic Party (Serbia)") (*Demokratska stranka*, DS) and the rival [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia "Democratic Party of Serbia") (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) after the election, and Petrović served as a supporter of the administration. The DS–DSS coalition collapsed in early 2008, leading to a [a new election](/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2008 Serbian parliamentary election") that year. G17 Plus participated in the Democratic Party's *[For a European Serbia](/wiki/For_a_European_Serbia "For a European Serbia")* coalition, which emerged as the largest group in the assembly with 102 out of 250 seats. Petrović was a G17 Plus candidate on the list and was chosen for a second mandate after the election.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 11\. маја 2008\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (ЗА ЕВРОПСКУ СРБИЈУ \- БОРИС ТАДИЋ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2008.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430021324/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2008\.php \|date\=2018\-04\-30 }}, Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 16 January 2020\.[11 June 2008 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/11-june-2008-legislature.1570.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 16 January 2020\. After extended negotiations, *For a European Serbia* formed a new coalition government with the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia "Socialist Party of Serbia") and other parties, and Petrović again served as a supporter of the ministry. His term in the assembly was brief; he resigned on 29 October 2008\.[11 June 2008 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/11-june-2008-legislature.1570.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia], accessed 16 January 2020\. Serbia's election laws were reformed in 2011, such that mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. Petrović received the ninth position on the United Regions of Serbia list in the [2012 parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2012 Serbian parliamentary election") and was re\-elected when the alliance won sixteen seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6\. маj 2012\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (УЈЕДИЊЕНИ РЕГИОНИ СРБИЈЕ \- МЛАЂАН ДИНКИЋ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2012.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911163134/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2012\.php \|date\=2017\-09\-11 }}, Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 5 April 2017\. The URS initially participated in a [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") led by the Serbian Progressive Party and the Socialist Party of Serbia. Petrović's term in office was again brief; following the 2011 reforms, he could not hold a [dual mandate](/wiki/Dual_mandate "Dual mandate") as mayor and member of the assembly, and so he resigned his mandate on 29 August 2012\.["Samo Bratislav Gašić podneo ostavku zbog duple funkcije"](https://arhiva.vesti-online.com/Vesti/Srbija/249971/Samo-Bratislav-Gasic-podneo-ostavku-zbog-duple-funkcije), *Vesti*, 27 August 2012, accessed 16 January 2020\.[31 May 2012 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/31-may-2012-legislature.2192.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 16 January 2020\. In April 2013, G17 Plus formally merged into the URS. Petrović was promoted to the fourth position on the URS's list for the [2014 election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2014 Serbian parliamentary election"), but the list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") to win representation in the assembly.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 16\. и 23\. марта 2014\. године; ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (УЈЕДИЊЕНИ РЕГИОНИ СРБИЈЕ \- МЛАЂАН ДИНКИЋ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2014.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506170012/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\-izbori\-za\-narodne\-poslanike\-2014\.php \|date\=2018\-05\-06 }}, Republika Srbija \- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 July 2017\. As of 2021, he has not sought election to the national assembly as a Progressive Party member.
[ "Politician\n----------", "### Municipal politics", "Petrović was first elected as mayor of Loznica via a direct vote as a G17 Plus candidate in the [2004 municipal elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections \"2004 Serbian local elections\"). Serbia subsequently ended the direct election of mayors, and Petrović was given a second term in office by a vote of the city assembly following the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections \"2008 Serbian local elections\").[\"Formirana vlast u Loznici\"](http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/10100/formirana-vlast-u-loznici.html), *[Radio Television of Serbia](/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia \"Radio Television of Serbia\")*, 7 August 2008, accessed 16 January 2020\\.", "In November 2006, Petrović and [United States ambassador of Serbia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Serbia \"List of ambassadors of the United States to Serbia\") [Michael C. Polt](/wiki/Michael_C._Polt \"Michael C. Polt\") inaugurated a Local Economic Development office in Loznica, funded by the [United States Agency for International Development](/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development \"United States Agency for International Development\") (USAID). In June 2010, Petrović joined with [Serbian economy minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Economy (Serbia)\") [Mlađan Dinkić](/wiki/Mla%C4%91an_Dinki%C4%87 \"Mlađan Dinkić\") to announce that the [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") clothing company Golden Lady would construct a factory in the city.\"INDUSTRIA: GOLDEN LADY APRE TERZO STABILIMENTO IN SERBIA,\" *ANSA \\- Political and Economic News Service*, 16 June 2010\\.\"Italy's Golden Lady To Build Third Factory in Serbia,\" *SeeNews*, 17 June 2010\\. He also served in the Chamber of the Local Authorities in the [Congress of Local and Regional Authorities](/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities \"Congress of Local and Regional Authorities\") of the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\") from 2004 to 2011, initially as a delegate for [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro \"Serbia and Montenegro\") and subsequently for Serbia after [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\")'s declaration of independence in 2006\\.[Градоначелник Лознице Видоје Петровић](http://www.loznica.rs/OpstinaLoznica-Gradona%C4%8Delnik-Loznice-Vidoje-Petrovi%C4%87_311_), loznica.rs, accessed 16 January 2020\\.", "In 2012, G17 Plus created a new political alliance called the [United Regions of Serbia](/wiki/United_Regions_of_Serbia \"United Regions of Serbia\") (URS). Petrović led the alliance to a plurality victory with twenty\\-one out of fifty\\-nine mandates in the [2012 local elections](/wiki/2012_Serbian_local_elections \"2012 Serbian local elections\") and was thereafter chosen for another term as mayor.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 8 (24 April 2012\\), p. 1\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 11 (18 May 2012\\), p. 2\\.", "The URS dissolved after a poor showing in the [2014 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2014 Serbian parliamentary election\"). Petrović joined the Progressive Party in 2015 and led the party to a majority victory with thirty\\-four mandates in the [2016 local elections](/wiki/2016_Serbian_local_elections \"2016 Serbian local elections\").[\"Gradonačelnik Loznice postavljen za poverenika SNS\"](https://www.blic.rs/vesti/srbija/gradonacelnik-loznice-postavljen-za-poverenika-sns/z690vsl), *Blic* (Source: *Tanjug*), 5 July 2015, accessed 16 January 2020\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 9 (13 April 2016\\), p. 1\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 11 (27 April 2016\\), p. 1\\. In 2018, he and [Serbian president](/wiki/President_of_Serbia \"President of Serbia\") [Aleksandar Vučić](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 \"Aleksandar Vučić\") announced that the Chinese car parts company Minth would invest in a factory in the city.\"China's Minth to build 100 mln euro car parts factory in Serbia,\" *SeeNews – The Corporate Wire*, 5 October 2018, accessed 16 January 2020\\. Petrović subsequently promoted investment in the [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle \"Electric vehicle\") sector in Loznica in 2019, noting the presence of [Rio Tinto](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_%28corporation%29 \"Rio Tinto (corporation)\")'s [Jadar mine](/wiki/Jadar_mine \"Jadar mine\") in the municipality as an incentive.\"veicoli elettrici; Serbia, la miniera di litio polo per l’automotive,\" *Il Sole 24 Ore Digital Replica Edition of Print Edition*, 16 April 2019\\.", "He led the Progressives to an increased majority with forty\\-three out of fifty\\-nine mandates in the [2020 local elections](/wiki/2020_Serbian_local_elections \"2020 Serbian local elections\").*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 13 (10 June 2020\\), p. 1\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 16 (22 June 2020\\), p. 2\\.", "### Member of the National Assembly", "Petrović appeared on the [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") of G17 Plus in the [2003 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2003 Serbian parliamentary election\"), receiving the 172nd position out of 250\\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\\. децембра 2003\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Г17 ПЛУС \\- МИРОЉУБ ЛАБУС)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726191803/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2003\\.php \\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-26 }}, Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 16 January 2020\\. The list won thirty\\-four mandates, and he was not selected for a mandate. (From 2000 to 2011, mandates in Serbian elections held under [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation \"Proportional representation\") were awarded to successful parties or coalitions rather than individual candidates, and it was common practice for the mandates to be assigned out of numerical order. Petrović could have been assigned a mandate notwithstanding his position on the list – which was in any event mostly alphabetical – but he was not.) G17 Plus participated in Serbia's [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") after the election, and Petrović served in the [ministry of finance](/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Finance (Serbia)\") from March to October 2004\\.[Градоначелник Лознице Видоје Петровић](http://www.loznica.rs/OpstinaLoznica-Gradona%C4%8Delnik-Loznice-Vidoje-Petrovi%C4%87_311_), loznica.rs, accessed 16 January 2020\\.", "He again appeared on the G17 Plus list for the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2007 Serbian parliamentary election\"). The list won nineteen mandates, and on this occasion he was selected for the party's assembly delegation.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21\\. јануара и 8\\. фебрауара 2007\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Г17 плус \\- Млађан Динкић)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2007.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020720/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2007\\.php \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-30 }}, Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 16 January 2020\\. Petrović received the 183th position. The list was again primarily alphabetical.[14 February 2007 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/14-february-2007-legislature.489.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 16 January 2020\\. G17 Plus joined an unstable [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") led by the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Serbia%29 \"Democratic Party (Serbia)\") (*Demokratska stranka*, DS) and the rival [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia \"Democratic Party of Serbia\") (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) after the election, and Petrović served as a supporter of the administration.", "The DS–DSS coalition collapsed in early 2008, leading to a [a new election](/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2008 Serbian parliamentary election\") that year. G17 Plus participated in the Democratic Party's *[For a European Serbia](/wiki/For_a_European_Serbia \"For a European Serbia\")* coalition, which emerged as the largest group in the assembly with 102 out of 250 seats. Petrović was a G17 Plus candidate on the list and was chosen for a second mandate after the election.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 11\\. маја 2008\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (ЗА ЕВРОПСКУ СРБИЈУ \\- БОРИС ТАДИЋ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2008.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430021324/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2008\\.php \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-30 }}, Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 16 January 2020\\.[11 June 2008 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/11-june-2008-legislature.1570.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 16 January 2020\\. After extended negotiations, *For a European Serbia* formed a new coalition government with the [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia \"Socialist Party of Serbia\") and other parties, and Petrović again served as a supporter of the ministry. His term in the assembly was brief; he resigned on 29 October 2008\\.[11 June 2008 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/11-june-2008-legislature.1570.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia], accessed 16 January 2020\\.", "Serbia's election laws were reformed in 2011, such that mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. Petrović received the ninth position on the United Regions of Serbia list in the [2012 parliamentary election](/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2012 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was re\\-elected when the alliance won sixteen seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6\\. маj 2012\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (УЈЕДИЊЕНИ РЕГИОНИ СРБИЈЕ \\- МЛАЂАН ДИНКИЋ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2012.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911163134/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2012\\.php \\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-11 }}, Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 5 April 2017\\. The URS initially participated in a [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") led by the Serbian Progressive Party and the Socialist Party of Serbia. Petrović's term in office was again brief; following the 2011 reforms, he could not hold a [dual mandate](/wiki/Dual_mandate \"Dual mandate\") as mayor and member of the assembly, and so he resigned his mandate on 29 August 2012\\.[\"Samo Bratislav Gašić podneo ostavku zbog duple funkcije\"](https://arhiva.vesti-online.com/Vesti/Srbija/249971/Samo-Bratislav-Gasic-podneo-ostavku-zbog-duple-funkcije), *Vesti*, 27 August 2012, accessed 16 January 2020\\.[31 May 2012 legislature](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament/legislature-archive/31-may-2012-legislature.2192.html), National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 16 January 2020\\. In April 2013, G17 Plus formally merged into the URS. Petrović was promoted to the fourth position on the URS's list for the [2014 election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2014 Serbian parliamentary election\"), but the list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") to win representation in the assembly.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 16\\. и 23\\. марта 2014\\. године; ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (УЈЕДИЊЕНИ РЕГИОНИ СРБИЈЕ \\- МЛАЂАН ДИНКИЋ)](http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2014.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506170012/http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva\\-izbori\\-za\\-narodne\\-poslanike\\-2014\\.php \\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-06 }}, Republika Srbija \\- Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 July 2017\\.", "As of 2021, he has not sought election to the national assembly as a Progressive Party member.", "" ]
### Municipal politics Petrović was first elected as mayor of Loznica via a direct vote as a G17 Plus candidate in the [2004 municipal elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections "2004 Serbian local elections"). Serbia subsequently ended the direct election of mayors, and Petrović was given a second term in office by a vote of the city assembly following the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections "2008 Serbian local elections").["Formirana vlast u Loznici"](http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/10100/formirana-vlast-u-loznici.html), *[Radio Television of Serbia](/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia "Radio Television of Serbia")*, 7 August 2008, accessed 16 January 2020\. In November 2006, Petrović and [United States ambassador of Serbia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Serbia "List of ambassadors of the United States to Serbia") [Michael C. Polt](/wiki/Michael_C._Polt "Michael C. Polt") inaugurated a Local Economic Development office in Loznica, funded by the [United States Agency for International Development](/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development") (USAID). In June 2010, Petrović joined with [Serbian economy minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Economy (Serbia)") [Mlađan Dinkić](/wiki/Mla%C4%91an_Dinki%C4%87 "Mlađan Dinkić") to announce that the [Italian](/wiki/Italy "Italy") clothing company Golden Lady would construct a factory in the city."INDUSTRIA: GOLDEN LADY APRE TERZO STABILIMENTO IN SERBIA," *ANSA \- Political and Economic News Service*, 16 June 2010\."Italy's Golden Lady To Build Third Factory in Serbia," *SeeNews*, 17 June 2010\. He also served in the Chamber of the Local Authorities in the [Congress of Local and Regional Authorities](/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities "Congress of Local and Regional Authorities") of the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") from 2004 to 2011, initially as a delegate for [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro "Serbia and Montenegro") and subsequently for Serbia after [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro")'s declaration of independence in 2006\.[Градоначелник Лознице Видоје Петровић](http://www.loznica.rs/OpstinaLoznica-Gradona%C4%8Delnik-Loznice-Vidoje-Petrovi%C4%87_311_), loznica.rs, accessed 16 January 2020\. In 2012, G17 Plus created a new political alliance called the [United Regions of Serbia](/wiki/United_Regions_of_Serbia "United Regions of Serbia") (URS). Petrović led the alliance to a plurality victory with twenty\-one out of fifty\-nine mandates in the [2012 local elections](/wiki/2012_Serbian_local_elections "2012 Serbian local elections") and was thereafter chosen for another term as mayor.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 8 (24 April 2012\), p. 1\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 11 (18 May 2012\), p. 2\. The URS dissolved after a poor showing in the [2014 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2014 Serbian parliamentary election"). Petrović joined the Progressive Party in 2015 and led the party to a majority victory with thirty\-four mandates in the [2016 local elections](/wiki/2016_Serbian_local_elections "2016 Serbian local elections").["Gradonačelnik Loznice postavljen za poverenika SNS"](https://www.blic.rs/vesti/srbija/gradonacelnik-loznice-postavljen-za-poverenika-sns/z690vsl), *Blic* (Source: *Tanjug*), 5 July 2015, accessed 16 January 2020\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 9 (13 April 2016\), p. 1\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 11 (27 April 2016\), p. 1\. In 2018, he and [Serbian president](/wiki/President_of_Serbia "President of Serbia") [Aleksandar Vučić](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Aleksandar Vučić") announced that the Chinese car parts company Minth would invest in a factory in the city."China's Minth to build 100 mln euro car parts factory in Serbia," *SeeNews – The Corporate Wire*, 5 October 2018, accessed 16 January 2020\. Petrović subsequently promoted investment in the [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") sector in Loznica in 2019, noting the presence of [Rio Tinto](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_%28corporation%29 "Rio Tinto (corporation)")'s [Jadar mine](/wiki/Jadar_mine "Jadar mine") in the municipality as an incentive."veicoli elettrici; Serbia, la miniera di litio polo per l’automotive," *Il Sole 24 Ore Digital Replica Edition of Print Edition*, 16 April 2019\. He led the Progressives to an increased majority with forty\-three out of fifty\-nine mandates in the [2020 local elections](/wiki/2020_Serbian_local_elections "2020 Serbian local elections").*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 13 (10 June 2020\), p. 1\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 16 (22 June 2020\), p. 2\.
[ "### Municipal politics", "Petrović was first elected as mayor of Loznica via a direct vote as a G17 Plus candidate in the [2004 municipal elections](/wiki/2004_Serbian_local_elections \"2004 Serbian local elections\"). Serbia subsequently ended the direct election of mayors, and Petrović was given a second term in office by a vote of the city assembly following the [2008 local elections](/wiki/2008_Serbian_local_elections \"2008 Serbian local elections\").[\"Formirana vlast u Loznici\"](http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/10100/formirana-vlast-u-loznici.html), *[Radio Television of Serbia](/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia \"Radio Television of Serbia\")*, 7 August 2008, accessed 16 January 2020\\.", "In November 2006, Petrović and [United States ambassador of Serbia](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Serbia \"List of ambassadors of the United States to Serbia\") [Michael C. Polt](/wiki/Michael_C._Polt \"Michael C. Polt\") inaugurated a Local Economic Development office in Loznica, funded by the [United States Agency for International Development](/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development \"United States Agency for International Development\") (USAID). In June 2010, Petrović joined with [Serbian economy minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Economy (Serbia)\") [Mlađan Dinkić](/wiki/Mla%C4%91an_Dinki%C4%87 \"Mlađan Dinkić\") to announce that the [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") clothing company Golden Lady would construct a factory in the city.\"INDUSTRIA: GOLDEN LADY APRE TERZO STABILIMENTO IN SERBIA,\" *ANSA \\- Political and Economic News Service*, 16 June 2010\\.\"Italy's Golden Lady To Build Third Factory in Serbia,\" *SeeNews*, 17 June 2010\\. He also served in the Chamber of the Local Authorities in the [Congress of Local and Regional Authorities](/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities \"Congress of Local and Regional Authorities\") of the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\") from 2004 to 2011, initially as a delegate for [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro \"Serbia and Montenegro\") and subsequently for Serbia after [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\")'s declaration of independence in 2006\\.[Градоначелник Лознице Видоје Петровић](http://www.loznica.rs/OpstinaLoznica-Gradona%C4%8Delnik-Loznice-Vidoje-Petrovi%C4%87_311_), loznica.rs, accessed 16 January 2020\\.", "In 2012, G17 Plus created a new political alliance called the [United Regions of Serbia](/wiki/United_Regions_of_Serbia \"United Regions of Serbia\") (URS). Petrović led the alliance to a plurality victory with twenty\\-one out of fifty\\-nine mandates in the [2012 local elections](/wiki/2012_Serbian_local_elections \"2012 Serbian local elections\") and was thereafter chosen for another term as mayor.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 8 (24 April 2012\\), p. 1\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 36 Number 11 (18 May 2012\\), p. 2\\.", "The URS dissolved after a poor showing in the [2014 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/2014_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2014 Serbian parliamentary election\"). Petrović joined the Progressive Party in 2015 and led the party to a majority victory with thirty\\-four mandates in the [2016 local elections](/wiki/2016_Serbian_local_elections \"2016 Serbian local elections\").[\"Gradonačelnik Loznice postavljen za poverenika SNS\"](https://www.blic.rs/vesti/srbija/gradonacelnik-loznice-postavljen-za-poverenika-sns/z690vsl), *Blic* (Source: *Tanjug*), 5 July 2015, accessed 16 January 2020\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 9 (13 April 2016\\), p. 1\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 40 Number 11 (27 April 2016\\), p. 1\\. In 2018, he and [Serbian president](/wiki/President_of_Serbia \"President of Serbia\") [Aleksandar Vučić](/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 \"Aleksandar Vučić\") announced that the Chinese car parts company Minth would invest in a factory in the city.\"China's Minth to build 100 mln euro car parts factory in Serbia,\" *SeeNews – The Corporate Wire*, 5 October 2018, accessed 16 January 2020\\. Petrović subsequently promoted investment in the [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle \"Electric vehicle\") sector in Loznica in 2019, noting the presence of [Rio Tinto](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_%28corporation%29 \"Rio Tinto (corporation)\")'s [Jadar mine](/wiki/Jadar_mine \"Jadar mine\") in the municipality as an incentive.\"veicoli elettrici; Serbia, la miniera di litio polo per l’automotive,\" *Il Sole 24 Ore Digital Replica Edition of Print Edition*, 16 April 2019\\.", "He led the Progressives to an increased majority with forty\\-three out of fifty\\-nine mandates in the [2020 local elections](/wiki/2020_Serbian_local_elections \"2020 Serbian local elections\").*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 13 (10 June 2020\\), p. 1\\.*Službeni List (Grada Loznice)*, Volume 44 Number 16 (22 June 2020\\), p. 2\\.", "" ]