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History ------- ### Origins: psychedelia and krautrock Edgar Froese arrived in [West Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin") in the mid\-1960s to study art. His first band, the [psychedelic rock](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock "Psychedelic rock")\-styled The Ones, disbanded after releasing only one single. After The Ones, Froese experimented with musical ideas, playing smaller gigs with a variety of musicians. Most of these performances were in the famous [Zodiak Free Arts Lab](/wiki/Zodiak_Free_Arts_Lab "Zodiak Free Arts Lab"), although one grouping also had the distinction of being invited to play for the surrealist painter [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD "Salvador Dalí"). The music was partnered with literature, painting, early forms of [multimedia](/wiki/Multimedia "Multimedia"), and more. It seemed as though only the most outlandish ideas attracted any attention, leading Froese to comment: "In the absurd often lies what is artistically possible." As members of the group came and went, the direction of the music continued to be inspired by the [Surrealists](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"), and the group came to be called by the surreal\-sounding name of Tangerine Dream, inspired by mishearing the line "tangerine trees and marmalade skies" from [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles")' track "[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds](/wiki/Lucy_in_the_Sky_with_Diamonds "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds")".{{cite book \\|first\=Jim \\|last\=DeRogatis \\|author\-link\=Jim DeRogatis \\|title\=Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock \\|date\=2003 \\|location\=Milwaukee \\|publisher\=Hal Leonard Corporation \\|page\=263 \\|isbn\=0\-634\-05548\-8}} Froese was fascinated by technology and skilled in using it to create music. He built [custom\-made instruments](/wiki/Custom-made_instrument "Custom-made instrument") and, wherever he went, collected sounds with tape recorders for use in constructing musical works later. His early work with tape loops and other repeating sounds was the obvious precursor to the emerging technology of the [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer "Music sequencer"), which Tangerine Dream quickly adopted upon its arrival. Released in 1970 by record label [Ohr](/wiki/Ohr_%28record_label%29 "Ohr (record label)"), the first Tangerine Dream album, [Electronic Meditation](/wiki/Electronic_Meditation "Electronic Meditation"), was a tape\-collage [Krautrock](/wiki/Krautrock "Krautrock") piece, using the technology of the time rather than the synthesized music they later became famous for. The line\-up for the album was Froese, Klaus Schulze, and [Conrad Schnitzler](/wiki/Conrad_Schnitzler "Conrad Schnitzler"). Electronic Meditation began the period known as the Pink Years (the Ohr logo was a pink ear). Subsequent albums, beginning with [Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_%28album%29 "Alpha Centauri (album)"), relied heavily on electronic instruments. The band's music during the early 1970s prominently featured organ from Steve Schroyder (on Alpha Centauri) or [Peter Baumann](/wiki/Peter_Baumann "Peter Baumann") (on subsequent releases), commonly augmented by guitar from Froese and drums from [Christopher Franke](/wiki/Christopher_Franke "Christopher Franke"). They also started their heavy usage of the [Mellotron](/wiki/Mellotron "Mellotron") during this period.{{cite book \\|last\=Stump \\|first\=Paul \\|title\=Digital Gothic: A Critical Discography of Tangerine Dream \\|date\=1999 \\|publisher\=Firefly Publishing \\|isbn\= 0\-946719\-18\-7 \\|pages\=29–48}} ### Rise to fame: the Virgin years The band's 1973 album [Atem](/wiki/Atem_%28album%29 "Atem (album)") was named as one of British DJ [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel "John Peel")'s records of the year, and this attention helped Tangerine Dream to sign to the fledgling [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records "Virgin Records") in the same year. Soon afterward they released the album [Phaedra](/wiki/Phaedra_%28album%29 "Phaedra (album)"), an eerie soundscape that unexpectedly reached No. 15 in the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart") and became one of Virgin's first bona fide hits. Phaedra was one of the first commercial albums to feature sequencers and came to define much more than just the band's own sound. The creation of the album's title track was something of an accident: the band was experimenting in the studio with a recently acquired [Moog synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_synthesizer "Moog synthesizer"), and the tape happened to be rolling at the time. They kept the results and later added flute, bass guitar, and [Mellotron](/wiki/Mellotron "Mellotron") performances. The Moog, like many other early synthesizers, was so sensitive to changes in temperature that its oscillators would drift badly in tuning as the equipment warmed up, and this drift can easily be heard on the final recording. This album marked the beginning of the period known as the 'Virgin Years'. Their mid\-1970s work has been profoundly influential in the development of electronic music styles such as [new\-age](/wiki/New-age_music "New-age music") (although the band themselves disliked the term){{cite web \\|last\=Fatali \\|first\=Liberi \\|title\=Tangerine Dream: Madcap's Flaming Duty \\|work\=Sputnikmusic \\|url\=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/15463/Tangerine\-Dream\-Madcaps\-Flaming\-Duty/ \\|access\-date\=25 November 2018}} and [electronic dance music](/wiki/Electronic_dance_music "Electronic dance music").{{cite web\\|author\=Perrone, Pierre\\|title\=Edgar Froese : Leader of electronic band Tangerine Dream whose influence has been felt for more than four decades\\|date\=27 January 2015\\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/edgar\-froese\-leader\-of\-electronic\-band\-tangerine\-dream\-whose\-influence\-has\-been\-felt\-for\-more\-than\-10006676\.html \\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/edgar\-froese\-leader\-of\-electronic\-band\-tangerine\-dream\-whose\-influence\-has\-been\-felt\-for\-more\-than\-10006676\.html \\|archive\-date\=26 May 2022 \\|url\-access\=subscription \\|url\-status\=live\\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\\|access\-date\=17 June 2019}} In the 1980s, along with other electronic music pioneers such as [Jean\-Michel Jarre](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Jarre "Jean-Michel Jarre") (with whom Edgar Froese collaborated on Jarre's 2015 album [Electronica 1: The Time Machine](/wiki/Electronica_1:The_Time_Machine "The Time Machine")) and [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis "Vangelis"), the band were early adopters of the new [digital](/wiki/Digital_data "Digital data") technology, which revolutionized the sound of the synthesizer, although the group had been using digital equipment (in some shape or form) as early as the mid\-1970s. Their technical competence and extensive experience in their early years with self\-made instruments and unusual means of creating sounds meant that they were able to exploit this new technology to make music quite unlike anything heard before. ### Tangerine Dream live Tangerine Dream's earliest concerts were visually simple by modern standards, with three men sitting motionless for hours alongside massive electronic boxes festooned with patch cords and a few flashing lights. Some concerts were even performed in complete darkness, as happened during the performance at [York Minster](/wiki/York_Minster "York Minster") on 20 October 1975\. As time went on and technology advanced, the concerts became much more elaborate, with visual effects, lighting, lasers, pyrotechnics, and projected images. By 1977 their North American tour featured full\-scale [Laserium](/wiki/Laserium "Laserium") effects. Through the 1970s and 1980s, the band toured extensively. The concerts generally included large amounts of unreleased and improvised material and were consequently widely [bootlegged](/wiki/Bootleg_recording "Bootleg recording"). They were notorious for playing extremely loudly and for a long time. The band released recordings of a fair number of their concerts, and on some of these the band worked out material that would later form the backbone of their studio recordings. ### Forays into vocals [thumb\\|right\\|The [E\-mu Audity](/wiki/E-mu_Audity "E-mu Audity") synthesizer, commissioned by Peter Baumann in 1979](/wiki/File:E-mu_Audity.jpg "E-mu Audity.jpg") Most of Tangerine Dream's albums are entirely instrumental. Two earlier albums that prominently featured lyrics were [Cyclone](/wiki/Cyclone_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 "Cyclone (Tangerine Dream album)") (1978\){{cite web\\|work\=Uncut\\|url\=https://www.uncut.co.uk/reviews/album/tangerine\-dream\-search\-hades\-virgin\-%E2%80%A8recordings\-1973\-1979\\|title\=Tangerine Dream – In Search Of Hades: The Virgin Recordings 1973–1979\\|author\=Pinnock, Tom\\|date\=June 21, 2019}} and [Tyger](/wiki/Tyger_%28album%29 "Tyger (album)") (1987\). While there were occasionally a few vocals on the band's other releases, such as the track "Kiew Mission" from 1981's [Exit](/wiki/Exit_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 "Exit (Tangerine Dream album)") and "The Harbor" from 1987's [Shy People](/wiki/Shy_People "Shy People"), the group only returned to featuring vocals on a larger scale in a musical trilogy based on [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri "Dante Alighieri")'s [Divine Comedy](/wiki/Divine_Comedy "Divine Comedy"). This was followed by a 2007 album [Madcap's Flaming Duty](/wiki/Madcap%27s_Flaming_Duty "Madcap's Flaming Duty") and a 2010 cover collection [Under Cover – Chapter One](/wiki/Under_Cover_%E2%80%93_Chapter_One "Under Cover – Chapter One"). After their 1980 [East Berlin](/wiki/East_Berlin "East Berlin") gig, when they became one of the first major Western bands to perform in a communist country, Tangerine Dream released a double live album of one of their performances there, called [Poland](/wiki/Poland_%28album%29 "Poland (album)"), recorded during their tour in the winter at the end of 1983\. With Poland, the band moved to the Jive Electro label, marking the beginning of the Blue Years.{{Cite web\\|title\=Jive Electro\\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/label/432\-Jive\-Electro\\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-25\\|website\=Discogs\\|language\=en}} ### Soundtracks Throughout the 1980s, Tangerine Dream composed scores for more than 20 films. This had been an interest of Froese's since the late 1960s, when he scored and acted in the experimental film "Auf Scheißer schießt man nicht", directed by [Hansjürgen Pohland](/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Pohland "Hansjürgen Pohland"). Many of the group's soundtracks were composed at least partially of reworked material from the band's studio albums or work that was in progress for upcoming albums; see, for example, the resemblance between the track "Igneous" on their soundtrack for [Thief](/wiki/Thief_%28soundtrack%29 "Thief (soundtrack)") and the track "Thru Metamorphic Rocks" on their studio release [Force Majeure](/wiki/Force_Majeure_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 "Force Majeure (Tangerine Dream album)"). Their first exposure on US television came when a track for the then in\-progress album [Le Parc](/wiki/Le_Parc_%28album%29 "Le Parc (album)") was used as the theme for the television program, [Street Hawk](/wiki/Street_Hawk "Street Hawk"). Some of the more famous soundtracks have been [Sorcerer](/wiki/Sorcerer_%28soundtrack%29 "Sorcerer (soundtrack)"), [Thief](/wiki/Thief_%28soundtrack%29 "Thief (soundtrack)"), [Legend](/wiki/Legend_%28Tangerine_Dream_soundtrack%29 "Legend (Tangerine Dream soundtrack)"), [Risky Business](/wiki/Risky_Business_%28soundtrack%29 "Risky Business (soundtrack)"), [The Keep](/wiki/The_Keep_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 "The Keep (Tangerine Dream album)"),{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/movies/tangerine\-dreams\-music\-in\-bamcinematek\-series.html \\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \\|title\=Underscoring the Drama in the Dark \\|author\=Rapold, Nicolas \\|date\=June 1, 2012}} [Firestarter](/wiki/Firestarter_%28soundtrack%29 "Firestarter (soundtrack)"),{{cite web \\|work\=The New York Times \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9A0CE0DD1E38F932A25756C0A962948260 \\|title\=SCREEN: 'FIRESTARTER', A STEPHEN KING STORY \\|author\-link\=Vincent Canby \\|author\=Canby, Vincent \\|date\=May 11, 1984}} [Flashpoint](/wiki/Flashpoint_%281984_film%29 "Flashpoint (1984 film)"),{{cite web \\|work\=The New York Times \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9805E3DB1038F932A0575BC0A962948260 \\|title\=SCREEN: 'FLASHPOINT', WITH KRIS KRISTOFFERSON \\|author\-link\=Janet Maslin \\|author\=Maslin, Janet \\|date\=August 31, 1984}} [Heartbreakers](/wiki/Heartbreakers_%281984_film%29 "Heartbreakers (1984 film)"), [Shy People](/wiki/Shy_People "Shy People") and [Near Dark](/wiki/Near_Dark "Near Dark").{{cite web \\|work\=The New York Times \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\=9B0DE0D71439F937A35753C1A961948260 \\|title\=Film: 'Near Dark', a Tale of Vampires on the Road \\|author\=James, Caryn \\|date\=October 4, 1987}}{{cite AV media\\|title\=Film: 'Identification of a Woman' \\|author\=Michelangelo, Antonioni \\|date\=October 21, 1982}} Tangerine Dream also composed 35 hours of music stems for the video game, [Grand Theft Auto V](/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V "Grand Theft Auto V").{{cite magazine \\|author\=Shamoon, Evan \\|title\=Inside The Grand Theft Auto V Soundtrack \\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \\|date\=28 August 2013 \\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside\-the\-grand\-theft\-auto\-v\-soundtrack\-20130828 \\|access\-date\=15 September 2017 \\|archive\-date\=7 August 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153755/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside\-the\-grand\-theft\-auto\-v\-soundtrack\-20130828 \\|url\-status\=dead }} In 2016, Tangerine Dream released their own version of the [theme music](/wiki/Theme_music "Theme music") for the television series [Stranger Things](/wiki/Stranger_Things "Stranger Things").{{cite magazine \\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear\-tangerine\-dreams\-eerie\-take\-on\-stranger\-things\-theme\-w439301 \\|title\=Hear Tangerine Dream's Spooky Cover of 'Stranger Things' Theme \\|author\=Kreps, Daniel \\|date\=12 September 2016 \\|access\-date\=15 September 2017 \\|archive\-date\=20 September 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920063941/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear\-tangerine\-dreams\-eerie\-take\-on\-stranger\-things\-theme\-w439301 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Tangerine Dream had inspired music for the series. ### Going independent Several of the band's albums released during the 1990s were nominated for Grammy Awards.{{allMusic \\|last\=Brenholts \\|first\=Jim \\|title\= Tangerine Dream — The Grammy Nominated Albums \\|date\=2014 \\|id\=the\-grammy\-nominated\-albums\-mw0000616820}} Since then, Tangerine Dream with Jerome Froese took a directional change away from the new\-age leanings of those albums and toward an electronica style. After Jerome's departure, founder Edgar Froese steered the band in a direction somewhat reminiscent of material throughout their career. In later years, Tangerine Dream released albums in series. The Dream Mixes series began in 1995 with the last being released in 2010\. The Divine Comedy series, based on the writings of Dante Alighieri, spanned 2002–2006\. From 2007 to 2010, the Five Atomic Seasons were released. Most recently, the Eastgate Sonic Poems series, based on the works of famous poetic authors such as Edgar Allan Poe and Franz Kafka, began in 2011, with the last appearing in 2013\. Also, beginning in 2007, Tangerine Dream released a number of EPs, referred to as "CupDiscs" by the band. Edgar Froese also released a number of solo recordings, which are similar in style to Tangerine Dream's work. Jerome Froese released a number of singles as TDJ Rome, which are similar to his work within the Dream Mixes series. In 2005, he released his first solo album Neptunes under the name Jerome Froese. In 2006, Jerome left Tangerine Dream to concentrate on his solo career. His second solo album Shiver Me Timbers was released on 29 October 2007, and his third, Far Side of the Face, was released in 2012\. Beginning in 2011, Jerome Froese joined with former Tangerine Dream member Johannes Schmoelling and keyboardist Robert Waters to form the band Loom, which plays original material, as well as Tangerine Dream classics. Thorsten Quaeschning, leader of Picture Palace Music, was brought into Tangerine Dream in 2005 and contributed to most of the band's albums and CupDiscs since then. The group had recording contracts with Ohr, Virgin, [Jive Electro](/wiki/Jive_Electro "Jive Electro"), Private Music, and Miramar, and many of the minor soundtracks were released on Varèse Sarabande. In 1996, the band founded their own record label, TDI, and more recently, Eastgate. Subsequent albums are today generally not available in normal retail channels but are sold by [mail\-order](/wiki/Mail-order "Mail-order") or through online channels. The same applies to their Miramar releases, the rights to which the band bought back. Meanwhile, their Ohr and Jive Electro catalogs (known as the "Pink" and "Blue" Years) are currently owned by [Esoteric Recordings](/wiki/Esoteric_Recordings "Esoteric Recordings"). ### Concert updates [thumb\\|right\\|290px\\|Tangerine Dream performing in 2007](/wiki/File:Tangerine-dream-blo--w.jpg "Tangerine-dream-blo--w.jpg") To celebrate their 40th anniversary (1967–2007\), Tangerine Dream announced their only UK concert: at London Astoria on 20 April 2007\. The band also played a totally free open\-air concert in [Eberswalde](/wiki/Eberswalde "Eberswalde") on 1 July 2007 and at the [Alte Oper](/wiki/Alte_Oper "Alte Oper") in Frankfurt on Main on 7 October 2007\. 2008 saw the band in [Eindhoven](/wiki/Eindhoven "Eindhoven") Netherlands playing at E\-Day (an electronic music festival); later in the year they also played the Night of the Prog Festival in [Loreley](/wiki/Loreley "Loreley"), Germany, as well as concerts at the Kentish Town Forum, in London on 1 November, at the Picture House, Edinburgh on 2 November, and their first live concert in the US for over a decade, at the [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") [Royce Hall](/wiki/Royce_Hall "Royce Hall"), Los Angeles on 7 November. In 2009, the group announced that they would play a concert at the [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall "Royal Albert Hall") in London, on 1 April 2010, titled the Zeitgeist concert, 35 years after their milestone concert there on 2 April 1975\. The entire concert was released as a 3\-CD live album on 7 July 2010\.{{cite web \\|title\=Zeitgeist Concert – 3CD Set \\|website\=Eastgate Music Shop \\|url\=https://www.ssl\-id.de/edgarfroese.de/shop/products.php?p\=51be2a \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150127130909/https://www.ssl\-id.de/edgarfroese.de/shop/products.php?p\=51be2a \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=2015\-01\-27 }} Tangerine Dream embarked in spring and summer 2012 on a tour of Europe, Canada and the USA called The Electric Mandarine Tour 2012: {{cite web \\|title\=Concert Dates \\|website\=Tangerinedream\-music.com \\|url\=http://www.tangerinedream\-music.com/index.php?/concert\_dates.php\\|access\-date\=2012\-01\-27}} The 1st leg was a 5\-date European tour, beginning on 10 April in Budapest (Hungary) via Padua (Italy), Milano (Italy), Zurich (Switzerland), and ending on 10 May in Berlin (Germany). The 2nd leg was a North\-American tour that started with the Jazz Festival in Montréal (Canada) on 30 June, followed by a concert on 4 July at the Bluesfest in Ottawa (Canada) and continued as a 10\-date US journey beginning in July in Boston, then New York, Philadelphia, Washington, and California. On 16 November 2014, Tangerine Dream performed in Melbourne, Australia, as part of Melbourne Music Week. They were the final shows with Froese.{{cite web \\|title\=Melbourne Music Week Tangerine Dream \\|website\=Victorian Government \\|url\=http://www.vic.gov.au/event/2014/11/melbourne\-music\-week\-tangerine\-dream.html \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033753/http://www.vic.gov.au/event/2014/11/melbourne\-music\-week\-tangerine\-dream.html \\|archive\-date\=29 November 2014}} Tangerine Dream played two consecutive nights at the [Union Chapel, Islington](/wiki/Union_Chapel%2C_Islington "Union Chapel, Islington") London on April 23 \& 24 2018, the second supported by ex\-[Japan](/wiki/Japan_%28band%29 "Japan (band)") and [Porcupine Tree](/wiki/Porcupine_Tree "Porcupine Tree") musician [Richard Barbieri](/wiki/Richard_Barbieri "Richard Barbieri").{{citation needed\\|date\=July 2019}} In October and November 2019, Tangerine Dream went on its 16 step Random \& Revision Tour. 2023 saw the band embark on the largest tour of their entire career, including a 19\-date tour of North America (September 8 – October 5: taking in Miami, Asheville, Atlanta, Dallas, Austin, Albuquerque, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Vancouver, Seattle, Philadelphia, Washington, New York, Montreal, Toronto and Chicago), 13\-dates in Germany (October 10 – 28\), and 10\-dates in the UK (November 5 – 14\){{cn\\|date\=June 2024}} ### After Edgar Froese's death Edgar Froese died suddenly in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") on 20 January 2015 from a [pulmonary embolism](/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism "Pulmonary embolism").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/23/tangerine\-dream\-founder\-edgar\-froese\-dies\\|title\=Tangerine Dream founder Edgar Froese dies\\|work\=The Guardian\\|date\=23 January 2015\\|access\-date\=24 January 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/rip\_tangerine\_dreams\_edgar\_froese\\|title\=R.I.P. Tangerine Dream's Edgar Froese\\|work\=\[\[Exclaim!]]\\|date\=23 January 2015\\|access\-date\=23 January 2015}} On 6 April 2015, the group's remaining members (Quaeschning, Schnauss and Yamane) and Bianca Acquaye (Froese's widow), pledged to continue working together in an effort to fulfill Froese's vision for the group. However, ex\-member [Jerome Froese](/wiki/Jerome_Froese "Jerome Froese") announced on his Facebook timeline that, in his opinion, Tangerine Dream will not exist without his father.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid\=784787968275463\&set\=a.109533702467563\.23956\.100002328016962\&type\=1 \\|title\=Jerome Froese – Timeline Photos \\|publisher\=Facebook \\|access\-date\=2016\-01\-27}} Tangerine Dream played their first show following Froese's death on 9 June 2016 in [Szczecin](/wiki/Szczecin "Szczecin"), Poland.{{cite web\\|title\=Internationales Festival für Elektronische Musik\\|first\=Edgar\\|last\=Froese\\|url\=http://www.schwingungen\-festival.de/programm/tangerine\-dream/\\|website\=Schwingungen\-festival.de}} On 29 September 2017, Tangerine Dream released their new studio album entitled, Quantum Gate, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the band's foundation. The album is based on ideas and musical sketches by founder Edgar Froese and was completed by the remaining members of the band.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.kscopemusic.com/artists/tangerinedream/\\|title\=Tangerine Dream – The new studio album, Quantum Gate Celebrating 50 years of Tangerine Dream – Listen to the first song "Tear Down the Grey Skies" above\\|date\=September 2017\\|website\=Kscopemusic.com\\|access\-date\=19 September 2017}} On 31 January 2020, Tangerine Dream re\-released their December 2019 album Recurring Dreams, an eleven\-track collection of new recordings of some of the band's classic tracks, worldwide through [Kscope](/wiki/Kscope "Kscope"). This was launched to coincide with the Tangerine Dream: Zeitraffer exhibition, which opened on 17 January 2020 at [London](/wiki/London "London")'s [Barbican](/wiki/Barbican_Centre "Barbican Centre") and runs until 2 May 2020\.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/tangerine\-dream\-to\-revisit\-classic\-tracks\-on\-recurring\-dreams\-album \\|title\=Tangerine Dream to revisit classic tracks on Recurring Dreams album – Tangerine Dream's 2020 lineup will release 11\-track album to coincide with London's Zeitraffer Exhibition – listen to 2014 version of Phaedra (by Scott Munro (Prog)) \\|date\= 18 January 2020 \\|website\=Loudersound.com \\|access\-date\= 31 January 2020}} On 9 June 2020, [Paul Frick](/wiki/Brandt_Brauer_Frick "Brandt Brauer Frick") became the first member to join the group following Edgar's death after having made guest appearances with the band, starting in November 2018\. Later on, the group started working on a new studio album entitled, Raum, featuring Froese's archival recordings in early 2022 via Kscope.[https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTANGERINEDREAM.OFFICIAL%2Fposts%2F4733723393369196](https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTANGERINEDREAM.OFFICIAL%2Fposts%2F4733723393369196) {{dead link\\|date\=October 2021}} Frick has the unique distinction of being the first addition to the group who did not ever personally meet Froese.[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid\=10224663309634272\&set\=p.10224663309634272\&type\=3](https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10224663309634272&set=p.10224663309634272&type=3) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\=August 2024}} It was announced on 22 June 2021 that Ulrich Schnauss has decided to stop performing live. Since then, the band's official website lists him as a former member.[https://www.facebook.com/login/next\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory\_fbid%3D5692547064153486%26id%3D128514197223495](https://www.facebook.com/login/next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3D5692547064153486%26id%3D128514197223495) {{dead link\\|date\=October 2021}} In March 2023, the band embarked on the longest tour of their entire career, with concerts in Portugal ([Casa da Música](/wiki/Casa_da_M%C3%BAsica "Casa da Música")), Switzerland ([Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva")'s Electron Festival), the Netherlands (3\-date tour), Belgium (Het Depot), France ([La Gaîté Lyrique](/wiki/La_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9_Lyrique "La Gaîté Lyrique")), Poland (2\-date tour), Romania ([Transilvania International Film Festival](/wiki/Transilvania_International_Film_Festival "Transilvania International Film Festival")), the United States (16\-date tour), Canada (3\-date tour), Germany (12\-date tour), the United Kingdom (10\-date tour), and Poland (1\-date).	[ "History\n-------", "### Origins: psychedelia and krautrock", "Edgar Froese arrived in [West Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin \"West Berlin\") in the mid\\-1960s to study art. His first band, the [psychedelic rock](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock \"Psychedelic rock\")\\-styled The Ones, disbanded after releasing only one single. After The Ones, Froese experimented with musical ideas, playing smaller gigs with a variety of musicians. Most of these performances were in the famous [Zodiak Free Arts Lab](/wiki/Zodiak_Free_Arts_Lab \"Zodiak Free Arts Lab\"), although one grouping also had the distinction of being invited to play for the surrealist painter [Salvador Dalí](/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD \"Salvador Dalí\"). The music was partnered with literature, painting, early forms of [multimedia](/wiki/Multimedia \"Multimedia\"), and more. It seemed as though only the most outlandish ideas attracted any attention, leading Froese to comment: \"In the absurd often lies what is artistically possible.\" As members of the group came and went, the direction of the music continued to be inspired by the [Surrealists](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\"), and the group came to be called by the surreal\\-sounding name of Tangerine Dream, inspired by mishearing the line \"tangerine trees and marmalade skies\" from [the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\")' track \"[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds](/wiki/Lucy_in_the_Sky_with_Diamonds \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\")\".{{cite book \\\|first\\=Jim \\\|last\\=DeRogatis \\\|author\\-link\\=Jim DeRogatis \\\|title\\=Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock \\\|date\\=2003 \\\|location\\=Milwaukee \\\|publisher\\=Hal Leonard Corporation \\\|page\\=263 \\\|isbn\\=0\\-634\\-05548\\-8}}", "Froese was fascinated by technology and skilled in using it to create music. He built [custom\\-made instruments](/wiki/Custom-made_instrument \"Custom-made instrument\") and, wherever he went, collected sounds with tape recorders for use in constructing musical works later. His early work with tape loops and other repeating sounds was the obvious precursor to the emerging technology of the [sequencer](/wiki/Music_sequencer \"Music sequencer\"), which Tangerine Dream quickly adopted upon its arrival.", "Released in 1970 by record label [Ohr](/wiki/Ohr_%28record_label%29 \"Ohr (record label)\"), the first Tangerine Dream album, [Electronic Meditation](/wiki/Electronic_Meditation \"Electronic Meditation\"), was a tape\\-collage [Krautrock](/wiki/Krautrock \"Krautrock\") piece, using the technology of the time rather than the synthesized music they later became famous for. The line\\-up for the album was Froese, Klaus Schulze, and [Conrad Schnitzler](/wiki/Conrad_Schnitzler \"Conrad Schnitzler\"). Electronic Meditation began the period known as the Pink Years (the Ohr logo was a pink ear). Subsequent albums, beginning with [Alpha Centauri](/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_%28album%29 \"Alpha Centauri (album)\"), relied heavily on electronic instruments. The band's music during the early 1970s prominently featured organ from Steve Schroyder (on Alpha Centauri) or [Peter Baumann](/wiki/Peter_Baumann \"Peter Baumann\") (on subsequent releases), commonly augmented by guitar from Froese and drums from [Christopher Franke](/wiki/Christopher_Franke \"Christopher Franke\"). They also started their heavy usage of the [Mellotron](/wiki/Mellotron \"Mellotron\") during this period.{{cite book \\\|last\\=Stump \\\|first\\=Paul \\\|title\\=Digital Gothic: A Critical Discography of Tangerine Dream \\\|date\\=1999 \\\|publisher\\=Firefly Publishing \\\|isbn\\= 0\\-946719\\-18\\-7 \\\|pages\\=29–48}}", "### Rise to fame: the Virgin years", "The band's 1973 album [Atem](/wiki/Atem_%28album%29 \"Atem (album)\") was named as one of British DJ [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel \"John Peel\")'s records of the year, and this attention helped Tangerine Dream to sign to the fledgling [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\") in the same year. Soon afterward they released the album [Phaedra](/wiki/Phaedra_%28album%29 \"Phaedra (album)\"), an eerie soundscape that unexpectedly reached No. 15 in the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\") and became one of Virgin's first bona fide hits. Phaedra was one of the first commercial albums to feature sequencers and came to define much more than just the band's own sound. The creation of the album's title track was something of an accident: the band was experimenting in the studio with a recently acquired [Moog synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_synthesizer \"Moog synthesizer\"), and the tape happened to be rolling at the time. They kept the results and later added flute, bass guitar, and [Mellotron](/wiki/Mellotron \"Mellotron\") performances. The Moog, like many other early synthesizers, was so sensitive to changes in temperature that its oscillators would drift badly in tuning as the equipment warmed up, and this drift can easily be heard on the final recording. This album marked the beginning of the period known as the 'Virgin Years'.", "Their mid\\-1970s work has been profoundly influential in the development of electronic music styles such as [new\\-age](/wiki/New-age_music \"New-age music\") (although the band themselves disliked the term){{cite web \\\|last\\=Fatali \\\|first\\=Liberi \\\|title\\=Tangerine Dream: Madcap's Flaming Duty \\\|work\\=Sputnikmusic \\\|url\\=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/15463/Tangerine\\-Dream\\-Madcaps\\-Flaming\\-Duty/ \\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2018}} and [electronic dance music](/wiki/Electronic_dance_music \"Electronic dance music\").{{cite web\\\|author\\=Perrone, Pierre\\\|title\\=Edgar Froese : Leader of electronic band Tangerine Dream whose influence has been felt for more than four decades\\\|date\\=27 January 2015\\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/edgar\\-froese\\-leader\\-of\\-electronic\\-band\\-tangerine\\-dream\\-whose\\-influence\\-has\\-been\\-felt\\-for\\-more\\-than\\-10006676\\.html \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/edgar\\-froese\\-leader\\-of\\-electronic\\-band\\-tangerine\\-dream\\-whose\\-influence\\-has\\-been\\-felt\\-for\\-more\\-than\\-10006676\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2022 \\\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2019}}", "In the 1980s, along with other electronic music pioneers such as [Jean\\-Michel Jarre](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Jarre \"Jean-Michel Jarre\") (with whom Edgar Froese collaborated on Jarre's 2015 album [Electronica 1: The Time Machine](/wiki/Electronica_1:The_Time_Machine \"The Time Machine\")) and [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis \"Vangelis\"), the band were early adopters of the new [digital](/wiki/Digital_data \"Digital data\") technology, which revolutionized the sound of the synthesizer, although the group had been using digital equipment (in some shape or form) as early as the mid\\-1970s. Their technical competence and extensive experience in their early years with self\\-made instruments and unusual means of creating sounds meant that they were able to exploit this new technology to make music quite unlike anything heard before.", "### Tangerine Dream live", "Tangerine Dream's earliest concerts were visually simple by modern standards, with three men sitting motionless for hours alongside massive electronic boxes festooned with patch cords and a few flashing lights. Some concerts were even performed in complete darkness, as happened during the performance at [York Minster](/wiki/York_Minster \"York Minster\") on 20 October 1975\\. As time went on and technology advanced, the concerts became much more elaborate, with visual effects, lighting, lasers, pyrotechnics, and projected images. By 1977 their North American tour featured full\\-scale [Laserium](/wiki/Laserium \"Laserium\") effects.", "Through the 1970s and 1980s, the band toured extensively. The concerts generally included large amounts of unreleased and improvised material and were consequently widely [bootlegged](/wiki/Bootleg_recording \"Bootleg recording\"). They were notorious for playing extremely loudly and for a long time. The band released recordings of a fair number of their concerts, and on some of these the band worked out material that would later form the backbone of their studio recordings.", "### Forays into vocals", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The [E\\-mu Audity](/wiki/E-mu_Audity \"E-mu Audity\") synthesizer, commissioned by Peter Baumann in 1979](/wiki/File:E-mu_Audity.jpg \"E-mu Audity.jpg\")\nMost of Tangerine Dream's albums are entirely instrumental. Two earlier albums that prominently featured lyrics were [Cyclone](/wiki/Cyclone_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 \"Cyclone (Tangerine Dream album)\") (1978\\){{cite web\\\|work\\=Uncut\\\|url\\=https://www.uncut.co.uk/reviews/album/tangerine\\-dream\\-search\\-hades\\-virgin\\-%E2%80%A8recordings\\-1973\\-1979\\\|title\\=Tangerine Dream – In Search Of Hades: The Virgin Recordings 1973–1979\\\|author\\=Pinnock, Tom\\\|date\\=June 21, 2019}} and [Tyger](/wiki/Tyger_%28album%29 \"Tyger (album)\") (1987\\). While there were occasionally a few vocals on the band's other releases, such as the track \"Kiew Mission\" from 1981's [Exit](/wiki/Exit_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 \"Exit (Tangerine Dream album)\") and \"The Harbor\" from 1987's [Shy People](/wiki/Shy_People \"Shy People\"), the group only returned to featuring vocals on a larger scale in a musical trilogy based on [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\")'s [Divine Comedy](/wiki/Divine_Comedy \"Divine Comedy\"). This was followed by a 2007 album [Madcap's Flaming Duty](/wiki/Madcap%27s_Flaming_Duty \"Madcap's Flaming Duty\") and a 2010 cover collection [Under Cover – Chapter One](/wiki/Under_Cover_%E2%80%93_Chapter_One \"Under Cover – Chapter One\").", "After their 1980 [East Berlin](/wiki/East_Berlin \"East Berlin\") gig, when they became one of the first major Western bands to perform in a communist country, Tangerine Dream released a double live album of one of their performances there, called [Poland](/wiki/Poland_%28album%29 \"Poland (album)\"), recorded during their tour in the winter at the end of 1983\\. With Poland, the band moved to the Jive Electro label, marking the beginning of the Blue Years.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Jive Electro\\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/label/432\\-Jive\\-Electro\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-25\\\|website\\=Discogs\\\|language\\=en}}", "### Soundtracks", "Throughout the 1980s, Tangerine Dream composed scores for more than 20 films. This had been an interest of Froese's since the late 1960s, when he scored and acted in the experimental film \"Auf Scheißer schießt man nicht\", directed by [Hansjürgen Pohland](/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Pohland \"Hansjürgen Pohland\"). Many of the group's soundtracks were composed at least partially of reworked material from the band's studio albums or work that was in progress for upcoming albums; see, for example, the resemblance between the track \"Igneous\" on their soundtrack for [Thief](/wiki/Thief_%28soundtrack%29 \"Thief (soundtrack)\") and the track \"Thru Metamorphic Rocks\" on their studio release [Force Majeure](/wiki/Force_Majeure_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 \"Force Majeure (Tangerine Dream album)\"). Their first exposure on US television came when a track for the then in\\-progress album [Le Parc](/wiki/Le_Parc_%28album%29 \"Le Parc (album)\") was used as the theme for the television program, [Street Hawk](/wiki/Street_Hawk \"Street Hawk\"). Some of the more famous soundtracks have been [Sorcerer](/wiki/Sorcerer_%28soundtrack%29 \"Sorcerer (soundtrack)\"), [Thief](/wiki/Thief_%28soundtrack%29 \"Thief (soundtrack)\"), [Legend](/wiki/Legend_%28Tangerine_Dream_soundtrack%29 \"Legend (Tangerine Dream soundtrack)\"), [Risky Business](/wiki/Risky_Business_%28soundtrack%29 \"Risky Business (soundtrack)\"), [The Keep](/wiki/The_Keep_%28Tangerine_Dream_album%29 \"The Keep (Tangerine Dream album)\"),{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/movies/tangerine\\-dreams\\-music\\-in\\-bamcinematek\\-series.html \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\\|title\\=Underscoring the Drama in the Dark \\\|author\\=Rapold, Nicolas \\\|date\\=June 1, 2012}} [Firestarter](/wiki/Firestarter_%28soundtrack%29 \"Firestarter (soundtrack)\"),{{cite web \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9A0CE0DD1E38F932A25756C0A962948260 \\\|title\\=SCREEN: 'FIRESTARTER', A STEPHEN KING STORY \\\|author\\-link\\=Vincent Canby \\\|author\\=Canby, Vincent \\\|date\\=May 11, 1984}} [Flashpoint](/wiki/Flashpoint_%281984_film%29 \"Flashpoint (1984 film)\"),{{cite web \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9805E3DB1038F932A0575BC0A962948260 \\\|title\\=SCREEN: 'FLASHPOINT', WITH KRIS KRISTOFFERSON \\\|author\\-link\\=Janet Maslin \\\|author\\=Maslin, Janet \\\|date\\=August 31, 1984}} [Heartbreakers](/wiki/Heartbreakers_%281984_film%29 \"Heartbreakers (1984 film)\"), [Shy People](/wiki/Shy_People \"Shy People\") and [Near Dark](/wiki/Near_Dark \"Near Dark\").{{cite web \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res\\=9B0DE0D71439F937A35753C1A961948260 \\\|title\\=Film: 'Near Dark', a Tale of Vampires on the Road \\\|author\\=James, Caryn \\\|date\\=October 4, 1987}}{{cite AV media\\\|title\\=Film: 'Identification of a Woman' \\\|author\\=Michelangelo, Antonioni \\\|date\\=October 21, 1982}}", "Tangerine Dream also composed 35 hours of music stems for the video game, [Grand Theft Auto V](/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V \"Grand Theft Auto V\").{{cite magazine \\\|author\\=Shamoon, Evan \\\|title\\=Inside The Grand Theft Auto V Soundtrack \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\\|date\\=28 August 2013 \\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside\\-the\\-grand\\-theft\\-auto\\-v\\-soundtrack\\-20130828 \\\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2017 \\\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153755/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside\\-the\\-grand\\-theft\\-auto\\-v\\-soundtrack\\-20130828 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In 2016, Tangerine Dream released their own version of the [theme music](/wiki/Theme_music \"Theme music\") for the television series [Stranger Things](/wiki/Stranger_Things \"Stranger Things\").{{cite magazine \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear\\-tangerine\\-dreams\\-eerie\\-take\\-on\\-stranger\\-things\\-theme\\-w439301 \\\|title\\=Hear Tangerine Dream's Spooky Cover of 'Stranger Things' Theme \\\|author\\=Kreps, Daniel \\\|date\\=12 September 2016 \\\|access\\-date\\=15 September 2017 \\\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920063941/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear\\-tangerine\\-dreams\\-eerie\\-take\\-on\\-stranger\\-things\\-theme\\-w439301 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Tangerine Dream had inspired music for the series.", "### Going independent", "Several of the band's albums released during the 1990s were nominated for Grammy Awards.{{allMusic \\\|last\\=Brenholts \\\|first\\=Jim \\\|title\\= Tangerine Dream — The Grammy Nominated Albums \\\|date\\=2014 \\\|id\\=the\\-grammy\\-nominated\\-albums\\-mw0000616820}} Since then, Tangerine Dream with Jerome Froese took a directional change away from the new\\-age leanings of those albums and toward an electronica style. After Jerome's departure, founder Edgar Froese steered the band in a direction somewhat reminiscent of material throughout their career.", "In later years, Tangerine Dream released albums in series. The Dream Mixes series began in 1995 with the last being released in 2010\\. The Divine Comedy series, based on the writings of Dante Alighieri, spanned 2002–2006\\. From 2007 to 2010, the Five Atomic Seasons were released. Most recently, the Eastgate Sonic Poems series, based on the works of famous poetic authors such as Edgar Allan Poe and Franz Kafka, began in 2011, with the last appearing in 2013\\. Also, beginning in 2007, Tangerine Dream released a number of EPs, referred to as \"CupDiscs\" by the band.", "Edgar Froese also released a number of solo recordings, which are similar in style to Tangerine Dream's work. Jerome Froese released a number of singles as TDJ Rome, which are similar to his work within the Dream Mixes series. In 2005, he released his first solo album Neptunes under the name Jerome Froese. In 2006, Jerome left Tangerine Dream to concentrate on his solo career. His second solo album Shiver Me Timbers was released on 29 October 2007, and his third, Far Side of the Face, was released in 2012\\. Beginning in 2011, Jerome Froese joined with former Tangerine Dream member Johannes Schmoelling and keyboardist Robert Waters to form the band Loom, which plays original material, as well as Tangerine Dream classics. Thorsten Quaeschning, leader of Picture Palace Music, was brought into Tangerine Dream in 2005 and contributed to most of the band's albums and CupDiscs since then.", "The group had recording contracts with Ohr, Virgin, [Jive Electro](/wiki/Jive_Electro \"Jive Electro\"), Private Music, and Miramar, and many of the minor soundtracks were released on Varèse Sarabande. In 1996, the band founded their own record label, TDI, and more recently, Eastgate. Subsequent albums are today generally not available in normal retail channels but are sold by [mail\\-order](/wiki/Mail-order \"Mail-order\") or through online channels. The same applies to their Miramar releases, the rights to which the band bought back. Meanwhile, their Ohr and Jive Electro catalogs (known as the \"Pink\" and \"Blue\" Years) are currently owned by [Esoteric Recordings](/wiki/Esoteric_Recordings \"Esoteric Recordings\").", "### Concert updates", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|290px\\\|Tangerine Dream performing in 2007](/wiki/File:Tangerine-dream-blo--w.jpg \"Tangerine-dream-blo--w.jpg\")\nTo celebrate their 40th anniversary (1967–2007\\), Tangerine Dream announced their only UK concert: at London Astoria on 20 April 2007\\. The band also played a totally free open\\-air concert in [Eberswalde](/wiki/Eberswalde \"Eberswalde\") on 1 July 2007 and at the [Alte Oper](/wiki/Alte_Oper \"Alte Oper\") in Frankfurt on Main on 7 October 2007\\. 2008 saw the band in [Eindhoven](/wiki/Eindhoven \"Eindhoven\") Netherlands playing at E\\-Day (an electronic music festival); later in the year they also played the Night of the Prog Festival in [Loreley](/wiki/Loreley \"Loreley\"), Germany, as well as concerts at the Kentish Town Forum, in London on 1 November, at the Picture House, Edinburgh on 2 November, and their first live concert in the US for over a decade, at the [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") [Royce Hall](/wiki/Royce_Hall \"Royce Hall\"), Los Angeles on 7 November.", "In 2009, the group announced that they would play a concert at the [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall \"Royal Albert Hall\") in London, on 1 April 2010, titled the Zeitgeist concert, 35 years after their milestone concert there on 2 April 1975\\. The entire concert was released as a 3\\-CD live album on 7 July 2010\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Zeitgeist Concert – 3CD Set \\\|website\\=Eastgate Music Shop \\\|url\\=https://www.ssl\\-id.de/edgarfroese.de/shop/products.php?p\\=51be2a \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150127130909/https://www.ssl\\-id.de/edgarfroese.de/shop/products.php?p\\=51be2a \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-27 }}", "Tangerine Dream embarked in spring and summer 2012 on a tour of Europe, Canada and the USA called The Electric Mandarine Tour 2012:\n{{cite web \\\|title\\=Concert Dates \\\|website\\=Tangerinedream\\-music.com \\\|url\\=http://www.tangerinedream\\-music.com/index.php?/concert\\_dates.php\\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-27}} The 1st leg was a 5\\-date European tour, beginning on 10 April in Budapest (Hungary) via Padua (Italy), Milano (Italy), Zurich (Switzerland), and ending on 10 May in Berlin (Germany). The 2nd leg was a North\\-American tour that started with the Jazz Festival in Montréal (Canada) on 30 June, followed by a concert on 4 July at the Bluesfest in Ottawa (Canada) and continued as a 10\\-date US journey beginning in July in Boston, then New York, Philadelphia, Washington, and California. On 16 November 2014, Tangerine Dream performed in Melbourne, Australia, as part of Melbourne Music Week. They were the final shows with Froese.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Melbourne Music Week Tangerine Dream \\\|website\\=Victorian Government \\\|url\\=http://www.vic.gov.au/event/2014/11/melbourne\\-music\\-week\\-tangerine\\-dream.html \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033753/http://www.vic.gov.au/event/2014/11/melbourne\\-music\\-week\\-tangerine\\-dream.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2014}} Tangerine Dream played two consecutive nights at the [Union Chapel, Islington](/wiki/Union_Chapel%2C_Islington \"Union Chapel, Islington\") London on April 23 \\& 24 2018, the second supported by ex\\-[Japan](/wiki/Japan_%28band%29 \"Japan (band)\") and [Porcupine Tree](/wiki/Porcupine_Tree \"Porcupine Tree\") musician [Richard Barbieri](/wiki/Richard_Barbieri \"Richard Barbieri\").{{citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2019}} In October and November 2019, Tangerine Dream went on its 16 step Random \\& Revision Tour.", "2023 saw the band embark on the largest tour of their entire career, including a 19\\-date tour of North America (September 8 – October 5: taking in Miami, Asheville, Atlanta, Dallas, Austin, Albuquerque, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Vancouver, Seattle, Philadelphia, Washington, New York, Montreal, Toronto and Chicago), 13\\-dates in Germany (October 10 – 28\\), and 10\\-dates in the UK (November 5 – 14\\){{cn\\\|date\\=June 2024}}", "### After Edgar Froese's death", "Edgar Froese died suddenly in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") on 20 January 2015 from a [pulmonary embolism](/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism \"Pulmonary embolism\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/23/tangerine\\-dream\\-founder\\-edgar\\-froese\\-dies\\\|title\\=Tangerine Dream founder Edgar Froese dies\\\|work\\=The Guardian\\\|date\\=23 January 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=24 January 2015}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/rip\\_tangerine\\_dreams\\_edgar\\_froese\\\|title\\=R.I.P. Tangerine Dream's Edgar Froese\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Exclaim!]]\\\|date\\=23 January 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2015}} On 6 April 2015, the group's remaining members (Quaeschning, Schnauss and Yamane) and Bianca Acquaye (Froese's widow), pledged to continue working together in an effort to fulfill Froese's vision for the group. However, ex\\-member [Jerome Froese](/wiki/Jerome_Froese \"Jerome Froese\") announced on his Facebook timeline that, in his opinion, Tangerine Dream will not exist without his father.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid\\=784787968275463\\&set\\=a.109533702467563\\.23956\\.100002328016962\\&type\\=1 \\\|title\\=Jerome Froese – Timeline Photos \\\|publisher\\=Facebook \\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-27}}", "Tangerine Dream played their first show following Froese's death on 9 June 2016 in [Szczecin](/wiki/Szczecin \"Szczecin\"), Poland.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Internationales Festival für Elektronische Musik\\\|first\\=Edgar\\\|last\\=Froese\\\|url\\=http://www.schwingungen\\-festival.de/programm/tangerine\\-dream/\\\|website\\=Schwingungen\\-festival.de}}", "On 29 September 2017, Tangerine Dream released their new studio album entitled, Quantum Gate, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the band's foundation. The album is based on ideas and musical sketches by founder Edgar Froese and was completed by the remaining members of the band.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.kscopemusic.com/artists/tangerinedream/\\\|title\\=Tangerine Dream – The new studio album, Quantum Gate Celebrating 50 years of Tangerine Dream – Listen to the first song \"Tear Down the Grey Skies\" above\\\|date\\=September 2017\\\|website\\=Kscopemusic.com\\\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2017}}", "On 31 January 2020, Tangerine Dream re\\-released their December 2019 album Recurring Dreams, an eleven\\-track collection of new recordings of some of the band's classic tracks, worldwide through [Kscope](/wiki/Kscope \"Kscope\"). This was launched to coincide with the Tangerine Dream: Zeitraffer exhibition, which opened on 17 January 2020 at [London](/wiki/London \"London\")'s [Barbican](/wiki/Barbican_Centre \"Barbican Centre\") and runs until 2 May 2020\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/news/tangerine\\-dream\\-to\\-revisit\\-classic\\-tracks\\-on\\-recurring\\-dreams\\-album \\\|title\\=Tangerine Dream to revisit classic tracks on Recurring Dreams album – Tangerine Dream's 2020 lineup will release 11\\-track album to coincide with London's Zeitraffer Exhibition – listen to 2014 version of Phaedra (by Scott Munro (Prog)) \\\|date\\= 18 January 2020 \\\|website\\=Loudersound.com \\\|access\\-date\\= 31 January 2020}}", "On 9 June 2020, [Paul Frick](/wiki/Brandt_Brauer_Frick \"Brandt Brauer Frick\") became the first member to join the group following Edgar's death after having made guest appearances with the band, starting in November 2018\\. Later on, the group started working on a new studio album entitled, Raum, featuring Froese's archival recordings in early 2022 via Kscope.[https://www.facebook.com/login/?next\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTANGERINEDREAM.OFFICIAL%2Fposts%2F4733723393369196](https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTANGERINEDREAM.OFFICIAL%2Fposts%2F4733723393369196) {{dead link\\\|date\\=October 2021}} Frick has the unique distinction of being the first addition to the group who did not ever personally meet Froese.[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid\\=10224663309634272\\&set\\=p.10224663309634272\\&type\\=3](https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10224663309634272&set=p.10224663309634272&type=3) {{Bare URL inline\\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "It was announced on 22 June 2021 that Ulrich Schnauss has decided to stop performing live. Since then, the band's official website lists him as a former member.[https://www.facebook.com/login/next\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory\\_fbid%3D5692547064153486%26id%3D128514197223495](https://www.facebook.com/login/next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3D5692547064153486%26id%3D128514197223495) {{dead link\\\|date\\=October 2021}}", "In March 2023, the band embarked on the longest tour of their entire career, with concerts in Portugal ([Casa da Música](/wiki/Casa_da_M%C3%BAsica \"Casa da Música\")), Switzerland ([Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\")'s Electron Festival), the Netherlands (3\\-date tour), Belgium (Het Depot), France ([La Gaîté Lyrique](/wiki/La_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9_Lyrique \"La Gaîté Lyrique\")), Poland (2\\-date tour), Romania ([Transilvania International Film Festival](/wiki/Transilvania_International_Film_Festival \"Transilvania International Film Festival\")), the United States (16\\-date tour), Canada (3\\-date tour), Germany (12\\-date tour), the United Kingdom (10\\-date tour), and Poland (1\\-date).", "" ]
Career ------ Nejib had his first acting role in Hbiba Msika (Dancer of the Flame), a film by [Selma Baccar](/wiki/Selma_Baccar "Selma Baccar"), in 1995\. He then starred in Mohamed Kouka's play Madrasat Nisaa(مدرسة النساء / The Women's School), however, Nejib's best success was in the series El Khottab Al Bab (الخطاب عالباب /Many Fiancees) appearing in both volumes 1 and 2 (1996–1998\) for the director Slaheddine Essid. Nejib Belkadhi began his career in directing during 1998 on the TV network Canal\+ Horizons, covering the [Carthage Film Festival](/wiki/Carthage_Film_Festival "Carthage Film Festival"), before creating the network's most successful TV show: Chams Alik (شمس عليك ), whose concept revolutionized the Tunisian TV scene. He conceived, produced and co\-presented the show from 1999 to 2001\. In 2002, he founded Propaganda Productions, with his friend Imed Marzouk, and in 2003 he directed and produced a socio\-critical fake reality show called Dima Lebess (ديما لا باس /Always fine), which was broadcast on the Canal21 TV channel. He directed his first movie in 2005, a short film called Tsawer (تصاور/Pic), with a screenplay of Souad Ben Slimane. [VHS Kahloucha](/wiki/VHS_Kahloucha "VHS Kahloucha") (2006\), his first feature documentary film, was screened to great acclaim at international film festivals, including Cannes (2006\), Philadelphia (2007\), Sundance l (2007\) and Dubai (2007\), and it was his most successful work to date. His last movie, [Bastardo](/wiki/Bastardo_%28film%29 "Bastardo (film)"), was screened at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival "Toronto International Film Festival") in September 2013\. During Ramadan 2019, he played one of the main roles in the series L'Affaire 460 by [Majdi Smiri](/wiki/Majdi_Smiri "Majdi Smiri").{{Cite web \\|title\=Zoom sur "l'affaire 460" \\|url\=https://www.espacemanager.com/zoom\-sur\-laffaire\-460\.html \\|website\=espace manager}}	[ "Career\n------", "Nejib had his first acting role in Hbiba Msika (Dancer of the Flame), a film by [Selma Baccar](/wiki/Selma_Baccar \"Selma Baccar\"), in 1995\\. He then starred in Mohamed Kouka's play Madrasat Nisaa(مدرسة النساء / The Women's School), however, Nejib's best success was in the series El Khottab Al Bab (الخطاب عالباب /Many Fiancees) appearing in both volumes 1 and 2 (1996–1998\\) for the director Slaheddine Essid.", "Nejib Belkadhi began his career in directing during 1998 on the TV network Canal\\+ Horizons, covering the [Carthage Film Festival](/wiki/Carthage_Film_Festival \"Carthage Film Festival\"), before creating the network's most successful TV show: Chams Alik (شمس عليك ), whose concept revolutionized the Tunisian TV scene. He conceived, produced and co\\-presented the show from 1999 to 2001\\.", "In 2002, he founded Propaganda Productions, with his friend Imed Marzouk, and in 2003 he directed and produced a socio\\-critical fake reality show called Dima Lebess (ديما لا باس /Always fine), which was broadcast on the Canal21 TV channel.", "He directed his first movie in 2005, a short film called Tsawer (تصاور/Pic), with a screenplay of Souad Ben Slimane.", "[VHS Kahloucha](/wiki/VHS_Kahloucha \"VHS Kahloucha\") (2006\\), his first feature documentary film, was screened to great acclaim at international film festivals, including Cannes (2006\\), Philadelphia (2007\\), Sundance l (2007\\) and Dubai (2007\\), and it was his most successful work to date.", "His last movie, [Bastardo](/wiki/Bastardo_%28film%29 \"Bastardo (film)\"), was screened at the [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"Toronto International Film Festival\") in September 2013\\.", "During Ramadan 2019, he played one of the main roles in the series L'Affaire 460 by [Majdi Smiri](/wiki/Majdi_Smiri \"Majdi Smiri\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Zoom sur \"l'affaire 460\" \\\|url\\=https://www.espacemanager.com/zoom\\-sur\\-laffaire\\-460\\.html \\\|website\\=espace manager}}", "" ]
Linguistic properties --------------------- ### Classification Unish is a constructed language and not genealogically related to any particular ethnic language. The [phonological](/wiki/Phonology "Phonology") and [grammatical](/wiki/Grammar "Grammar") structures are based on those of pidgins. Typologically, in Unish, prepositions and adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify. The [word order](/wiki/Word_order "Word order") of a sentence is “subject\-verb\-object/complement.” This word order is always kept, regardless of a [declarative sentence](/wiki/Declarative_sentence "Declarative sentence") or an [interrogative sentence](/wiki/Interrogative_sentence "Interrogative sentence"). New terms are formed through the careful selection of words among the aforementioned fifteen languages by seven principles such as: [commonality](/wiki/Commonality "Commonality"), short word\-length, diversity, distinctiveness, simplicity, cultural priority, and [compounding](/wiki/Compounding "Compounding"). ### Writing system The Unish alphabet consists exactly of the twenty\-six letters of the [ISO basic Latin alphabet](/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet "ISO basic Latin alphabet"), which are as follows: \| \+ Unish alphabet \| Number \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| \- \| \- \| \- \| \| [Upper case](/wiki/Upper_case "Upper case") \| [A](/wiki/A "A") \| [B](/wiki/B "B") \| [C](/wiki/C "C") \| [D](/wiki/D "D") \| [E](/wiki/E "E") \| [F](/wiki/F "F") \| [G](/wiki/G "G") \| [H](/wiki/H "H") \| [I](/wiki/I "I") \| [J](/wiki/J "J") \| [K](/wiki/K "K") \| [L](/wiki/L "L") \| [M](/wiki/M "M") \| [N](/wiki/N "N") \| [O](/wiki/O "O") \| [P](/wiki/P "P") \| [Q](/wiki/Q "Q") \| [R](/wiki/R "R") \| [S](/wiki/S "S") \| [T](/wiki/T "T") \| [U](/wiki/U "U") \| [V](/wiki/V "V") \| [W](/wiki/W "W") \| [X](/wiki/X "X") \| [Y](/wiki/Y "Y") \| [Z](/wiki/Z "Z") \| SH \| CH \| NG \| \| [Lower case](/wiki/Lower_case "Lower case") \| a \| b \| c \| d \| e \| f \| g \| h \| i \| j \| k \| l \| m \| n \| o \| p \| q \| r \| s \| t \| u \| v \| w \| x \| y \| z \| sh \| ch \| ng \| \| [IPA](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet "International Phonetic Alphabet") [phoneme](/wiki/Phoneme "Phoneme") \| {{IPAlink\\|a}} \| {{IPAlink\\|b}} \| \- {{IPAlink\\|d}} \| {{IPAlink\\|e}} \| {{IPAlink\\|f}} \| {{IPAlink\\|ɡ}} \| {{IPAlink\\|h}} \| {{IPAlink\\|i}} \| {{IPAlink\\|d͡ʒ}} {{IPAlink\\|k}} \| {{IPAlink\\|l}} \| {{IPAlink\\|m}} \| {{IPAlink\\|n}} \| {{IPAlink\\|o}} \| {{IPAlink\\|p}} \| kw {{IPAlink\\|r}} \| {{IPAlink\\|s}} \| {{IPAlink\\|t}} \| {{IPAlink\\|u}} \| {{IPAlink\\|v}} \| {{IPAlink\\|w}} \| ks {{IPAlink\\|j}} {{IPAlink\\|z}} \| {{IPAlink\\|ʃ}} {{IPAlink\\|t͡ʃ}} {{IPAlink\\|ŋ}} It uses three [digraphs](/wiki/Digraph_%28orthography%29 "Digraph (orthography)"): ⟨[sh](/wiki/Sh_%28digraph%29 "Sh (digraph)")⟩, ⟨[ch](/wiki/Ch_%28digraph%29 "Ch (digraph)")⟩, ⟨[ng](/wiki/Ng_%28digraph%29 "Ng (digraph)")⟩ ### Phonology Unish has twenty\-two [pulmonic consonants](/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant "Pulmonic consonant"), five [vowels](/wiki/Vowel "Vowel"), and two [semi\-vowels](/wiki/Semi-vowel "Semi-vowel"). Unish also accepts commonly\-used vowels and consonants that tend to be easier to pronounce. #### Vowels The vowel structure of Unish consists of five vowels that are most commonly used in [pidgins](/wiki/Pidgin "Pidgin") as well as in natural languages: \[i, e, a, o, u]. #### Semi\-vowels In addition to the five vowels, Unish also accepts the semi\-vowels \[j] and \[w] in making more elaborate sounds. #### Consonants Unish accepts consonants that are easy to pronounce and common to natural languages. For example, the dental sounds of \[θ] and \[ð] are not generally easy to acquire and pronounce. Hence, these sounds are not included in the consonant system of Unish. Moreover, the correspondence between sounds and spellings are as straightforward as possible, as listed below. The aim is such that anyone with a basic knowledge of the [Latin script](/wiki/Latin_script "Latin script") will find the relations between consonants and letters quite accessible. #### List \| IPA name \| IPA symbol \| Relation between IPA and Unish representation \| Spelling \| Unish classification \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Close front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel "Close front unrounded vowel") \| \[i] \| same \| i \| vowel \| \| [Close\-mid front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel "Close-mid front unrounded vowel") \| \[e] \| same \| e \| vowel \| \| [Open front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel "Open front unrounded vowel") \| \[a] \| same \| a \| vowel \| \| [Close\-mid back rounded vowel](/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel "Close-mid back rounded vowel") \| \[o] \| same \| o \| vowel \| \| [Close back rounded vowel](/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel "Close back rounded vowel") \| \[u] \| same \| u \| vowel \| \| [Voiced palatal approximant](/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant "Voiced palatal approximant") \| \[j] \| different \| y \| semi\-vowel \| \| [Voiced labio\-velar approximant](/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant "Voiced labio-velar approximant") \| \[w] \| same \| w \| semi\-vowel \| \| [Voiced bilabial stop](/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop "Voiced bilabial stop") \| \[b] \| same \| b \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless palato\-alveolar affricate](/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate "Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate") \| \[t͜ʃ] \| different \| ch \| consonant \| \| [Voiced alveolar stop](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop "Voiced alveolar stop") \| \[d] \| same \| d \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless labiodental fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative "Voiceless labiodental fricative") \| \[f] \| same \| f \| consonant \| \| [Voiced velar stop](/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop "Voiced velar stop") \| \[ɡ] \| different \| g \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless glottal fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative "Voiceless glottal fricative") \| \[h] \| same \| h \| consonant \| \| [Voiced palato\-alveolar affricate](/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate "Voiced palato-alveolar affricate") \| \[d͜ʒ] \| different \| j \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless velar stop](/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop "Voiceless velar stop") \| \[k] \| same \| k \| consonant \| \| [Voiced alveolar lateral approximant](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant "Voiced alveolar lateral approximant") \| \[l] \| same \| l \| consonant \| \| [Voiced bilabial nasal](/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal "Voiced bilabial nasal") \| \[m] \| same \| m \| consonant \| \| [Voiced alveolar nasal](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal "Voiced alveolar nasal") \| \[n] \| same \| n \| consonant \| \| [Voiced velar nasal](/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal "Voiced velar nasal") \| \[ŋ] \| different \| ng \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless bilabial stop](/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop "Voiceless bilabial stop") \| \[p] \| same \| p \| consonant \| \| [Labialized](/wiki/Labialized "Labialized") [voiceless velar stop](/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop "Voiceless velar stop") \| \[kʷ] \| different \| q \| consonant \| \| [Voiced alveolar trill](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill "Voiced alveolar trill") \| \[r] \| same \| r \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless alveolar sibilant](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant "Voiceless alveolar sibilant") \| \[s] \| same \| s \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless palato\-alveolar sibilant](/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant "Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant") \| \[ʃ] \| different \| sh \| consonant \| \| [Voiceless alveolar stop](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop "Voiceless alveolar stop") \| \[t] \| same \| t \| consonant \| \| [Voiced labiodental fricative](/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative "Voiced labiodental fricative") \| \[v] \| same \| v \| consonant \| \| – \| \[ks] \| different \| x \| consonant \| \| [Voiced alveolar sibilant](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant "Voiced alveolar sibilant") \| \[z] \| same \| z \| consonant \| ### Grammar The grammar of Unish was constructed on the basis of the principles of simplicity, logicality, and regularity. For example, irrespective of number (plural or singular) or person (first\-person, second\-person, or third\-person) of a subject, the form of the [verb](/wiki/Verb "Verb") corresponding to the subject does not vary. Nouns have only one marked case, the genitive, which is identical to the plural, following the principles of simplicity and logicality. Interrogative Sentence Unish sentences consist of a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O)—ordered (S\-V\-O). This word order is preserved in declarative sentences (DS) as well as in interrogative sentences (IS). In Unish, the difference between a declarative sentence and an interrogative sentence is that the former ends with a period and falling [intonation](/wiki/Intonation_%28linguistics%29 "Intonation (linguistics)"), while the latter ends with a [question mark](/wiki/Question_mark "Question mark") and rising intonation. {{interlinear\\|number\=\[DS] \\|Tim lov beisbol game. \\|{} love baseball game \\|"Tim loves {the baseball} game." \\|}} {{interlinear\\|number\=\[IS] \\|Tim lov beisbol game? \\|"Does Tim love the baseball game?"}} As a result of this rule, interrogative [pronouns](/wiki/Pronoun "Pronoun") (who, what, when, where, why, and how) appear in situ, as opposed to always being placed initially within a [sentence](/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29 "Sentence (linguistics)"). {{interlinear\\|indent\=3 \\|Sarah lov wu? / cf. Wu lov Sarah? \\|{} love who {} {} who love {} \\|"Who does Sarah love?" / "Who loves Sarah?"}} Passive Sentence In Unish, the [passive voice](/wiki/Passive_voice "Passive voice"), which tells the story with the object's voice, presents the verb in the form of ‘be \+ \[verb]ed’. To present the person or object performing the action, ‘by \+ person or object performing the action’ is used in the objective form after the verb or at the end of the sentence. {{interlinear\\|indent\=3 \\|I lov Susan. / Susan be loved (by i). \\|I love {} → {} be loved by me \\|"I love Susan." / "Susan is loved (by me)."}} Personal Pronoun In Unish, there is no [gender](/wiki/Gender "Gender") distinction in pronouns., and the [plural](/wiki/Plural "Plural") form of a pronoun is created by attaching an “\-s” to its [singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number") form. \| \| Singular \| Plural \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1st\-person \| i \| we \| \| 2nd\-person \| u \| ue \| \| 3rd\-person \| he/she/it \| dey \| A plural [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun") is obtained by attaching the [suffix](/wiki/Suffix "Suffix") “–s” to a singular pronoun. The plural forms of all nouns are made simply by attaching that suffix to their singular forms.	[ "Linguistic properties\n---------------------", "### Classification", "Unish is a constructed language and not genealogically related to any particular ethnic language. The [phonological](/wiki/Phonology \"Phonology\") and [grammatical](/wiki/Grammar \"Grammar\") structures are based on those of pidgins.", "Typologically, in Unish, prepositions and adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify. The [word order](/wiki/Word_order \"Word order\") of a sentence is “subject\\-verb\\-object/complement.” This word order is always kept, regardless of a [declarative sentence](/wiki/Declarative_sentence \"Declarative sentence\") or an [interrogative sentence](/wiki/Interrogative_sentence \"Interrogative sentence\"). New terms are formed through the careful selection of words among the aforementioned fifteen languages by seven principles such as: [commonality](/wiki/Commonality \"Commonality\"), short word\\-length, diversity, distinctiveness, simplicity, cultural priority, and [compounding](/wiki/Compounding \"Compounding\").", "### Writing system", "The Unish alphabet consists exactly of the twenty\\-six letters of the [ISO basic Latin alphabet](/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet \"ISO basic Latin alphabet\"), which are as follows:", "", "\| \\+ Unish alphabet \| Number \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| \\- \| \\- \| \\- \|", "\| [Upper case](/wiki/Upper_case \"Upper case\") \| [A](/wiki/A \"A\") \| [B](/wiki/B \"B\") \| [C](/wiki/C \"C\") \| [D](/wiki/D \"D\") \| [E](/wiki/E \"E\") \| [F](/wiki/F \"F\") \| [G](/wiki/G \"G\") \| [H](/wiki/H \"H\") \| [I](/wiki/I \"I\") \| [J](/wiki/J \"J\") \| [K](/wiki/K \"K\") \| [L](/wiki/L \"L\") \| [M](/wiki/M \"M\") \| [N](/wiki/N \"N\") \| [O](/wiki/O \"O\") \| [P](/wiki/P \"P\") \| [Q](/wiki/Q \"Q\") \| [R](/wiki/R \"R\") \| [S](/wiki/S \"S\") \| [T](/wiki/T \"T\") \| [U](/wiki/U \"U\") \| [V](/wiki/V \"V\") \| [W](/wiki/W \"W\") \| [X](/wiki/X \"X\") \| [Y](/wiki/Y \"Y\") \| [Z](/wiki/Z \"Z\") \| SH \| CH \| NG \|\n\| [Lower case](/wiki/Lower_case \"Lower case\") \| a \| b \| c \| d \| e \| f \| g \| h \| i \| j \| k \| l \| m \| n \| o \| p \| q \| r \| s \| t \| u \| v \| w \| x \| y \| z \| sh \| ch \| ng \|\n\| [IPA](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet \"International Phonetic Alphabet\") [phoneme](/wiki/Phoneme \"Phoneme\") \| {{IPAlink\\\|a}} \| {{IPAlink\\\|b}} \| \\-", "{{IPAlink\\\|d}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|e}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|f}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|ɡ}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|h}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|i}} \|\n{{IPAlink\\\|d͡ʒ}}", "{{IPAlink\\\|k}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|l}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|m}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|n}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|o}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|p}} \|\nkw", "{{IPAlink\\\|r}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|s}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|t}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|u}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|v}} \|\n {{IPAlink\\\|w}} \|\nks", "{{IPAlink\\\|j}}", "{{IPAlink\\\|z}} \|\n{{IPAlink\\\|ʃ}}", "{{IPAlink\\\|t͡ʃ}}", "{{IPAlink\\\|ŋ}}", "It uses three [digraphs](/wiki/Digraph_%28orthography%29 \"Digraph (orthography)\"): ⟨[sh](/wiki/Sh_%28digraph%29 \"Sh (digraph)\")⟩, ⟨[ch](/wiki/Ch_%28digraph%29 \"Ch (digraph)\")⟩, ⟨[ng](/wiki/Ng_%28digraph%29 \"Ng (digraph)\")⟩", "### Phonology", "Unish has twenty\\-two [pulmonic consonants](/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant \"Pulmonic consonant\"), five [vowels](/wiki/Vowel \"Vowel\"), and two [semi\\-vowels](/wiki/Semi-vowel \"Semi-vowel\"). Unish also accepts commonly\\-used vowels and consonants that tend to be easier to pronounce.", "#### Vowels", "The vowel structure of Unish consists of five vowels that are most commonly used in [pidgins](/wiki/Pidgin \"Pidgin\") as well as in natural languages: \\[i, e, a, o, u].", "#### Semi\\-vowels", "In addition to the five vowels, Unish also accepts the semi\\-vowels \\[j] and \\[w] in making more elaborate sounds.", "#### Consonants", "Unish accepts consonants that are easy to pronounce and common to natural languages. For example, the dental sounds of \\[θ] and \\[ð] are not generally easy to acquire and pronounce. Hence, these sounds are not included in the consonant system of Unish. Moreover, the correspondence between sounds and spellings are as straightforward as possible, as listed below. The aim is such that anyone with a basic knowledge of the [Latin script](/wiki/Latin_script \"Latin script\") will find the relations between consonants and letters quite accessible.", "#### List", "", "\| IPA name \| IPA symbol \| Relation between IPA and Unish representation \| Spelling \| Unish classification \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [Close front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel \"Close front unrounded vowel\") \| \\[i] \| same \| i \| vowel \|\n\| [Close\\-mid front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel \"Close-mid front unrounded vowel\") \| \\[e] \| same \| e \| vowel \|\n\| [Open front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel \"Open front unrounded vowel\") \| \\[a] \| same \| a \| vowel \|\n\| [Close\\-mid back rounded vowel](/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel \"Close-mid back rounded vowel\") \| \\[o] \| same \| o \| vowel \|\n\| [Close back rounded vowel](/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel \"Close back rounded vowel\") \| \\[u] \| same \| u \| vowel \|\n\| [Voiced palatal approximant](/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant \"Voiced palatal approximant\") \| \\[j] \| different \| y \| semi\\-vowel \|\n\| [Voiced labio\\-velar approximant](/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant \"Voiced labio-velar approximant\") \| \\[w] \| same \| w \| semi\\-vowel \|\n\| [Voiced bilabial stop](/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop \"Voiced bilabial stop\") \| \\[b] \| same \| b \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless palato\\-alveolar affricate](/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate \"Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate\") \| \\[t͜ʃ] \| different \| ch \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced alveolar stop](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop \"Voiced alveolar stop\") \| \\[d] \| same \| d \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless labiodental fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative \"Voiceless labiodental fricative\") \| \\[f] \| same \| f \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced velar stop](/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop \"Voiced velar stop\") \| \\[ɡ] \| different \| g \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless glottal fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative \"Voiceless glottal fricative\") \| \\[h] \| same \| h \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced palato\\-alveolar affricate](/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate \"Voiced palato-alveolar affricate\") \| \\[d͜ʒ] \| different \| j \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless velar stop](/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop \"Voiceless velar stop\") \| \\[k] \| same \| k \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced alveolar lateral approximant](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant \"Voiced alveolar lateral approximant\") \| \\[l] \| same \| l \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced bilabial nasal](/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal \"Voiced bilabial nasal\") \| \\[m] \| same \| m \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced alveolar nasal](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal \"Voiced alveolar nasal\") \| \\[n] \| same \| n \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced velar nasal](/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal \"Voiced velar nasal\") \| \\[ŋ] \| different \| ng \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless bilabial stop](/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop \"Voiceless bilabial stop\") \| \\[p] \| same \| p \| consonant \|\n\| [Labialized](/wiki/Labialized \"Labialized\") [voiceless velar stop](/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop \"Voiceless velar stop\") \| \\[kʷ] \| different \| q \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced alveolar trill](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill \"Voiced alveolar trill\") \| \\[r] \| same \| r \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless alveolar sibilant](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant \"Voiceless alveolar sibilant\") \| \\[s] \| same \| s \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless palato\\-alveolar sibilant](/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant \"Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant\") \| \\[ʃ] \| different \| sh \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiceless alveolar stop](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop \"Voiceless alveolar stop\") \| \\[t] \| same \| t \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced labiodental fricative](/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative \"Voiced labiodental fricative\") \| \\[v] \| same \| v \| consonant \|\n\| – \| \\[ks] \| different \| x \| consonant \|\n\| [Voiced alveolar sibilant](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant \"Voiced alveolar sibilant\") \| \\[z] \| same \| z \| consonant \|", "### Grammar", "The grammar of Unish was constructed on the basis of the principles of simplicity, logicality, and regularity. For example, irrespective of number (plural or singular) or person (first\\-person, second\\-person, or third\\-person) of a subject, the form of the [verb](/wiki/Verb \"Verb\") corresponding to the subject does not vary. Nouns have only one marked case, the genitive, which is identical to the plural, following the principles of simplicity and logicality.", "Interrogative Sentence", "Unish sentences consist of a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O)—ordered (S\\-V\\-O). This word order is preserved in declarative sentences (DS) as well as in interrogative sentences (IS). In Unish, the difference between a declarative sentence and an interrogative sentence is that the former ends with a period and falling [intonation](/wiki/Intonation_%28linguistics%29 \"Intonation (linguistics)\"), while the latter ends with a [question mark](/wiki/Question_mark \"Question mark\") and rising intonation.", "{{interlinear\\\|number\\=\\[DS]\n\\\|Tim lov beisbol game.\n\\\|{} love baseball game\n\\\|\"Tim loves {the baseball} game.\"\n\\\|}}", "{{interlinear\\\|number\\=\\[IS]\n\\\|Tim lov beisbol game?\n\\\|\"Does Tim love the baseball game?\"}}", "As a result of this rule, interrogative [pronouns](/wiki/Pronoun \"Pronoun\") (who, what, when, where, why, and how) appear in situ, as opposed to always being placed initially within a [sentence](/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29 \"Sentence (linguistics)\").", "{{interlinear\\\|indent\\=3\n\\\|Sarah lov wu? / cf. Wu lov Sarah?\n\\\|{} love who {} {} who love {}\n\\\|\"Who does Sarah love?\" / \"Who loves Sarah?\"}}", "Passive Sentence", "In Unish, the [passive voice](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\"), which tells the story with the object's voice, presents the verb in the form of ‘be \\+ \\[verb]ed’. To present the person or object performing the action, ‘by \\+ person or object performing the action’ is used in the objective form after the verb or at the end of the sentence.", "{{interlinear\\\|indent\\=3\n\\\|I lov Susan. / Susan be loved (by i).\n\\\|I love {} → {} be loved by me\n\\\|\"I love Susan.\" / \"Susan is loved (by me).\"}}", "Personal Pronoun", "In Unish, there is no [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") distinction in pronouns., and the [plural](/wiki/Plural \"Plural\") form of a pronoun is created by attaching an “\\-s” to its [singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\") form.", "", "\| \| Singular \| Plural \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| 1st\\-person \| i \| we \|\n\| 2nd\\-person \| u \| ue \|\n\| 3rd\\-person \| he/she/it \| dey \|", "A plural [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun \"Personal pronoun\") is obtained by attaching the [suffix](/wiki/Suffix \"Suffix\") “–s” to a singular pronoun. The plural forms of all nouns are made simply by attaching that suffix to their singular forms.", "" ]
### Grammar The grammar of Unish was constructed on the basis of the principles of simplicity, logicality, and regularity. For example, irrespective of number (plural or singular) or person (first\-person, second\-person, or third\-person) of a subject, the form of the [verb](/wiki/Verb "Verb") corresponding to the subject does not vary. Nouns have only one marked case, the genitive, which is identical to the plural, following the principles of simplicity and logicality. Interrogative Sentence Unish sentences consist of a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O)—ordered (S\-V\-O). This word order is preserved in declarative sentences (DS) as well as in interrogative sentences (IS). In Unish, the difference between a declarative sentence and an interrogative sentence is that the former ends with a period and falling [intonation](/wiki/Intonation_%28linguistics%29 "Intonation (linguistics)"), while the latter ends with a [question mark](/wiki/Question_mark "Question mark") and rising intonation. {{interlinear\\|number\=\[DS] \\|Tim lov beisbol game. \\|{} love baseball game \\|"Tim loves {the baseball} game." \\|}} {{interlinear\\|number\=\[IS] \\|Tim lov beisbol game? \\|"Does Tim love the baseball game?"}} As a result of this rule, interrogative [pronouns](/wiki/Pronoun "Pronoun") (who, what, when, where, why, and how) appear in situ, as opposed to always being placed initially within a [sentence](/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29 "Sentence (linguistics)"). {{interlinear\\|indent\=3 \\|Sarah lov wu? / cf. Wu lov Sarah? \\|{} love who {} {} who love {} \\|"Who does Sarah love?" / "Who loves Sarah?"}} Passive Sentence In Unish, the [passive voice](/wiki/Passive_voice "Passive voice"), which tells the story with the object's voice, presents the verb in the form of ‘be \+ \[verb]ed’. To present the person or object performing the action, ‘by \+ person or object performing the action’ is used in the objective form after the verb or at the end of the sentence. {{interlinear\\|indent\=3 \\|I lov Susan. / Susan be loved (by i). \\|I love {} → {} be loved by me \\|"I love Susan." / "Susan is loved (by me)."}} Personal Pronoun In Unish, there is no [gender](/wiki/Gender "Gender") distinction in pronouns., and the [plural](/wiki/Plural "Plural") form of a pronoun is created by attaching an “\-s” to its [singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number") form. \| \| Singular \| Plural \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1st\-person \| i \| we \| \| 2nd\-person \| u \| ue \| \| 3rd\-person \| he/she/it \| dey \| A plural [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun "Personal pronoun") is obtained by attaching the [suffix](/wiki/Suffix "Suffix") “–s” to a singular pronoun. The plural forms of all nouns are made simply by attaching that suffix to their singular forms.	[ "### Grammar", "The grammar of Unish was constructed on the basis of the principles of simplicity, logicality, and regularity. For example, irrespective of number (plural or singular) or person (first\\-person, second\\-person, or third\\-person) of a subject, the form of the [verb](/wiki/Verb \"Verb\") corresponding to the subject does not vary. Nouns have only one marked case, the genitive, which is identical to the plural, following the principles of simplicity and logicality.", "Interrogative Sentence", "Unish sentences consist of a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O)—ordered (S\\-V\\-O). This word order is preserved in declarative sentences (DS) as well as in interrogative sentences (IS). In Unish, the difference between a declarative sentence and an interrogative sentence is that the former ends with a period and falling [intonation](/wiki/Intonation_%28linguistics%29 \"Intonation (linguistics)\"), while the latter ends with a [question mark](/wiki/Question_mark \"Question mark\") and rising intonation.", "{{interlinear\\\|number\\=\\[DS]\n\\\|Tim lov beisbol game.\n\\\|{} love baseball game\n\\\|\"Tim loves {the baseball} game.\"\n\\\|}}", "{{interlinear\\\|number\\=\\[IS]\n\\\|Tim lov beisbol game?\n\\\|\"Does Tim love the baseball game?\"}}", "As a result of this rule, interrogative [pronouns](/wiki/Pronoun \"Pronoun\") (who, what, when, where, why, and how) appear in situ, as opposed to always being placed initially within a [sentence](/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29 \"Sentence (linguistics)\").", "{{interlinear\\\|indent\\=3\n\\\|Sarah lov wu? / cf. Wu lov Sarah?\n\\\|{} love who {} {} who love {}\n\\\|\"Who does Sarah love?\" / \"Who loves Sarah?\"}}", "Passive Sentence", "In Unish, the [passive voice](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\"), which tells the story with the object's voice, presents the verb in the form of ‘be \\+ \\[verb]ed’. To present the person or object performing the action, ‘by \\+ person or object performing the action’ is used in the objective form after the verb or at the end of the sentence.", "{{interlinear\\\|indent\\=3\n\\\|I lov Susan. / Susan be loved (by i).\n\\\|I love {} → {} be loved by me\n\\\|\"I love Susan.\" / \"Susan is loved (by me).\"}}", "Personal Pronoun", "In Unish, there is no [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") distinction in pronouns., and the [plural](/wiki/Plural \"Plural\") form of a pronoun is created by attaching an “\\-s” to its [singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\") form.", "", "\| \| Singular \| Plural \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| 1st\\-person \| i \| we \|\n\| 2nd\\-person \| u \| ue \|\n\| 3rd\\-person \| he/she/it \| dey \|", "A plural [personal pronoun](/wiki/Personal_pronoun \"Personal pronoun\") is obtained by attaching the [suffix](/wiki/Suffix \"Suffix\") “–s” to a singular pronoun. The plural forms of all nouns are made simply by attaching that suffix to their singular forms.", "" ]
Biography --------- Titulaer was born in the [Hout\-Blerick](/wiki/Hout-Blerick "Hout-Blerick") village in [Venlo](/wiki/Venlo "Venlo"), [Limburg](/wiki/Limburg_%28Netherlands%29 "Limburg (Netherlands)"), and went to high school at the St.\-Thomascollege in Venlo (now the Valuas College). He studied maths and physics at the [University of Utrecht](/wiki/University_of_Utrecht "University of Utrecht") with a major in astronomy. At the university he joined the student association CS Veritas. During his studies he founded (together with Ton Smit) the Venlo chapter of the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer\- en Sterrenkunde (Dutch association for meteorology and astronomy) on April 18, 1965 (since 1990 known as the Weer\- en Sterrenkundige Vereniging "Jean Delsing"). The next year he organized the exposition Mens en het Heelal (Man and the Universe), then the largest meteorology, astronomy and space travel exposition ever held in the Netherlands. After having lived and worked in the United States and France (both for two years) he became a presenter of Dutch radio and television programmes about science and technology. Between 1969 and 1990 he was often seen on television. His popularity began as co\-presenter of the live transmission of the [Apollo 11](/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11") [Moon landing](/wiki/Moon_landing "Moon landing") (as well as the later Moon landings), together with [Henk Terlingen](/wiki/Henk_Terlingen "Henk Terlingen") (popularly known as "Apollo Henkie"). The transmission rated at an [audience share](/wiki/Audience_measurement "Audience measurement") of 100%, a feat never again repeated on [Dutch television](/wiki/Television_in_the_Netherlands "Television in the Netherlands").{{in lang\\|nl}} [Interview with Chriet Titulaer](http://www.home.zonnet.nl/vanweperen/titulaer.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418211841/http://www.home.zonnet.nl/vanweperen/titulaer.htm \\|date\=2005\-04\-18 }}, WAVE magazine, July 1996 He also was the [commentator](/wiki/Pundit_%28expert%29 "Pundit (expert)") for the first launch of [Space Shuttle Columbia](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia "Space Shuttle Columbia") in 1981\. ### Television producer and writer [thumb\\|Chriet Titulaer in 1984](/wiki/File:Chriet_Titulaer.png "Chriet Titulaer.png") In 1983 Titulaer began his own television production company Chriet Titulaer Producties BV and did much work for [Teleac](/wiki/Teleac_%28broadcaster%29 "Teleac (broadcaster)") and the [TROS](/wiki/TROS "TROS"). He presented popular science programmes such as Wondere Wereld (Miraculous World) and television courses such as Moderne Sterrenkunde (Modern Astronomy) and Nederland en het Weer (The Netherlands and the Weather). ### Later activities In 1986 he organized the space travel exhibition Space '86 in the [Jaarbeurs](/wiki/Jaarbeurs "Jaarbeurs") in [Utrecht](/wiki/Utrecht "Utrecht"). As a promotion a true to size painting of a [Saturn V](/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket was put on the side of the [Dom Tower of Utrecht](/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht "Dom Tower of Utrecht") as both the rocket and the church tower are about 110 metres tall.{{in lang\\|nl}} [De Dom\-raket aan de Domtoren te Utrecht](http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/atlantis_record.asp?ID=82620) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051532/http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/atlantis\_record.asp?ID\=82620 \\|date\=September 27, 2007 }}, Utrechts Archief (Photo of the "rocket" on the Dom Tower) Titulaer wrote many books about popular science, computers, IT, meteorology and astronomy. He was an active advocate for science and technology and was often asked as a keynote speaker for events related to these areas, and for theme days on schools and universities. His appearances on radio and television became relatively rare. He founded projects such as the now defunct Huis van de Toekomst (House of the Future),[House of the Future, Rosmalen](http://www.damenpartners.nl/projecten/project.php?code=HVM) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019042948/http://www.damenpartners.nl/projecten/project.php?code\=HVM \\|date\=October 19, 2007 }} Kantoor van de Toekomst (Office of the Future) and the Ziekenhuis van de Toekomst (Hospital of the Future). He also co\-initiated the recreation and education park for astronomy and space travel Cosmo Science Center in [North Brabant](/wiki/North_Brabant "North Brabant"). ### Personal life Titulaer lived in [Houten](/wiki/Houten "Houten"), [Utrecht](/wiki/Utrecht_%28province%29 "Utrecht (province)").	[ "Biography\n---------", "Titulaer was born in the [Hout\\-Blerick](/wiki/Hout-Blerick \"Hout-Blerick\") village in [Venlo](/wiki/Venlo \"Venlo\"), [Limburg](/wiki/Limburg_%28Netherlands%29 \"Limburg (Netherlands)\"), and went to high school at the St.\\-Thomascollege in Venlo (now the Valuas College). He studied maths and physics at the [University of Utrecht](/wiki/University_of_Utrecht \"University of Utrecht\") with a major in astronomy. At the university he joined the student association CS Veritas. During his studies he founded (together with Ton Smit) the Venlo chapter of the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer\\- en Sterrenkunde (Dutch association for meteorology and astronomy) on April 18, 1965 (since 1990 known as the Weer\\- en Sterrenkundige Vereniging \"Jean Delsing\").", "The next year he organized the exposition Mens en het Heelal (Man and the Universe), then the largest meteorology, astronomy and space travel exposition ever held in the Netherlands.", "After having lived and worked in the United States and France (both for two years) he became a presenter of Dutch radio and television programmes about science and technology. Between 1969 and 1990 he was often seen on television. His popularity began as co\\-presenter of the live transmission of the [Apollo 11](/wiki/Apollo_11 \"Apollo 11\") [Moon landing](/wiki/Moon_landing \"Moon landing\") (as well as the later Moon landings), together with [Henk Terlingen](/wiki/Henk_Terlingen \"Henk Terlingen\") (popularly known as \"Apollo Henkie\"). The transmission rated at an [audience share](/wiki/Audience_measurement \"Audience measurement\") of 100%, a feat never again repeated on [Dutch television](/wiki/Television_in_the_Netherlands \"Television in the Netherlands\").{{in lang\\\|nl}} [Interview with Chriet Titulaer](http://www.home.zonnet.nl/vanweperen/titulaer.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418211841/http://www.home.zonnet.nl/vanweperen/titulaer.htm \\\|date\\=2005\\-04\\-18 }}, WAVE magazine, July 1996 He also was the [commentator](/wiki/Pundit_%28expert%29 \"Pundit (expert)\") for the first launch of [Space Shuttle Columbia](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia \"Space Shuttle Columbia\") in 1981\\.", "### Television producer and writer", "[thumb\\\|Chriet Titulaer in 1984](/wiki/File:Chriet_Titulaer.png \"Chriet Titulaer.png\")\nIn 1983 Titulaer began his own television production company Chriet Titulaer Producties BV and did much work for [Teleac](/wiki/Teleac_%28broadcaster%29 \"Teleac (broadcaster)\") and the [TROS](/wiki/TROS \"TROS\"). He presented popular science programmes such as Wondere Wereld (Miraculous World) and television courses such as Moderne Sterrenkunde (Modern Astronomy) and Nederland en het Weer (The Netherlands and the Weather).", "### Later activities", "In 1986 he organized the space travel exhibition Space '86 in the \n[Jaarbeurs](/wiki/Jaarbeurs \"Jaarbeurs\") in [Utrecht](/wiki/Utrecht \"Utrecht\"). As a promotion a true to size painting of a [Saturn V](/wiki/Saturn_V \"Saturn V\") rocket was put on the side of the [Dom Tower of Utrecht](/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht \"Dom Tower of Utrecht\") as both the rocket and the church tower are about 110 metres tall.{{in lang\\\|nl}} [De Dom\\-raket aan de Domtoren te Utrecht](http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/atlantis_record.asp?ID=82620) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051532/http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/atlantis\\_record.asp?ID\\=82620 \\\|date\\=September 27, 2007 }}, Utrechts Archief (Photo of the \"rocket\" on the Dom Tower)\nTitulaer wrote many books about popular science, computers, IT, meteorology and astronomy. He was an active advocate for science and technology and was often asked as a keynote speaker for events related to these areas, and for theme days on schools and universities. His appearances on radio and television became relatively rare.", "He founded projects such as the now defunct Huis van de Toekomst (House of the Future),[House of the Future, Rosmalen](http://www.damenpartners.nl/projecten/project.php?code=HVM) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019042948/http://www.damenpartners.nl/projecten/project.php?code\\=HVM \\\|date\\=October 19, 2007 }} Kantoor van de Toekomst (Office of the Future) and the Ziekenhuis van de Toekomst (Hospital of the Future). He also co\\-initiated the recreation and education park for astronomy and space travel Cosmo Science Center in [North Brabant](/wiki/North_Brabant \"North Brabant\").", "### Personal life", "Titulaer lived in [Houten](/wiki/Houten \"Houten\"), [Utrecht](/wiki/Utrecht_%28province%29 \"Utrecht (province)\").", "" ]
History ------- The early history of the Echo was compiled by Steve Hill of the Haliburton Highlands Museum. In his book "History of the Provisional County of Haliburton", printed circa 1931, former Echo owner R. H. Baker states that "On August 21, 1884, the first copy of the Minden Echo was printed by Brown and Small..." Not only did the Echo keep the residents abreast of local happenings through their weekly journal, but they filled private, commercial, and municipal requests for cards, stationery, notices, posters, etcetera, even township voters' lists. Next on the scene appears to have been John Henry Delamere (1836–1916\). The Minden Echo of July 19, 1889 lists him as the publisher and proprietor. On July 28, 1890, part of the Anson side of Main Street Minden was destroyed by fire. Examination of the Minden Echo of May 1, 1891 indicates that by the time the paper had doubled to eight pages, and that the word "County" had been deleted from its title. It now read as "The Minden Echo and Haliburton Recorder". Mr. Delamere operated the Echo until around 1906\. Richard Henry "R.H." Baker (1859–1935\) owned the Minden Echo from circa 1907 to 1923\. In 1910, Baker purchased the property on the Minden side of Main Street. It was from premises on this site that the Minden Echo newspaper was published until destroyed in the Minden fire of 1942\. Early in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") Wilmur Louis "Mac" Macarthur came to Minden to teach school. With some previous printing experience, he worked for R.H. Baker at the Echo as a side\-line. In 1916 he married a Minden girl, Louisa Mae Welch. A deed of land dated March 1, 1923 indicates that on that day Macarthur purchased the Minden Echo property from Baker for $1,000, the sale presumably including the business itself. Electricity came to Minden late in 1935 with the opening of the Orillia Water Light \& Power Commission plant on the Gull River, and by 1937 or '38, the Echo office had been wired for electricity. At that point, the press was converted to electrical power. Tragedy struck Minden in the early morning hours of May 15, 1942 when the village's worst conflagration since 1890 swept the Minden side of Main Street, destroying virtually everything, including the Echo building. Macarthur died in 1945 at the young age of 55\. Mae Macarthur carried on in the printing business after her husband's death. She was no stranger to the business, and ran the shop more or less single\-handedly afterwards. When her son Jack decided by 1950 that the printing profession was not the one he wished to pursue, she decided not to hold onto it anymore, and the Minden Echo printing shop was sold. On April 1, 1950, Clifford Booth of Minden, a printer, purchased the business. Then on July 25, 1950, he sold it to a partnership consisting of Mrs. Loyola Webster and Timothy Rogers. On June 16, 1951, Mrs. Webster bought out Rogers and became sole owner. Under Mrs. Webster the Minden Echo newspaper was revived. Mrs. Webster had the Minden Echo until November 1, 1951, when she sold out to the partnership consisting of Walter Noice, Berkeley Feir, and his son Creighton. Feir and Noice changed the name of the Minden Echo newspaper to the Haliburton County Echo, and put out their first issue on November 8, 1951\. The Haliburton County Echo moved to new quarters in Haliburton Village early in 1952\. The last Echo printed in Minden was the issue of December 20, 1951\. The next Echo was that of January 10, 1952, which was the first time that a newspaper had ever been printed in Haliburton Village. Sometime in the 1950s, Feirs bought out Noice. Mr. Feir Sr. was forced to resign for health reasons in the early 1970s, and Mrs. Feir died in 1973\. Late in 1973, Creighton Feir sold the Haliburton County Echo to John Zylstra. In 1976, the Echo set up a sister paper in Minden known as the Minden Recorder. Its inaugural edition was July 28, 1976, and it ran until August 17, 1977, when it was merged with the Haliburton County Echo to form a single paper, the Haliburton County Echo and Minden Recorder. The Echo moved in 1976 from its long\-time quarters in Berkeley Feir's former pool room to new facilities below the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. Zylstra sold the paper to a group of local businessmen consisting of Creighton Feir, Vince Connaughan, Peter Curry, Don Popple, Dave Gray, Gerry Dawson, and Ken Wilson. In 1985, Len Pizzey, an Echo staff member since 1978, bought the Echo. The Minden Recorder portion of the paper's title was dropped in 1991\. In 1993, the Echo's Creighton Feir died. With more than 40 years to his credit, he was the longest serving staff member in the history of the Echo, a man whose career spanned both the letterpress and offset eras. In 1985, Pizzey hired a young reporter named Martha Perkins. Three years later he decided to concentrate more on the business side of the newspaper and named Perkins as editor, a position she has held until the present day. Over the years the Echo's list of publications grew: Summer Guide, Winter Guide, Fall Tour, Home and Cottage Services Directory, all published once a year; County Life (now called Cottage Times) published weekly in the four summer months; the now defunct Senior Life (later called Go.); and the [Minden Times](/wiki/Minden_Times "Minden Times") newspaper by association. In 1996, Pizzey purchased the former Laking House overlooking Head Lake Park on Haliburton's main street and transformed it into the Echo's new home. In November 2001 he bought the Minden Times from long\-time owner Jack Brezina, who retired from the newspaper business. Perkins became editor of both papers, which share staff. In August 2004, Pizzey sold both the Echo and the Times to Osprey Media Group, staying on as group publisher for the Echo, Times, Barry's Bay This Week and Bancroft This Week. In November 2005, Pizzey decided to retire and David Zilstra, formerly of the Napanee Guide, took over as the four papers’ general manager. In November 2009, Perkins left the position of editor to take over the Bowen Island Undercurrent in British Columbia, appointing reporter Jenn Watt as the managing editor of the four papers.[http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\=2114902\&archive\=true](http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2114902&archive=true) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009101116/http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\=2114902\&archive\=true \\|date\=2011\-10\-09 }} In January 2010, John Bauman became the general manager, replacing Zilstra, who took the top spot at the Barrie Examiner.[http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\=2255969\&archive\=true](http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2255969&archive=true) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401223044/http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\=2255969\&archive\=true \\|date\=2012\-04\-01 }} In December 2013, it was announced that Sun Media was selling the Echo, along with sister publications the Minden Times and Bancroft This Week, in a deal that included a merger with a local competitor. That merger proved ill\-fated, falling apart in a month, and the Echo along with the Times and Bancroft This Week became property of White Pine Media. Zilstra was brought back as general manager in February 2014\. Darren Lum served as editor from November 2021 to October 2022\. Vivian Collins, an established reporter for the Echo became the editor in 2023\.	[ "History\n-------", "The early history of the Echo was compiled by Steve Hill of the Haliburton Highlands Museum.\nIn his book \"History of the Provisional County of Haliburton\", printed circa 1931, former Echo owner R. H. Baker states that \"On August 21, 1884, the first copy of the Minden Echo was printed by Brown and Small...\"\nNot only did the Echo keep the residents abreast of local happenings through their weekly journal, but they filled private, commercial, and municipal requests for cards, stationery, notices, posters, etcetera, even township voters' lists.", "Next on the scene appears to have been John Henry Delamere (1836–1916\\). The Minden Echo of July 19, 1889 lists him as the publisher and proprietor. On July 28, 1890, part of the Anson side of Main Street Minden was destroyed by fire. Examination of the Minden Echo of May 1, 1891 indicates that by the time the paper had doubled to eight pages, and that the word \"County\" had been deleted from its title. It now read as \"The Minden Echo and Haliburton Recorder\". Mr. Delamere operated the Echo until around 1906\\.", "Richard Henry \"R.H.\" Baker (1859–1935\\) owned the Minden Echo from circa 1907 to 1923\\. In 1910, Baker purchased the property on the Minden side of Main Street. It was from premises on this site that the Minden Echo newspaper was published until destroyed in the Minden fire of 1942\\.", "Early in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") Wilmur Louis \"Mac\" Macarthur came to Minden to teach school. With some previous printing experience, he worked for R.H. Baker at the Echo as a side\\-line.", "In 1916 he married a Minden girl, Louisa Mae Welch. A deed of land dated March 1, 1923 indicates that on that day Macarthur purchased the Minden Echo property from Baker for $1,000, the sale presumably including the business itself.\nElectricity came to Minden late in 1935 with the opening of the Orillia Water Light \\& Power Commission plant on the Gull River, and by 1937 or '38, the Echo office had been wired for electricity. At that point, the press was converted to electrical power.", "Tragedy struck Minden in the early morning hours of May 15, 1942 when the village's worst conflagration since 1890 swept the Minden side of Main Street, destroying virtually everything, including the Echo building.\nMacarthur died in 1945 at the young age of 55\\.", "Mae Macarthur carried on in the printing business after her husband's death. She was no stranger to the business, and ran the shop more or less single\\-handedly afterwards. When her son Jack decided by 1950 that the printing profession was not the one he wished to pursue, she decided not to hold onto it anymore, and the Minden Echo printing shop was sold.\nOn April 1, 1950, Clifford Booth of Minden, a printer, purchased the business. Then on July 25, 1950, he sold it to a partnership consisting of Mrs. Loyola Webster and Timothy Rogers. On June 16, 1951, Mrs. Webster bought out Rogers and became sole owner.", "Under Mrs. Webster the Minden Echo newspaper was revived. Mrs. Webster had the Minden Echo until November 1, 1951, when she sold out to the partnership consisting of Walter Noice, Berkeley Feir, and his son Creighton. Feir and Noice changed the name of the Minden Echo newspaper to the Haliburton County Echo, and put out their first issue on November 8, 1951\\.\nThe Haliburton County Echo moved to new quarters in Haliburton Village early in 1952\\.", "The last Echo printed in Minden was the issue of December 20, 1951\\. The next Echo was that of January 10, 1952, which was the first time that a newspaper had ever been printed in Haliburton Village.\nSometime in the 1950s, Feirs bought out Noice.", "Mr. Feir Sr. was forced to resign for health reasons in the early 1970s, and Mrs. Feir died in 1973\\. Late in 1973, Creighton Feir sold the Haliburton County Echo to John Zylstra.", "In 1976, the Echo set up a sister paper in Minden known as the Minden Recorder. Its inaugural edition was July 28, 1976, and it ran until August 17, 1977, when it was merged with the Haliburton County Echo to form a single paper, the Haliburton County Echo and Minden Recorder.", "The Echo moved in 1976 from its long\\-time quarters in Berkeley Feir's former pool room to new facilities below the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.", "Zylstra sold the paper to a group of local businessmen consisting of Creighton Feir, Vince Connaughan, Peter Curry, Don Popple, Dave Gray, Gerry Dawson, and Ken Wilson. In 1985, Len Pizzey, an Echo staff member since 1978, bought the Echo. The Minden Recorder portion of the paper's title was dropped in 1991\\.", "In 1993, the Echo's Creighton Feir died. With more than 40 years to his credit, he was the longest serving staff member in the history of the Echo, a man whose career spanned both the letterpress and offset eras.\nIn 1985, Pizzey hired a young reporter named Martha Perkins. Three years later he decided to concentrate more on the business side of the newspaper and named Perkins as editor, a position she has held until the present day.", "Over the years the Echo's list of publications grew: Summer Guide, Winter Guide, Fall Tour, Home and Cottage Services Directory, all published once a year; County Life (now called Cottage Times) published weekly in the four summer months; the now defunct Senior Life (later called Go.); and the [Minden Times](/wiki/Minden_Times \"Minden Times\") newspaper by association.", "In 1996, Pizzey purchased the former Laking House overlooking Head Lake Park on Haliburton's main street and transformed it into the Echo's new home. In November 2001 he bought the Minden Times from long\\-time owner Jack Brezina, who retired from the newspaper business. Perkins became editor of both papers, which share staff.", "In August 2004, Pizzey sold both the Echo and the Times to Osprey Media Group, staying on as group publisher for the Echo, Times, Barry's Bay This Week and Bancroft This Week. In November 2005, Pizzey decided to retire and David Zilstra, formerly of the Napanee Guide, took over as the four papers’ general manager.", "In November 2009, Perkins left the position of editor to take over the Bowen Island Undercurrent in British Columbia, appointing reporter Jenn Watt as the managing editor of the four papers.[http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\\=2114902\\&archive\\=true](http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2114902&archive=true) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009101116/http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\\=2114902\\&archive\\=true \\\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-09 }} In January 2010, John Bauman became the general manager, replacing Zilstra, who took the top spot at the Barrie Examiner.[http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\\=2255969\\&archive\\=true](http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2255969&archive=true) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401223044/http://www.haliburtonecho.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e\\=2255969\\&archive\\=true \\\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-01 }}", "In December 2013, it was announced that Sun Media was selling the Echo, along with sister publications the Minden Times and Bancroft This Week, in a deal that included a merger with a local competitor. That merger proved ill\\-fated, falling apart in a month, and the Echo along with the Times and Bancroft This Week became property of White Pine Media. Zilstra was brought back as general manager in February 2014\\. Darren Lum served as editor from November 2021 to October 2022\\. Vivian Collins, an established reporter for the Echo became the editor in 2023\\.", "" ]
Managerial career ----------------- Having played as a goalkeeper during his footballing tenure, Fossati states that he had the opportunity to view matches through the perspective of a spectator and the ability to interpret the plays. He began coaching his teammates as a goalkeeper, under the supervision of the coach. As Fossati aged, he started to write analyses of the games and coaches, noting which facets he would have adjusted.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.qsl.com.qa/users/ArticlesEn/ArticlesEn.aspx?pid\=36\\|title\=In my past I find the recognition I'm looking for\\|publisher\=Qatar Stars League\\|date\=19 February 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304063306/http://qsl.com.qa/Users/ArticlesEn/ArticlesEn.aspx?pid\=36\\|archive\-date\=4 March 2012 }} After retiring as a player, he decided to take up management. In the beginning, Fossati had spells in charge of [River Plate Montevideo](/wiki/River_Plate_Montevideo "River Plate Montevideo"), [Peñarol](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol "Peñarol") (where he won a league title) and [Danubio F.C.](/wiki/Danubio_F.C. "Danubio F.C.") in Uruguay. He also had spells as manager of [Colón de Santa Fe](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe "Colón de Santa Fe") in Argentina, [Cerro Porteño](/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o "Cerro Porteño") in [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") and [LDU Quito](/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito "Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito") in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador"). Fossati became manager of the [Uruguay national team](/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team "Uruguay national football team") in 2004,{{Cite news \\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world\_football/4387301\.stm \\|title\=BBC Football \\|date\=28 March 2005 \\|access\-date\=27 March 2008 \\|archive\-date\=19 May 2006 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519045438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world\_football/4387301\.stm \\|url\-status\=live }} signing at a time in which the team was about to miss qualifying to the [2006 World Cup](/wiki/2006_World_Cup "2006 World Cup"). He managed to take Uruguay out of the lower places in the qualifying table and into the inter\-confederation play\-off spot. Despite his and the players' efforts, Uruguay lost the [play\-off](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28CONMEBOL%E2%80%93OFC_play-off%29 "2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL–OFC play-off)") against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team "Australia men's national soccer team") on penalties. Fossati was then replaced as manager of Uruguay by [Óscar Tabárez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Tab%C3%A1rez "Óscar Tabárez"). He next coached [Al\-Sadd](/wiki/Al-Sadd "Al-Sadd") in [Qatar](/wiki/Qatar "Qatar") and, after winning all four domestic titles with them, was unveiled as the new [Qatari national team](/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team "Qatar national football team") manager in 2007\.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid\=698580\.html\\|title\=FIFA.com \- Fossati out to fulfil Qatari dreams\\|date\=29 February 2008\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229120044/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid\=698580\.html\\|access\-date\=10 December 2021\\|archive\-date\=29 February 2008}} In late 2008, it was announced that Fossati would undergo surgery. Subsequently, the Qatar FA ended their cooperation with him, who supposedly needed too long to recover from surgery. In 2009, he signed with [LDU Quito](/wiki/LDU_Quito "LDU Quito") from Ecuador to manage the team for the second time, replacing [Edgardo Bauza](/wiki/Edgardo_Bauza "Edgardo Bauza"). Fossati helped [LDU Quito](/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito "Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito") win the [Recopa Sudamericana 2009](/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana_2009 "Recopa Sudamericana 2009") matches against [Sport Club Internacional](/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional "Sport Club Internacional") de [Porto Alegre](/wiki/Porto_Alegre "Porto Alegre"). LDU Quito won both games of the Recopa 1–0 and 3–0, respectively. This gave LDU Quito their second international title. In December 2009, Fossati and LDU won the [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/2009_Copa_Sudamericana "2009 Copa Sudamericana") after defeating Fluminense 5–4 on aggregate in the finals. After Internacional and [Mário Sergio](/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_S%C3%A9rgio_%28footballer%2C_born_1950%29 "Mário Sérgio (footballer, born 1950)") parted ways, as per their previous agreement, the Brazilian club reached a deal with Fossati. On 13 December 2009, he joined [Internacional](/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional "Sport Club Internacional") for one year. Following negative results, he was fired on 28 May 2010\. Fossati left Internacional in the semi\-finals of the [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/2010_Copa_Libertadores "2010 Copa Libertadores") after defeating reigning champions [Estudiantes de La Plata](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_La_Plata "Estudiantes de La Plata") in the quarter\-finals; Internacional would go on to win the Libertadores. After that, he was named as head coach of [Al\-Shabab](/wiki/Al-Shabab_Riyadh "Al-Shabab Riyadh") and nearly reached that season's [AFC Champions League](/wiki/AFC_Champions_League "AFC Champions League") final with the team. Fossati was sacked by Al\-Shabab in December 2010, but returned for another crack at the continental title, after being put in charge of [Al\-Sadd](/wiki/Sadd_Sports_Club "Sadd Sports Club") for a second time between 2010 and 2012, during which he won the [2011 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2011_AFC_Champions_League "2011 AFC Champions League") and reached the semi\-finals of the [2011 FIFA Club World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Club_World_Cup "2011 FIFA Club World Cup"). Fossati left Al\-Sadd on 19 May 2012 and joined [Club Cerro Porteño](/wiki/Club_Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o "Club Cerro Porteño"). On 26 July 2013, he signed a two years contract with United Arab Emirates champions [Al Ain](/wiki/Al_Ain_FC "Al Ain FC") to replace [Cosmin Olăroiu](/wiki/Cosmin_Ol%C4%83roiu "Cosmin Olăroiu"). He became coach of the [Qatar national football team](/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team "Qatar national football team") in 2016\. Like Fossati, all of the football management of 'The Maroons' were Uruguayan. In June 2019, the River Plate Athletic Club of Uruguay asked for help, and that the club take command, in order to resurface it, in four months it led the club to a significant improvement in football. In March 2023, he joined [Club Universitario de Deportes](/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes "Club Universitario de Deportes"), after the departure of [Carlos Compagnucci](/wiki/Carlos_Compagnucci "Carlos Compagnucci"). His contract would end in December 2023 amid rumours of Fossati signing over to the [Peru national football team](/wiki/Peru_national_football_team "Peru national football team").{{Cite web\\|title\=A la selección: Universitario oficializó la salida de Jorge Fossati\\|url\=https://trome.com/deportes/seleccion\-peruana/seleccion\-peruana\-universitario\-oficializo\-la\-salida\-de\-jorge\-fossati\-que\-sera\-el\-nuevo\-tecnico\-de\-la\-blanquirroja\-noticia/\\|website\=Trome\\|language\=es\-pe\\|access\-date\=14 December 2023}} On 27 December, 2023, Peru would officialize the signing of Fossati as head coach.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\-jorge\-fossati\-conmebol\-le\-da\-bienvenida\-como\-tecnico\-de\-seleccion\-peruana\-968337\.aspx\\|title\=Jorge Fossati: Conmebol le da la bienvenida como técnico de la selección peruana\\|access\-date\=28 December 2023\\|date\=28 December 2023\\|website\=Andina\\|language\=es\-pe}}	[ "Managerial career\n-----------------", "Having played as a goalkeeper during his footballing tenure, Fossati states that he had the opportunity to view matches through the perspective of a spectator and the ability to interpret the plays. He began coaching his teammates as a goalkeeper, under the supervision of the coach. As Fossati aged, he started to write analyses of the games and coaches, noting which facets he would have adjusted.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.qsl.com.qa/users/ArticlesEn/ArticlesEn.aspx?pid\\=36\\\|title\\=In my past I find the recognition I'm looking for\\\|publisher\\=Qatar Stars League\\\|date\\=19 February 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304063306/http://qsl.com.qa/Users/ArticlesEn/ArticlesEn.aspx?pid\\=36\\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2012 }}", "After retiring as a player, he decided to take up management. In the beginning, Fossati had spells in charge of [River Plate Montevideo](/wiki/River_Plate_Montevideo \"River Plate Montevideo\"), [Peñarol](/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol \"Peñarol\") (where he won a league title) and [Danubio F.C.](/wiki/Danubio_F.C. \"Danubio F.C.\") in Uruguay. He also had spells as manager of [Colón de Santa Fe](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe \"Colón de Santa Fe\") in Argentina, [Cerro Porteño](/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o \"Cerro Porteño\") in [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\") and [LDU Quito](/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito \"Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito\") in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\").", "Fossati became manager of the [Uruguay national team](/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team \"Uruguay national football team\") in 2004,{{Cite news \\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world\\_football/4387301\\.stm \\\|title\\=BBC Football \\\|date\\=28 March 2005 \\\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2006 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519045438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world\\_football/4387301\\.stm \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} signing at a time in which the team was about to miss qualifying to the [2006 World Cup](/wiki/2006_World_Cup \"2006 World Cup\"). He managed to take Uruguay out of the lower places in the qualifying table and into the inter\\-confederation play\\-off spot. Despite his and the players' efforts, Uruguay lost the [play\\-off](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28CONMEBOL%E2%80%93OFC_play-off%29 \"2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL–OFC play-off)\") against [Australia](/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team \"Australia men's national soccer team\") on penalties. Fossati was then replaced as manager of Uruguay by [Óscar Tabárez](/wiki/%C3%93scar_Tab%C3%A1rez \"Óscar Tabárez\").", "He next coached [Al\\-Sadd](/wiki/Al-Sadd \"Al-Sadd\") in [Qatar](/wiki/Qatar \"Qatar\") and, after winning all four domestic titles with them, was unveiled as the new [Qatari national team](/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team \"Qatar national football team\") manager in 2007\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid\\=698580\\.html\\\|title\\=FIFA.com \\- Fossati out to fulfil Qatari dreams\\\|date\\=29 February 2008\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229120044/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid\\=698580\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2021\\\|archive\\-date\\=29 February 2008}} In late 2008, it was announced that Fossati would undergo surgery. Subsequently, the Qatar FA ended their cooperation with him, who supposedly needed too long to recover from surgery.", "In 2009, he signed with [LDU Quito](/wiki/LDU_Quito \"LDU Quito\") from Ecuador to manage the team for the second time, replacing [Edgardo Bauza](/wiki/Edgardo_Bauza \"Edgardo Bauza\"). Fossati helped [LDU Quito](/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito \"Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito\") win the [Recopa Sudamericana 2009](/wiki/Recopa_Sudamericana_2009 \"Recopa Sudamericana 2009\") matches against [Sport Club Internacional](/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional \"Sport Club Internacional\") de [Porto Alegre](/wiki/Porto_Alegre \"Porto Alegre\"). LDU Quito won both games of the Recopa 1–0 and 3–0, respectively. This gave LDU Quito their second international title. In December 2009, Fossati and LDU won the [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/2009_Copa_Sudamericana \"2009 Copa Sudamericana\") after defeating Fluminense 5–4 on aggregate in the finals.", "After Internacional and [Mário Sergio](/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_S%C3%A9rgio_%28footballer%2C_born_1950%29 \"Mário Sérgio (footballer, born 1950)\") parted ways, as per their previous agreement, the Brazilian club reached a deal with Fossati. On 13 December 2009, he joined [Internacional](/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional \"Sport Club Internacional\") for one year. Following negative results, he was fired on 28 May 2010\\. Fossati left Internacional in the semi\\-finals of the [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/2010_Copa_Libertadores \"2010 Copa Libertadores\") after defeating reigning champions [Estudiantes de La Plata](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_La_Plata \"Estudiantes de La Plata\") in the quarter\\-finals; Internacional would go on to win the Libertadores.", "After that, he was named as head coach of [Al\\-Shabab](/wiki/Al-Shabab_Riyadh \"Al-Shabab Riyadh\") and nearly reached that season's [AFC Champions League](/wiki/AFC_Champions_League \"AFC Champions League\") final with the team. Fossati was sacked by Al\\-Shabab in December 2010, but returned for another crack at the continental title, after being put in charge of [Al\\-Sadd](/wiki/Sadd_Sports_Club \"Sadd Sports Club\") for a second time between 2010 and 2012, during which he won the [2011 AFC Champions League](/wiki/2011_AFC_Champions_League \"2011 AFC Champions League\") and reached the semi\\-finals of the [2011 FIFA Club World Cup](/wiki/2011_FIFA_Club_World_Cup \"2011 FIFA Club World Cup\"). Fossati left Al\\-Sadd on 19 May 2012 and joined [Club Cerro Porteño](/wiki/Club_Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o \"Club Cerro Porteño\").", "On 26 July 2013, he signed a two years contract with United Arab Emirates champions [Al Ain](/wiki/Al_Ain_FC \"Al Ain FC\") to replace [Cosmin Olăroiu](/wiki/Cosmin_Ol%C4%83roiu \"Cosmin Olăroiu\").", "He became coach of the [Qatar national football team](/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team \"Qatar national football team\") in 2016\\. Like Fossati, all of the football management of 'The Maroons' were Uruguayan.", "In June 2019, the River Plate Athletic Club of Uruguay asked for help, and that the club take command, in order to resurface it, in four months it led the club to a significant improvement in football.", "In March 2023, he joined [Club Universitario de Deportes](/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes \"Club Universitario de Deportes\"), after the departure of [Carlos Compagnucci](/wiki/Carlos_Compagnucci \"Carlos Compagnucci\"). His contract would end in December 2023 amid rumours of Fossati signing over to the [Peru national football team](/wiki/Peru_national_football_team \"Peru national football team\").{{Cite web\\\|title\\=A la selección: Universitario oficializó la salida de Jorge Fossati\\\|url\\=https://trome.com/deportes/seleccion\\-peruana/seleccion\\-peruana\\-universitario\\-oficializo\\-la\\-salida\\-de\\-jorge\\-fossati\\-que\\-sera\\-el\\-nuevo\\-tecnico\\-de\\-la\\-blanquirroja\\-noticia/\\\|website\\=Trome\\\|language\\=es\\-pe\\\|access\\-date\\=14 December 2023}} On 27 December, 2023, Peru would officialize the signing of Fossati as head coach.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia\\-jorge\\-fossati\\-conmebol\\-le\\-da\\-bienvenida\\-como\\-tecnico\\-de\\-seleccion\\-peruana\\-968337\\.aspx\\\|title\\=Jorge Fossati: Conmebol le da la bienvenida como técnico de la selección peruana\\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2023\\\|date\\=28 December 2023\\\|website\\=Andina\\\|language\\=es\\-pe}}", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Education and early work Busby graduated magna cum laude from [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") with a B.A. in Visual and Environmental Studies.{{cite magazine\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=idUDAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=%22kathryn\+busby%22\+harvard\&pg\=PA12 \\|title\=Speaking of People {{!}} Television Executive Vice President\\|magazine\=\[\[Ebony magazine\\|Ebony]]\\|date\= November 1999\\|page\= 12}}[Kathryn Busby](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kathryn-busby-0189449/) at [LinkedIn](/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn"). She worked in the record industry for several years as an executive at [LaFace Records](/wiki/LaFace_Records "LaFace Records"), [Paisley Park Records](/wiki/Paisley_Park_Records "Paisley Park Records"),{{cite magazine\\|first\=David\\|last\= Nathan\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-BEEAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=%22kathy\+busby%22\+paisley\+park\&pg\=PA21 \\|title\=Staples Poised For Big Break? Paisley Gears For promotional Push\\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|volume\=105\\|number\=36\\|date\=September 4, 1993}} and [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records "MCA Records") in [London](/wiki/London "London"), UK. ### Television career Beginning a career in television, Busby was director of comedy development at [Universal Television](/wiki/Universal_Television "Universal Television") from 1996 to 1999\.{{cite web\\|first\=Nellie \\|last\=Andreeva\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2014/03/kathryn\-busby\-joins\-spt\-networks\-as\-svp\-programming\-production\-706199/\\|title\=Kathryn Busby Joins SPT Networks As SVP Programming \& Production\\|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\|date\=March 28, 2014}} From 1999 to 2005, she was senior vice president and head of development at [Carsey\-Werner](/wiki/Carsey-Werner "Carsey-Werner"),["People \\| Kathy Busby"](https://books.google.com/books?id=BLQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22kathy+busby%22&pg=PA17), [Jet](/wiki/Jet_magazine "Jet magazine"), Vol. 105, No. 10, March 8, 2004, p. 17\. where she developed such television series as [Whoopi](/wiki/Whoopi_%28TV_series%29 "Whoopi (TV series)"), [The Tracy Morgan Show](/wiki/The_Tracy_Morgan_Show "The Tracy Morgan Show"), [Game Over](/wiki/Game_Over_%28TV_series%29 "Game Over (TV series)"), and [Grounded for Life](/wiki/Grounded_For_Life "Grounded For Life").{{cite web\\|first\=Candice \\|last\=McDonough\\|url\=http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press\-releases/2005/09/12/kathy\-busby\-joins\-new\-line\-cinema\-as\-senior\-vp\-of\-production\\|title\=Kathy Busby Joins New Line Cinema as Senior VP of Production\\|publisher\= \[\[Time Warner]]\\|date\= September 12, 2005}} She was subsequently supervising producer for [The Aisha Tyler Show](/wiki/Aisha_Tyler "Aisha Tyler") and senior vice president of production at [New Line Cinema](/wiki/New_Line_Cinema "New Line Cinema"),{{cite web\\|first\=Ben\\|last\= Fritz\\|url\=https://variety.com/2005/film/markets\-festivals/busby\-getting\-new\-line\-gig\-1117928844/ \\|title\=Busby getting New Line gig\\|magazine\=Variety\\|date\= September 8, 2005}} where she was executive producer on the 2008 film [Sex and the City](/wiki/Sex_and_the_City_%28film%29 "Sex and the City (film)")["Films Monitored"](http://banthenword.org/news/publish/enews2008/enews91.shtml), BN\-W eNewsletter \#91\.["Sex and the City (2008\) \\| Full Cast \& Crew"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1000774/fullcredits), [IMDb](/wiki/IMDb "IMDb"). and senior executive on [Rush Hour 3](/wiki/Rush_Hour_3 "Rush Hour 3") (2007\). Busby worked for four years with [Turner Broadcasting](/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System "Turner Broadcasting System") from 2010,{{cite web\\|first\=Nellie\\|last\= Andreeva\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/former\-carsey\-werner\-exec\-joins\-22194 \\|title\=Former Carsey\-Werner exec joins TBS\\|website\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\\|date\= March 31, 2010}} as vice president of comedy development and vice president of [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28U.S._TV_network%29 "TNT (U.S. TV network)") and [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 "TBS (American TV channel)") Originals,["TNT and TBS's Original Programming Group Reorganizes, with New Roles for Lillah McCarthy, Brett Weitz and Kathy Busby, Plus Newly Hired Unscripted Development Exec David Eilenberg"](http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2012/07/11/tnt-and-tbss-original-programming-group-reorganizes-with-new-roles-for-lillah-mccarthy-brett-weitz-and-kathy-busby-plus-newly-hired-unscripted-development-exec-david-eilenberg-809111/20120711turner01/), [The Futon Critic](/wiki/The_Futon_Critic "The Futon Critic"), July 11, 2012\. working on such shows as [Black Box](/wiki/Black_Box_%28TV_series%29 "Black Box (TV series)"), [Wedding Band](/wiki/Wedding_Band "Wedding Band") and [Sullivan \& Son](/wiki/Sullivan_%26_Son "Sullivan & Son").{{cite web\\|first\=Lesley \\|last\=Goldberg\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/kathryn\-busby\-promoted\-president\-tristar\-tv\-1268286 \\|title\=Kathryn Busby Promoted to Head of TriStar TV\\|website\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|date\=January 9, 2010}} In 2014, she joined [Sony Pictures Television](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television "Sony Pictures Television") (SPT) Networks, where she was senior vice president of development, initiating and overseeing the sourcing, development and early production of original series around the world.["EXCLUSIVE \- Brief interview with Kathryn Busby (Sony Pictures Television Network) \- MIA Market 2018"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hv37LKr2Cqs), Mia Market \- Mercato Internazionale Audiovisivo, July 3, 2019\. As senior vice president of the boutique production unit Gemstone Studios, she spearheaded the development and production of drama series such as [Absentia](/wiki/Absentia_%28TV_series%29 "Absentia (TV series)"),{{cite web\\|first\=Elaine \\|last\=Low\\|url\=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/sony\-pictures\-television\-production\-unit\-1203160678/\\|title\=Sony Pictures Television Launches New Boutique Production Unit (EXCLUSIVE)\\|magazine\=Variety\\|date\= March 12, 2019}} and oversaw the development of such projects as the local\-language original series Ultraviolet and the series [Carter](/wiki/Carter_%28TV_series%29 "Carter (TV series)") (starring [Jerry O'Connell](/wiki/Jerry_O%27Connell "Jerry O'Connell") and [Sydney Poitier Heartsong](/wiki/Sydney_Poitier_Heartsong "Sydney Poitier Heartsong")), until in January 2020 being named executive vice president of [TriStar Television](/wiki/TriStar_Television "TriStar Television"), a division of SPT.{{cite web\\|first\=Nellie \\|last\=Andreeva\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2020/01/kathryn\-busby\-named\-head\-of\-tristar\-television\-1202825549/ \\|title\=Kathryn Busby Named Head Of TriStar Television\\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\= January 9, 2020}}{{cite web\\|first\=Lawrence\\|last\= Yee\\|url\=https://www.thewrap.com/kathryn\-busby\-named\-head\-of\-tristar\-television/ \\|title\=Kathryn Busby Named Head of TriStar Television\\|website\=The Wrap\\|date\= January 9, 2020}}{{cite magazine\\|url\=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/kathryn\-busby\-head\-of\-tristar\-television/ \\|title\=Kathryn Busby Named Head Of TriStar Television\\|magazine\=\[\[Essence (magazine)\\|Essence]]\\|date\= January 23, 2020}} In November 2021, it was announced that Busby would be leaving the Sony television label to become President of Original Programming at [Starz](/wiki/Starz "Starz"), succeeding Christina Davis.{{cite web\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2021/11/kathryn\-busby\-starz\-president\-of\-original\-programming\-exit\-tristar\-television\-1234866199/\\|title\=TriStar TV's Kathryn Busby Joins Starz As President Of Original Programming\\|first\=Nellie \\|last\=Andreeva\\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\=November 17, 2021\\|access\-date\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv\-news/kathryn\-busby\-to\-head\-original\-programming\-at\-starz\-1235049346/\\|title\=Kathryn Busby to Head Original Programming at Starz\\|website\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|first\=Lesley\\|last\= Goldberg\\|date\=November 17, 2021\\|access\-date\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/starz\-kathryn\-busby\-president\-original\-programming\-1235114439/\\|title\=Starz Names Kathryn Busby President of Original Programming\\|website\=Variety\\|first\=Joe \\|last\=Otterson\\|date\=November 17, 2021\\|access\-date\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://mediaroom.starz.com/bio/Kathryn\-Busby\\|title\=Kathryn Busby {{!}} President, Original Programming\\|website\=Starz}} In January 2022, Busby was elected Chair of the inaugural BAFTA North America Board, after BAFTA united its New York and Los Angeles entities.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\-news/bafta\-us\-board\-starz\-kathryn\-busby\-chair\-1235070149/\\|title\=BAFTA Unifies U.S. Operations Under One Board, Starz's Kathryn Busby Named Chair\\|work\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|first\=Alex\\|last\=Ritman\\|date\=January 5, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2022/01/starz\-programming\-boss\-kathryn\-busby\-to\-chair\-baftas\-all\-new\-north\-america\-board\-1234904729/\\|title\=Starz Programming Boss Kathryn Busby To Chair BAFTA's All\-New North America Board\\|first\=Max \\|last\=Goldbart\\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\=January 5, 2022\\|access\-date\=January 6, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/bafta\-expands\-north\-america\-1235147172/\\|title\=BAFTA Expands North America Operations, Appoints Starz's Kathryn Busby as Board Chair\\|first\=K.J. \\|last\=Yossman\\|work\=Variety\\|date\=January 5, 2022\\|access\-date\=January 6, 2022}} She was succeeded in the role in 2024 by Joyce Pierpoline.{{cite web\\|url\=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/bafta\-joyce\-pierpoline\-north\-america\-chair\-1235864886/\\|title\=BAFTA Names Joyce Pierpoline New North America Board Chair\\|first\=Alex\\|last\=Ritman\\|website\=Variety\\|date\=January 8, 2024\\|access\-date\=January 12, 2024}} ### Other activities Also a filmmaker, Busby's work includes having directed, produced and co\-written the short film [Max and Josh](/wiki/Max_and_Josh "Max and Josh") (2006\), which premiered at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival "Sundance Film Festival"),[Speakers \\| International Drama Summit Speakers](http://www.c21media.net/event/c21-international-drama-summit/speakers/), Content London. and the 2004 comedy short My Purple Fur Coat["My Purple Fur Coat (2004\)"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0477787/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk3), IMDb. (winner of a Best Children's Short award at the Houston Black Film Festival).["The 1st Annual Houston Black Film Festival Wrapped Up Sunday June 26th, With Distribution and Option Deals On the Table"](http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/07/prweb257987.htm){{dead link\\|date\=September 2024\\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\=medic}}, Cision PrWeb, July 5, 2005\. She co\-authored with [Neena Beber](/wiki/Neena_Beber "Neena Beber") the original screenplay Her Gal Friday, which was optioned at ABC's [Freeform](/wiki/Freeform_%28TV_channel%29 "Freeform (TV channel)") channel. Busby is on the [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") board of directors for the [British Academy of Film and Television Arts](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts%23BAFTA_Los_Angeles "British Academy of Film and Television Arts#BAFTA Los Angeles") (BAFTA),["The Board and Staff"](http://www.bafta.org/los-angeles/about/key-personnel/the-board-and-staff), BAFTA Los Angeles. of which she was elected deputy chair in January 2018,{{cite web\\|first\=Alex \\|last\=Ritman\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ifc\-films\-arianna\-bocco\-elected\-chair\-bafta\-new\-york\-1076871 \\|title\=Sony executive Kathryn Busby has been elected deputy chair of the British Academy's L.A. board\\|website\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|date\= January 22, 2018}} and chair in December 2018\.{{cite web\\|first\=Mark A.\\|last\= Silba\\|url\=https://www.screendaily.com/news/kathryn\-busby\-elected\-chair\-of\-bafta\-la\-board/5135220\.article \\|title\=Kathryn Busby elected chair of Bafta LA board\\|work\=\[\[Screen International\\|Screen Daily]]\\|date\= December 11, 2018}}{{cite web\\|first\=Peter \\|last\=White\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2018/12/kathryn\-busby\-bafta\-la\-board\-1202517920/ \\|title\=Sony Exec Kathryn Busby To Chair BAFTA LA Board\\|website\=Deadline Hollywood\\|date\= December 11, 2018}} She is also on the Board of Directors of PACE (Philanthropy and Community Engagement). Busby features in the 1999 book by Julian C. R. Okwu As I Am: Young African American Women in a Critical Age.{{cite book\\|first\=Julian C. R. \\|last\=Okwu\\|title\=As I Am: Young African American Women in a Critical Age\\|publisher\= Chronicle Books\\|date\= 1999\\|isbn\=978\-0811820738}} She is the niece of British publisher [Margaret Busby](/wiki/Margaret_Busby "Margaret Busby").{{cite tweet\\|number\=700704821444083713\\|user\=Busby\\|title\=A reminder of how impressive my Aunt Margaret was, and still is.\\|date\=February 19, 2016}}	[ "Biography\n---------", "### Education and early work", "Busby graduated magna cum laude from [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") with a B.A. in Visual and Environmental Studies.{{cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=idUDAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=%22kathryn\\+busby%22\\+harvard\\&pg\\=PA12 \\\|title\\=Speaking of People {{!}} Television Executive Vice President\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Ebony magazine\\\|Ebony]]\\\|date\\= November 1999\\\|page\\= 12}}[Kathryn Busby](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kathryn-busby-0189449/) at [LinkedIn](/wiki/LinkedIn \"LinkedIn\"). She worked in the record industry for several years as an executive at [LaFace Records](/wiki/LaFace_Records \"LaFace Records\"), [Paisley Park Records](/wiki/Paisley_Park_Records \"Paisley Park Records\"),{{cite magazine\\\|first\\=David\\\|last\\= Nathan\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-BEEAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=%22kathy\\+busby%22\\+paisley\\+park\\&pg\\=PA21 \\\|title\\=Staples Poised For Big Break? Paisley Gears For promotional Push\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\\|Billboard]]\\\|volume\\=105\\\|number\\=36\\\|date\\=September 4, 1993}} and [MCA Records](/wiki/MCA_Records \"MCA Records\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), UK.", "### Television career", "Beginning a career in television, Busby was director of comedy development at [Universal Television](/wiki/Universal_Television \"Universal Television\") from 1996 to 1999\\.{{cite web\\\|first\\=Nellie \\\|last\\=Andreeva\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2014/03/kathryn\\-busby\\-joins\\-spt\\-networks\\-as\\-svp\\-programming\\-production\\-706199/\\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby Joins SPT Networks As SVP Programming \\& Production\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\\|date\\=March 28, 2014}}", "From 1999 to 2005, she was senior vice president and head of development at [Carsey\\-Werner](/wiki/Carsey-Werner \"Carsey-Werner\"),[\"People \\\| Kathy Busby\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=BLQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22kathy+busby%22&pg=PA17), [Jet](/wiki/Jet_magazine \"Jet magazine\"), Vol. 105, No. 10, March 8, 2004, p. 17\\. where she developed such television series as [Whoopi](/wiki/Whoopi_%28TV_series%29 \"Whoopi (TV series)\"), [The Tracy Morgan Show](/wiki/The_Tracy_Morgan_Show \"The Tracy Morgan Show\"), [Game Over](/wiki/Game_Over_%28TV_series%29 \"Game Over (TV series)\"), and [Grounded for Life](/wiki/Grounded_For_Life \"Grounded For Life\").{{cite web\\\|first\\=Candice \\\|last\\=McDonough\\\|url\\=http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press\\-releases/2005/09/12/kathy\\-busby\\-joins\\-new\\-line\\-cinema\\-as\\-senior\\-vp\\-of\\-production\\\|title\\=Kathy Busby Joins New Line Cinema as Senior VP of Production\\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Time Warner]]\\\|date\\= September 12, 2005}} She was subsequently supervising producer for [The Aisha Tyler Show](/wiki/Aisha_Tyler \"Aisha Tyler\") and senior vice president of production at [New Line Cinema](/wiki/New_Line_Cinema \"New Line Cinema\"),{{cite web\\\|first\\=Ben\\\|last\\= Fritz\\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2005/film/markets\\-festivals/busby\\-getting\\-new\\-line\\-gig\\-1117928844/ \\\|title\\=Busby getting New Line gig\\\|magazine\\=Variety\\\|date\\= September 8, 2005}} where she was executive producer on the 2008 film [Sex and the City](/wiki/Sex_and_the_City_%28film%29 \"Sex and the City (film)\")[\"Films Monitored\"](http://banthenword.org/news/publish/enews2008/enews91.shtml), BN\\-W eNewsletter \\#91\\.[\"Sex and the City (2008\\) \\\| Full Cast \\& Crew\"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1000774/fullcredits), [IMDb](/wiki/IMDb \"IMDb\"). and senior executive on [Rush Hour 3](/wiki/Rush_Hour_3 \"Rush Hour 3\") (2007\\).", "Busby worked for four years with [Turner Broadcasting](/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System \"Turner Broadcasting System\") from 2010,{{cite web\\\|first\\=Nellie\\\|last\\= Andreeva\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/former\\-carsey\\-werner\\-exec\\-joins\\-22194 \\\|title\\=Former Carsey\\-Werner exec joins TBS\\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]]\\\|date\\= March 31, 2010}} as vice president of comedy development and vice president of [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28U.S._TV_network%29 \"TNT (U.S. TV network)\") and [TBS](/wiki/TBS_%28American_TV_channel%29 \"TBS (American TV channel)\") Originals,[\"TNT and TBS's Original Programming Group Reorganizes, with New Roles for Lillah McCarthy, Brett Weitz and Kathy Busby, Plus Newly Hired Unscripted Development Exec David Eilenberg\"](http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2012/07/11/tnt-and-tbss-original-programming-group-reorganizes-with-new-roles-for-lillah-mccarthy-brett-weitz-and-kathy-busby-plus-newly-hired-unscripted-development-exec-david-eilenberg-809111/20120711turner01/), [The Futon Critic](/wiki/The_Futon_Critic \"The Futon Critic\"), July 11, 2012\\. working on such shows as [Black Box](/wiki/Black_Box_%28TV_series%29 \"Black Box (TV series)\"), [Wedding Band](/wiki/Wedding_Band \"Wedding Band\") and [Sullivan \\& Son](/wiki/Sullivan_%26_Son \"Sullivan & Son\").{{cite web\\\|first\\=Lesley \\\|last\\=Goldberg\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/kathryn\\-busby\\-promoted\\-president\\-tristar\\-tv\\-1268286 \\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby Promoted to Head of TriStar TV\\\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\\|date\\=January 9, 2010}} In 2014, she joined [Sony Pictures Television](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television \"Sony Pictures Television\") (SPT) Networks, where she was senior vice president of development, initiating and overseeing the sourcing, development and early production of original series around the world.[\"EXCLUSIVE \\- Brief interview with Kathryn Busby (Sony Pictures Television Network) \\- MIA Market 2018\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hv37LKr2Cqs), Mia Market \\- Mercato Internazionale Audiovisivo, July 3, 2019\\.", "As senior vice president of the boutique production unit Gemstone Studios, she spearheaded the development and production of drama series such as [Absentia](/wiki/Absentia_%28TV_series%29 \"Absentia (TV series)\"),{{cite web\\\|first\\=Elaine \\\|last\\=Low\\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/sony\\-pictures\\-television\\-production\\-unit\\-1203160678/\\\|title\\=Sony Pictures Television Launches New Boutique Production Unit (EXCLUSIVE)\\\|magazine\\=Variety\\\|date\\= March 12, 2019}} and oversaw the development of such projects as the local\\-language original series Ultraviolet and the series [Carter](/wiki/Carter_%28TV_series%29 \"Carter (TV series)\") (starring [Jerry O'Connell](/wiki/Jerry_O%27Connell \"Jerry O'Connell\") and [Sydney Poitier Heartsong](/wiki/Sydney_Poitier_Heartsong \"Sydney Poitier Heartsong\")), until in January 2020 being named executive vice president of [TriStar Television](/wiki/TriStar_Television \"TriStar Television\"), a division of SPT.{{cite web\\\|first\\=Nellie \\\|last\\=Andreeva\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2020/01/kathryn\\-busby\\-named\\-head\\-of\\-tristar\\-television\\-1202825549/ \\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby Named Head Of TriStar Television\\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\\|date\\= January 9, 2020}}{{cite web\\\|first\\=Lawrence\\\|last\\= Yee\\\|url\\=https://www.thewrap.com/kathryn\\-busby\\-named\\-head\\-of\\-tristar\\-television/ \\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby Named Head of TriStar Television\\\|website\\=The Wrap\\\|date\\= January 9, 2020}}{{cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/kathryn\\-busby\\-head\\-of\\-tristar\\-television/ \\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby Named Head Of TriStar Television\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Essence (magazine)\\\|Essence]]\\\|date\\= January 23, 2020}}", "In November 2021, it was announced that Busby would be leaving the Sony television label to become President of Original Programming at [Starz](/wiki/Starz \"Starz\"), succeeding Christina Davis.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2021/11/kathryn\\-busby\\-starz\\-president\\-of\\-original\\-programming\\-exit\\-tristar\\-television\\-1234866199/\\\|title\\=TriStar TV's Kathryn Busby Joins Starz As President Of Original Programming\\\|first\\=Nellie \\\|last\\=Andreeva\\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\\|date\\=November 17, 2021\\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv\\-news/kathryn\\-busby\\-to\\-head\\-original\\-programming\\-at\\-starz\\-1235049346/\\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby to Head Original Programming at Starz\\\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\\|first\\=Lesley\\\|last\\= Goldberg\\\|date\\=November 17, 2021\\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/starz\\-kathryn\\-busby\\-president\\-original\\-programming\\-1235114439/\\\|title\\=Starz Names Kathryn Busby President of Original Programming\\\|website\\=Variety\\\|first\\=Joe \\\|last\\=Otterson\\\|date\\=November 17, 2021\\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://mediaroom.starz.com/bio/Kathryn\\-Busby\\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby {{!}} President, Original Programming\\\|website\\=Starz}}", "In January 2022, Busby was elected Chair of the inaugural BAFTA North America Board, after BAFTA united its New York and Los Angeles entities.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\\-news/bafta\\-us\\-board\\-starz\\-kathryn\\-busby\\-chair\\-1235070149/\\\|title\\=BAFTA Unifies U.S. Operations Under One Board, Starz's Kathryn Busby Named Chair\\\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\\|first\\=Alex\\\|last\\=Ritman\\\|date\\=January 5, 2022}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2022/01/starz\\-programming\\-boss\\-kathryn\\-busby\\-to\\-chair\\-baftas\\-all\\-new\\-north\\-america\\-board\\-1234904729/\\\|title\\=Starz Programming Boss Kathryn Busby To Chair BAFTA's All\\-New North America Board\\\|first\\=Max \\\|last\\=Goldbart\\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\\|date\\=January 5, 2022\\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2022}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/bafta\\-expands\\-north\\-america\\-1235147172/\\\|title\\=BAFTA Expands North America Operations, Appoints Starz's Kathryn Busby as Board Chair\\\|first\\=K.J. \\\|last\\=Yossman\\\|work\\=Variety\\\|date\\=January 5, 2022\\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2022}} She was succeeded in the role in 2024 by Joyce Pierpoline.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/bafta\\-joyce\\-pierpoline\\-north\\-america\\-chair\\-1235864886/\\\|title\\=BAFTA Names Joyce Pierpoline New North America Board Chair\\\|first\\=Alex\\\|last\\=Ritman\\\|website\\=Variety\\\|date\\=January 8, 2024\\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2024}}", "### Other activities", "Also a filmmaker, Busby's work includes having directed, produced and co\\-written the short film [Max and Josh](/wiki/Max_and_Josh \"Max and Josh\") (2006\\), which premiered at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival \"Sundance Film Festival\"),[Speakers \\\| International Drama Summit Speakers](http://www.c21media.net/event/c21-international-drama-summit/speakers/), Content London. and the 2004 comedy short My Purple Fur Coat[\"My Purple Fur Coat (2004\\)\"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0477787/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_lk3), IMDb. (winner of a Best Children's Short award at the Houston Black Film Festival).[\"The 1st Annual Houston Black Film Festival Wrapped Up Sunday June 26th, With Distribution and Option Deals On the Table\"](http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/07/prweb257987.htm){{dead link\\\|date\\=September 2024\\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\\|bot\\=medic}}, Cision PrWeb, July 5, 2005\\. She co\\-authored with [Neena Beber](/wiki/Neena_Beber \"Neena Beber\") the original screenplay Her Gal Friday, which was optioned at ABC's [Freeform](/wiki/Freeform_%28TV_channel%29 \"Freeform (TV channel)\") channel.", "Busby is on the [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") board of directors for the [British Academy of Film and Television Arts](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts%23BAFTA_Los_Angeles \"British Academy of Film and Television Arts#BAFTA Los Angeles\") (BAFTA),[\"The Board and Staff\"](http://www.bafta.org/los-angeles/about/key-personnel/the-board-and-staff), BAFTA Los Angeles. of which she was elected deputy chair in January 2018,{{cite web\\\|first\\=Alex \\\|last\\=Ritman\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ifc\\-films\\-arianna\\-bocco\\-elected\\-chair\\-bafta\\-new\\-york\\-1076871 \\\|title\\=Sony executive Kathryn Busby has been elected deputy chair of the British Academy's L.A. board\\\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\\|date\\= January 22, 2018}} and chair in December 2018\\.{{cite web\\\|first\\=Mark A.\\\|last\\= Silba\\\|url\\=https://www.screendaily.com/news/kathryn\\-busby\\-elected\\-chair\\-of\\-bafta\\-la\\-board/5135220\\.article \\\|title\\=Kathryn Busby elected chair of Bafta LA board\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Screen International\\\|Screen Daily]]\\\|date\\= December 11, 2018}}{{cite web\\\|first\\=Peter \\\|last\\=White\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2018/12/kathryn\\-busby\\-bafta\\-la\\-board\\-1202517920/ \\\|title\\=Sony Exec Kathryn Busby To Chair BAFTA LA Board\\\|website\\=Deadline Hollywood\\\|date\\= December 11, 2018}} She is also on the Board of Directors of PACE (Philanthropy and Community Engagement).", "Busby features in the 1999 book by Julian C. R. Okwu As I Am: Young African American Women in a Critical Age.{{cite book\\\|first\\=Julian C. R. \\\|last\\=Okwu\\\|title\\=As I Am: Young African American Women in a Critical Age\\\|publisher\\= Chronicle Books\\\|date\\= 1999\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0811820738}} She is the niece of British publisher [Margaret Busby](/wiki/Margaret_Busby \"Margaret Busby\").{{cite tweet\\\|number\\=700704821444083713\\\|user\\=Busby\\\|title\\=A reminder of how impressive my Aunt Margaret was, and still is.\\\|date\\=February 19, 2016}}", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Early career Robinson began his career playing for [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C.") playing for the schoolboys team from the age of 11 to 16\. In 1999, at the age of 17, he signed as an apprentice at [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. "Blackpool F.C.") and played two years at youth and reserve team levels.{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Burton\-Albion\-Derby\-County\-keeper\-looks\-2016/story\-28192946\-detail/story.html\\|title\=Former Burton Albion and Derby County keeper looks to 2016 Olympic Games with New Zealand\\|last\=Nicholson\\|first\=Steve\\|date\=18 November 2015\\|newspaper\=Burton Mail\\|access\-date\=19 May 2016}} In 2001, he signed a professional contract with [Burton Albion](/wiki/Burton_Albion_F.C. "Burton Albion F.C."), who were then under the management of [Nigel Clough](/wiki/Nigel_Clough "Nigel Clough"). During four seasons with the Brewers the bulk of his first team appearances would come in cup competitions. He made his one and only league appearance for Burton Albion in January 2003 in a [Football Conference](/wiki/Football_conference "Football conference") fixture away to [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough_F.C. "Scarborough F.C.") and was sent off on debut in the 4–1 defeat.{{Cite news\\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2393864/Cup\-teams\-lose\-sight\-of\-play\-offs.html\\|title\=Cup teams lose sight of play\-offs\\|last\=Harling\\|first\=Nicholas\\|date\=6 January 2003\\|work\=The Telegraph\\|access\-date\=20 May 2016\\|via\=telegraph.co.uk}} ### Move to New Zealand In 2004, Robinson joined New Zealand side [Gisborne City](/wiki/Gisborne_City_AFC "Gisborne City AFC") on loan and in 2005 he returned on a permanent basis, also taking the role as the club's academy director. After two seasons of winter regional football with Gisborne, Robinson signed with [Waikato FC](/wiki/Waikato_FC "Waikato FC") for the 2006\-07 [New Zealand Football Championship](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.oocities.org/dwaynebarlow/WFC/HOME/page.html\\|title\=WaikatoFC\\|website\=www.oocities.org\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-22}} He would return for one more winter season with Gisborne between his first two summers in the national league with Waikato. Since 2008, Robinson has played national league football in the summer for [Waitakere United](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United") but he has played for various regional clubs in the winter including [Hamilton Wanderers](/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers "Hamilton Wanderers"), [Bay Olympic](/wiki/Bay_Olympic "Bay Olympic"), [Lynn\-Avon United](/wiki/Lynn-Avon_United_A.F.C. "Lynn-Avon United A.F.C.") and [Birkenhead United](/wiki/Birkenhead_United "Birkenhead United"). ### Waitakere United In 2008, Robinson moved to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") to develop his coaching career and sign for then [Oceania Champions](/wiki/2008_OFC_Champions_League_Final "2008 OFC Champions League Final") [Waitakere United](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United"), who had qualified for the [2008 FIFA Club World Cup](/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup "2008 FIFA Club World Cup"). Robinson started five league games and two [OFC Champions League](/wiki/OFC_Champions_League "OFC Champions League") games in his first season with [Waitakere United](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United") but was on the bench for their [FIFA Club World Cup playoff](/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup "2008 FIFA Club World Cup") defeat to [Adelaide United](/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC "Adelaide United FC") as well as the [NZFC](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship") Grand Final defeat to [Auckland City](/wiki/Auckland_City_FC "Auckland City FC"). The following season, he established himself as the first choice goalkeeper, playing all but one match for [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United") as they claimed their second [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship") title and finished runners\-up in the [2010 OFC Champions League](/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League "2010 AFC Champions League"). Between 2009–10 and 2012–13, with Robinson as the first choice goalkeeper, [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United") won an unprecedented four straight [NZFC](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship") titles, added two more minor premierships and one [Charity Cup](/wiki/Charity_Cup "Charity Cup") win.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/danny\-robinson\-happy\-to\-have\-4\-in\-a\-row/\\|title\=Danny Robinson – Happy to have 4\-in\-a\-row\\|date\=2013\-03\-19\\|website\=New Zealand Football\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-22}}{{Cite news\\|url\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/8437041/Waitakere\-United\-make\-it\-four\-in\-a\-row\\|title\=Waitakere United make it four in a row\\|date\=2013\-03\-17\\|newspaper\=Stuff.co.nz\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-22}} They would also make two [OFC Champions League](/wiki/OFC_Champions_League "OFC Champions League") finals but lost them both. On 27 January 2013, towards the end of this period of domestic success, Robinson also became the first goalkeeper to play 100 matches in the [NZFC](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship"). The following season, as part of the marking of the first ten seasons of the franchise\-based format of the national [league](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship"), Robinson was named as the league's [Goalkeeper of the Decade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship") and was also named to the [Team of the Decade.](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship "New Zealand Football Championship") The awards were chosen by a public vote and a panel of football writers.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/asb\-premiership\-team\-of\-the\-decade\-competition/\\|title\=ASB Premiership Team of the Decade Competition\\|date\=2013\-11\-27\\|website\=New Zealand Football\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-22\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513125547/http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/asb\-premiership\-team\-of\-the\-decade\-competition/\\|archive\-date\=13 May 2016\\|url\-status\=dead}} The [2013\-14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ASB_Premiership "2013–14 ASB Premiership") marked the start of a rebuilding phase for [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United") and they finished fourth in the league, losing to [Auckland City](/wiki/Auckland_City_FC "Auckland City FC") in the semifinals.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.waitakereunited.co.nz/shelley\-keen\-to\-be\-part\-of\-united\-rebuild/\\|title\=Shelley keen to be part of United rebuild\\|date\=31 October 2013\\|website\=www.waitakereunited.co.nz\\|language\=EN\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-22}} The [following season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_ASB_Premiership "2014–15 ASB Premiership"), they would again lose to [Auckland City](/wiki/Auckland_City_FC "Auckland City FC") in the semifinals after finishing fourth in the regular season. Robinson was named captain for the 2014–15 season.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\-ndQt4OQ\_ho\\|title\=Waitakere United \- Club Profile\\|date\=11 December 2014\\|website\=You Tube\\|publisher\=New Zealand Football\\|access\-date\=22 May 2016}} In the [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ASB_Premiership "2015–16 ASB Premiership") season Robinson reduced his playing role with [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United "Waitakere United") to fulfill his full\-time coaching duties with the [New Zealand women's team](/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team "New Zealand women's national football team").	[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Early career", "Robinson began his career playing for [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\") playing for the schoolboys team from the age of 11 to 16\\. In 1999, at the age of 17, he signed as an apprentice at [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. \"Blackpool F.C.\") and played two years at youth and reserve team levels.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Burton\\-Albion\\-Derby\\-County\\-keeper\\-looks\\-2016/story\\-28192946\\-detail/story.html\\\|title\\=Former Burton Albion and Derby County keeper looks to 2016 Olympic Games with New Zealand\\\|last\\=Nicholson\\\|first\\=Steve\\\|date\\=18 November 2015\\\|newspaper\\=Burton Mail\\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2016}} In 2001, he signed a professional contract with [Burton Albion](/wiki/Burton_Albion_F.C. \"Burton Albion F.C.\"), who were then under the management of [Nigel Clough](/wiki/Nigel_Clough \"Nigel Clough\"). During four seasons with the Brewers the bulk of his first team appearances would come in cup competitions. He made his one and only league appearance for Burton Albion in January 2003 in a [Football Conference](/wiki/Football_conference \"Football conference\") fixture away to [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough_F.C. \"Scarborough F.C.\") and was sent off on debut in the 4–1 defeat.{{Cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2393864/Cup\\-teams\\-lose\\-sight\\-of\\-play\\-offs.html\\\|title\\=Cup teams lose sight of play\\-offs\\\|last\\=Harling\\\|first\\=Nicholas\\\|date\\=6 January 2003\\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2016\\\|via\\=telegraph.co.uk}}", "### Move to New Zealand", "In 2004, Robinson joined New Zealand side [Gisborne City](/wiki/Gisborne_City_AFC \"Gisborne City AFC\") on loan and in 2005 he returned on a permanent basis, also taking the role as the club's academy director.", "After two seasons of winter regional football with Gisborne, Robinson signed with [Waikato FC](/wiki/Waikato_FC \"Waikato FC\") for the 2006\\-07 [New Zealand Football Championship](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.oocities.org/dwaynebarlow/WFC/HOME/page.html\\\|title\\=WaikatoFC\\\|website\\=www.oocities.org\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-22}} He would return for one more winter season with Gisborne between his first two summers in the national league with Waikato. Since 2008, Robinson has played national league football in the summer for [Waitakere United](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\") but he has played for various regional clubs in the winter including [Hamilton Wanderers](/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers \"Hamilton Wanderers\"), [Bay Olympic](/wiki/Bay_Olympic \"Bay Olympic\"), [Lynn\\-Avon United](/wiki/Lynn-Avon_United_A.F.C. \"Lynn-Avon United A.F.C.\") and [Birkenhead United](/wiki/Birkenhead_United \"Birkenhead United\").", "### Waitakere United", "In 2008, Robinson moved to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\") to develop his coaching career and sign for then [Oceania Champions](/wiki/2008_OFC_Champions_League_Final \"2008 OFC Champions League Final\") [Waitakere United](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\"), who had qualified for the [2008 FIFA Club World Cup](/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup \"2008 FIFA Club World Cup\"). Robinson started five league games and two [OFC Champions League](/wiki/OFC_Champions_League \"OFC Champions League\") games in his first season with [Waitakere United](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\") but was on the bench for their [FIFA Club World Cup playoff](/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup \"2008 FIFA Club World Cup\") defeat to [Adelaide United](/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC \"Adelaide United FC\") as well as the [NZFC](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\") Grand Final defeat to [Auckland City](/wiki/Auckland_City_FC \"Auckland City FC\").", "The following season, he established himself as the first choice goalkeeper, playing all but one match for [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\") as they claimed their second [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\") title and finished runners\\-up in the [2010 OFC Champions League](/wiki/2010_AFC_Champions_League \"2010 AFC Champions League\").", "Between 2009–10 and 2012–13, with Robinson as the first choice goalkeeper, [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\") won an unprecedented four straight [NZFC](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\") titles, added two more minor premierships and one [Charity Cup](/wiki/Charity_Cup \"Charity Cup\") win.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/danny\\-robinson\\-happy\\-to\\-have\\-4\\-in\\-a\\-row/\\\|title\\=Danny Robinson – Happy to have 4\\-in\\-a\\-row\\\|date\\=2013\\-03\\-19\\\|website\\=New Zealand Football\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-22}}{{Cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/8437041/Waitakere\\-United\\-make\\-it\\-four\\-in\\-a\\-row\\\|title\\=Waitakere United make it four in a row\\\|date\\=2013\\-03\\-17\\\|newspaper\\=Stuff.co.nz\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-22}} They would also make two [OFC Champions League](/wiki/OFC_Champions_League \"OFC Champions League\") finals but lost them both.", "On 27 January 2013, towards the end of this period of domestic success, Robinson also became the first goalkeeper to play 100 matches in the [NZFC](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\"). The following season, as part of the marking of the first ten seasons of the franchise\\-based format of the national [league](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\"), Robinson was named as the league's [Goalkeeper of the Decade](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\") and was also named to the [Team of the Decade.](/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship \"New Zealand Football Championship\") The awards were chosen by a public vote and a panel of football writers.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/asb\\-premiership\\-team\\-of\\-the\\-decade\\-competition/\\\|title\\=ASB Premiership Team of the Decade Competition\\\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-27\\\|website\\=New Zealand Football\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-22\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513125547/http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/asb\\-premiership\\-team\\-of\\-the\\-decade\\-competition/\\\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2016\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The [2013\\-14 season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ASB_Premiership \"2013–14 ASB Premiership\") marked the start of a rebuilding phase for [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\") and they finished fourth in the league, losing to [Auckland City](/wiki/Auckland_City_FC \"Auckland City FC\") in the semifinals.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.waitakereunited.co.nz/shelley\\-keen\\-to\\-be\\-part\\-of\\-united\\-rebuild/\\\|title\\=Shelley keen to be part of United rebuild\\\|date\\=31 October 2013\\\|website\\=www.waitakereunited.co.nz\\\|language\\=EN\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-22}} The [following season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_ASB_Premiership \"2014–15 ASB Premiership\"), they would again lose to [Auckland City](/wiki/Auckland_City_FC \"Auckland City FC\") in the semifinals after finishing fourth in the regular season. Robinson was named captain for the 2014–15 season.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\-ndQt4OQ\\_ho\\\|title\\=Waitakere United \\- Club Profile\\\|date\\=11 December 2014\\\|website\\=You Tube\\\|publisher\\=New Zealand Football\\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2016}} In the [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ASB_Premiership \"2015–16 ASB Premiership\") season Robinson reduced his playing role with [Waitakere](/wiki/Waitakere_United \"Waitakere United\") to fulfill his full\\-time coaching duties with the [New Zealand women's team](/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team \"New Zealand women's national football team\").", "" ]
International Access Grid ------------------------- ### Australia and New Zealand The Access Grid has generated interest and activity in Australia, where factors such as widely disparate geographic locations and relatively low population\-densities have previously presented great obstacles to "in\-person" collaborations. The International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics ([ICE\-EM](https://web.archive.org/web/20070705120029/http://www.ice-em.org.au/AGR/index.html)) have funded 10 Australian universities to construct nodes. The nodes allow the mathematics postgraduate community and professionals access to international experts who are visiting Australia. The nodes also provide a means of carrying out collaborative research with peers within Australia and internationally. Australia's first Access Grid node was built at [Sydney VisLab at the Australian Technology Park](https://web.archive.org/web/20070427181206/http://oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au/research/accessgrid/index.html) in August 2001\. By 2007 the Australian AG network has grown to more than 30 sites serviced by Asia Pacific Access Grid (APAG) venue servers at University of Sydney (AG2\) and University of Queensland (AG3\). The University of Queensland began providing AG facilities in 2002, with increasing usage every year since then. In 2004, the UQ Vislab began providing the Access Grid installation packages for various Linux distributions, as well as FreeBSD, to the wider AG community, although intellectual property concerns have placed the future of the Linux\-based technologies into doubt. It has also been active in developing various enhancements and add\-ons including shared applications for remote sensor monitoring shared application, [Remote Thermo](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904034319/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/instruments/) and shared GIS based on [GRASS](https://web.archive.org/web/20070129103605/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/grass/). By December 2006 each New Zealand university has an operational AG node, and use of the grid is increasing. Current{{As of?\\|date\=April 2023}} development work includes a [federated data management using Storage Resource Broker (SRB)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070907032517/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/virtual_fs/) and [high definition video communications](https://web.archive.org/web/20070830093020/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/advideo/). ### United Kingdom UK academic community support for Access Grid Toolkit, IOCOM and EVO technologies on JANET is provided by the [JANET Videoconferencing Management Centre](https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034443/http://www.ja.net/services/video/jvcs/gettingstarted/vcmc.html). The first Access Grid (AG) node was built at the [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester "University of Manchester") in 2001, with [Jisc](/wiki/Jisc "Jisc")\-funded support from the [Access Grid Support Centre](https://web.archive.org/web/20120531144343/http://www.ja.net/services/video/agsc/AGSCHome/) (AGSC) in Manchester from April 2004 to July 2011\.{{cite web \\|author\=Video conferencing Edinburgh says \\|url\=http://www.ja.net/janetnews/2011/04/14/access\-grid\-support\-relocating\-to\-the\-university\-of\-edinburgh/ \\|title\=Access Grid Support relocating to the University of Edinburgh \\| JANET News \\|publisher\=Ja.net \\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-21 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518003052/http://www.ja.net/janetnews/2011/04/14/access\-grid\-support\-relocating\-to\-the\-university\-of\-edinburgh/ \\|archive\-date\=2012\-05\-18 \\|url\-status\=dead }} There are now over three hundred AG nodes registered in the UK, ranging from full room nodes to small individual desktop nodes. There are a number of academic projects using AG technologies such as the [Taught Course Centre](/wiki/Taught_Course_Centre "Taught Course Centre") and [MAGIC (postgraduate mathematics)](/wiki/MAGIC_%28postgraduate_mathematics%29 "MAGIC (postgraduate mathematics)") mathematics projects.	[ "International Access Grid\n-------------------------", "### Australia and New Zealand", "The Access Grid has generated interest and activity in Australia, where factors such as widely disparate geographic locations and relatively low population\\-densities have previously presented great obstacles to \"in\\-person\" collaborations.", "The International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics ([ICE\\-EM](https://web.archive.org/web/20070705120029/http://www.ice-em.org.au/AGR/index.html)) have funded 10 Australian universities to construct nodes. The nodes allow the mathematics postgraduate community and professionals access to international experts who are visiting Australia. The nodes also provide a means of carrying out collaborative research with peers within Australia and internationally.", "Australia's first Access Grid node was built at [Sydney VisLab at the Australian Technology Park](https://web.archive.org/web/20070427181206/http://oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au/research/accessgrid/index.html) in August 2001\\.", "By 2007 the Australian AG network has grown to more than 30 sites serviced by Asia Pacific Access Grid (APAG) venue servers at University of Sydney (AG2\\) and University of Queensland (AG3\\).", "The University of Queensland began providing AG facilities in 2002, with increasing usage every year since then. In 2004, the UQ Vislab began providing the Access Grid installation packages for various Linux distributions, as well as FreeBSD, to the wider AG community, although intellectual property concerns have placed the future of the Linux\\-based technologies into doubt. It has also been active in developing various enhancements and add\\-ons including shared applications for remote sensor monitoring shared application, [Remote Thermo](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904034319/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/instruments/)\nand shared GIS based on \n [GRASS](https://web.archive.org/web/20070129103605/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/grass/).", "By December 2006 each New Zealand university has an operational AG node, and use of the grid is increasing.", "Current{{As of?\\\|date\\=April 2023}} development work includes a \n[federated data management using Storage Resource Broker (SRB)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070907032517/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/virtual_fs/)\nand [high definition video communications](https://web.archive.org/web/20070830093020/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/advideo/).", "### United Kingdom", "UK academic community support for Access Grid Toolkit, IOCOM and EVO technologies on JANET is provided by the [JANET Videoconferencing Management Centre](https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034443/http://www.ja.net/services/video/jvcs/gettingstarted/vcmc.html).", "The first Access Grid (AG) node was built at the [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\") in 2001, with [Jisc](/wiki/Jisc \"Jisc\")\\-funded support from the [Access Grid Support Centre](https://web.archive.org/web/20120531144343/http://www.ja.net/services/video/agsc/AGSCHome/) (AGSC) in Manchester from April 2004 to July 2011\\.{{cite web \\\|author\\=Video conferencing Edinburgh says \\\|url\\=http://www.ja.net/janetnews/2011/04/14/access\\-grid\\-support\\-relocating\\-to\\-the\\-university\\-of\\-edinburgh/ \\\|title\\=Access Grid Support relocating to the University of Edinburgh \\\| JANET News \\\|publisher\\=Ja.net \\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-21 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518003052/http://www.ja.net/janetnews/2011/04/14/access\\-grid\\-support\\-relocating\\-to\\-the\\-university\\-of\\-edinburgh/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-18 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} There are now over three hundred AG nodes registered in the UK, ranging from full room nodes to small individual desktop nodes.", "There are a number of academic projects using AG technologies such as the [Taught Course Centre](/wiki/Taught_Course_Centre \"Taught Course Centre\") and [MAGIC (postgraduate mathematics)](/wiki/MAGIC_%28postgraduate_mathematics%29 \"MAGIC (postgraduate mathematics)\") mathematics projects.", "" ]
### Australia and New Zealand The Access Grid has generated interest and activity in Australia, where factors such as widely disparate geographic locations and relatively low population\-densities have previously presented great obstacles to "in\-person" collaborations. The International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics ([ICE\-EM](https://web.archive.org/web/20070705120029/http://www.ice-em.org.au/AGR/index.html)) have funded 10 Australian universities to construct nodes. The nodes allow the mathematics postgraduate community and professionals access to international experts who are visiting Australia. The nodes also provide a means of carrying out collaborative research with peers within Australia and internationally. Australia's first Access Grid node was built at [Sydney VisLab at the Australian Technology Park](https://web.archive.org/web/20070427181206/http://oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au/research/accessgrid/index.html) in August 2001\. By 2007 the Australian AG network has grown to more than 30 sites serviced by Asia Pacific Access Grid (APAG) venue servers at University of Sydney (AG2\) and University of Queensland (AG3\). The University of Queensland began providing AG facilities in 2002, with increasing usage every year since then. In 2004, the UQ Vislab began providing the Access Grid installation packages for various Linux distributions, as well as FreeBSD, to the wider AG community, although intellectual property concerns have placed the future of the Linux\-based technologies into doubt. It has also been active in developing various enhancements and add\-ons including shared applications for remote sensor monitoring shared application, [Remote Thermo](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904034319/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/instruments/) and shared GIS based on [GRASS](https://web.archive.org/web/20070129103605/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/grass/). By December 2006 each New Zealand university has an operational AG node, and use of the grid is increasing. Current{{As of?\\|date\=April 2023}} development work includes a [federated data management using Storage Resource Broker (SRB)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070907032517/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/virtual_fs/) and [high definition video communications](https://web.archive.org/web/20070830093020/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/advideo/).	[ "### Australia and New Zealand", "The Access Grid has generated interest and activity in Australia, where factors such as widely disparate geographic locations and relatively low population\\-densities have previously presented great obstacles to \"in\\-person\" collaborations.", "The International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics ([ICE\\-EM](https://web.archive.org/web/20070705120029/http://www.ice-em.org.au/AGR/index.html)) have funded 10 Australian universities to construct nodes. The nodes allow the mathematics postgraduate community and professionals access to international experts who are visiting Australia. The nodes also provide a means of carrying out collaborative research with peers within Australia and internationally.", "Australia's first Access Grid node was built at [Sydney VisLab at the Australian Technology Park](https://web.archive.org/web/20070427181206/http://oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au/research/accessgrid/index.html) in August 2001\\.", "By 2007 the Australian AG network has grown to more than 30 sites serviced by Asia Pacific Access Grid (APAG) venue servers at University of Sydney (AG2\\) and University of Queensland (AG3\\).", "The University of Queensland began providing AG facilities in 2002, with increasing usage every year since then. In 2004, the UQ Vislab began providing the Access Grid installation packages for various Linux distributions, as well as FreeBSD, to the wider AG community, although intellectual property concerns have placed the future of the Linux\\-based technologies into doubt. It has also been active in developing various enhancements and add\\-ons including shared applications for remote sensor monitoring shared application, [Remote Thermo](https://web.archive.org/web/20070904034319/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/instruments/)\nand shared GIS based on \n [GRASS](https://web.archive.org/web/20070129103605/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/grass/).", "By December 2006 each New Zealand university has an operational AG node, and use of the grid is increasing.", "Current{{As of?\\\|date\\=April 2023}} development work includes a \n[federated data management using Storage Resource Broker (SRB)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070907032517/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/virtual_fs/)\nand [high definition video communications](https://web.archive.org/web/20070830093020/http://www.vislab.uq.edu.au/research/accessgrid/software/advideo/).", "" ]
The Civil War ------------- During the [First English Civil War](/wiki/First_English_Civil_War "First English Civil War"), Wentworth was the Sergeant\-Major\-General of Horse and commanded the Prince of Wales's Regiment of Horse. He saw action at [Tipton Green](/wiki/Battle_of_Tipton_Green "Battle of Tipton Green"), [Cropredy Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Cropredy_Bridge "Battle of Cropredy Bridge"), and possibly at [Newbury](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newbury "Second Battle of Newbury"), all in 1644; at [Langport](/wiki/Battle_of_Langport "Battle of Langport") in 1645; and at [Worcester](/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester "Battle of Worcester"), the final battle of the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War") in 1651\. He fought most battles alongside his father. When the [Royalists](/wiki/Cavalier "Cavalier") were defeated, Lord Wentworth accompanied the court into exile. He raised a regiment (which later became the [Grenadier Guards](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards "Grenadier Guards")) at [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges") as a bodyguard to the exiled [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England"). ### Prelude: the Bishops' Wars From 1639 to 1640, Wentworth fought against the [Scots](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland "Kingdom of Scotland") in the [Bishops' Wars](/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars "Bishops' Wars"). ### First English Civil War At the outset of the [civil war](/wiki/Civil_war "Civil war") in 1642, Wentworth was with George Goring in Portsmouth. After the fall of that garrison, he joined the King's Main Field Army, and as Lord Wentworth, raised a company of [dragoons](/wiki/Dragoons "Dragoons"). He fought at Marlborough, Wiltshire, in December 1642, and at Cirencester, Gloucestershire, in February 1643\. On 2 February 1643, he became major\-general of dragoons, in succession to Sir Arthur Aston. In the early part of the civil war, dragoons formed a substantial part of the mounted arm, although they were merely infantrymen set on ponies and other small horses initially regarded as unsuitable for cavalry troopers. As the war progressed, however, standards dropped and all riding horses went to the cavalry, irrespective of size or condition. This caused the dragoons to dwindle in both numbers and importance. All too often they simply discarded their muskets and started calling themselves troopers. Consequently, Wentworth followed suit and on 5 February 1644, he succeeded Sir Thomas Byron as colonel of the Prince of Wales's Regiment of Horse. At the [Battle of Cropredy Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Cropredy_Bridge "Battle of Cropredy Bridge") (June 1644\) he commanded a cavalry brigade. He was afterward appointed major\-general of horse in succession to Lord Wilmot, when the latter was dismissed before the battle of [Lostwithiel](/wiki/Lostwithiel "Lostwithiel"). However, on 14 November 1644, he relinquished this post in order to join Lord Goring's army in the west country. After Goring's defeat at Langport and subsequent dismissal, Wentworth was appointed major\-general of horse under the western army's new commander, Lord Hopton. Unfortunately Hopton was soon on bad terms with Wentworth and contrived to get himself badly beaten at [Torrington](/wiki/Great_Torrington "Great Torrington") on 14 March 1646\. As a result, the already demoralized western army surrendered soon afterwards. ### Exile with Prince Charles Wentworth escaped with [Prince Charles](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England") in the spring of 1646\. The prince's court went first to the [Isles of Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly "Isles of Scilly") and then to [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey "Jersey"). In 1649, Wentworth accompanied Charles to Paris. ### Third English Civil War The following year both Wentworth and his father, the earl of Cleveland, sailed with [Charles to Scotland](/wiki/Third_English_Civil_War "Third English Civil War"). Charles was compelled to subscribe to the [Solemn League and Covenant](/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant "Solemn League and Covenant") as a condition of being recognized as [King](/wiki/King "King"), but many of his followers neglected to do so including Wentworth and his father. Despite the defeat of the Scots army at [Dunbar](/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_%281650%29 "Battle of Dunbar (1650)") on 3 September 1650, both Wentworth and his father were, as non\-subscribers, ordered out of the country on 17 October. Just as with the Earl of Forth and other prominent royalists, they ignored this edict and subsequently fought at [Worcester](/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester "Battle of Worcester") on 3 September 1651\. Although his father was afterwards captured, Wentworth got away safely. ### Exile with King Charles Until the Restoration in 1660, Wentworth attended [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England "Charles II of England")'s émigré court. In 1656 in [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges"), he was responsible for organizing and commanding a regiment of foot guards that served as a bodyguard unit to the exiled king. The regiment also served with the Spanish army at the [Battle of the Dunes](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_%281658%29 "Battle of the Dunes (1658)") in June 1658, although there is some doubt as to whether Wentworth personally fought there. ### Restoration After the 1660 [Stuart Restoration](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration "Stuart Restoration") Wentworth returned home to England. He brought the regiment of foot guards with him, where it became the 1st foot guards and afterwards the [Grenadier Guards](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards "Grenadier Guards").	[ "The Civil War\n-------------", "During the [First English Civil War](/wiki/First_English_Civil_War \"First English Civil War\"), Wentworth was the Sergeant\\-Major\\-General of Horse and commanded the Prince of Wales's Regiment of Horse. He saw action at [Tipton Green](/wiki/Battle_of_Tipton_Green \"Battle of Tipton Green\"), [Cropredy Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Cropredy_Bridge \"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\"), and possibly at [Newbury](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newbury \"Second Battle of Newbury\"), all in 1644; at [Langport](/wiki/Battle_of_Langport \"Battle of Langport\") in 1645; and at [Worcester](/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester \"Battle of Worcester\"), the final battle of the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\") in 1651\\. He fought most battles alongside his father. When the [Royalists](/wiki/Cavalier \"Cavalier\") were defeated, Lord Wentworth accompanied the court into exile. He raised a regiment (which later became the [Grenadier Guards](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards \"Grenadier Guards\")) at [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\") as a bodyguard to the exiled [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\").", "### Prelude: the Bishops' Wars", "From 1639 to 1640, Wentworth fought against the [Scots](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland \"Kingdom of Scotland\") in the [Bishops' Wars](/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars \"Bishops' Wars\").", "### First English Civil War", "At the outset of the [civil war](/wiki/Civil_war \"Civil war\") in 1642, Wentworth was with George Goring in Portsmouth. After the fall of that garrison, he joined the King's Main Field Army, and as Lord Wentworth, raised a company of [dragoons](/wiki/Dragoons \"Dragoons\"). He fought at Marlborough, Wiltshire, in December 1642, and at Cirencester, Gloucestershire, in February 1643\\.", "On 2 February 1643, he became major\\-general of dragoons, in succession to Sir Arthur Aston. In the early part of the civil war, dragoons formed a substantial part of the mounted arm, although they were merely infantrymen set on ponies and other small horses initially regarded as unsuitable for cavalry troopers. As the war progressed, however, standards dropped and all riding horses went to the cavalry, irrespective of size or condition. This caused the dragoons to dwindle in both numbers and importance. All too often they simply discarded their muskets and started calling themselves troopers.", "Consequently, Wentworth followed suit and on 5 February 1644, he succeeded Sir Thomas Byron as colonel of the Prince of Wales's Regiment of Horse. At the [Battle of Cropredy Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Cropredy_Bridge \"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\") (June 1644\\) he commanded a cavalry brigade. He was afterward appointed major\\-general of horse in succession to Lord Wilmot, when the latter was dismissed before the battle of [Lostwithiel](/wiki/Lostwithiel \"Lostwithiel\"). However, on 14 November 1644, he relinquished this post in order to join Lord Goring's army in the west country.", "After Goring's defeat at Langport and subsequent dismissal, Wentworth was appointed major\\-general of horse under the western army's new commander, Lord Hopton. Unfortunately Hopton was soon on bad terms with Wentworth and contrived to get himself badly beaten at [Torrington](/wiki/Great_Torrington \"Great Torrington\") on 14 March 1646\\. As a result, the already demoralized western army surrendered soon afterwards.", "### Exile with Prince Charles", "Wentworth escaped with [Prince Charles](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\") in the spring of 1646\\. The prince's court went first to the [Isles of Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly \"Isles of Scilly\") and then to [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey \"Jersey\").", "In 1649, Wentworth accompanied Charles to Paris.", "### Third English Civil War", "The following year both Wentworth and his father, the earl of Cleveland, sailed with [Charles to Scotland](/wiki/Third_English_Civil_War \"Third English Civil War\"). Charles was compelled to subscribe to the [Solemn League and Covenant](/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant \"Solemn League and Covenant\") as a condition of being recognized as [King](/wiki/King \"King\"), but many of his followers neglected to do so including Wentworth and his father. Despite the defeat of the Scots army at [Dunbar](/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_%281650%29 \"Battle of Dunbar (1650)\") on 3 September 1650, both Wentworth and his father were, as non\\-subscribers, ordered out of the country on 17 October. Just as with the Earl of Forth and other prominent royalists, they ignored this edict and subsequently fought at [Worcester](/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester \"Battle of Worcester\") on 3 September 1651\\. Although his father was afterwards captured, Wentworth got away safely.", "### Exile with King Charles", "Until the Restoration in 1660, Wentworth attended [Charles II](/wiki/Charles_II_of_England \"Charles II of England\")'s émigré court.", "In 1656 in [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\"), he was responsible for organizing and commanding a regiment of foot guards that served as a bodyguard unit to the exiled king. The regiment also served with the Spanish army at the [Battle of the Dunes](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_%281658%29 \"Battle of the Dunes (1658)\") in June 1658, although there is some doubt as to whether Wentworth personally fought there.", "### Restoration", "After the 1660 [Stuart Restoration](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration \"Stuart Restoration\") Wentworth returned home to England. He brought the regiment of foot guards with him, where it became the 1st foot guards and afterwards the [Grenadier Guards](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards \"Grenadier Guards\").", "" ]
History ------- In the past, Tampines was covered by forests, swamps, and sand quarries. [Ironwood](/wiki/Ironwood "Ironwood") trees, or tempinis in [Malay](/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"), grew abundantly. The area was part of a military training area until about 1987\. The oldest street in the area, Tampines Road, dates to 1864 when it was a cart track. At the turn of the 20th century, Tampines was a rubber plantation. Tampines was also home to the sand quarry for a long time. Among the plantations were Teo Tek Ho and Hun Yeang estates. ### Development boom in the 1980s [thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Old Tampines Stadium](/wiki/File:People%27s_Action_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Tampines_Stadium%2C_Singapore_-_20110505-01.jpg "People's Action Party general election rally, Tampines Stadium, Singapore - 20110505-01.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Public housing in Tampines](/wiki/File:Every_Kids_Escapade%2C_Tampines_Playground.jpg "Every Kids Escapade, Tampines Playground.jpg") The new town started in 1978\. Construction began for Neighbourhoods 1 and 2 and was completed between 1983 and 1987, although they were given priority. Neighbourhoods 8 and 9 began in 1985–1989, followed by Neighbourhood 5, which was completed in 1989 with the Tampines Town Centre. Neighbourhood 4 was completed with the new Tampines North Division between 1986 and 1988\. Tampines Town was at the fast\-paced expansion that breaks it into Tampines East, Tampines West, Tampines North, and Tampines Changkat divisions. For the Singapore MRT plans, they showed "Tampines North" and "Tampines South" since the planning stages, which is due to the similar townships from 1979 to 1982, before they were renamed respectively in 1985 to Tampines and [Simei](/wiki/Simei "Simei"). New construction methods expedited the development of the town's infrastructure. More attractive designs, colours, and finishings were incorporated into Tampines than earlier public housing, which consisted of uniform slabs of concrete laid out row after row with more thought given to function than form. The Town Centre was planned as an hourglass shape to create a unique urban design form.{{cite web \\|title\=Tampines \\|url\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about\-us/history/hdb\-towns\-your\-home/tampines \\|website\=Housing and Development Board \\|access\-date\=30 June 2018 \\|archive\-date\=30 June 2018 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105427/https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about\-us/history/hdb\-towns\-your\-home/tampines \\|url\-status\=live }} The [Housing and Development Board](/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board "Housing and Development Board") (HDB) managed the construction of the town until 1991, when it handed the reins over to the Tampines Town Council. The Town Council is run by [grassroot](/wiki/Grassroot "Grassroot") leaders and the residents themselves. The Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the [World Habitat Award](/wiki/World_Habitat_Awards "World Habitat Awards") to Tampines, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's [new towns](/wiki/New_towns "New towns"), on 5 October 1992\. The award was given to recognise an outstanding contribution towards human [settlement](/wiki/Colonization "Colonization") and development. Neighbourhoods 3 and 7 were only fully completed in 1997, and the constituencies had been reformed to include the new Tampines Central division. ### Residential expansion in the 2010s Construction was paused until the developments of Tampines Central were started in 2010, which consists of The Premiere @ Tampines, Tampines GreenLeaf, Centrale 8, Tampines Trilliant, and Citylife @ Tampines, including some of the other leftover pockets of residential developments such as Tampines GreenTerrace, Arc @ Tampines, Q Bay Residences and The Santorini. Neighbourhood 6, which is also known as Tampines North New Town, has started construction with the first [Build\-To\-Order](/wiki/Build_to_order_%28HDB%29 "Build to order (HDB)") (BTO) flats Tampines GreenRidges being announced at the end of November 2014\. Tampines GreenRidges is also part of the first phase of the Tampines North New Town's Park West District, which is the first district to be constructed in the Tampines North New Town development. Tampines Court,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.the\-treasures\-tampines.com/tampines\-court\-sold\-en\-bloc\-for\-970m/\\|title\=Tampines Court sold en bloc for $970m (Aug 24, 2017\) \- Treasure At Tampines 66802508 Singapore\\|access\-date\=27 June 2019\\|archive\-date\=6 May 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506081455/https://www.the\-treasures\-tampines.com/tampines\-court\-sold\-en\-bloc\-for\-970m/\\|url\-status\=live}} had been en\-bloc since July 2017 and all residents vacated their premises by 12 December 2018\. It is a former HUDC flat that was privatised in 2002\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://valuehomes.sg/project/treasure\-at\-tampines/\\|title\=Treasure At Tampines Developer Sales Team \- 61001880 Singapore\\|date\=28 May 2019\\|access\-date\=23 February 2020\\|archive\-date\=23 February 2020\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223062605/https://valuehomes.sg/project/treasure\-at\-tampines/\\|url\-status\=live}} The upcoming condominium is Treasure at Tampines.	[ "History\n-------", "In the past, Tampines was covered by forests, swamps, and sand quarries. [Ironwood](/wiki/Ironwood \"Ironwood\") trees, or tempinis in [Malay](/wiki/Malay_language \"Malay language\"), grew abundantly. The area was part of a military training area until about 1987\\.", "The oldest street in the area, Tampines Road, dates to 1864 when it was a cart track. At the turn of the 20th century, Tampines was a rubber plantation. Tampines was also home to the sand quarry for a long time. Among the plantations were Teo Tek Ho and Hun Yeang estates.", "### Development boom in the 1980s", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|200px\\\|Old Tampines Stadium](/wiki/File:People%27s_Action_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Tampines_Stadium%2C_Singapore_-_20110505-01.jpg \"People's Action Party general election rally, Tampines Stadium, Singapore - 20110505-01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|200px\\\|Public housing in Tampines](/wiki/File:Every_Kids_Escapade%2C_Tampines_Playground.jpg \"Every Kids Escapade, Tampines Playground.jpg\")\nThe new town started in 1978\\. Construction began for Neighbourhoods 1 and 2 and was completed between 1983 and 1987, although they were given priority. Neighbourhoods 8 and 9 began in 1985–1989, followed by Neighbourhood 5, which was completed in 1989 with the Tampines Town Centre. Neighbourhood 4 was completed with the new Tampines North Division between 1986 and 1988\\. Tampines Town was at the fast\\-paced expansion that breaks it into Tampines East, Tampines West, Tampines North, and Tampines Changkat divisions.", "For the Singapore MRT plans, they showed \"Tampines North\" and \"Tampines South\" since the planning stages, which is due to the similar townships from 1979 to 1982, before they were renamed respectively in 1985 to Tampines and [Simei](/wiki/Simei \"Simei\").", "New construction methods expedited the development of the town's infrastructure. More attractive designs, colours, and finishings were incorporated into Tampines than earlier public housing, which consisted of uniform slabs of concrete laid out row after row with more thought given to function than form. The Town Centre was planned as an hourglass shape to create a unique urban design form.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Tampines \\\|url\\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about\\-us/history/hdb\\-towns\\-your\\-home/tampines \\\|website\\=Housing and Development Board \\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2018 \\\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2018 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105427/https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about\\-us/history/hdb\\-towns\\-your\\-home/tampines \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [Housing and Development Board](/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board \"Housing and Development Board\") (HDB) managed the construction of the town until 1991, when it handed the reins over to the Tampines Town Council. The Town Council is run by [grassroot](/wiki/Grassroot \"Grassroot\") leaders and the residents themselves.", "The Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the [World Habitat Award](/wiki/World_Habitat_Awards \"World Habitat Awards\") to Tampines, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's [new towns](/wiki/New_towns \"New towns\"), on 5 October 1992\\. The award was given to recognise an outstanding contribution towards human [settlement](/wiki/Colonization \"Colonization\") and development.", "Neighbourhoods 3 and 7 were only fully completed in 1997, and the constituencies had been reformed to include the new Tampines Central division.", "### Residential expansion in the 2010s", "Construction was paused until the developments of Tampines Central were started in 2010, which consists of The Premiere @ Tampines, Tampines GreenLeaf, Centrale 8, Tampines Trilliant, and Citylife @ Tampines, including some of the other leftover pockets of residential developments such as Tampines GreenTerrace, Arc @ Tampines, Q Bay Residences and The Santorini.", "Neighbourhood 6, which is also known as Tampines North New Town, has started construction with the first [Build\\-To\\-Order](/wiki/Build_to_order_%28HDB%29 \"Build to order (HDB)\") (BTO) flats Tampines GreenRidges being announced at the end of November 2014\\. Tampines GreenRidges is also part of the first phase of the Tampines North New Town's Park West District, which is the first district to be constructed in the Tampines North New Town development.", "Tampines Court,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.the\\-treasures\\-tampines.com/tampines\\-court\\-sold\\-en\\-bloc\\-for\\-970m/\\\|title\\=Tampines Court sold en bloc for $970m (Aug 24, 2017\\) \\- Treasure At Tampines 66802508 Singapore\\\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2019\\\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506081455/https://www.the\\-treasures\\-tampines.com/tampines\\-court\\-sold\\-en\\-bloc\\-for\\-970m/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} had been en\\-bloc since July 2017 and all residents vacated their premises by 12 December 2018\\. It is a former HUDC flat that was privatised in 2002\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://valuehomes.sg/project/treasure\\-at\\-tampines/\\\|title\\=Treasure At Tampines Developer Sales Team \\- 61001880 Singapore\\\|date\\=28 May 2019\\\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2020\\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2020\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223062605/https://valuehomes.sg/project/treasure\\-at\\-tampines/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The upcoming condominium is Treasure at Tampines.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ The 2023 DOS Population Trends showed Tampines' population to be 274,360, an increase of 5\.6% from the 2020 census. Tampines East is the most populous subzone in Singapore, with 126,460 residents. ### Age profile {{Population pyramid \\|year\=2023 \\|m0\=2\.56\\|m5\=2\.45\\|m10\=2\.32\\|m15\=2\.32\\|m20\=2\.78\\|m25\=3\.76\\|m30\=4\.62\\|m35\=3\.60\\|m40\=3\.27\\|m45\=2\.94\\|m50\=2\.89\\|m55\=3\.40\\|m60\=3\.75\\|m65\=3\.46\\|m70\=2\.42\\|m75\=1\.21\\|m80\=0\.59\\|m85\=0\.28\\|m90\=0\.11\\| f0\=2\.41\\|f5\=2\.33\\|f10\=2\.12\\|f15\=2\.20\\|f20\=2\.64\\|f25\=3\.85\\|f30\=4\.66\\|f35\=3\.75\\|f40\=3\.55\\|f45\=3\.14\\|f50\=3\.39\\|f55\=3\.89\\|f60\=4\.15\\|f65\=3\.66\\|f70\=2\.43\\|f75\=1\.38\\|f80\=0\.90\\|f85\=0\.48\\|f90\=0\.33\\| \\|mmax\=4\.62 \\|fmax\=4\.66 }} The population distribution of Tampines in 2023 demonstrates a balanced age structure. There is a higher population concentration among younger and middle\-aged groups, with males and females both peaking around the 25 to 30 age range. Specifically, the male and female population peaks at age 30, with a percentage of 4\.66 and 3\.85 respectively. The population decreasing progressively among older age groups, reflecting typical aging patterns. However, the elderly population in Tampines remains sizeable, and numerous senior care centres have been built to provide senior support services. ### Household The population distribution in Tampines, as detailed in the 2023 census report, reveals that 86\.8% reside in [HDB](/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board "Housing and Development Board") flats (238,080\). This is reflective of the general trend in Singapore, where the majority live in public housing apartments. Among these, 105,600 live in 4\-room flats, making it the most common type of dwelling. Condominiums and other apartments house 30,310 individuals, while landed properties accommodate 4,470 residents. The average household size in Tampines is 3\.34\. The three most common household sizes are two, three, and four persons. There are 17,995 households with two persons, 18,183 households with three persons, and 17,600 households with four persons. Overall, there are 83,681 households in Tampines.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/\-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr2/excel/t92\-110\.ashx\\|title\=2020 Census of Population: Geographical Distribution of Residents (Tables 92 to 110\)\\|access\-date\=June 21, 2024}} ### Ethnicity Tampines is one of the most ethnically diverse planning areas in Singapore. According to the Census of Population 2020 (Table 89\),{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/\-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr2/excel/t88\-91\.ashx\\|title\=Geographical Distribution of Residence (Register\-based Data)\\|access\-date\=7 January 2023\\|publisher\=Department of Statistics Singapore}} Tampines has the fourth lowest proportion of [Chinese people](/wiki/Chinese_people "Chinese people") residents among all planning areas in Singapore, accounting for 66\.82% of its population. Tampines ranks second, after [Woodlands](/wiki/Woodlands%2C_Singapore "Woodlands, Singapore"), in terms of the largest [Malay](/wiki/Malays_%28ethnic_group%29 "Malays (ethnic group)") population among planning areas, with 56,570 people making up 21\.77% of its residents. [Indians](/wiki/Indian_people "Indian people") constitute 8\.35% of the population, while the remaining 3\.07% are classified under 'Others' in the census data. ### Religion {{Pie chart \\| thumb \= right \\| caption \= Religion in Tampines (2020\) \\| footer \= Note: ''Other Christian'' refers to non\-Catholic christianity. \\| label1 \= \[\[Buddhism]] \\| value1 \= 28\.62 \\| color1 \= DodgerBlue \\| label2 \= \[\[Islam]] \\| value2 \= 26\.07 \\| color2 \= Red \\| label3 \= Other Christian \\| value3 \= 10\.92 \\| color3 \= DarkTurquoise \\| label4 \= \[\[Taoism]] \\| value4\= 7\.97 \\| color4 \= Purple \\| label5 \= \[\[Catholic Church\\|Catholicism]] \\| value5 \= 5\.99 \\| color5 \= Aquamarine \\| label6 \= \[\[Hinduism]] \\| value6 \= 3\.68 \\| color6 \= Pink \\| label7 \= \[\[Sikhism]] \\|value7 \= 0\.31 \\| color7 \= Blue \\| label8 \= Other religion \\| value8 \= 0\.21 \\| color8 \= Orange \\| label9 \= \[\[Irreligion\\|No religion]] \\| value9 \= 16\.23 \\| color9 \= Honeydew }} Religion in Tampines reflects a diverse and vibrant community. [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") is the largest religion, with 64,965 people, or 28\.62% of the population, practicing it. [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") is also prominent in Tampines, with 59,177 Muslims, making it the second\-largest Muslim population in Singapore after Woodlands. [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") is practiced by 38,372 residents, with 13,594 or 10\.92% identifying as [Catholics](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church"). Other religious affiliations in Tampines include [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism "Taoism") (7\.97%), [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") (3\.68%), and [Sikhism](/wiki/Sikhism "Sikhism") (0\.31%). A notable portion of the population, 16\.23%, identifies as having [no religion](/wiki/Irreligion "Irreligion"). ### Language [English](/wiki/English_language "English language") is the most spoken language in Tampines, as is the case in the rest of Singapore. Of the resident population aged 5 years and over, 110,367 frequently speak English at home, either solely or with another language. There are 63,129 frequent speakers of [Mandarin](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese "Mandarin Chinese"), 12,843 of which solely speak the language. 19,234 frequently speak [Chinese dialects](/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese "Varieties of Chinese"), 38,464 speak [Malay](/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language"), 5,159 speak [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language"), while 998 residents speak other languages at home. 97\.5% of the population is literate. 157,045 residents are [bilingual](/wiki/Bilingual "Bilingual"), with the most common language pair being English and Chinese (i.e. Mandarin and dialects). 12,846 residents in Tampines are literate in three or more languages. ### Education 58,090 residents in Tampines have attained a university qualification, the third highest of all planning areas in Singapore. However, by proportion, Tampines ranks 27th, with only 28\.11%. This is because a large proportion of the population is still studying. Tampines ranks 11th in Singapore, by proportion of residents enrolled in a university in 2020, with 6,906 students accounting for 15\.96% of the population. ### Employment and income In Tampines, 144,548 residents aged 15 years and over are employed, out of the 153,785 in its [labour force](/wiki/Workforce "Workforce"). This equates to an employment rate of 94\.0%, on par with the [national employment rate](/wiki/Employment_in_Singapore "Employment in Singapore") of 94\.2%. The remaining 73,197 residents aged above 15 in Tampines are outside the labour force. Most residents in Tampines aged 15 years and over earn between S$3,000 and S$3,999, with 19,714 being in that gross monthly income category. 46,817 earn less than S$3,000 per month, while 16,078 earn between S$4,000 and S$4,999\. At the higher income range, 7,842 residents earn above S$15,000 per month. According to the 2020 Census of Population, there are 9,644 resident households with a monthly income of S$20,000 and above. The second highest category for monthly household income is S$7,000\-$7,999, encompassing 4,646 households. ### Crime In 2016, Tampines had the second highest number of snatch thefts (6\), the third highest number of robberies (7\), and the third highest number of unlicensed moneylending harassment cases (186\) in Singapore. Additionally, Tampines averaged the third highest number of car thefts, with an annual increase of 17\.8 cases from 2012 to 2016\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.valuechampion.sg/home\-loans/five\-safest\-neighbourhoods\-singapore\\|title\=The Safest Neighbourhoods in Singapore\\|access\-date\=7 January 2023\\|publisher\=ValueChampion Singapore}} However, these figures are largely attributed to the large population in Tampines. The crime rate in Tampines is not noticeably higher than the overall rate in Singapore, which remains among the lowest in the world. \| \+ Five Preventable Crimes (5Ps) Recorded By Tampines Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC) \| \| --- \| \| Crime \| Rank (2023\) \| 2023 \| 2022 \| 2021 \| 2020 \| 2019 \| 2018 \| 2017 \| 2016 \| 2015 \| 2014 \| 2013 \| 2012 \| 2011 \| \| Housebreaking \| 7\= \| 5 \| 3 \| 1 \| 3 \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 5 \| 5 \| 13 \| 11 \| 9 \| 27 \| \| Outrage Of Modesty \| 13 \| 42 \| 41 \| 52 \| 36 \| 46 \| 45 \| 35 \| 32 \| 38 \| 45 \| 50 \| 43 \| 49 \| \| Robbery \| 4\= \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 7 \| 8 \| 7 \| 6 \| 10 \| 17 \| \| Snatch Theft \| 5\= \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 6 \| 4 \| 3 \| 13 \| 11 \| 10 \| \| Theft Of Motor Vehicle \| 1\= \| 5 \| 13 \| 3 \| 1 \| 5 \| 8 \| 18 \| 7 \| 21 \| 17 \| 19 \| 25 \| 31 \| \| Total (for 5Ps) \| 11 \| 54 \| 61 \| 56 \| 42 \| 56 \| 55 \| 58 \| 57 \| 76 \| 85 \| 99 \| 98 \| 134 \| In 2023, Tampines ranks 7th (tied with five others) among neighbourhoods in Singapore by number of housebreaking crimes, with five cases. This was down from 27 in 2011\. Tampines NPC also had 42 cases of outrage of modesty in 2023, the 13th highest in Singapore. This number has remained relatively constant over the past decade.{{cite web\\|url\=https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M890931\\|title\=Five Preventable Crime Cases Recorded By Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC)\\|access\-date\=23 June 2024\\|publisher\=Singapore Police Force}} Tampines [NPC](/wiki/Neighbourhood_Police_Centre "Neighbourhood Police Centre") had only one recorded snatch theft case in 2023, a significant drop from 13 a decade ago. The number of robbery cases dropped from 17 in 2011 to only one in 2023\. Similarly, the number of motor vehicle thefts dropped from 31 in 2011 to five in 2023\. This is reflective of the overall trend in Singapore. Changi NPC, which has the southern subzones of Tampines under its jurisdiction, saw one housebreaking, one motor vehicle theft and one snatch theft case in 2023\. There were no robbery cases in its records for 2023\.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "The 2023 DOS Population Trends showed Tampines' population to be 274,360, an increase of 5\\.6% from the 2020 census. Tampines East is the most populous subzone in Singapore, with 126,460 residents.", "### Age profile", "{{Population pyramid\n\\\|year\\=2023\n\\\|m0\\=2\\.56\\\|m5\\=2\\.45\\\|m10\\=2\\.32\\\|m15\\=2\\.32\\\|m20\\=2\\.78\\\|m25\\=3\\.76\\\|m30\\=4\\.62\\\|m35\\=3\\.60\\\|m40\\=3\\.27\\\|m45\\=2\\.94\\\|m50\\=2\\.89\\\|m55\\=3\\.40\\\|m60\\=3\\.75\\\|m65\\=3\\.46\\\|m70\\=2\\.42\\\|m75\\=1\\.21\\\|m80\\=0\\.59\\\|m85\\=0\\.28\\\|m90\\=0\\.11\\\|\nf0\\=2\\.41\\\|f5\\=2\\.33\\\|f10\\=2\\.12\\\|f15\\=2\\.20\\\|f20\\=2\\.64\\\|f25\\=3\\.85\\\|f30\\=4\\.66\\\|f35\\=3\\.75\\\|f40\\=3\\.55\\\|f45\\=3\\.14\\\|f50\\=3\\.39\\\|f55\\=3\\.89\\\|f60\\=4\\.15\\\|f65\\=3\\.66\\\|f70\\=2\\.43\\\|f75\\=1\\.38\\\|f80\\=0\\.90\\\|f85\\=0\\.48\\\|f90\\=0\\.33\\\|\n\\\|mmax\\=4\\.62\n\\\|fmax\\=4\\.66\n}}\nThe population distribution of Tampines in 2023 demonstrates a balanced age structure. There is a higher population concentration among younger and middle\\-aged groups, with males and females both peaking around the 25 to 30 age range. Specifically, the male and female population peaks at age 30, with a percentage of 4\\.66 and 3\\.85 respectively.", "The population decreasing progressively among older age groups, reflecting typical aging patterns. However, the elderly population in Tampines remains sizeable, and numerous senior care centres have been built to provide senior support services.", "### Household", "The population distribution in Tampines, as detailed in the 2023 census report, reveals that 86\\.8% reside in [HDB](/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board \"Housing and Development Board\") flats (238,080\\). This is reflective of the general trend in Singapore, where the majority live in public housing apartments.", "Among these, 105,600 live in 4\\-room flats, making it the most common type of dwelling. Condominiums and other apartments house 30,310 individuals, while landed properties accommodate 4,470 residents.", "The average household size in Tampines is 3\\.34\\. The three most common household sizes are two, three, and four persons. There are 17,995 households with two persons, 18,183 households with three persons, and 17,600 households with four persons. Overall, there are 83,681 households in Tampines.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/\\-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr2/excel/t92\\-110\\.ashx\\\|title\\=2020 Census of Population: Geographical Distribution of Residents (Tables 92 to 110\\)\\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2024}}", "### Ethnicity", "Tampines is one of the most ethnically diverse planning areas in Singapore. According to the Census of Population 2020 (Table 89\\),{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/\\-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr2/excel/t88\\-91\\.ashx\\\|title\\=Geographical Distribution of Residence (Register\\-based Data)\\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2023\\\|publisher\\=Department of Statistics Singapore}} Tampines has the fourth lowest proportion of [Chinese people](/wiki/Chinese_people \"Chinese people\") residents among all planning areas in Singapore, accounting for 66\\.82% of its population.", "Tampines ranks second, after [Woodlands](/wiki/Woodlands%2C_Singapore \"Woodlands, Singapore\"), in terms of the largest [Malay](/wiki/Malays_%28ethnic_group%29 \"Malays (ethnic group)\") population among planning areas, with 56,570 people making up 21\\.77% of its residents. [Indians](/wiki/Indian_people \"Indian people\") constitute 8\\.35% of the population, while the remaining 3\\.07% are classified under 'Others' in the census data.", "### Religion", "{{Pie chart\n\\\| thumb \\= right\n\\\| caption \\= Religion in Tampines (2020\\)\n\\\| footer \\= Note: ''Other Christian'' refers to non\\-Catholic christianity.\n\\\| label1 \\= \\[\\[Buddhism]] \n\\\| value1 \\= 28\\.62\n\\\| color1 \\= DodgerBlue\n\\\| label2 \\= \\[\\[Islam]] \n\\\| value2 \\= 26\\.07\n\\\| color2 \\= Red\n\\\| label3 \\= Other Christian\n\\\| value3 \\= 10\\.92\n\\\| color3 \\= DarkTurquoise\n\\\| label4 \\= \\[\\[Taoism]]\n\\\| value4\\= 7\\.97\n\\\| color4 \\= Purple\n\\\| label5 \\= \\[\\[Catholic Church\\\|Catholicism]]\n\\\| value5 \\= 5\\.99\n\\\| color5 \\= Aquamarine\n\\\| label6 \\= \\[\\[Hinduism]]\n\\\| value6 \\= 3\\.68\n\\\| color6 \\= Pink\n\\\| label7 \\= \\[\\[Sikhism]]\n\\\|value7 \\= 0\\.31\n\\\| color7 \\= Blue\n\\\| label8 \\= Other religion\n\\\| value8 \\= 0\\.21\n\\\| color8 \\= Orange\n\\\| label9 \\= \\[\\[Irreligion\\\|No religion]]\n\\\| value9 \\= 16\\.23\n\\\| color9 \\= Honeydew\n}}", "Religion in Tampines reflects a diverse and vibrant community. [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") is the largest religion, with 64,965 people, or 28\\.62% of the population, practicing it. [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") is also prominent in Tampines, with 59,177 Muslims, making it the second\\-largest Muslim population in Singapore after Woodlands. [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") is practiced by 38,372 residents, with 13,594 or 10\\.92% identifying as [Catholics](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\"). Other religious affiliations in Tampines include [Taoism](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") (7\\.97%), [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") (3\\.68%), and [Sikhism](/wiki/Sikhism \"Sikhism\") (0\\.31%). A notable portion of the population, 16\\.23%, identifies as having [no religion](/wiki/Irreligion \"Irreligion\").", "### Language", "[English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") is the most spoken language in Tampines, as is the case in the rest of Singapore. Of the resident population aged 5 years and over, 110,367 frequently speak English at home, either solely or with another language. There are 63,129 frequent speakers of [Mandarin](/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese \"Mandarin Chinese\"), 12,843 of which solely speak the language. 19,234 frequently speak [Chinese dialects](/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese \"Varieties of Chinese\"), 38,464 speak [Malay](/wiki/Malay_language \"Malay language\"), 5,159 speak [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\"), while 998 residents speak other languages at home.", "97\\.5% of the population is literate. 157,045 residents are [bilingual](/wiki/Bilingual \"Bilingual\"), with the most common language pair being English and Chinese (i.e. Mandarin and dialects). 12,846 residents in Tampines are literate in three or more languages.", "### Education", "58,090 residents in Tampines have attained a university qualification, the third highest of all planning areas in Singapore. However, by proportion, Tampines ranks 27th, with only 28\\.11%.", "This is because a large proportion of the population is still studying. Tampines ranks 11th in Singapore, by proportion of residents enrolled in a university in 2020, with 6,906 students accounting for 15\\.96% of the population.", "### Employment and income", "In Tampines, 144,548 residents aged 15 years and over are employed, out of the 153,785 in its [labour force](/wiki/Workforce \"Workforce\"). This equates to an employment rate of 94\\.0%, on par with the [national employment rate](/wiki/Employment_in_Singapore \"Employment in Singapore\") of 94\\.2%. The remaining 73,197 residents aged above 15 in Tampines are outside the labour force.", "Most residents in Tampines aged 15 years and over earn between S$3,000 and S$3,999, with 19,714 being in that gross monthly income category. 46,817 earn less than S$3,000 per month, while 16,078 earn between S$4,000 and S$4,999\\. At the higher income range, 7,842 residents earn above S$15,000 per month.", "According to the 2020 Census of Population, there are 9,644 resident households with a monthly income of S$20,000 and above. The second highest category for monthly household income is S$7,000\\-$7,999, encompassing 4,646 households.", "### Crime", "In 2016, Tampines had the second highest number of snatch thefts (6\\), the third highest number of robberies (7\\), and the third highest number of unlicensed moneylending harassment cases (186\\) in Singapore. Additionally, Tampines averaged the third highest number of car thefts, with an annual increase of 17\\.8 cases from 2012 to 2016\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.valuechampion.sg/home\\-loans/five\\-safest\\-neighbourhoods\\-singapore\\\|title\\=The Safest Neighbourhoods in Singapore\\\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2023\\\|publisher\\=ValueChampion Singapore}} However, these figures are largely attributed to the large population in Tampines. The crime rate in Tampines is not noticeably higher than the overall rate in Singapore, which remains among the lowest in the world.", "", "\| \\+ Five Preventable Crimes (5Ps) Recorded By Tampines Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC) \|\n\| --- \|\n\| Crime \| Rank (2023\\) \| 2023 \| 2022 \| 2021 \| 2020 \| 2019 \| 2018 \| 2017 \| 2016 \| 2015 \| 2014 \| 2013 \| 2012 \| 2011 \|\n\| Housebreaking \| 7\\= \| 5 \| 3 \| 1 \| 3 \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 5 \| 5 \| 13 \| 11 \| 9 \| 27 \|\n\| Outrage Of Modesty \| 13 \| 42 \| 41 \| 52 \| 36 \| 46 \| 45 \| 35 \| 32 \| 38 \| 45 \| 50 \| 43 \| 49 \|\n\| Robbery \| 4\\= \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 7 \| 8 \| 7 \| 6 \| 10 \| 17 \|\n\| Snatch Theft \| 5\\= \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 6 \| 4 \| 3 \| 13 \| 11 \| 10 \|\n\| Theft Of Motor Vehicle \| 1\\= \| 5 \| 13 \| 3 \| 1 \| 5 \| 8 \| 18 \| 7 \| 21 \| 17 \| 19 \| 25 \| 31 \|\n\| Total (for 5Ps) \| 11 \| 54 \| 61 \| 56 \| 42 \| 56 \| 55 \| 58 \| 57 \| 76 \| 85 \| 99 \| 98 \| 134 \|", "In 2023, Tampines ranks 7th (tied with five others) among neighbourhoods in Singapore by number of housebreaking crimes, with five cases. This was down from 27 in 2011\\. Tampines NPC also had 42 cases of outrage of modesty in 2023, the 13th highest in Singapore. This number has remained relatively constant over the past decade.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M890931\\\|title\\=Five Preventable Crime Cases Recorded By Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC)\\\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=Singapore Police Force}}", "Tampines [NPC](/wiki/Neighbourhood_Police_Centre \"Neighbourhood Police Centre\") had only one recorded snatch theft case in 2023, a significant drop from 13 a decade ago. The number of robbery cases dropped from 17 in 2011 to only one in 2023\\. Similarly, the number of motor vehicle thefts dropped from 31 in 2011 to five in 2023\\. This is reflective of the overall trend in Singapore.", "Changi NPC, which has the southern subzones of Tampines under its jurisdiction, saw one housebreaking, one motor vehicle theft and one snatch theft case in 2023\\. There were no robbery cases in its records for 2023\\.", "" ]
Economy ------- ### Cost of living #### Housing In the first quarter of 2024, Tampines had the highest median rent for executive apartments in Singapore, at S$4,000\. It had the seventh highest rent for 5\-room HDB flats, at S$3,600\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/residential/renting\-a\-flat/renting\-from\-the\-open\-market/rental\-statistics\\|title\=Median rents by house and flat type\\|access\-date\=24 June 2024\\|publisher\=HDB Singapore}} #### Food Tampines is the 12th most expensive planning area for food, according to the 2016 Makan Index by the [Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy (LKYSPP)](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew_School_of_Public_Policy "Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy"). Over the years, the cost of living in Tampines has risen significantly. In 2023, the Makan Index revealed that Tampines had the highest price among 26 residential neighbourhoods for a lunch or dinner at a [kopitiam](/wiki/Kopi_tiam "Kopi tiam"), food court or [hawker centre](/wiki/Hawker_centre "Hawker centre"). It cost S$14\.90 for a plate of chicken briyani with iced [Milo](/wiki/Milo_%28drink%29 "Milo (drink)").{{cite web\\|url\=https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default\-source/ips/ips\-exchange\-series\-24\.pdf\\|title\=The Makan Index: Investigating differences in cost of living between neighbourhoods\\|access\-date\=24 June 2024\\|publisher\=LKYSPP}} It also had the highest average price for a breakfast set in the East Region at S$3\.39\. As for beverages, Tampines had the highest average price for kopi at S$1\.24 and for lime juice at S$1\.81\. Its kopitiams also sold iced Milo at an average price of S$1\.92, the highest in the country. These high food prices can be attributed to the high rents in Tampines. In 2024, a kopitiam in Tampines broke the record for the highest tendered rent, since the HDB's Price\-Quality Method (PQM) for tenders began in 2016\. There were 20 participating tenders in that particular exercise, with the successful tenderer setting the rent at $88,889\.00\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/\-/media/doc/PLG/eating\-house\-pqm\-tender\-final\-results.ashx\\|title\=Tender for eating houses under the price\-quality method\\|access\-date\=24 June 2024\\|publisher\=HDB Singapore}} Four of the six most expensive coffeeshops under this tender method are in Tampines. In 2022, Tampines also set the record for the most expensive coffee shop by resale price in Singapore, at $41\.68 million. ### Industries {{further\\|Tampines\#Tampines\_Regional\_Centre\\|label1\=Tampines Regional Centre}} Together with the adjacent planning areas, Tampines contributes to the economy of the East Region of Singapore, which had a nominal GDP of US$50\.246 million in 2023\. The 71\-hectare Changi Business Park is home to logistics enterprises and leading technology corporations, like AMD. It is also home to numerous finance institutions, like DBS, Citibank, and JP Morgan. The manufacturing industries are located in Tampines South and Changi South. Tampines Central is a hub for various financial institutions, ranging from banks to insurance companies, like OCBC, UOB, Income and AIA.	[ "Economy\n-------", "### Cost of living", "#### Housing", "In the first quarter of 2024, Tampines had the highest median rent for executive apartments in Singapore, at S$4,000\\. It had the seventh highest rent for 5\\-room HDB flats, at S$3,600\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/residential/renting\\-a\\-flat/renting\\-from\\-the\\-open\\-market/rental\\-statistics\\\|title\\=Median rents by house and flat type\\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=HDB Singapore}}", "#### Food", "Tampines is the 12th most expensive planning area for food, according to the 2016 Makan Index by the [Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy (LKYSPP)](/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew_School_of_Public_Policy \"Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy\"). Over the years, the cost of living in Tampines has risen significantly.", "In 2023, the Makan Index revealed that Tampines had the highest price among 26 residential neighbourhoods for a lunch or dinner at a [kopitiam](/wiki/Kopi_tiam \"Kopi tiam\"), food court or [hawker centre](/wiki/Hawker_centre \"Hawker centre\"). It cost S$14\\.90 for a plate of chicken briyani with iced [Milo](/wiki/Milo_%28drink%29 \"Milo (drink)\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default\\-source/ips/ips\\-exchange\\-series\\-24\\.pdf\\\|title\\=The Makan Index: Investigating differences in cost of living between neighbourhoods\\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=LKYSPP}} It also had the highest average price for a breakfast set in the East Region at S$3\\.39\\. As for beverages, Tampines had the highest average price for kopi at S$1\\.24 and for lime juice at S$1\\.81\\. Its kopitiams also sold iced Milo at an average price of S$1\\.92, the highest in the country.", "These high food prices can be attributed to the high rents in Tampines. In 2024, a kopitiam in Tampines broke the record for the highest tendered rent, since the HDB's Price\\-Quality Method (PQM) for tenders began in 2016\\. There were 20 participating tenders in that particular exercise, with the successful tenderer setting the rent at $88,889\\.00\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/\\-/media/doc/PLG/eating\\-house\\-pqm\\-tender\\-final\\-results.ashx\\\|title\\=Tender for eating houses under the price\\-quality method\\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=HDB Singapore}} Four of the six most expensive coffeeshops under this tender method are in Tampines. In 2022, Tampines also set the record for the most expensive coffee shop by resale price in Singapore, at $41\\.68 million.", "### Industries", "{{further\\\|Tampines\\#Tampines\\_Regional\\_Centre\\\|label1\\=Tampines Regional Centre}}\nTogether with the adjacent planning areas, Tampines contributes to the economy of the East Region of Singapore, which had a nominal GDP of US$50\\.246 million in 2023\\.", "The 71\\-hectare Changi Business Park is home to logistics enterprises and leading technology corporations, like AMD. It is also home to numerous finance institutions, like DBS, Citibank, and JP Morgan.", "The manufacturing industries are located in Tampines South and Changi South. Tampines Central is a hub for various financial institutions, ranging from banks to insurance companies, like OCBC, UOB, Income and AIA.", "" ]
Politics -------- ### Electoral boundaries Originally, Tampines was under the [Tampines Single Member Constituency](/wiki/Tampines_Single_Member_Constituency "Tampines Single Member Constituency"), when it was still under development. Its population grew quickly and, in 1988, its electoral boundaries were redrawn to form the [Tampines Group Representation Constituency (GRC)](/wiki/Tampines_Group_Representation_Constituency "Tampines Group Representation Constituency") and [Eunos GRC](/wiki/Eunos_Group_Representation_Constituency "Eunos Group Representation Constituency"). Eunos GRC was eventually dissolved in 1997\. The ward of Tampines North was split and absorbed into [Pasir Ris GRC](/wiki/Pasir_Ris_Group_Representation_Constituency "Pasir Ris Group Representation Constituency") and Tampines GRC. The rest of the former was absorbed back into Tampines GRC. Pasir Ris GRC then dissolved in 2001, after just one election. Since 2001, Tampines has been divided into three [GRCs](/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituencies "Group Representation Constituencies"), namely the namesake [Tampines](/wiki/Tampines_GRC "Tampines GRC") (for Tampines North, Tampines East and Tampines West), [Aljunied](/wiki/Aljunied_GRC "Aljunied GRC") (for the area around [Temasek Polytechnic](/wiki/Temasek_Polytechnic "Temasek Polytechnic")) and [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_GRC "East Coast GRC") (for Xilin and Simei). Minor changes have been made to its electoral boundaries in some elections. ### Contesting parties The [Workers' Party (WP)](/wiki/Workers%27_Party_%28Singapore%29 "Workers' Party (Singapore)") had contested parts of the town in Tampines North, under the now\-defunct Eunos GRC, in 1988 and 1991\. In both general elections, WP lost with 49\.11% and 47\.62% of the votes respectively. The [National Solidarity Party](/wiki/National_Solidarity_Party_%28Singapore%29 "National Solidarity Party (Singapore)") had contested in the town in all the general elections, except in 1997, when the party was disqualified. It contested under the [Singapore Democratic Alliance](/wiki/Singapore_Democratic_Alliance "Singapore Democratic Alliance") in the 2001 and 2006 elections. Most of Tampines has been led by the [People's Action Party (PAP)](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party "People's Action Party") since the independence of Singapore. The only exception (as of 2020\) is the southwestern parts of Tampines West, which is under the Aljunied GRC and has been led by WP since 2010\. ### Members of Parliament MPs in Tampines also serve as the grassroots leaders in their respective GRCs, as is the case in the rest of Singapore. Former minister [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan "Mah Bow Tan") had contested in and led the constituency from 1988 until his retirement from politics in 2015\. Between 2011 and 2020, [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore "Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore") and [Minister for Finance](/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_%28Singapore%29 "Minister for Finance (Singapore)") [Heng Swee Keat](/wiki/Heng_Swee_Keat "Heng Swee Keat") headed the PAP team, before he was transferred to [East Coast GRC](/wiki/East_Coast_GRC "East Coast GRC"). As of 2020, Tampines GRC has been led by [Minister of the Environment and Water Resources](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_and_Water_Resources "Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources") and [Muslim Affairs](/wiki/Minister-in-charge_of_Muslim_Affairs "Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs") [Masagos Zulkifli](/wiki/Masagos_Zulkifli "Masagos Zulkifli"), who has been contesting since the 2006 general election.	[ "Politics\n--------", "### Electoral boundaries", "Originally, Tampines was under the [Tampines Single Member Constituency](/wiki/Tampines_Single_Member_Constituency \"Tampines Single Member Constituency\"), when it was still under development. Its population grew quickly and, in 1988, its electoral boundaries were redrawn to form the [Tampines Group Representation Constituency (GRC)](/wiki/Tampines_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Tampines Group Representation Constituency\") and [Eunos GRC](/wiki/Eunos_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Eunos Group Representation Constituency\").", "Eunos GRC was eventually dissolved in 1997\\. The ward of Tampines North was split and absorbed into [Pasir Ris GRC](/wiki/Pasir_Ris_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Pasir Ris Group Representation Constituency\") and Tampines GRC. The rest of the former was absorbed back into Tampines GRC. Pasir Ris GRC then dissolved in 2001, after just one election.", "Since 2001, Tampines has been divided into three [GRCs](/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituencies \"Group Representation Constituencies\"), namely the namesake [Tampines](/wiki/Tampines_GRC \"Tampines GRC\") (for Tampines North, Tampines East and Tampines West), [Aljunied](/wiki/Aljunied_GRC \"Aljunied GRC\") (for the area around [Temasek Polytechnic](/wiki/Temasek_Polytechnic \"Temasek Polytechnic\")) and [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_GRC \"East Coast GRC\") (for Xilin and Simei). Minor changes have been made to its electoral boundaries in some elections.", "### Contesting parties", "The [Workers' Party (WP)](/wiki/Workers%27_Party_%28Singapore%29 \"Workers' Party (Singapore)\") had contested parts of the town in Tampines North, under the now\\-defunct Eunos GRC, in 1988 and 1991\\. In both general elections, WP lost with 49\\.11% and 47\\.62% of the votes respectively.", "The [National Solidarity Party](/wiki/National_Solidarity_Party_%28Singapore%29 \"National Solidarity Party (Singapore)\") had contested in the town in all the general elections, except in 1997, when the party was disqualified. It contested under the [Singapore Democratic Alliance](/wiki/Singapore_Democratic_Alliance \"Singapore Democratic Alliance\") in the 2001 and 2006 elections.", "Most of Tampines has been led by the [People's Action Party (PAP)](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\") since the independence of Singapore. The only exception (as of 2020\\) is the southwestern parts of Tampines West, which is under the Aljunied GRC and has been led by WP since 2010\\.", "### Members of Parliament", "MPs in Tampines also serve as the grassroots leaders in their respective GRCs, as is the case in the rest of Singapore.", "Former minister [Mah Bow Tan](/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan \"Mah Bow Tan\") had contested in and led the constituency from 1988 until his retirement from politics in 2015\\. Between 2011 and 2020, [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore \"Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore\") and [Minister for Finance](/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_%28Singapore%29 \"Minister for Finance (Singapore)\") [Heng Swee Keat](/wiki/Heng_Swee_Keat \"Heng Swee Keat\") headed the PAP team, before he was transferred to [East Coast GRC](/wiki/East_Coast_GRC \"East Coast GRC\"). As of 2020, Tampines GRC has been led by [Minister of the Environment and Water Resources](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_and_Water_Resources \"Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources\") and [Muslim Affairs](/wiki/Minister-in-charge_of_Muslim_Affairs \"Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs\") [Masagos Zulkifli](/wiki/Masagos_Zulkifli \"Masagos Zulkifli\"), who has been contesting since the 2006 general election.", "" ]
Amenities --------- Tampines, which includes Tampines North and [Simei](/wiki/Simei "Simei") is home to over 237,800 residents living in 152,000 HDB flats spread out over 20\.89 square kilometres: * [Tampines North](/wiki/Tampines_North "Tampines North") * [Tampines East](/wiki/Tampines_East "Tampines East") * [Tampines Changkat](/wiki/Tampines_Changkat "Tampines Changkat") * [Tampines Central](/wiki/Tampines_Central "Tampines Central") * [Tampines West](/wiki/Tampines_West "Tampines West") * [Simei](/wiki/Simei "Simei") * Others (mainly commercial and industrial parks, with no nearby residential areas) + Tampines Retail Park + Tampines Industrial Park A + Tampines LogisPark + Tampines Wafer Fab Park + Tampines Hi\-Tech Park + Tampines Advance Display Park ### Tampines Regional Centre The [urban planning](/wiki/Urban_planning "Urban planning") policy of Singapore is to create partially self\-sufficient towns, in terms of commercial needs, to relieve strain on traffic drawn to the city centre. Thus, an array of facilities are provided primarily for residents in the new towns. Tampines is one of Singapore's four regional centres (along with [Woodlands](/wiki/Woodlands%2C_Singapore "Woodlands, Singapore"), [Jurong East](/wiki/Jurong_East "Jurong East") and future [Seletar](/wiki/Seletar "Seletar")), under the plan of the [Urban Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority "Urban Redevelopment Authority"). As a result, the Tampines Regional Centre serves the Tampines residents and the entire [East Region](/wiki/East_Region%2C_Singapore "East Region, Singapore"). ### Commercial services [thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Artist's impression of Changi Business Park](/wiki/File:Changi_Business_Park_Hotel.jpg "Changi Business Park Hotel.jpg") There are three hotels in Tampines — Dusit Thani Laguna Singapore, Park Avenue Changi and capri by Fraser. Catered to business travellers, they are all located in and around Changi Business Park. Retail [shopping](/wiki/Shopping "Shopping") in the Tampines Regional Centre is done at four main shopping malls — [Tampines Mall](/wiki/Tampines_Mall "Tampines Mall"), [Century Square](/wiki/Century_Square "Century Square"), [Tampines 1](/wiki/Tampines_1 "Tampines 1") and [Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/Our_Tampines_Hub "Our Tampines Hub"). Commercial tenants of the shopping centres include restaurants, supermarkets, [department stores](/wiki/Department_store "Department store"), cinemas, [bookstores](/wiki/Bookstore "Bookstore"), international money remittance{{cite news\\|url\=https://sgmoneyremit.com/money\-transfer\-at\-tampines/\\|title\=Money Transfer at Tampines\\|access\-date\=13 December 2022\\|publisher\=SG Money Remit\\|archive\-date\=15 January 2023\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115134103/https://sgmoneyremit.com/money\-transfer\-at\-tampines/\\|url\-status\=live}} and gift shops. There are other malls outside the New Town as well, namely [Eastpoint Mall](/wiki/Eastpoint_Mall%2C_Singapore "Eastpoint Mall, Singapore"), [Singapore Expo](/wiki/Singapore_Expo "Singapore Expo"), and [Changi City Point](/wiki/Changi_City_Point "Changi City Point"). On 30 November 2006, [IKEA](/wiki/IKEA "IKEA") opened its second outlet and first megastore in Singapore at Tampines Retail Park, adjacent to [Courts](/wiki/Courts_%28retailer%29 "Courts (retailer)") and [Giant](/wiki/Giant_Hypermarket "Giant Hypermarket"), together, these three are the first to have retail warehouse stores in Singapore. On 9 April 2009, [UNIQLO](/wiki/UNIQLO "UNIQLO") opened its first outlet in Southeast Asia at [Tampines 1](/wiki/Tampines_1 "Tampines 1").{{Cite web \\|date\=6 April 2009 \\|title\=UNIQLO in Singapore – the much awaited first store opens April 9 \\|url\=https://www.fastretailing.com/eng/group/news/0904061800\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-01 \\|website\=Fast Retailing Co., Ltd. \\|archive\-date\=1 September 2022 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901054711/https://www.fastretailing.com/eng/group/news/0904061800\.html \\|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/420532/1/.html \\|title\=First Uniqlo Singapore outlet to open on Thursday \\|access\-date\=9 April 2009 \\|publisher\=\[\[Channel NewsAsia]] \\|archive\-date\=21 October 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021211946/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/420532/1/.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} ### Community services [thumb\\|200px\\|Old Tampines Regional Library](/wiki/File:Tampines_Regional_Library.JPG "Tampines Regional Library.JPG") [Tampines Regional Library](/wiki/Tampines_Regional_Library "Tampines Regional Library"), the first regional public library in Singapore, was initially located along Tampines Avenue 7 and officially opened on 3 December 1994\. It served as a "prototype library" to test new services and features before their implementation at other branch libraries. {{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article\-detail?cmsuuid\=fed666d6\-f7d4\-4923\-b62d\-b89e7a478a5b\\|title\=Singapore Infopedia: Tampines Regional Library\\|access\-date\=21 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[National Library Board]]\\|url\-status\=live}} In 2017, the library relocated to [Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/Our_Tampines_Hub "Our Tampines Hub"), an integrated community and lifestyle hub. This new location continues to serve the eastern part of Singapore, offering expanded facilities and services. The library's initial concept was to be a "library of the future," aligning with the Library 2000 Review Committee's vision.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article\-detail?cmsuuid\=fed666d6\-f7d4\-4923\-b62d\-b89e7a478a5b\\|title\=Singapore Infopedia: Tampines Regional Library\\|access\-date\=21 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[National Library Board]]\\|url\-status\=live}} Tampines has six community clubs, which are managed by the [People's Association](/wiki/People%27s_Association "People's Association") and provide a wide range of services. Among them, Tampines Central Community Club is housed within Our Tampines Hub. These community clubs are common spaces for residents to come together, and they occasionally provide information from the government on national policies through events and booths.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.pa.gov.sg/our\-network/community\-clubs/cc\-information/\\|title\=CC Information\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[People's Association]]}} ### Healthcare [Changi General Hospital](/wiki/Changi_General_Hospital "Changi General Hospital") (CGH) is a major restructured hospital operated by [SingHealth](/wiki/SingHealth "SingHealth") in Simei, one of the subzones in the Tampines. It is the fourth largest healthcare facility in Singapore, with a capacity of 1,000 beds. As Singapore's first purpose\-built general hospital, it caters to communities in the East Region of Singapore. The hospital houses six specialist centres and encompass a wide range of disciplines, such as cardiology, orthopaedic surgery, and sports medicine. In [Newsweek's](/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek") World's Best Specialized Hospitals 2024 ranking, CGH ranks 48th in pulmonology, 69th in neurosurgery, 113rd in orthopedics, and 164th in oncology. Other healthcare facilities include two [polyclinics](/wiki/SingHealth%23Polyclinics "SingHealth#Polyclinics"), with one in Tampines East and the other in Tampines North. These polyclinics offer a wide array of health services for residents, from management of chronic diseases to treatment of acute medical conditions. Besides the polyclinics, Tampines has several nursing homes and elderly day care centres to support its ageing population. ### Neighbourhood centres {{Collapsible list \\| title \= List \\| bullets \= on \\| N1: Tampines Street 11 Neighbourhood Centre \\| N2: Tampines N2 Shopping Street \\| N3: Tampines Mart \\| N4: N4 Neighbourhood Centre \\| N5: Tampines Central Shopping Street \\| N6: ''Tampines Avenue 11 mixed\-use site'' (working name; under construction) \\| N8: ShopTWest \\| N9: ''Tampines Street 94 mixed\-use site'' (working name; tender in progress) }} [thumb\\|200px\\|Tampines N4 Neighbourhood Centre](/wiki/File:Tampines_N4_Neighbourhood_Centre_2022.jpg "Tampines N4 Neighbourhood Centre 2022.jpg") As of 2024, there are six neighbourhood centres in Tampines, as gazetted in the URA Master Plan. They are located in neighbourhoods 1 to 5 and 8\. Tampines Street 11 Neighbourhood Centre is the first in the planning area. Developments in the neighbourhood centre include the Tampines Town Council and Tampines Round Market \& Food Centre, which opened in 1983 as the first hawker centre in Tampines. Tampines N2 Shopping Street has Singapore's most expensive coffee shop, which was sold for a record $41\.68 million.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/property/tampines\-coffee\-shop\-sold\-for\-record\-4168m\-tenants\-say\-rent\-doubled\\|title\=Tampines coffee shop sold for record $41\.68m; tenants say rent doubled\\|access\-date\=24 June 2024\\|publisher\=The Straits Times]\\|url\-status\=live}} The 604\-square\-metre establishment, known as 21 Street Eating House, features 18 stalls. This purchase price translates to approximately $6,411 per square foot, nearly matching the average rate for ground\-level retail units in Far East Plaza and Lucky Plaza along Orchard Road. Tampines Central Shopping Street and ShopTWest see a comparatively high footfall, due to their proximity to Tampines MRT Station and Temasek Polytechnic respectively. Two additional neighbourhood centres are planned. One of them will be located on a mixed\-use site in Tampines North, sharing the land plot with the Tampines North Integrated Transport Hub. In 2022, a consortium comprising UOL Group, Singapore Land, and CapitaLand Development submitted the highest bid of S$1\.206 billion to develop the site.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.edgeprop.sg/property\-news/uol\-singland\-and\-capitaland\-consortium\-submits\-highest\-bid\-885\-psf\-ppr\-tampines\-avenue\-11\-mixed\-use\\|title\=UOL, SingLand and CapitaLand consortium submits highest bid of $885 psf ppr for Tampines Avenue 11 mixed\-use GLS site\\|access\-date\=24 June 2024\\|publisher\=EdgeProp Singapore\\|url\-status\=live}} The other future neighbourhood centre will be constructed in the Tampines South estate, as part of a proposed mixed\-use development. On 27 June 2024, the HDB launched the sale of the site via public tender. This site has the potential to accommodate 585 residential units and will feature a gross floor area of 61,837 square metres. The development will include an early childhood development centre (ECDC), a supermarket, a food court, and a community plaza, with an underpass connection to Tampines West MRT station.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/\-/media/doc/PLG/Additional\-Conditions\-of\-Tender\-Tampines\-P18\.ashx\\|title\=Proposed mixed use development comprising a commercial and residential development at Tampines Street 94: Appendix C, Additional Conditions of Tender (Technical)\\|access\-date\=28 June 2024\\|publisher\=Housing \& Development Board Singapore\\|url\-status\=live}} ### Our Tampines Hub {{further\\|Our Tampines Hub}} [thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Stadium in Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/File:Our_Tampines_Hub_Town_Square.jpg "Our Tampines Hub Town Square.jpg") [Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/Our_Tampines_Hub "Our Tampines Hub"){{cite news\\|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1106058/1/.html\\|title\=Tampines to have Town Hub by 2015\\|access\-date\=21 January 2011\\|publisher\=\[\[Channel NewsAsia]]\\|archive\-date\=21 January 2011\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121182246/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1106058/1/.html\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tampines\-new\-town\-hub\-to/2086428\.html\\|title\=Tampines New Town Hub to open progressively from end\-2016\\|last\=Chan\\|first\=Luo Er\\|date\=2015\-08\-30\\|publisher\=Channel News Asia\\|access\-date\=2016\-02\-25\\|archive\-date\=18 February 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218053411/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tampines\-new\-town\-hub\-to/2086428\.html\\|url\-status\=live}} is a new development in Tampines. Construction began in June 2013 and it opened on 9 November 2016\. It is located at the site of the former [Tampines Stadium](/wiki/Tampines_Stadium "Tampines Stadium") along Avenue 4 and 5, together with the swimming pool. It is built for the residents of Tampines and provides a community space where residents can gather, interact, and bond with others from the community. Facilities available include a community centre, sports and recreation centres, swimming pools, bowling alleys, karaoke facilities, information centres, and several offices. The [Tampines Regional Library](/wiki/Tampines_Regional_Library "Tampines Regional Library") was also relocated here.	[ "Amenities\n---------", "Tampines, which includes Tampines North and [Simei](/wiki/Simei \"Simei\") is home to over 237,800 residents living in 152,000 HDB flats spread out over 20\\.89 square kilometres:", "* [Tampines North](/wiki/Tampines_North \"Tampines North\")\n* [Tampines East](/wiki/Tampines_East \"Tampines East\")\n* [Tampines Changkat](/wiki/Tampines_Changkat \"Tampines Changkat\")\n* [Tampines Central](/wiki/Tampines_Central \"Tampines Central\")\n* [Tampines West](/wiki/Tampines_West \"Tampines West\")\n* [Simei](/wiki/Simei \"Simei\")\n* Others (mainly commercial and industrial parks, with no nearby residential areas)\n\t+ Tampines Retail Park\n\t+ Tampines Industrial Park A\n\t+ Tampines LogisPark\n\t+ Tampines Wafer Fab Park\n\t+ Tampines Hi\\-Tech Park\n\t+ Tampines Advance Display Park", "### Tampines Regional Centre", "The [urban planning](/wiki/Urban_planning \"Urban planning\") policy of Singapore is to create partially self\\-sufficient towns, in terms of commercial needs, to relieve strain on traffic drawn to the city centre. Thus, an array of facilities are provided primarily for residents in the new towns. Tampines is one of Singapore's four regional centres (along with [Woodlands](/wiki/Woodlands%2C_Singapore \"Woodlands, Singapore\"), [Jurong East](/wiki/Jurong_East \"Jurong East\") and future [Seletar](/wiki/Seletar \"Seletar\")), under the plan of the [Urban Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority \"Urban Redevelopment Authority\"). As a result, the Tampines Regional Centre serves the Tampines residents and the entire [East Region](/wiki/East_Region%2C_Singapore \"East Region, Singapore\").", "### Commercial services", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|200px\\\|Artist's impression of Changi Business Park](/wiki/File:Changi_Business_Park_Hotel.jpg \"Changi Business Park Hotel.jpg\")\nThere are three hotels in Tampines — Dusit Thani Laguna Singapore, Park Avenue Changi and capri by Fraser. Catered to business travellers, they are all located in and around Changi Business Park.", "Retail [shopping](/wiki/Shopping \"Shopping\") in the Tampines Regional Centre is done at four main shopping malls — [Tampines Mall](/wiki/Tampines_Mall \"Tampines Mall\"), [Century Square](/wiki/Century_Square \"Century Square\"), [Tampines 1](/wiki/Tampines_1 \"Tampines 1\") and [Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/Our_Tampines_Hub \"Our Tampines Hub\"). Commercial tenants of the shopping centres include restaurants, supermarkets, [department stores](/wiki/Department_store \"Department store\"), cinemas, [bookstores](/wiki/Bookstore \"Bookstore\"), international money remittance{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://sgmoneyremit.com/money\\-transfer\\-at\\-tampines/\\\|title\\=Money Transfer at Tampines\\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2022\\\|publisher\\=SG Money Remit\\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2023\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115134103/https://sgmoneyremit.com/money\\-transfer\\-at\\-tampines/\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and gift shops.", "There are other malls outside the New Town as well, namely [Eastpoint Mall](/wiki/Eastpoint_Mall%2C_Singapore \"Eastpoint Mall, Singapore\"), [Singapore Expo](/wiki/Singapore_Expo \"Singapore Expo\"), and [Changi City Point](/wiki/Changi_City_Point \"Changi City Point\").", "On 30 November 2006, [IKEA](/wiki/IKEA \"IKEA\") opened its second outlet and first megastore in Singapore at Tampines Retail Park, adjacent to [Courts](/wiki/Courts_%28retailer%29 \"Courts (retailer)\") and [Giant](/wiki/Giant_Hypermarket \"Giant Hypermarket\"), together, these three are the first to have retail warehouse stores in Singapore. On 9 April 2009, [UNIQLO](/wiki/UNIQLO \"UNIQLO\") opened its first outlet in Southeast Asia at [Tampines 1](/wiki/Tampines_1 \"Tampines 1\").{{Cite web \\\|date\\=6 April 2009 \\\|title\\=UNIQLO in Singapore – the much awaited first store opens April 9 \\\|url\\=https://www.fastretailing.com/eng/group/news/0904061800\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-01 \\\|website\\=Fast Retailing Co., Ltd. \\\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2022 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901054711/https://www.fastretailing.com/eng/group/news/0904061800\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/420532/1/.html \\\|title\\=First Uniqlo Singapore outlet to open on Thursday \\\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2009 \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Channel NewsAsia]] \\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021211946/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/420532/1/.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Community services", "[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Old Tampines Regional Library](/wiki/File:Tampines_Regional_Library.JPG \"Tampines Regional Library.JPG\")\n[Tampines Regional Library](/wiki/Tampines_Regional_Library \"Tampines Regional Library\"), the first regional public library in Singapore, was initially located along Tampines Avenue 7 and officially opened on 3 December 1994\\. It served as a \"prototype library\" to test new services and features before their implementation at other branch libraries. {{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article\\-detail?cmsuuid\\=fed666d6\\-f7d4\\-4923\\-b62d\\-b89e7a478a5b\\\|title\\=Singapore Infopedia: Tampines Regional Library\\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Library Board]]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2017, the library relocated to [Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/Our_Tampines_Hub \"Our Tampines Hub\"), an integrated community and lifestyle hub. This new location continues to serve the eastern part of Singapore, offering expanded facilities and services. The library's initial concept was to be a \"library of the future,\" aligning with the Library 2000 Review Committee's vision.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article\\-detail?cmsuuid\\=fed666d6\\-f7d4\\-4923\\-b62d\\-b89e7a478a5b\\\|title\\=Singapore Infopedia: Tampines Regional Library\\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Library Board]]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Tampines has six community clubs, which are managed by the [People's Association](/wiki/People%27s_Association \"People's Association\") and provide a wide range of services. Among them, Tampines Central Community Club is housed within Our Tampines Hub. These community clubs are common spaces for residents to come together, and they occasionally provide information from the government on national policies through events and booths.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.pa.gov.sg/our\\-network/community\\-clubs/cc\\-information/\\\|title\\=CC Information\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[People's Association]]}}", "### Healthcare", "[Changi General Hospital](/wiki/Changi_General_Hospital \"Changi General Hospital\") (CGH) is a major restructured hospital operated by [SingHealth](/wiki/SingHealth \"SingHealth\") in Simei, one of the subzones in the Tampines. It is the fourth largest healthcare facility in Singapore, with a capacity of 1,000 beds. As Singapore's first purpose\\-built general hospital, it caters to communities in the East Region of Singapore. The hospital houses six specialist centres and encompass a wide range of disciplines, such as cardiology, orthopaedic surgery, and sports medicine. In [Newsweek's](/wiki/Newsweek \"Newsweek\") World's Best Specialized Hospitals 2024 ranking, CGH ranks 48th in pulmonology, 69th in neurosurgery, 113rd in orthopedics, and 164th in oncology.", "Other healthcare facilities include two [polyclinics](/wiki/SingHealth%23Polyclinics \"SingHealth#Polyclinics\"), with one in Tampines East and the other in Tampines North. These polyclinics offer a wide array of health services for residents, from management of chronic diseases to treatment of acute medical conditions. Besides the polyclinics, Tampines has several nursing homes and elderly day care centres to support its ageing population.", "### Neighbourhood centres", "{{Collapsible list\n \\\| title \\= List\n \\\| bullets \\= on\n \\\| N1: Tampines Street 11 Neighbourhood Centre\n \\\| N2: Tampines N2 Shopping Street\n \\\| N3: Tampines Mart\n \\\| N4: N4 Neighbourhood Centre\n \\\| N5: Tampines Central Shopping Street\n \\\| N6: ''Tampines Avenue 11 mixed\\-use site'' (working name; under construction)\n \\\| N8: ShopTWest\n \\\| N9: ''Tampines Street 94 mixed\\-use site'' (working name; tender in progress)\n}}", "[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Tampines N4 Neighbourhood Centre](/wiki/File:Tampines_N4_Neighbourhood_Centre_2022.jpg \"Tampines N4 Neighbourhood Centre 2022.jpg\")", "As of 2024, there are six neighbourhood centres in Tampines, as gazetted in the URA Master Plan. They are located in neighbourhoods 1 to 5 and 8\\.", "Tampines Street 11 Neighbourhood Centre is the first in the planning area. Developments in the neighbourhood centre include the Tampines Town Council and Tampines Round Market \\& Food Centre, which opened in 1983 as the first hawker centre in Tampines.", "Tampines N2 Shopping Street has Singapore's most expensive coffee shop, which was sold for a record $41\\.68 million.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/property/tampines\\-coffee\\-shop\\-sold\\-for\\-record\\-4168m\\-tenants\\-say\\-rent\\-doubled\\\|title\\=Tampines coffee shop sold for record $41\\.68m; tenants say rent doubled\\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=The Straits Times]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The 604\\-square\\-metre establishment, known as 21 Street Eating House, features 18 stalls. This purchase price translates to approximately $6,411 per square foot, nearly matching the average rate for ground\\-level retail units in Far East Plaza and Lucky Plaza along Orchard Road.", "Tampines Central Shopping Street and ShopTWest see a comparatively high footfall, due to their proximity to Tampines MRT Station and Temasek Polytechnic respectively.", "Two additional neighbourhood centres are planned. One of them will be located on a mixed\\-use site in Tampines North, sharing the land plot with the Tampines North Integrated Transport Hub. In 2022, a consortium comprising UOL Group, Singapore Land, and CapitaLand Development submitted the highest bid of S$1\\.206 billion to develop the site.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.edgeprop.sg/property\\-news/uol\\-singland\\-and\\-capitaland\\-consortium\\-submits\\-highest\\-bid\\-885\\-psf\\-ppr\\-tampines\\-avenue\\-11\\-mixed\\-use\\\|title\\=UOL, SingLand and CapitaLand consortium submits highest bid of $885 psf ppr for Tampines Avenue 11 mixed\\-use GLS site\\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=EdgeProp Singapore\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The other future neighbourhood centre will be constructed in the Tampines South estate, as part of a proposed mixed\\-use development. On 27 June 2024, the HDB launched the sale of the site via public tender. This site has the potential to accommodate 585 residential units and will feature a gross floor area of 61,837 square metres. The development will include an early childhood development centre (ECDC), a supermarket, a food court, and a community plaza, with an underpass connection to Tampines West MRT station.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/\\-/media/doc/PLG/Additional\\-Conditions\\-of\\-Tender\\-Tampines\\-P18\\.ashx\\\|title\\=Proposed mixed use development comprising a commercial and residential development at Tampines Street 94: Appendix C, Additional Conditions of Tender (Technical)\\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=Housing \\& Development Board Singapore\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Our Tampines Hub", "{{further\\\|Our Tampines Hub}}", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|200px\\\|Stadium in Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/File:Our_Tampines_Hub_Town_Square.jpg \"Our Tampines Hub Town Square.jpg\")", "[Our Tampines Hub](/wiki/Our_Tampines_Hub \"Our Tampines Hub\"){{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1106058/1/.html\\\|title\\=Tampines to have Town Hub by 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2011\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Channel NewsAsia]]\\\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2011\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121182246/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1106058/1/.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tampines\\-new\\-town\\-hub\\-to/2086428\\.html\\\|title\\=Tampines New Town Hub to open progressively from end\\-2016\\\|last\\=Chan\\\|first\\=Luo Er\\\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-30\\\|publisher\\=Channel News Asia\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-25\\\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218053411/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/tampines\\-new\\-town\\-hub\\-to/2086428\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} is a new development in Tampines. Construction began in June 2013 and it opened on 9 November 2016\\. It is located at the site of the former [Tampines Stadium](/wiki/Tampines_Stadium \"Tampines Stadium\") along Avenue 4 and 5, together with the swimming pool.", "It is built for the residents of Tampines and provides a community space where residents can gather, interact, and bond with others from the community. Facilities available include a community centre, sports and recreation centres, swimming pools, bowling alleys, karaoke facilities, information centres, and several offices. The [Tampines Regional Library](/wiki/Tampines_Regional_Library \"Tampines Regional Library\") was also relocated here.", "" ]
Parks and recreation -------------------- ### Large parks [thumb\\|200px\\|Sun Plaza Park](/wiki/File:Tampines_Park_Connector_running_through_Sun_Plaza_Park.jpg "Tampines Park Connector running through Sun Plaza Park.jpg") [thumb\\|200px\\|Zone H of East Coast Park](/wiki/File:East_Coast_Park_Zone_H_2021.jpg "East Coast Park Zone H 2021.jpg") There are three main parks in Tampines New Town. Sun Plaza Park, located at Tampines Avenue 7 and 9, is one of the first parks in Tampines and previously featured a crocodile\-shaped playground in the 1990s. [Tampines Eco Green](/wiki/Tampines_Eco_Green "Tampines Eco Green"), one of [NPark's](/wiki/NParks "NParks") few nature parks, is 36\.5 hectares and located northeast of Sun Plaza Park.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1124537/1/.html\\|title\=New Tampines Eco Green to nurture love for nature\\|access\-date\=24 April 2011\\|publisher\=\[\[Channel NewsAsia]]\\|archive\-date\=25 April 2011\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425021233/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1124537/1/.html\\|url\-status\=live}} Home to over 75 species of birds, Tampines Eco Green remains largely preserved in its existing ecological state, with marshlands, secondary forests and freshwater ponds.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/\-/media/nparks\-real\-content/gardens\-parks\-and\-nature/diy\-walk/diy\-walk\-pdf\-files/tampines\_eco\_green\_guide.pdf\\|title\=Your Guide to Tampines Eco Green\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[NParks]]\\|url\-status\=live}} Tampines Boulevard Park stretches from Tampines Avenue 9 to the future [Tampines North MRT station](/wiki/Tampines_North_MRT_station "Tampines North MRT station"), and forms the spine of Tampines North. These three parks are adjacent to each other and interconnected by footpaths and cycling paths. The former Tampines Bike Park, was located west of Tampines Avenue 12, at the current site of Tampines Boulevard Park. Managed by [Sport Singapore](/wiki/Sport_Singapore "Sport Singapore"), it had the only [BMX](/wiki/BMX "BMX") track in Singapore and a 13km\-long mountain bike trail.{{cite news\\|url\=http://news.asiaone.com/news/sports/bmx\-fans\-get\-new\-track\-after\-tampines\-park\-closes\\|title\=BMX fans to get new track after Tampines park closes\\|access\-date\=16 September 2014\\|publisher\=\[\[AsiaOne]]/\[\[The Straits Times]]\\|archive\-date\=30 September 2014\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930120024/http://news.asiaone.com/news/sports/bmx\-fans\-get\-new\-track\-after\-tampines\-park\-closes\\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/end\-of\-the\-road\-for\-tampines\-bike\-park\\|title\=End of the road for Tampines Bike Park\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[The Straits Times]]\\|url\-status\=live}} An estimated 2,600 riders visited the park each month. In 2010, Tampines Bike Park hosted BMW events during the [2010 Summer Youth Olympics](/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics "2010 Summer Youth Olympics"). It officially closed on 17 September 2014, to make way for housing and future developments in Tampines North. There are other parks in Tampines outside the New Town. Changi Business Park Garden is one of them, serving employees in the area. It runs through the centre of the business park, with The Signature building to its south. There are two large ponds and an amphitheatre in the garden. Zone H of [East Coast Park](/wiki/East_Coast_Park "East Coast Park") features the only beach in Tampines. Located just south of the National Service Resort \& Country Club (NSRCC), the beach in this zone can extend up to 100 metres out to sea during extreme low tides. East Coast Park offers residents an uninterrupted cycling path to the [Central Business District (CBD)](/wiki/Central_Area%2C_Singapore "Central Area, Singapore"). It also connects to Changi Airport to its northeast. ### Community parks and nature ways [thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Tampines Tree Park](/wiki/File:Tampines_Tree_Park_20240331_115933.jpg "Tampines Tree Park 20240331 115933.jpg") The other parks in Tampines New Town are mainly community parks — Tampines North Park, Tampines Leisure Park, Tampines Central Park, Tampines Park, Festival Park, Tampines Green, Tampines Tree Garden, and some neighbourhood parks. These small parks serve as outdoor spaces for residents to engage in exercise activities near their homes. Occasionally, community\-related events are held at Festival Park. They also serve as nodes of the Tampines Nature Way. Tampines Nature Way, characterised by its lush vegetation of trees and shrubs, is designed to mimic natural forest ecosystems. One of many nature ways in Singapore, it serves as a vital corridor for wildlife, like including birds and butterflies, to move between green spaces.{{cite news\\|url\= https://beta.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when\-visiting\-parks/about\-parks\-nature\-reserves\-pcns/nature\-corridors\-ways \\|title\=About our parks, nature reserves and park connectors\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[NParks]]\\|url\-status\=live}} Tampines Nature Way connects Tampines Eco Green, [Bedok Reservoir](/wiki/Bedok_Reservoir "Bedok Reservoir") and [Pasir Ris Park](/wiki/Pasir_Ris_Park "Pasir Ris Park"), which have rich biodiversity, to the urban areas in Tampines. This also fosters a deeper appreciation of Singapore's [City in Nature initiative](/wiki/Singapore_Green_Plan_2030 "Singapore Green Plan 2030").{{cite web\\|url\= https://beta.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when\-visiting\-parks/about\-parks\-nature\-reserves\-pcns/nature\-corridors\-ways \\|title\=About our parks, nature reserves and park connectors\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[NParks]]}} Simei Nature Way serves a similar purpose, connecting green spaces in adjacent neighbourhoods. It also connects the extensive Tampines Nature Way to the Upper Changi Nature Way.{{cite web\\|url\= https://beta.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when\-visiting\-parks/about\-parks\-nature\-reserves\-pcns/nature\-corridors\-ways \\|title\=About our parks, nature reserves and park connectors\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[NParks]]}} In the future, more green spaces will be added in Tampines. According to the [URA](/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority "Urban Redevelopment Authority") Masterplan 2019, a plot of land beside the future Tampines GreenQuartz neighbourhood in Tampines West has been earmarked for a future community park. ### Park connector {{further\\|Park Connector Network}} [thumb\\|200px\\|Sungei Tampines after naturalisation project by PUB](/wiki/File:Sungei_Tampines_2022.jpg "Sungei Tampines 2022.jpg") Tampines Park Connector is one of many under the [Park Connector Network (PCN)](/wiki/Park_Connector_Network "Park Connector Network") in Singapore that aims to promote cycling and connect parks together with shared\-use paths. With a combined length of 7 kilometres, the Tampines Park Connector provides residents with an alternative means of traversing the town and visiting other parks in Singapore.{{cite web\\|url\=https://pcn.nparks.gov.sg \\|title\=NParks Park Connector Network\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[NParks]]}} The northeastern section of Tampines Park Connector runs along [Sungei Tampines](/wiki/Sungei_Tampines "Sungei Tampines"). Between 2018 and 2022, the concrete canal was rebuilt into a naturalised waterway under a contract by PUB, marking the third project of its kind in Singapore. The project, which cost S$48\.827 million, features lookout decks on both sides, allowing visitors to experience the waterway up close.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/concrete\-canal\-in\-tampines\-turned\-into\-naturalised\-waterway\-in\-3rd\-such\-project\-in\-spore\\|title\=Concrete canal in Tampines turned into naturalised waterway in 3rd such project\\|access\-date\=22 June 2024\\|publisher\=\[\[The Straits Times]]\\|url\-status\=live}} ### Undesignated park On the outskirts of Tampines lies an undesignated park, Tampines Quarry Park. It used to be a sand quarry in the early to mid\-1900s, to support the development boom in the 20th century. Rainwater has since filled the quarry. It is not equipped with any facilities, but this park still remains popular among nearby residents and off\-road cycling enthusiasts. As it is hidden behind lush greenery, there are no signs or entrances to the park, though there are hidden pathways to enter.	[ "Parks and recreation\n--------------------", "### Large parks", "[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Sun Plaza Park](/wiki/File:Tampines_Park_Connector_running_through_Sun_Plaza_Park.jpg \"Tampines Park Connector running through Sun Plaza Park.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Zone H of East Coast Park](/wiki/File:East_Coast_Park_Zone_H_2021.jpg \"East Coast Park Zone H 2021.jpg\")", "There are three main parks in Tampines New Town. Sun Plaza Park, located at Tampines Avenue 7 and 9, is one of the first parks in Tampines and previously featured a crocodile\\-shaped playground in the 1990s. [Tampines Eco Green](/wiki/Tampines_Eco_Green \"Tampines Eco Green\"), one of [NPark's](/wiki/NParks \"NParks\") few nature parks, is 36\\.5 hectares and located northeast of Sun Plaza Park.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1124537/1/.html\\\|title\\=New Tampines Eco Green to nurture love for nature\\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2011\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Channel NewsAsia]]\\\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2011\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425021233/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1124537/1/.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Home to over 75 species of birds, Tampines Eco Green remains largely preserved in its existing ecological state, with marshlands, secondary forests and freshwater ponds.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/\\-/media/nparks\\-real\\-content/gardens\\-parks\\-and\\-nature/diy\\-walk/diy\\-walk\\-pdf\\-files/tampines\\_eco\\_green\\_guide.pdf\\\|title\\=Your Guide to Tampines Eco Green\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NParks]]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Tampines Boulevard Park stretches from Tampines Avenue 9 to the future [Tampines North MRT station](/wiki/Tampines_North_MRT_station \"Tampines North MRT station\"), and forms the spine of Tampines North. These three parks are adjacent to each other and interconnected by footpaths and cycling paths.", "The former Tampines Bike Park, was located west of Tampines Avenue 12, at the current site of Tampines Boulevard Park. Managed by [Sport Singapore](/wiki/Sport_Singapore \"Sport Singapore\"), it had the only [BMX](/wiki/BMX \"BMX\") track in Singapore and a 13km\\-long mountain bike trail.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://news.asiaone.com/news/sports/bmx\\-fans\\-get\\-new\\-track\\-after\\-tampines\\-park\\-closes\\\|title\\=BMX fans to get new track after Tampines park closes\\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AsiaOne]]/\\[\\[The Straits Times]]\\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2014\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930120024/http://news.asiaone.com/news/sports/bmx\\-fans\\-get\\-new\\-track\\-after\\-tampines\\-park\\-closes\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/end\\-of\\-the\\-road\\-for\\-tampines\\-bike\\-park\\\|title\\=End of the road for Tampines Bike Park\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Straits Times]]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} An estimated 2,600 riders visited the park each month. In 2010, Tampines Bike Park hosted BMW events during the [2010 Summer Youth Olympics](/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics \"2010 Summer Youth Olympics\"). It officially closed on 17 September 2014, to make way for housing and future developments in Tampines North.", "There are other parks in Tampines outside the New Town. Changi Business Park Garden is one of them, serving employees in the area. It runs through the centre of the business park, with The Signature building to its south. There are two large ponds and an amphitheatre in the garden.", "Zone H of [East Coast Park](/wiki/East_Coast_Park \"East Coast Park\") features the only beach in Tampines. Located just south of the National Service Resort \\& Country Club (NSRCC), the beach in this zone can extend up to 100 metres out to sea during extreme low tides. East Coast Park offers residents an uninterrupted cycling path to the [Central Business District (CBD)](/wiki/Central_Area%2C_Singapore \"Central Area, Singapore\"). It also connects to Changi Airport to its northeast.", "### Community parks and nature ways", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|200px\\\|Tampines Tree Park](/wiki/File:Tampines_Tree_Park_20240331_115933.jpg \"Tampines Tree Park 20240331 115933.jpg\")", "The other parks in Tampines New Town are mainly community parks — Tampines North Park, Tampines Leisure Park, Tampines Central Park, Tampines Park, Festival Park, Tampines Green, Tampines Tree Garden, and some neighbourhood parks. These small parks serve as outdoor spaces for residents to engage in exercise activities near their homes. Occasionally, community\\-related events are held at Festival Park. They also serve as nodes of the Tampines Nature Way.", "Tampines Nature Way, characterised by its lush vegetation of trees and shrubs, is designed to mimic natural forest ecosystems. One of many nature ways in Singapore, it serves as a vital corridor for wildlife, like including birds and butterflies, to move between green spaces.{{cite news\\\|url\\= https://beta.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when\\-visiting\\-parks/about\\-parks\\-nature\\-reserves\\-pcns/nature\\-corridors\\-ways\n\\\|title\\=About our parks, nature reserves and park connectors\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NParks]]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Tampines Nature Way connects Tampines Eco Green, [Bedok Reservoir](/wiki/Bedok_Reservoir \"Bedok Reservoir\") and [Pasir Ris Park](/wiki/Pasir_Ris_Park \"Pasir Ris Park\"), which have rich biodiversity, to the urban areas in Tampines. This also fosters a deeper appreciation of Singapore's [City in Nature initiative](/wiki/Singapore_Green_Plan_2030 \"Singapore Green Plan 2030\").{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://beta.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when\\-visiting\\-parks/about\\-parks\\-nature\\-reserves\\-pcns/nature\\-corridors\\-ways\n\\\|title\\=About our parks, nature reserves and park connectors\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NParks]]}}", "Simei Nature Way serves a similar purpose, connecting green spaces in adjacent neighbourhoods. It also connects the extensive Tampines Nature Way to the Upper Changi Nature Way.{{cite web\\\|url\\= https://beta.nparks.gov.sg/visit/when\\-visiting\\-parks/about\\-parks\\-nature\\-reserves\\-pcns/nature\\-corridors\\-ways\n\\\|title\\=About our parks, nature reserves and park connectors\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NParks]]}}", "In the future, more green spaces will be added in Tampines. According to the [URA](/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority \"Urban Redevelopment Authority\") Masterplan 2019, a plot of land beside the future Tampines GreenQuartz neighbourhood in Tampines West has been earmarked for a future community park.", "### Park connector", "{{further\\\|Park Connector Network}}", "[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Sungei Tampines after naturalisation project by PUB](/wiki/File:Sungei_Tampines_2022.jpg \"Sungei Tampines 2022.jpg\")\nTampines Park Connector is one of many under the [Park Connector Network (PCN)](/wiki/Park_Connector_Network \"Park Connector Network\") in Singapore that aims to promote cycling and connect parks together with shared\\-use paths. With a combined length of 7 kilometres, the Tampines Park Connector provides residents with an alternative means of traversing the town and visiting other parks in Singapore.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://pcn.nparks.gov.sg\n\\\|title\\=NParks Park Connector Network\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NParks]]}}", "The northeastern section of Tampines Park Connector runs along [Sungei Tampines](/wiki/Sungei_Tampines \"Sungei Tampines\"). Between 2018 and 2022, the concrete canal was rebuilt into a naturalised waterway under a contract by PUB, marking the third project of its kind in Singapore. The project, which cost S$48\\.827 million, features lookout decks on both sides, allowing visitors to experience the waterway up close.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/concrete\\-canal\\-in\\-tampines\\-turned\\-into\\-naturalised\\-waterway\\-in\\-3rd\\-such\\-project\\-in\\-spore\\\|title\\=Concrete canal in Tampines turned into naturalised waterway in 3rd such project\\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Straits Times]]\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Undesignated park", "On the outskirts of Tampines lies an undesignated park, Tampines Quarry Park. It used to be a sand quarry in the early to mid\\-1900s, to support the development boom in the 20th century. Rainwater has since filled the quarry. It is not equipped with any facilities, but this park still remains popular among nearby residents and off\\-road cycling enthusiasts. As it is hidden behind lush greenery, there are no signs or entrances to the park, though there are hidden pathways to enter.", "" ]
Infrastructure -------------- ### Transportation depot {{further\\|East Coast Integrated Depot}} [thumb\\|200px\\|East Coast Integrated Depot under construction in 2024](/wiki/File:East_Coast_Integrated_Depot_13_Jan_2024.jpg "East Coast Integrated Depot 13 Jan 2024.jpg") The [East Coast Integrated Depot (ECID)](/wiki/East_Coast_Integrated_Depot "East Coast Integrated Depot") in Xilin, currently under construction and expected to be completed in 2026, will serve three MRT lines: the East–West Line, the Downtown Line, and the Thomson–East Coast Line. Located beside the soon\-to\-be\-demolished [Changi Depot](/wiki/Changi_Depot "Changi Depot"), it will be Singapore's first MRT depot to support three MRT lines and the third to integrate a bus depot. This integrated model is expected to save 44 hectares of land. It will accommodate over 200 trains of various sizes and lengths, along with more than 550 buses.{{cite web \\| title\=Factsheet: East Coast Integrated Depot \\|website\=The Straits Times \\|url\=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2018/11/2/factsheet\-east\-coast\-integrated\-depot.html \\|access\-date\=22 June 2024 }} ### District cooling system Tampines is set to become the first town centre in Singapore to implement a district cooling system, a significant milestone announced on April 18\.{{cite news \\| title\=Tampines to be first town centre in Singapore with district cooling system, network operational in 2025 \\|website\=CNA \\|url\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/tampines\-be\-first\-town\-centre\-singapore\-district\-cooling\-system\-network\-operational\-2025\-2631566 \\|access\-date\=22 June 2024 \\|url\-status\=live }} This innovative Distributed District Cooling (DDC) network will connect seven commercial buildings in Tampines Central. Scheduled to be operational by the first half of 2025, the DDC will utilise the existing cooling systems of these buildings to produce and distribute chilled water through interconnected pipes, thereby providing efficient cooling across the network. The implementation of the DDC network in Tampines is expected to significantly reduce carbon emissions and achieve substantial energy savings. SP Group and Temasek project that the network will lower carbon emissions by 1,359 tonnes annually, equivalent to removing 1,236 cars from Singapore's roads, and save over 2\.8 million kilowatt\-hours (kWh) of energy each year, enough to power more than 905 three\-room HDB households. By optimising the existing chiller plants and using injection nodes at Century Square, Our Tampines Hub, and Tampines One, the system will enhance cooling efficiency and reduce equipment costs for building owners. This project not only demonstrates the potential for integrating sustainable solutions into existing urban infrastructures but also aligns with Singapore’s broader climate ambitions, contributing to a low\-carbon future. ### Emergency services [thumb\\|200px\\|Tampines Fire Station](/wiki/File:Tampines_Fire_Station_Singapore.jpg "Tampines Fire Station Singapore.jpg") The 2nd [SCDF](/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force "Singapore Civil Defence Force") Division Headquarters, located on the western border of Tampines, has been operational since January 26, 2006\. It features an underground command post, which enhances its command and control capabilities during emergencies.{{cite web \\| title\=2nd SCDF DIV HQ Organisation Structure \\|website\=The Straits Times \\|url\=https://www.scdf.gov.sg/home/about\-us/organisation\-structure/scdf\-division\-hq/2nd\-scdf\-div\-hq \\|access\-date\=22 June 2024 }} A public education centre was also set up to promoting community preparedness. The Tampines Fire Station, co\-located with the Division Headquarters, occupies the first two levels of the seven\-story building. Staffed by 140 personnel, the fire station's location along the Tampines Avenue 10 thoroughfare allows for rapid response to emergencies in the residential areas of Tampines and Pasir Ris, as well as high\-risk premises in the nearby industrial parks. Tampines [Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC)](/wiki/Neighbourhood_Police_Centre "Neighbourhood Police Centre") is a mid\-sized police station in Tampines West. It is under the regional command of the [Bedok Police Division](/wiki/Bedok_Police_Division "Bedok Police Division"). Tampines NPC was one of the first NPCs to adopt the new Community Policing System (COPS), which aims to improve the way NPCs work with the community. Tampines East Neighbourhood Police Post (NPP) and Tampines North NPP were also established for residents to access police services with ease, such as submitting police reports and applying for various permits. ### Cycling town Tampines is Singapore's pioneering cycling town. It established its first dedicated cycling paths as early as 2010\. These paths link residential areas in Tampines, with key amenities such as MRT stations and community centres. In 2017, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) recently announced plans to triple the existing 6\.9km cycling path network to about 21km, exceeding the cycling infrastructure in other new towns.{{cite news \\| title\=Network of cycling paths in Tampines to be tripled by 2022 \\|publisher\=Today Online \\|url\=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/network\-cycling\-paths\-tampines\-be\-tripled\-2022 \\|access\-date\=22 June 2024 \\|url\-status\=live }} Enhancements include widening existing paths, improving bicycle crossings with additional signage, and establishing trunk routes connecting Tampines to neighbouring towns and key employment hubs such as Changi Business Park. This cycling town project aims to promote cycling as a sustainable mode of transport, and enhance the overall liveability and accessibility of Tampines. In Tampines, there is a wide availability of shared bicycles provided by two operators, [HelloRide](/wiki/Hello_%28Chinese_company%29 "Hello (Chinese company)") and Anywheel. These services offer convenient access to bicycles for both residents and visitors, facilitating short trips around the town at low cost. {{clear}}	[ "Infrastructure\n--------------", "### Transportation depot", "{{further\\\|East Coast Integrated Depot}}\n[thumb\\\|200px\\\|East Coast Integrated Depot under construction in 2024](/wiki/File:East_Coast_Integrated_Depot_13_Jan_2024.jpg \"East Coast Integrated Depot 13 Jan 2024.jpg\")", "The [East Coast Integrated Depot (ECID)](/wiki/East_Coast_Integrated_Depot \"East Coast Integrated Depot\") in Xilin, currently under construction and expected to be completed in 2026, will serve three MRT lines: the East–West Line, the Downtown Line, and the Thomson–East Coast Line. Located beside the soon\\-to\\-be\\-demolished [Changi Depot](/wiki/Changi_Depot \"Changi Depot\"), it will be Singapore's first MRT depot to support three MRT lines and the third to integrate a bus depot. This integrated model is expected to save 44 hectares of land. It will accommodate over 200 trains of various sizes and lengths, along with more than 550 buses.{{cite web \\\| title\\=Factsheet: East Coast Integrated Depot \\\|website\\=The Straits Times \\\|url\\=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2018/11/2/factsheet\\-east\\-coast\\-integrated\\-depot.html \\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024 }}", "### District cooling system", "Tampines is set to become the first town centre in Singapore to implement a district cooling system, a significant milestone announced on April 18\\.{{cite news \\\| title\\=Tampines to be first town centre in Singapore with district cooling system, network operational in 2025 \\\|website\\=CNA \\\|url\\=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/tampines\\-be\\-first\\-town\\-centre\\-singapore\\-district\\-cooling\\-system\\-network\\-operational\\-2025\\-2631566 \\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} This innovative Distributed District Cooling (DDC) network will connect seven commercial buildings in Tampines Central. Scheduled to be operational by the first half of 2025, the DDC will utilise the existing cooling systems of these buildings to produce and distribute chilled water through interconnected pipes, thereby providing efficient cooling across the network.", "The implementation of the DDC network in Tampines is expected to significantly reduce carbon emissions and achieve substantial energy savings. SP Group and Temasek project that the network will lower carbon emissions by 1,359 tonnes annually, equivalent to removing 1,236 cars from Singapore's roads, and save over 2\\.8 million kilowatt\\-hours (kWh) of energy each year, enough to power more than 905 three\\-room HDB households. By optimising the existing chiller plants and using injection nodes at Century Square, Our Tampines Hub, and Tampines One, the system will enhance cooling efficiency and reduce equipment costs for building owners. This project not only demonstrates the potential for integrating sustainable solutions into existing urban infrastructures but also aligns with Singapore’s broader climate ambitions, contributing to a low\\-carbon future.", "### Emergency services", "[thumb\\\|200px\\\|Tampines Fire Station](/wiki/File:Tampines_Fire_Station_Singapore.jpg \"Tampines Fire Station Singapore.jpg\")\nThe 2nd [SCDF](/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force \"Singapore Civil Defence Force\") Division Headquarters, located on the western border of Tampines, has been operational since January 26, 2006\\. It features an underground command post, which enhances its command and control capabilities during emergencies.{{cite web \\\| title\\=2nd SCDF DIV HQ Organisation Structure \\\|website\\=The Straits Times \\\|url\\=https://www.scdf.gov.sg/home/about\\-us/organisation\\-structure/scdf\\-division\\-hq/2nd\\-scdf\\-div\\-hq \\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024 }} A public education centre was also set up to promoting community preparedness. The Tampines Fire Station, co\\-located with the Division Headquarters, occupies the first two levels of the seven\\-story building. Staffed by 140 personnel, the fire station's location along the Tampines Avenue 10 thoroughfare allows for rapid response to emergencies in the residential areas of Tampines and Pasir Ris, as well as high\\-risk premises in the nearby industrial parks.", "Tampines [Neighbourhood Police Centre (NPC)](/wiki/Neighbourhood_Police_Centre \"Neighbourhood Police Centre\") is a mid\\-sized police station in Tampines West. It is under the regional command of the [Bedok Police Division](/wiki/Bedok_Police_Division \"Bedok Police Division\"). Tampines NPC was one of the first NPCs to adopt the new Community Policing System (COPS), which aims to improve the way NPCs work with the community. Tampines East Neighbourhood Police Post (NPP) and Tampines North NPP were also established for residents to access police services with ease, such as submitting police reports and applying for various permits.", "### Cycling town", "Tampines is Singapore's pioneering cycling town. It established its first dedicated cycling paths as early as 2010\\. These paths link residential areas in Tampines, with key amenities such as MRT stations and community centres. In 2017, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) recently announced plans to triple the existing 6\\.9km cycling path network to about 21km, exceeding the cycling infrastructure in other new towns.{{cite news \\\| title\\=Network of cycling paths in Tampines to be tripled by 2022 \\\|publisher\\=Today Online \\\|url\\=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/network\\-cycling\\-paths\\-tampines\\-be\\-tripled\\-2022 \\\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2024 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} Enhancements include widening existing paths, improving bicycle crossings with additional signage, and establishing trunk routes connecting Tampines to neighbouring towns and key employment hubs such as Changi Business Park.", "This cycling town project aims to promote cycling as a sustainable mode of transport, and enhance the overall liveability and accessibility of Tampines.", "In Tampines, there is a wide availability of shared bicycles provided by two operators, [HelloRide](/wiki/Hello_%28Chinese_company%29 \"Hello (Chinese company)\") and Anywheel. These services offer convenient access to bicycles for both residents and visitors, facilitating short trips around the town at low cost.", "{{clear}}", "" ]
Use --- ### Jordan almonds [thumb\\|Classic Jordan almonds](/wiki/File:La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg "La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Spinner (turbine) used to apply sugar to the candies](/wiki/File:Turbine_a_dragee.jpg "Turbine a dragee.jpg") In their most classic form of dragée and [comfit](/wiki/Comfit "Comfit"), Jordan almonds, also known as koufeta,Chu, Anita. Field Guide to Candy: How to Identify and Make Virtually Every Candy Imaginable. Philadelphia: Quirk, 2009\. consist of [almonds](/wiki/Almond "Almond") which are [sugar panned](/wiki/Sugar_panning "Sugar panning") in various pastel colors.{{cite book \\|title\= Sugar Confectionery Manufacture \\|edition\= 2nd \\|editor\= E. B. Jackson \\|publisher\= Springer \\|year\= 1999 \\|isbn\= 978\-0\-8342\-1297\-8 \\|page\= 251 \\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=GFw8HEqnLvIC\&q\=dragee\+panning\&pg\=PA251}} Jordan almonds are often used as [wedding favors](/wiki/Wedding_favors "Wedding favors")—like [bomboniere](/wiki/Bomboniere "Bomboniere")—with the "bitter" almonds and the "sweet" sugar symbolizing the bitterness of life and sweetness of love. The treats are often packaged in groups of five to represent happiness, health, longevity, wealth, and fertility.Chu, Anita. Field Guide to Candy: How to Identify and Make Virtually Every Candy Imaginable. Philadelphia: Quirk, 2009 At European weddings, the almonds are placed in groups of five—an odd number that is indivisible—to symbolize the unity of husband and wife.{{Cite web\\|title \= Jordan Almonds – The Delicious Mystery – Candy Atlas\\|url \= http://www.candyatlas.com/jordan\-almonds\-the\-delicious\-mystery/\\|website \= Candy Atlas\\|access\-date \= 2015\-10\-29\\|language \= en}} In the Middle East, Jordan almonds are considered an aphrodisiac so there are always plenty on hand for the newlyweds and their guests. The term Jordan is most likely a corrupted version of the [French](/wiki/French_language "French language") word {{Lang\\|fr\\|jardin}}, meaning {{Gloss\\|garden}}, hence, a cultivated rather than wild almond.Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 17th edition, 2005, p. 750\.[The History of The “Confetti of Sulmona” and the Pelino House](http://www.confettipelino.com/site/epage/30434_552.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022135800/http://www.confettipelino.com/site/epage/30434\_552\.htm\\|date\=October 22, 2011}} However, others suggest the term referred to a variety of almonds originally grown along the [Jordan River](/wiki/Jordan_River "Jordan River") characterized by long, thin, slender, rather smooth kernels in thick, heavy shells.{{cite web \\|date\=1941\-10\-20 \\|title\=CPG Sec. 570\.100 Jordan Almonds – Common or Usual Name \\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074593\.htm \\|access\-date\=2013\-01\-06 \\|publisher\=Fda.gov}} Jordan almonds are thought to be derived from honey\-covered almonds found in [Ancient times](/wiki/Ancient_times "Ancient times"). According to an unverified legend, a confectioner named Julius Dragatus served honey\-covered almonds called dragati at weddings and births. When sugar became more readily available in the 15th century, the nuts were coated in sugar instead. Still others believe that Jordan is a corruption of the name of the town of [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun "Verdun") in the northeast of [France](/wiki/France "France"). In the 13th century, when the medieval crusaders brought sugar to Europe after their campaigns in the Holy Land, it was very valuable and considered medicinal. During that time, an apothecary in Verdun began coating other medicines with sugar (calling them dragées) to make them easier to take. The town of Verdun became very well known for its {{Lang\\|fr\\|dragées de Verdun}}. ### Panned chocolate Other chocolate dragées with multi\-colored candy shells are [M\&M's](/wiki/M%26M%27s "M&M's"). Initially designed to allow easy transport and consumption of chocolate for the U.S. military, they have evolved into a popular candy, but are also sold as decorative dragées in 25 different colors. ### Easter In Portugal sugared almonds ({{Lang\\|pt\\|amêndoas de Páscoa}}) are the most traditional treat and gift rather than chocolate eggs. Entire aisles in supermarkets may be devoted to them in the run\-up to Easter itself. ### Medicinal dragées Used to increase tolerability of bitter medication, medicated candies or sugar\-coated pills can be referred to as dragées. ### Metallic decorative balls [right\\|thumb\\|A chocolate cake decorated with icing, strawberries, and silver metallic dragées](/wiki/File:CakeDecoration.jpg "CakeDecoration.jpg") Another form of dragée is a small sphere of sugar, in the Commonwealth often called a cachou, used primarily in the [decoration](/wiki/Cake_decorating "Cake decorating") of [cookies](/wiki/Cookie "Cookie"), [cakes](/wiki/Cakes "Cakes"), and other forms of bakery. These are produced in various sizes, typically {{convert\\|3\\|to\\|4\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\=on}} in diameter. This is larger than [nonpareils](/wiki/Nonpareils "Nonpareils") and smaller than large [pearl tapioca](/wiki/Pearl_tapioca "Pearl tapioca"). Silver dragées have long been used for both wedding and holiday food decoration. More recently, metallic gold, copper, rainbow colors (red, green, blue, etc.), and [pearlescent](/wiki/Pearlescent_coatings "Pearlescent coatings") colors have become available. In most countries, including the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and [France](/wiki/France "France"), silver dragées are classified as food items. However, since 1906, US regulations have prohibited the manufacture or sale of any food that uses any metal or mineral substance, including silver, as a food coloring, coating, or additive.{{Cite web\\|title\=CPG Sec 545\.200 Confectionery Decorations (Nutritive and Non\-Nutritive)\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory\-information/search\-fda\-guidance\-documents/cpg\-sec\-545200\-confectionery\-decorations\-nutritive\-and\-non\-nutritive\\|last\=Office of Regulatory Affairs\\|date\=2020\-02\-14\\|website\=U.S. Food and Drug Administration\\|language\=en\\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-29}} The [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration "U.S. Food and Drug Administration") considers the silver and gold metallic\-finish sugar dragées to be inedible, and they may be sold only when accompanied with a notice that they are to be used for decorative purposes only. Almonds that have been coated the same way are not permitted at all. Although the metallic\-finish dragées can be purchased in 49 US states, they are no longer sold in California.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2005\-dec\-18\-tm\-dragee51\-story.html \\|work\=The Los Angeles Times \\|title\=A Tempest on a Tea Cart \\|first\=Andy \\|last\=Meisler \\|date\=December 18, 2005}}	[ "Use\n---", "### Jordan almonds", "[thumb\\\|Classic Jordan almonds](/wiki/File:La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg \"La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Spinner (turbine) used to apply sugar to the candies](/wiki/File:Turbine_a_dragee.jpg \"Turbine a dragee.jpg\")\nIn their most classic form of dragée and [comfit](/wiki/Comfit \"Comfit\"), Jordan almonds, also known as koufeta,Chu, Anita. Field Guide to Candy: How to Identify and Make Virtually Every Candy Imaginable. Philadelphia: Quirk, 2009\\. consist of [almonds](/wiki/Almond \"Almond\") which are [sugar panned](/wiki/Sugar_panning \"Sugar panning\") in various pastel colors.{{cite book \\\|title\\= Sugar Confectionery Manufacture \\\|edition\\= 2nd \\\|editor\\= E. B. Jackson \\\|publisher\\= Springer \\\|year\\= 1999 \\\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-8342\\-1297\\-8 \\\|page\\= 251 \\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GFw8HEqnLvIC\\&q\\=dragee\\+panning\\&pg\\=PA251}}", "Jordan almonds are often used as [wedding favors](/wiki/Wedding_favors \"Wedding favors\")—like [bomboniere](/wiki/Bomboniere \"Bomboniere\")—with the \"bitter\" almonds and the \"sweet\" sugar symbolizing the bitterness of life and sweetness of love. The treats are often packaged in groups of five to represent happiness, health, longevity, wealth, and fertility.Chu, Anita. Field Guide to Candy: How to Identify and Make Virtually Every Candy Imaginable. Philadelphia: Quirk, 2009 At European weddings, the almonds are placed in groups of five—an odd number that is indivisible—to symbolize the unity of husband and wife.{{Cite web\\\|title \\= Jordan Almonds – The Delicious Mystery – Candy Atlas\\\|url \\= http://www.candyatlas.com/jordan\\-almonds\\-the\\-delicious\\-mystery/\\\|website \\= Candy Atlas\\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-10\\-29\\\|language \\= en}} In the Middle East, Jordan almonds are considered an aphrodisiac so there are always plenty on hand for the newlyweds and their guests.", "The term Jordan is most likely a corrupted version of the [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") word {{Lang\\\|fr\\\|jardin}}, meaning {{Gloss\\\|garden}}, hence, a cultivated rather than wild almond.Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 17th edition, 2005, p. 750\\.[The History of The “Confetti of Sulmona” and the Pelino House](http://www.confettipelino.com/site/epage/30434_552.htm) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022135800/http://www.confettipelino.com/site/epage/30434\\_552\\.htm\\\|date\\=October 22, 2011}} However, others suggest the term referred to a variety of almonds originally grown along the [Jordan River](/wiki/Jordan_River \"Jordan River\") characterized by long, thin, slender, rather smooth kernels in thick, heavy shells.{{cite web \\\|date\\=1941\\-10\\-20 \\\|title\\=CPG Sec. 570\\.100 Jordan Almonds – Common or Usual Name \\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074593\\.htm \\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-06 \\\|publisher\\=Fda.gov}}", "Jordan almonds are thought to be derived from honey\\-covered almonds found in [Ancient times](/wiki/Ancient_times \"Ancient times\"). According to an unverified legend, a confectioner named Julius Dragatus served honey\\-covered almonds called dragati at weddings and births. When sugar became more readily available in the 15th century, the nuts were coated in sugar instead.", "Still others believe that Jordan is a corruption of the name of the town of [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun \"Verdun\") in the northeast of [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). In the 13th century, when the medieval crusaders brought sugar to Europe after their campaigns in the Holy Land, it was very valuable and considered medicinal. During that time, an apothecary in Verdun began coating other medicines with sugar (calling them dragées) to make them easier to take. The town of Verdun became very well known for its {{Lang\\\|fr\\\|dragées de Verdun}}.", "### Panned chocolate", "Other chocolate dragées with multi\\-colored candy shells are [M\\&M's](/wiki/M%26M%27s \"M&M's\"). Initially designed to allow easy transport and consumption of chocolate for the U.S. military, they have evolved into a popular candy, but are also sold as decorative dragées in 25 different colors.", "### Easter", "In Portugal sugared almonds ({{Lang\\\|pt\\\|amêndoas de Páscoa}}) are the most traditional treat and gift rather than chocolate eggs. Entire aisles in supermarkets may be devoted to them in the run\\-up to Easter itself.", "### Medicinal dragées", "Used to increase tolerability of bitter medication, medicated candies or sugar\\-coated pills can be referred to as dragées.", "### Metallic decorative balls", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|A chocolate cake decorated with icing, strawberries, and silver metallic dragées](/wiki/File:CakeDecoration.jpg \"CakeDecoration.jpg\")\nAnother form of dragée is a small sphere of sugar, in the Commonwealth often called a cachou, used primarily in the [decoration](/wiki/Cake_decorating \"Cake decorating\") of [cookies](/wiki/Cookie \"Cookie\"), [cakes](/wiki/Cakes \"Cakes\"), and other forms of bakery. These are produced in various sizes, typically {{convert\\\|3\\\|to\\\|4\\\|mm\\\|in\\\|abbr\\=on}} in diameter. This is larger than [nonpareils](/wiki/Nonpareils \"Nonpareils\") and smaller than large [pearl tapioca](/wiki/Pearl_tapioca \"Pearl tapioca\").", "Silver dragées have long been used for both wedding and holiday food decoration. More recently, metallic gold, copper, rainbow colors (red, green, blue, etc.), and [pearlescent](/wiki/Pearlescent_coatings \"Pearlescent coatings\") colors have become available.", "In most countries, including the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), silver dragées are classified as food items. However, since 1906, US regulations have prohibited the manufacture or sale of any food that uses any metal or mineral substance, including silver, as a food coloring, coating, or additive.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=CPG Sec 545\\.200 Confectionery Decorations (Nutritive and Non\\-Nutritive)\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory\\-information/search\\-fda\\-guidance\\-documents/cpg\\-sec\\-545200\\-confectionery\\-decorations\\-nutritive\\-and\\-non\\-nutritive\\\|last\\=Office of Regulatory Affairs\\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-14\\\|website\\=U.S. Food and Drug Administration\\\|language\\=en\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-29}} The [U.S. Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration \"U.S. Food and Drug Administration\") considers the silver and gold metallic\\-finish sugar dragées to be inedible, and they may be sold only when accompanied with a notice that they are to be used for decorative purposes only. Almonds that have been coated the same way are not permitted at all. Although the metallic\\-finish dragées can be purchased in 49 US states, they are no longer sold in California.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2005\\-dec\\-18\\-tm\\-dragee51\\-story.html \\\|work\\=The Los Angeles Times \\\|title\\=A Tempest on a Tea Cart \\\|first\\=Andy \\\|last\\=Meisler \\\|date\\=December 18, 2005}}", "" ]
Culture ------- {{Main\\|Incense Route}} [thumb\\|Nabataean trade routes](/wiki/File:NabateensRoutes.png "NabateensRoutes.png") Many examples of graffiti and inscriptions—largely of names and greetings—document the area of Nabataean culture, which extended as far north as the north end of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea"), and testify to widespread literacy; but except for a few letters{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore\-the\-archive/search?locale\=en\_US\\|title\=The Dead Sea Scrolls \- Browse Manuscripts\\|website\=The Dead Sea Scrolls \- Browse Manuscripts}} no Nabataean literature has survived, nor was any noted in antiquity.The carbonized [Petra papyri](/wiki/Petra_papyri "Petra papyri"), mostly economic documents in Greek, date to the 6th century: Glen L. Peterman, "Discovery of Papyri in Petra", The Biblical Archaeologist 57 1 (March 1994\), pp. 55–57\.P. M. Bikai (1997\) "The Petra Papyri", Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan.Marjo Lehtinen (December 2002\) "Petra Papyri", Near Eastern Archaeology Vol.65 No. 4 pp. 277–278\. [Onomastic](/wiki/Onomastic "Onomastic") analysis has suggested{{cite journal \\|last\=Macdonald \\|first\=M. C. A. \\|title\=Personal names in the Nabataean realm: a review article \\|journal\=Journal of Semitic Studies \\|year\=1999 \\|volume\=XLIV \\|issue\=2 \\|pages\=251–289 \\|doi\=10\.1093/jss/xliv.2\.251}} that Nabataean culture may have had multiple influences. Classical references to the Nabataeans begin with [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus"). They suggest that the Nabataeans' trade routes and the origins of their goods were regarded as trade secrets, and disguised in tales that should have strained outsiders' credulity.J. W. Eadie, J. P. Oleson (1986\) "The Water\-Supply Systems of Nabatean and Roman Ḥumayma", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus") (book II) described them as a strong tribe of some 10,000 warriors, preeminent among the nomads of Arabia, eschewing agriculture, fixed houses, and the use of wine, but adding to pastoral pursuits a profitable trade with the seaports in [frankincense](/wiki/Frankincense "Frankincense"), [myrrh](/wiki/Myrrh "Myrrh") and spices from [Arabia Felix](/wiki/Arabia_Felix "Arabia Felix") (today's Yemen), as well as a trade with [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") in [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen "Bitumen") from the Dead Sea. Their arid country was their best safeguard, for the bottle\-shaped cisterns for rain\-water which they excavated in the rocky or clay\-rich soil were carefully concealed from invaders. [Ibn Sayyar al\-Warraq](/wiki/Ibn_Sayyar_al-Warraq "Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq")'s Kitab al\-Tabikh, the earliest known [Arabic cookbook](/wiki/Arab_literature%23culinary "Arab literature#culinary"), contains a recipe for [fermented](/wiki/Fermentation "Fermentation") Nabatean water bread ({{transliteration\\|ar\\|khubz al\-ma al\-nabati}}). The yeast\-leavened bread is made with a high quality wheat flour called samidh that is finely milled and free of [bran](/wiki/Bran "Bran") and is baked in a [tandoor](/wiki/Tandoor "Tandoor").{{cite book \\|last\=Nasrallah \\|first\=Nawal \\|title\=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens \\|publisher\=Brill \\|date\=2007}} ### Women in Nabatean culture Based on coins, inscriptions and non\-Nabatean contemporary sources, Nabataean women seem to have had many legal rights. Inscriptions on tombs demonstrate the equality of property rights between man and woman and women's rights in matters of inheritance and also their ability to make decisions about their own property.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Archaeometry (MAA) \\|first\=Mediterranean Archaeology and \\|date\=2013\-01\-01 \\|title\=WOMAN IN THE NABATAEAN SOCIETY \\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/39943706 \\|journal\=M. Alzoubi, E. Al Masri, F. Al Ajlouny}} That set the Nabateans apart from the attitudes on a woman's role in society by their neighbours in the region. [thumb\\|167x167px\\|Queen [Huldu](/wiki/Chuldu "Chuldu") of Nabatea depicted on a drachma](/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Bronze%2C_Nabat%C3%A8ne%2C_Arabie%2C_Ar%C3%A9tas_Iv_-_btv1b11318602z_%282_of_2%29.jpg "Monnaie - Bronze, Nabatène, Arabie, Arétas Iv - btv1b11318602z (2 of 2).jpg") Women also participated in religious activities, and had a right to visit the temples and make sacrifices. Archeological evidence strongly suggest that the Nabataean women had a role in the social and political life by the first century AD, which is shown by the fact that Nabatean queens were depicted on coins, both independentely and together with their spouse the king. The assumption to be made from this were that they ruled together and that the Nabatean queens and other female members were given or already had political importance and status.{{Cite book \\|last1\=Joseph \\|first1\=Suad \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2vqhEAAAQBAJ\&dq\=%22women\+rulers%22\+1st\+century\+palmyra\+nabatea\&pg\=PT61 \\|title\=Routledge Handbook on Women in the Middle East \\|last2\=Zaatari \\|first2\=Zeina \\|date\=2022\-12\-30 \\|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis \\|isbn\=978\-1\-351\-67643\-4 \\|language\=en}} One can surmise other Nabatean women also benefited from this by extension.{{Cite book \\|last\=Esler \\|first\=Philip F. \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rFUjDgAAQBAJ\&dq\=nabatean\+lady\+\-herod\&pg\=PT64 \\|title\=Babatha's Orchard: The Yadin Papyri and an Ancient Jewish Family Tale Retold \\|date\=2017\-02\-15 \\|publisher\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-107990\-0 \\|language\=en}} Though admittedly Nabatean culture seems to have favored male succession rather than female or equal succession, it seems plausible that like their neighbouring [Ptolemaic dynasty](/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty "Ptolemaic dynasty") and the [Seleucids](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire "Seleucid Empire"), marrying a female member of the Nabatean royal family reinforced a ruler's position or one whose claim to the throne was not as strong as his wife's.{{Cite book \\|last\=Fāsī \\|first\=Hatūn Ajwād \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9x9mAAAAMAAJ\&q\=nabatean\+women \\|title\=Women in Pre\-Islamic Arabia: Nabataea \\|date\=2007 \\|publisher\=Archaeopress \\|isbn\=978\-1\-4073\-0095\-5 \\|language\=en}} The Nabatean royal house like the Ptolemaic and Seleucids later adopted sibling marriage.{{Cite book \\|last\=Graf \\|first\=David F. \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=P4mUDwAAQBAJ \\|title\=Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens \\|date\=2019\-04\-23 \\|publisher\=Routledge \\|isbn\=978\-0\-429\-78455\-2 \\|language\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\=Richard \\|first\=Suzanne \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=khR0apPid8gC \\|title\=Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader \\|date\=2003 \\|publisher\=Eisenbrauns \\|isbn\=978\-1\-57506\-083\-5 \\|language\=en}} Nabatean women lost many of the rights they had, when the kingdom of Nabatea came under the influence – both political and cultural – of the Roman empire and Roman law{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2024}}. ### Fashion Not much is known for certain about the fashions of ancient Nabateans and before the [Hellenization](/wiki/Hellenization "Hellenization") and Romanization of the region but based on extant clothes and textiles found in graves and tombs on Nabatean territory, the clothing worn by the Nabateans during the first and second century were not unlike their neighbour Judaeans.{{Cite book \\|last\=Ḥak̲lîlî \\|first\=Rāḥēl \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8BgLu74SWbAC \\|title\=Jewish Funerary Customs, Practices And Rites In The Second Temple Period \\|date\=2005 \\|publisher\=BRILL \\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-12373\-1 \\|language\=en}} Its hard to say with any certainty what the Nabateans wore in more ancient times since their art before this period was non\-figurative. [thumb\\|152x152px](/wiki/File:Camel_and_riders_MET_me31_67_2.jpg "Camel and riders MET me31 67 2.jpg") That is based on finds of similar clothing and textiles being found in both places. Among the most common colors were yellow made from [saffron](/wiki/Saffron "Saffron") and a bright red produced from [madder](/wiki/Rubia "Rubia"). Blue textiles were also found. When it comes to the types of clothing and what can be surmised from these finds are that Nabatean men wore a tunic and a mantle both made of wool.The tunic in a Roman style (sleeveless) and with the mantle cut in a Greek style. This, as stated before, reflects a popular style rather than an ethnic style exclusive to the Nabateans.{{Cite book \\|last1\=Stuckenbruck \\|first1\=Loren T. \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ica\_DwAAQBAJ \\|title\=T\&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume Two \\|last2\=Gurtner \\|first2\=Daniel M. \\|date\=2019\-12\-26 \\|publisher\=Bloomsbury Publishing \\|isbn\=978\-0\-567\-66095\-4 \\|language\=en}} Nabataean women wore long tunics along with scarves and mantles. These scarves were loosely woven and sported fringes at the bottom. [thumb\\|Aretas IV and Shaqilath II](/wiki/File:Malichos_II_silver_drachm.jpg "Malichos II silver drachm.jpg") The upper class of Nabataean society, what can be seen on coins, show an even stronger Greek and Roman influence. The kings are depicted clean\-shaven with long curled hair while queens are depicted wearing headcoverings with curled hair and long tunics and highnecked garments. [Purple cloth](/wiki/Tyrian_purple "Tyrian purple") seems to have been associated with the king based on [Strabo's](/wiki/Strabo "Strabo") account of Nabatean men going outside "without tunics girdles about their loins, and with slippers on their feet – even the kings, though in their case the colour is purple."{{Cite book \\|last\=Healey \\|first\=J. F. \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=hbO9CwAAQBAJ\&dq\=nabatean\+girdle\&pg\=PA28 \\|title\=The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus \\|date\=2015\-08\-27 \\|publisher\=BRILL \\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-30148\-1 \\|language\=en}} ### Language Historians such as [Irfan Shahîd](/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd "Irfan Shahîd"),Rome and the Arabs, Dumbarton Oaks, p. 9\. [Warwick Ball](/wiki/Warwick_Ball "Warwick Ball"),Rome in the East, Routledge, p. 65\. [Robert G. Hoyland](/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland "Robert G. Hoyland"),Language and Identity: Arabic and Aramaic, Scripta Classica Israelica vol. XXIII 2004, p. 185\. [Michael C. A. Macdonald](/wiki/Michael_C._A._Macdonald "Michael C. A. Macdonald"),Arabs, Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity, Topoi. Orient\-Occident Année 2009 16\-1 p. 309\. and othersThe Nabateans in the Early Hellenistic Period : The Testimony of Posidippus of Pella, Topoi. Orient\-Occident Année 2006 14\-1 pp. 48\. believe Nabataeans spoke Arabic as their native language. [John F. Healy](/wiki/John_F._Healy "John F. Healy") states that "Nabataeans normally spoke a form of Arabic, while, like the Persians etc., they used Aramaic for formal purposes and especially for inscriptions."John F. Healey, 'Were the Nabataeans Arabs?' Aram 1 (1989\), 43\. Proper names on their inscriptions suggest that they were ethnically Arabs who had come under Aramaic influence, and the Nabataeans had already some trace of Aramaic culture when they first appear in history. Some of the authors of [Safaitic](/wiki/Safaitic "Safaitic") inscriptions identified themselves as Nabataeans.{{cite book \\|last1\=Al\-Jallad \\|first1\=Ahmed \\|title\=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions \\|date\=2015 \\|publisher\=Brill \\|location\=Leiden \\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-28929\-1 \\|page\=19}} ### Religion {{Main\\|Nabataean religion}} [thumb\\|300px\\|An eagle on the tomb facade that represents the guardianship of Dushara against intruders at [Mada'in Saleh](/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh "Mada'in Saleh"), [Hejaz](/wiki/Hejaz "Hejaz"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia")](/wiki/Image:Madain_Saleh_%286724692639%29.jpg "Madain Saleh (6724692639).jpg") The extent of Nabataean trade resulted in cross\-cultural influences that reached as far as the Red Sea coast of southern Arabia. The major gods worshiped at Petra were notably [Dushara](/wiki/Dushara "Dushara") and [Al\-‘Uzzá](/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1 "Al-‘Uzzá"). Dushara was the supreme deity of the Nabataean [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs "Arabs"), and was the official god of the Nabataean Kingdom who enjoyed special royal patronage.{{cite book\\|author\=Javier Teixidor\\|title\=The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco\-Roman Near East\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=m5Z9BgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA83\\|date\=8 March 2015\\|publisher\=Princeton University Press\\|isbn\=978\-1\-4008\-7139\-1\\|page\=83}} His official position is reflected in multiple inscriptions that render him as "The god of our lord" (The King).{{cite book\\|author\=Jane Taylor\\|title\=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FcAoBq4\_EnEC\&pg\=PA124\\|year\=2001\\|publisher\=\[\[I.B.Tauris]]\\|isbn\=978\-1\-86064\-508\-2\\|pages\=124–151}} The name Dushara is from the Arabic "Dhu ash\-Shara": which simply means "the one of Shara", a mountain range south\-east of Petra also known as [Mount Seir](/wiki/Mount_Seir "Mount Seir"). Therefore, from a Nabataean perspective, Dhushara was probably associated with the heavens. However, one theory which connects Dushara with the forest gives a different idea of the god.{{cite book\\|author\=Francisco del Río Sánchez\\|title\=Nabatu. The Nabataeans through their inscriptions\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nvxSDAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA118\\|date\=4 December 2015\\|publisher\=Edicions Universitat Barcelona\\|isbn\=978\-84\-475\-3748\-8\\|pages\=118}} The eagle was one of the symbols of Dushara.{{cite book\\|author\=Rough Guides\\|title\=The Rough Guide to Jordan\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_IUnDQAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT395\\|date\=1 November 2016\\|publisher\=Apa Publications\\|isbn\=978\-0\-241\-29849\-7\\|pages\=395}} It was widely used in [Hegra](/wiki/Hegra_%28Mada%27in_Salih%29 "Hegra (Mada'in Salih)") as a source of protection for the tombs against thievery.Mahdi al\-Zoubi: Nabataean Practices for Tombs Protection \- p. 3\. Nabataean inscriptions from Hegra suggest that Dushara was linked either with the sun, or with [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 "Mercury (planet)"), with which [Ruda](/wiki/Ruda_%28deity%29 "Ruda (deity)"), another Arabian god, was identified. "His throne" was frequently mentioned in inscriptions; certain interpretations of the text consider it as a reference for Dushara's wife, goddess Harisha. She was probably a solar deity. [thumb\\|191x191px\\|Nabatean baetyl (possibly a replica of the actual artifact) at the [Jordan Archaeological Museum](/wiki/Jordan_Archaeological_Museum "Jordan Archaeological Museum")](/wiki/File:Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Nabatean_Idol_2013_0279.jpg "Jordan Archaeological Museum Nabatean Idol 2013 0279.jpg") Dushara's consort at Petra is considered to have been al\-Uzza and the goddess has been associated with [Temple of Winged Lions](/wiki/Temple_of_the_Winged_Lions "Temple of the Winged Lions") on the basis that if the divine couple of Petra was Dushara and al\-Uzza and the [Qasr al Bint](/wiki/Qasr_al-Bint "Qasr al-Bint")i temple was dedicated to Dushara then the other major temple must have been al\-Uzzas.{{Cite book \\|last\=Alpass \\|first\=Peter \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gLUEOJ\-LGc0C\&q\=al\+uzza\+nabatean \\|title\=The Religious Life of Nabataea \\|date\=2013\-06\-13 \\|publisher\=BRILL \\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-21623\-5 \\|language\=en}} This is just a theory however, based on conjecture, and it can only be said that the temple is likely dedicated to the supreme goddess figure of the Nabateans, but the exact identity of this goddess is uncertain. Excavated from The Temple of the Winged Lions was the "Eye [Baetyl](/wiki/Baetyl "Baetyl")" or "Eye\-Idol". [thumb\\|305x305px\\|A Nabatean sculpture of [Atargatis](/wiki/Atargatis "Atargatis")](/wiki/File:Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg "Atargatis, Nabatean, c.100 AD, Jordan Archaeological Museum.jpg") Numerous Nabatean bas\-relief busts of the Northern Syrian goddess [Atargatis](/wiki/Atargatis "Atargatis") were identified by [Nelson Glueck](/wiki/Nelson_Glueck "Nelson Glueck") at [Khirbet et\-Tannû](/wiki/Khirbet_et-Tannur "Khirbet et-Tannur"). Atargatis was amalgamated into the worship of Al\-‘Uzzá. However, when the [Romans](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, Dushara still had an important role despite losing his former royal privilege. The greatest testimony to the status of the god after the fall of the Nabataean Kingdom was during the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome where Dushara was celebrated in [Bostra](/wiki/Bosra "Bosra") by striking coins in his name, Actia Dusaria (linking the god with [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus "Augustus") victory at [Actium](/wiki/Battle_of_Actium "Battle of Actium")). He was venerated in his Arabian name with a Greek fashion in the reign of an Arabian emperor, [Philip](/wiki/Philip_the_Arab "Philip the Arab"). Other gods worshipped in Nabatea during this period were [Isis](/wiki/Isis "Isis"), [Balshamin](/wiki/Baalshamin "Baalshamin") and [Obodat](/wiki/Obodas_I "Obodas I") Sacrifices of animals were common, and [Porphyry](/wiki/Porphyry_%28philosopher%29 "Porphyry (philosopher)")'s De Abstenentia, written in the 3rd century, states that in [Dūmah](/wiki/Dumat_Al-Jandal "Dumat Al-Jandal"), a boy was sacrificed annually and was buried underneath an altar. Some scholars have extrapolated this practice to the rest of the Nabataeans, but this view is contested due to the lack of evidence.{{cite book \\|last\= Healey \\|first\= John F. \\|chapter\= Ritual Actions: Offerings \\|title\= The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus \\|year\= 2001 \\|publisher\= BRILL \\|edition\= print \\|pages\= 161–163 \[ \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=coso\-V3gCEAC\&pg\=PA162 162] ] \\|series\= Religions in the Graeco\-Roman World (136\) \\|isbn\= 978\-90\-04\-10754\-0 \\|chapter\-url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=coso\-V3gCEAC\&pg\=PA169 \\|access\-date\= 30 March 2024}} The Nabataeans used to represent their gods as [featureless pillars or blocks](/wiki/Aniconism "Aniconism"). Their most common monuments to the gods, commonly known as "god blocks", involved cutting away the whole top of a hill or cliff face so as to leave only a block behind. However, over time the Nabataeans were influenced by [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece") and [Rome](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") and their Gods became anthropomorphic and were represented with human features.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/bar\-issues/may\-june\-2016/\#toc\\|title\=Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 2016, page 20\\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-27\\|archive\-date\=2018\-04\-05\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024829/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/bar\-issues/may\-june\-2016/\#toc\\|url\-status\=dead}}	[ "Culture\n-------", "{{Main\\\|Incense Route}}\n[thumb\\\|Nabataean trade routes](/wiki/File:NabateensRoutes.png \"NabateensRoutes.png\")\nMany examples of graffiti and inscriptions—largely of names and greetings—document the area of Nabataean culture, which extended as far north as the north end of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\"), and testify to widespread literacy; but except for a few letters{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore\\-the\\-archive/search?locale\\=en\\_US\\\|title\\=The Dead Sea Scrolls \\- Browse Manuscripts\\\|website\\=The Dead Sea Scrolls \\- Browse Manuscripts}} no Nabataean literature has survived, nor was any noted in antiquity.The carbonized [Petra papyri](/wiki/Petra_papyri \"Petra papyri\"), mostly economic documents in Greek, date to the 6th century: Glen L. Peterman, \"Discovery of Papyri in Petra\", The Biblical Archaeologist 57 1 (March 1994\\), pp. 55–57\\.P. M. Bikai (1997\\) \"The Petra Papyri\", Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan.Marjo Lehtinen (December 2002\\) \"Petra Papyri\", Near Eastern Archaeology Vol.65 No. 4 pp. 277–278\\. [Onomastic](/wiki/Onomastic \"Onomastic\") analysis has suggested{{cite journal \\\|last\\=Macdonald \\\|first\\=M. C. A. \\\|title\\=Personal names in the Nabataean realm: a review article \\\|journal\\=Journal of Semitic Studies \\\|year\\=1999 \\\|volume\\=XLIV \\\|issue\\=2 \\\|pages\\=251–289 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/jss/xliv.2\\.251}} that Nabataean culture may have had multiple influences. Classical references to the Nabataeans begin with [Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus \"Diodorus Siculus\"). They suggest that the Nabataeans' trade routes and the origins of their goods were regarded as trade secrets, and disguised in tales that should have strained outsiders' credulity.J. W. Eadie, J. P. Oleson (1986\\) \"The Water\\-Supply Systems of Nabatean and Roman Ḥumayma\", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.", "[Diodorus Siculus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus \"Diodorus Siculus\") (book II) described them as a strong tribe of some 10,000 warriors, preeminent among the nomads of Arabia, eschewing agriculture, fixed houses, and the use of wine, but adding to pastoral pursuits a profitable trade with the seaports in [frankincense](/wiki/Frankincense \"Frankincense\"), [myrrh](/wiki/Myrrh \"Myrrh\") and spices from [Arabia Felix](/wiki/Arabia_Felix \"Arabia Felix\") (today's Yemen), as well as a trade with [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") in [bitumen](/wiki/Bitumen \"Bitumen\") from the Dead Sea. Their arid country was their best safeguard, for the bottle\\-shaped cisterns for rain\\-water which they excavated in the rocky or clay\\-rich soil were carefully concealed from invaders.", "[Ibn Sayyar al\\-Warraq](/wiki/Ibn_Sayyar_al-Warraq \"Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq\")'s Kitab al\\-Tabikh, the earliest known [Arabic cookbook](/wiki/Arab_literature%23culinary \"Arab literature#culinary\"), contains a recipe for [fermented](/wiki/Fermentation \"Fermentation\") Nabatean water bread ({{transliteration\\\|ar\\\|khubz al\\-ma al\\-nabati}}). The yeast\\-leavened bread is made with a high quality wheat flour called samidh that is finely milled and free of [bran](/wiki/Bran \"Bran\") and is baked in a [tandoor](/wiki/Tandoor \"Tandoor\").{{cite book \\\|last\\=Nasrallah \\\|first\\=Nawal \\\|title\\=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens \\\|publisher\\=Brill \\\|date\\=2007}}", "### Women in Nabatean culture", "Based on coins, inscriptions and non\\-Nabatean contemporary sources, Nabataean women seem to have had many legal rights. Inscriptions on tombs demonstrate the equality of property rights between man and woman and women's rights in matters of inheritance and also their ability to make decisions about their own property.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Archaeometry (MAA) \\\|first\\=Mediterranean Archaeology and \\\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-01 \\\|title\\=WOMAN IN THE NABATAEAN SOCIETY \\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/39943706 \\\|journal\\=M. Alzoubi, E. Al Masri, F. Al Ajlouny}} That set the Nabateans apart from the attitudes on a woman's role in society by their neighbours in the region.\n[thumb\\\|167x167px\\\|Queen [Huldu](/wiki/Chuldu \"Chuldu\") of Nabatea depicted on a drachma](/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Bronze%2C_Nabat%C3%A8ne%2C_Arabie%2C_Ar%C3%A9tas_Iv_-_btv1b11318602z_%282_of_2%29.jpg \"Monnaie - Bronze, Nabatène, Arabie, Arétas Iv - btv1b11318602z (2 of 2).jpg\")\nWomen also participated in religious activities, and had a right to visit the temples and make sacrifices.", "Archeological evidence strongly suggest that the Nabataean women had a role in the social and political life by the first century AD, which is shown by the fact that Nabatean queens were depicted on coins, both independentely and together with their spouse the king. The assumption to be made from this were that they ruled together and that the Nabatean queens and other female members were given or already had political importance and status.{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Joseph \\\|first1\\=Suad \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2vqhEAAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=%22women\\+rulers%22\\+1st\\+century\\+palmyra\\+nabatea\\&pg\\=PT61 \\\|title\\=Routledge Handbook on Women in the Middle East \\\|last2\\=Zaatari \\\|first2\\=Zeina \\\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-30 \\\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-351\\-67643\\-4 \\\|language\\=en}} One can surmise other Nabatean women also benefited from this by extension.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Esler \\\|first\\=Philip F. \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rFUjDgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=nabatean\\+lady\\+\\-herod\\&pg\\=PT64 \\\|title\\=Babatha's Orchard: The Yadin Papyri and an Ancient Jewish Family Tale Retold \\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-15 \\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-107990\\-0 \\\|language\\=en}}", "Though admittedly Nabatean culture seems to have favored male succession rather than female or equal succession, it seems plausible that like their neighbouring [Ptolemaic dynasty](/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty \"Ptolemaic dynasty\") and the [Seleucids](/wiki/Seleucid_Empire \"Seleucid Empire\"), marrying a female member of the Nabatean royal family reinforced a ruler's position or one whose claim to the throne was not as strong as his wife's.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Fāsī \\\|first\\=Hatūn Ajwād \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9x9mAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=nabatean\\+women \\\|title\\=Women in Pre\\-Islamic Arabia: Nabataea \\\|date\\=2007 \\\|publisher\\=Archaeopress \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4073\\-0095\\-5 \\\|language\\=en}} The Nabatean royal house like the Ptolemaic and Seleucids later adopted sibling marriage.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Graf \\\|first\\=David F. \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=P4mUDwAAQBAJ \\\|title\\=Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens \\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-23 \\\|publisher\\=Routledge \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-429\\-78455\\-2 \\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Richard \\\|first\\=Suzanne \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=khR0apPid8gC \\\|title\\=Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader \\\|date\\=2003 \\\|publisher\\=Eisenbrauns \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-57506\\-083\\-5 \\\|language\\=en}}", "Nabatean women lost many of the rights they had, when the kingdom of Nabatea came under the influence – both political and cultural – of the Roman empire and Roman law{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2024}}.", "### Fashion", "Not much is known for certain about the fashions of ancient Nabateans and before the [Hellenization](/wiki/Hellenization \"Hellenization\") and Romanization of the region but based on extant clothes and textiles found in graves and tombs on Nabatean territory, the clothing worn by the Nabateans during the first and second century were not unlike their neighbour Judaeans.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Ḥak̲lîlî \\\|first\\=Rāḥēl \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8BgLu74SWbAC \\\|title\\=Jewish Funerary Customs, Practices And Rites In The Second Temple Period \\\|date\\=2005 \\\|publisher\\=BRILL \\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-12373\\-1 \\\|language\\=en}} Its hard to say with any certainty what the Nabateans wore in more ancient times since their art before this period was non\\-figurative.\n[thumb\\\|152x152px](/wiki/File:Camel_and_riders_MET_me31_67_2.jpg \"Camel and riders MET me31 67 2.jpg\")\nThat is based on finds of similar clothing and textiles being found in both places. Among the most common colors were yellow made from [saffron](/wiki/Saffron \"Saffron\") and a bright red produced from [madder](/wiki/Rubia \"Rubia\"). Blue textiles were also found.", "When it comes to the types of clothing and what can be surmised from these finds are that Nabatean men wore a tunic and a mantle both made of wool.The tunic in a Roman style (sleeveless) and with the mantle cut in a Greek style. This, as stated before, reflects a popular style rather than an ethnic style exclusive to the Nabateans.{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Stuckenbruck \\\|first1\\=Loren T. \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ica\\_DwAAQBAJ \\\|title\\=T\\&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume Two \\\|last2\\=Gurtner \\\|first2\\=Daniel M. \\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-26 \\\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Publishing \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-567\\-66095\\-4 \\\|language\\=en}}", "Nabataean women wore long tunics along with scarves and mantles. These scarves were loosely woven and sported fringes at the bottom.\n[thumb\\\|Aretas IV and Shaqilath II](/wiki/File:Malichos_II_silver_drachm.jpg \"Malichos II silver drachm.jpg\")\nThe upper class of Nabataean society, what can be seen on coins, show an even stronger Greek and Roman influence. The kings are depicted clean\\-shaven with long curled hair while queens are depicted wearing headcoverings with curled hair and long tunics and highnecked garments. [Purple cloth](/wiki/Tyrian_purple \"Tyrian purple\") seems to have been associated with the king based on [Strabo's](/wiki/Strabo \"Strabo\") account of Nabatean men going outside \"without tunics girdles about their loins, and with slippers on their feet – even the kings, though in their case the colour is purple.\"{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Healey \\\|first\\=J. F. \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hbO9CwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=nabatean\\+girdle\\&pg\\=PA28 \\\|title\\=The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus \\\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-27 \\\|publisher\\=BRILL \\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-30148\\-1 \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Language", "Historians such as [Irfan Shahîd](/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd \"Irfan Shahîd\"),Rome and the Arabs, Dumbarton Oaks, p. 9\\. [Warwick Ball](/wiki/Warwick_Ball \"Warwick Ball\"),Rome in the East, Routledge, p. 65\\. [Robert G. Hoyland](/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland \"Robert G. Hoyland\"),Language and Identity: Arabic and Aramaic, Scripta Classica Israelica vol. XXIII 2004, p. 185\\. [Michael C. A. Macdonald](/wiki/Michael_C._A._Macdonald \"Michael C. A. Macdonald\"),Arabs, Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity, Topoi. Orient\\-Occident Année 2009 16\\-1 p. 309\\. and othersThe Nabateans in the Early Hellenistic Period : The Testimony of Posidippus of Pella, Topoi. Orient\\-Occident Année 2006 14\\-1 pp. 48\\. believe Nabataeans spoke Arabic as their native language. [John F. Healy](/wiki/John_F._Healy \"John F. Healy\") states that \"Nabataeans normally spoke a form of Arabic, while, like the Persians etc., they used Aramaic for formal purposes and especially for inscriptions.\"John F. Healey, 'Were the Nabataeans Arabs?' Aram 1 (1989\\), 43\\. Proper names on their inscriptions suggest that they were ethnically Arabs who had come under Aramaic influence, and the Nabataeans had already some trace of Aramaic culture when they first appear in history. Some of the authors of [Safaitic](/wiki/Safaitic \"Safaitic\") inscriptions identified themselves as Nabataeans.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Al\\-Jallad \\\|first1\\=Ahmed \\\|title\\=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions \\\|date\\=2015 \\\|publisher\\=Brill \\\|location\\=Leiden \\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-28929\\-1 \\\|page\\=19}}", "### Religion", "{{Main\\\|Nabataean religion}}\n[thumb\\\|300px\\\|An eagle on the tomb facade that represents the guardianship of Dushara against intruders at [Mada'in Saleh](/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh \"Mada'in Saleh\"), [Hejaz](/wiki/Hejaz \"Hejaz\"), [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\")](/wiki/Image:Madain_Saleh_%286724692639%29.jpg \"Madain Saleh (6724692639).jpg\")", "The extent of Nabataean trade resulted in cross\\-cultural influences that reached as far as the Red Sea coast of southern Arabia. The major gods worshiped at Petra were notably [Dushara](/wiki/Dushara \"Dushara\") and [Al\\-‘Uzzá](/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1 \"Al-‘Uzzá\"). Dushara was the supreme deity of the Nabataean [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs \"Arabs\"), and was the official god of the Nabataean Kingdom who enjoyed special royal patronage.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Javier Teixidor\\\|title\\=The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco\\-Roman Near East\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=m5Z9BgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA83\\\|date\\=8 March 2015\\\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4008\\-7139\\-1\\\|page\\=83}} His official position is reflected in multiple inscriptions that render him as \"The god of our lord\" (The King).{{cite book\\\|author\\=Jane Taylor\\\|title\\=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FcAoBq4\\_EnEC\\&pg\\=PA124\\\|year\\=2001\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[I.B.Tauris]]\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86064\\-508\\-2\\\|pages\\=124–151}}", "The name Dushara is from the Arabic \"Dhu ash\\-Shara\": which simply means \"the one of Shara\", a mountain range south\\-east of Petra also known as [Mount Seir](/wiki/Mount_Seir \"Mount Seir\"). Therefore, from a Nabataean perspective, Dhushara was probably associated with the heavens. However, one theory which connects Dushara with the forest gives a different idea of the god.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Francisco del Río Sánchez\\\|title\\=Nabatu. The Nabataeans through their inscriptions\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nvxSDAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA118\\\|date\\=4 December 2015\\\|publisher\\=Edicions Universitat Barcelona\\\|isbn\\=978\\-84\\-475\\-3748\\-8\\\|pages\\=118}} The eagle was one of the symbols of Dushara.{{cite book\\\|author\\=Rough Guides\\\|title\\=The Rough Guide to Jordan\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_IUnDQAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT395\\\|date\\=1 November 2016\\\|publisher\\=Apa Publications\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-241\\-29849\\-7\\\|pages\\=395}} It was widely used in [Hegra](/wiki/Hegra_%28Mada%27in_Salih%29 \"Hegra (Mada'in Salih)\") as a source of protection for the tombs against thievery.Mahdi al\\-Zoubi: Nabataean Practices for Tombs Protection \\- p. 3\\.", "Nabataean inscriptions from Hegra suggest that Dushara was linked either with the sun, or with [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\"), with which [Ruda](/wiki/Ruda_%28deity%29 \"Ruda (deity)\"), another Arabian god, was identified. \"His throne\" was frequently mentioned in inscriptions; certain interpretations of the text consider it as a reference for Dushara's wife, goddess Harisha. She was probably a solar deity.\n[thumb\\\|191x191px\\\|Nabatean baetyl (possibly a replica of the actual artifact) at the [Jordan Archaeological Museum](/wiki/Jordan_Archaeological_Museum \"Jordan Archaeological Museum\")](/wiki/File:Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Nabatean_Idol_2013_0279.jpg \"Jordan Archaeological Museum Nabatean Idol 2013 0279.jpg\")\nDushara's consort at Petra is considered to have been al\\-Uzza and the goddess has been associated with [Temple of Winged Lions](/wiki/Temple_of_the_Winged_Lions \"Temple of the Winged Lions\") on the basis that if the divine couple of Petra was Dushara and al\\-Uzza and the [Qasr al Bint](/wiki/Qasr_al-Bint \"Qasr al-Bint\")i temple was dedicated to Dushara then the other major temple must have been al\\-Uzzas.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Alpass \\\|first\\=Peter \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gLUEOJ\\-LGc0C\\&q\\=al\\+uzza\\+nabatean \\\|title\\=The Religious Life of Nabataea \\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-13 \\\|publisher\\=BRILL \\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-21623\\-5 \\\|language\\=en}} This is just a theory however, based on conjecture, and it can only be said that the temple is likely dedicated to the supreme goddess figure of the Nabateans, but the exact identity of this goddess is uncertain. Excavated from The Temple of the Winged Lions was the \"Eye [Baetyl](/wiki/Baetyl \"Baetyl\")\" or \"Eye\\-Idol\".\n[thumb\\\|305x305px\\\|A Nabatean sculpture of [Atargatis](/wiki/Atargatis \"Atargatis\")](/wiki/File:Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg \"Atargatis, Nabatean, c.100 AD, Jordan Archaeological Museum.jpg\") \nNumerous Nabatean bas\\-relief busts of the Northern Syrian goddess [Atargatis](/wiki/Atargatis \"Atargatis\") were identified by [Nelson Glueck](/wiki/Nelson_Glueck \"Nelson Glueck\") at [Khirbet et\\-Tannû](/wiki/Khirbet_et-Tannur \"Khirbet et-Tannur\"). Atargatis was amalgamated into the worship of Al\\-‘Uzzá.", "However, when the [Romans](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, Dushara still had an important role despite losing his former royal privilege. The greatest testimony to the status of the god after the fall of the Nabataean Kingdom was during the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome where Dushara was celebrated in [Bostra](/wiki/Bosra \"Bosra\") by striking coins in his name, Actia Dusaria (linking the god with [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus \"Augustus\") victory at [Actium](/wiki/Battle_of_Actium \"Battle of Actium\")). He was venerated in his Arabian name with a Greek fashion in the reign of an Arabian emperor, [Philip](/wiki/Philip_the_Arab \"Philip the Arab\").", "Other gods worshipped in Nabatea during this period were [Isis](/wiki/Isis \"Isis\"), [Balshamin](/wiki/Baalshamin \"Baalshamin\") and [Obodat](/wiki/Obodas_I \"Obodas I\")", "Sacrifices of animals were common, and [Porphyry](/wiki/Porphyry_%28philosopher%29 \"Porphyry (philosopher)\")'s De Abstenentia, written in the 3rd century, states that in [Dūmah](/wiki/Dumat_Al-Jandal \"Dumat Al-Jandal\"), a boy was sacrificed annually and was buried underneath an altar. Some scholars have extrapolated this practice to the rest of the Nabataeans, but this view is contested due to the lack of evidence.{{cite book \\\|last\\= Healey \\\|first\\= John F. \\\|chapter\\= Ritual Actions: Offerings \\\|title\\= The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus \\\|year\\= 2001 \\\|publisher\\= BRILL \\\|edition\\= print \\\|pages\\= 161–163 \\[ \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=coso\\-V3gCEAC\\&pg\\=PA162 162] ] \\\|series\\= Religions in the Graeco\\-Roman World (136\\) \\\|isbn\\= 978\\-90\\-04\\-10754\\-0 \\\|chapter\\-url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=coso\\-V3gCEAC\\&pg\\=PA169 \\\|access\\-date\\= 30 March 2024}}", "The Nabataeans used to represent their gods as [featureless pillars or blocks](/wiki/Aniconism \"Aniconism\"). Their most common monuments to the gods, commonly known as \"god blocks\", involved cutting away the whole top of a hill or cliff face so as to leave only a block behind. However, over time the Nabataeans were influenced by [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\") and [Rome](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") and their Gods became anthropomorphic and were represented with human features.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/bar\\-issues/may\\-june\\-2016/\\#toc\\\|title\\=Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 2016, page 20\\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-27\\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024829/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/bar\\-issues/may\\-june\\-2016/\\#toc\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \\|1880\= 121 \\|1890\= 324 \\|1910\= 388 \\|1920\= 402 \\|1930\= 760 \\|1940\= 883 \\|1950\= 1063 \\|1960\= 900 \\|1970\= 1314 \\|1980\= 1335 \\|1990\= 1402 \\|2000\= 1463 \\|2010\= 1445 \\|2020\= 1369 \\|footnote\=Sources:{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\=March 4, 2012\\|title\=Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses}}{{cite web\\|title\=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\-EST2012\.html\\|work\=Population Estimates\\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|accessdate\=December 11, 2013\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\-EST2012\.html\\|archivedate\=June 11, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:47\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\=Census Population API\\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\=October 15, 2022}} }} ### 2020 census \| \+Gleason racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\=Explore Census Data\\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US4729300\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\\|access\-date\=December 8, 2021\\|website\=data.census.gov}} \| Race \| Num. \| Perc. \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) \| 1,295 \| 94\.59% \| \| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic) \| 13 \| 0\.95% \| \| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") \| 7 \| 0\.51% \| \| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") \| 35 \| 2\.56% \| \| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") \| 19 \| 1\.39% \| As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 1,369 people, 604 households, and 394 families residing in the town. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 1,463 people, 599 households, and 431 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\|640\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. There were 657 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|287\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\.43% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.55% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.34% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.41% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.27% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.37% of the population. There were 599 households, out of which 36\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27\.9% were non\-families. 25\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.44 and the average family size was 2\.89\. In the town, the population was spread out, with 27\.5% under the age of 18, 7\.3% from 18 to 24, 28\.2% from 25 to 44, 22\.9% from 45 to 64, and 14\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86\.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $29,597, and the median income for a family was $35,000\. Males had a median income of $26,397 versus $19,643 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $13,747\. About 13\.6% of families and 15\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 18\.4% of those under age 18 and 16\.4% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\\|1880\\= 121\n\\\|1890\\= 324\n\\\|1910\\= 388\n\\\|1920\\= 402\n\\\|1930\\= 760\n\\\|1940\\= 883\n\\\|1950\\= 1063\n\\\|1960\\= 900\n\\\|1970\\= 1314\n\\\|1980\\= 1335\n\\\|1990\\= 1402\n\\\|2000\\= 1463\n\\\|2010\\= 1445\n\\\|2020\\= 1369\n\\\|footnote\\=Sources:{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\\|accessdate\\=March 4, 2012\\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\\-EST2012\\.html\\\|work\\=Population Estimates\\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\\|accessdate\\=December 11, 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB\\-EST2012\\.html\\\|archivedate\\=June 11, 2013}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:47\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\\|title\\=Census Population API\\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|accessdate\\=October 15, 2022}}\n}}", "### 2020 census", "", "\| \\+Gleason racial composition{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US4729300\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\\|access\\-date\\=December 8, 2021\\\|website\\=data.census.gov}} \| Race \| Num. \| Perc. \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) \| 1,295 \| 94\\.59% \|\n\| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) \| 13 \| 0\\.95% \|\n\| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") \| 7 \| 0\\.51% \|\n\| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") \| 35 \| 2\\.56% \|\n\| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") \| 19 \| 1\\.39% \|", "As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 1,369 people, 604 households, and 394 families residing in the town.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,463 people, 599 households, and 431 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert\\\|640\\.5\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 657 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|287\\.6\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.43% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.55% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.34% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.41% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.27% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.37% of the population.", "There were 599 households, out of which 36\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27\\.9% were non\\-families. 25\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.44 and the average family size was 2\\.89\\.", "In the town, the population was spread out, with 27\\.5% under the age of 18, 7\\.3% from 18 to 24, 28\\.2% from 25 to 44, 22\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $29,597, and the median income for a family was $35,000\\. Males had a median income of $26,397 versus $19,643 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $13,747\\. About 13\\.6% of families and 15\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 18\\.4% of those under age 18 and 16\\.4% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Minor While Marner was growing up, he began developing his on ice skills with 3 Zones Hockey School.{{cite web\\|last1\=Robson\\|first1\=Dan\\|title\=The Skinny on Mitch Marner\\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/big\-read\-skinny\-maple\-leafs\-prospect\-mitch\-marner/\\|website\=sportsnet.ca\\|access\-date\=April 25, 2018}} He attended [The Hill Academy](/wiki/The_Hill_Academy "The Hill Academy") in Vaughan, Ontario, and then [Blyth Academy](/wiki/Blyth_Academy "Blyth Academy").{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/nhl\-allstar\-leafs\-habs\-canucks\-sens\-oilers\-jets\-flames\-private\-school\-education\-hockey\-1\.5437356 \\|title\=Elite talent: The private school education of NHL All\-Stars \\|date\=January 25, 2020 \\|first\=Aaron \\|last\=Saltzman \\|publisher\=\[\[CBC News]] Business \\|access\-date\=November 30, 2021}} Marner played his minor career in the Durham Region and the [Greater Toronto Hockey League](/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Hockey_League "Greater Toronto Hockey League") (GTHL). He played in the 2011–12 season with the Vaughan Kings and went on to win a GTHL title.{{Cite web\\|url \= http://www.durhamregion.com/sports\-story/4525397\-mitchell\-marner\-s\-road\-to\-the\-memorial\-cup\-started\-in\-clarington/\\|title \= Mitchell Marner's road to the Memorial Cup started in vaughan\\|date \= May 16, 2014\\|access\-date \= May 22, 2015\\|publisher \= DurhamRegion.com\\|last \= McNair\\|first \= Brian}} For the 2012–13 season, Marner transitioned to the Don Mills Flyers of the GTHL, where he played his minor midget year, registering 86 points in 55 games.{{Cite web\\|url \= http://hockeynow.ca/major\-junior/london\-knights\-mitchell\-marner\-a\-force\-to\-be\-reckoned\-with\\|title \= London Knights Mitchell Marner A Force To Be Reckoned With\\|date \= March 28, 2015\\|access\-date \= May 22, 2015\\|website \= Hockey Now\\|last \= Bras\\|first \= Kristopher\\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522113027/http://hockeynow.ca/major\-junior/london\-knights\-mitchell\-marner\-a\-force\-to\-be\-reckoned\-with\\|archive\-date \= May 22, 2015\\|url\-status \= dead}} He finished second in scoring in the GTHL behind [Dylan Strome](/wiki/Dylan_Strome "Dylan Strome") (who was then playing with the [Toronto Marlboros](/wiki/Toronto_Marlboros "Toronto Marlboros")). At the end of his season with the Flyers, Marner was immediately invited to join the [St. Michael's Buzzers](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Buzzers "St. Michael's Buzzers") of the [Ontario Junior A Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Junior_A_Hockey_League "Ontario Junior A Hockey League"), where he went on to win a championship. During his minor midget season, Marner was initially unsure of his plans for the following season. He received a scholarship offer from the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") to play for the [Wolverines ice hockey team](/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey "Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey"), while also being drafted by the [London Knights](/wiki/London_Knights "London Knights") in the first round of the 2013 OHL Priority Selection, 19th overall.{{cite news\\|url \= https://lfpress.com/2013/04/06/london\-knights\-take\-mitch\-marner\-with\-first\-round\-pick\-in\-ohl\-draft\\|title \= London Knights take Mitch Marner with first round pick in OHL draft 0\\|last \= Pyette\\|first \= Ryan\\|date \= April 9, 2013\\|work \= London Free Press}} ### Major junior Despite receiving a scholarship offer from the University of Michigan, Marner elected to sign with the London Knights, who selected him with their first round pick in the 2013 Priority Selection.{{Cite web\\|url \= http://www.londonknights.com/article/marner\-commits\-to\-knights\\|title \= Marner Commits to Knights\\|date \= August 22, 2013\\|website \= London Knights Official Website}} Marner had a strong [rookie season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_OHL_season "2013–14 OHL season") with the Knights, registering 59 points in 64 games and was the runner\-up for the [OHL rookie of the year](/wiki/Emms_Family_Award "Emms Family Award"), behind [Travis Konecny](/wiki/Travis_Konecny "Travis Konecny"). During the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_OHL_season "2014–15 OHL season"), Marner played superbly alongside linemate [Max Domi](/wiki/Max_Domi "Max Domi"). As the season progressed, Marner was consistently included as one of the top prospects in the [2015 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2015_NHL_Entry_Draft "2015 NHL Entry Draft"), being listed as a definite top ten pick, if not top five. He would lead the league in scoring for most of the season until Dylan Strome of the [Erie Otters](/wiki/Erie_Otters "Erie Otters") recorded six points in the final game of the season, bumping Marner to second. As reward for his outstanding sophomore season, Marner was named to the OHL First All\-Star team and awarded the [Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Jim_Mahon_Memorial_Trophy "Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy") as the OHL's highest scoring right wing player.{{cite web \\| url \= http://londonknights.com/marner\-wins\-jim\-mahon\-memorial\-trophy \\| title\=Marner Wins Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy \\| publisher \= londonknights.com \\| date \= March 24, 2015}} Marner was selected fourth overall by the hometown [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") in the 2015 Draft. On July 28, 2015, the Leafs signed Marner to a three\-year, entry\-level contract.{{Cite web\\|url \= http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=775794\\|title \= Maple Leafs sign Marner to entry\-level contract\\|date \= July 28, 2015\\|access\-date \= July 28, 2015\\|publisher \= National Hockey League}} [thumb\\|Marner with the [London Knights](/wiki/London_Knights "London Knights") in January 2016](/wiki/File:Mitchell_Marner_-_London_Knights.JPG "Mitchell Marner - London Knights.JPG") On October 1, 2015, Marner was named as co\-captain of the Knights along with teammate [Christian Dvorak](/wiki/Christian_Dvorak "Christian Dvorak"). Marner played most of the season at right wing on a line with Dvorak and [Matthew Tkachuk](/wiki/Matthew_Tkachuk "Matthew Tkachuk"). The trio was a dominant force and the Knights ended the regular season as the highest scoring team in the OHL. Marner himself finished the regular season second in OHL scoring with 116 points in 57 games and was awarded the [Red Tilson Trophy](/wiki/Red_Tilson_Trophy "Red Tilson Trophy") as the OHL's most outstanding player of the year.{{cite web \\| url \= http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/mitch\-marner\-wins\-red\-tilson\-trophy \\| title \= Mitch Marner Wins Red Tilson Trophy \\| publisher \= ontariohockeyleague.com \\| date \= May 3, 2016}} Marner played an important role during the Knights' 2016 playoff run, resulting in the team winning the [OHL Championship](/wiki/J._Ross_Robertson_Cup "J. Ross Robertson Cup"). He led the playoffs in scoring and with 44 points in 18 games and was awarded the [Wayne Gretzky 99 Award](/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky_99_Award "Wayne Gretzky 99 Award") as playoff MVP.{{cite web \\| url \= http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/marner\-wins\-99\-award\-as\-ohl\-playoff\-mvp \\| title \= Marner wins '99' Award as OHL Playoff MVP \\| publisher \= ontariohockeyleague.com \\| date \= May 11, 2016}} Marner helped lead the Knights in winning the [2016 Memorial Cup](/wiki/2016_Memorial_Cup "2016 Memorial Cup"). He won both the [Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Stafford_Smythe_Memorial_Trophy "Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy") and the [Ed Chynoweth Trophy](/wiki/Ed_Chynoweth_Trophy "Ed Chynoweth Trophy") as tournament MVP and leading scorer.{{cite web \\| url \= http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/2016\-mastercard\-memorial\-cup\-awards\-all\-stars \\| title \= 2016 MasterCard Memorial Cup Awards \& All\-Stars \\| publisher \= ontariohockeyleague.com \\| date \= June 1, 2016}} Marner was the second player (after [Brad Richards](/wiki/Brad_Richards "Brad Richards") in 2000\) ever to win a [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup "Memorial Cup"), a [Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Stafford_Smythe_Memorial_Trophy "Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy"), [CHL Player of the Year](/wiki/CHL_Player_of_the_Year "CHL Player of the Year"), a league MVP trophy ([Red Tilson Trophy](/wiki/Red_Tilson_Trophy "Red Tilson Trophy")) and a league playoff MVP trophy ([Wayne Gretzky 99 Award](/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky_99_Award "Wayne Gretzky 99 Award")) in the same season.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://chlmemorialcup.ca/article/2016\-mastercard\-memorial\-cup\-awards\-all\-stars\\|title\=2016 MasterCard Memorial Cup Awards \& All\-Stars – Memorial Cup}} ### Toronto Maple Leafs #### 2016–17 After an impressive training camp and pre\-season (in which he led the team with four assists), it was announced that Marner would remain on the Toronto Maple Leafs roster for the upcoming [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season "2016–17 NHL season").{{Cite web\\|url \= https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/2016/10/10/marner\-makes\-leafs\-roster\-with\-mad\-skills.html\\|title \= Marner makes Leafs' roster with mad skills\\|date \= October 11, 2016\\|access\-date \= October 11, 2016\\|website \= \[\[Toronto Star]]\\|publisher \= \[\[TorStar]]\\|last \= McGran\\|first \= Kevin}} He made his NHL debut in the team's season opener on October 12\. Despite an effective first game with six shots on goal, he was overshadowed by a historic four\-goal debut from teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews "Auston Matthews"). The next game on his first night playing in [Hockey Night in Canada](/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada "Hockey Night in Canada"), Marner would score his first NHL goal after receiving a pass between his legs.{{cite web\\|last1\=Alter\\|first1\=David\\|title\=Mitchell Marner scores in Maple Leafs win\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/marners\-first\-goal\-helps\-maple\-leafs\-take\-down\-bruins/c\-282707592\\|publisher\=National Hockey League\\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\\|date\=October 15, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\=Mitchell Marner's first goal gets Punjabi treatment\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitch\-marners\-first\-goal\-get\-punjabi\-treatment/c\-282710250?tid\=281396148\\|publisher\=National Hockey League\\|access\-date\=October 16, 2016\\|date\=October 15, 2016}} He would record his first career assist four days later.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.msn.com/en\-ca/sports/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-at\-winnipeg\-jets/game\-centre/sp\-id\-60401000001646269 \\| title \= Toronto Maple Leafs at Winnipeg Jets gamecentre\\| publisher \= MSN Sports \\| date \= October 19, 2016}} [thumb\\|left\\|Marner with the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") during the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2017 Stanley Cup playoffs")](/wiki/File:Capitals-Maple_Leafs_%2834077801711%29.jpg "Capitals-Maple Leafs (34077801711).jpg") On October 27, 2016, in a game against the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers "Florida Panthers"), Marner had his first multi\-point game, accumulating three assists to lead the Leafs to a 4–2 win.{{cite web \\| url\= http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\-marner\-latest\-young\-leaf\-star\-records\-first\-multi\-point\-game/\\| title \= Mitch Marner latest young Leaf to star, records first multi\-point game \\| publisher \= Sportsnet \\| date \= October 27, 2016}} Marner would then have his first multi\-goal game against the [Buffalo Sabres](/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres "Buffalo Sabres") on November 3, 2016, as the Leafs won 2–1\.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2016/11/03/marner\-scores\-twice\-in\-leafs\-2\-1\-win\-over\-sabres/93270248/ \\| title \= Marner scores twice in Leafs' 2\-1 win over Sabres \\| work \= USA Today \\| date \= November 3, 2016}} On November 15, 2016, Marner had three points in a 6–2 win over the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators "Nashville Predators"),{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-predators\-van\-riemsdyk\-1\.3852575 \\| title \= Van Riemsdyk has 3 goals to lift Leafs over Predators 6\-2 \\| publisher \= CBSSports\\| date \= November 15, 2016}} which at the time tied him in the lead for Leafs' leading scorer (with [James van Riemsdyk](/wiki/James_van_Riemsdyk "James van Riemsdyk")) for the first time of his career. Marner was named the [NHL's Rookie of the Month](/wiki/List_of_2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_Three_Star_Awards%23Rookie_of_the_Month "List of 2016–17 NHL Three Star Awards#Rookie of the Month") for January 2017 after leading all rookies with 11 assists and 15 points in 13 games.{{cite web \\|title\=Mitchell Marner named NHL Rookie of the Month \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitchell\-marner\-named\-nhl\-top\-rookie\-for\-january\-2017/c\-286333170 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=October 10, 2018 \\|date\=February 1, 2018}} He also led all rookies with eight power\-play points and matched a career\-high three point game. Marner was the third Leaf to be named Rookie of the Month during the 2016–17 season, making the Maple Leafs the first NHL team with three different Rookie of the Month honorees in one campaign. Marner also set the Maple Leafs record for most assists in a season by a rookie with 42 on the year. This broke the previous record which was held for 73 years by [Gus Bodnar](/wiki/Gus_Bodnar "Gus Bodnar"), who had 40 assists in the 1943–44 season.{{cite web\\|last1\=Billinghurst\\|first1\=Will\\|title\=Leafs Rookies Setting Franchise Records\\|url\=https://thehockeywriters.com/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-rookies\-setting\-franchise\-records/\\|website\=thehockeywriters.com\\|publisher\=The Hockey Writers\\|access\-date\=17 December 2017\\|date\=24 March 2017}}{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-sets\-new\-franchise\-record\-for\-assists/ \\| title \= Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner: Sets new franchise record for assists \\| publisher \= cbssports \\| date \= March 31, 2017}} Marner spent the entire season on a line with Van Riemsdyk and [Tyler Bozak](/wiki/Tyler_Bozak "Tyler Bozak"), finding offensive chemistry with the two veterans, and managed to finish the year with 61 points.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.hockey\-reference.com/players/m/marnemi01\.html \\| title \= Mitch Marner \\| publisher \= Hockey Reference}} The trio of Marner, [William Nylander](/wiki/William_Nylander "William Nylander"), and Auston Matthews became only the second team since the 1981 [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques "Quebec Nordiques") to have three rookies finish with at least 60 points.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/putting\-maple\-leafs\-2017\-rookie\-performances\-perspective/ \\| title \= Putting Maple Leafs 2017 rookie performances into perspective \\| publisher \= Sportsnet}} His play assisted the team in qualifying for the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2017 Stanley Cup playoffs"), where he scored his first playoff goal on his first shift of Game 1\. Marner recorded four points in the series but it was not enough as the team lost in six games against the top\-seeded [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals "Washington Capitals"). #### 2017–18 On December 19, 2017, during the Maple Leafs' Next Century Game, Marner broke a 15\-game goal drought and recorded a four\-point game, the first time in his career.{{cite web\\|last1\=Johnston\\|first1\=Chris\\|title\=Mitch Marner breaks out as Maple Leafs celebrate birthday bash\\|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\-marner\-breaks\-maple\-leafs\-celebrate\-birthday\-bash/\\|website\=Sportsnet.ca\\|publisher\=Sportsnet\\|access\-date\=19 December 2017\\|location\=Toronto\\|date\=December 19, 2017}} He scored one goal and three assists to help defeat the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") 8–1\. On February 10, 2018, Marner scored his first five\-point game (two goals and three assists), becoming the first Leafs player to record five points in a game since [Tomáš Kaberle](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kaberle "Tomáš Kaberle") in 2009\.{{cite web\\|title\=Mitch Marner with career\-high 5 points, Leafs beat Senators\\|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\-marner\-career\-high\-5\-points\-leafs\-beat\-senators/\\|website\=sportsnet.ca\\|access\-date\=February 11, 2018\\|location\=Toronto\\|date\=February 10, 2018}} Marner ended the regular season leading the Leafs in assists and points,{{cite web\\|last1\=Proteau\\|first1\=Adam\\|title\=Series preview: Leafs, Bruins promises to be close, emotional\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/series\-preview\-leafs\-bruins\-promises\-to\-be\-close\-emotional/c\-297871846\\|publisher\=National Hockey League\\|access\-date\=April 12, 2018\\|date\=April 10, 2018}} and setting career highs in goals, assists and points.{{cite web\\|last1\=Forbes\\|first1\=Andrew\\|title\=Leafs, Bruins and the Numbers Game\\|url\=https://thehockeywriters.com/leafs\-bruins\-playoffs\-numbers/\\|website\=thehockeywriters.com\\|access\-date\=April 11, 2018\\|date\=April 12, 2018}} His offensive play helped the Leafs to their second consecutive Stanley Cup playoffs appearance. During the [2018 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2018 Stanley Cup playoffs"), Marner became the first Maple Leafs player since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch "Brian Leetch") to have a five\-game point streak in the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs "Stanley Cup playoffs").{{cite tweet \\|user\=PR\_NHL \\|number\=988802270325301248 \\|date\=April 24, 2018 \\|title\=Mitch Marner became the first @MapleLeafs player to record a point streak of 5\+ games in a playoff year since Brian Leetch in 2004 (0\-6—6 in 6 GP). \#NHLStats \#StanleyCup }} He led the Leafs in playoff scoring with nine points but the Maple Leafs were eliminated by the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") in seven games during the first round. #### 2018–19 On October 9, 2018, Marner recorded a four\-point game (one goal and three assists) in a 7–4 win over the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars").{{cite news \\|title\=Matthews, Tavares score 2 each, Maple Leafs beat Stars 7\-4 \\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/sports\-pmn/hockey\-sports\-pmn/matthews\-tavares\-score\-2\-each\-maple\-leafs\-beat\-stars\-7\-4 \\|access\-date\=October 9, 2018 \\|work\=National Post \\|date\=October 9, 2018 \\|location\=Dallas}} On October 27, Marner recorded his 100th career assist on a game\-tying goal by [Jake Gardiner](/wiki/Jake_Gardiner "Jake Gardiner") against the [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets "Winnipeg Jets") to help the Leafs win 3–2\.{{cite web \\|last1\=McCarthy \\|first1\=Dave \\|title\=Maple Leafs lose Matthews, win game against Jets \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/winnipeg\-jets\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-game\-recap/c\-301335724 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=October 28, 2018 \\|date\=October 27, 2018\\|quote\=Marner had two assists to give him 100 in his NHL career}} In the last 20 years, only [Mario Lemieux](/wiki/Mario_Lemieux "Mario Lemieux") recorded more primary assists in his first 24 games of the season than Marner, who recorded 22 primary assists in his first 24 games.TSN, <https://i.imgur.com/grX5tbf.jpg> "Most Primary Assists", 'NHL' On January 3, Marner tied a Maple Leaf record for fastest goal to start a game by scoring seven seconds into a game against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild "Minnesota Wild"). Marner scored again within the same period but the Leafs lost 4–3 to the Wild.{{cite web \\|last1\=Myers \\|first1\=Dan \\|title\=Postgame Hat Trick: Wild 4, Maple Leafs 3 \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/hat\-trick\-maple\-leafs\-010319/c\-303506432 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=January 4, 2019 \\|date\=January 3, 2019}} On January 17, 2019, Marner recorded a goal during a 4–2 win over the league\-leading [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning"), becoming the first player in Maple Leafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\-point seasons.{{cite tweet\\|user\=PR\_NHL\\|number\=1086103684004675585\\|date\=January 17, 2019\\|title\=Marner became the first player in @MapleLeafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\-point seasons. \#NHLStats \#TORvsTBL}} On February 23, during a 5–3 win over the rival [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens"), Marner recorded two assists to record the 200th point of his NHL career.{{cite tweet\\|user\=PR\_NHL\\|number\=1099501942177443840\\|date\=February 23, 2019\\|title\=Mitch Marner has notched the 200th point of his NHL career. \#NHLStats \#TORvsTBL}} He finished the regular season leading the team in scoring and third in the NHL with assists with career\-highs of 26 goals, 68 assists and 94 points, becoming the first Maple Leaf to record at least 90 points in a season since [Mats Sundin](/wiki/Mats_Sundin "Mats Sundin") in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_NHL_season "1996–97 NHL season"). #### 2019–20 On September 13, 2019, Marner signed a six\-year, $65\.358 million contract with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web \\|title\=Maple Leafs Agree to Terms With Mitch Marner \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-contract\-extension/c\-309126676 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=September 14, 2019 \\|date\=September 13, 2019}} At the start of the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season "2019–20 Toronto Maple Leafs season"), Marner was named an alternate captain for the team.{{cite web \\|last1\=Zeisberger \\|first1\=Mike \\|title\=Tavares named captain of Maple Leafs, first in three seasons \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/john\-tavares\-named\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-captain/c\-309667134 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=October 2, 2019 \\|date\=October 2, 2019}}{{cite news \\|title\=Matthews scores twice, Maple Leafs beat Senators in opener \\|work\=\[\[Yahoo Sports]] \\|date\=October 3, 2019 \\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\-scores\-twice\-maple\-leafs\-beat\-senators\-opener\-021048221\-\-nhl.html \\|access\-date\=October 3, 2019 \\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004003805/https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\-scores\-twice\-maple\-leafs\-beat\-senators\-opener\-021048221\-\-nhl.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} On November 9, 2019, during a game against the [Philadelphia Flyers](/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers "Philadelphia Flyers"), Marner fell awkwardly onto his leg and was expected to miss a minimum 4 weeks due to an ankle injury. He played strongly in his return on December 4 in a loss against the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche"). On December 23, 2019, Marner recorded his 2nd career five\-point game (two goals and three assists) in thrilling 8–6 win over the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") at the Leafs 3rd annual Next Generation Game. Down 6–4 in the 3rd period, Marner sparked the Leafs comeback when he one\-timed a spinning cross\-ice pass from [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews "Auston Matthews") to cut the Hurricanes lead. Mitch then set up [Tyson Barrie](/wiki/Tyson_Barrie "Tyson Barrie") for the game tying goal 53 seconds later. Just 6 seconds after tying, Marner stole the puck and scored the game\-winning breakaway goal.{{cite web \\|title\=Maple Leafs score five in third period to beat Hurricanes in matinee game\\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/maple\-leafs\-outscore\-hurricanes\-win\-wild\-matinee\-game/ \\|website\=Sportsnet.com \\|access\-date\=December 23, 2019 \\|date\=December 23, 2019}} Mitch had recorded the Leafs' previous five\-point game on February 10, 2018\. On January 11, 2020, he was selected to participate in the [NHL All\-Star Game](/wiki/2020_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game "2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game") for the first time in his career.{{cite web \\|title\=Leafs' Marner, Canucks' Hughes among 'last men in' for NHL All\-Star Game \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/leafs\-marner\-canucks\-hughes\-among\-last\-men\-nhl\-star\-game/ \\|website\=Sportsnet.ca \\|access\-date\=April 16, 2021 \\|date\=January 11, 2020}} On February 7, 2020, Marner recorded his 200th NHL assist on a late overtime goal scored by [John Tavares](/wiki/John_Tavares "John Tavares") in a 5–4 win over the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks "Anaheim Ducks").{{cite tweet \\|user\=LeafsPR \\|number\=1225975304642088965 \\|date\=February 7, 2020 \\|title\=Mitch Marner's assist in overtime was the 200th of his NHL career. \#LeafsForever \\|access\-date\=April 16, 2021}} The regular season ended abruptly due to the onset of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Months later, the NHL arranged to hold the [2020 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2020_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2020 Stanley Cup playoffs") in a [bubble](/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble"), with Eastern Conference games held in Toronto. The Maple Leafs faced the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets") in the qualifying round, and lost 3–2\.{{cite web \\|title\=Maple Leafs denied playoff run again with Game 5 loss to Blue Jackets \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-lose\-game\-5\-to\-columbus\-blue\-jackets/c\-318367262 \\|last\=Rosen \\|first\=Dan \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=August 10, 2020}} Marner managed only four assists in five games, attracting criticism from fans and commentators for his lack of playoff production.{{cite web \\|title\=A more mature Mitch Marner should excel in the playoffs for Maple Leafs\\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs/simmons\-says\-a\-more\-mature\-mitch\-marner\-should\-excel\-in\-the\-playoffs\-for\-maple\-leafs \\|last\=Simmons \\|first\=Steve \\|publisher\=\[\[National Post]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=May 1, 2022}} #### 2020–21 Due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and resultant limitations on cross\-border travel, the [2020–21 NHL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season "2020–21 NHL season") occurred under a vastly different arrangement than previously, with the Leafs grouped in an all\-Canadian [North Division](/wiki/North_Division_%28NHL%29 "North Division (NHL)") and playing exclusively within that division for the regular season. On April 15, 2021, Marner became the fourth player in Maple Leafs history to record at least five consecutive seasons with 40 assists.{{cite tweet \\|user\=PR\_NHL \\|number\=1382842184479674376 \\|date\=April 15, 2021 \\|title\=That's another 4️⃣0️⃣\-assist season for @Marner93\. \#NHLStats \\|access\-date\=April 16, 2021}} The Maple Leafs finished first in the North Division, and faced the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens") in the first round of the [2021 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2021_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2021 Stanley Cup playoffs"), where they were considered the heavy favourites to win, which would have been the team's first playoff series win since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2004 Stanley Cup playoffs"). The Leafs lost the first game of the series, but won the next three to take a seeming stranglehold. However, they went on to lose the next three games and the series 4–3, the team's fifth\-straight early exit.{{cite news \\|title\=Make no mistake, the Maple Leafs losing this series would be the biggest collapse of them all \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/2621962/2021/05/30/mirtle\-make\-no\-mistake\-the\-maple\-leafs\-losing\-this\-series\-would\-be\-the\-biggest\-collapse\-of\-them\-all/ \\|last\=Mirtle \\|first\=James \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=March 14, 2022 \\|date\=May 30, 2021}}{{cite news \\|title\=2021 Stanley Cup Playoffs: Canadiens pull off massive series comeback while Leafs head to offseason full of questions \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/live\-blogs/2021\-stanley\-cup\-playoffs\-live\-analysis\-of\-game\-7\-between\-the\-montreal\-canadiens\-and\-toronto\-maple\-leafs/o4mRB9dtN3uk/ \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=March 14, 2022 \\|date\=May 31, 2021}} Marner again scored only four assists in the post\-season, this time in seven games, further amplifying criticism of his perceived underperformance. At the end of the year, Marner was named to the NHL First All\-Star Team on right wing, the first time a Maple Leafs player was named to the NHL's First All\-Star team since [Börje Salming](/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Salming "Börje Salming") in 1977\.{{cite news \\|title\=NHL Announces 2020\-21 First and Second All\-Star Teams \\|url\=https://media.nhl.com/public/news/15163 \\|last\=Public Relations \\|first\=NHL \\|work\=\[\[NHL]] \\|access\-date\=June 29, 2021 \\|date\=June 29, 2021}} #### 2021–22 With the restoration of the traditional season, Marner enjoyed another highly successful regular season, recording 35 goals and 62 assists in 72 games. Marner, Matthews and newcomer [Michael Bunting](/wiki/Michael_Bunting "Michael Bunting") formed one of the most successful forward lines in the league for much of the year.{{cite news \\|title\=2022 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/3284526/2022/05/01/2022\-nhl\-playoff\-preview\-maple\-leafs\-vs\-lightning/ \\|first1\=Dom \\|last1\=Luszczyszyn \\|first2\=Shayna \\|last2\=Goldman \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=May 1, 2022}} On February 26, 2022, Marner recorded a career high four goals and six points to help the Toronto Maple Leafs to a 10\-7 win over the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings"). It was the first NHL hat\-trick and four\-goal game in his career. After recording a natural hat\-trick in the second period, Marner capped off his night by scoring the Leafs' tenth goal, his fourth of the game, on a Michael Bunting breakaway drop\-pass that Marner started deploying that season. The last time the Maple Leafs recorded 10 goals in a game was a 10\-2 victory on Jan. 4, 2007 over the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins").{{cite news \\|title\=Marner scores four goals, six points, Maple Leafs hold off Red Wings \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-detroit\-red\-wings\-game\-recap/c\-330990212 \\|last\=Hogg \\|first\=Dave \\|work\=\[\[NHL]] \\|access\-date\=February 26, 2022 \\|date\=February 26, 2022}} Having accrued 97 points, Marner hoped to become only the fourth Maple Leaf player to break the 100\-point barrier, but coach [Sheldon Keefe](/wiki/Sheldon_Keefe "Sheldon Keefe") opted to sit him out of the final game of the season to prepare for the playoffs. Marner admitted it was "definitely tough," but said that "at the same time, I want to just make sure I'm ready to go."{{cite news \\|title\='Tough' to give up shot at 100 points, but Marner focused on feeling 100 per cent \\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/talent/tough\-to\-give\-up\-shot\-at\-100\-points\-but\-marner\-focused\-on\-feeling\-100\-per\-cent\-1\.1792367 \\|last\=Masters \\|first\=Mark \\|work\=\[\[The Sports Network\\|TSN]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=April 28, 2022}} At the end of the year, Marner was again named to the NHL First All\-Star team as the league's best right winger, joining teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews "Auston Matthews") on the first team.{{cite news \\|title\=NHL announces 2021\-22 First and Second All\-Star Teams \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl\-2021\-22\-first\-and\-second\-all\-star\-teams/c\-334688828 \\|last\=Public Relations \\|first\=NHL \\|work\=\[\[NHL]] \\|access\-date\=June 21, 2022 \\|date\=June 21, 2022}} Advancing into the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2022 Stanley Cup playoffs"), Marner and the Maple Leafs drew the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning"), two\-time defending champions, in the first round. Marner had not scored a goal in eighteen playoff games prior to the beginning of the series, and in light of disappointing results against both the Blue Jackets and the Canadiens, how he would perform against the Lightning was subject to considerable speculation. In Game 1 of the series against the Lightning, Marner scored his first playoff goal since April 11, 2019, as part of a 5–0 Leafs victory. He had two assists as well, nearly equaling his totals from each of the previous two playoff series in a single game.{{cite news \\|title\=Marner dispels drought in Maple Leafs' bloody Game 1 blowout vs. Lightning \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/mitch\-marner\-dispels\-drought\-in\-maple\-leafs\-bloody\-game\-1\-blowout\-vs\-lightning/ \\|last\=Fox \\|first\=Luke \\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \\|access\-date\=May 3, 2022 \\|date\=May 2, 2022}} Marner would go on to make a strong contribution in the remainder of the series, but the Leafs failed to make it past the first round yet again, marking the franchise's eighth consecutive playoff series loss.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/tampa\-bay\-lightning\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-game\-7\-recap/c\-333639680\\|title\=Paul, Lightning win Game 7, eliminate Maple Leafs\\|last\=McCarthy\\|first\=Dave\\|publisher\=NHL Enterprises, L. P.\\|date\=May 14, 2022\\|website\=NHL.com\\|accessdate\=May 14, 2022}} #### 2022–23 The [2022–23 regular season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season "2022–23 Toronto Maple Leafs season") was another period of success for Marner, who led the team in scoring while Matthews had a somewhat down year by his former standards.{{cite news \\|title\=Maple Leafs regular season report cards: Who graded out higher, Marner or Samsonov? \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/4406387/2023/04/14/maple\-leafs\-regular\-season\-report\-cards\-marner/ \\|first1\=Joshua \\|last1\=Kloke \\|first2\=Jonas \\|last2\=Siegel \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=April 14, 2023}} Notably, Marner recorded a franchise\-best 23\-game point streak, with 11 goals and 21 assists in that span. He was one of only twelve players in NHL history to record a streak of at least that many games, noting that it was "a cool accomplishment to have your name with some great legends."{{cite news \\|title\=Maple Leafs winger Mitch Marner's points streak snapped at 23 games \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\_/id/35261740/maple\-leafs\-forward\-mitch\-marner\-points\-streak\-snapped\-23\-games \\|work\=\[\[ESPN]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=December 16, 2022}} He was widely cited as the team's most valuable player for the season.{{cite news \\|title\=Why Mitch Marner is the Leafs' runaway MVP this season \\|url\=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/nhl\-maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-mvp\-team\-awards\-194450485\.html?guccounter\=1\&guce\_referrer\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNhLw\&guce\_referrer\_sig\=AQAAAMKg0fwg9xJE0n4BefVhZjRbK2g9oNmYyKA\-DQJgR8\-2KX5NgF9LN7zJUWh4BxnnxmgdhG19kYhwZ2vUo4qasVO1ooJqQKJ1LP6MHac\-4KxlGTJxk4IMofiOzLUYPwCfagL8vIVX0r9y\-hHZvmxe3tzgEhrFtSeJaiA\-tWAJ54CF \\|first1\=Arun \\|last1\=Srinivasan \\|work\=\[\[Yahoo!Sports]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=April 11, 2023}} Marner was again in the hunt for the 100\-point threshold, but for the second consecutive year Keefe opted to scratch him from games late in the season for [load management](/wiki/Resting_the_starters "Resting the starters") reasons, and he concluded the season with 99 points in 80 games, one shy of 100\.{{cite news \\|title\=Marner hunts 100 points in Maple Leafs' season finale: 'It means a lot to guys' \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/marner\-hunts\-100\-points\-in\-maple\-leafs\-season\-finale\-it\-means\-a\-lot\-to\-guys/ \\|last\=Fox \\|first\=Luke \\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=April 13, 2023}} He was subsequently named a finalist for the [Frank J. Selke Trophy](/wiki/Frank_J._Selke_Trophy "Frank J. Selke Trophy"), given to the best defensive forward of the year.{{cite news \\|title\=Maple Leafs’ Marner among Selke nominees, Kopitar up for Lady Byng \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/maple\-leafs\-marner\-among\-selke\-nominees\-kopitar\-up\-for\-lady\-byng/ \\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2023 \\|date\=May 2, 2023}} The Maple Leafs finished fourth in the league in the regular season, and second in the Atlantic Division, setting up a [second consecutive first\-round meeting](/wiki/2023_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2023 Stanley Cup playoffs") with the Tampa Bay Lightning. While the Leafs were generally identified as the favourites going into the series, the long history of failure to advance past the first round was widely acknowledged.{{Cite web \\|last\=Dixon \\|first\=Ryan \\|date\=April 15, 2023 \\|title\=2023 Stanley Cup Playoff Preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning\\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/2023\-stanley\-cup\-playoff\-preview\-maple\-leafs\-vs\-lightning/ \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|website\=\[\[Sportsnet]]}}{{cite news \\|title\=2023 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/4406059/2023/04/14/2023\-nhl\-playoffs\-maple\-leafs\-lightning/ \\|first1\=Dom \\|last1\=Luszczyszyn \\|first2\=Shayna \\|last2\=Goldman \\|first3\=Sean \\|last3\=Gentille \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|date\=April 14, 2023}}{{Cite web \\|last\=McGran \\|first\=Kevin \\|date\=April 14, 2023 \\|title\=Leafs\-Lightning playoff preview: History hovers over first\-round rematch\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/analysis/2023/04/14/leafs\-lightning\-playoff\-preview\-history\-hovers\-over\-first\-round\-rematch.html?rf \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Toronto Star]]}} Many suggested that the outcome of the series would have major ramifications for the team going forward, including the status of both general manager [Kyle Dubas](/wiki/Kyle_Dubas "Kyle Dubas") and head coach Keefe, and also for the prospect of Matthews re\-signing in Toronto, which he would become eligible to do in the summer.{{Cite web \\|last\=Fels \\|first\=Sam \\|date\=April 18, 2023 \\|title\=The beginning of the end starts for the Toronto Maple Leafs tonight\\|url\=https://deadspin.com/nhl\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-playoffs\-auston\-matthews\-1850349149 \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|website\=\[\[Deadspin]]}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Kypreos \\|first\=Nick \\|date\=April 13, 2023 \\|title\=NHL playoffs could impact Auston Matthews’ long\-term future with Maple Leafs\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/13/nhl\-playoffs\-could\-impact\-auston\-matthews\-long\-term\-future\-with\-maple\-leafs.html \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Toronto Star]]}} Marner distiniguished himself during the Leafs' battle with the Lightning, posting a team\-leading eleven points over six games while the Leafs won their first playoff series since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2004 Stanley Cup playoffs").{{Cite web \\|last\=Arthur \\|first\=Bruce \\|date\=April 29, 2023 \\|title\=The Leafs of Matthews, Marner, Tavares, Nylander and Rielly won a playoff series. Maybe this really is their year\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/29/for\-the\-leafs\-slaying\-the\-lightning\-might\-be\-just\-the\-start.html \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2023 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Toronto Star]]}}{{cite news \\|title\=Which NHL playoffs stars lead Conn Smythe race? Leon Draisaitl, Mitch Marner and more \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/4481801/2023/05/02/conn\-smythe\-draisaitl\-marner/ \\|first1\=Dom \\|last1\=Luszczyszyn \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2023 \\|date\=May 2, 2023}} #### 2023–24 After putting up 76 points in the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season "2023–24 Toronto Maple Leafs season") Marner suffered a high ankle sprain in a March 7 game against the Boston Bruins.{{cite news \\|url\=https://thehockeynews.com/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs/latest\-news/report\-maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-sustained\-high\-ankle\-sprain\-against\-bruins \\|title\=Report: Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner Sustained High\-Ankle Sprain Against Bruins \\|date\=March 14, 2024\\|first\=David \\|last\=Alter \\|publisher\=The Hockey News \\|access\-date\=March 23, 2024}} He returned late in the season, scoring a total of 85 points in 69 games.	[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Minor", "While Marner was growing up, he began developing his on ice skills with 3 Zones Hockey School.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Robson\\\|first1\\=Dan\\\|title\\=The Skinny on Mitch Marner\\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/big\\-read\\-skinny\\-maple\\-leafs\\-prospect\\-mitch\\-marner/\\\|website\\=sportsnet.ca\\\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2018}} He attended [The Hill Academy](/wiki/The_Hill_Academy \"The Hill Academy\") in Vaughan, Ontario, and then [Blyth Academy](/wiki/Blyth_Academy \"Blyth Academy\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/nhl\\-allstar\\-leafs\\-habs\\-canucks\\-sens\\-oilers\\-jets\\-flames\\-private\\-school\\-education\\-hockey\\-1\\.5437356 \\\|title\\=Elite talent: The private school education of NHL All\\-Stars \\\|date\\=January 25, 2020 \\\|first\\=Aaron \\\|last\\=Saltzman \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBC News]] Business \\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2021}}", "Marner played his minor career in the Durham Region and the [Greater Toronto Hockey League](/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Hockey_League \"Greater Toronto Hockey League\") (GTHL). He played in the 2011–12 season with the Vaughan Kings and went on to win a GTHL title.{{Cite web\\\|url \\= http://www.durhamregion.com/sports\\-story/4525397\\-mitchell\\-marner\\-s\\-road\\-to\\-the\\-memorial\\-cup\\-started\\-in\\-clarington/\\\|title \\= Mitchell Marner's road to the Memorial Cup started in vaughan\\\|date \\= May 16, 2014\\\|access\\-date \\= May 22, 2015\\\|publisher \\= DurhamRegion.com\\\|last \\= McNair\\\|first \\= Brian}}", "For the 2012–13 season, Marner transitioned to the Don Mills Flyers of the GTHL, where he played his minor midget year, registering 86 points in 55 games.{{Cite web\\\|url \\= http://hockeynow.ca/major\\-junior/london\\-knights\\-mitchell\\-marner\\-a\\-force\\-to\\-be\\-reckoned\\-with\\\|title \\= London Knights Mitchell Marner A Force To Be Reckoned With\\\|date \\= March 28, 2015\\\|access\\-date \\= May 22, 2015\\\|website \\= Hockey Now\\\|last \\= Bras\\\|first \\= Kristopher\\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522113027/http://hockeynow.ca/major\\-junior/london\\-knights\\-mitchell\\-marner\\-a\\-force\\-to\\-be\\-reckoned\\-with\\\|archive\\-date \\= May 22, 2015\\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} He finished second in scoring in the GTHL behind [Dylan Strome](/wiki/Dylan_Strome \"Dylan Strome\") (who was then playing with the [Toronto Marlboros](/wiki/Toronto_Marlboros \"Toronto Marlboros\")). At the end of his season with the Flyers, Marner was immediately invited to join the [St. Michael's Buzzers](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Buzzers \"St. Michael's Buzzers\") of the [Ontario Junior A Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Junior_A_Hockey_League \"Ontario Junior A Hockey League\"), where he went on to win a championship.", "During his minor midget season, Marner was initially unsure of his plans for the following season. He received a scholarship offer from the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") to play for the [Wolverines ice hockey team](/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey\"), while also being drafted by the [London Knights](/wiki/London_Knights \"London Knights\") in the first round of the 2013 OHL Priority Selection, 19th overall.{{cite news\\\|url \\= https://lfpress.com/2013/04/06/london\\-knights\\-take\\-mitch\\-marner\\-with\\-first\\-round\\-pick\\-in\\-ohl\\-draft\\\|title \\= London Knights take Mitch Marner with first round pick in OHL draft 0\\\|last \\= Pyette\\\|first \\= Ryan\\\|date \\= April 9, 2013\\\|work \\= London Free Press}}", "### Major junior", "Despite receiving a scholarship offer from the University of Michigan, Marner elected to sign with the London Knights, who selected him with their first round pick in the 2013 Priority Selection.{{Cite web\\\|url \\= http://www.londonknights.com/article/marner\\-commits\\-to\\-knights\\\|title \\= Marner Commits to Knights\\\|date \\= August 22, 2013\\\|website \\= London Knights Official Website}}", "Marner had a strong [rookie season](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_OHL_season \"2013–14 OHL season\") with the Knights, registering 59 points in 64 games and was the runner\\-up for the [OHL rookie of the year](/wiki/Emms_Family_Award \"Emms Family Award\"), behind [Travis Konecny](/wiki/Travis_Konecny \"Travis Konecny\").", "During the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_OHL_season \"2014–15 OHL season\"), Marner played superbly alongside linemate [Max Domi](/wiki/Max_Domi \"Max Domi\"). As the season progressed, Marner was consistently included as one of the top prospects in the [2015 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2015_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2015 NHL Entry Draft\"), being listed as a definite top ten pick, if not top five. He would lead the league in scoring for most of the season until Dylan Strome of the [Erie Otters](/wiki/Erie_Otters \"Erie Otters\") recorded six points in the final game of the season, bumping Marner to second. As reward for his outstanding sophomore season, Marner was named to the OHL First All\\-Star team and awarded the [Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Jim_Mahon_Memorial_Trophy \"Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy\") as the OHL's highest scoring right wing player.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://londonknights.com/marner\\-wins\\-jim\\-mahon\\-memorial\\-trophy \\\| title\\=Marner Wins Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy \\\| publisher \\= londonknights.com \\\| date \\= March 24, 2015}} Marner was selected fourth overall by the hometown [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") in the 2015 Draft.", "On July 28, 2015, the Leafs signed Marner to a three\\-year, entry\\-level contract.{{Cite web\\\|url \\= http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=775794\\\|title \\= Maple Leafs sign Marner to entry\\-level contract\\\|date \\= July 28, 2015\\\|access\\-date \\= July 28, 2015\\\|publisher \\= National Hockey League}}\n[thumb\\\|Marner with the [London Knights](/wiki/London_Knights \"London Knights\") in January 2016](/wiki/File:Mitchell_Marner_-_London_Knights.JPG \"Mitchell Marner - London Knights.JPG\")\nOn October 1, 2015, Marner was named as co\\-captain of the Knights along with teammate [Christian Dvorak](/wiki/Christian_Dvorak \"Christian Dvorak\"). Marner played most of the season at right wing on a line with Dvorak and [Matthew Tkachuk](/wiki/Matthew_Tkachuk \"Matthew Tkachuk\"). The trio was a dominant force and the Knights ended the regular season as the highest scoring team in the OHL. Marner himself finished the regular season second in OHL scoring with 116 points in 57 games and was awarded the [Red Tilson Trophy](/wiki/Red_Tilson_Trophy \"Red Tilson Trophy\") as the OHL's most outstanding player of the year.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/mitch\\-marner\\-wins\\-red\\-tilson\\-trophy \\\| title \\= Mitch Marner Wins Red Tilson Trophy \\\| publisher \\= ontariohockeyleague.com \\\| date \\= May 3, 2016}}", "Marner played an important role during the Knights' 2016 playoff run, resulting in the team winning the [OHL Championship](/wiki/J._Ross_Robertson_Cup \"J. Ross Robertson Cup\"). He led the playoffs in scoring and with 44 points in 18 games and was awarded the [Wayne Gretzky 99 Award](/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky_99_Award \"Wayne Gretzky 99 Award\") as playoff MVP.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/marner\\-wins\\-99\\-award\\-as\\-ohl\\-playoff\\-mvp \\\| title \\= Marner wins '99' Award as OHL Playoff MVP \\\| publisher \\= ontariohockeyleague.com \\\| date \\= May 11, 2016}}", "Marner helped lead the Knights in winning the [2016 Memorial Cup](/wiki/2016_Memorial_Cup \"2016 Memorial Cup\"). He won both the [Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Stafford_Smythe_Memorial_Trophy \"Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy\") and the [Ed Chynoweth Trophy](/wiki/Ed_Chynoweth_Trophy \"Ed Chynoweth Trophy\") as tournament MVP and leading scorer.{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/2016\\-mastercard\\-memorial\\-cup\\-awards\\-all\\-stars \\\| title \\= 2016 MasterCard Memorial Cup Awards \\& All\\-Stars \\\| publisher \\= ontariohockeyleague.com \\\| date \\= June 1, 2016}}", "Marner was the second player (after [Brad Richards](/wiki/Brad_Richards \"Brad Richards\") in 2000\\) ever to win a [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup \"Memorial Cup\"), a [Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy](/wiki/Stafford_Smythe_Memorial_Trophy \"Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy\"), [CHL Player of the Year](/wiki/CHL_Player_of_the_Year \"CHL Player of the Year\"), a league MVP trophy ([Red Tilson Trophy](/wiki/Red_Tilson_Trophy \"Red Tilson Trophy\")) and a league playoff MVP trophy ([Wayne Gretzky 99 Award](/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky_99_Award \"Wayne Gretzky 99 Award\")) in the same season.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://chlmemorialcup.ca/article/2016\\-mastercard\\-memorial\\-cup\\-awards\\-all\\-stars\\\|title\\=2016 MasterCard Memorial Cup Awards \\& All\\-Stars – Memorial Cup}}", "### Toronto Maple Leafs", "#### 2016–17", "After an impressive training camp and pre\\-season (in which he led the team with four assists), it was announced that Marner would remain on the Toronto Maple Leafs roster for the upcoming [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\").{{Cite web\\\|url \\= https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/2016/10/10/marner\\-makes\\-leafs\\-roster\\-with\\-mad\\-skills.html\\\|title \\= Marner makes Leafs' roster with mad skills\\\|date \\= October 11, 2016\\\|access\\-date \\= October 11, 2016\\\|website \\= \\[\\[Toronto Star]]\\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[TorStar]]\\\|last \\= McGran\\\|first \\= Kevin}} He made his NHL debut in the team's season opener on October 12\\. Despite an effective first game with six shots on goal, he was overshadowed by a historic four\\-goal debut from teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews \"Auston Matthews\"). The next game on his first night playing in [Hockey Night in Canada](/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada \"Hockey Night in Canada\"), Marner would score his first NHL goal after receiving a pass between his legs.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Alter\\\|first1\\=David\\\|title\\=Mitchell Marner scores in Maple Leafs win\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/marners\\-first\\-goal\\-helps\\-maple\\-leafs\\-take\\-down\\-bruins/c\\-282707592\\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\\|date\\=October 15, 2015}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Mitchell Marner's first goal gets Punjabi treatment\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitch\\-marners\\-first\\-goal\\-get\\-punjabi\\-treatment/c\\-282710250?tid\\=281396148\\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2016\\\|date\\=October 15, 2016}} He would record his first career assist four days later.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.msn.com/en\\-ca/sports/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-at\\-winnipeg\\-jets/game\\-centre/sp\\-id\\-60401000001646269 \\\| title \\= Toronto Maple Leafs at Winnipeg Jets gamecentre\\\| publisher \\= MSN Sports \\\| date \\= October 19, 2016}}\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Marner with the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") during the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2017 Stanley Cup playoffs\")](/wiki/File:Capitals-Maple_Leafs_%2834077801711%29.jpg \"Capitals-Maple Leafs (34077801711).jpg\")\nOn October 27, 2016, in a game against the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\"), Marner had his first multi\\-point game, accumulating three assists to lead the Leafs to a 4–2 win.{{cite web \\\| url\\= http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\\-marner\\-latest\\-young\\-leaf\\-star\\-records\\-first\\-multi\\-point\\-game/\\\| title \\= Mitch Marner latest young Leaf to star, records first multi\\-point game \\\| publisher \\= Sportsnet \\\| date \\= October 27, 2016}} Marner would then have his first multi\\-goal game against the [Buffalo Sabres](/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres \"Buffalo Sabres\") on November 3, 2016, as the Leafs won 2–1\\.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2016/11/03/marner\\-scores\\-twice\\-in\\-leafs\\-2\\-1\\-win\\-over\\-sabres/93270248/ \\\| title \\= Marner scores twice in Leafs' 2\\-1 win over Sabres \\\| work \\= USA Today \\\| date \\= November 3, 2016}} On November 15, 2016, Marner had three points in a 6–2 win over the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\"),{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-predators\\-van\\-riemsdyk\\-1\\.3852575 \\\| title \\= Van Riemsdyk has 3 goals to lift Leafs over Predators 6\\-2 \\\| publisher \\= CBSSports\\\| date \\= November 15, 2016}} which at the time tied him in the lead for Leafs' leading scorer (with [James van Riemsdyk](/wiki/James_van_Riemsdyk \"James van Riemsdyk\")) for the first time of his career.", "Marner was named the [NHL's Rookie of the Month](/wiki/List_of_2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_Three_Star_Awards%23Rookie_of_the_Month \"List of 2016–17 NHL Three Star Awards#Rookie of the Month\") for January 2017 after leading all rookies with 11 assists and 15 points in 13 games.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Mitchell Marner named NHL Rookie of the Month \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitchell\\-marner\\-named\\-nhl\\-top\\-rookie\\-for\\-january\\-2017/c\\-286333170 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2018 \\\|date\\=February 1, 2018}} He also led all rookies with eight power\\-play points and matched a career\\-high three point game. Marner was the third Leaf to be named Rookie of the Month during the 2016–17 season, making the Maple Leafs the first NHL team with three different Rookie of the Month honorees in one campaign.", "Marner also set the Maple Leafs record for most assists in a season by a rookie with 42 on the year. This broke the previous record which was held for 73 years by [Gus Bodnar](/wiki/Gus_Bodnar \"Gus Bodnar\"), who had 40 assists in the 1943–44 season.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Billinghurst\\\|first1\\=Will\\\|title\\=Leafs Rookies Setting Franchise Records\\\|url\\=https://thehockeywriters.com/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-rookies\\-setting\\-franchise\\-records/\\\|website\\=thehockeywriters.com\\\|publisher\\=The Hockey Writers\\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017\\\|date\\=24 March 2017}}{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-sets\\-new\\-franchise\\-record\\-for\\-assists/ \\\| title \\= Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner: Sets new franchise record for assists \\\| publisher \\= cbssports \\\| date \\= March 31, 2017}} Marner spent the entire season on a line with Van Riemsdyk and [Tyler Bozak](/wiki/Tyler_Bozak \"Tyler Bozak\"), finding offensive chemistry with the two veterans, and managed to finish the year with 61 points.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.hockey\\-reference.com/players/m/marnemi01\\.html \\\| title \\= Mitch Marner \\\| publisher \\= Hockey Reference}} The trio of Marner, [William Nylander](/wiki/William_Nylander \"William Nylander\"), and Auston Matthews became only the second team since the 1981 [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques \"Quebec Nordiques\") to have three rookies finish with at least 60 points.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/putting\\-maple\\-leafs\\-2017\\-rookie\\-performances\\-perspective/ \\\| title \\= Putting Maple Leafs 2017 rookie performances into perspective \\\| publisher \\= Sportsnet}} His play assisted the team in qualifying for the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2017 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), where he scored his first playoff goal on his first shift of Game 1\\. Marner recorded four points in the series but it was not enough as the team lost in six games against the top\\-seeded [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\").", "#### 2017–18", "On December 19, 2017, during the Maple Leafs' Next Century Game, Marner broke a 15\\-game goal drought and recorded a four\\-point game, the first time in his career.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Johnston\\\|first1\\=Chris\\\|title\\=Mitch Marner breaks out as Maple Leafs celebrate birthday bash\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\\-marner\\-breaks\\-maple\\-leafs\\-celebrate\\-birthday\\-bash/\\\|website\\=Sportsnet.ca\\\|publisher\\=Sportsnet\\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2017\\\|location\\=Toronto\\\|date\\=December 19, 2017}} He scored one goal and three assists to help defeat the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") 8–1\\. On February 10, 2018, Marner scored his first five\\-point game (two goals and three assists), becoming the first Leafs player to record five points in a game since [Tomáš Kaberle](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kaberle \"Tomáš Kaberle\") in 2009\\.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Mitch Marner with career\\-high 5 points, Leafs beat Senators\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\\-marner\\-career\\-high\\-5\\-points\\-leafs\\-beat\\-senators/\\\|website\\=sportsnet.ca\\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2018\\\|location\\=Toronto\\\|date\\=February 10, 2018}} Marner ended the regular season leading the Leafs in assists and points,{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Proteau\\\|first1\\=Adam\\\|title\\=Series preview: Leafs, Bruins promises to be close, emotional\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/series\\-preview\\-leafs\\-bruins\\-promises\\-to\\-be\\-close\\-emotional/c\\-297871846\\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018\\\|date\\=April 10, 2018}} and setting career highs in goals, assists and points.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Forbes\\\|first1\\=Andrew\\\|title\\=Leafs, Bruins and the Numbers Game\\\|url\\=https://thehockeywriters.com/leafs\\-bruins\\-playoffs\\-numbers/\\\|website\\=thehockeywriters.com\\\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2018\\\|date\\=April 12, 2018}} His offensive play helped the Leafs to their second consecutive Stanley Cup playoffs appearance. During the [2018 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2018 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), Marner became the first Maple Leafs player since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch \"Brian Leetch\") to have a five\\-game point streak in the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"Stanley Cup playoffs\").{{cite tweet \\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL \\\|number\\=988802270325301248 \\\|date\\=April 24, 2018 \\\|title\\=Mitch Marner became the first @MapleLeafs player to record a point streak of 5\\+ games in a playoff year since Brian Leetch in 2004 (0\\-6—6 in 6 GP). \\#NHLStats \\#StanleyCup }} He led the Leafs in playoff scoring with nine points but the Maple Leafs were eliminated by the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") in seven games during the first round.", "#### 2018–19", "On October 9, 2018, Marner recorded a four\\-point game (one goal and three assists) in a 7–4 win over the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=Matthews, Tavares score 2 each, Maple Leafs beat Stars 7\\-4 \\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/sports\\-pmn/hockey\\-sports\\-pmn/matthews\\-tavares\\-score\\-2\\-each\\-maple\\-leafs\\-beat\\-stars\\-7\\-4 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2018 \\\|work\\=National Post \\\|date\\=October 9, 2018 \\\|location\\=Dallas}} On October 27, Marner recorded his 100th career assist on a game\\-tying goal by [Jake Gardiner](/wiki/Jake_Gardiner \"Jake Gardiner\") against the [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets \"Winnipeg Jets\") to help the Leafs win 3–2\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=McCarthy \\\|first1\\=Dave \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs lose Matthews, win game against Jets \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/winnipeg\\-jets\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-game\\-recap/c\\-301335724 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2018 \\\|date\\=October 27, 2018\\\|quote\\=Marner had two assists to give him 100 in his NHL career}} In the last 20 years, only [Mario Lemieux](/wiki/Mario_Lemieux \"Mario Lemieux\") recorded more primary assists in his first 24 games of the season than Marner, who recorded 22 primary assists in his first 24 games.TSN, <https://i.imgur.com/grX5tbf.jpg> \"Most Primary Assists\", 'NHL' On January 3, Marner tied a Maple Leaf record for fastest goal to start a game by scoring seven seconds into a game against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"). Marner scored again within the same period but the Leafs lost 4–3 to the Wild.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Myers \\\|first1\\=Dan \\\|title\\=Postgame Hat Trick: Wild 4, Maple Leafs 3 \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/hat\\-trick\\-maple\\-leafs\\-010319/c\\-303506432 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2019 \\\|date\\=January 3, 2019}} On January 17, 2019, Marner recorded a goal during a 4–2 win over the league\\-leading [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\"), becoming the first player in Maple Leafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\\-point seasons.{{cite tweet\\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL\\\|number\\=1086103684004675585\\\|date\\=January 17, 2019\\\|title\\=Marner became the first player in @MapleLeafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\\-point seasons. \\#NHLStats \\#TORvsTBL}} On February 23, during a 5–3 win over the rival [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\"), Marner recorded two assists to record the 200th point of his NHL career.{{cite tweet\\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL\\\|number\\=1099501942177443840\\\|date\\=February 23, 2019\\\|title\\=Mitch Marner has notched the 200th point of his NHL career. \\#NHLStats \\#TORvsTBL}} He finished the regular season leading the team in scoring and third in the NHL with assists with career\\-highs of 26 goals, 68 assists and 94 points, becoming the first Maple Leaf to record at least 90 points in a season since [Mats Sundin](/wiki/Mats_Sundin \"Mats Sundin\") in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_NHL_season \"1996–97 NHL season\").", "#### 2019–20", "On September 13, 2019, Marner signed a six\\-year, $65\\.358 million contract with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs Agree to Terms With Mitch Marner \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-contract\\-extension/c\\-309126676 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2019 \\\|date\\=September 13, 2019}} At the start of the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season \"2019–20 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"), Marner was named an alternate captain for the team.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Zeisberger \\\|first1\\=Mike \\\|title\\=Tavares named captain of Maple Leafs, first in three seasons \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/john\\-tavares\\-named\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-captain/c\\-309667134 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2019 \\\|date\\=October 2, 2019}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Matthews scores twice, Maple Leafs beat Senators in opener \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo Sports]] \\\|date\\=October 3, 2019 \\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\\-scores\\-twice\\-maple\\-leafs\\-beat\\-senators\\-opener\\-021048221\\-\\-nhl.html \\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2019 \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004003805/https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\\-scores\\-twice\\-maple\\-leafs\\-beat\\-senators\\-opener\\-021048221\\-\\-nhl.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On November 9, 2019, during a game against the [Philadelphia Flyers](/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers \"Philadelphia Flyers\"), Marner fell awkwardly onto his leg and was expected to miss a minimum 4 weeks due to an ankle injury. He played strongly in his return on December 4 in a loss against the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\"). On December 23, 2019, Marner recorded his 2nd career five\\-point game (two goals and three assists) in thrilling 8–6 win over the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") at the Leafs 3rd annual Next Generation Game. Down 6–4 in the 3rd period, Marner sparked the Leafs comeback when he one\\-timed a spinning cross\\-ice pass from [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews \"Auston Matthews\") to cut the Hurricanes lead. Mitch then set up [Tyson Barrie](/wiki/Tyson_Barrie \"Tyson Barrie\") for the game tying goal 53 seconds later. Just 6 seconds after tying, Marner stole the puck and scored the game\\-winning breakaway goal.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs score five in third period to beat Hurricanes in matinee game\\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/maple\\-leafs\\-outscore\\-hurricanes\\-win\\-wild\\-matinee\\-game/ \\\|website\\=Sportsnet.com \\\|access\\-date\\=December 23, 2019 \\\|date\\=December 23, 2019}} Mitch had recorded the Leafs' previous five\\-point game on February 10, 2018\\. On January 11, 2020, he was selected to participate in the [NHL All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2020_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game \"2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game\") for the first time in his career.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Leafs' Marner, Canucks' Hughes among 'last men in' for NHL All\\-Star Game \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/leafs\\-marner\\-canucks\\-hughes\\-among\\-last\\-men\\-nhl\\-star\\-game/ \\\|website\\=Sportsnet.ca \\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2021 \\\|date\\=January 11, 2020}} On February 7, 2020, Marner recorded his 200th NHL assist on a late overtime goal scored by [John Tavares](/wiki/John_Tavares \"John Tavares\") in a 5–4 win over the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks \"Anaheim Ducks\").{{cite tweet \\\|user\\=LeafsPR \\\|number\\=1225975304642088965 \\\|date\\=February 7, 2020 \\\|title\\=Mitch Marner's assist in overtime was the 200th of his NHL career. \\#LeafsForever \\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2021}}", "The regular season ended abruptly due to the onset of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Months later, the NHL arranged to hold the [2020 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2020_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2020 Stanley Cup playoffs\") in a [bubble](/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble \"Bio-secure bubble\"), with Eastern Conference games held in Toronto. The Maple Leafs faced the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") in the qualifying round, and lost 3–2\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs denied playoff run again with Game 5 loss to Blue Jackets \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-lose\\-game\\-5\\-to\\-columbus\\-blue\\-jackets/c\\-318367262 \\\|last\\=Rosen \\\|first\\=Dan \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=August 10, 2020}} Marner managed only four assists in five games, attracting criticism from fans and commentators for his lack of playoff production.{{cite web \\\|title\\=A more mature Mitch Marner should excel in the playoffs for Maple Leafs\\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs/simmons\\-says\\-a\\-more\\-mature\\-mitch\\-marner\\-should\\-excel\\-in\\-the\\-playoffs\\-for\\-maple\\-leafs \\\|last\\=Simmons \\\|first\\=Steve \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Post]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 1, 2022}}", "#### 2020–21", "Due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") and resultant limitations on cross\\-border travel, the [2020–21 NHL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\") occurred under a vastly different arrangement than previously, with the Leafs grouped in an all\\-Canadian [North Division](/wiki/North_Division_%28NHL%29 \"North Division (NHL)\") and playing exclusively within that division for the regular season. On April 15, 2021, Marner became the fourth player in Maple Leafs history to record at least five consecutive seasons with 40 assists.{{cite tweet \\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL \\\|number\\=1382842184479674376 \\\|date\\=April 15, 2021 \\\|title\\=That's another 4️⃣0️⃣\\-assist season for @Marner93\\. \\#NHLStats \\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2021}} The Maple Leafs finished first in the North Division, and faced the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") in the first round of the [2021 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2021_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2021 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), where they were considered the heavy favourites to win, which would have been the team's first playoff series win since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2004 Stanley Cup playoffs\"). The Leafs lost the first game of the series, but won the next three to take a seeming stranglehold. However, they went on to lose the next three games and the series 4–3, the team's fifth\\-straight early exit.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Make no mistake, the Maple Leafs losing this series would be the biggest collapse of them all \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/2621962/2021/05/30/mirtle\\-make\\-no\\-mistake\\-the\\-maple\\-leafs\\-losing\\-this\\-series\\-would\\-be\\-the\\-biggest\\-collapse\\-of\\-them\\-all/ \\\|last\\=Mirtle \\\|first\\=James \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 30, 2021}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=2021 Stanley Cup Playoffs: Canadiens pull off massive series comeback while Leafs head to offseason full of questions \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/live\\-blogs/2021\\-stanley\\-cup\\-playoffs\\-live\\-analysis\\-of\\-game\\-7\\-between\\-the\\-montreal\\-canadiens\\-and\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs/o4mRB9dtN3uk/ \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 31, 2021}} Marner again scored only four assists in the post\\-season, this time in seven games, further amplifying criticism of his perceived underperformance. At the end of the year, Marner was named to the NHL First All\\-Star Team on right wing, the first time a Maple Leafs player was named to the NHL's First All\\-Star team since [Börje Salming](/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Salming \"Börje Salming\") in 1977\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=NHL Announces 2020\\-21 First and Second All\\-Star Teams \\\|url\\=https://media.nhl.com/public/news/15163 \\\|last\\=Public Relations \\\|first\\=NHL \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NHL]] \\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2021 \\\|date\\=June 29, 2021}}", "#### 2021–22", "With the restoration of the traditional season, Marner enjoyed another highly successful regular season, recording 35 goals and 62 assists in 72 games. Marner, Matthews and newcomer [Michael Bunting](/wiki/Michael_Bunting \"Michael Bunting\") formed one of the most successful forward lines in the league for much of the year.{{cite news \\\|title\\=2022 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/3284526/2022/05/01/2022\\-nhl\\-playoff\\-preview\\-maple\\-leafs\\-vs\\-lightning/ \\\|first1\\=Dom \\\|last1\\=Luszczyszyn \\\|first2\\=Shayna \\\|last2\\=Goldman \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 1, 2022}} On February 26, 2022, Marner recorded a career high four goals and six points to help the Toronto Maple Leafs to a 10\\-7 win over the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\"). It was the first NHL hat\\-trick and four\\-goal game in his career. After recording a natural hat\\-trick in the second period, Marner capped off his night by scoring the Leafs' tenth goal, his fourth of the game, on a Michael Bunting breakaway drop\\-pass that Marner started deploying that season. The last time the Maple Leafs recorded 10 goals in a game was a 10\\-2 victory on Jan. 4, 2007 over the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=Marner scores four goals, six points, Maple Leafs hold off Red Wings \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-detroit\\-red\\-wings\\-game\\-recap/c\\-330990212 \\\|last\\=Hogg \\\|first\\=Dave \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NHL]] \\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2022 \\\|date\\=February 26, 2022}} Having accrued 97 points, Marner hoped to become only the fourth Maple Leaf player to break the 100\\-point barrier, but coach [Sheldon Keefe](/wiki/Sheldon_Keefe \"Sheldon Keefe\") opted to sit him out of the final game of the season to prepare for the playoffs. Marner admitted it was \"definitely tough,\" but said that \"at the same time, I want to just make sure I'm ready to go.\"{{cite news \\\|title\\='Tough' to give up shot at 100 points, but Marner focused on feeling 100 per cent \\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/talent/tough\\-to\\-give\\-up\\-shot\\-at\\-100\\-points\\-but\\-marner\\-focused\\-on\\-feeling\\-100\\-per\\-cent\\-1\\.1792367 \\\|last\\=Masters \\\|first\\=Mark \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sports Network\\\|TSN]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=April 28, 2022}} At the end of the year, Marner was again named to the NHL First All\\-Star team as the league's best right winger, joining teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews \"Auston Matthews\") on the first team.{{cite news \\\|title\\=NHL announces 2021\\-22 First and Second All\\-Star Teams \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl\\-2021\\-22\\-first\\-and\\-second\\-all\\-star\\-teams/c\\-334688828 \\\|last\\=Public Relations \\\|first\\=NHL \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NHL]] \\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2022 \\\|date\\=June 21, 2022}}", "Advancing into the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2022 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), Marner and the Maple Leafs drew the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\"), two\\-time defending champions, in the first round. Marner had not scored a goal in eighteen playoff games prior to the beginning of the series, and in light of disappointing results against both the Blue Jackets and the Canadiens, how he would perform against the Lightning was subject to considerable speculation. In Game 1 of the series against the Lightning, Marner scored his first playoff goal since April 11, 2019, as part of a 5–0 Leafs victory. He had two assists as well, nearly equaling his totals from each of the previous two playoff series in a single game.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Marner dispels drought in Maple Leafs' bloody Game 1 blowout vs. Lightning \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/mitch\\-marner\\-dispels\\-drought\\-in\\-maple\\-leafs\\-bloody\\-game\\-1\\-blowout\\-vs\\-lightning/ \\\|last\\=Fox \\\|first\\=Luke \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 2, 2022}} Marner would go on to make a strong contribution in the remainder of the series, but the Leafs failed to make it past the first round yet again, marking the franchise's eighth consecutive playoff series loss.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/tampa\\-bay\\-lightning\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-game\\-7\\-recap/c\\-333639680\\\|title\\=Paul, Lightning win Game 7, eliminate Maple Leafs\\\|last\\=McCarthy\\\|first\\=Dave\\\|publisher\\=NHL Enterprises, L. P.\\\|date\\=May 14, 2022\\\|website\\=NHL.com\\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2022}}", "#### 2022–23", "The [2022–23 regular season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season \"2022–23 Toronto Maple Leafs season\") was another period of success for Marner, who led the team in scoring while Matthews had a somewhat down year by his former standards.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs regular season report cards: Who graded out higher, Marner or Samsonov? \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/4406387/2023/04/14/maple\\-leafs\\-regular\\-season\\-report\\-cards\\-marner/ \\\|first1\\=Joshua \\\|last1\\=Kloke \\\|first2\\=Jonas \\\|last2\\=Siegel \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 14, 2023}} Notably, Marner recorded a franchise\\-best 23\\-game point streak, with 11 goals and 21 assists in that span. He was one of only twelve players in NHL history to record a streak of at least that many games, noting that it was \"a cool accomplishment to have your name with some great legends.\"{{cite news \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs winger Mitch Marner's points streak snapped at 23 games \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\\_/id/35261740/maple\\-leafs\\-forward\\-mitch\\-marner\\-points\\-streak\\-snapped\\-23\\-games \\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=December 16, 2022}} He was widely cited as the team's most valuable player for the season.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Why Mitch Marner is the Leafs' runaway MVP this season \\\|url\\=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/nhl\\-maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-mvp\\-team\\-awards\\-194450485\\.html?guccounter\\=1\\&guce\\_referrer\\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNhLw\\&guce\\_referrer\\_sig\\=AQAAAMKg0fwg9xJE0n4BefVhZjRbK2g9oNmYyKA\\-DQJgR8\\-2KX5NgF9LN7zJUWh4BxnnxmgdhG19kYhwZ2vUo4qasVO1ooJqQKJ1LP6MHac\\-4KxlGTJxk4IMofiOzLUYPwCfagL8vIVX0r9y\\-hHZvmxe3tzgEhrFtSeJaiA\\-tWAJ54CF \\\|first1\\=Arun \\\|last1\\=Srinivasan \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo!Sports]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 11, 2023}} Marner was again in the hunt for the 100\\-point threshold, but for the second consecutive year Keefe opted to scratch him from games late in the season for [load management](/wiki/Resting_the_starters \"Resting the starters\") reasons, and he concluded the season with 99 points in 80 games, one shy of 100\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Marner hunts 100 points in Maple Leafs' season finale: 'It means a lot to guys' \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/marner\\-hunts\\-100\\-points\\-in\\-maple\\-leafs\\-season\\-finale\\-it\\-means\\-a\\-lot\\-to\\-guys/ \\\|last\\=Fox \\\|first\\=Luke \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 13, 2023}} He was subsequently named a finalist for the [Frank J. Selke Trophy](/wiki/Frank_J._Selke_Trophy \"Frank J. Selke Trophy\"), given to the best defensive forward of the year.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs’ Marner among Selke nominees, Kopitar up for Lady Byng \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/maple\\-leafs\\-marner\\-among\\-selke\\-nominees\\-kopitar\\-up\\-for\\-lady\\-byng/ \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2023 \\\|date\\=May 2, 2023}}", "The Maple Leafs finished fourth in the league in the regular season, and second in the Atlantic Division, setting up a [second consecutive first\\-round meeting](/wiki/2023_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2023 Stanley Cup playoffs\") with the Tampa Bay Lightning. While the Leafs were generally identified as the favourites going into the series, the long history of failure to advance past the first round was widely acknowledged.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Dixon \\\|first\\=Ryan \\\|date\\=April 15, 2023 \\\|title\\=2023 Stanley Cup Playoff Preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning\\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/2023\\-stanley\\-cup\\-playoff\\-preview\\-maple\\-leafs\\-vs\\-lightning/ \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]]}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=2023 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/4406059/2023/04/14/2023\\-nhl\\-playoffs\\-maple\\-leafs\\-lightning/ \\\|first1\\=Dom \\\|last1\\=Luszczyszyn \\\|first2\\=Shayna \\\|last2\\=Goldman \\\|first3\\=Sean \\\|last3\\=Gentille \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 14, 2023}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=McGran \\\|first\\=Kevin \\\|date\\=April 14, 2023 \\\|title\\=Leafs\\-Lightning playoff preview: History hovers over first\\-round rematch\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/analysis/2023/04/14/leafs\\-lightning\\-playoff\\-preview\\-history\\-hovers\\-over\\-first\\-round\\-rematch.html?rf \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Toronto Star]]}} Many suggested that the outcome of the series would have major ramifications for the team going forward, including the status of both general manager [Kyle Dubas](/wiki/Kyle_Dubas \"Kyle Dubas\") and head coach Keefe, and also for the prospect of Matthews re\\-signing in Toronto, which he would become eligible to do in the summer.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Fels \\\|first\\=Sam \\\|date\\=April 18, 2023 \\\|title\\=The beginning of the end starts for the Toronto Maple Leafs tonight\\\|url\\=https://deadspin.com/nhl\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-playoffs\\-auston\\-matthews\\-1850349149 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadspin]]}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kypreos \\\|first\\=Nick \\\|date\\=April 13, 2023 \\\|title\\=NHL playoffs could impact Auston Matthews’ long\\-term future with Maple Leafs\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/13/nhl\\-playoffs\\-could\\-impact\\-auston\\-matthews\\-long\\-term\\-future\\-with\\-maple\\-leafs.html \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Toronto Star]]}} Marner distiniguished himself during the Leafs' battle with the Lightning, posting a team\\-leading eleven points over six games while the Leafs won their first playoff series since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2004 Stanley Cup playoffs\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Arthur \\\|first\\=Bruce \\\|date\\=April 29, 2023 \\\|title\\=The Leafs of Matthews, Marner, Tavares, Nylander and Rielly won a playoff series. Maybe this really is their year\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/29/for\\-the\\-leafs\\-slaying\\-the\\-lightning\\-might\\-be\\-just\\-the\\-start.html \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2023 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Toronto Star]]}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Which NHL playoffs stars lead Conn Smythe race? Leon Draisaitl, Mitch Marner and more \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/4481801/2023/05/02/conn\\-smythe\\-draisaitl\\-marner/ \\\|first1\\=Dom \\\|last1\\=Luszczyszyn \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2023 \\\|date\\=May 2, 2023}}", "#### 2023–24", "After putting up 76 points in the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season \"2023–24 Toronto Maple Leafs season\") Marner suffered a high ankle sprain in a March 7 game against the Boston Bruins.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://thehockeynews.com/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs/latest\\-news/report\\-maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-sustained\\-high\\-ankle\\-sprain\\-against\\-bruins \\\|title\\=Report: Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner Sustained High\\-Ankle Sprain Against Bruins \\\|date\\=March 14, 2024\\\|first\\=David \\\|last\\=Alter \\\|publisher\\=The Hockey News \\\|access\\-date\\=March 23, 2024}} He returned late in the season, scoring a total of 85 points in 69 games.", "" ]
### Toronto Maple Leafs #### 2016–17 After an impressive training camp and pre\-season (in which he led the team with four assists), it was announced that Marner would remain on the Toronto Maple Leafs roster for the upcoming [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season "2016–17 NHL season").{{Cite web\\|url \= https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/2016/10/10/marner\-makes\-leafs\-roster\-with\-mad\-skills.html\\|title \= Marner makes Leafs' roster with mad skills\\|date \= October 11, 2016\\|access\-date \= October 11, 2016\\|website \= \[\[Toronto Star]]\\|publisher \= \[\[TorStar]]\\|last \= McGran\\|first \= Kevin}} He made his NHL debut in the team's season opener on October 12\. Despite an effective first game with six shots on goal, he was overshadowed by a historic four\-goal debut from teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews "Auston Matthews"). The next game on his first night playing in [Hockey Night in Canada](/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada "Hockey Night in Canada"), Marner would score his first NHL goal after receiving a pass between his legs.{{cite web\\|last1\=Alter\\|first1\=David\\|title\=Mitchell Marner scores in Maple Leafs win\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/marners\-first\-goal\-helps\-maple\-leafs\-take\-down\-bruins/c\-282707592\\|publisher\=National Hockey League\\|access\-date\=October 16, 2015\\|date\=October 15, 2015}}{{cite web\\|title\=Mitchell Marner's first goal gets Punjabi treatment\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitch\-marners\-first\-goal\-get\-punjabi\-treatment/c\-282710250?tid\=281396148\\|publisher\=National Hockey League\\|access\-date\=October 16, 2016\\|date\=October 15, 2016}} He would record his first career assist four days later.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.msn.com/en\-ca/sports/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-at\-winnipeg\-jets/game\-centre/sp\-id\-60401000001646269 \\| title \= Toronto Maple Leafs at Winnipeg Jets gamecentre\\| publisher \= MSN Sports \\| date \= October 19, 2016}} [thumb\\|left\\|Marner with the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") during the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2017 Stanley Cup playoffs")](/wiki/File:Capitals-Maple_Leafs_%2834077801711%29.jpg "Capitals-Maple Leafs (34077801711).jpg") On October 27, 2016, in a game against the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers "Florida Panthers"), Marner had his first multi\-point game, accumulating three assists to lead the Leafs to a 4–2 win.{{cite web \\| url\= http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\-marner\-latest\-young\-leaf\-star\-records\-first\-multi\-point\-game/\\| title \= Mitch Marner latest young Leaf to star, records first multi\-point game \\| publisher \= Sportsnet \\| date \= October 27, 2016}} Marner would then have his first multi\-goal game against the [Buffalo Sabres](/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres "Buffalo Sabres") on November 3, 2016, as the Leafs won 2–1\.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2016/11/03/marner\-scores\-twice\-in\-leafs\-2\-1\-win\-over\-sabres/93270248/ \\| title \= Marner scores twice in Leafs' 2\-1 win over Sabres \\| work \= USA Today \\| date \= November 3, 2016}} On November 15, 2016, Marner had three points in a 6–2 win over the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators "Nashville Predators"),{{cite web \\| url \= http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-predators\-van\-riemsdyk\-1\.3852575 \\| title \= Van Riemsdyk has 3 goals to lift Leafs over Predators 6\-2 \\| publisher \= CBSSports\\| date \= November 15, 2016}} which at the time tied him in the lead for Leafs' leading scorer (with [James van Riemsdyk](/wiki/James_van_Riemsdyk "James van Riemsdyk")) for the first time of his career. Marner was named the [NHL's Rookie of the Month](/wiki/List_of_2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_Three_Star_Awards%23Rookie_of_the_Month "List of 2016–17 NHL Three Star Awards#Rookie of the Month") for January 2017 after leading all rookies with 11 assists and 15 points in 13 games.{{cite web \\|title\=Mitchell Marner named NHL Rookie of the Month \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitchell\-marner\-named\-nhl\-top\-rookie\-for\-january\-2017/c\-286333170 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=October 10, 2018 \\|date\=February 1, 2018}} He also led all rookies with eight power\-play points and matched a career\-high three point game. Marner was the third Leaf to be named Rookie of the Month during the 2016–17 season, making the Maple Leafs the first NHL team with three different Rookie of the Month honorees in one campaign. Marner also set the Maple Leafs record for most assists in a season by a rookie with 42 on the year. This broke the previous record which was held for 73 years by [Gus Bodnar](/wiki/Gus_Bodnar "Gus Bodnar"), who had 40 assists in the 1943–44 season.{{cite web\\|last1\=Billinghurst\\|first1\=Will\\|title\=Leafs Rookies Setting Franchise Records\\|url\=https://thehockeywriters.com/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-rookies\-setting\-franchise\-records/\\|website\=thehockeywriters.com\\|publisher\=The Hockey Writers\\|access\-date\=17 December 2017\\|date\=24 March 2017}}{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-sets\-new\-franchise\-record\-for\-assists/ \\| title \= Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner: Sets new franchise record for assists \\| publisher \= cbssports \\| date \= March 31, 2017}} Marner spent the entire season on a line with Van Riemsdyk and [Tyler Bozak](/wiki/Tyler_Bozak "Tyler Bozak"), finding offensive chemistry with the two veterans, and managed to finish the year with 61 points.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.hockey\-reference.com/players/m/marnemi01\.html \\| title \= Mitch Marner \\| publisher \= Hockey Reference}} The trio of Marner, [William Nylander](/wiki/William_Nylander "William Nylander"), and Auston Matthews became only the second team since the 1981 [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques "Quebec Nordiques") to have three rookies finish with at least 60 points.{{cite web \\| url \= https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/putting\-maple\-leafs\-2017\-rookie\-performances\-perspective/ \\| title \= Putting Maple Leafs 2017 rookie performances into perspective \\| publisher \= Sportsnet}} His play assisted the team in qualifying for the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2017 Stanley Cup playoffs"), where he scored his first playoff goal on his first shift of Game 1\. Marner recorded four points in the series but it was not enough as the team lost in six games against the top\-seeded [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals "Washington Capitals"). #### 2017–18 On December 19, 2017, during the Maple Leafs' Next Century Game, Marner broke a 15\-game goal drought and recorded a four\-point game, the first time in his career.{{cite web\\|last1\=Johnston\\|first1\=Chris\\|title\=Mitch Marner breaks out as Maple Leafs celebrate birthday bash\\|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\-marner\-breaks\-maple\-leafs\-celebrate\-birthday\-bash/\\|website\=Sportsnet.ca\\|publisher\=Sportsnet\\|access\-date\=19 December 2017\\|location\=Toronto\\|date\=December 19, 2017}} He scored one goal and three assists to help defeat the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") 8–1\. On February 10, 2018, Marner scored his first five\-point game (two goals and three assists), becoming the first Leafs player to record five points in a game since [Tomáš Kaberle](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kaberle "Tomáš Kaberle") in 2009\.{{cite web\\|title\=Mitch Marner with career\-high 5 points, Leafs beat Senators\\|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\-marner\-career\-high\-5\-points\-leafs\-beat\-senators/\\|website\=sportsnet.ca\\|access\-date\=February 11, 2018\\|location\=Toronto\\|date\=February 10, 2018}} Marner ended the regular season leading the Leafs in assists and points,{{cite web\\|last1\=Proteau\\|first1\=Adam\\|title\=Series preview: Leafs, Bruins promises to be close, emotional\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/series\-preview\-leafs\-bruins\-promises\-to\-be\-close\-emotional/c\-297871846\\|publisher\=National Hockey League\\|access\-date\=April 12, 2018\\|date\=April 10, 2018}} and setting career highs in goals, assists and points.{{cite web\\|last1\=Forbes\\|first1\=Andrew\\|title\=Leafs, Bruins and the Numbers Game\\|url\=https://thehockeywriters.com/leafs\-bruins\-playoffs\-numbers/\\|website\=thehockeywriters.com\\|access\-date\=April 11, 2018\\|date\=April 12, 2018}} His offensive play helped the Leafs to their second consecutive Stanley Cup playoffs appearance. During the [2018 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2018 Stanley Cup playoffs"), Marner became the first Maple Leafs player since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch "Brian Leetch") to have a five\-game point streak in the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs "Stanley Cup playoffs").{{cite tweet \\|user\=PR\_NHL \\|number\=988802270325301248 \\|date\=April 24, 2018 \\|title\=Mitch Marner became the first @MapleLeafs player to record a point streak of 5\+ games in a playoff year since Brian Leetch in 2004 (0\-6—6 in 6 GP). \#NHLStats \#StanleyCup }} He led the Leafs in playoff scoring with nine points but the Maple Leafs were eliminated by the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") in seven games during the first round. #### 2018–19 On October 9, 2018, Marner recorded a four\-point game (one goal and three assists) in a 7–4 win over the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars").{{cite news \\|title\=Matthews, Tavares score 2 each, Maple Leafs beat Stars 7\-4 \\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/sports\-pmn/hockey\-sports\-pmn/matthews\-tavares\-score\-2\-each\-maple\-leafs\-beat\-stars\-7\-4 \\|access\-date\=October 9, 2018 \\|work\=National Post \\|date\=October 9, 2018 \\|location\=Dallas}} On October 27, Marner recorded his 100th career assist on a game\-tying goal by [Jake Gardiner](/wiki/Jake_Gardiner "Jake Gardiner") against the [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets "Winnipeg Jets") to help the Leafs win 3–2\.{{cite web \\|last1\=McCarthy \\|first1\=Dave \\|title\=Maple Leafs lose Matthews, win game against Jets \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/winnipeg\-jets\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-game\-recap/c\-301335724 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=October 28, 2018 \\|date\=October 27, 2018\\|quote\=Marner had two assists to give him 100 in his NHL career}} In the last 20 years, only [Mario Lemieux](/wiki/Mario_Lemieux "Mario Lemieux") recorded more primary assists in his first 24 games of the season than Marner, who recorded 22 primary assists in his first 24 games.TSN, <https://i.imgur.com/grX5tbf.jpg> "Most Primary Assists", 'NHL' On January 3, Marner tied a Maple Leaf record for fastest goal to start a game by scoring seven seconds into a game against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild "Minnesota Wild"). Marner scored again within the same period but the Leafs lost 4–3 to the Wild.{{cite web \\|last1\=Myers \\|first1\=Dan \\|title\=Postgame Hat Trick: Wild 4, Maple Leafs 3 \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/hat\-trick\-maple\-leafs\-010319/c\-303506432 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=January 4, 2019 \\|date\=January 3, 2019}} On January 17, 2019, Marner recorded a goal during a 4–2 win over the league\-leading [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning"), becoming the first player in Maple Leafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\-point seasons.{{cite tweet\\|user\=PR\_NHL\\|number\=1086103684004675585\\|date\=January 17, 2019\\|title\=Marner became the first player in @MapleLeafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\-point seasons. \#NHLStats \#TORvsTBL}} On February 23, during a 5–3 win over the rival [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens"), Marner recorded two assists to record the 200th point of his NHL career.{{cite tweet\\|user\=PR\_NHL\\|number\=1099501942177443840\\|date\=February 23, 2019\\|title\=Mitch Marner has notched the 200th point of his NHL career. \#NHLStats \#TORvsTBL}} He finished the regular season leading the team in scoring and third in the NHL with assists with career\-highs of 26 goals, 68 assists and 94 points, becoming the first Maple Leaf to record at least 90 points in a season since [Mats Sundin](/wiki/Mats_Sundin "Mats Sundin") in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_NHL_season "1996–97 NHL season"). #### 2019–20 On September 13, 2019, Marner signed a six\-year, $65\.358 million contract with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web \\|title\=Maple Leafs Agree to Terms With Mitch Marner \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-contract\-extension/c\-309126676 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=September 14, 2019 \\|date\=September 13, 2019}} At the start of the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season "2019–20 Toronto Maple Leafs season"), Marner was named an alternate captain for the team.{{cite web \\|last1\=Zeisberger \\|first1\=Mike \\|title\=Tavares named captain of Maple Leafs, first in three seasons \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/john\-tavares\-named\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-captain/c\-309667134 \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=October 2, 2019 \\|date\=October 2, 2019}}{{cite news \\|title\=Matthews scores twice, Maple Leafs beat Senators in opener \\|work\=\[\[Yahoo Sports]] \\|date\=October 3, 2019 \\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\-scores\-twice\-maple\-leafs\-beat\-senators\-opener\-021048221\-\-nhl.html \\|access\-date\=October 3, 2019 \\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2019 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004003805/https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\-scores\-twice\-maple\-leafs\-beat\-senators\-opener\-021048221\-\-nhl.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} On November 9, 2019, during a game against the [Philadelphia Flyers](/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers "Philadelphia Flyers"), Marner fell awkwardly onto his leg and was expected to miss a minimum 4 weeks due to an ankle injury. He played strongly in his return on December 4 in a loss against the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche"). On December 23, 2019, Marner recorded his 2nd career five\-point game (two goals and three assists) in thrilling 8–6 win over the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes") at the Leafs 3rd annual Next Generation Game. Down 6–4 in the 3rd period, Marner sparked the Leafs comeback when he one\-timed a spinning cross\-ice pass from [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews "Auston Matthews") to cut the Hurricanes lead. Mitch then set up [Tyson Barrie](/wiki/Tyson_Barrie "Tyson Barrie") for the game tying goal 53 seconds later. Just 6 seconds after tying, Marner stole the puck and scored the game\-winning breakaway goal.{{cite web \\|title\=Maple Leafs score five in third period to beat Hurricanes in matinee game\\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/maple\-leafs\-outscore\-hurricanes\-win\-wild\-matinee\-game/ \\|website\=Sportsnet.com \\|access\-date\=December 23, 2019 \\|date\=December 23, 2019}} Mitch had recorded the Leafs' previous five\-point game on February 10, 2018\. On January 11, 2020, he was selected to participate in the [NHL All\-Star Game](/wiki/2020_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game "2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game") for the first time in his career.{{cite web \\|title\=Leafs' Marner, Canucks' Hughes among 'last men in' for NHL All\-Star Game \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/leafs\-marner\-canucks\-hughes\-among\-last\-men\-nhl\-star\-game/ \\|website\=Sportsnet.ca \\|access\-date\=April 16, 2021 \\|date\=January 11, 2020}} On February 7, 2020, Marner recorded his 200th NHL assist on a late overtime goal scored by [John Tavares](/wiki/John_Tavares "John Tavares") in a 5–4 win over the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks "Anaheim Ducks").{{cite tweet \\|user\=LeafsPR \\|number\=1225975304642088965 \\|date\=February 7, 2020 \\|title\=Mitch Marner's assist in overtime was the 200th of his NHL career. \#LeafsForever \\|access\-date\=April 16, 2021}} The regular season ended abruptly due to the onset of the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Months later, the NHL arranged to hold the [2020 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2020_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2020 Stanley Cup playoffs") in a [bubble](/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble"), with Eastern Conference games held in Toronto. The Maple Leafs faced the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets") in the qualifying round, and lost 3–2\.{{cite web \\|title\=Maple Leafs denied playoff run again with Game 5 loss to Blue Jackets \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-lose\-game\-5\-to\-columbus\-blue\-jackets/c\-318367262 \\|last\=Rosen \\|first\=Dan \\|publisher\=National Hockey League \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=August 10, 2020}} Marner managed only four assists in five games, attracting criticism from fans and commentators for his lack of playoff production.{{cite web \\|title\=A more mature Mitch Marner should excel in the playoffs for Maple Leafs\\|url\=https://nationalpost.com/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs/simmons\-says\-a\-more\-mature\-mitch\-marner\-should\-excel\-in\-the\-playoffs\-for\-maple\-leafs \\|last\=Simmons \\|first\=Steve \\|publisher\=\[\[National Post]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=May 1, 2022}} #### 2020–21 Due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and resultant limitations on cross\-border travel, the [2020–21 NHL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season "2020–21 NHL season") occurred under a vastly different arrangement than previously, with the Leafs grouped in an all\-Canadian [North Division](/wiki/North_Division_%28NHL%29 "North Division (NHL)") and playing exclusively within that division for the regular season. On April 15, 2021, Marner became the fourth player in Maple Leafs history to record at least five consecutive seasons with 40 assists.{{cite tweet \\|user\=PR\_NHL \\|number\=1382842184479674376 \\|date\=April 15, 2021 \\|title\=That's another 4️⃣0️⃣\-assist season for @Marner93\. \#NHLStats \\|access\-date\=April 16, 2021}} The Maple Leafs finished first in the North Division, and faced the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens "Montreal Canadiens") in the first round of the [2021 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2021_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2021 Stanley Cup playoffs"), where they were considered the heavy favourites to win, which would have been the team's first playoff series win since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2004 Stanley Cup playoffs"). The Leafs lost the first game of the series, but won the next three to take a seeming stranglehold. However, they went on to lose the next three games and the series 4–3, the team's fifth\-straight early exit.{{cite news \\|title\=Make no mistake, the Maple Leafs losing this series would be the biggest collapse of them all \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/2621962/2021/05/30/mirtle\-make\-no\-mistake\-the\-maple\-leafs\-losing\-this\-series\-would\-be\-the\-biggest\-collapse\-of\-them\-all/ \\|last\=Mirtle \\|first\=James \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=March 14, 2022 \\|date\=May 30, 2021}}{{cite news \\|title\=2021 Stanley Cup Playoffs: Canadiens pull off massive series comeback while Leafs head to offseason full of questions \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/live\-blogs/2021\-stanley\-cup\-playoffs\-live\-analysis\-of\-game\-7\-between\-the\-montreal\-canadiens\-and\-toronto\-maple\-leafs/o4mRB9dtN3uk/ \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=March 14, 2022 \\|date\=May 31, 2021}} Marner again scored only four assists in the post\-season, this time in seven games, further amplifying criticism of his perceived underperformance. At the end of the year, Marner was named to the NHL First All\-Star Team on right wing, the first time a Maple Leafs player was named to the NHL's First All\-Star team since [Börje Salming](/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Salming "Börje Salming") in 1977\.{{cite news \\|title\=NHL Announces 2020\-21 First and Second All\-Star Teams \\|url\=https://media.nhl.com/public/news/15163 \\|last\=Public Relations \\|first\=NHL \\|work\=\[\[NHL]] \\|access\-date\=June 29, 2021 \\|date\=June 29, 2021}} #### 2021–22 With the restoration of the traditional season, Marner enjoyed another highly successful regular season, recording 35 goals and 62 assists in 72 games. Marner, Matthews and newcomer [Michael Bunting](/wiki/Michael_Bunting "Michael Bunting") formed one of the most successful forward lines in the league for much of the year.{{cite news \\|title\=2022 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/3284526/2022/05/01/2022\-nhl\-playoff\-preview\-maple\-leafs\-vs\-lightning/ \\|first1\=Dom \\|last1\=Luszczyszyn \\|first2\=Shayna \\|last2\=Goldman \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=May 1, 2022}} On February 26, 2022, Marner recorded a career high four goals and six points to help the Toronto Maple Leafs to a 10\-7 win over the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings"). It was the first NHL hat\-trick and four\-goal game in his career. After recording a natural hat\-trick in the second period, Marner capped off his night by scoring the Leafs' tenth goal, his fourth of the game, on a Michael Bunting breakaway drop\-pass that Marner started deploying that season. The last time the Maple Leafs recorded 10 goals in a game was a 10\-2 victory on Jan. 4, 2007 over the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins").{{cite news \\|title\=Marner scores four goals, six points, Maple Leafs hold off Red Wings \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\-maple\-leafs\-detroit\-red\-wings\-game\-recap/c\-330990212 \\|last\=Hogg \\|first\=Dave \\|work\=\[\[NHL]] \\|access\-date\=February 26, 2022 \\|date\=February 26, 2022}} Having accrued 97 points, Marner hoped to become only the fourth Maple Leaf player to break the 100\-point barrier, but coach [Sheldon Keefe](/wiki/Sheldon_Keefe "Sheldon Keefe") opted to sit him out of the final game of the season to prepare for the playoffs. Marner admitted it was "definitely tough," but said that "at the same time, I want to just make sure I'm ready to go."{{cite news \\|title\='Tough' to give up shot at 100 points, but Marner focused on feeling 100 per cent \\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/talent/tough\-to\-give\-up\-shot\-at\-100\-points\-but\-marner\-focused\-on\-feeling\-100\-per\-cent\-1\.1792367 \\|last\=Masters \\|first\=Mark \\|work\=\[\[The Sports Network\\|TSN]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2022 \\|date\=April 28, 2022}} At the end of the year, Marner was again named to the NHL First All\-Star team as the league's best right winger, joining teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews "Auston Matthews") on the first team.{{cite news \\|title\=NHL announces 2021\-22 First and Second All\-Star Teams \\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl\-2021\-22\-first\-and\-second\-all\-star\-teams/c\-334688828 \\|last\=Public Relations \\|first\=NHL \\|work\=\[\[NHL]] \\|access\-date\=June 21, 2022 \\|date\=June 21, 2022}} Advancing into the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2022 Stanley Cup playoffs"), Marner and the Maple Leafs drew the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning "Tampa Bay Lightning"), two\-time defending champions, in the first round. Marner had not scored a goal in eighteen playoff games prior to the beginning of the series, and in light of disappointing results against both the Blue Jackets and the Canadiens, how he would perform against the Lightning was subject to considerable speculation. In Game 1 of the series against the Lightning, Marner scored his first playoff goal since April 11, 2019, as part of a 5–0 Leafs victory. He had two assists as well, nearly equaling his totals from each of the previous two playoff series in a single game.{{cite news \\|title\=Marner dispels drought in Maple Leafs' bloody Game 1 blowout vs. Lightning \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/mitch\-marner\-dispels\-drought\-in\-maple\-leafs\-bloody\-game\-1\-blowout\-vs\-lightning/ \\|last\=Fox \\|first\=Luke \\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \\|access\-date\=May 3, 2022 \\|date\=May 2, 2022}} Marner would go on to make a strong contribution in the remainder of the series, but the Leafs failed to make it past the first round yet again, marking the franchise's eighth consecutive playoff series loss.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/tampa\-bay\-lightning\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-game\-7\-recap/c\-333639680\\|title\=Paul, Lightning win Game 7, eliminate Maple Leafs\\|last\=McCarthy\\|first\=Dave\\|publisher\=NHL Enterprises, L. P.\\|date\=May 14, 2022\\|website\=NHL.com\\|accessdate\=May 14, 2022}} #### 2022–23 The [2022–23 regular season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season "2022–23 Toronto Maple Leafs season") was another period of success for Marner, who led the team in scoring while Matthews had a somewhat down year by his former standards.{{cite news \\|title\=Maple Leafs regular season report cards: Who graded out higher, Marner or Samsonov? \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/4406387/2023/04/14/maple\-leafs\-regular\-season\-report\-cards\-marner/ \\|first1\=Joshua \\|last1\=Kloke \\|first2\=Jonas \\|last2\=Siegel \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=April 14, 2023}} Notably, Marner recorded a franchise\-best 23\-game point streak, with 11 goals and 21 assists in that span. He was one of only twelve players in NHL history to record a streak of at least that many games, noting that it was "a cool accomplishment to have your name with some great legends."{{cite news \\|title\=Maple Leafs winger Mitch Marner's points streak snapped at 23 games \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\_/id/35261740/maple\-leafs\-forward\-mitch\-marner\-points\-streak\-snapped\-23\-games \\|work\=\[\[ESPN]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=December 16, 2022}} He was widely cited as the team's most valuable player for the season.{{cite news \\|title\=Why Mitch Marner is the Leafs' runaway MVP this season \\|url\=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/nhl\-maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-mvp\-team\-awards\-194450485\.html?guccounter\=1\&guce\_referrer\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNhLw\&guce\_referrer\_sig\=AQAAAMKg0fwg9xJE0n4BefVhZjRbK2g9oNmYyKA\-DQJgR8\-2KX5NgF9LN7zJUWh4BxnnxmgdhG19kYhwZ2vUo4qasVO1ooJqQKJ1LP6MHac\-4KxlGTJxk4IMofiOzLUYPwCfagL8vIVX0r9y\-hHZvmxe3tzgEhrFtSeJaiA\-tWAJ54CF \\|first1\=Arun \\|last1\=Srinivasan \\|work\=\[\[Yahoo!Sports]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=April 11, 2023}} Marner was again in the hunt for the 100\-point threshold, but for the second consecutive year Keefe opted to scratch him from games late in the season for [load management](/wiki/Resting_the_starters "Resting the starters") reasons, and he concluded the season with 99 points in 80 games, one shy of 100\.{{cite news \\|title\=Marner hunts 100 points in Maple Leafs' season finale: 'It means a lot to guys' \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/marner\-hunts\-100\-points\-in\-maple\-leafs\-season\-finale\-it\-means\-a\-lot\-to\-guys/ \\|last\=Fox \\|first\=Luke \\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \\|access\-date\=April 24, 2023 \\|date\=April 13, 2023}} He was subsequently named a finalist for the [Frank J. Selke Trophy](/wiki/Frank_J._Selke_Trophy "Frank J. Selke Trophy"), given to the best defensive forward of the year.{{cite news \\|title\=Maple Leafs’ Marner among Selke nominees, Kopitar up for Lady Byng \\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/maple\-leafs\-marner\-among\-selke\-nominees\-kopitar\-up\-for\-lady\-byng/ \\|work\=\[\[Sportsnet]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2023 \\|date\=May 2, 2023}} The Maple Leafs finished fourth in the league in the regular season, and second in the Atlantic Division, setting up a [second consecutive first\-round meeting](/wiki/2023_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2023 Stanley Cup playoffs") with the Tampa Bay Lightning. While the Leafs were generally identified as the favourites going into the series, the long history of failure to advance past the first round was widely acknowledged.{{Cite web \\|last\=Dixon \\|first\=Ryan \\|date\=April 15, 2023 \\|title\=2023 Stanley Cup Playoff Preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning\\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/2023\-stanley\-cup\-playoff\-preview\-maple\-leafs\-vs\-lightning/ \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|website\=\[\[Sportsnet]]}}{{cite news \\|title\=2023 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/4406059/2023/04/14/2023\-nhl\-playoffs\-maple\-leafs\-lightning/ \\|first1\=Dom \\|last1\=Luszczyszyn \\|first2\=Shayna \\|last2\=Goldman \\|first3\=Sean \\|last3\=Gentille \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|date\=April 14, 2023}}{{Cite web \\|last\=McGran \\|first\=Kevin \\|date\=April 14, 2023 \\|title\=Leafs\-Lightning playoff preview: History hovers over first\-round rematch\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/analysis/2023/04/14/leafs\-lightning\-playoff\-preview\-history\-hovers\-over\-first\-round\-rematch.html?rf \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Toronto Star]]}} Many suggested that the outcome of the series would have major ramifications for the team going forward, including the status of both general manager [Kyle Dubas](/wiki/Kyle_Dubas "Kyle Dubas") and head coach Keefe, and also for the prospect of Matthews re\-signing in Toronto, which he would become eligible to do in the summer.{{Cite web \\|last\=Fels \\|first\=Sam \\|date\=April 18, 2023 \\|title\=The beginning of the end starts for the Toronto Maple Leafs tonight\\|url\=https://deadspin.com/nhl\-toronto\-maple\-leafs\-playoffs\-auston\-matthews\-1850349149 \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|website\=\[\[Deadspin]]}}{{Cite web \\|last\=Kypreos \\|first\=Nick \\|date\=April 13, 2023 \\|title\=NHL playoffs could impact Auston Matthews’ long\-term future with Maple Leafs\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/13/nhl\-playoffs\-could\-impact\-auston\-matthews\-long\-term\-future\-with\-maple\-leafs.html \\|access\-date\=April 21, 2023 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Toronto Star]]}} Marner distiniguished himself during the Leafs' battle with the Lightning, posting a team\-leading eleven points over six games while the Leafs won their first playoff series since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2004 Stanley Cup playoffs").{{Cite web \\|last\=Arthur \\|first\=Bruce \\|date\=April 29, 2023 \\|title\=The Leafs of Matthews, Marner, Tavares, Nylander and Rielly won a playoff series. Maybe this really is their year\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/29/for\-the\-leafs\-slaying\-the\-lightning\-might\-be\-just\-the\-start.html \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2023 \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Toronto Star]]}}{{cite news \\|title\=Which NHL playoffs stars lead Conn Smythe race? Leon Draisaitl, Mitch Marner and more \\|url\=https://theathletic.com/4481801/2023/05/02/conn\-smythe\-draisaitl\-marner/ \\|first1\=Dom \\|last1\=Luszczyszyn \\|work\=\[\[The Athletic]] \\|access\-date\=May 2, 2023 \\|date\=May 2, 2023}} #### 2023–24 After putting up 76 points in the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season "2023–24 Toronto Maple Leafs season") Marner suffered a high ankle sprain in a March 7 game against the Boston Bruins.{{cite news \\|url\=https://thehockeynews.com/nhl/toronto\-maple\-leafs/latest\-news/report\-maple\-leafs\-mitch\-marner\-sustained\-high\-ankle\-sprain\-against\-bruins \\|title\=Report: Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner Sustained High\-Ankle Sprain Against Bruins \\|date\=March 14, 2024\\|first\=David \\|last\=Alter \\|publisher\=The Hockey News \\|access\-date\=March 23, 2024}} He returned late in the season, scoring a total of 85 points in 69 games.	[ "### Toronto Maple Leafs", "#### 2016–17", "After an impressive training camp and pre\\-season (in which he led the team with four assists), it was announced that Marner would remain on the Toronto Maple Leafs roster for the upcoming [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\").{{Cite web\\\|url \\= https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/2016/10/10/marner\\-makes\\-leafs\\-roster\\-with\\-mad\\-skills.html\\\|title \\= Marner makes Leafs' roster with mad skills\\\|date \\= October 11, 2016\\\|access\\-date \\= October 11, 2016\\\|website \\= \\[\\[Toronto Star]]\\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[TorStar]]\\\|last \\= McGran\\\|first \\= Kevin}} He made his NHL debut in the team's season opener on October 12\\. Despite an effective first game with six shots on goal, he was overshadowed by a historic four\\-goal debut from teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews \"Auston Matthews\"). The next game on his first night playing in [Hockey Night in Canada](/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada \"Hockey Night in Canada\"), Marner would score his first NHL goal after receiving a pass between his legs.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Alter\\\|first1\\=David\\\|title\\=Mitchell Marner scores in Maple Leafs win\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/marners\\-first\\-goal\\-helps\\-maple\\-leafs\\-take\\-down\\-bruins/c\\-282707592\\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2015\\\|date\\=October 15, 2015}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Mitchell Marner's first goal gets Punjabi treatment\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitch\\-marners\\-first\\-goal\\-get\\-punjabi\\-treatment/c\\-282710250?tid\\=281396148\\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2016\\\|date\\=October 15, 2016}} He would record his first career assist four days later.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.msn.com/en\\-ca/sports/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-at\\-winnipeg\\-jets/game\\-centre/sp\\-id\\-60401000001646269 \\\| title \\= Toronto Maple Leafs at Winnipeg Jets gamecentre\\\| publisher \\= MSN Sports \\\| date \\= October 19, 2016}}\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Marner with the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") during the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2017 Stanley Cup playoffs\")](/wiki/File:Capitals-Maple_Leafs_%2834077801711%29.jpg \"Capitals-Maple Leafs (34077801711).jpg\")\nOn October 27, 2016, in a game against the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\"), Marner had his first multi\\-point game, accumulating three assists to lead the Leafs to a 4–2 win.{{cite web \\\| url\\= http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\\-marner\\-latest\\-young\\-leaf\\-star\\-records\\-first\\-multi\\-point\\-game/\\\| title \\= Mitch Marner latest young Leaf to star, records first multi\\-point game \\\| publisher \\= Sportsnet \\\| date \\= October 27, 2016}} Marner would then have his first multi\\-goal game against the [Buffalo Sabres](/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres \"Buffalo Sabres\") on November 3, 2016, as the Leafs won 2–1\\.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2016/11/03/marner\\-scores\\-twice\\-in\\-leafs\\-2\\-1\\-win\\-over\\-sabres/93270248/ \\\| title \\= Marner scores twice in Leafs' 2\\-1 win over Sabres \\\| work \\= USA Today \\\| date \\= November 3, 2016}} On November 15, 2016, Marner had three points in a 6–2 win over the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\"),{{cite web \\\| url \\= http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-predators\\-van\\-riemsdyk\\-1\\.3852575 \\\| title \\= Van Riemsdyk has 3 goals to lift Leafs over Predators 6\\-2 \\\| publisher \\= CBSSports\\\| date \\= November 15, 2016}} which at the time tied him in the lead for Leafs' leading scorer (with [James van Riemsdyk](/wiki/James_van_Riemsdyk \"James van Riemsdyk\")) for the first time of his career.", "Marner was named the [NHL's Rookie of the Month](/wiki/List_of_2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_Three_Star_Awards%23Rookie_of_the_Month \"List of 2016–17 NHL Three Star Awards#Rookie of the Month\") for January 2017 after leading all rookies with 11 assists and 15 points in 13 games.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Mitchell Marner named NHL Rookie of the Month \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/mitchell\\-marner\\-named\\-nhl\\-top\\-rookie\\-for\\-january\\-2017/c\\-286333170 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2018 \\\|date\\=February 1, 2018}} He also led all rookies with eight power\\-play points and matched a career\\-high three point game. Marner was the third Leaf to be named Rookie of the Month during the 2016–17 season, making the Maple Leafs the first NHL team with three different Rookie of the Month honorees in one campaign.", "Marner also set the Maple Leafs record for most assists in a season by a rookie with 42 on the year. This broke the previous record which was held for 73 years by [Gus Bodnar](/wiki/Gus_Bodnar \"Gus Bodnar\"), who had 40 assists in the 1943–44 season.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Billinghurst\\\|first1\\=Will\\\|title\\=Leafs Rookies Setting Franchise Records\\\|url\\=https://thehockeywriters.com/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-rookies\\-setting\\-franchise\\-records/\\\|website\\=thehockeywriters.com\\\|publisher\\=The Hockey Writers\\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2017\\\|date\\=24 March 2017}}{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-sets\\-new\\-franchise\\-record\\-for\\-assists/ \\\| title \\= Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner: Sets new franchise record for assists \\\| publisher \\= cbssports \\\| date \\= March 31, 2017}} Marner spent the entire season on a line with Van Riemsdyk and [Tyler Bozak](/wiki/Tyler_Bozak \"Tyler Bozak\"), finding offensive chemistry with the two veterans, and managed to finish the year with 61 points.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.hockey\\-reference.com/players/m/marnemi01\\.html \\\| title \\= Mitch Marner \\\| publisher \\= Hockey Reference}} The trio of Marner, [William Nylander](/wiki/William_Nylander \"William Nylander\"), and Auston Matthews became only the second team since the 1981 [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques \"Quebec Nordiques\") to have three rookies finish with at least 60 points.{{cite web \\\| url \\= https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/putting\\-maple\\-leafs\\-2017\\-rookie\\-performances\\-perspective/ \\\| title \\= Putting Maple Leafs 2017 rookie performances into perspective \\\| publisher \\= Sportsnet}} His play assisted the team in qualifying for the [2017 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2017 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), where he scored his first playoff goal on his first shift of Game 1\\. Marner recorded four points in the series but it was not enough as the team lost in six games against the top\\-seeded [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\").", "#### 2017–18", "On December 19, 2017, during the Maple Leafs' Next Century Game, Marner broke a 15\\-game goal drought and recorded a four\\-point game, the first time in his career.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Johnston\\\|first1\\=Chris\\\|title\\=Mitch Marner breaks out as Maple Leafs celebrate birthday bash\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\\-marner\\-breaks\\-maple\\-leafs\\-celebrate\\-birthday\\-bash/\\\|website\\=Sportsnet.ca\\\|publisher\\=Sportsnet\\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2017\\\|location\\=Toronto\\\|date\\=December 19, 2017}} He scored one goal and three assists to help defeat the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") 8–1\\. On February 10, 2018, Marner scored his first five\\-point game (two goals and three assists), becoming the first Leafs player to record five points in a game since [Tomáš Kaberle](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kaberle \"Tomáš Kaberle\") in 2009\\.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Mitch Marner with career\\-high 5 points, Leafs beat Senators\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/mitch\\-marner\\-career\\-high\\-5\\-points\\-leafs\\-beat\\-senators/\\\|website\\=sportsnet.ca\\\|access\\-date\\=February 11, 2018\\\|location\\=Toronto\\\|date\\=February 10, 2018}} Marner ended the regular season leading the Leafs in assists and points,{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Proteau\\\|first1\\=Adam\\\|title\\=Series preview: Leafs, Bruins promises to be close, emotional\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/series\\-preview\\-leafs\\-bruins\\-promises\\-to\\-be\\-close\\-emotional/c\\-297871846\\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\\|access\\-date\\=April 12, 2018\\\|date\\=April 10, 2018}} and setting career highs in goals, assists and points.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Forbes\\\|first1\\=Andrew\\\|title\\=Leafs, Bruins and the Numbers Game\\\|url\\=https://thehockeywriters.com/leafs\\-bruins\\-playoffs\\-numbers/\\\|website\\=thehockeywriters.com\\\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2018\\\|date\\=April 12, 2018}} His offensive play helped the Leafs to their second consecutive Stanley Cup playoffs appearance. During the [2018 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2018 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), Marner became the first Maple Leafs player since [Brian Leetch](/wiki/Brian_Leetch \"Brian Leetch\") to have a five\\-game point streak in the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"Stanley Cup playoffs\").{{cite tweet \\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL \\\|number\\=988802270325301248 \\\|date\\=April 24, 2018 \\\|title\\=Mitch Marner became the first @MapleLeafs player to record a point streak of 5\\+ games in a playoff year since Brian Leetch in 2004 (0\\-6—6 in 6 GP). \\#NHLStats \\#StanleyCup }} He led the Leafs in playoff scoring with nine points but the Maple Leafs were eliminated by the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") in seven games during the first round.", "#### 2018–19", "On October 9, 2018, Marner recorded a four\\-point game (one goal and three assists) in a 7–4 win over the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=Matthews, Tavares score 2 each, Maple Leafs beat Stars 7\\-4 \\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/sports\\-pmn/hockey\\-sports\\-pmn/matthews\\-tavares\\-score\\-2\\-each\\-maple\\-leafs\\-beat\\-stars\\-7\\-4 \\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2018 \\\|work\\=National Post \\\|date\\=October 9, 2018 \\\|location\\=Dallas}} On October 27, Marner recorded his 100th career assist on a game\\-tying goal by [Jake Gardiner](/wiki/Jake_Gardiner \"Jake Gardiner\") against the [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets \"Winnipeg Jets\") to help the Leafs win 3–2\\.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=McCarthy \\\|first1\\=Dave \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs lose Matthews, win game against Jets \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/winnipeg\\-jets\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-game\\-recap/c\\-301335724 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2018 \\\|date\\=October 27, 2018\\\|quote\\=Marner had two assists to give him 100 in his NHL career}} In the last 20 years, only [Mario Lemieux](/wiki/Mario_Lemieux \"Mario Lemieux\") recorded more primary assists in his first 24 games of the season than Marner, who recorded 22 primary assists in his first 24 games.TSN, <https://i.imgur.com/grX5tbf.jpg> \"Most Primary Assists\", 'NHL' On January 3, Marner tied a Maple Leaf record for fastest goal to start a game by scoring seven seconds into a game against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"). Marner scored again within the same period but the Leafs lost 4–3 to the Wild.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Myers \\\|first1\\=Dan \\\|title\\=Postgame Hat Trick: Wild 4, Maple Leafs 3 \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/hat\\-trick\\-maple\\-leafs\\-010319/c\\-303506432 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2019 \\\|date\\=January 3, 2019}} On January 17, 2019, Marner recorded a goal during a 4–2 win over the league\\-leading [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\"), becoming the first player in Maple Leafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\\-point seasons.{{cite tweet\\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL\\\|number\\=1086103684004675585\\\|date\\=January 17, 2019\\\|title\\=Marner became the first player in @MapleLeafs franchise history to begin his NHL career with three consecutive 60\\-point seasons. \\#NHLStats \\#TORvsTBL}} On February 23, during a 5–3 win over the rival [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\"), Marner recorded two assists to record the 200th point of his NHL career.{{cite tweet\\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL\\\|number\\=1099501942177443840\\\|date\\=February 23, 2019\\\|title\\=Mitch Marner has notched the 200th point of his NHL career. \\#NHLStats \\#TORvsTBL}} He finished the regular season leading the team in scoring and third in the NHL with assists with career\\-highs of 26 goals, 68 assists and 94 points, becoming the first Maple Leaf to record at least 90 points in a season since [Mats Sundin](/wiki/Mats_Sundin \"Mats Sundin\") in [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_NHL_season \"1996–97 NHL season\").", "#### 2019–20", "On September 13, 2019, Marner signed a six\\-year, $65\\.358 million contract with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs Agree to Terms With Mitch Marner \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-contract\\-extension/c\\-309126676 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2019 \\\|date\\=September 13, 2019}} At the start of the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season \"2019–20 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"), Marner was named an alternate captain for the team.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Zeisberger \\\|first1\\=Mike \\\|title\\=Tavares named captain of Maple Leafs, first in three seasons \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/john\\-tavares\\-named\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-captain/c\\-309667134 \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2019 \\\|date\\=October 2, 2019}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Matthews scores twice, Maple Leafs beat Senators in opener \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo Sports]] \\\|date\\=October 3, 2019 \\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\\-scores\\-twice\\-maple\\-leafs\\-beat\\-senators\\-opener\\-021048221\\-\\-nhl.html \\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2019 \\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2019 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004003805/https://sports.yahoo.com/matthews\\-scores\\-twice\\-maple\\-leafs\\-beat\\-senators\\-opener\\-021048221\\-\\-nhl.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On November 9, 2019, during a game against the [Philadelphia Flyers](/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers \"Philadelphia Flyers\"), Marner fell awkwardly onto his leg and was expected to miss a minimum 4 weeks due to an ankle injury. He played strongly in his return on December 4 in a loss against the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\"). On December 23, 2019, Marner recorded his 2nd career five\\-point game (two goals and three assists) in thrilling 8–6 win over the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") at the Leafs 3rd annual Next Generation Game. Down 6–4 in the 3rd period, Marner sparked the Leafs comeback when he one\\-timed a spinning cross\\-ice pass from [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews \"Auston Matthews\") to cut the Hurricanes lead. Mitch then set up [Tyson Barrie](/wiki/Tyson_Barrie \"Tyson Barrie\") for the game tying goal 53 seconds later. Just 6 seconds after tying, Marner stole the puck and scored the game\\-winning breakaway goal.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs score five in third period to beat Hurricanes in matinee game\\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/maple\\-leafs\\-outscore\\-hurricanes\\-win\\-wild\\-matinee\\-game/ \\\|website\\=Sportsnet.com \\\|access\\-date\\=December 23, 2019 \\\|date\\=December 23, 2019}} Mitch had recorded the Leafs' previous five\\-point game on February 10, 2018\\. On January 11, 2020, he was selected to participate in the [NHL All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2020_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game \"2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game\") for the first time in his career.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Leafs' Marner, Canucks' Hughes among 'last men in' for NHL All\\-Star Game \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/leafs\\-marner\\-canucks\\-hughes\\-among\\-last\\-men\\-nhl\\-star\\-game/ \\\|website\\=Sportsnet.ca \\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2021 \\\|date\\=January 11, 2020}} On February 7, 2020, Marner recorded his 200th NHL assist on a late overtime goal scored by [John Tavares](/wiki/John_Tavares \"John Tavares\") in a 5–4 win over the [Anaheim Ducks](/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks \"Anaheim Ducks\").{{cite tweet \\\|user\\=LeafsPR \\\|number\\=1225975304642088965 \\\|date\\=February 7, 2020 \\\|title\\=Mitch Marner's assist in overtime was the 200th of his NHL career. \\#LeafsForever \\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2021}}", "The regular season ended abruptly due to the onset of the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Months later, the NHL arranged to hold the [2020 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2020_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2020 Stanley Cup playoffs\") in a [bubble](/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble \"Bio-secure bubble\"), with Eastern Conference games held in Toronto. The Maple Leafs faced the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") in the qualifying round, and lost 3–2\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs denied playoff run again with Game 5 loss to Blue Jackets \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-lose\\-game\\-5\\-to\\-columbus\\-blue\\-jackets/c\\-318367262 \\\|last\\=Rosen \\\|first\\=Dan \\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=August 10, 2020}} Marner managed only four assists in five games, attracting criticism from fans and commentators for his lack of playoff production.{{cite web \\\|title\\=A more mature Mitch Marner should excel in the playoffs for Maple Leafs\\\|url\\=https://nationalpost.com/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs/simmons\\-says\\-a\\-more\\-mature\\-mitch\\-marner\\-should\\-excel\\-in\\-the\\-playoffs\\-for\\-maple\\-leafs \\\|last\\=Simmons \\\|first\\=Steve \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Post]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 1, 2022}}", "#### 2020–21", "Due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") and resultant limitations on cross\\-border travel, the [2020–21 NHL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\") occurred under a vastly different arrangement than previously, with the Leafs grouped in an all\\-Canadian [North Division](/wiki/North_Division_%28NHL%29 \"North Division (NHL)\") and playing exclusively within that division for the regular season. On April 15, 2021, Marner became the fourth player in Maple Leafs history to record at least five consecutive seasons with 40 assists.{{cite tweet \\\|user\\=PR\\_NHL \\\|number\\=1382842184479674376 \\\|date\\=April 15, 2021 \\\|title\\=That's another 4️⃣0️⃣\\-assist season for @Marner93\\. \\#NHLStats \\\|access\\-date\\=April 16, 2021}} The Maple Leafs finished first in the North Division, and faced the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") in the first round of the [2021 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2021_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2021 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), where they were considered the heavy favourites to win, which would have been the team's first playoff series win since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2004 Stanley Cup playoffs\"). The Leafs lost the first game of the series, but won the next three to take a seeming stranglehold. However, they went on to lose the next three games and the series 4–3, the team's fifth\\-straight early exit.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Make no mistake, the Maple Leafs losing this series would be the biggest collapse of them all \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/2621962/2021/05/30/mirtle\\-make\\-no\\-mistake\\-the\\-maple\\-leafs\\-losing\\-this\\-series\\-would\\-be\\-the\\-biggest\\-collapse\\-of\\-them\\-all/ \\\|last\\=Mirtle \\\|first\\=James \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 30, 2021}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=2021 Stanley Cup Playoffs: Canadiens pull off massive series comeback while Leafs head to offseason full of questions \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/live\\-blogs/2021\\-stanley\\-cup\\-playoffs\\-live\\-analysis\\-of\\-game\\-7\\-between\\-the\\-montreal\\-canadiens\\-and\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs/o4mRB9dtN3uk/ \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 31, 2021}} Marner again scored only four assists in the post\\-season, this time in seven games, further amplifying criticism of his perceived underperformance. At the end of the year, Marner was named to the NHL First All\\-Star Team on right wing, the first time a Maple Leafs player was named to the NHL's First All\\-Star team since [Börje Salming](/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Salming \"Börje Salming\") in 1977\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=NHL Announces 2020\\-21 First and Second All\\-Star Teams \\\|url\\=https://media.nhl.com/public/news/15163 \\\|last\\=Public Relations \\\|first\\=NHL \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NHL]] \\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2021 \\\|date\\=June 29, 2021}}", "#### 2021–22", "With the restoration of the traditional season, Marner enjoyed another highly successful regular season, recording 35 goals and 62 assists in 72 games. Marner, Matthews and newcomer [Michael Bunting](/wiki/Michael_Bunting \"Michael Bunting\") formed one of the most successful forward lines in the league for much of the year.{{cite news \\\|title\\=2022 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/3284526/2022/05/01/2022\\-nhl\\-playoff\\-preview\\-maple\\-leafs\\-vs\\-lightning/ \\\|first1\\=Dom \\\|last1\\=Luszczyszyn \\\|first2\\=Shayna \\\|last2\\=Goldman \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 1, 2022}} On February 26, 2022, Marner recorded a career high four goals and six points to help the Toronto Maple Leafs to a 10\\-7 win over the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\"). It was the first NHL hat\\-trick and four\\-goal game in his career. After recording a natural hat\\-trick in the second period, Marner capped off his night by scoring the Leafs' tenth goal, his fourth of the game, on a Michael Bunting breakaway drop\\-pass that Marner started deploying that season. The last time the Maple Leafs recorded 10 goals in a game was a 10\\-2 victory on Jan. 4, 2007 over the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\").{{cite news \\\|title\\=Marner scores four goals, six points, Maple Leafs hold off Red Wings \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-detroit\\-red\\-wings\\-game\\-recap/c\\-330990212 \\\|last\\=Hogg \\\|first\\=Dave \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NHL]] \\\|access\\-date\\=February 26, 2022 \\\|date\\=February 26, 2022}} Having accrued 97 points, Marner hoped to become only the fourth Maple Leaf player to break the 100\\-point barrier, but coach [Sheldon Keefe](/wiki/Sheldon_Keefe \"Sheldon Keefe\") opted to sit him out of the final game of the season to prepare for the playoffs. Marner admitted it was \"definitely tough,\" but said that \"at the same time, I want to just make sure I'm ready to go.\"{{cite news \\\|title\\='Tough' to give up shot at 100 points, but Marner focused on feeling 100 per cent \\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/talent/tough\\-to\\-give\\-up\\-shot\\-at\\-100\\-points\\-but\\-marner\\-focused\\-on\\-feeling\\-100\\-per\\-cent\\-1\\.1792367 \\\|last\\=Masters \\\|first\\=Mark \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Sports Network\\\|TSN]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2022 \\\|date\\=April 28, 2022}} At the end of the year, Marner was again named to the NHL First All\\-Star team as the league's best right winger, joining teammate [Auston Matthews](/wiki/Auston_Matthews \"Auston Matthews\") on the first team.{{cite news \\\|title\\=NHL announces 2021\\-22 First and Second All\\-Star Teams \\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl\\-2021\\-22\\-first\\-and\\-second\\-all\\-star\\-teams/c\\-334688828 \\\|last\\=Public Relations \\\|first\\=NHL \\\|work\\=\\[\\[NHL]] \\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2022 \\\|date\\=June 21, 2022}}", "Advancing into the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2022 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), Marner and the Maple Leafs drew the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\"), two\\-time defending champions, in the first round. Marner had not scored a goal in eighteen playoff games prior to the beginning of the series, and in light of disappointing results against both the Blue Jackets and the Canadiens, how he would perform against the Lightning was subject to considerable speculation. In Game 1 of the series against the Lightning, Marner scored his first playoff goal since April 11, 2019, as part of a 5–0 Leafs victory. He had two assists as well, nearly equaling his totals from each of the previous two playoff series in a single game.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Marner dispels drought in Maple Leafs' bloody Game 1 blowout vs. Lightning \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/mitch\\-marner\\-dispels\\-drought\\-in\\-maple\\-leafs\\-bloody\\-game\\-1\\-blowout\\-vs\\-lightning/ \\\|last\\=Fox \\\|first\\=Luke \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 3, 2022 \\\|date\\=May 2, 2022}} Marner would go on to make a strong contribution in the remainder of the series, but the Leafs failed to make it past the first round yet again, marking the franchise's eighth consecutive playoff series loss.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/tampa\\-bay\\-lightning\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-game\\-7\\-recap/c\\-333639680\\\|title\\=Paul, Lightning win Game 7, eliminate Maple Leafs\\\|last\\=McCarthy\\\|first\\=Dave\\\|publisher\\=NHL Enterprises, L. P.\\\|date\\=May 14, 2022\\\|website\\=NHL.com\\\|accessdate\\=May 14, 2022}}", "#### 2022–23", "The [2022–23 regular season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season \"2022–23 Toronto Maple Leafs season\") was another period of success for Marner, who led the team in scoring while Matthews had a somewhat down year by his former standards.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs regular season report cards: Who graded out higher, Marner or Samsonov? \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/4406387/2023/04/14/maple\\-leafs\\-regular\\-season\\-report\\-cards\\-marner/ \\\|first1\\=Joshua \\\|last1\\=Kloke \\\|first2\\=Jonas \\\|last2\\=Siegel \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 14, 2023}} Notably, Marner recorded a franchise\\-best 23\\-game point streak, with 11 goals and 21 assists in that span. He was one of only twelve players in NHL history to record a streak of at least that many games, noting that it was \"a cool accomplishment to have your name with some great legends.\"{{cite news \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs winger Mitch Marner's points streak snapped at 23 games \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\\_/id/35261740/maple\\-leafs\\-forward\\-mitch\\-marner\\-points\\-streak\\-snapped\\-23\\-games \\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=December 16, 2022}} He was widely cited as the team's most valuable player for the season.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Why Mitch Marner is the Leafs' runaway MVP this season \\\|url\\=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/nhl\\-maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-mvp\\-team\\-awards\\-194450485\\.html?guccounter\\=1\\&guce\\_referrer\\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNhLw\\&guce\\_referrer\\_sig\\=AQAAAMKg0fwg9xJE0n4BefVhZjRbK2g9oNmYyKA\\-DQJgR8\\-2KX5NgF9LN7zJUWh4BxnnxmgdhG19kYhwZ2vUo4qasVO1ooJqQKJ1LP6MHac\\-4KxlGTJxk4IMofiOzLUYPwCfagL8vIVX0r9y\\-hHZvmxe3tzgEhrFtSeJaiA\\-tWAJ54CF \\\|first1\\=Arun \\\|last1\\=Srinivasan \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo!Sports]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 11, 2023}} Marner was again in the hunt for the 100\\-point threshold, but for the second consecutive year Keefe opted to scratch him from games late in the season for [load management](/wiki/Resting_the_starters \"Resting the starters\") reasons, and he concluded the season with 99 points in 80 games, one shy of 100\\.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Marner hunts 100 points in Maple Leafs' season finale: 'It means a lot to guys' \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/marner\\-hunts\\-100\\-points\\-in\\-maple\\-leafs\\-season\\-finale\\-it\\-means\\-a\\-lot\\-to\\-guys/ \\\|last\\=Fox \\\|first\\=Luke \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 13, 2023}} He was subsequently named a finalist for the [Frank J. Selke Trophy](/wiki/Frank_J._Selke_Trophy \"Frank J. Selke Trophy\"), given to the best defensive forward of the year.{{cite news \\\|title\\=Maple Leafs’ Marner among Selke nominees, Kopitar up for Lady Byng \\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/maple\\-leafs\\-marner\\-among\\-selke\\-nominees\\-kopitar\\-up\\-for\\-lady\\-byng/ \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2023 \\\|date\\=May 2, 2023}}", "The Maple Leafs finished fourth in the league in the regular season, and second in the Atlantic Division, setting up a [second consecutive first\\-round meeting](/wiki/2023_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2023 Stanley Cup playoffs\") with the Tampa Bay Lightning. While the Leafs were generally identified as the favourites going into the series, the long history of failure to advance past the first round was widely acknowledged.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Dixon \\\|first\\=Ryan \\\|date\\=April 15, 2023 \\\|title\\=2023 Stanley Cup Playoff Preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning\\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/2023\\-stanley\\-cup\\-playoff\\-preview\\-maple\\-leafs\\-vs\\-lightning/ \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Sportsnet]]}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=2023 NHL playoff preview: Maple Leafs vs. Lightning \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/4406059/2023/04/14/2023\\-nhl\\-playoffs\\-maple\\-leafs\\-lightning/ \\\|first1\\=Dom \\\|last1\\=Luszczyszyn \\\|first2\\=Shayna \\\|last2\\=Goldman \\\|first3\\=Sean \\\|last3\\=Gentille \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|date\\=April 14, 2023}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=McGran \\\|first\\=Kevin \\\|date\\=April 14, 2023 \\\|title\\=Leafs\\-Lightning playoff preview: History hovers over first\\-round rematch\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/analysis/2023/04/14/leafs\\-lightning\\-playoff\\-preview\\-history\\-hovers\\-over\\-first\\-round\\-rematch.html?rf \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Toronto Star]]}} Many suggested that the outcome of the series would have major ramifications for the team going forward, including the status of both general manager [Kyle Dubas](/wiki/Kyle_Dubas \"Kyle Dubas\") and head coach Keefe, and also for the prospect of Matthews re\\-signing in Toronto, which he would become eligible to do in the summer.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Fels \\\|first\\=Sam \\\|date\\=April 18, 2023 \\\|title\\=The beginning of the end starts for the Toronto Maple Leafs tonight\\\|url\\=https://deadspin.com/nhl\\-toronto\\-maple\\-leafs\\-playoffs\\-auston\\-matthews\\-1850349149 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadspin]]}}{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Kypreos \\\|first\\=Nick \\\|date\\=April 13, 2023 \\\|title\\=NHL playoffs could impact Auston Matthews’ long\\-term future with Maple Leafs\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/13/nhl\\-playoffs\\-could\\-impact\\-auston\\-matthews\\-long\\-term\\-future\\-with\\-maple\\-leafs.html \\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2023 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Toronto Star]]}} Marner distiniguished himself during the Leafs' battle with the Lightning, posting a team\\-leading eleven points over six games while the Leafs won their first playoff series since [2004](/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2004 Stanley Cup playoffs\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Arthur \\\|first\\=Bruce \\\|date\\=April 29, 2023 \\\|title\\=The Leafs of Matthews, Marner, Tavares, Nylander and Rielly won a playoff series. Maybe this really is their year\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/opinion/2023/04/29/for\\-the\\-leafs\\-slaying\\-the\\-lightning\\-might\\-be\\-just\\-the\\-start.html \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2023 \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Toronto Star]]}}{{cite news \\\|title\\=Which NHL playoffs stars lead Conn Smythe race? Leon Draisaitl, Mitch Marner and more \\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/4481801/2023/05/02/conn\\-smythe\\-draisaitl\\-marner/ \\\|first1\\=Dom \\\|last1\\=Luszczyszyn \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Athletic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2023 \\\|date\\=May 2, 2023}}", "#### 2023–24", "After putting up 76 points in the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season \"2023–24 Toronto Maple Leafs season\") Marner suffered a high ankle sprain in a March 7 game against the Boston Bruins.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://thehockeynews.com/nhl/toronto\\-maple\\-leafs/latest\\-news/report\\-maple\\-leafs\\-mitch\\-marner\\-sustained\\-high\\-ankle\\-sprain\\-against\\-bruins \\\|title\\=Report: Maple Leafs' Mitch Marner Sustained High\\-Ankle Sprain Against Bruins \\\|date\\=March 14, 2024\\\|first\\=David \\\|last\\=Alter \\\|publisher\\=The Hockey News \\\|access\\-date\\=March 23, 2024}} He returned late in the season, scoring a total of 85 points in 69 games.", "" ]
Subject ------- The altarpiece is set in a large semi\-circular niche, known as an [apse](/wiki/Apse "Apse"), and depicts in a pyramidal (triangular) [composition](/wiki/Composition_%28visual_arts%29 "Composition (visual arts)") of the Virgin and Child enthroned, surrounded by four saints and an angel. The dome with mosaics on the top of the altarpiece create a sense of depth in the room and an addition of space behind the throne and subjects.{{Cite book \\|last\=Humfrey \\|first\=Peter \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51251597 \\|title\=The Cambridge Companion to Giovanni Bellini \\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \\|year\=2004 \\|isbn\=0\-521\-66296\-6 \\|location\=Cambridge \\|pages\=99, 137, 143, 160–162, 217–218, 224, 262, 264, 269 \\|oclc\=51251597}} Giovanni Bellini was repeatedly commissioned to paint the subject of the Virgin and Child because of its religious popularity during this century in Italy, especially in Venice.{{Cite book \\|last1\=Hartt \\|first1\=Frederick \\|url\= \\|title\=History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture \\|last2\=Wilkins \\|first2\=David G. \\|publisher\=Prentice Hall \\|year\=2007 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-205\-70581\-8 \\|edition\=7th \\|location\=Upper Saddle River, NJ \\|pages\=415–421 \\|oclc\=430523019}} Most of these devotional paintings, while exhibiting variations in their iconographic details, show a deep influence of Byzantine art and stylistic principles. In this manner, the San Zaccaria Altarpiece was made in relation to the two other Venetian altarpieces by [Giovanni Bellini](/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini "Giovanni Bellini"), including the [San Giobbe Altarpiece](/wiki/San_Giobbe_Altarpiece "San Giobbe Altarpiece") (1487\) and the [Frari Triptych](/wiki/Frari_Triptych "Frari Triptych") (1488\).{{Cite book \\|last1\=Campbell \\|first1\=Caroline \\|title\=Bellini and the East \\|last2\=Chong \\|first2\=Alan \\|publisher\=National Gallery Company ; Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum \\|year\=2005 \\|isbn\=1\-85709\-376\-3 \\|location\=London; Boston \\|page\=54 \\|language\=En \\|oclc\=62089386}} There are two common stylistics denominator among these three altarpieces by Bellini: first, is the inclusion of the mosaic apse, and thereby serves as a visual link to the mosaics located in the apse and domes of [St. Mark's Basilica](/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica "St Mark's Basilica") in Venice. The second common element is that the enthroned Virgin and Child is an allusion to the Byzantine representation of the [Virgin Hodegetria](/wiki/Hodegetria "Hodegetria"). One noteworthy difference between Bellini's 1505 San Zaccaria Altarpiece and the earlier altarpieces, San Giobbe Altarpiece and the Frari Triptych is that the architectural setting opens up to a landscape filled with rolling green hills, wispy trees, puffy\-white clouds set a light\-blue sky. This feature may have been inspired by the now\-lost work of [Alvise Vivarini](/wiki/Alvise_Vivarini "Alvise Vivarini"), an altarpiece made for Santa Maria dei Battuti, Belluno (formerly Kaiser\-Friedrich Museum, Berlin, destroyed in 1945\).{{Cite web \\|title\=Alvise Vivarini {{!}} Biography \\|url\=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist\-info.1954\.html \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-29 \\|website\=www.nga.gov}}{{Cite book \\|last\=Olivari \\|first\=Mariolina \\|title\=Pittori del Rinascimento \\|publisher\=Scala \\|year\=2004 \\|isbn\=978\-8881170999 \\|series\=I protagonisti dell'arte italiana \\|location\=Florence \\|page\=466 \\|chapter\=Giovanni Bellini}} ### Virgin and Child Virgin Mary and Christ\-child are at the top of the pyramid scheme of the altarpiece, making them the main focus as a result of linear perspective. Mary is seen without a crown to portray her as a simple, young mother; someone the viewer can feel comfortable with and possibly relate to. The Christ\-child has his right hand raised to bless the worshipper/viewer before the altar. Both the Virgin Mary and Christ\-child look downward, to acknowledge any viewers kneeling in prayer before the altar. Additionally, Mary is dressed in a rich blue robe, which was made using ultramarine, a luxury pigment during this time period. The use of this pigment not only acknowledged the church as a place of wealth and power, but showed that Bellini was a respected artist. #### Saints and Angel In the painting, four saints are shown: two sets of paired male and female saints. Furthest to the left of the composition is [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter") (pictured carrying the bible and the [keys of heaven](/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven "Keys of Heaven")). Saint Peter is also seen with a yellow\-orange mantle, which was finished with an arsenic sulfide mineral pigment. To the right is [Saint Catherine of Alexandria](/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria "Catherine of Alexandria") who is seen holding the [palm of martyrdom](/wiki/Palm_of_martyrdom "Palm of martyrdom") while leaning on a [breaking wheel](/wiki/Breaking_wheel "Breaking wheel"), a symbol of God's protection. Saint Catherine is dresses in dark green colors that were a combination of lead\-tin yellow, lead white, and verdigris pigments; it was finished with a deep, dark green glaze for vibrance. These pigments demonstrated the wealth of the church but also the skill of Bellini to create such beautiful colors with his paints. On the other side of Mary stands [Saint Lucy](/wiki/Saint_Lucy "Saint Lucy"), the saint of light,{{Cite book \\|last\=Bätschmann \\|first\=Oskar \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156891535 \\|title\=Giovanni Bellini \\|date\=2008 \\|isbn\=978\-1\-86189\-357\-4 \\|location\=London \\|pages\=90,160, 166, 176, 187–91 \\|oclc\=156891535}} also holding a palm of martyrdom and a glass lamp in her other hand. The palm for both is intended to represent the suffering the two went through when they chose their faith over body. In addition, the glass lamp that Saint Lucy holds reflects the fact that Lucy would often give food to the poor at night, using a lamp for light.{{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2023}} Lastly, on the far right is [Saint Jerome](/wiki/Jerome "Jerome") portrayed in a red, reading a book that could represent the [Vulgate](/wiki/Vulgate "Vulgate"), or Latin translation of the Bible which Saint Jerome translated himself. Saint Jerome's robe was painted using red lake and vermilion pigments. The billowing robes on Saint Peter and Saint Jerome were painted with volume and shadow to enhance their size and male figure, contrasting the female saints. The bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of the saints is further enhanced by the fact that the two female saints are show in profile and closest to the Madonna, while the two male saints, located on the outer edges of the composition are show facing frontal while their gazes are cast down. Finally, in the center, an angel sits on the bottom step of the marble throne playing the lira de braccio, a violin\-like instrument. The instrument is shown with seven strings instead of the typical nine strings on other instruments which is meant to represent the seven other planets. The music\-making angel is pictured with its lira de braccio to allow the audience to imagine its peaceful tune in the tranquil environment and to offer comfort.{{Cite book \\|last1\=Campbell \\|first1\=Stephen J. \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755982774 \\|title\=Italian Renaissance art \\|last2\=Cole \\|first2\=Michael W. \\|publisher\=Thames \& Hudson \\|year\=2012 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-500\-28943\-3 \\|location\=New York, NY \\|pages\=362–363 \\|language\=En \\|oclc\=755982774}} The angel wears a combination of cool green and warm pinks, colors and tones that are observed throughout the painting: in the mosaic above, the nearby landscape, and the surrounding architecture. Each figure in the painting serves its own purpose but the angel is the only figure clearly looking out at the viewer, adding a tone of inclusion. ### Sacra conversazione The [sacra conversazione](/wiki/Sacra_conversazione "Sacra conversazione") (sacred conversation), which was originally developed in Florence and the popularized in Venice, is a genre of religious devotional works that shows the Virgin Mary with the Christ child upon a throne, surrounded by saints and angels which united them all into one space of harmony.{{Cite web \\|year\=1996 \\|editor\-last\=West \\|editor\-first\=Shearer \\|title\=Sacra conversazione ( pl. sacre conversazioni) \\|url\=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bga/sacra\_conversazione\_pl\_sacre\_conversazioni/0?institutionId\=885 \\|url\-status\= \\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-24 \\|website\=The Bloomsbury Guide to Art \\|via\=Credo Reference}}{{Cite book \\|last1\=Pächt \\|first1\=Otto \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53300074 \\|title\=Venetian Painting in the 15th century: Jacopo, Gentile and Giovanni Bellini and Andrea Mantegna \\|last2\=Pächt \\|first2\=Michael \\|last3\=Vyoral\-Tschapka \\|first3\=Margareta \\|publisher\=Harvey Miller \\|year\=2003 \\|isbn\=9781872501543 \\|location\=London \\|pages\=92\-93,102, 205, 207, 228, 230, 92\-93 \\|language\=En \\|oclc\=53300074}} The sacra conversazione is marked by the bright, vibrant colors in the San Zaccaria altarpiece, and was painted with an intent to create a beautiful space of worship. Each figure represented is in a different time and space; the altarpiece was a mutual meeting for all. Moreover, the figures of the altarpiece are shown in a calm, meditative state; all motion has stopped, calling the viewer to pause for prayer or reflection. The unity of the altarpiece brings a kind of silent communication; the angels signify transcendence and the trumpets represent harmony. Bellini was also known for painting different renditions of the sacra conversazione , the San Zaccaria Altarpiece was the last work in which he used this genre. ### Symbolism At the top of the throne there is a carved head of Solomon, representing divine wisdom. Behind Solomon is a leafy mask that is displayed directly above the Virgin Mary's throne. The leafage mask is a hallmark trait of the Renaissance, which also adds a descriptive and elegant vocabulary to the altarpiece. The mask is framed with a crown and a halo\-like appearance of pomegranate leaves printed on a woven [brocade](/wiki/Brocade "Brocade") cloth, as an honorary tribute to God. It also works to frame the symbolism of Salomon quite well. The symbolism of God above the throne acts as a safety net over the throne, the altar, and over the sacra conversazione. Also featured at the very top of the central arch is a crystal lamp suspended from a hanging ostrich egg, both symbolizing the [Virgin Birth](/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus "Virgin birth of Jesus"). Ostrich eggs were typically hung over altars that were dedicated to the Virgin Mary and can be found in earlier Italian Renaissance paintings, including [Andrea Mantegna](/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna "Andrea Mantegna")'s San Zeno Altarpiece (c. 1456–1459\) and [Pierro della Francesca](/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca "Piero della Francesca")'s Brera Madonna (1472\).{{Cite book \\|last1\=Hartt \\|first1\=Frederick \\|url\= \\|title\=History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, Srchitecture \\|last2\=Wilkins \\|first2\=David G. \\|publisher\=Prentice Hall \\|year\=2011 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-205\-70581\-8 \\|edition\=7th \\|location\=Upper Saddle River, NJ \\|pages\=290 \\|oclc\=430523019}} The ostrich egg could also be a symbol of the Resurrection, regarding Christ and the divine life. The ostrich egg could also serve as a symbol of wealth for the church, as ostrich eggs were not commonly represented in society. Along the left border of the altarpiece is a fig tree and along the right border is an acacia tree; both represent the passion and redemption that comes with the journey of life. The decoration of the gold mosaic includes acanthus foliage, along with [partridges](/wiki/Partridge "Partridge") to symbolize the knowledge of Christ.	[ "Subject\n-------", "The altarpiece is set in a large semi\\-circular niche, known as an [apse](/wiki/Apse \"Apse\"), and depicts in a pyramidal (triangular) [composition](/wiki/Composition_%28visual_arts%29 \"Composition (visual arts)\") of the Virgin and Child enthroned, surrounded by four saints and an angel. The dome with mosaics on the top of the altarpiece create a sense of depth in the room and an addition of space behind the throne and subjects.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Humfrey \\\|first\\=Peter \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51251597 \\\|title\\=The Cambridge Companion to Giovanni Bellini \\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\\|year\\=2004 \\\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-66296\\-6 \\\|location\\=Cambridge \\\|pages\\=99, 137, 143, 160–162, 217–218, 224, 262, 264, 269 \\\|oclc\\=51251597}}", "Giovanni Bellini was repeatedly commissioned to paint the subject of the Virgin and Child because of its religious popularity during this century in Italy, especially in Venice.{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Hartt \\\|first1\\=Frederick \\\|url\\= \\\|title\\=History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture \\\|last2\\=Wilkins \\\|first2\\=David G. \\\|publisher\\=Prentice Hall \\\|year\\=2007 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-205\\-70581\\-8 \\\|edition\\=7th \\\|location\\=Upper Saddle River, NJ \\\|pages\\=415–421 \\\|oclc\\=430523019}} Most of these devotional paintings, while exhibiting variations in their iconographic details, show a deep influence of Byzantine art and stylistic principles. In this manner, the San Zaccaria Altarpiece was made in relation to the two other Venetian altarpieces by [Giovanni Bellini](/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini \"Giovanni Bellini\"), including the [San Giobbe Altarpiece](/wiki/San_Giobbe_Altarpiece \"San Giobbe Altarpiece\") (1487\\) and the [Frari Triptych](/wiki/Frari_Triptych \"Frari Triptych\") (1488\\).{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Campbell \\\|first1\\=Caroline \\\|title\\=Bellini and the East \\\|last2\\=Chong \\\|first2\\=Alan \\\|publisher\\=National Gallery Company ; Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum \\\|year\\=2005 \\\|isbn\\=1\\-85709\\-376\\-3 \\\|location\\=London; Boston \\\|page\\=54 \\\|language\\=En \\\|oclc\\=62089386}} There are two common stylistics denominator among these three altarpieces by Bellini: first, is the inclusion of the mosaic apse, and thereby serves as a visual link to the mosaics located in the apse and domes of [St. Mark's Basilica](/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica \"St Mark's Basilica\") in Venice. The second common element is that the enthroned Virgin and Child is an allusion to the Byzantine representation of the [Virgin Hodegetria](/wiki/Hodegetria \"Hodegetria\"). One noteworthy difference between Bellini's 1505 San Zaccaria Altarpiece and the earlier altarpieces, San Giobbe Altarpiece and the Frari Triptych is that the architectural setting opens up to a landscape filled with rolling green hills, wispy trees, puffy\\-white clouds set a light\\-blue sky. This feature may have been inspired by the now\\-lost work of [Alvise Vivarini](/wiki/Alvise_Vivarini \"Alvise Vivarini\"), an altarpiece made for Santa Maria dei Battuti, Belluno (formerly Kaiser\\-Friedrich Museum, Berlin, destroyed in 1945\\).{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Alvise Vivarini {{!}} Biography \\\|url\\=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist\\-info.1954\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-29 \\\|website\\=www.nga.gov}}{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Olivari \\\|first\\=Mariolina \\\|title\\=Pittori del Rinascimento \\\|publisher\\=Scala \\\|year\\=2004 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-8881170999 \\\|series\\=I protagonisti dell'arte italiana \\\|location\\=Florence \\\|page\\=466 \\\|chapter\\=Giovanni Bellini}}", "### Virgin and Child", "Virgin Mary and Christ\\-child are at the top of the pyramid scheme of the altarpiece, making them the main focus as a result of linear perspective. Mary is seen without a crown to portray her as a simple, young mother; someone the viewer can feel comfortable with and possibly relate to. The Christ\\-child has his right hand raised to bless the worshipper/viewer before the altar. Both the Virgin Mary and Christ\\-child look downward, to acknowledge any viewers kneeling in prayer before the altar. Additionally, Mary is dressed in a rich blue robe, which was made using ultramarine, a luxury pigment during this time period. The use of this pigment not only acknowledged the church as a place of wealth and power, but showed that Bellini was a respected artist.", "#### Saints and Angel", "In the painting, four saints are shown: two sets of paired male and female saints. Furthest to the left of the composition is [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter \"Saint Peter\") (pictured carrying the bible and the [keys of heaven](/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven \"Keys of Heaven\")). Saint Peter is also seen with a yellow\\-orange mantle, which was finished with an arsenic sulfide mineral pigment. To the right is [Saint Catherine of Alexandria](/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria \"Catherine of Alexandria\") who is seen holding the [palm of martyrdom](/wiki/Palm_of_martyrdom \"Palm of martyrdom\") while leaning on a [breaking wheel](/wiki/Breaking_wheel \"Breaking wheel\"), a symbol of God's protection. Saint Catherine is dresses in dark green colors that were a combination of lead\\-tin yellow, lead white, and verdigris pigments; it was finished with a deep, dark green glaze for vibrance. These pigments demonstrated the wealth of the church but also the skill of Bellini to create such beautiful colors with his paints.", "On the other side of Mary stands [Saint Lucy](/wiki/Saint_Lucy \"Saint Lucy\"), the saint of light,{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Bätschmann \\\|first\\=Oskar \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156891535 \\\|title\\=Giovanni Bellini \\\|date\\=2008 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86189\\-357\\-4 \\\|location\\=London \\\|pages\\=90,160, 166, 176, 187–91 \\\|oclc\\=156891535}} also holding a palm of martyrdom and a glass lamp in her other hand. The palm for both is intended to represent the suffering the two went through when they chose their faith over body. In addition, the glass lamp that Saint Lucy holds reflects the fact that Lucy would often give food to the poor at night, using a lamp for light.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2023}}", "Lastly, on the far right is [Saint Jerome](/wiki/Jerome \"Jerome\") portrayed in a red, reading a book that could represent the [Vulgate](/wiki/Vulgate \"Vulgate\"), or Latin translation of the Bible which Saint Jerome translated himself. Saint Jerome's robe was painted using red lake and vermilion pigments.", "The billowing robes on Saint Peter and Saint Jerome were painted with volume and shadow to enhance their size and male figure, contrasting the female saints. The bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of the saints is further enhanced by the fact that the two female saints are show in profile and closest to the Madonna, while the two male saints, located on the outer edges of the composition are show facing frontal while their gazes are cast down.", "Finally, in the center, an angel sits on the bottom step of the marble throne playing the lira de braccio, a violin\\-like instrument. The instrument is shown with seven strings instead of the typical nine strings on other instruments which is meant to represent the seven other planets. The music\\-making angel is pictured with its lira de braccio to allow the audience to imagine its peaceful tune in the tranquil environment and to offer comfort.{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Campbell \\\|first1\\=Stephen J. \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755982774 \\\|title\\=Italian Renaissance art \\\|last2\\=Cole \\\|first2\\=Michael W. \\\|publisher\\=Thames \\& Hudson \\\|year\\=2012 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-500\\-28943\\-3 \\\|location\\=New York, NY \\\|pages\\=362–363 \\\|language\\=En \\\|oclc\\=755982774}} The angel wears a combination of cool green and warm pinks, colors and tones that are observed throughout the painting: in the mosaic above, the nearby landscape, and the surrounding architecture. Each figure in the painting serves its own purpose but the angel is the only figure clearly looking out at the viewer, adding a tone of inclusion.", "### Sacra conversazione", "The [sacra conversazione](/wiki/Sacra_conversazione \"Sacra conversazione\") (sacred conversation), which was originally developed in Florence and the popularized in Venice, is a genre of religious devotional works that shows the Virgin Mary with the Christ child upon a throne, surrounded by saints and angels which united them all into one space of harmony.{{Cite web \\\|year\\=1996 \\\|editor\\-last\\=West \\\|editor\\-first\\=Shearer \\\|title\\=Sacra conversazione ( pl. sacre conversazioni) \\\|url\\=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bga/sacra\\_conversazione\\_pl\\_sacre\\_conversazioni/0?institutionId\\=885 \\\|url\\-status\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-24 \\\|website\\=The Bloomsbury Guide to Art \\\|via\\=Credo Reference}}{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Pächt \\\|first1\\=Otto \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53300074 \\\|title\\=Venetian Painting in the 15th century: Jacopo, Gentile and Giovanni Bellini and Andrea Mantegna \\\|last2\\=Pächt \\\|first2\\=Michael \\\|last3\\=Vyoral\\-Tschapka \\\|first3\\=Margareta \\\|publisher\\=Harvey Miller \\\|year\\=2003 \\\|isbn\\=9781872501543 \\\|location\\=London \\\|pages\\=92\\-93,102, 205, 207, 228, 230, 92\\-93 \\\|language\\=En \\\|oclc\\=53300074}} The sacra conversazione is marked by the bright, vibrant colors in the San Zaccaria altarpiece, and was painted with an intent to create a beautiful space of worship. Each figure represented is in a different time and space; the altarpiece was a mutual meeting for all. Moreover, the figures of the altarpiece are shown in a calm, meditative state; all motion has stopped, calling the viewer to pause for prayer or reflection. The unity of the altarpiece brings a kind of silent communication; the angels signify transcendence and the trumpets represent harmony. Bellini was also known for painting different renditions of the sacra conversazione , the San Zaccaria Altarpiece was the last work in which he used this genre.", "### Symbolism", "At the top of the throne there is a carved head of Solomon, representing divine wisdom. Behind Solomon is a leafy mask that is displayed directly above the Virgin Mary's throne. The leafage mask is a hallmark trait of the Renaissance, which also adds a descriptive and elegant vocabulary to the altarpiece. The mask is framed with a crown and a halo\\-like appearance of pomegranate leaves printed on a woven [brocade](/wiki/Brocade \"Brocade\") cloth, as an honorary tribute to God. It also works to frame the symbolism of Salomon quite well. The symbolism of God above the throne acts as a safety net over the throne, the altar, and over the sacra conversazione.", "Also featured at the very top of the central arch is a crystal lamp suspended from a hanging ostrich egg, both symbolizing the [Virgin Birth](/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus \"Virgin birth of Jesus\"). Ostrich eggs were typically hung over altars that were dedicated to the Virgin Mary and can be found in earlier Italian Renaissance paintings, including [Andrea Mantegna](/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna \"Andrea Mantegna\")'s San Zeno Altarpiece (c. 1456–1459\\) and [Pierro della Francesca](/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca \"Piero della Francesca\")'s Brera Madonna (1472\\).{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Hartt \\\|first1\\=Frederick \\\|url\\= \\\|title\\=History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, Srchitecture \\\|last2\\=Wilkins \\\|first2\\=David G. \\\|publisher\\=Prentice Hall \\\|year\\=2011 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-205\\-70581\\-8 \\\|edition\\=7th \\\|location\\=Upper Saddle River, NJ \\\|pages\\=290 \\\|oclc\\=430523019}} The ostrich egg could also be a symbol of the Resurrection, regarding Christ and the divine life. The ostrich egg could also serve as a symbol of wealth for the church, as ostrich eggs were not commonly represented in society.", "Along the left border of the altarpiece is a fig tree and along the right border is an acacia tree; both represent the passion and redemption that comes with the journey of life. The decoration of the gold mosaic includes acanthus foliage, along with [partridges](/wiki/Partridge \"Partridge\") to symbolize the knowledge of Christ.", "" ]
### Virgin and Child Virgin Mary and Christ\-child are at the top of the pyramid scheme of the altarpiece, making them the main focus as a result of linear perspective. Mary is seen without a crown to portray her as a simple, young mother; someone the viewer can feel comfortable with and possibly relate to. The Christ\-child has his right hand raised to bless the worshipper/viewer before the altar. Both the Virgin Mary and Christ\-child look downward, to acknowledge any viewers kneeling in prayer before the altar. Additionally, Mary is dressed in a rich blue robe, which was made using ultramarine, a luxury pigment during this time period. The use of this pigment not only acknowledged the church as a place of wealth and power, but showed that Bellini was a respected artist. #### Saints and Angel In the painting, four saints are shown: two sets of paired male and female saints. Furthest to the left of the composition is [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter "Saint Peter") (pictured carrying the bible and the [keys of heaven](/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven "Keys of Heaven")). Saint Peter is also seen with a yellow\-orange mantle, which was finished with an arsenic sulfide mineral pigment. To the right is [Saint Catherine of Alexandria](/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria "Catherine of Alexandria") who is seen holding the [palm of martyrdom](/wiki/Palm_of_martyrdom "Palm of martyrdom") while leaning on a [breaking wheel](/wiki/Breaking_wheel "Breaking wheel"), a symbol of God's protection. Saint Catherine is dresses in dark green colors that were a combination of lead\-tin yellow, lead white, and verdigris pigments; it was finished with a deep, dark green glaze for vibrance. These pigments demonstrated the wealth of the church but also the skill of Bellini to create such beautiful colors with his paints. On the other side of Mary stands [Saint Lucy](/wiki/Saint_Lucy "Saint Lucy"), the saint of light,{{Cite book \\|last\=Bätschmann \\|first\=Oskar \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156891535 \\|title\=Giovanni Bellini \\|date\=2008 \\|isbn\=978\-1\-86189\-357\-4 \\|location\=London \\|pages\=90,160, 166, 176, 187–91 \\|oclc\=156891535}} also holding a palm of martyrdom and a glass lamp in her other hand. The palm for both is intended to represent the suffering the two went through when they chose their faith over body. In addition, the glass lamp that Saint Lucy holds reflects the fact that Lucy would often give food to the poor at night, using a lamp for light.{{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2023}} Lastly, on the far right is [Saint Jerome](/wiki/Jerome "Jerome") portrayed in a red, reading a book that could represent the [Vulgate](/wiki/Vulgate "Vulgate"), or Latin translation of the Bible which Saint Jerome translated himself. Saint Jerome's robe was painted using red lake and vermilion pigments. The billowing robes on Saint Peter and Saint Jerome were painted with volume and shadow to enhance their size and male figure, contrasting the female saints. The bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of the saints is further enhanced by the fact that the two female saints are show in profile and closest to the Madonna, while the two male saints, located on the outer edges of the composition are show facing frontal while their gazes are cast down. Finally, in the center, an angel sits on the bottom step of the marble throne playing the lira de braccio, a violin\-like instrument. The instrument is shown with seven strings instead of the typical nine strings on other instruments which is meant to represent the seven other planets. The music\-making angel is pictured with its lira de braccio to allow the audience to imagine its peaceful tune in the tranquil environment and to offer comfort.{{Cite book \\|last1\=Campbell \\|first1\=Stephen J. \\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755982774 \\|title\=Italian Renaissance art \\|last2\=Cole \\|first2\=Michael W. \\|publisher\=Thames \& Hudson \\|year\=2012 \\|isbn\=978\-0\-500\-28943\-3 \\|location\=New York, NY \\|pages\=362–363 \\|language\=En \\|oclc\=755982774}} The angel wears a combination of cool green and warm pinks, colors and tones that are observed throughout the painting: in the mosaic above, the nearby landscape, and the surrounding architecture. Each figure in the painting serves its own purpose but the angel is the only figure clearly looking out at the viewer, adding a tone of inclusion.	[ "### Virgin and Child", "Virgin Mary and Christ\\-child are at the top of the pyramid scheme of the altarpiece, making them the main focus as a result of linear perspective. Mary is seen without a crown to portray her as a simple, young mother; someone the viewer can feel comfortable with and possibly relate to. The Christ\\-child has his right hand raised to bless the worshipper/viewer before the altar. Both the Virgin Mary and Christ\\-child look downward, to acknowledge any viewers kneeling in prayer before the altar. Additionally, Mary is dressed in a rich blue robe, which was made using ultramarine, a luxury pigment during this time period. The use of this pigment not only acknowledged the church as a place of wealth and power, but showed that Bellini was a respected artist.", "#### Saints and Angel", "In the painting, four saints are shown: two sets of paired male and female saints. Furthest to the left of the composition is [Saint Peter](/wiki/Saint_Peter \"Saint Peter\") (pictured carrying the bible and the [keys of heaven](/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven \"Keys of Heaven\")). Saint Peter is also seen with a yellow\\-orange mantle, which was finished with an arsenic sulfide mineral pigment. To the right is [Saint Catherine of Alexandria](/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria \"Catherine of Alexandria\") who is seen holding the [palm of martyrdom](/wiki/Palm_of_martyrdom \"Palm of martyrdom\") while leaning on a [breaking wheel](/wiki/Breaking_wheel \"Breaking wheel\"), a symbol of God's protection. Saint Catherine is dresses in dark green colors that were a combination of lead\\-tin yellow, lead white, and verdigris pigments; it was finished with a deep, dark green glaze for vibrance. These pigments demonstrated the wealth of the church but also the skill of Bellini to create such beautiful colors with his paints.", "On the other side of Mary stands [Saint Lucy](/wiki/Saint_Lucy \"Saint Lucy\"), the saint of light,{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Bätschmann \\\|first\\=Oskar \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156891535 \\\|title\\=Giovanni Bellini \\\|date\\=2008 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-86189\\-357\\-4 \\\|location\\=London \\\|pages\\=90,160, 166, 176, 187–91 \\\|oclc\\=156891535}} also holding a palm of martyrdom and a glass lamp in her other hand. The palm for both is intended to represent the suffering the two went through when they chose their faith over body. In addition, the glass lamp that Saint Lucy holds reflects the fact that Lucy would often give food to the poor at night, using a lamp for light.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2023}}", "Lastly, on the far right is [Saint Jerome](/wiki/Jerome \"Jerome\") portrayed in a red, reading a book that could represent the [Vulgate](/wiki/Vulgate \"Vulgate\"), or Latin translation of the Bible which Saint Jerome translated himself. Saint Jerome's robe was painted using red lake and vermilion pigments.", "The billowing robes on Saint Peter and Saint Jerome were painted with volume and shadow to enhance their size and male figure, contrasting the female saints. The bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of the saints is further enhanced by the fact that the two female saints are show in profile and closest to the Madonna, while the two male saints, located on the outer edges of the composition are show facing frontal while their gazes are cast down.", "Finally, in the center, an angel sits on the bottom step of the marble throne playing the lira de braccio, a violin\\-like instrument. The instrument is shown with seven strings instead of the typical nine strings on other instruments which is meant to represent the seven other planets. The music\\-making angel is pictured with its lira de braccio to allow the audience to imagine its peaceful tune in the tranquil environment and to offer comfort.{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Campbell \\\|first1\\=Stephen J. \\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755982774 \\\|title\\=Italian Renaissance art \\\|last2\\=Cole \\\|first2\\=Michael W. \\\|publisher\\=Thames \\& Hudson \\\|year\\=2012 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-500\\-28943\\-3 \\\|location\\=New York, NY \\\|pages\\=362–363 \\\|language\\=En \\\|oclc\\=755982774}} The angel wears a combination of cool green and warm pinks, colors and tones that are observed throughout the painting: in the mosaic above, the nearby landscape, and the surrounding architecture. Each figure in the painting serves its own purpose but the angel is the only figure clearly looking out at the viewer, adding a tone of inclusion.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population\\|align\=left \\|1880\= 555 \\|1890\= 1347 \\|1900\= 1200 \\|1910\= 1261 \\|1920\= 1263 \\|1930\= 1214 \\|1940\= 1169 \\|1950\= 1148 \\|1960\= 1069 \\|1970\= 1126 \\|1980\= 1079 \\|1990\= 1111 \\|2000\= 1174 \\|2010\= 1027 \\|2020\= 954 \\|align\-fn\=center \\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\=October 16, 2013}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\\|title\=U.S. Census website\\|url\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\=2012\-06\-24}} of 2010, there were 1,027 people, 431 households, and 292 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\\|1237\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 501 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|603\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.4% of the population. There were 431 households, of which 27\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 4\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32\.3% were non\-families. 30\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.30 and the average family size was 2\.82\. The median age in the city was 47\.9 years. 22\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 24\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.2% male and 52\.8% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 1,174 people, 475 households, and 326 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,473\.4\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. There were 516 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|647\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\=us\\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.64% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.26% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.34% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.77% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.85% of the population. There were 475 households, out of which 29\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 4\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\.2% were non\-families. 29\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.36 and the average family size was 2\.92\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\.8% under the age of 18, 4\.6% from 18 to 24, 22\.1% from 25 to 44, 21\.6% from 45 to 64, and 26\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 89\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\.7 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667\. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,422\. About 4\.9% of families and 6\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 7\.3% of those under age 18 and 6\.5% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\\\|align\\=left\n\\\|1880\\= 555\n\\\|1890\\= 1347\n\\\|1900\\= 1200\n\\\|1910\\= 1261\n\\\|1920\\= 1263\n\\\|1930\\= 1214\n\\\|1940\\= 1169\n\\\|1950\\= 1148\n\\\|1960\\= 1069\n\\\|1970\\= 1126\n\\\|1980\\= 1079\n\\\|1990\\= 1111\n\\\|2000\\= 1174\n\\\|2010\\= 1027\n\\\|2020\\= 954\n\\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\\|accessdate\\=October 16, 2013}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-06\\-24}} of 2010, there were 1,027 people, 431 households, and 292 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\\|1237\\.3\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|1}}. There were 501 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|603\\.6\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.4% of the population.", "There were 431 households, of which 27\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 4\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32\\.3% were non\\-families. 30\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.30 and the average family size was 2\\.82\\.", "The median age in the city was 47\\.9 years. 22\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 24\\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.2% male and 52\\.8% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,174 people, 475 households, and 326 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\\|1,473\\.4\\\|PD/sqmi\\\|PD/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 516 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|647\\.6\\\|/sqmi\\\|/km2\\\|sp\\=us\\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.64% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.26% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.34% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.77% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.85% of the population.", "There were 475 households, out of which 29\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 4\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31\\.2% were non\\-families. 29\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.36 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\\.8% under the age of 18, 4\\.6% from 18 to 24, 22\\.1% from 25 to 44, 21\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 26\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 89\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\\.7 males.", "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,833, and the median income for a family was $40,667\\. Males had a median income of $32,946 versus $17,829 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,422\\. About 4\\.9% of families and 6\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 7\\.3% of those under age 18 and 6\\.5% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Plot ---- The film opens with John's vision of screaming people in the water and being killed by something under the water. A plane full of people getting psyched up to try blood surfing at some remote island known for its sea surfing locale lands on water. A documentary is planned on the blood surfing exploits of Bog (Dax Miller) and Jeremy ([Joel West](/wiki/Joel_West "Joel West")) who is known for extreme sports, with camera operator Cecily ([Kate Fischer](/wiki/Kate_Fischer "Kate Fischer")) and her boyfriend/producer Zack ([Matthew Borlenghi](/wiki/Matthew_Borlenghi "Matthew Borlenghi")). As the film progresses, Cecily's interest in Bog develops. After arriving, the group decide to head to shark rich waters by a remote island, so they contact local guide John Dirks ([Duncan Regehr](/wiki/Duncan_Regehr "Duncan Regehr")) and his girlfriend Artemis/Arty (Taryn Reif). John at first refuses to go, but then relents and accepts the job on the condition that his sail team would come along, including the young Lemmya ([Maureen Larrazabal](/wiki/Maureen_Larrazabal "Maureen Larrazabal")) who is attracted to Jeremy. The group heads out to the shark zone, despite John being plagued by visions of screaming swimmers being devoured by something in the water. Clumps of meat are thrown in to attract the sharks while Bog and Jeremy suit up, slit their feet, and begin surfing among a group of sharks. While taking a break from the shoot, at the beach they see a shark get eaten by something gigantic and fill the ocean water. The group wisely call it a day. On another part of the island nearby, Jeremy and Lemmya have sex as her parents Melba ([Susan Africa](/wiki/Susan_Africa "Susan Africa")) and Sonny (Cris Vertido), are devoured by an unseen beast and the boat is wrecked. Lemmya heads to the water to bathe without realizing the danger and is devoured. The remaining crew go back for the boat but find it wrecked. Bog goes underwater for the camera. They are chased by the beast that comes out from under the water. As they escape to the beach on the other side of the island they are taken captive by local pirates. As one of them is trying to have his way with Cecily, the beast \- revealed to be a {{convert\\|31\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\=on}} long, {{convert\\|3,000\\|lb\\|t\\|abbr\=on}} [saltwater crocodile](/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile "Saltwater crocodile") \- jumps out of the water and eats him. In the ensuing chaos Bog with Zack and Jeremy throw the bandits into the sea. The pirate leader shoots and hits the boat's fuel tank, forcing Bog and company to abandon ship. They are picked up by John and Arty. In revenge for the deaths that happened sometime in his past, John goes back for the beast. Zack wants to film the killing, but John denies him. In the chaos when the beast is harpooned, Jeremy gets eaten. John beaches the ship on a coral reef while trying to outrun the beast. Zack tries to surf from the reef to shore, but the beast eats him along the way. John wires the boat to explode. The beast attacks before he can finish, tearing him in half. The surviving pirate leader knocks out Arty and then tries to rape Cecily. Cecily starts talking dirty saying things like "I want it" to trick him. Cecily deliberately steps on the line that triggers a spear trap that John left behind killing the pirate. Then she goes to wake Arty. The girls walk further inland and find a temple on the island, with no sign of any predators. The beast comes to attack them but they jump into the nearby river and since they are in freshwater, the beast would not go near them. Bog recovers the explosives from the wrecked boat, and is reunited with Cecily and Arty. He baits the beast to an unstable wall and uses the explosives to bring the wall crashing down on the creature. Believing the beast is dead, Arty starts kicking it and \- in a swift move \- it opens its mouth and devours her. Bog and Cecily start running with the beast in close pursuit until it leaps and gets impaled through its stomach by a sharp protruding rock. The beast dies, ending its reign of terror. Bog and Cecily rest on the other side of the river bank and start kissing as they celebrate. The camera slowly pans over to reveal the flowing water along the river.	[ "Plot\n----", "The film opens with John's vision of screaming people in the water and being killed by something under the water. A plane full of people getting psyched up to try blood surfing at some remote island known for its sea surfing locale lands on water. A documentary is planned on the blood surfing exploits of Bog (Dax Miller) and Jeremy ([Joel West](/wiki/Joel_West \"Joel West\")) who is known for extreme sports, with camera operator Cecily ([Kate Fischer](/wiki/Kate_Fischer \"Kate Fischer\")) and her boyfriend/producer Zack ([Matthew Borlenghi](/wiki/Matthew_Borlenghi \"Matthew Borlenghi\")). As the film progresses, Cecily's interest in Bog develops.", "After arriving, the group decide to head to shark rich waters by a remote island, so they contact local guide John Dirks ([Duncan Regehr](/wiki/Duncan_Regehr \"Duncan Regehr\")) and his girlfriend Artemis/Arty (Taryn Reif). John at first refuses to go, but then relents and accepts the job on the condition that his sail team would come along, including the young Lemmya ([Maureen Larrazabal](/wiki/Maureen_Larrazabal \"Maureen Larrazabal\")) who is attracted to Jeremy. The group heads out to the shark zone, despite John being plagued by visions of screaming swimmers being devoured by something in the water. Clumps of meat are thrown in to attract the sharks while Bog and Jeremy suit up, slit their feet, and begin surfing among a group of sharks. While taking a break from the shoot, at the beach they see a shark get eaten by something gigantic and fill the ocean water. The group wisely call it a day.", "On another part of the island nearby, Jeremy and Lemmya have sex as her parents Melba ([Susan Africa](/wiki/Susan_Africa \"Susan Africa\")) and Sonny (Cris Vertido), are devoured by an unseen beast and the boat is wrecked. Lemmya heads to the water to bathe without realizing the danger and is devoured. The remaining crew go back for the boat but find it wrecked. Bog goes underwater for the camera. They are chased by the beast that comes out from under the water. As they escape to the beach on the other side of the island they are taken captive by local pirates.", "As one of them is trying to have his way with Cecily, the beast \\- revealed to be a {{convert\\\|31\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|abbr\\=on}} long, {{convert\\\|3,000\\\|lb\\\|t\\\|abbr\\=on}} [saltwater crocodile](/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile \"Saltwater crocodile\") \\- jumps out of the water and eats him. In the ensuing chaos Bog with Zack and Jeremy throw the bandits into the sea. The pirate leader shoots and hits the boat's fuel tank, forcing Bog and company to abandon ship. They are picked up by John and Arty. In revenge for the deaths that happened sometime in his past, John goes back for the beast. Zack wants to film the killing, but John denies him. In the chaos when the beast is harpooned, Jeremy gets eaten. John beaches the ship on a coral reef while trying to outrun the beast. Zack tries to surf from the reef to shore, but the beast eats him along the way.", "John wires the boat to explode. The beast attacks before he can finish, tearing him in half. The surviving pirate leader knocks out Arty and then tries to rape Cecily. Cecily starts talking dirty saying things like \"I want it\" to trick him. Cecily deliberately steps on the line that triggers a spear trap that John left behind killing the pirate. Then she goes to wake Arty. The girls walk further inland and find a temple on the island, with no sign of any predators. The beast comes to attack them but they jump into the nearby river and since they are in freshwater, the beast would not go near them.", "Bog recovers the explosives from the wrecked boat, and is reunited with Cecily and Arty. He baits the beast to an unstable wall and uses the explosives to bring the wall crashing down on the creature. Believing the beast is dead, Arty starts kicking it and \\- in a swift move \\- it opens its mouth and devours her. Bog and Cecily start running with the beast in close pursuit until it leaps and gets impaled through its stomach by a sharp protruding rock. The beast dies, ending its reign of terror. Bog and Cecily rest on the other side of the river bank and start kissing as they celebrate. The camera slowly pans over to reveal the flowing water along the river.", "" ]
Life ---- Beshkov was born in 1901 in [Dolni Dabnik](/wiki/Dolni_Dabnik "Dolni Dabnik"), nowadays a small town near [Pleven](/wiki/Pleven "Pleven") in [Pleven Province](/wiki/Pleven_Province "Pleven Province"), central northern Bulgaria. In 1918–1920, he studied at the Faculty of Law of [Sofia University](/wiki/Sofia_University "Sofia University") and briefly returned to his native Dolni Dabnik as a teacher. In 1921, he enrolled in painting at the [National Academy of Arts](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Arts "National Academy of Arts"), in the class of prof. [Nikola Marinov](/wiki/Nikola_Marinov "Nikola Marinov"). He graduated in 1926\. As a student, Beshkov published [caricatures](/wiki/Caricature "Caricature") in the Maskarad, Div Dyado, Balgaran, Starshel and Vik magazines and illustrated the issues of the T. F. Chipev and Hemus printing houses. From 1925 on, he co\-operated with the Pladne magazine among others. He was twice arrested due to his leftist political views: once after participating in the [June Uprising](/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1923 "Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923") following the [Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923](/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1923 "Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923") and then during the 1925 [April Events](/wiki/April_Events "April Events") in the wake of the [St Nedelya Church assault](/wiki/St_Nedelya_Church_assault "St Nedelya Church assault"). In 1930, Beshkov became a member of the Narodno Izkustvo movement. He was from the founders of the famous newspaper [Sturshel](/wiki/Sturshel "Sturshel") (Hornet) in 1940, and published in it without signature or pseudonym. One of his best known comic characters was 'Spekulanta Maks'. In 1945, he became a lecturer of drawing, illustration and print design at the National Academy of Fine Art; he was elected a tenured [professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") in 1953 and led the Department of Graphics until his death in 1958 in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"). Beshkov's political caricatures were noted for their [sarcasm](/wiki/Sarcasm "Sarcasm") and deep connotations. His works were humanist, democratic, revolutionary and national in nature. The [art gallery](/wiki/Art_gallery "Art gallery") in Pleven is named in his honour and most of his works are exhibited there.	[ "Life\n----", "Beshkov was born in 1901 in [Dolni Dabnik](/wiki/Dolni_Dabnik \"Dolni Dabnik\"), nowadays a small town near [Pleven](/wiki/Pleven \"Pleven\") in [Pleven Province](/wiki/Pleven_Province \"Pleven Province\"), central northern Bulgaria. In 1918–1920, he studied at the Faculty of Law of [Sofia University](/wiki/Sofia_University \"Sofia University\") and briefly returned to his native Dolni Dabnik as a teacher. In 1921, he enrolled in painting at the [National Academy of Arts](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Arts \"National Academy of Arts\"), in the class of prof. [Nikola Marinov](/wiki/Nikola_Marinov \"Nikola Marinov\"). He graduated in 1926\\.", "As a student, Beshkov published [caricatures](/wiki/Caricature \"Caricature\") in the Maskarad, Div Dyado, Balgaran, Starshel and Vik magazines and illustrated the issues of the T. F. Chipev and Hemus printing houses. From 1925 on, he co\\-operated with the Pladne magazine among others. He was twice arrested due to his leftist political views: once after participating in the [June Uprising](/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1923 \"Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923\") following the [Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923](/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1923 \"Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923\") and then during the 1925 [April Events](/wiki/April_Events \"April Events\") in the wake of the [St Nedelya Church assault](/wiki/St_Nedelya_Church_assault \"St Nedelya Church assault\").", "In 1930, Beshkov became a member of the Narodno Izkustvo movement. He was from the founders of the famous newspaper [Sturshel](/wiki/Sturshel \"Sturshel\") (Hornet) in 1940, and published in it without signature or pseudonym. One of his best known comic characters was 'Spekulanta Maks'.\nIn 1945, he became a lecturer of drawing, illustration and print design at the National Academy of Fine Art; he was elected a tenured [professor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\") in 1953 and led the Department of Graphics until his death in 1958 in [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\").", "Beshkov's political caricatures were noted for their [sarcasm](/wiki/Sarcasm \"Sarcasm\") and deep connotations.", "His works were humanist, democratic, revolutionary and national in nature. The [art gallery](/wiki/Art_gallery \"Art gallery\") in Pleven is named in his honour and most of his works are exhibited there.", "" ]
Plot ---- {{See also\\|The Secret of the Unicorn\#Synopsis}} In a [Post\-war](/wiki/Post-war "Post-war") [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), while browsing in an outdoor market with his pet dog [Snowy](/wiki/Snowy_%28character%29 "Snowy (character)"), young journalist [Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28character%29 "Tintin (character)") purchases a miniature model of a ship known as the [Unicorn](/wiki/Unicorn_%28Tintin%29 "Unicorn (Tintin)"), but is accosted by an [Interpol](/wiki/Interpol "Interpol") officer named [Barnaby](/wiki/Barnaby_%28comics_Tintin%29 "Barnaby (comics Tintin)") and a ship collector named [Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine](/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovitch_Sakharine "Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine"), who both unsuccessfully attempt to purchase the model from Tintin. After Tintin takes the model home to his apartment, it gets accidentally broken during a chase between Snowy and a cat. A parchment scroll then slips out and rolls under a piece of furniture. Meanwhile, bumbling police detectives [Thomson and Thompson](/wiki/Thomson_and_Thompson "Thomson and Thompson") are on the trail of a [pickpocket](/wiki/Pickpocket "Pickpocket") named [Aristides Silk](/wiki/Aristides_Silk "Aristides Silk"). After visiting Maritime Library to uncover the history surrounding the Unicorn, Tintin returns to find the Unicorn has been stolen, suspecting Sakharine. He heads to [Marlinspike Hall](/wiki/Marlinspike_Hall "Marlinspike Hall") and accuses him of the theft, but noticing Sakharine's model is not broken he realizes there are two Unicorn models. Tintin then returns home to his apartment to find it ransacked. Snowy shows him the scroll, but they are interrupted by the arrival of Barnaby, who is then assassinated while attempting to recover the Unicorn. Tintin places the scroll in his wallet, but is pickpocketed by Silk the next morning. Later, Tintin is abducted and imprisoned by accomplices of Sakharine on the SS Karaboudjan. He learns that Sakharine formed an alliance with the ship's staff and led a [mutiny](/wiki/Mutiny "Mutiny") to take control. On board, Tintin meets [Archibald Haddock](/wiki/Captain_Haddock "Captain Haddock"), the ship's captain who is permanently drunk and unaware of most of his past. Tintin, Haddock and Snowy eventually outrun the crew, escape from the Karaboudjan in a lifeboat, and attempt to use a second one to fake their deaths, but Sakharine sees through the ruse and sends a [seaplane](/wiki/Seaplane "Seaplane") to find and capture them. Feeling cold and thirsty on the lifeboat ride, Haddock foolishly uses a stowaway bottle of [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky "Scotch whisky") to light a fire in the boat, accidentally causing a massive explosion that flips the boat upside down and leaves the trio stranded on top of it. The trio seizes the plane, and uses it to fly towards the fictitious [Moroccan](/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco "French protectorate in Morocco") port of [Bagghar](/wiki/Settings_in_The_Adventures_of_Tintin "Settings in The Adventures of Tintin"). However, the seaplane crashes in a desert due to low fuel and a thunderstorm. While trekking through the desert, Haddock hallucinates and remembers his ancestor, [Sir Francis Haddock](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Haddock "Sir Francis Haddock"), the 17th\-century captain of the Unicorn whose treasure\-laden ship was attacked by the crew of a pirate ship, led by [Red Rackham](/wiki/Red_Rackham "Red Rackham"), later revealed to be Sakharine's ancestor. Sir Francis surrendered and eventually sank the Unicorn and most of the treasure, to prevent it from falling into Rackham's hands. The story implies there were three Unicorn models, each containing a scroll; together, the scrolls can reveal coordinates of the location of the sunken Unicorn and its treasure. The third model is in Bagghar, possessed by [Omar ben Salaad](/wiki/Omar_ben_Salaad "Omar ben Salaad"). Sakharine causes a distraction in a [Bianca Castafiore](/wiki/Bianca_Castafiore "Bianca Castafiore") concert that results in him stealing the third scroll. A chase through the city ensues during which he gains all the scrolls. Just as he is ready to give up, Tintin is persuaded by Haddock to continue. With help from Thomson and Thompson, Tintin and Haddock track Sakharine back to Brussels and set up a trap, but Sakharine uses his pistol to resist arrest. When his men fail to save him, Sakharine challenges Haddock to a sword fight with the cranes at the dock. Sakharine threatens to destroy the scrolls after Haddock corners him, but Tintin manages to snatch them from him. After the fight, Sakharine is pushed overboard by Haddock and then arrested by Thomson and Thompson. Tintin, Haddock and Snowy are guided by the three scrolls back to Marlinspike Hall. Haddock notes a globe with an island he knows doesn't exist and presses it, causing the globe to open and reveal some of the treasure that Sir Francis had managed to recover along with his hat and a clue to the Unicorn{{'}}s location. The film ends with both men agreeing on setting up an expedition to find the shipwreck and the rest of the treasure.	[ "Plot\n----", "{{See also\\\|The Secret of the Unicorn\\#Synopsis}}\nIn a [Post\\-war](/wiki/Post-war \"Post-war\") [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), while browsing in an outdoor market with his pet dog [Snowy](/wiki/Snowy_%28character%29 \"Snowy (character)\"), young journalist [Tintin](/wiki/Tintin_%28character%29 \"Tintin (character)\") purchases a miniature model of a ship known as the [Unicorn](/wiki/Unicorn_%28Tintin%29 \"Unicorn (Tintin)\"), but is accosted by an [Interpol](/wiki/Interpol \"Interpol\") officer named [Barnaby](/wiki/Barnaby_%28comics_Tintin%29 \"Barnaby (comics Tintin)\") and a ship collector named [Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine](/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovitch_Sakharine \"Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine\"), who both unsuccessfully attempt to purchase the model from Tintin. After Tintin takes the model home to his apartment, it gets accidentally broken during a chase between Snowy and a cat. A parchment scroll then slips out and rolls under a piece of furniture. Meanwhile, bumbling police detectives [Thomson and Thompson](/wiki/Thomson_and_Thompson \"Thomson and Thompson\") are on the trail of a [pickpocket](/wiki/Pickpocket \"Pickpocket\") named [Aristides Silk](/wiki/Aristides_Silk \"Aristides Silk\").", "After visiting Maritime Library to uncover the history surrounding the Unicorn, Tintin returns to find the Unicorn has been stolen, suspecting Sakharine. He heads to [Marlinspike Hall](/wiki/Marlinspike_Hall \"Marlinspike Hall\") and accuses him of the theft, but noticing Sakharine's model is not broken he realizes there are two Unicorn models. Tintin then returns home to his apartment to find it ransacked. Snowy shows him the scroll, but they are interrupted by the arrival of Barnaby, who is then assassinated while attempting to recover the Unicorn. Tintin places the scroll in his wallet, but is pickpocketed by Silk the next morning.", "Later, Tintin is abducted and imprisoned by accomplices of Sakharine on the SS Karaboudjan. He learns that Sakharine formed an alliance with the ship's staff and led a [mutiny](/wiki/Mutiny \"Mutiny\") to take control. On board, Tintin meets [Archibald Haddock](/wiki/Captain_Haddock \"Captain Haddock\"), the ship's captain who is permanently drunk and unaware of most of his past. Tintin, Haddock and Snowy eventually outrun the crew, escape from the Karaboudjan in a lifeboat, and attempt to use a second one to fake their deaths, but Sakharine sees through the ruse and sends a [seaplane](/wiki/Seaplane \"Seaplane\") to find and capture them. Feeling cold and thirsty on the lifeboat ride, Haddock foolishly uses a stowaway bottle of [scotch whisky](/wiki/Scotch_whisky \"Scotch whisky\") to light a fire in the boat, accidentally causing a massive explosion that flips the boat upside down and leaves the trio stranded on top of it. The trio seizes the plane, and uses it to fly towards the fictitious [Moroccan](/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco \"French protectorate in Morocco\") port of [Bagghar](/wiki/Settings_in_The_Adventures_of_Tintin \"Settings in The Adventures of Tintin\"). However, the seaplane crashes in a desert due to low fuel and a thunderstorm.", "While trekking through the desert, Haddock hallucinates and remembers his ancestor, [Sir Francis Haddock](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Haddock \"Sir Francis Haddock\"), the 17th\\-century captain of the Unicorn whose treasure\\-laden ship was attacked by the crew of a pirate ship, led by [Red Rackham](/wiki/Red_Rackham \"Red Rackham\"), later revealed to be Sakharine's ancestor. Sir Francis surrendered and eventually sank the Unicorn and most of the treasure, to prevent it from falling into Rackham's hands. The story implies there were three Unicorn models, each containing a scroll; together, the scrolls can reveal coordinates of the location of the sunken Unicorn and its treasure.", "The third model is in Bagghar, possessed by [Omar ben Salaad](/wiki/Omar_ben_Salaad \"Omar ben Salaad\"). Sakharine causes a distraction in a [Bianca Castafiore](/wiki/Bianca_Castafiore \"Bianca Castafiore\") concert that results in him stealing the third scroll. A chase through the city ensues during which he gains all the scrolls. Just as he is ready to give up, Tintin is persuaded by Haddock to continue. With help from Thomson and Thompson, Tintin and Haddock track Sakharine back to Brussels and set up a trap, but Sakharine uses his pistol to resist arrest. When his men fail to save him, Sakharine challenges Haddock to a sword fight with the cranes at the dock. Sakharine threatens to destroy the scrolls after Haddock corners him, but Tintin manages to snatch them from him. After the fight, Sakharine is pushed overboard by Haddock and then arrested by Thomson and Thompson.", "Tintin, Haddock and Snowy are guided by the three scrolls back to Marlinspike Hall. Haddock notes a globe with an island he knows doesn't exist and presses it, causing the globe to open and reveal some of the treasure that Sir Francis had managed to recover along with his hat and a clue to the Unicorn{{'}}s location. The film ends with both men agreeing on setting up an expedition to find the shipwreck and the rest of the treasure.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 2004–2005: Making the Band In 2004, Fimbres auditioned in Los Angeles for the first season of Making the Band 3 – the same audition as fellow band member [Aubrey O'Day](/wiki/Aubrey_O%27Day "Aubrey O'Day"). They met at the audition, which subsequently led to their friendship.[Making the Band](/wiki/Making_the_Band "Making the Band")/The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane, [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") (April 30, 2009\). Retrieved on April 30, 2009\. At the final audition, not only was Fimbres successful but she was the first contestant to make it into the house. Fimbres was one of the "standouts" during the competition. She excelled in dancing and her vocals set her apart from the other contestants. She experienced significant personal struggles while competing, which helped to further endear her to the audience. Their "den mother" Jason was viewed as rude to the women in the house. In one episode, Jason criticized Fimbres for not having a well\-toned abdomen. Despite this, Fimbres continued to display good vocal and dance performances. During the first\-season finale of Making the Band 3, [Sean Combs](/wiki/Sean_Combs "Sean Combs") decided against forming a group, but chose Fimbres as one of the contestants from the first season, along with O'Day, to participate in the second season. During the second season, Fimbres' dance performance declined. Her vocals remained favorable to judges and fellow contestants, but her dancing ability was in question. Fimbres later improved the quality of her dancing. On the season finale of the series, she was picked to be in the group, which soon became known as [Danity Kane](/wiki/Danity_Kane "Danity Kane"). ### 2005–2009: Danity Kane Danity Kane's first studio album, [Danity Kane](/wiki/Danity_Kane_%28album%29 "Danity Kane (album)") was released in 2006 and achieved success in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), shipping a million copies domestically,.{{cite magazine\\|title\=RIAA Certifications \\|magazine\=Billboard \\|url\=http://billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp \\|access\-date\=June 23, 2007 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618131213/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp \\|archive\-date\=June 18, 2007 \\|url\-status\=dead }} Two singles from the album were top 10 hits, "[Show Stopper](/wiki/Show_Stopper_%28Danity_Kane_song%29 "Show Stopper (Danity Kane song)")", and the ballad, "[Ride for You](/wiki/Ride_for_You "Ride for You")". Their second studio album, [Welcome to the Dollhouse](/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Dollhouse_%28album%29 "Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)"), was released on March 18, 2008, following the release of their second top 10 hit single "[Damaged](/wiki/Damaged_%28Danity_Kane_song%29 "Damaged (Danity Kane song)")".{{cite web\\|title\=Diddy, Beyonce, Ne\-Yo Make 'Spotlight Live' New York's Hot Tuesday\-Night Ticket \\|work\=MTV News \\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580620/spotlight\-live\-new\-yorks\-hot\-tuesday\-night\-ticket.jhtml \\|access\-date\=July 31, 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207093623/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580620/20080130/knowles\_beyonce.jhtml \\|archive\-date\=February 7, 2008 \\|url\-status\=dead }} The band became the first female group in [Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)") history to have their first two albums open at the top of the charts. The season finale of Making the Band October 14, 2008, confirmed the departure of O'Day and [D. Woods](/wiki/D._Woods "D. Woods").{{cite news\\|title\=Aubrey O'Day And D. Woods Kicked Out Of Danity Kane, Diddy Announces. Dismissal announced during the live season\-three finale of 'Making the Band 4\.'\\|first\=Jocelyn\\|last\=Vena\\|publisher\=\[\[MTV]]\\|date\=October 15, 2008\\|access\-date\=October 15, 2008\\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597082/20081015/kane\_\_danity.jhtml\\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081017121749/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597082/20081015/kane\_\_danity.jhtml\\| archive\-date\= October 17, 2008 \\| url\-status\= dead}} With bandmate [Shannon Bex](/wiki/Shannon_Bex "Shannon Bex") deciding not to continue within the group and declining to return to film the show's 2009 season, Fimbres and [Dawn Richard](/wiki/Dawn_Richard_%28singer%29 "Dawn Richard (singer)") were the only two returning members for the group and the series.{{cite news\\|first\=Jocelyn \\|last\=Vena \\|title\=Danity Kane Have Split Up, Dawn Richard Says. 'It's devastating for me,' Richard says of the 'Making the Band' group's dissolution \\|publisher\=\[\[MTV]] \\|date\=January 28, 2009 \\|access\-date\=January 29, 2009 \\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603737/20090128/kane\_\_danity.jhtml \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201065816/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603737/20090128/kane\_\_danity.jhtml \\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead }} The group's break up was confirmed in January 2009\. However, they were shown on air as being completely over in April 2009, where Fimbres was "officially" released from her [Bad Boy Records](/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records "Bad Boy Records") contract by Combs in the April 16, 2009, episode of the series.[Making the Band](/wiki/Making_the_Band "Making the Band"), [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") (April 16, 2009\). Retrieved on April 16, 2009\. Fimbres had initially formed a strong connection with O'Day while competing to be in the band. The two made it through two seasons together, and gained a large and loyal fanbase before Combs chose them to be in the group. Viewers named the two "the AUs" and "Aubrea" ([portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of their first names put together), and O'Day declared Fimbres her best friend in the season 2 finale of the series. Fimbres' friendship with O'Day, however, later became distant, which has been suggested as one of the reasons for Danity Kane's demise.[Making the Band](/wiki/Making_the_Band "Making the Band"), [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") (October 7, 2008\). Retrieved on 2008\-10\-07\. ### 2010–2012: Solo activities and Soto band In June 2010, an original Fimbres song was leaked on the Internet titled "Brush You Off". Later, this song was revealed to be a demo that Fimbres had made in 2006\. In August 2010, with former Danity Kane bandmate, Aubrey O'Day, she revealed via [Ustream](/wiki/Ustream "Ustream") that both had recorded a track titled "Ego Trip" to be included on Aubrey O'Day's solo album, but was later taken off the album before it was released. They also answered some fan questions about the band's split. In 2010, Fimbres began performing and touring with Soto, a Latin/funk/R\&B band from [Norwalk, California](/wiki/Norwalk%2C_California "Norwalk, California").{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/pages/SOTO\-Band/122741451076810\\|title\=Security Check Required\\|website\=\[\[Facebook]]}} In 2012, Fimbres was named executive producer of J\-Live Entertainment's Next Big Thing Talent Show.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.jliveent.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=102:platinum\-selling\-singer\-aundrea\-fimbres\-named\-executive\-producer\-of\-next\-big\-thing\-talent\-show\&catid\=3:newsflash\\|title\=Platinum selling singer Aundrea Fimbres named Executive Producer of J\-Live Talent Show\\|author\=Joey Perez\\|access\-date\=April 9, 2012\\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211135/http://www.jliveent.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=102:platinum\-selling\-singer\-aundrea\-fimbres\-named\-executive\-producer\-of\-next\-big\-thing\-talent\-show\&catid\=3:newsflash\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### 2013–2014: Danity Kane Reunion and retirement In mid\-2013, there were rumors that Danity Kane would be reuniting. On August 25, 2013, [Danity Kane](/wiki/Danity_Kane "Danity Kane") appeared at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards (without D. Woods, who did not return to the group), announcing they were back together. On May 15, 2014, the band's first official reunion single "Lemonade" was released on the internet via [Official Danity Kane Soundcloud](https://soundcloud.com/official-danity-kane). The single was produced by [The Stereotypes](/wiki/The_Stereotypes "The Stereotypes"), and features rapper [Tyga](/wiki/Tyga "Tyga") over a production sampled from [Grindin](/wiki/Grindin%27 "Grindin'")', the 2002 hit song by [Clipse](/wiki/Clipse "Clipse") On May 16, 2014, on the first night of their [\#NOFilterTour](http://www.livenation.com/artists/113994/danity-kane) at [The Fillmore](/wiki/The_Fillmore "The Fillmore") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") after performing several songs with Danity Kane, Fimbres announced that she would be leaving the group at the end of their tour in order to focus on her new family and [Aubrey O'Day](/wiki/Aubrey_O%27Day "Aubrey O'Day"), [Shannon Bex](/wiki/Shannon_Bex "Shannon Bex"), and [Dawn Richard](/wiki/Dawn_Richard_%28singer%29 "Dawn Richard (singer)") would be continuing on as a trio. ### Guest appearances Fimbres' sings in a song called "Dip With You" on [Baby Bash](/wiki/Baby_Bash "Baby Bash")'s album, [Cyclone](/wiki/Cyclone_%28Baby_Bash_album%29 "Cyclone (Baby Bash album)").[Britney Spears Single Is Released; Plus Eve, 50 Cent, Owen Wilson, Snoop Dogg, Kanye West \& More, In For The Record](https://web.archive.org/web/20070902123847/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568618/20070830/spears_britney.jhtml). [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV"): August 30, 2007\. She also appeared as Dorothy in Oz: The Musical, alongside Nathaniel Flatt of V\-Factory, from December 4–13, 2009\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.ozthemusical.com/\\|title\=看護師のお仕事！私の友達は看護師\\|access\-date\=November 19, 2009\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200721/http://www.ozthemusical.com/\\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013\\|url\-status\=dead}} On December 30, 2010, a snippet of the O'Day and Fimbres' collaboration, "Ego Trip", was leaked on the Internet, but the track was never finished.{{cite AV media\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=pROrUzKTVxo\&feature\=player\_embedded\\|title\=Aubrey O' Day feat. Aundrea Fimbres – Ego Trip \+HQ\\|date\=December 30, 2010\\|via\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links\\|date\=February 2022}} On March 11, 2011, Fimbres made an appearance on O'Day's reality show, [All About Aubrey](/wiki/All_About_Aubrey "All About Aubrey"), where they recorded a song titled "Ego Trip" for O'Day's solo album to be released in 2011, although their single was never released. In the episode, according to O'Day, Fimbres drops out of a show she would do with O'Day, telling O'Day that she did not want to be in the business anymore. In 2015, Fimbres appeared on her former band member [Dawn Richard](/wiki/Dawn_Richard_%28singer%29 "Dawn Richard (singer)")'s third studio album [Blackheart](/wiki/Blackheart_%28album%29 "Blackheart (album)") on a song entitled "Phoenix". The record was previously written and recorded for their then\-upcoming album DK3 but soon after completion Danity Kane reportedly passed on the song. Richard has stated that she was about to sell the record to another artist when Aundrea convinced Richard to not only keep the record for her album Blackheart but also keep Fimbres' verse on the song because they had both always loved the song from the beginning.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.idolator.com/7576909/dawn\-richard\-reunites\-with\-aundrea\-fimbres\-phoenix\-blackheart\-danity\-kane\\|title\=Dawn Richard Reunites With Ex\-Danity Kane Diva Aundrea Fimbres On Excellent Synth\-Ballad "Phoenix": Listen\\|work\=Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on Idolator.com\\|date\=January 14, 2015 }}	[ "Career\n------", "### 2004–2005: Making the Band", "In 2004, Fimbres auditioned in Los Angeles for the first season of Making the Band 3 – the same audition as fellow band member [Aubrey O'Day](/wiki/Aubrey_O%27Day \"Aubrey O'Day\"). They met at the audition, which subsequently led to their friendship.[Making the Band](/wiki/Making_the_Band \"Making the Band\")/The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane, [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") (April 30, 2009\\). Retrieved on April 30, 2009\\. At the final audition, not only was Fimbres successful but she was the first contestant to make it into the house.", "Fimbres was one of the \"standouts\" during the competition. She excelled in dancing and her vocals set her apart from the other contestants. She experienced significant personal struggles while competing, which helped to further endear her to the audience. Their \"den mother\" Jason was viewed as rude to the women in the house. In one episode, Jason criticized Fimbres for not having a well\\-toned abdomen. Despite this, Fimbres continued to display good vocal and dance performances.", "During the first\\-season finale of Making the Band 3, [Sean Combs](/wiki/Sean_Combs \"Sean Combs\") decided against forming a group, but chose Fimbres as one of the contestants from the first season, along with O'Day, to participate in the second season. During the second season, Fimbres' dance performance declined. Her vocals remained favorable to judges and fellow contestants, but her dancing ability was in question. Fimbres later improved the quality of her dancing. On the season finale of the series, she was picked to be in the group, which soon became known as [Danity Kane](/wiki/Danity_Kane \"Danity Kane\").", "### 2005–2009: Danity Kane", "Danity Kane's first studio album, [Danity Kane](/wiki/Danity_Kane_%28album%29 \"Danity Kane (album)\") was released in 2006 and achieved success in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), shipping a million copies domestically,.{{cite magazine\\\|title\\=RIAA Certifications \\\|magazine\\=Billboard \\\|url\\=http://billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp \\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2007 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618131213/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp \\\|archive\\-date\\=June 18, 2007 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Two singles from the album were top 10 hits, \"[Show Stopper](/wiki/Show_Stopper_%28Danity_Kane_song%29 \"Show Stopper (Danity Kane song)\")\", and the ballad, \"[Ride for You](/wiki/Ride_for_You \"Ride for You\")\". Their second studio album, [Welcome to the Dollhouse](/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Dollhouse_%28album%29 \"Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)\"), was released on March 18, 2008, following the release of their second top 10 hit single \"[Damaged](/wiki/Damaged_%28Danity_Kane_song%29 \"Damaged (Danity Kane song)\")\".{{cite web\\\|title\\=Diddy, Beyonce, Ne\\-Yo Make 'Spotlight Live' New York's Hot Tuesday\\-Night Ticket \\\|work\\=MTV News \\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580620/spotlight\\-live\\-new\\-yorks\\-hot\\-tuesday\\-night\\-ticket.jhtml \\\|access\\-date\\=July 31, 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207093623/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580620/20080130/knowles\\_beyonce.jhtml \\\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2008 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The band became the first female group in [Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") history to have their first two albums open at the top of the charts.", "The season finale of Making the Band October 14, 2008, confirmed the departure of O'Day and [D. Woods](/wiki/D._Woods \"D. Woods\").{{cite news\\\|title\\=Aubrey O'Day And D. Woods Kicked Out Of Danity Kane, Diddy Announces. Dismissal announced during the live season\\-three finale of 'Making the Band 4\\.'\\\|first\\=Jocelyn\\\|last\\=Vena\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MTV]]\\\|date\\=October 15, 2008\\\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2008\\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597082/20081015/kane\\_\\_danity.jhtml\\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081017121749/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597082/20081015/kane\\_\\_danity.jhtml\\\| archive\\-date\\= October 17, 2008 \\\| url\\-status\\= dead}} With bandmate [Shannon Bex](/wiki/Shannon_Bex \"Shannon Bex\") deciding not to continue within the group and declining to return to film the show's 2009 season, Fimbres and [Dawn Richard](/wiki/Dawn_Richard_%28singer%29 \"Dawn Richard (singer)\") were the only two returning members for the group and the series.{{cite news\\\|first\\=Jocelyn \\\|last\\=Vena \\\|title\\=Danity Kane Have Split Up, Dawn Richard Says. 'It's devastating for me,' Richard says of the 'Making the Band' group's dissolution \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[MTV]] \\\|date\\=January 28, 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2009 \\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603737/20090128/kane\\_\\_danity.jhtml \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201065816/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603737/20090128/kane\\_\\_danity.jhtml \\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The group's break up was confirmed in January 2009\\. However, they were shown on air as being completely over in April 2009, where Fimbres was \"officially\" released from her [Bad Boy Records](/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records \"Bad Boy Records\") contract by Combs in the April 16, 2009, episode of the series.[Making the Band](/wiki/Making_the_Band \"Making the Band\"), [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") (April 16, 2009\\). Retrieved on April 16, 2009\\.", "Fimbres had initially formed a strong connection with O'Day while competing to be in the band. The two made it through two seasons together, and gained a large and loyal fanbase before Combs chose them to be in the group. Viewers named the two \"the AUs\" and \"Aubrea\" ([portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of their first names put together), and O'Day declared Fimbres her best friend in the season 2 finale of the series. Fimbres' friendship with O'Day, however, later became distant, which has been suggested as one of the reasons for Danity Kane's demise.[Making the Band](/wiki/Making_the_Band \"Making the Band\"), [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") (October 7, 2008\\). Retrieved on 2008\\-10\\-07\\.", "### 2010–2012: Solo activities and Soto band", "In June 2010, an original Fimbres song was leaked on the Internet titled \"Brush You Off\". Later, this song was revealed to be a demo that Fimbres had made in 2006\\. In August 2010, with former Danity Kane bandmate, Aubrey O'Day, she revealed via [Ustream](/wiki/Ustream \"Ustream\") that both had recorded a track titled \"Ego Trip\" to be included on Aubrey O'Day's solo album, but was later taken off the album before it was released. They also answered some fan questions about the band's split.", "In 2010, Fimbres began performing and touring with Soto, a Latin/funk/R\\&B band from [Norwalk, California](/wiki/Norwalk%2C_California \"Norwalk, California\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/pages/SOTO\\-Band/122741451076810\\\|title\\=Security Check Required\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]}}", "In 2012, Fimbres was named executive producer of J\\-Live Entertainment's Next Big Thing Talent Show.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.jliveent.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=102:platinum\\-selling\\-singer\\-aundrea\\-fimbres\\-named\\-executive\\-producer\\-of\\-next\\-big\\-thing\\-talent\\-show\\&catid\\=3:newsflash\\\|title\\=Platinum selling singer Aundrea Fimbres named Executive Producer of J\\-Live Talent Show\\\|author\\=Joey Perez\\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211135/http://www.jliveent.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=102:platinum\\-selling\\-singer\\-aundrea\\-fimbres\\-named\\-executive\\-producer\\-of\\-next\\-big\\-thing\\-talent\\-show\\&catid\\=3:newsflash\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### 2013–2014: Danity Kane Reunion and retirement", "In mid\\-2013, there were rumors that Danity Kane would be reuniting. On August 25, 2013, [Danity Kane](/wiki/Danity_Kane \"Danity Kane\") appeared at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards (without D. Woods, who did not return to the group), announcing they were back together.", "On May 15, 2014, the band's first official reunion single \"Lemonade\" was released on the internet via [Official Danity Kane Soundcloud](https://soundcloud.com/official-danity-kane). The single was produced by [The Stereotypes](/wiki/The_Stereotypes \"The Stereotypes\"), and features rapper [Tyga](/wiki/Tyga \"Tyga\") over a production sampled from [Grindin](/wiki/Grindin%27 \"Grindin'\")', the 2002 hit song by [Clipse](/wiki/Clipse \"Clipse\")", "On May 16, 2014, on the first night of their [\\#NOFilterTour](http://www.livenation.com/artists/113994/danity-kane) at [The Fillmore](/wiki/The_Fillmore \"The Fillmore\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") after performing several songs with Danity Kane, Fimbres announced that she would be leaving the group at the end of their tour in order to focus on her new family and [Aubrey O'Day](/wiki/Aubrey_O%27Day \"Aubrey O'Day\"), [Shannon Bex](/wiki/Shannon_Bex \"Shannon Bex\"), and [Dawn Richard](/wiki/Dawn_Richard_%28singer%29 \"Dawn Richard (singer)\") would be continuing on as a trio.", "### Guest appearances", "Fimbres' sings in a song called \"Dip With You\" on [Baby Bash](/wiki/Baby_Bash \"Baby Bash\")'s album, [Cyclone](/wiki/Cyclone_%28Baby_Bash_album%29 \"Cyclone (Baby Bash album)\").[Britney Spears Single Is Released; Plus Eve, 50 Cent, Owen Wilson, Snoop Dogg, Kanye West \\& More, In For The Record](https://web.archive.org/web/20070902123847/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568618/20070830/spears_britney.jhtml). [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\"): August 30, 2007\\. She also appeared as Dorothy in Oz: The Musical, alongside Nathaniel Flatt of V\\-Factory, from December 4–13, 2009\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ozthemusical.com/\\\|title\\=看護師のお仕事！私の友達は看護師\\\|access\\-date\\=November 19, 2009\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200721/http://www.ozthemusical.com/\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On December 30, 2010, a snippet of the O'Day and Fimbres' collaboration, \"Ego Trip\", was leaked on the Internet, but the track was never finished.{{cite AV media\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=pROrUzKTVxo\\&feature\\=player\\_embedded\\\|title\\=Aubrey O' Day feat. Aundrea Fimbres – Ego Trip \\+HQ\\\|date\\=December 30, 2010\\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links\\\|date\\=February 2022}}", "On March 11, 2011, Fimbres made an appearance on O'Day's reality show, [All About Aubrey](/wiki/All_About_Aubrey \"All About Aubrey\"), where they recorded a song titled \"Ego Trip\" for O'Day's solo album to be released in 2011, although their single was never released. In the episode, according to O'Day, Fimbres drops out of a show she would do with O'Day, telling O'Day that she did not want to be in the business anymore.", "In 2015, Fimbres appeared on her former band member [Dawn Richard](/wiki/Dawn_Richard_%28singer%29 \"Dawn Richard (singer)\")'s third studio album [Blackheart](/wiki/Blackheart_%28album%29 \"Blackheart (album)\") on a song entitled \"Phoenix\". The record was previously written and recorded for their then\\-upcoming album DK3 but soon after completion Danity Kane reportedly passed on the song. Richard has stated that she was about to sell the record to another artist when Aundrea convinced Richard to not only keep the record for her album Blackheart but also keep Fimbres' verse on the song because they had both always loved the song from the beginning.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.idolator.com/7576909/dawn\\-richard\\-reunites\\-with\\-aundrea\\-fimbres\\-phoenix\\-blackheart\\-danity\\-kane\\\|title\\=Dawn Richard Reunites With Ex\\-Danity Kane Diva Aundrea Fimbres On Excellent Synth\\-Ballad \"Phoenix\": Listen\\\|work\\=Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on Idolator.com\\\|date\\=January 14, 2015 }}", "" ]
Athletics --------- The Brick Township High School Green Dragons[Brick Township High School](https://www.njsiaa.org/schools/brick-township-high-school), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed October 20, 2020\. compete in Division A South of the [Shore Conference](/wiki/Shore_Conference "Shore Conference"), an athletic conference comprised of public and private high schools in [Monmouth](/wiki/Monmouth_County%2C_New_Jersey "Monmouth County, New Jersey") and Ocean counties along the [Jersey Shore](/wiki/Jersey_Shore "Jersey Shore").[Shore Conference Realignment for 2018\-2019 and 2019\-2020](http://media.digitalsports.com/79529/files/2017/03/Shore-Conference-Realignment-2018-2020.pdf), [Shore Conference](/wiki/Shore_Conference "Shore Conference"). Accessed November 15, 2020\.[Member Schools](http://www.shoreconferencenj.org/g5-bin/client.cgi?G5genie=249), [Shore Conference](/wiki/Shore_Conference "Shore Conference"). Accessed November 15, 2020\. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association") (NJSIAA).[League \& Conference Officers/Affiliated Schools 2020\-2021](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-10/2020-2021-lc-officers-schools.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed October 20, 2020\. With 951 students in grades 10\-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range.[NJSIAA General Public School Classifications 2019–2020](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/general-classifications-2018-2020.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed November 20, 2020\. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III South for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 695 to 882 students.[NJSIAA Football Public School Classifications 2024–2026](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2024-08/football-2024-2026.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"), updated September 2024\. Accessed September 1, 2024\. BTHS's mascot is a green dragon. Interscholastic sports programs offered at Brick Township include baseball, basketball, bowling, cheering, cross country, field hockey, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor track, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, table tennis, tennis, track, volleyball and wrestling. Brick Township won the boys Group II cross country state championships in 1959 and won the Group III titles in 1964\-1967\. The school's Russ Taintor was the individual champion in Group III in 1965, 1966 and 1967, making him the second of eight boys cross country runners in New Jersey to win three individual state championships. He also won three consecutive one mile outdoor state championships and added two indoor two mile championships for a total of eight individual state titles.[NJSIAA Boys Cross Country State Group Champions](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/21-xc-group-team-champions_0.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed May 1, 2023\. The school's football team won the South Jersey Group IV state sectional championships in 1974, 1981–1983 and 1989, won the South Jersey Group III title in 1994 and won the Central Jersey Group IV title in 2013\.[NJSIAA Football History](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/21-football.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed January 1, 2022\. BTHS is noted for its strong football program formerly headed by head coach [Warren Wolf](/wiki/Warren_Wolf_%28American_football%29 "Warren Wolf (American football)"), who led the team for 51 years as the Green Dragon's first head coach and is the school's all\-time winningest football coach, with a record of 361\-122\-11\. Wolf retired after the 2008 football season as the state of New Jersey's all\-time winningest football coach.Finley, Bill. ["The Fountain of Youth? Keep Coaching High School Football"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/15peoplenj.html), [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), July 15, 2007\. Accessed December 2, 2015\. "His career at Brick Township has been long and successful. Mr. Wolf, who is the only football coach the school has ever had and who has the most victories in New Jersey high school football history, has led the Dragons to 13 state sectional titles and 350 wins with only 113 losses and 11 ties."Sullivan, William J. ["Legendary Brick coach Warren Wolf retires after 51 seasons"](http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2008/12/legendary_brick_coach_warren_w.html), [The Star\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger "The Star-Ledger"), December 1, 2008\. Accessed December 2, 2015\. "Warren Wolf, New Jersey's winningest coach with a record of 361\-122\-11 in 51 seasons, officially retired Monday during a ceremony at Brick High as the only coach the school, which opened in 1958, has ever known." In the first game played in the first year of playoffs, the 1974 team finished the season with a 10\-0 record after winning the South Jersey Group IV state sectional title with a 21\-20 victory against [Camden High School](/wiki/Camden_High_School_%28New_Jersey%29 "Camden High School (New Jersey)") in the championship game played indoors in [Atlantic City's](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey "Atlantic City, New Jersey") [Conventional Hall](/wiki/Boardwalk_Hall "Boardwalk Hall").["Brick Township Football Victor"](https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/07/archives/brick-township-football-victor.html), [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"), December 7, 1974\. Accessed March 4, 2021\. "Tony Aulisi's third placement kick provided unbeaten Brick Township High School with its 10th victory and the South Jersey Group 4 championship, a 21\-20 triumph over Camden tonight before 5,200 at Convention Hall."Brinster, Dick. ["Brick Dream Comes True By Slimmest of Margins"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/145823814/), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press "Asbury Park Press"), December 7, 1974\. Accessed March 4, 2021, via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com"). "The Dragons thus finished the night 10\-0, South Jersey Group IV champions and winners of the first NJSIAA high school playoff game ever played." The 1981 team finished the season with an 11\-0 record after winning the South Jersey Group IV sectional title with a 17\-0 victory against [Toms River High School East](/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_East "Toms River High School East") in front of 4,500 spectators at the championship game at [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium "Giants Stadium").Graham, Tony. ["Brick smothers East wins Group IV title"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147727006/), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press "Asbury Park Press"), December 6, 1981\. Accessed January 3, 2021, via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com"). "In its hour of need the Brick Township High School football team turned to its defense. The Green Dragons smothered a Toms River East first\-and\-goal threat at the three\-yard line in the third quarter and Pete Panuska and Tim Jones each rushed for 117 yards to power Brick to a 17\-0 victory in yesterday's NJSIAA South Jersey Group IV championship game at Giants Stadium. The victory gave Brick (11\-0\) its second SJ IV championship." With a 5\-0 win in the championship against [Willingboro High School](/wiki/Willingboro_High_School "Willingboro High School"), the 1983 team won its third South Jersey Group IV title in a three\-year period in which the team had a record of 31\-2\.Burrows, Walt. ["Brick tops Willingboro on Iannarone field goal"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/182738250/), [Courier\-Post](/wiki/Courier-Post "Courier-Post"), December 4, 1983\. Accessed February 22, 2021, via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com"). "Tom Iannarone kicked a 30\-yard field goal in the first period to help Brick Township High School defeat Willingboro, 5\-0, and collect its third straight South Jersey Group 4 football championship here yesterday.... It was Brick Township's 31st victory in 33 games during its three\-year reign as the Group 4 champion." The girls cross country team won the Group IV state title in 1976, 1977, 1987 and 1989, and won the Group III championships from 1994 to 1996\. The program's seven state group titles are the eighth\-most in the state.[NJSIAA Girls Cross Country State Group Champions](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/21-xc-group-team-champions.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed January 1, 2022\. The team was the Meet of Champion winners in 1977 and 1988\.[NJSIAA Girls Cross\-Country Meet of Champions Winners (1972\-2019\)](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/document/19%20XC%20MOC%20History_0.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed October 20, 2020\. The ice hockey team was the overall state champion in 1976, 1977, 1979, 1986 and 1990, was public school champion 1996\-1999 and 2002, and overall champion in 1997\. The program's 11 state titles (in 14 appearances) is the second\-most of any school statewide[NJSIAA Ice Hockey State Championship History](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/20-ice-hockey-history.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed November 20, 2020\. The school's ice hockey program produced NHL player [Jim Dowd](/wiki/Jim_Dowd_%28ice_hockey%29 "Jim Dowd (ice hockey)"). Head Coach Bob Auriemma Sr. is New Jersey's all\-time highest\-winning high school ice hockey coach earning his 600th career win (on January 21, 2008\), making him at the time the third highest winning high school coach in the nation.Herrmann, Michael. ["Milestone win for Brick's hockey coach"](https://archive.today/20130131231425/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/app/access/1715902261.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22,+2008&author=MICHAEL+HERRMANN&pub=Asbury+Park+Press&desc=Milestone+win+for+Brick's+hockey+coach&pqatl=google), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press "Asbury Park Press"), January 22, 2008\. Accessed December 14, 2011\. "The Brick High School ice hockey team skated past Jackson Memorial, 9\-0, in a Shore Conference nondivisional game, giving legendary head coach Bob Auriemma career win No. 600\. " The girls gymnastics team was the team state champion in 1979\.[History of NJSIAA Girls Gymnastics](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-12/19-gymnastics-history.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed December 1, 2020\. The boys' bowling team won the overall state championship in 1990\.[History of NJSIAA Boys Bowling Championships](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2022-07/22%20Bowling.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed August 1, 2022\. The girls' bowling team has won the Group II state championship ten consecutive years, from 2008 through 2016\. The team won the overall state championship in 2003\-2005 and has won the [Tournament of Champions](/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_%28NJSIAA%29 "Tournament of Champions (NJSIAA)") in 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016\. The team's 12 group championships and four titles in the Tournament of Champions are the most of any school in the state.[History of NJSIAA Girls Bowling Championships](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/20-bowling_0_0.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed November 20, 2020\.Parker, Chris. ["Brick girls beat Manchester in final"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/144355134/), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press "Asbury Park Press"), February 15, 2011\. Accessed November 20, 2017\. "The Brick Township girls bowling team emerged victorious in an all\-Shore Conference final of the NJSIAA Tournament of Champions on Monday. The Dragons won their enth TOC title, defeating Man\-Chester 3\-2 in the best\-of\-5 Baker\-style final."Moroney, Murphy. ["Brick Township girls bowling beats Jackson Memorial to win Tournament of Champions"](http://highschoolsports.nj.com/news/article/-8150313907848962770/brick-township-girls-bowling-beats-jackson-memorial-to-win-tournament-of-champions/), NJ Advance Media, February 13, 2015\. "Cara Lukosius' decision to coach the Brick Township girls bowling team one more season certainly paid off.Her team won the Group 3 title on Friday to earn the second seed for the Tournament of Champions, then proceeded to defeat top\-seeded Jackson Memorial to win the overall title at the NJSIAA Team Championships at Carolier Lanes."Costa, Chris. ["Girls Bowling: Brick Township captures Tournament of Champions title"](http://highschoolsports.nj.com/news/article/-5470416593975686254/girls-bowling/), NJ Advance Media, February 13, 2016\. Accessed November 20, 2017\. "After winning the Group 3 sectional title earlier in the morning, Brick Township was not satisfied with its team score of 3,065 and was hungrier to bring more gold home on the bus ride from Carolier Lanes in New Brunswick. Brick was awarded the No. 2 seed in the Tournament of Champions stepladder tournament, behind rival No. 1 seed Brick Memorial, and made a statement in the first round, knocking off No. 3 seed Manchester Township 671\-497 to set up a finals meeting with the TOC on the line with the Mustangs, who swept the No. 4 seed Manasquan 627\-386\. It was Brick Township that ultimately got the best of Brick Memorial, as the Green Dragons knocked off the Mustangs 234\-232, 148\-269, 214\-195\-195\-162 to win the best\-of\-five series and take home their second straight TOC title." The wrestling team won the Central Jersey Group III state sectional title in 2009, 2013 and 2014[NJSIAA Wrestling Team Championship History](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-04/2021-wrestling-history.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association "New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association"). Accessed May 1, 2021\. BTHS also is notable for its performing arts program, which includes Marching Band, Concert Band, Jazz Band, Chorus and Advanced Chorus. Their marching band has had great success competing in the [USSBA](/wiki/USSBA "USSBA") circuit where they won the regional championship in 1998 and 2000 under their band director David Lyncheski. The Winter Guard program has been successful under the direction of Director Jessica VanFossen and Assistant Director Christian Negri, winning the 2018 USBands Scholastic Novice Championship and the 2019 USBands Scholastic Regional A Championship.	[ "Athletics\n---------", "The Brick Township High School Green Dragons[Brick Township High School](https://www.njsiaa.org/schools/brick-township-high-school), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed October 20, 2020\\. compete in Division A South of the [Shore Conference](/wiki/Shore_Conference \"Shore Conference\"), an athletic conference comprised of public and private high schools in [Monmouth](/wiki/Monmouth_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Monmouth County, New Jersey\") and Ocean counties along the [Jersey Shore](/wiki/Jersey_Shore \"Jersey Shore\").[Shore Conference Realignment for 2018\\-2019 and 2019\\-2020](http://media.digitalsports.com/79529/files/2017/03/Shore-Conference-Realignment-2018-2020.pdf), [Shore Conference](/wiki/Shore_Conference \"Shore Conference\"). Accessed November 15, 2020\\.[Member Schools](http://www.shoreconferencenj.org/g5-bin/client.cgi?G5genie=249), [Shore Conference](/wiki/Shore_Conference \"Shore Conference\"). Accessed November 15, 2020\\. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\") (NJSIAA).[League \\& Conference Officers/Affiliated Schools 2020\\-2021](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-10/2020-2021-lc-officers-schools.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed October 20, 2020\\. With 951 students in grades 10\\-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range.[NJSIAA General Public School Classifications 2019–2020](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/general-classifications-2018-2020.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed November 20, 2020\\. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III South for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 695 to 882 students.[NJSIAA Football Public School Classifications 2024–2026](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2024-08/football-2024-2026.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"), updated September 2024\\. Accessed September 1, 2024\\. BTHS's mascot is a green dragon.", "Interscholastic sports programs offered at Brick Township include baseball, basketball, bowling, cheering, cross country, field hockey, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor track, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, table tennis, tennis, track, volleyball and wrestling.", "Brick Township won the boys Group II cross country state championships in 1959 and won the Group III titles in 1964\\-1967\\. The school's Russ Taintor was the individual champion in Group III in 1965, 1966 and 1967, making him the second of eight boys cross country runners in New Jersey to win three individual state championships. He also won three consecutive one mile outdoor state championships and added two indoor two mile championships for a total of eight individual state titles.[NJSIAA Boys Cross Country State Group Champions](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/21-xc-group-team-champions_0.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed May 1, 2023\\.", "The school's football team won the South Jersey Group IV state sectional championships in 1974, 1981–1983 and 1989, won the South Jersey Group III title in 1994 and won the Central Jersey Group IV title in 2013\\.[NJSIAA Football History](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/21-football.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed January 1, 2022\\. BTHS is noted for its strong football program formerly headed by head coach [Warren Wolf](/wiki/Warren_Wolf_%28American_football%29 \"Warren Wolf (American football)\"), who led the team for 51 years as the Green Dragon's first head coach and is the school's all\\-time winningest football coach, with a record of 361\\-122\\-11\\. Wolf retired after the 2008 football season as the state of New Jersey's all\\-time winningest football coach.Finley, Bill. [\"The Fountain of Youth? Keep Coaching High School Football\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/15peoplenj.html), [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), July 15, 2007\\. Accessed December 2, 2015\\. \"His career at Brick Township has been long and successful. Mr. Wolf, who is the only football coach the school has ever had and who has the most victories in New Jersey high school football history, has led the Dragons to 13 state sectional titles and 350 wins with only 113 losses and 11 ties.\"Sullivan, William J. [\"Legendary Brick coach Warren Wolf retires after 51 seasons\"](http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2008/12/legendary_brick_coach_warren_w.html), [The Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger \"The Star-Ledger\"), December 1, 2008\\. Accessed December 2, 2015\\. \"Warren Wolf, New Jersey's winningest coach with a record of 361\\-122\\-11 in 51 seasons, officially retired Monday during a ceremony at Brick High as the only coach the school, which opened in 1958, has ever known.\" In the first game played in the first year of playoffs, the 1974 team finished the season with a 10\\-0 record after winning the South Jersey Group IV state sectional title with a 21\\-20 victory against [Camden High School](/wiki/Camden_High_School_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Camden High School (New Jersey)\") in the championship game played indoors in [Atlantic City's](/wiki/Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey \"Atlantic City, New Jersey\") [Conventional Hall](/wiki/Boardwalk_Hall \"Boardwalk Hall\").[\"Brick Township Football Victor\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/07/archives/brick-township-football-victor.html), [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"), December 7, 1974\\. Accessed March 4, 2021\\. \"Tony Aulisi's third placement kick provided unbeaten Brick Township High School with its 10th victory and the South Jersey Group 4 championship, a 21\\-20 triumph over Camden tonight before 5,200 at Convention Hall.\"Brinster, Dick. [\"Brick Dream Comes True By Slimmest of Margins\"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/145823814/), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press \"Asbury Park Press\"), December 7, 1974\\. Accessed March 4, 2021, via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com \"Newspapers.com\"). \"The Dragons thus finished the night 10\\-0, South Jersey Group IV champions and winners of the first NJSIAA high school playoff game ever played.\" The 1981 team finished the season with an 11\\-0 record after winning the South Jersey Group IV sectional title with a 17\\-0 victory against [Toms River High School East](/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_East \"Toms River High School East\") in front of 4,500 spectators at the championship game at [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium \"Giants Stadium\").Graham, Tony. [\"Brick smothers East wins Group IV title\"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147727006/), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press \"Asbury Park Press\"), December 6, 1981\\. Accessed January 3, 2021, via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com \"Newspapers.com\"). \"In its hour of need the Brick Township High School football team turned to its defense. The Green Dragons smothered a Toms River East first\\-and\\-goal threat at the three\\-yard line in the third quarter and Pete Panuska and Tim Jones each rushed for 117 yards to power Brick to a 17\\-0 victory in yesterday's NJSIAA South Jersey Group IV championship game at Giants Stadium. The victory gave Brick (11\\-0\\) its second SJ IV championship.\" With a 5\\-0 win in the championship against [Willingboro High School](/wiki/Willingboro_High_School \"Willingboro High School\"), the 1983 team won its third South Jersey Group IV title in a three\\-year period in which the team had a record of 31\\-2\\.Burrows, Walt. [\"Brick tops Willingboro on Iannarone field goal\"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/182738250/), [Courier\\-Post](/wiki/Courier-Post \"Courier-Post\"), December 4, 1983\\. Accessed February 22, 2021, via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com \"Newspapers.com\"). \"Tom Iannarone kicked a 30\\-yard field goal in the first period to help Brick Township High School defeat Willingboro, 5\\-0, and collect its third straight South Jersey Group 4 football championship here yesterday.... It was Brick Township's 31st victory in 33 games during its three\\-year reign as the Group 4 champion.\"", "The girls cross country team won the Group IV state title in 1976, 1977, 1987 and 1989, and won the Group III championships from 1994 to 1996\\. The program's seven state group titles are the eighth\\-most in the state.[NJSIAA Girls Cross Country State Group Champions](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-12/21-xc-group-team-champions.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed January 1, 2022\\. The team was the Meet of Champion winners in 1977 and 1988\\.[NJSIAA Girls Cross\\-Country Meet of Champions Winners (1972\\-2019\\)](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/document/19%20XC%20MOC%20History_0.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed October 20, 2020\\.", "The ice hockey team was the overall state champion in 1976, 1977, 1979, 1986 and 1990, was public school champion 1996\\-1999 and 2002, and overall champion in 1997\\. The program's 11 state titles (in 14 appearances) is the second\\-most of any school statewide[NJSIAA Ice Hockey State Championship History](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/20-ice-hockey-history.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed November 20, 2020\\. The school's ice hockey program produced NHL player [Jim Dowd](/wiki/Jim_Dowd_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Jim Dowd (ice hockey)\"). Head Coach Bob Auriemma Sr. is New Jersey's all\\-time highest\\-winning high school ice hockey coach earning his 600th career win (on January 21, 2008\\), making him at the time the third highest winning high school coach in the nation.Herrmann, Michael. [\"Milestone win for Brick's hockey coach\"](https://archive.today/20130131231425/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/app/access/1715902261.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22,+2008&author=MICHAEL+HERRMANN&pub=Asbury+Park+Press&desc=Milestone+win+for+Brick's+hockey+coach&pqatl=google), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press \"Asbury Park Press\"), January 22, 2008\\. Accessed December 14, 2011\\. \"The Brick High School ice hockey team skated past Jackson Memorial, 9\\-0, in a Shore Conference nondivisional game, giving legendary head coach Bob Auriemma career win No. 600\\. \"", "The girls gymnastics team was the team state champion in 1979\\.[History of NJSIAA Girls Gymnastics](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-12/19-gymnastics-history.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed December 1, 2020\\.", "The boys' bowling team won the overall state championship in 1990\\.[History of NJSIAA Boys Bowling Championships](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2022-07/22%20Bowling.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed August 1, 2022\\.", "The girls' bowling team has won the Group II state championship ten consecutive years, from 2008 through 2016\\. The team won the overall state championship in 2003\\-2005 and has won the [Tournament of Champions](/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_%28NJSIAA%29 \"Tournament of Champions (NJSIAA)\") in 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016\\. The team's 12 group championships and four titles in the Tournament of Champions are the most of any school in the state.[History of NJSIAA Girls Bowling Championships](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/20-bowling_0_0.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed November 20, 2020\\.Parker, Chris. [\"Brick girls beat Manchester in final\"](https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/144355134/), [Asbury Park Press](/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press \"Asbury Park Press\"), February 15, 2011\\. Accessed November 20, 2017\\. \"The Brick Township girls bowling team emerged victorious in an all\\-Shore Conference final of the NJSIAA Tournament of Champions on Monday. The Dragons won their enth TOC title, defeating Man\\-Chester 3\\-2 in the best\\-of\\-5 Baker\\-style final.\"Moroney, Murphy. [\"Brick Township girls bowling beats Jackson Memorial to win Tournament of Champions\"](http://highschoolsports.nj.com/news/article/-8150313907848962770/brick-township-girls-bowling-beats-jackson-memorial-to-win-tournament-of-champions/), NJ Advance Media, February 13, 2015\\. \"Cara Lukosius' decision to coach the Brick Township girls bowling team one more season certainly paid off.Her team won the Group 3 title on Friday to earn the second seed for the Tournament of Champions, then proceeded to defeat top\\-seeded Jackson Memorial to win the overall title at the NJSIAA Team Championships at Carolier Lanes.\"Costa, Chris. [\"Girls Bowling: Brick Township captures Tournament of Champions title\"](http://highschoolsports.nj.com/news/article/-5470416593975686254/girls-bowling/), NJ Advance Media, February 13, 2016\\. Accessed November 20, 2017\\. \"After winning the Group 3 sectional title earlier in the morning, Brick Township was not satisfied with its team score of 3,065 and was hungrier to bring more gold home on the bus ride from Carolier Lanes in New Brunswick. Brick was awarded the No. 2 seed in the Tournament of Champions stepladder tournament, behind rival No. 1 seed Brick Memorial, and made a statement in the first round, knocking off No. 3 seed Manchester Township 671\\-497 to set up a finals meeting with the TOC on the line with the Mustangs, who swept the No. 4 seed Manasquan 627\\-386\\. It was Brick Township that ultimately got the best of Brick Memorial, as the Green Dragons knocked off the Mustangs 234\\-232, 148\\-269, 214\\-195\\-195\\-162 to win the best\\-of\\-five series and take home their second straight TOC title.\"", "The wrestling team won the Central Jersey Group III state sectional title in 2009, 2013 and 2014[NJSIAA Wrestling Team Championship History](https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-04/2021-wrestling-history.pdf), [New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\"). Accessed May 1, 2021\\.", "BTHS also is notable for its performing arts program, which includes Marching Band, Concert Band, Jazz Band, Chorus and Advanced Chorus. Their marching band has had great success competing in the [USSBA](/wiki/USSBA \"USSBA\") circuit where they won the regional championship in 1998 and 2000 under their band director David Lyncheski. The Winter Guard program has been successful under the direction of Director Jessica VanFossen and Assistant Director Christian Negri, winning the 2018 USBands Scholastic Novice Championship and the 2019 USBands Scholastic Regional A Championship.", "" ]
Plot ---- ### Season 1 (2010\) Motti Amoyal lives on a bus farm in Jerusalem with his three best friends, Itzik, Newton and Katzar. Their lives are about to change drastically as they discover that the land, on which Motti built the farm, holds an enormous debt to city hall because of his late grandfather's past disputes over garbage dumping. The city threatens to repossess the land because of the future profit from [zoning](/wiki/Zoning "Zoning") plans. Amit Peled, an insurance agent who works for his overly demanding father, accidentally discovers the zoning plans and visits the farm in order to buy it. He arrives there with his girlfriend Shir, who sees Motti and they both recall that they were romantically involved during a trip to [India](/wiki/India "India"). Upon learning of the zoning plans, the four friends realize that keeping the farm is their chance of redeeming their lives. From that moment on, it becomes a race against time for them. They try every possible scheme, be it working on a [taxicab](/wiki/Taxicab "Taxicab") they "borrow" from the repair shop where Itzik works, [laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering "Money laundering") the lottery Grand Prize through the [black market](/wiki/Black_market "Black market"), stealing from houses, [gambling online](/wiki/Online_gambling "Online gambling"), [selling drugs](/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade "Illegal drug trade") or even committing armed robbery for a criminal lord. The season's plot mainly revolves around their adventures, as well as the intricately woven relationship between Shir and Motti, along with other romantic complications. ### Season 2 (2011\) Picking up approximately 6 months following the events of season 1, Motti is living with Shir, who by then had divorced Amit and moved to the bus farm, but is inclined to move to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), much to Motti's dismay. Newton returns from his trip to [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru") just in time for his aunt's funeral, and Katzar reads a book left at Itzik's apparent death scene, which he sees as a deliberate hint towards Itzik's ruse and encourages everyone to keep their hopes up. Initially skeptic, the three remaining friends decide to embark on a trip to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") to try and follow Katzar's intuition. Motti remembers an ex\-girlfriend, Reli Eugenia, and looks her up on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"). Upon seeing her son's picture, he decides to pass through [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") (without telling Shir) to find up whether he is the child's father; on the plane, he bumps into Itai, who is now married to Yuli and they have a baby together. After a bumbling attempt for a random search, Newton and Katzar spot Itzik attending a [soccer](/wiki/Soccer "Soccer") game on TV and notify Motti, who by then reconnects with Reli; she seems happy to see Motti, but denies his paternity of Enrique, her son, due to his romantic involvement with Shir. Encouraged by the news about Itzik, Motti comes to Amsterdam and the three start actively looking for Itzik. Meanwhile, Itzik lives in [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles") with Juliette, working in her father's [winery](/wiki/Winery "Winery") and desperately trying to win his approval. After a series of failures, Itzik befriends Kika, an Israeli [coffee shop](/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop "Cannabis coffee shop") owner in Amsterdam, who hooks him up with a series of illegal drug smuggling jobs for an eccentric French\-Israeli entrepreneur named Ouliel. Itzik tries to disguise the money he makes as successful wine deliveries, but Juliette's father calls his bluff rather quickly, and Juliette herself discovers the nature of Itzik's endeavors; enraged, she orders him to leave her house and never return. Itzik does so and goes to stay in a hotel; unbeknownst to him, the three friends are in the same hotel, after accidentally getting to Kika's coffee shop, receiving the winery's address from her and subsequently getting no help from Juliette's father. The four reunite in a joyfully tearful manner, but get involuntarily tangled in what turns out to be a failed hit by [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad "Mossad") agents (including Itai) on a [radical Islamic](/wiki/Radical_Islam "Radical Islam") terrorist link when Motti saves Itai from a gunshot. Panicking, they flee the hotel, with Itai critically wounded, and inadvertently become [fugitives](/wiki/Fugitive "Fugitive") after the French police discovers the [CCTV](/wiki/CCTV "CCTV") footage, believing the four to be [accomplices](/wiki/Accomplice "Accomplice"). Now on the run, they are detained by Mossad agents, but are quickly intercepted by the Islamists, who manage to steal their passports. Itzik contacts Ouliel, as he believes him to be the best source of help. Incidentally, Ouliel has a business partner named Nassimian, who is a friend of Kobi's and is aware of Kobi's still\-ongoing hunt after Itzik. Ouliel initially connects Itzik with an associate of his who issues [fake passports](/wiki/Fake_passport "Fake passport"), but the Islamists track down his [trailer](/wiki/Trailer_%28vehicle%29 "Trailer (vehicle)"), kill him and wait for the four to return. Kobi, having received information from Nassimian, enters the trailer and is mistakenly shot by the Islamists. The four return and accidentally manage to knock one of the Islamists unconscious, discover the critically wounded Kobi in the trailer and reluctantly decide to drop him off at a nearby hospital. In the hospital, Motti notices [sketches](/wiki/Facial_composite "Facial composite") of their faces and manages to escape before the police arrives. Having taken the trailer and noticing a small [Barça](/wiki/Bar%C3%A7a "Barça") ball which reminded him of his earlier bonding with Enrique, Motti decides to hide at Reli's hotel. Meanwhile, back in Israel, Shir grows concerned over Motti's absence, and befriends Danny, an [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeologist "Archaeologist") sent to the bus farm on the behalf of City Hall to search for ancient remains with possible historical value. Danny is a [dialysis](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis "Kidney dialysis") patient who desperately needs a [kidney transplant](/wiki/Kidney_transplant "Kidney transplant"), and later turns out to be Kika's brother, which also explains her involvement with Ouliel to raise money for Danny's transplant. When Danny is informed of the possibility of a transplant in Israel, Shir accompanies him to the hospital but is surprised to see Yuli there, as the situation arose from Itai's critical condition, and therefore Danny's transplant is in opposite correlation with Itai's chances of survival. Not fully realizing it, Shir stays to support Yuli, and the two reconnect. When Shir tells Yuli about Motti's unexplained absence, Yuli rekindles her detestation of Motti and encourages Shir to move on, possibly with Danny. Itai manages to recover, and the subsequent bad news leaves Kika amidst a dilemma, as the Islamists have requested Ouliel to aid them in finding the four, and Ouliel puts Kika on that mission, promising her the money Danny needs for a transplant in a European hospital. She tells Ouliel that she does not know of their whereabouts, mainly due to her romantic feelings towards Itzik, but contacts them anyway and joins them in their journey to Spain. At the Eugenia hotel, Reli reluctantly agrees to harbor the four. She admits that Enrique is Motti's son, but forbids Motti to visit Enrique, as she is married to Xavier, who has no knowledge of Reli's romantic endeavors in Israel or the fact that Enrique is not his son, and who also turns out to be a police officer. The four are now working at the hotel to pay for their stay; Katzar and Newton, separately, meet two Israeli sisters, who appear to be from a famous rich family. Katzar earlier found out that the aunt that had recently died was his biological mother, who became legally crazy after being raped and spent the rest of her life in a wheelchair; now he tries to win the heart of a wheelchair\-using former model, Anaelle. Newton developed a "[man crush](/wiki/Man_crush "Man crush")" on a guy named Johnny during his trip to Peru, but Johnny slept with Orly behind his back and both abandoned Newton separately; emasculated by the incident, Newton is trying to imitate Johnny's personality (even introducing himself as "Johnny, the musician") to impress Anaelle's sister, Tamar. Having lost his cell phone, Motti dials the only number he remembers by heart – his childhood friend Amir, and asks him to tell Shir that he is safe and sound. Shir is relieved, but Yuli, oblivious to Itai's work and thus the whole story, encourages her to think that Motti is acting selfishly; when Itai understands that, he feels he owes Motti his life and tells Shir things are not as they seem. Itai accidentally tells her that Motti flew to Barcelona, and later Shir answers Danny's phone, where Kika tells her she is in Barcelona, and Shir is puzzled whether there is connection. Itai's father reveals that the four might become casualties of Mossad's [cover\-up](/wiki/Cover-up "Cover-up") of the fiasco, and Itai unsuccessfully pleads him to change it with the higher\-ups. Enrique gets attached to Motti, and Xavier starts realizing that Motti is more than a friend to Reli; by a series of deductions, he concludes that Motti is Enrique's father and leaves Reli. Motti unsuccessfully tries talking Xavier out of it at the police station, but manages to snatch a fax with their face sketches that had arrived from the French police. Now believing they need to leave, Motti talks to Gaston, a guest he befriended earlier, and asks him to come to Israel in his [yacht](/wiki/Yacht "Yacht").	[ "Plot\n----", "### Season 1 (2010\\)", "Motti Amoyal lives on a bus farm in Jerusalem with his three best friends, Itzik, Newton and Katzar. Their lives are about to change drastically as they discover that the land, on which Motti built the farm, holds an enormous debt to city hall because of his late grandfather's past disputes over garbage dumping. The city threatens to repossess the land because of the future profit from [zoning](/wiki/Zoning \"Zoning\") plans. Amit Peled, an insurance agent who works for his overly demanding father, accidentally discovers the zoning plans and visits the farm in order to buy it. He arrives there with his girlfriend Shir, who sees Motti and they both recall that they were romantically involved during a trip to [India](/wiki/India \"India\").", "Upon learning of the zoning plans, the four friends realize that keeping the farm is their chance of redeeming their lives. From that moment on, it becomes a race against time for them. They try every possible scheme, be it working on a [taxicab](/wiki/Taxicab \"Taxicab\") they \"borrow\" from the repair shop where Itzik works, [laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\") the lottery Grand Prize through the [black market](/wiki/Black_market \"Black market\"), stealing from houses, [gambling online](/wiki/Online_gambling \"Online gambling\"), [selling drugs](/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade \"Illegal drug trade\") or even committing armed robbery for a criminal lord. The season's plot mainly revolves around their adventures, as well as the intricately woven relationship between Shir and Motti, along with other romantic complications.", "### Season 2 (2011\\)", "Picking up approximately 6 months following the events of season 1, Motti is living with Shir, who by then had divorced Amit and moved to the bus farm, but is inclined to move to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), much to Motti's dismay. Newton returns from his trip to [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") just in time for his aunt's funeral, and Katzar reads a book left at Itzik's apparent death scene, which he sees as a deliberate hint towards Itzik's ruse and encourages everyone to keep their hopes up. Initially skeptic, the three remaining friends decide to embark on a trip to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") to try and follow Katzar's intuition. Motti remembers an ex\\-girlfriend, Reli Eugenia, and looks her up on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"). Upon seeing her son's picture, he decides to pass through [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") (without telling Shir) to find up whether he is the child's father; on the plane, he bumps into Itai, who is now married to Yuli and they have a baby together. After a bumbling attempt for a random search, Newton and Katzar spot Itzik attending a [soccer](/wiki/Soccer \"Soccer\") game on TV and notify Motti, who by then reconnects with Reli; she seems happy to see Motti, but denies his paternity of Enrique, her son, due to his romantic involvement with Shir. Encouraged by the news about Itzik, Motti comes to Amsterdam and the three start actively looking for Itzik.", "Meanwhile, Itzik lives in [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\") with Juliette, working in her father's [winery](/wiki/Winery \"Winery\") and desperately trying to win his approval. After a series of failures, Itzik befriends Kika, an Israeli [coffee shop](/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop \"Cannabis coffee shop\") owner in Amsterdam, who hooks him up with a series of illegal drug smuggling jobs for an eccentric French\\-Israeli entrepreneur named Ouliel. Itzik tries to disguise the money he makes as successful wine deliveries, but Juliette's father calls his bluff rather quickly, and Juliette herself discovers the nature of Itzik's endeavors; enraged, she orders him to leave her house and never return. Itzik does so and goes to stay in a hotel; unbeknownst to him, the three friends are in the same hotel, after accidentally getting to Kika's coffee shop, receiving the winery's address from her and subsequently getting no help from Juliette's father. The four reunite in a joyfully tearful manner, but get involuntarily tangled in what turns out to be a failed hit by [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad \"Mossad\") agents (including Itai) on a [radical Islamic](/wiki/Radical_Islam \"Radical Islam\") terrorist link when Motti saves Itai from a gunshot. Panicking, they flee the hotel, with Itai critically wounded, and inadvertently become [fugitives](/wiki/Fugitive \"Fugitive\") after the French police discovers the [CCTV](/wiki/CCTV \"CCTV\") footage, believing the four to be [accomplices](/wiki/Accomplice \"Accomplice\").", "Now on the run, they are detained by Mossad agents, but are quickly intercepted by the Islamists, who manage to steal their passports. Itzik contacts Ouliel, as he believes him to be the best source of help. Incidentally, Ouliel has a business partner named Nassimian, who is a friend of Kobi's and is aware of Kobi's still\\-ongoing hunt after Itzik. Ouliel initially connects Itzik with an associate of his who issues [fake passports](/wiki/Fake_passport \"Fake passport\"), but the Islamists track down his [trailer](/wiki/Trailer_%28vehicle%29 \"Trailer (vehicle)\"), kill him and wait for the four to return. Kobi, having received information from Nassimian, enters the trailer and is mistakenly shot by the Islamists. The four return and accidentally manage to knock one of the Islamists unconscious, discover the critically wounded Kobi in the trailer and reluctantly decide to drop him off at a nearby hospital. In the hospital, Motti notices [sketches](/wiki/Facial_composite \"Facial composite\") of their faces and manages to escape before the police arrives. Having taken the trailer and noticing a small [Barça](/wiki/Bar%C3%A7a \"Barça\") ball which reminded him of his earlier bonding with Enrique, Motti decides to hide at Reli's hotel.", "Meanwhile, back in Israel, Shir grows concerned over Motti's absence, and befriends Danny, an [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeologist \"Archaeologist\") sent to the bus farm on the behalf of City Hall to search for ancient remains with possible historical value. Danny is a [dialysis](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis \"Kidney dialysis\") patient who desperately needs a [kidney transplant](/wiki/Kidney_transplant \"Kidney transplant\"), and later turns out to be Kika's brother, which also explains her involvement with Ouliel to raise money for Danny's transplant. When Danny is informed of the possibility of a transplant in Israel, Shir accompanies him to the hospital but is surprised to see Yuli there, as the situation arose from Itai's critical condition, and therefore Danny's transplant is in opposite correlation with Itai's chances of survival. Not fully realizing it, Shir stays to support Yuli, and the two reconnect. When Shir tells Yuli about Motti's unexplained absence, Yuli rekindles her detestation of Motti and encourages Shir to move on, possibly with Danny. Itai manages to recover, and the subsequent bad news leaves Kika amidst a dilemma, as the Islamists have requested Ouliel to aid them in finding the four, and Ouliel puts Kika on that mission, promising her the money Danny needs for a transplant in a European hospital. She tells Ouliel that she does not know of their whereabouts, mainly due to her romantic feelings towards Itzik, but contacts them anyway and joins them in their journey to Spain.", "At the Eugenia hotel, Reli reluctantly agrees to harbor the four. She admits that Enrique is Motti's son, but forbids Motti to visit Enrique, as she is married to Xavier, who has no knowledge of Reli's romantic endeavors in Israel or the fact that Enrique is not his son, and who also turns out to be a police officer. The four are now working at the hotel to pay for their stay; Katzar and Newton, separately, meet two Israeli sisters, who appear to be from a famous rich family. Katzar earlier found out that the aunt that had recently died was his biological mother, who became legally crazy after being raped and spent the rest of her life in a wheelchair; now he tries to win the heart of a wheelchair\\-using former model, Anaelle. Newton developed a \"[man crush](/wiki/Man_crush \"Man crush\")\" on a guy named Johnny during his trip to Peru, but Johnny slept with Orly behind his back and both abandoned Newton separately; emasculated by the incident, Newton is trying to imitate Johnny's personality (even introducing himself as \"Johnny, the musician\") to impress Anaelle's sister, Tamar. Having lost his cell phone, Motti dials the only number he remembers by heart – his childhood friend Amir, and asks him to tell Shir that he is safe and sound. Shir is relieved, but Yuli, oblivious to Itai's work and thus the whole story, encourages her to think that Motti is acting selfishly; when Itai understands that, he feels he owes Motti his life and tells Shir things are not as they seem. Itai accidentally tells her that Motti flew to Barcelona, and later Shir answers Danny's phone, where Kika tells her she is in Barcelona, and Shir is puzzled whether there is connection.", "Itai's father reveals that the four might become casualties of Mossad's [cover\\-up](/wiki/Cover-up \"Cover-up\") of the fiasco, and Itai unsuccessfully pleads him to change it with the higher\\-ups. Enrique gets attached to Motti, and Xavier starts realizing that Motti is more than a friend to Reli; by a series of deductions, he concludes that Motti is Enrique's father and leaves Reli. Motti unsuccessfully tries talking Xavier out of it at the police station, but manages to snatch a fax with their face sketches that had arrived from the French police. Now believing they need to leave, Motti talks to Gaston, a guest he befriended earlier, and asks him to come to Israel in his [yacht](/wiki/Yacht \"Yacht\").", "" ]
### Season 2 (2011\) Picking up approximately 6 months following the events of season 1, Motti is living with Shir, who by then had divorced Amit and moved to the bus farm, but is inclined to move to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), much to Motti's dismay. Newton returns from his trip to [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru") just in time for his aunt's funeral, and Katzar reads a book left at Itzik's apparent death scene, which he sees as a deliberate hint towards Itzik's ruse and encourages everyone to keep their hopes up. Initially skeptic, the three remaining friends decide to embark on a trip to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") to try and follow Katzar's intuition. Motti remembers an ex\-girlfriend, Reli Eugenia, and looks her up on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"). Upon seeing her son's picture, he decides to pass through [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") (without telling Shir) to find up whether he is the child's father; on the plane, he bumps into Itai, who is now married to Yuli and they have a baby together. After a bumbling attempt for a random search, Newton and Katzar spot Itzik attending a [soccer](/wiki/Soccer "Soccer") game on TV and notify Motti, who by then reconnects with Reli; she seems happy to see Motti, but denies his paternity of Enrique, her son, due to his romantic involvement with Shir. Encouraged by the news about Itzik, Motti comes to Amsterdam and the three start actively looking for Itzik. Meanwhile, Itzik lives in [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles "Marseilles") with Juliette, working in her father's [winery](/wiki/Winery "Winery") and desperately trying to win his approval. After a series of failures, Itzik befriends Kika, an Israeli [coffee shop](/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop "Cannabis coffee shop") owner in Amsterdam, who hooks him up with a series of illegal drug smuggling jobs for an eccentric French\-Israeli entrepreneur named Ouliel. Itzik tries to disguise the money he makes as successful wine deliveries, but Juliette's father calls his bluff rather quickly, and Juliette herself discovers the nature of Itzik's endeavors; enraged, she orders him to leave her house and never return. Itzik does so and goes to stay in a hotel; unbeknownst to him, the three friends are in the same hotel, after accidentally getting to Kika's coffee shop, receiving the winery's address from her and subsequently getting no help from Juliette's father. The four reunite in a joyfully tearful manner, but get involuntarily tangled in what turns out to be a failed hit by [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad "Mossad") agents (including Itai) on a [radical Islamic](/wiki/Radical_Islam "Radical Islam") terrorist link when Motti saves Itai from a gunshot. Panicking, they flee the hotel, with Itai critically wounded, and inadvertently become [fugitives](/wiki/Fugitive "Fugitive") after the French police discovers the [CCTV](/wiki/CCTV "CCTV") footage, believing the four to be [accomplices](/wiki/Accomplice "Accomplice"). Now on the run, they are detained by Mossad agents, but are quickly intercepted by the Islamists, who manage to steal their passports. Itzik contacts Ouliel, as he believes him to be the best source of help. Incidentally, Ouliel has a business partner named Nassimian, who is a friend of Kobi's and is aware of Kobi's still\-ongoing hunt after Itzik. Ouliel initially connects Itzik with an associate of his who issues [fake passports](/wiki/Fake_passport "Fake passport"), but the Islamists track down his [trailer](/wiki/Trailer_%28vehicle%29 "Trailer (vehicle)"), kill him and wait for the four to return. Kobi, having received information from Nassimian, enters the trailer and is mistakenly shot by the Islamists. The four return and accidentally manage to knock one of the Islamists unconscious, discover the critically wounded Kobi in the trailer and reluctantly decide to drop him off at a nearby hospital. In the hospital, Motti notices [sketches](/wiki/Facial_composite "Facial composite") of their faces and manages to escape before the police arrives. Having taken the trailer and noticing a small [Barça](/wiki/Bar%C3%A7a "Barça") ball which reminded him of his earlier bonding with Enrique, Motti decides to hide at Reli's hotel. Meanwhile, back in Israel, Shir grows concerned over Motti's absence, and befriends Danny, an [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeologist "Archaeologist") sent to the bus farm on the behalf of City Hall to search for ancient remains with possible historical value. Danny is a [dialysis](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis "Kidney dialysis") patient who desperately needs a [kidney transplant](/wiki/Kidney_transplant "Kidney transplant"), and later turns out to be Kika's brother, which also explains her involvement with Ouliel to raise money for Danny's transplant. When Danny is informed of the possibility of a transplant in Israel, Shir accompanies him to the hospital but is surprised to see Yuli there, as the situation arose from Itai's critical condition, and therefore Danny's transplant is in opposite correlation with Itai's chances of survival. Not fully realizing it, Shir stays to support Yuli, and the two reconnect. When Shir tells Yuli about Motti's unexplained absence, Yuli rekindles her detestation of Motti and encourages Shir to move on, possibly with Danny. Itai manages to recover, and the subsequent bad news leaves Kika amidst a dilemma, as the Islamists have requested Ouliel to aid them in finding the four, and Ouliel puts Kika on that mission, promising her the money Danny needs for a transplant in a European hospital. She tells Ouliel that she does not know of their whereabouts, mainly due to her romantic feelings towards Itzik, but contacts them anyway and joins them in their journey to Spain. At the Eugenia hotel, Reli reluctantly agrees to harbor the four. She admits that Enrique is Motti's son, but forbids Motti to visit Enrique, as she is married to Xavier, who has no knowledge of Reli's romantic endeavors in Israel or the fact that Enrique is not his son, and who also turns out to be a police officer. The four are now working at the hotel to pay for their stay; Katzar and Newton, separately, meet two Israeli sisters, who appear to be from a famous rich family. Katzar earlier found out that the aunt that had recently died was his biological mother, who became legally crazy after being raped and spent the rest of her life in a wheelchair; now he tries to win the heart of a wheelchair\-using former model, Anaelle. Newton developed a "[man crush](/wiki/Man_crush "Man crush")" on a guy named Johnny during his trip to Peru, but Johnny slept with Orly behind his back and both abandoned Newton separately; emasculated by the incident, Newton is trying to imitate Johnny's personality (even introducing himself as "Johnny, the musician") to impress Anaelle's sister, Tamar. Having lost his cell phone, Motti dials the only number he remembers by heart – his childhood friend Amir, and asks him to tell Shir that he is safe and sound. Shir is relieved, but Yuli, oblivious to Itai's work and thus the whole story, encourages her to think that Motti is acting selfishly; when Itai understands that, he feels he owes Motti his life and tells Shir things are not as they seem. Itai accidentally tells her that Motti flew to Barcelona, and later Shir answers Danny's phone, where Kika tells her she is in Barcelona, and Shir is puzzled whether there is connection. Itai's father reveals that the four might become casualties of Mossad's [cover\-up](/wiki/Cover-up "Cover-up") of the fiasco, and Itai unsuccessfully pleads him to change it with the higher\-ups. Enrique gets attached to Motti, and Xavier starts realizing that Motti is more than a friend to Reli; by a series of deductions, he concludes that Motti is Enrique's father and leaves Reli. Motti unsuccessfully tries talking Xavier out of it at the police station, but manages to snatch a fax with their face sketches that had arrived from the French police. Now believing they need to leave, Motti talks to Gaston, a guest he befriended earlier, and asks him to come to Israel in his [yacht](/wiki/Yacht "Yacht").	[ "### Season 2 (2011\\)", "Picking up approximately 6 months following the events of season 1, Motti is living with Shir, who by then had divorced Amit and moved to the bus farm, but is inclined to move to [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), much to Motti's dismay. Newton returns from his trip to [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") just in time for his aunt's funeral, and Katzar reads a book left at Itzik's apparent death scene, which he sees as a deliberate hint towards Itzik's ruse and encourages everyone to keep their hopes up. Initially skeptic, the three remaining friends decide to embark on a trip to [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") to try and follow Katzar's intuition. Motti remembers an ex\\-girlfriend, Reli Eugenia, and looks her up on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"). Upon seeing her son's picture, he decides to pass through [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") (without telling Shir) to find up whether he is the child's father; on the plane, he bumps into Itai, who is now married to Yuli and they have a baby together. After a bumbling attempt for a random search, Newton and Katzar spot Itzik attending a [soccer](/wiki/Soccer \"Soccer\") game on TV and notify Motti, who by then reconnects with Reli; she seems happy to see Motti, but denies his paternity of Enrique, her son, due to his romantic involvement with Shir. Encouraged by the news about Itzik, Motti comes to Amsterdam and the three start actively looking for Itzik.", "Meanwhile, Itzik lives in [Marseilles](/wiki/Marseilles \"Marseilles\") with Juliette, working in her father's [winery](/wiki/Winery \"Winery\") and desperately trying to win his approval. After a series of failures, Itzik befriends Kika, an Israeli [coffee shop](/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop \"Cannabis coffee shop\") owner in Amsterdam, who hooks him up with a series of illegal drug smuggling jobs for an eccentric French\\-Israeli entrepreneur named Ouliel. Itzik tries to disguise the money he makes as successful wine deliveries, but Juliette's father calls his bluff rather quickly, and Juliette herself discovers the nature of Itzik's endeavors; enraged, she orders him to leave her house and never return. Itzik does so and goes to stay in a hotel; unbeknownst to him, the three friends are in the same hotel, after accidentally getting to Kika's coffee shop, receiving the winery's address from her and subsequently getting no help from Juliette's father. The four reunite in a joyfully tearful manner, but get involuntarily tangled in what turns out to be a failed hit by [Mossad](/wiki/Mossad \"Mossad\") agents (including Itai) on a [radical Islamic](/wiki/Radical_Islam \"Radical Islam\") terrorist link when Motti saves Itai from a gunshot. Panicking, they flee the hotel, with Itai critically wounded, and inadvertently become [fugitives](/wiki/Fugitive \"Fugitive\") after the French police discovers the [CCTV](/wiki/CCTV \"CCTV\") footage, believing the four to be [accomplices](/wiki/Accomplice \"Accomplice\").", "Now on the run, they are detained by Mossad agents, but are quickly intercepted by the Islamists, who manage to steal their passports. Itzik contacts Ouliel, as he believes him to be the best source of help. Incidentally, Ouliel has a business partner named Nassimian, who is a friend of Kobi's and is aware of Kobi's still\\-ongoing hunt after Itzik. Ouliel initially connects Itzik with an associate of his who issues [fake passports](/wiki/Fake_passport \"Fake passport\"), but the Islamists track down his [trailer](/wiki/Trailer_%28vehicle%29 \"Trailer (vehicle)\"), kill him and wait for the four to return. Kobi, having received information from Nassimian, enters the trailer and is mistakenly shot by the Islamists. The four return and accidentally manage to knock one of the Islamists unconscious, discover the critically wounded Kobi in the trailer and reluctantly decide to drop him off at a nearby hospital. In the hospital, Motti notices [sketches](/wiki/Facial_composite \"Facial composite\") of their faces and manages to escape before the police arrives. Having taken the trailer and noticing a small [Barça](/wiki/Bar%C3%A7a \"Barça\") ball which reminded him of his earlier bonding with Enrique, Motti decides to hide at Reli's hotel.", "Meanwhile, back in Israel, Shir grows concerned over Motti's absence, and befriends Danny, an [archaeologist](/wiki/Archaeologist \"Archaeologist\") sent to the bus farm on the behalf of City Hall to search for ancient remains with possible historical value. Danny is a [dialysis](/wiki/Kidney_dialysis \"Kidney dialysis\") patient who desperately needs a [kidney transplant](/wiki/Kidney_transplant \"Kidney transplant\"), and later turns out to be Kika's brother, which also explains her involvement with Ouliel to raise money for Danny's transplant. When Danny is informed of the possibility of a transplant in Israel, Shir accompanies him to the hospital but is surprised to see Yuli there, as the situation arose from Itai's critical condition, and therefore Danny's transplant is in opposite correlation with Itai's chances of survival. Not fully realizing it, Shir stays to support Yuli, and the two reconnect. When Shir tells Yuli about Motti's unexplained absence, Yuli rekindles her detestation of Motti and encourages Shir to move on, possibly with Danny. Itai manages to recover, and the subsequent bad news leaves Kika amidst a dilemma, as the Islamists have requested Ouliel to aid them in finding the four, and Ouliel puts Kika on that mission, promising her the money Danny needs for a transplant in a European hospital. She tells Ouliel that she does not know of their whereabouts, mainly due to her romantic feelings towards Itzik, but contacts them anyway and joins them in their journey to Spain.", "At the Eugenia hotel, Reli reluctantly agrees to harbor the four. She admits that Enrique is Motti's son, but forbids Motti to visit Enrique, as she is married to Xavier, who has no knowledge of Reli's romantic endeavors in Israel or the fact that Enrique is not his son, and who also turns out to be a police officer. The four are now working at the hotel to pay for their stay; Katzar and Newton, separately, meet two Israeli sisters, who appear to be from a famous rich family. Katzar earlier found out that the aunt that had recently died was his biological mother, who became legally crazy after being raped and spent the rest of her life in a wheelchair; now he tries to win the heart of a wheelchair\\-using former model, Anaelle. Newton developed a \"[man crush](/wiki/Man_crush \"Man crush\")\" on a guy named Johnny during his trip to Peru, but Johnny slept with Orly behind his back and both abandoned Newton separately; emasculated by the incident, Newton is trying to imitate Johnny's personality (even introducing himself as \"Johnny, the musician\") to impress Anaelle's sister, Tamar. Having lost his cell phone, Motti dials the only number he remembers by heart – his childhood friend Amir, and asks him to tell Shir that he is safe and sound. Shir is relieved, but Yuli, oblivious to Itai's work and thus the whole story, encourages her to think that Motti is acting selfishly; when Itai understands that, he feels he owes Motti his life and tells Shir things are not as they seem. Itai accidentally tells her that Motti flew to Barcelona, and later Shir answers Danny's phone, where Kika tells her she is in Barcelona, and Shir is puzzled whether there is connection.", "Itai's father reveals that the four might become casualties of Mossad's [cover\\-up](/wiki/Cover-up \"Cover-up\") of the fiasco, and Itai unsuccessfully pleads him to change it with the higher\\-ups. Enrique gets attached to Motti, and Xavier starts realizing that Motti is more than a friend to Reli; by a series of deductions, he concludes that Motti is Enrique's father and leaves Reli. Motti unsuccessfully tries talking Xavier out of it at the police station, but manages to snatch a fax with their face sketches that had arrived from the French police. Now believing they need to leave, Motti talks to Gaston, a guest he befriended earlier, and asks him to come to Israel in his [yacht](/wiki/Yacht \"Yacht\").", "" ]
Career ------ ### CEO and co\-founder For 25 years, Low\-Kramen worked as the personal assistant to [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards")\-winner [Olympia Dukakis](/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis "Olympia Dukakis") and actor [Louis Zorich](/wiki/Louis_Zorich "Louis Zorich"). In 1996 she co\-founded New York Celebrity Assistants (NYCA){{Cite web \\|title\=New York Celebrity Assistants \\|url\=https://www.nycelebrityassistants.com/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10 \\|website\=New York Celebrity Assistants}} a professional networking association for celebrity assistants, alongside assistants to [Morgan Freeman](/wiki/Morgan_Freeman "Morgan Freeman") and [Marlo Thomas](/wiki/Marlo_Thomas "Marlo Thomas"). She was President of the NYCA for two years, from 1997 to 1999\. In 2004, she founded Ultimate Assistant Training \& Consulting Inc, and In 2011 she launched the 'Be the Ultimate Assistant' (BTUA) workshop, one of the first interactive courses to train executive and personal assistants. BTUA training has been taught in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [London](/wiki/London "London"), [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), and [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"). ### Writing Low\-Kramen's book Be the Ultimate Assistant: A celebrity assistant's secrets to working with any high\-powered employer{{Cite book \\|last\=Low\-Kramen \\|first\=Bonnie \\|title\=Be The Ultimate Assistant: A celebrity assistant's secrets to success \\|year\=2004 \\|isbn\=978\-0976326816 \\|edition\=5th}} is an [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 "Amazon (company)") [bestseller](/wiki/Bestseller "Bestseller") and included a foreword by Olympia Dukakis. It was self\-published in 2004\. As of 2012, it is in its fifth edition. Her next book, Staff Matters: People\-Focused Solutions for the Ultimate New Workplace{{Cite book \\|last\=Low\-Kramen \\|first\=Bonnie \\|title\=Staff Matters: People\-Focused Solutions for the Ultimate New Workplace \\|date\=2023\-02\-28 \\|publisher\=Ultimate Workplace Press \\|isbn\=978\-0976326847 \\|language\=English}}, based on a series of interviews with leaders, HR professionals, recruiters, and business school professors, will be released on 28 February 2023\. Low\-Kramen has written about workplace issues and personal assisting for publications including [Harvard Business Review](/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review "Harvard Business Review"){{Cite news \\|last\=Low\-Kramen \\|first\=Bonnie \\|date\=2022\-06\-24 \\|title\=Is "Executive Assistant" the Right Career for You? \\|work\=Harvard Business Review \\|url\=https://hbr.org/2022/06/is\-executive\-assistant\-the\-right\-career\-for\-you \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10 \\|issn\=0017\-8012}} and is a regular contributor and board member of Executive Support Magazine.{{Cite web \\|last\=Low\-Kramen \\|first\=Bonnie \\|date\=2021\-07\-25 \\|title\=A True Partnership: Olympia Dukakis and Bonnie Low\-Kramen \\|url\=https://executivesupportmagazine.com/a\-true\-partnership/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-21 \\|website\=Executive Support Magazine \\|language\=en\-US}} Regarded as a leading expert in workplace issues and personal assisting, she has been interviewed for [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times"),{{Cite web \\|last\=Piccalo \\|first\=Gina \\|date\=2003\-12\-09 \\|title\=A Taste of the Limelight \\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2003\-dec\-09\-et\-piccalo9\-story.html \\|archive\-url\= \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-21 \\|website\=Los Angeles Times \\|language\=en\-US}} [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes "Forbes"),{{Cite web \\|last\=Strauss \\|first\=Karsten \\|title\=The Ultimate Assistant Academy: Inside The Elite Training Program For America's Top Executive Assistants \\|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2019/05/31/the\-ultimate\-assistant\-academy\-inside\-the\-elite\-training\-program\-for\-americas\-top\-executive\-assistants/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10 \\|website\=Forbes \\|language\=en}} [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"){{Cite news \\|last\=Cohen \\|first\=Patricia \\|date\=2004\-06\-08 \\|title\=When Their Wish Is Your Command; Celebrity Assistants Keep the Stars Twinkling \\|language\=en\-US \\|work\=The New York Times \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/08/arts/when\-their\-wish\-is\-your\-command\-celebrity\-assistants\-keep\-the\-stars\-twinkling.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10 \\|issn\=0362\-4331}} and [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post").{{Cite news \\|title\=After Harvey Weinstein, Hollywood assistants urged to break culture of silence \\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/10/19/after\-harvey\-weinstein\-hollywood\-assistants\-urged\-to\-break\-culture\-of\-silence/}} ### Public speaking In February, 2022, Low\-Kramen gave a [TED](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 "TED (conference)")x Talk called 'The Real Reasons People Quit'.{{Citation \\|last\=Low\-Kramen \\|first\=Bonnie \\|title\=The Real Reasons People Quit \\|date\=2022\-02\-23 \\|url\=https://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie\_low\_kramen\_the\_real\_reasons\_people\_quit \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10}} Low\-Kramen regularly works as a public speaker at private events and businesses, including [Starbucks](/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks"), the [British Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom"), the [Wharton School](/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania "Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania"), [MD Anderson Cancer Centre](/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center "MD Anderson Cancer Center"), and Rutgers University. ### Podcasting and YouTube Since 2011, Low\-Kramen has co\-hosted the 'Be the Ultimate Assistant' podcast series{{Cite web \\|title\=Be the Ultimate Assistant on Apple Podcasts \\|url\=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/be\-the\-ultimate\-assistant/id963416172 \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10 \\|website\=Apple Podcasts \\|language\=en\-GB}} with Vickie Sokol Evans. The podcast interviews experts to discuss timely workplace issues. In 2021, the [Covid\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") inspired a weekly [live\-streamed](/wiki/Livestreaming "Livestreaming") show on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") 'Heads Together'{{Cite web \\|title\=Heads Together with Bonnie Low\-Kramen \- YouTube \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list\=PLz7KxEdiB6P\-XJEoJV549ABXS2fRn34EJ \\|access\-date\=2022\-11\-10 \\|website\=www.youtube.com}} that Low\-Kramen co\-hosted with her assistant Jennifer Wilner. The show ended in 2022\.	[ "Career\n------", "### CEO and co\\-founder", "For 25 years, Low\\-Kramen worked as the personal assistant to [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\")\\-winner [Olympia Dukakis](/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis \"Olympia Dukakis\") and actor [Louis Zorich](/wiki/Louis_Zorich \"Louis Zorich\").", "In 1996 she co\\-founded New York Celebrity Assistants (NYCA){{Cite web \\\|title\\=New York Celebrity Assistants \\\|url\\=https://www.nycelebrityassistants.com/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\\|website\\=New York Celebrity Assistants}} a professional networking association for celebrity assistants, alongside assistants to [Morgan Freeman](/wiki/Morgan_Freeman \"Morgan Freeman\") and [Marlo Thomas](/wiki/Marlo_Thomas \"Marlo Thomas\"). She was President of the NYCA for two years, from 1997 to 1999\\.", "In 2004, she founded Ultimate Assistant Training \\& Consulting Inc, and In 2011 she launched the 'Be the Ultimate Assistant' (BTUA) workshop, one of the first interactive courses to train executive and personal assistants. BTUA training has been taught in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), and [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\").", "### Writing", "Low\\-Kramen's book Be the Ultimate Assistant: A celebrity assistant's secrets to working with any high\\-powered employer{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Low\\-Kramen \\\|first\\=Bonnie \\\|title\\=Be The Ultimate Assistant: A celebrity assistant's secrets to success \\\|year\\=2004 \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0976326816 \\\|edition\\=5th}} is an [Amazon](/wiki/Amazon_%28company%29 \"Amazon (company)\") [bestseller](/wiki/Bestseller \"Bestseller\") and included a foreword by Olympia Dukakis. It was self\\-published in 2004\\. As of 2012, it is in its fifth edition. Her next book, Staff Matters: People\\-Focused Solutions for the Ultimate New Workplace{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Low\\-Kramen \\\|first\\=Bonnie \\\|title\\=Staff Matters: People\\-Focused Solutions for the Ultimate New Workplace \\\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-28 \\\|publisher\\=Ultimate Workplace Press \\\|isbn\\=978\\-0976326847 \\\|language\\=English}}, based on a series of interviews with leaders, HR professionals, recruiters, and business school professors, will be released on 28 February 2023\\.", "Low\\-Kramen has written about workplace issues and personal assisting for publications including [Harvard Business Review](/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review \"Harvard Business Review\"){{Cite news \\\|last\\=Low\\-Kramen \\\|first\\=Bonnie \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-24 \\\|title\\=Is \"Executive Assistant\" the Right Career for You? \\\|work\\=Harvard Business Review \\\|url\\=https://hbr.org/2022/06/is\\-executive\\-assistant\\-the\\-right\\-career\\-for\\-you \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\\|issn\\=0017\\-8012}} and is a regular contributor and board member of Executive Support Magazine.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Low\\-Kramen \\\|first\\=Bonnie \\\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-25 \\\|title\\=A True Partnership: Olympia Dukakis and Bonnie Low\\-Kramen \\\|url\\=https://executivesupportmagazine.com/a\\-true\\-partnership/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-21 \\\|website\\=Executive Support Magazine \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Regarded as a leading expert in workplace issues and personal assisting, she has been interviewed for [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\"),{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Piccalo \\\|first\\=Gina \\\|date\\=2003\\-12\\-09 \\\|title\\=A Taste of the Limelight \\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2003\\-dec\\-09\\-et\\-piccalo9\\-story.html \\\|archive\\-url\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-21 \\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\\|language\\=en\\-US}} [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\"),{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Strauss \\\|first\\=Karsten \\\|title\\=The Ultimate Assistant Academy: Inside The Elite Training Program For America's Top Executive Assistants \\\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2019/05/31/the\\-ultimate\\-assistant\\-academy\\-inside\\-the\\-elite\\-training\\-program\\-for\\-americas\\-top\\-executive\\-assistants/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\\|website\\=Forbes \\\|language\\=en}} [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"){{Cite news \\\|last\\=Cohen \\\|first\\=Patricia \\\|date\\=2004\\-06\\-08 \\\|title\\=When Their Wish Is Your Command; Celebrity Assistants Keep the Stars Twinkling \\\|language\\=en\\-US \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/08/arts/when\\-their\\-wish\\-is\\-your\\-command\\-celebrity\\-assistants\\-keep\\-the\\-stars\\-twinkling.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} and [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").{{Cite news \\\|title\\=After Harvey Weinstein, Hollywood assistants urged to break culture of silence \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/10/19/after\\-harvey\\-weinstein\\-hollywood\\-assistants\\-urged\\-to\\-break\\-culture\\-of\\-silence/}}", "### Public speaking", "In February, 2022, Low\\-Kramen gave a [TED](/wiki/TED_%28conference%29 \"TED (conference)\")x Talk called 'The Real Reasons People Quit'.{{Citation \\\|last\\=Low\\-Kramen \\\|first\\=Bonnie \\\|title\\=The Real Reasons People Quit \\\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-23 \\\|url\\=https://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie\\_low\\_kramen\\_the\\_real\\_reasons\\_people\\_quit \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10}} Low\\-Kramen regularly works as a public speaker at private events and businesses, including [Starbucks](/wiki/Starbucks \"Starbucks\"), the [British Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\"), the [Wharton School](/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania \"Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania\"), [MD Anderson Cancer Centre](/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center \"MD Anderson Cancer Center\"), and Rutgers University.", "### Podcasting and YouTube", "Since 2011, Low\\-Kramen has co\\-hosted the 'Be the Ultimate Assistant' podcast series{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Be the Ultimate Assistant on Apple Podcasts \\\|url\\=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/be\\-the\\-ultimate\\-assistant/id963416172 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\\|website\\=Apple Podcasts \\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} with Vickie Sokol Evans. The podcast interviews experts to discuss timely workplace issues. In 2021, the [Covid\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") inspired a weekly [live\\-streamed](/wiki/Livestreaming \"Livestreaming\") show on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") 'Heads Together'{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Heads Together with Bonnie Low\\-Kramen \\- YouTube \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list\\=PLz7KxEdiB6P\\-XJEoJV549ABXS2fRn34EJ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\\|website\\=www.youtube.com}} that Low\\-Kramen co\\-hosted with her assistant Jennifer Wilner. The show ended in 2022\\.", "" ]
Route description ----------------- ### Melrose to Sparta [thumb\\|left\\|Northern terminus of WIS 71 at WIS 54 in Melrose, October 2010](/wiki/File:MelroseWisconsinSignWIS71TerminusWIS108Terminus.jpg "MelroseWisconsinSignWIS71TerminusWIS108Terminus.jpg") WIS 71 begins at an intersection with [WIS 54](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_54 "Wisconsin Highway 54") in the southern part of the Village of Melrose in the [Town of Melrose](/wiki/Melrose_%28town%29%2C_Wisconsin "Melrose (town), Wisconsin"), Jackson County; the junction is also the northern terminus of [WIS 108](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_108 "Wisconsin Highway 108"). With a few brief exceptions, WIS 71 is almost entirely a two\-lane road and, except for the communities through which it passes, WIS 71 runs through rural [agricultural land](/wiki/Agricultural_land "Agricultural land"). From its western terminus WIS 71 initially heads southerly, [running concurrently](/wiki/Concurrency_%28road%29 "Concurrency (road)") with WIS 108, for about {{convert\\|1\.3\\|mi\\|km}}. The highway quickly leaves the Village of Melrose to enter the Town of Melrose, before crossing the [Black River](/wiki/Black_River_%28Wisconsin%29 "Black River (Wisconsin)"). Shortly after the river crossing, WIS 71 turns easterly at a T intersection; WIS 108 continues southerly toward [Mindoro](/wiki/Mindoro%2C_Wisconsin "Mindoro, Wisconsin") and [West Salem](/wiki/West_Salem%2C_Wisconsin "West Salem, Wisconsin"). [thumb\\|WIS 71 running through Four Corners, October 2020](/wiki/File:FourCornersMonroeCountyWisconsinWIS71WIS162NorthernTerminus.jpg "FourCornersMonroeCountyWisconsinWIS71WIS162NorthernTerminus.jpg") From the southern end of its concurrency with WIS 108, WIS 71 heads southeasterly for about {{convert\\|1\.8\\|mi\\|km}} before leaving the Town of Melrose in Jackson County and entering the [Town of Little Falls](/wiki/Little_Falls%2C_Wisconsin "Little Falls, Wisconsin") in Monroe County. After roughly {{convert\\|3\.0\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\=pre\\|more }} the highway reaches its junction with the northern end of [WIS 162](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_162 "Wisconsin Highway 162") in the [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_area "Unincorporated area") of [Four Corners](/wiki/Four_Corners%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin "Four Corners, Monroe County, Wisconsin"). Approximately {{convert\\|2\.8\\|mi\\|km}} further southeasterly, and just after crossing over [Spencer Creek](/wiki/Spencer_Creek_%28Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin%29 "Spencer Creek (Monroe County, Wisconsin)"), WIS 71 reaches its northern junction with [WIS 27](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_27 "Wisconsin Highway 27") at a T intersection. From its northern junction with WIS 27, WIS 71 heads southerly, concurrently with WIS 27, for about {{convert\\|2\.2\\|mi\\|km}} before leaving the Town of Little Falls and entering the [Town of Sparta](/wiki/Sparta_%28town%29%2C_Wisconsin "Sparta (town), Wisconsin"). The highway continues southerly for about {{convert\\|5\.8\\|mi\\|km}} before entering the city of [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta%2C_Wisconsin "Sparta, Wisconsin").{{google maps \\|url \= https://www.google.com/maps/place/WI\-71,\+Wisconsin/@43\.8664865,\-90\.9651156,10z/data\=!4m5!3m4!1s0x87fe87d22f68c189:0x3c137bc68710c426!8m2!3d43\.8664827!4d\-90\.6849643 \\|title \= W\-71, Wisconsin \\|access\-date \= October 30, 2020 }} ### Sparta to Wilton Upon entering the city of Sparta, WIS 27/WIS 71 runs along North Black River Street for a few [blocks](/wiki/City_block "City block") before arriving at their junction with western end of [WIS 21](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_21 "Wisconsin Highway 21") at a [traffic light](/wiki/Traffic_light "Traffic light")\-controlled intersection. About ten blocks further south along South Black River Street, WIS 27/WIS 71 reaches their southern junction, as well as a junction with [WIS 16](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_16 "Wisconsin Highway 16"), at another traffic light\-controlled intersection. (From that junction, WIS 27 continues south along South Black River Street toward [Interstate 94](/wiki/Interstate_94_in_Wisconsin "Interstate 94 in Wisconsin"), [Melvia](/wiki/Melvina%2C_Wisconsin "Melvina, Wisconsin"), and [Cashton](/wiki/Cashton%2C_Wisconsin "Cashton, Wisconsin"). WIS 16 heads west along West Wisconsin Street toward [West Salem](/wiki/West_Salem%2C_Wisconsin "West Salem, Wisconsin") and [La Crosse](/wiki/La_Crosse%2C_Wisconsin "La Crosse, Wisconsin").) [thumb\\|left\\|WIS 71/WIS 27 heading into Sparta, September 2023](/wiki/File:Wisconsin_Highway_71_%26_27.jpg "Wisconsin Highway 71 & 27.jpg") Heading east along West Wisconsin Street, WIS 71 runs concurrently with WIS 16 for roughly {{convert\\|1\.8\\|mi\\|km}} until they leave Sparta and enter the [Town of Angelo](/wiki/Angelo%2C_Wisconsin "Angelo, Wisconsin"), having crossed over the [La Crosse River](/wiki/La_Crosse_River "La Crosse River") along the way. Shortly after leaving Sparta, the highways reach the eastern end of their concurrency at a [roundabout](/wiki/Roundabout "Roundabout"). Approximately {{convert\\|0\.6\\|mi\\|km}} south\-southeast of the roundabout, WIS 71 crosses over, but does not connect with, I\-94\. Roughly {{convert\\|2\.8\\|mi\\|km}} south\-southeast of I\-94, WIS 71 leaves the Town of Angelo and enters the [Town of Wells](/wiki/Wells%2C_Wisconsin "Wells, Wisconsin"). Upon entering the Town of Wells, WIS 71 begins running roughly along the course of the [Elroy\-Sparta State Trail](/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail "Elroy-Sparta State Trail"), a {{convert\\|32\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\=on}} Wisconsin State [rail trail](/wiki/Rail_trail "Rail trail") between Elroy and Sparta.{{refn\\|group\=lower\-alpha\\|The {{convert\\|32\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\=on}} \[\[Elroy\-Sparta State Trail]] (considered to be the first \[\[rail trail]] in the United States) runs along an \[\[Abandoned railway\\|abandoned]] section of \[\[Right\-of\-way (transportation)\#Rail right\-of\-way\\|right\-of\-way]] of the former \[\[Chicago and North Western Railway]] between \[\[Sparta, Wisconsin\\|Sparta]] and \[\[Elroy, Wisconsin\\|Elroy]]. Roughly following the course of WIS 71, the rail trail and WIS 71 cross paths four times along their respective routes.{{cite web \\|url \= https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/elroysparta \\|title \= Elroy\-Sparta State Trail \\|publisher \= \[\[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]] \\|accessdate \= November 20, 2020 }}}} About {{convert\\|1\.8\\|mi\\|km}} south\-southeast into the Town of Wells, WIS 71 reaches its junction with the southern end of County Trunk Highway AA (CTH\-AA) at a T intersection. About {{convert\\|2\.7\\|mi\\|km}} further east\-southeast, WIS 71 crosses over the Elroy\-Sparta State Trail. From this first crossing, the paths of the highway and rail trail diverge such that are separated by just over {{convert\\|1\.6\\|mi\\|km}} before converging again in the [Village of Norwalk](/wiki/Norwalk%2C_Wisconsin "Norwalk, Wisconsin"). Just under a mile (1\.6 km) south\-southeast of the rail trail, WIS 71 reaches its junction with the northern end of CTH\-XU. A short way beyond the junction, the highway leaves the Town of Wells and enters the [Town of Ridgeville](/wiki/Ridgeville%2C_Wisconsin "Ridgeville, Wisconsin"). About {{convert\\|2\.5\\|mi\\|km}} southeast and then east of the junction with CTH\-XU, WIS 71 enters the Village of Norwalk. Shortly after entering the limits of the Village of Norwalk, WIS 71 reaches its western junction with CTH\-T. Prior to entering the residential area of the village, WIS 71/CTH\-T turns south and become McGary Street. Just over a block later, the highway turns east to run along Railroad Street for two blocks, and then turns south along Main Street. WIS 71/CTH\-T then reaches its junction with CTH\-U at the southern end of Main Street. From its junction with CTH\-U, WIS 71/CTH\-T heads southeast out of the Village of Norwalk to renter the Town of Ridgeville. Nearly a mile (1\.6 km) later, after crossing over [Moore Creek](/wiki/Moore_Creek_%28Wisconsin%29 "Moore Creek (Wisconsin)"), WIS 71/CTH\-T crosses back over the Elroy\-Sparta State Trail and immediately reaches the western junction with CTH\-T, and CTH\-T heads southerly to eventually end at [WIS 131](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_131 "Wisconsin Highway 131"). Running just north of the rail trail, WIS 71 continues easterly for approximately {{convert\\|2\.2\\|mi\\|km}} before crossing back over the rail trail (at Elroy\-Sparta State Trail Tunnel 2\). After leaving the Town of Ridgeville and entering the Town of Wilton, the highway turns south\-southeast to run just west of the rail trail for about {{convert\\|1\.3\\|mi\\|km}} on its way to the [Village of Wilton](/wiki/Wilton%2C_Wisconsin "Wilton, Wisconsin"). ### Wilton to Elroy Just prior to entering the Village of Wilton, WIS 71 turns east along Walker Street to pass through the community. Immediately after entering the village, WIS 71 reaches its western junction with WIS 131\. Three blocks later WIS 71 and WIS 131 reach their junction with the south end of CTH\-M in downtown Wilton. After turning northeast and crossing the [Kickapoo River](/wiki/Kickapoo_River "Kickapoo River"), WIS 71/WIS 131 leaves the Village of Wilton to re\-enter the Town of Wilton. After turning more easterly for about another {{convert\\|2\.2\\|mi\\|km}}, WIS 71/WIS 131 again crosses paths with the Elroy\-Sparta State Trail, which crosses over the highway on the former railway bridge. Just under a half\-mile (0\.8 km) later, WIS 71/WIS 131 crosses over the Kickapoo River again and immediately reaches the eastern WIS 71/WIS 131 junction. Heading southeast for about another {{convert\\|2\.6\\|mi\\|km}}, WIS 71 very briefly passes through the southwest corner of the [Town of Clifton](/wiki/Clifton%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin "Clifton, Monroe County, Wisconsin"). Within the town, WIS 71 has it its junction with the north end of CTH\-V. WIS 71 then promptly leaves the Town of Clifton and enters the [Town of Glendale](/wiki/Glendale%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin "Glendale, Monroe County, Wisconsin"). Roughly {{convert\\|2\\|mi\\|km}} further east\-southeast, WIS 71 crosses over the [Baraboo River](/wiki/Baraboo_River "Baraboo River") (for the first of three times). Just under a mile (1\.6 km) further southeast, the highway crosses the Elroy\-Sparta State Trail (at an at\-grade intersection) as it enters the [Village of Kendall](/wiki/Kendall%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin "Kendall, Monroe County, Wisconsin"). [thumb\\|Eastern terminus of WIS 71 at WIS 80/WIS 82 in Elroy, June 2019](/wiki/File:WIS_71_southern_terminus_in_Elroy%2C_WI.jpg "WIS 71 southern terminus in Elroy, WI.jpg") Continuing southeasterly along West Railroad Street, and several blocks after entering the Village of Kendall, WIS 71 reaches its western junction with CTH\-P on the western end of downtown Kendall. Two blocks further southeast, WIS 71 reaches is eastern junction with CTH\-P and its western junction with CTH\-W. WIS 71/CTH\-W continues southeastward along East Railroad Street for just over a half\-mile (0\.8 km) before leaving the Village of Kendall and re\-entering the Town of Glendale; crossing over the Baraboo River for a second time. The highway quickly reaches is eastern junction at a, just after crossing over the Baraboo River for the third time, and CTH\-W heads southerly to end in [Union Center](/wiki/Union_Center%2C_Wisconsin "Union Center, Wisconsin"). Approximately {{convert\\|0\.7\\|mi\\|km}} southeast of its eastern junction with CTH\-W, WIS 71 passes through the unincorporated community of [Glendale](/wiki/Glendale_%28community%29%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin "Glendale (community), Monroe County, Wisconsin"); however, there are no major intersections within the community. About {{convert\\|2\.2\\|mi\\|km}} southeast beyond the community of Glendale, WIS 71 leaves the Town of Glendale, as well as Monroe County, to enter the [Town of Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth%2C_Juneau_County%2C_Wisconsin "Plymouth, Juneau County, Wisconsin") in Juneau County. About {{convert\\|1\.4\\|mi\\|km}} southeast into the Town of Plymouth, WIS 71 reaches its junction with CTH\-PP. About a half\-mile (0\.8 km) further southeast, WIS 71 enters the city of Elroy and another {{convert\\|0\.6\\|mi\\|km}} further southeast, the highway reaches its eastern terminus at a junction with [WIS 80](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_80 "Wisconsin Highway 80")/[WIS 82](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_82 "Wisconsin Highway 82") at the northwest end of downtown Elroy. The road continues east from the intersection as Cedar Street for two blocks.	[ "Route description\n-----------------", "### Melrose to Sparta", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Northern terminus of WIS 71 at WIS 54 in Melrose, October 2010](/wiki/File:MelroseWisconsinSignWIS71TerminusWIS108Terminus.jpg \"MelroseWisconsinSignWIS71TerminusWIS108Terminus.jpg\")\nWIS 71 begins at an intersection with [WIS 54](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_54 \"Wisconsin Highway 54\") in the southern part of the Village of Melrose in the [Town of Melrose](/wiki/Melrose_%28town%29%2C_Wisconsin \"Melrose (town), Wisconsin\"), Jackson County; the junction is also the northern terminus of [WIS 108](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_108 \"Wisconsin Highway 108\"). With a few brief exceptions, WIS 71 is almost entirely a two\\-lane road and, except for the communities through which it passes, WIS 71 runs through rural [agricultural land](/wiki/Agricultural_land \"Agricultural land\").", "From its western terminus WIS 71 initially heads southerly, [running concurrently](/wiki/Concurrency_%28road%29 \"Concurrency (road)\") with WIS 108, for about {{convert\\\|1\\.3\\\|mi\\\|km}}. The highway quickly leaves the Village of Melrose to enter the Town of Melrose, before crossing the [Black River](/wiki/Black_River_%28Wisconsin%29 \"Black River (Wisconsin)\"). Shortly after the river crossing, WIS 71 turns easterly at a T intersection; WIS 108 continues southerly toward [Mindoro](/wiki/Mindoro%2C_Wisconsin \"Mindoro, Wisconsin\") and [West Salem](/wiki/West_Salem%2C_Wisconsin \"West Salem, Wisconsin\").", "[thumb\\\|WIS 71 running through Four Corners, October 2020](/wiki/File:FourCornersMonroeCountyWisconsinWIS71WIS162NorthernTerminus.jpg \"FourCornersMonroeCountyWisconsinWIS71WIS162NorthernTerminus.jpg\")\nFrom the southern end of its concurrency with WIS 108, WIS 71 heads southeasterly for about {{convert\\\|1\\.8\\\|mi\\\|km}} before leaving the Town of Melrose in Jackson County and entering the [Town of Little Falls](/wiki/Little_Falls%2C_Wisconsin \"Little Falls, Wisconsin\") in Monroe County. After roughly {{convert\\\|3\\.0\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|adj\\=pre\\\|more }} the highway reaches its junction with the northern end of [WIS 162](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_162 \"Wisconsin Highway 162\") in the [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") of [Four Corners](/wiki/Four_Corners%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Four Corners, Monroe County, Wisconsin\"). Approximately {{convert\\\|2\\.8\\\|mi\\\|km}} further southeasterly, and just after crossing over [Spencer Creek](/wiki/Spencer_Creek_%28Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin%29 \"Spencer Creek (Monroe County, Wisconsin)\"), WIS 71 reaches its northern junction with [WIS 27](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_27 \"Wisconsin Highway 27\") at a T intersection. From its northern junction with WIS 27, WIS 71 heads southerly, concurrently with WIS 27, for about {{convert\\\|2\\.2\\\|mi\\\|km}} before leaving the Town of Little Falls and entering the [Town of Sparta](/wiki/Sparta_%28town%29%2C_Wisconsin \"Sparta (town), Wisconsin\"). The highway continues southerly for about {{convert\\\|5\\.8\\\|mi\\\|km}} before entering the city of [Sparta](/wiki/Sparta%2C_Wisconsin \"Sparta, Wisconsin\").{{google maps \\\|url \\= https://www.google.com/maps/place/WI\\-71,\\+Wisconsin/@43\\.8664865,\\-90\\.9651156,10z/data\\=!4m5!3m4!1s0x87fe87d22f68c189:0x3c137bc68710c426!8m2!3d43\\.8664827!4d\\-90\\.6849643 \\\|title \\= W\\-71, Wisconsin \\\|access\\-date \\= October 30, 2020 }}", "### Sparta to Wilton", "Upon entering the city of Sparta, WIS 27/WIS 71 runs along North Black River Street for a few [blocks](/wiki/City_block \"City block\") before arriving at their junction with western end of [WIS 21](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_21 \"Wisconsin Highway 21\") at a [traffic light](/wiki/Traffic_light \"Traffic light\")\\-controlled intersection. About ten blocks further south along South Black River Street, WIS 27/WIS 71 reaches their southern junction, as well as a junction with [WIS 16](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_16 \"Wisconsin Highway 16\"), at another traffic light\\-controlled intersection. (From that junction, WIS 27 continues south along South Black River Street toward [Interstate 94](/wiki/Interstate_94_in_Wisconsin \"Interstate 94 in Wisconsin\"), [Melvia](/wiki/Melvina%2C_Wisconsin \"Melvina, Wisconsin\"), and [Cashton](/wiki/Cashton%2C_Wisconsin \"Cashton, Wisconsin\"). WIS 16 heads west along West Wisconsin Street toward [West Salem](/wiki/West_Salem%2C_Wisconsin \"West Salem, Wisconsin\") and [La Crosse](/wiki/La_Crosse%2C_Wisconsin \"La Crosse, Wisconsin\").)", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|WIS 71/WIS 27 heading into Sparta, September 2023](/wiki/File:Wisconsin_Highway_71_%26_27.jpg \"Wisconsin Highway 71 & 27.jpg\")\nHeading east along West Wisconsin Street, WIS 71 runs concurrently with WIS 16 for roughly {{convert\\\|1\\.8\\\|mi\\\|km}} until they leave Sparta and enter the [Town of Angelo](/wiki/Angelo%2C_Wisconsin \"Angelo, Wisconsin\"), having crossed over the [La Crosse River](/wiki/La_Crosse_River \"La Crosse River\") along the way. Shortly after leaving Sparta, the highways reach the eastern end of their concurrency at a [roundabout](/wiki/Roundabout \"Roundabout\"). Approximately {{convert\\\|0\\.6\\\|mi\\\|km}} south\\-southeast of the roundabout, WIS 71 crosses over, but does not connect with, I\\-94\\. Roughly {{convert\\\|2\\.8\\\|mi\\\|km}} south\\-southeast of I\\-94, WIS 71 leaves the Town of Angelo and enters the [Town of Wells](/wiki/Wells%2C_Wisconsin \"Wells, Wisconsin\").", "Upon entering the Town of Wells, WIS 71 begins running roughly along the course of the [Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail](/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail \"Elroy-Sparta State Trail\"), a {{convert\\\|32\\.5\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} Wisconsin State [rail trail](/wiki/Rail_trail \"Rail trail\") between Elroy and Sparta.{{refn\\\|group\\=lower\\-alpha\\\|The {{convert\\\|32\\.5\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|adj\\=on}} \\[\\[Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail]] (considered to be the first \\[\\[rail trail]] in the United States) runs along an \\[\\[Abandoned railway\\\|abandoned]] section of \\[\\[Right\\-of\\-way (transportation)\\#Rail right\\-of\\-way\\\|right\\-of\\-way]] of the former \\[\\[Chicago and North Western Railway]] between \\[\\[Sparta, Wisconsin\\\|Sparta]] and \\[\\[Elroy, Wisconsin\\\|Elroy]]. Roughly following the course of WIS 71, the rail trail and WIS 71 cross paths four times along their respective routes.{{cite web \\\|url \\= https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/elroysparta \\\|title \\= Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail \\\|publisher \\= \\[\\[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]] \\\|accessdate \\= November 20, 2020 }}}} About {{convert\\\|1\\.8\\\|mi\\\|km}} south\\-southeast into the Town of Wells, WIS 71 reaches its junction with the southern end of County Trunk Highway AA (CTH\\-AA) at a T intersection. About {{convert\\\|2\\.7\\\|mi\\\|km}} further east\\-southeast, WIS 71 crosses over the Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail. From this first crossing, the paths of the highway and rail trail diverge such that are separated by just over {{convert\\\|1\\.6\\\|mi\\\|km}} before converging again in the [Village of Norwalk](/wiki/Norwalk%2C_Wisconsin \"Norwalk, Wisconsin\"). Just under a mile (1\\.6 km) south\\-southeast of the rail trail, WIS 71 reaches its junction with the northern end of CTH\\-XU. A short way beyond the junction, the highway leaves the Town of Wells and enters the [Town of Ridgeville](/wiki/Ridgeville%2C_Wisconsin \"Ridgeville, Wisconsin\"). About {{convert\\\|2\\.5\\\|mi\\\|km}} southeast and then east of the junction with CTH\\-XU, WIS 71 enters the Village of Norwalk.", "Shortly after entering the limits of the Village of Norwalk, WIS 71 reaches its western junction with CTH\\-T. Prior to entering the residential area of the village, WIS 71/CTH\\-T turns south and become McGary Street. Just over a block later, the highway turns east to run along Railroad Street for two blocks, and then turns south along Main Street. WIS 71/CTH\\-T then reaches its junction with CTH\\-U at the southern end of Main Street.", "From its junction with CTH\\-U, WIS 71/CTH\\-T heads southeast out of the Village of Norwalk to renter the Town of Ridgeville. Nearly a mile (1\\.6 km) later, after crossing over [Moore Creek](/wiki/Moore_Creek_%28Wisconsin%29 \"Moore Creek (Wisconsin)\"), WIS 71/CTH\\-T crosses back over the Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail and immediately reaches the western junction with CTH\\-T, and CTH\\-T heads southerly to eventually end at [WIS 131](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_131 \"Wisconsin Highway 131\"). Running just north of the rail trail, WIS 71 continues easterly for approximately {{convert\\\|2\\.2\\\|mi\\\|km}} before crossing back over the rail trail (at Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail Tunnel 2\\). After leaving the Town of Ridgeville and entering the Town of Wilton, the highway turns south\\-southeast to run just west of the rail trail for about {{convert\\\|1\\.3\\\|mi\\\|km}} on its way to the [Village of Wilton](/wiki/Wilton%2C_Wisconsin \"Wilton, Wisconsin\").", "### Wilton to Elroy", "Just prior to entering the Village of Wilton, WIS 71 turns east along Walker Street to pass through the community. Immediately after entering the village, WIS 71 reaches its western junction with WIS 131\\. Three blocks later WIS 71 and WIS 131 reach their junction with the south end of CTH\\-M in downtown Wilton. After turning northeast and crossing the [Kickapoo River](/wiki/Kickapoo_River \"Kickapoo River\"), WIS 71/WIS 131 leaves the Village of Wilton to re\\-enter the Town of Wilton.", "After turning more easterly for about another {{convert\\\|2\\.2\\\|mi\\\|km}}, WIS 71/WIS 131 again crosses paths with the Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail, which crosses over the highway on the former railway bridge. Just under a half\\-mile (0\\.8 km) later, WIS 71/WIS 131 crosses over the Kickapoo River again and immediately reaches the eastern WIS 71/WIS 131 junction. Heading southeast for about another {{convert\\\|2\\.6\\\|mi\\\|km}}, WIS 71 very briefly passes through the southwest corner of the [Town of Clifton](/wiki/Clifton%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Clifton, Monroe County, Wisconsin\"). Within the town, WIS 71 has it its junction with the north end of CTH\\-V. WIS 71 then promptly leaves the Town of Clifton and enters the [Town of Glendale](/wiki/Glendale%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Glendale, Monroe County, Wisconsin\"). Roughly {{convert\\\|2\\\|mi\\\|km}} further east\\-southeast, WIS 71 crosses over the [Baraboo River](/wiki/Baraboo_River \"Baraboo River\") (for the first of three times). Just under a mile (1\\.6 km) further southeast, the highway crosses the Elroy\\-Sparta State Trail (at an at\\-grade intersection) as it enters the [Village of Kendall](/wiki/Kendall%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Kendall, Monroe County, Wisconsin\").", "[thumb\\\|Eastern terminus of WIS 71 at WIS 80/WIS 82 in Elroy, June 2019](/wiki/File:WIS_71_southern_terminus_in_Elroy%2C_WI.jpg \"WIS 71 southern terminus in Elroy, WI.jpg\")\nContinuing southeasterly along West Railroad Street, and several blocks after entering the Village of Kendall, WIS 71 reaches its western junction with CTH\\-P on the western end of downtown Kendall. Two blocks further southeast, WIS 71 reaches is eastern junction with CTH\\-P and its western junction with CTH\\-W. WIS 71/CTH\\-W continues southeastward along East Railroad Street for just over a half\\-mile (0\\.8 km) before leaving the Village of Kendall and re\\-entering the Town of Glendale; crossing over the Baraboo River for a second time. The highway quickly reaches is eastern junction at a, just after crossing over the Baraboo River for the third time, and CTH\\-W heads southerly to end in [Union Center](/wiki/Union_Center%2C_Wisconsin \"Union Center, Wisconsin\"). Approximately {{convert\\\|0\\.7\\\|mi\\\|km}} southeast of its eastern junction with CTH\\-W, WIS 71 passes through the unincorporated community of [Glendale](/wiki/Glendale_%28community%29%2C_Monroe_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Glendale (community), Monroe County, Wisconsin\"); however, there are no major intersections within the community. About {{convert\\\|2\\.2\\\|mi\\\|km}} southeast beyond the community of Glendale, WIS 71 leaves the Town of Glendale, as well as Monroe County, to enter the [Town of Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth%2C_Juneau_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Plymouth, Juneau County, Wisconsin\") in Juneau County.", "About {{convert\\\|1\\.4\\\|mi\\\|km}} southeast into the Town of Plymouth, WIS 71 reaches its junction with CTH\\-PP. About a half\\-mile (0\\.8 km) further southeast, WIS 71 enters the city of Elroy and another {{convert\\\|0\\.6\\\|mi\\\|km}} further southeast, the highway reaches its eastern terminus at a junction with [WIS 80](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_80 \"Wisconsin Highway 80\")/[WIS 82](/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_82 \"Wisconsin Highway 82\") at the northwest end of downtown Elroy. The road continues east from the intersection as Cedar Street for two blocks.", "" ]
History ------- Sri Lanka's strategic location in the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean") has long attracted attention from regional rivals India and [China](/wiki/China "China"). For years, [free\-flowing loans](/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy "Debt-trap diplomacy") and infrastructure investments from China helped it gain an greater influence against India in partnerships with Sri Lanka.Madanayaka, S. A. K. (2017\). ["The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean Region: Reference to String of Pearls Strategy"](http://ir.kdu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/345/1728/021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y). [General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University](/wiki/General_Sir_John_Kotelawala_Defence_University "General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. ### Plans for an India\-Sri Lanka ferry The plan for a ferry service connecting India and Sri Lanka was first proposed in 2011 when Sri Lanka was making efforts to alter its image following the [Sri Lankan Civil War](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War "Sri Lankan Civil War"). At the time, two services were considered: one connecting [Thoothukudi](/wiki/Thoothukudi "Thoothukudi") and [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo "Colombo"), and a second linking [Rameswaram](/wiki/Rameswaram "Rameswaram") with [Talaimannar](/wiki/Talaimannar "Talaimannar"). The two countries signed a [memorandum of understanding](/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding "Memorandum of understanding") for sea connectivity and established a ferry service between Thoothukudi and Colombo, which was discontinued after six months due to logistical issues.(18 October 2023\). ["A ferry from Tamil Nadu to Jaffna, once again"](https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/a-ferry-from-tamil-nadu-to-jaffna-once-again-8988023/). [The Indian Express](/wiki/The_Indian_Express "The Indian Express"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. In mid\-July 2023, a virtual meeting was held between Indian Additional Secretary of the [Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways](/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports%2C_Shipping_and_Waterways "Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways") Rajesh Kumar Sinha, and Sri Lankan Secretary of the [Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Aviation](/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports_and_Shipping_%28Sri_Lanka%29 "Ministry of Ports and Shipping (Sri Lanka)") K. D. S. Ruwanchandra. The meeting, conducted under the India\-Sri Lanka Joint Committee, discussed resuming ferry services between the two nations to boost regional trade, tourism, and stronger people\-to\-people relations in the region.PTI (18 July 2023\). ["India\-Sri Lanka Joint Committee discusses resumption of ferry services"](https://www.deccanherald.com/world/india-sri-lanka-joint-committee-discusses-resumption-of-ferry-services-1238159.html). [Deccan Herald](/wiki/Deccan_Herald "Deccan Herald"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. A ferry service between the two countries previously existed via the [Indo\-Ceylon Express](/wiki/Boat_Mail_Express "Boat Mail Express"), which had express trains leading to and from a ferry boat that connected the Indian town of [Dhanushkodi](/wiki/Dhanushkodi "Dhanushkodi") to [Talaimannar](/wiki/Talaimannar "Talaimannar") in Sri Lanka. The transportation line collectively connected [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai") to [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo "Colombo"). This service ran from 1914 up until 1982, when it was halted due to the increasing threat of the [Sri Lankan Civil War](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War "Sri Lankan Civil War"). The [northern and eastern regions](/wiki/Tamil_Eelam "Tamil Eelam") of the country were under the control of the [LTTE](/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam").Indian Railways Fan Club. ["Famous Trains"](https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-seltrain.html). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. On 20 July 2023, [Sri Lankan President](/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka "President of Sri Lanka") [Ranil Wickremesinghe](/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe "Ranil Wickremesinghe") made a diplomatic trip to India, during which he and [Indian Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India "Prime Minister of India") [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi") signed a series of energy, development, and trade agreements. The trip was meant to develop stronger ties between the two nations, as well as boost the economy of Sri Lanka, which was going through an [economic crisis](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_%282019%E2%80%93present%29 "Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)"). President Wickremesinghe and Prime Minister Modi unveiled agreements on technology, renewable energy, and greater connectivity designed to deepen bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.Pathi, Krutika (21 July 2023\). ["Sri Lankan president's visit to India signals growing economic and energy ties"](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lankan-presidents-visit-india-signals-growing-economic-101546672). [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 "ABC News (United States)"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. Among things proposed during this visit were connecting the two nations' electricity grids, building a [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum") pipeline and land bridge between the two countries, as well as resuming the previously halted passenger ferry service. Prime Minister Modi stated that India was interested in connecting its ports in the [South](/wiki/South_India "South India") to ports in Sri Lanka's [Trincomalee](/wiki/Trincomalee "Trincomalee") and [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo "Colombo").(21 July 2023\). ["India, Sri Lanka agree to boost economic and energy ties"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/21/india-sri-lanka-agree-to-boost-economic-and-energy-ties). [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. ### Commencement of service The Cheriyapani ferry commenced service on 8:15am [IST](/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time "Indian Standard Time") on 14 October 2023, with 50 passengers and 12 crew members under Captain Biju George of India. The ferry service was initially planned to commence on 10 October, but underwent some administrative issues and had to be rescheduled for 12 October, and then 14 October. The first day of service had a ferry ticket price reduced by 75% to ₹2,375\. At least 30 travelers had booked tickets for the first trip. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a video statement on social media commemorating the start of the service, stating, “We are embarking on a new chapter in the diplomatic and economic relations between India and Sri Lanka. The launch of a ferry service between Nagapattinam and Kankesanthurai is an important milestone in strengthening our relations.”Narendra Modi (13 October 2023\). ["PM Narendra Modi's message during flag off of ferry services between India and Sri Lanka"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf9Qoas6nGw). via [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\. After being suspended for several months due to the [Northeast monsoon](/wiki/Northeast_monsoon "Northeast monsoon") and unspecified "technical difficulties", the ferry service resumed on 16 August 2024\.[https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240825/news/india\-sri\-lanka\-ferry\-service\-helps\-religious\-and\-business\-visitors\-568591\.html](https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240825/news/india-sri-lanka-ferry-service-helps-religious-and-business-visitors-568591.html)	[ "History\n-------", "Sri Lanka's strategic location in the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\") has long attracted attention from regional rivals India and [China](/wiki/China \"China\"). For years, [free\\-flowing loans](/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy \"Debt-trap diplomacy\") and infrastructure investments from China helped it gain an greater influence against India in partnerships with Sri Lanka.Madanayaka, S. A. K. (2017\\). [\"The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean Region: Reference to String of Pearls Strategy\"](http://ir.kdu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/345/1728/021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y). [General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University](/wiki/General_Sir_John_Kotelawala_Defence_University \"General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University\"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\.", "### Plans for an India\\-Sri Lanka ferry", "The plan for a ferry service connecting India and Sri Lanka was first proposed in 2011 when Sri Lanka was making efforts to alter its image following the [Sri Lankan Civil War](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War \"Sri Lankan Civil War\"). At the time, two services were considered: one connecting [Thoothukudi](/wiki/Thoothukudi \"Thoothukudi\") and [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\"), and a second linking [Rameswaram](/wiki/Rameswaram \"Rameswaram\") with [Talaimannar](/wiki/Talaimannar \"Talaimannar\"). The two countries signed a [memorandum of understanding](/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding \"Memorandum of understanding\") for sea connectivity and established a ferry service between Thoothukudi and Colombo, which was discontinued after six months due to logistical issues.(18 October 2023\\). [\"A ferry from Tamil Nadu to Jaffna, once again\"](https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/a-ferry-from-tamil-nadu-to-jaffna-once-again-8988023/). [The Indian Express](/wiki/The_Indian_Express \"The Indian Express\"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\.", "In mid\\-July 2023, a virtual meeting was held between Indian Additional Secretary of the [Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways](/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports%2C_Shipping_and_Waterways \"Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways\") Rajesh Kumar Sinha, and Sri Lankan Secretary of the [Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Aviation](/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports_and_Shipping_%28Sri_Lanka%29 \"Ministry of Ports and Shipping (Sri Lanka)\") K. D. S. Ruwanchandra. The meeting, conducted under the India\\-Sri Lanka Joint Committee, discussed resuming ferry services between the two nations to boost regional trade, tourism, and stronger people\\-to\\-people relations in the region.PTI (18 July 2023\\). [\"India\\-Sri Lanka Joint Committee discusses resumption of ferry services\"](https://www.deccanherald.com/world/india-sri-lanka-joint-committee-discusses-resumption-of-ferry-services-1238159.html). [Deccan Herald](/wiki/Deccan_Herald \"Deccan Herald\"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\.", "A ferry service between the two countries previously existed via the [Indo\\-Ceylon Express](/wiki/Boat_Mail_Express \"Boat Mail Express\"), which had express trains leading to and from a ferry boat that connected the Indian town of [Dhanushkodi](/wiki/Dhanushkodi \"Dhanushkodi\") to [Talaimannar](/wiki/Talaimannar \"Talaimannar\") in Sri Lanka. The transportation line collectively connected [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\") to [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\"). This service ran from 1914 up until 1982, when it was halted due to the increasing threat of the [Sri Lankan Civil War](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War \"Sri Lankan Civil War\"). The [northern and eastern regions](/wiki/Tamil_Eelam \"Tamil Eelam\") of the country were under the control of the [LTTE](/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam \"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\").Indian Railways Fan Club. [\"Famous Trains\"](https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-seltrain.html). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\.", "On 20 July 2023, [Sri Lankan President](/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka \"President of Sri Lanka\") [Ranil Wickremesinghe](/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe \"Ranil Wickremesinghe\") made a diplomatic trip to India, during which he and [Indian Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India \"Prime Minister of India\") [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi \"Narendra Modi\") signed a series of energy, development, and trade agreements. The trip was meant to develop stronger ties between the two nations, as well as boost the economy of Sri Lanka, which was going through an [economic crisis](/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_%282019%E2%80%93present%29 \"Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)\"). President Wickremesinghe and Prime Minister Modi unveiled agreements on technology, renewable energy, and greater connectivity designed to deepen bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.Pathi, Krutika (21 July 2023\\). [\"Sri Lankan president's visit to India signals growing economic and energy ties\"](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lankan-presidents-visit-india-signals-growing-economic-101546672). [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\. Among things proposed during this visit were connecting the two nations' electricity grids, building a [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") pipeline and land bridge between the two countries, as well as resuming the previously halted passenger ferry service. Prime Minister Modi stated that India was interested in connecting its ports in the [South](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") to ports in Sri Lanka's [Trincomalee](/wiki/Trincomalee \"Trincomalee\") and [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\").(21 July 2023\\). [\"India, Sri Lanka agree to boost economic and energy ties\"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/21/india-sri-lanka-agree-to-boost-economic-and-energy-ties). [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\.", "### Commencement of service", "The Cheriyapani ferry commenced service on 8:15am [IST](/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time \"Indian Standard Time\") on 14 October 2023, with 50 passengers and 12 crew members under Captain Biju George of India. The ferry service was initially planned to commence on 10 October, but underwent some administrative issues and had to be rescheduled for 12 October, and then 14 October. The first day of service had a ferry ticket price reduced by 75% to ₹2,375\\. At least 30 travelers had booked tickets for the first trip.", "Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a video statement on social media commemorating the start of the service, stating, “We are embarking on a new chapter in the diplomatic and economic relations between India and Sri Lanka. The launch of a ferry service between Nagapattinam and Kankesanthurai is an important milestone in strengthening our relations.”Narendra Modi (13 October 2023\\). [\"PM Narendra Modi's message during flag off of ferry services between India and Sri Lanka\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf9Qoas6nGw). via [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\"). Retrieved on 20 October 2023\\.", "After being suspended for several months due to the [Northeast monsoon](/wiki/Northeast_monsoon \"Northeast monsoon\") and unspecified \"technical difficulties\", the ferry service resumed on 16 August 2024\\.[https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240825/news/india\\-sri\\-lanka\\-ferry\\-service\\-helps\\-religious\\-and\\-business\\-visitors\\-568591\\.html](https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240825/news/india-sri-lanka-ferry-service-helps-religious-and-business-visitors-568591.html)", "" ]
Beginning of the political truce -------------------------------- In his speech from the balcony of the [Berlin Palace](/wiki/Berlin_Palace "Berlin Palace") on 1 August announcing Germany's decision to go to war, [Emperor Wilhelm II](/wiki/Emperor_Wilhelm_II "Emperor Wilhelm II") invoked national unity: "I no longer recognise parties or denominations; today we are all German brothers and only German brothers."{{Cite web \\|last\=Mix \\|first\=Andreas \\|date\=1 September 2014 \\|title\=Der "Burgfrieden" 1914 \\|url\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/erster\-weltkrieg/innenpolitik/burgfrieden.html \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=Deutsches Historisches Museum}} On 4 August, the Emperor delivered his speech from the throne in the White Hall of the Palace, to which all [Reichstag](/wiki/Reichstag_%28German_Empire%29 "Reichstag (German Empire)") members had been invited. The SPD contingent alone did not attend because the Emperor would be speaking at the Palace rather than the Reichstag.{{Cite web \\|date\=2014 \\|title\=Vor 100 Jahren: Reichstag billigt Kriegskredite \\|trans\-title\=100 years ago: Reichstag approves war credits \\|url\=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/textarchiv/2014/kw31\_reichstagsprotokolle\-284830 \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=Deutscher Bundestag \\|language\=de}} The Emperor ended his speech with a personal postscript that echoed some of his words from 1 August: > I repeat now that I no longer know any parties. I know only Germans. And in order to testify that you are firmly resolved without distinction of party to stand by my side through danger and death, I call upon the leaders of the different parties in this House to come forward and lay their hands in mine as a pledge.{{Cite web \\|title\=Speech from the throne (full text in English) \\|url\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16331/16331\-h/16331\-h.htm\#SPEECH\_FROM\_THE\_THRONE \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=Project Gutenberg}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Thronrede Kaiser Wilhelms II. vor den Abgeordneten des Reichstags, 4\. August 1914 \\|trans\-title\=Emperor Wilhelm II's speech from the throne to the members of the Reichstag, 4 August 1914 (full text in German) \\|url\=https://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c\=dokument\_de\&dokument\=0081\_kwi\&object\=translation\&st\=\&l\=de \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=100(0\) Schlüsseldokumente \\|language\=de}} The leaders who were present came forward and took the pledge, following which the parliamentary members enthusiastically sang [Heil Dir im Siegerkranz](/wiki/Heil_dir_im_Siegerkranz "Heil dir im Siegerkranz"), ("Hail to Thee in the Victor's Wreath"), the anthem of the German Empire. [thumb\\|263x263px\\|The SPD's co\-chairman [Hugo Haase](/wiki/Hugo_Haase "Hugo Haase") in 1915\. He later split with the SPD over its policy of {{Lang\\|de\\|Burgfrieden}}.](/wiki/File:Hugo_Haase_LCCN2014708068.tif "Hugo Haase LCCN2014708068.tif") The {{Lang\\|de\\|Burgfrieden}} can be said to have begun with the Reichstag's unanimous vote on 4 August to approve the war credits for five billion marks that the government had requested.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Verhey \\|first\=Jeffrey \\|date\=2015 \\|title\=Burgfrieden (Fortress Truce) in: Brill's Digital Library of World War I \\|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1163/2352\-3786\_dlws1\_beww1\_en\_0097 \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=Brill online reference works\\|doi\=10\.1163/2352\-3786\_dlws1\_beww1\_en\_0097 }} On 2 August, the leaders of the SPD in the Reichstag had decided to support war credits by four votes to two. The following day, the SPD's Reichstag membership voted 78 to 14 to accept the credits and then, with 24 no votes, to enforce party discipline, which meant that on 4 August in the full Reichstag, the SPD voted as a bloc in favour. That included [Karl Liebknecht](/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht "Karl Liebknecht"), who on 2 December became the first Reichstag member to vote against a request for war credits.{{Cite web \\|last\=Albrecht \\|first\=Kai\-Britt \\|date\=11 August 2022 \\|title\=Karl Liebknecht 1871–1919 \\|url\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/karl\-liebknecht \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=Deutsches Historisches Museum}} SPD co\-chairman [Hugo Haase](/wiki/Hugo_Haase "Hugo Haase"), who had voted in the party caucus against approving the war credits,{{Cite web \\|last\=Groh \\|first\=Dieter \\|date\=1966 \\|title\=Haase, Hugo in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 7 \\|url\=https://www.deutsche\-biographie.de/pnd11854411X.html\#ndbcontent \\|access\-date\=18 January 2024 \\|website\=Deutsche Biographie \\|pages\=381–382 \[Online\-Version]}} gave the reasons for the party's approval in front of the Reichstag. He cited imperialism and the arms race as the causes of the war, assigned responsibility to the "promoters of the policy" and emphasised that the SPD had warned against the coming war. He connected the SPD's vote of approval to its positions on a war of defence and Russian tsarism, seeing the liberal future of the people endangered by a victory of "bloodthirsty Russian despotism". He believed that the war was a war of conquest that had been imposed on Germany, and he emphasised the "right of a people to national independence and self\-defence" in accordance with the resolutions of the Second International. He expressly reaffirmed the SPD's intention "not to abandon its own fatherland in its hour of danger".{{Cite book \\|title\=Verhandlungen des deutschen Reichstags. XIII. Legislaturperiode. II. Session Band 306 \\|publisher\=Norddeutschen Verlags\-Anstalt \\|year\=1916 \\|location\=Berlin \\|language\=de \\|trans\-title\=Proceedings of the German Reichstag. XIIIth legislative period. II Session Volume 306 \\|agency\=}} The SPD's yes vote was loudly cheered and seen as especially important because its connection to the socialist Second International and its pacifism had led many to call the socialists "journeymen without a fatherland" ({{Lang\\|de\\|vaterlandslose Gesellen}}). The bill for war credits was one of 17 war laws passed in fifteen minutes and signed by the Emperor on 4 August. Those included an enabling act ({{Lang\\|de\\|Ermächtigungsgesetz}}) which transferred the Reichstag's legislative power to the [Bundesrat](/wiki/Bundesrat_%28German_Empire%29 "Bundesrat (German Empire)"). The act authorised the Bundesrat, chaired by the chancellor, "to order such legal measures during the period of war as prove necessary to remedy economic damage". The Reichstag nevertheless retained the power of the budget and therefore controlled the funding for the war. Its members, as part of the {{Lang\\|de\\|Burgfrieden}}, agreed to forego elections, including by\-elections, and to keep their disagreements out of public view. The president of the Reichstag, Dr. [Johannes Kaempf](/wiki/Johannes_Kaempf "Johannes Kaempf"), ended the 4 August session with the statement: "The German people are united to the last man, to win or die on the battlefield for German honour and German unity". The [General Commission of German Trade Unions](/wiki/General_Commission_of_German_Trade_Unions "General Commission of German Trade Unions"), the umbrella organisation of the [Free Trade Unions](/wiki/Free_Trade_Unions_%28Germany%29 "Free Trade Unions (Germany)") with close ties to the Social Democrats, had declared on 2 August that it would refrain from wage increases and strikes during the war. The liberal Hirsch\-Dunckersche trade unions and the [Christian trade unions](/wiki/United_Federation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions_in_Germany "United Federation of Christian Trade Unions in Germany") made similar statements. All of the unions hoped that their support would lead to rewards in the form of social reforms after the war. Initially the number of strikes dropped precipitously, from a total of over four million work days spent on strike in 1913 to fewer than 5,000 in 1915\. In January 1918, however, when war weariness and hunger were widespread, an estimated one million workers went on [strike across Germany](/wiki/German_strike_of_January_1918 "German strike of January 1918").{{Cite web \\|last\=Piper \\|first\=Ernst \\|date\=24 August 2018 \\|title\=Deutsche Revolution. Januarstreik 1918 \\|trans\-title\=German Revolution. The 1918 January Strike \\|url\=https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/info\-aktuell/274840/deutsche\-revolution/ \\|access\-date\=22 January 2024 \\|website\=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung \\|language\=de}} [left\\|thumb\\|232x232px\\|[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg](/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg "Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg"), German chancellor from July 1909 until July 1917](/wiki/File:Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_Portrait.jpg "Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg Portrait.jpg") The press also ceased public disputes with the government for the duration of the war and practised self\-censorship. In accordance with Article 68 of the [German Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire "Constitution of the German Empire"), the imposition of a state of war meant that freedom of the press was restricted by censorship measures anyway.{{Cite book \\|last\=Loth \\|first\=Wilhelm \\|title\=Das Deutsche Kaiserreich. Obrigkeitsstaat und politische Mobilisierung \\|publisher\=Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag (DTV) \\|year\=1997 \\|isbn\=3\-423\-04505\-1 \\|location\=Munich \\|pages\=none provided \\|language\=de \\|trans\-title\=The German Empire. The Authoritarian State and Political Mobilisation}} The government nevertheless allowed the SPD's Vorwärts to be sold in Prussian train stations from the beginning of the war. As in the trade unions, the political parties on the left expected their agreement to the {{Lang\\|de\\|Burgfrieden}} to provide payback at the end of the war. [Eduard David](/wiki/Eduard_David "Eduard David") of the SPD, looking ahead to potential social reforms said, "We expect democratic suffrage reform as the price of the working class's war effort." Others saw the need for the government to accept opinions from all sides on domestic matters. Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg wanted to integrate the former "journeymen without a fatherland" into the nation, although he did not consider asking the SPD to join the government, as the socialists did in France as part of their {{Lang\\|fr\\|union sacrée}} ([Sacred Union](/wiki/Sacred_Union "Sacred Union")), which was roughly comparable to Germany's {{Lang\\|de\\|Burgfrieden}}. The political right, on the other hand, thought that the perceived unity behind the {{Lang\\|de\\|Burgfrieden}} proved that there was no need to make political changes. The [Pan\-German League](/wiki/Pan-German_League "Pan-German League") went so far as to claim that the "[Spirit of 1914](/wiki/Spirit_of_1914 "Spirit of 1914")" would eliminate the SPD because all Germans had become pan\-German.	[ "Beginning of the political truce\n--------------------------------", "In his speech from the balcony of the [Berlin Palace](/wiki/Berlin_Palace \"Berlin Palace\") on 1 August announcing Germany's decision to go to war, [Emperor Wilhelm II](/wiki/Emperor_Wilhelm_II \"Emperor Wilhelm II\") invoked national unity: \"I no longer recognise parties or denominations; today we are all German brothers and only German brothers.\"{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Mix \\\|first\\=Andreas \\\|date\\=1 September 2014 \\\|title\\=Der \"Burgfrieden\" 1914 \\\|url\\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/erster\\-weltkrieg/innenpolitik/burgfrieden.html \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Deutsches Historisches Museum}} On 4 August, the Emperor delivered his speech from the throne in the White Hall of the Palace, to which all [Reichstag](/wiki/Reichstag_%28German_Empire%29 \"Reichstag (German Empire)\") members had been invited. The SPD contingent alone did not attend because the Emperor would be speaking at the Palace rather than the Reichstag.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2014 \\\|title\\=Vor 100 Jahren: Reichstag billigt Kriegskredite \\\|trans\\-title\\=100 years ago: Reichstag approves war credits \\\|url\\=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/textarchiv/2014/kw31\\_reichstagsprotokolle\\-284830 \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Deutscher Bundestag \\\|language\\=de}} The Emperor ended his speech with a personal postscript that echoed some of his words from 1 August:\n> I repeat now that I no longer know any parties. I know only Germans. And in order to testify that you are firmly resolved without distinction of party to stand by my side through danger and death, I call upon the leaders of the different parties in this House to come forward and lay their hands in mine as a pledge.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Speech from the throne (full text in English) \\\|url\\=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16331/16331\\-h/16331\\-h.htm\\#SPEECH\\_FROM\\_THE\\_THRONE \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Project Gutenberg}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Thronrede Kaiser Wilhelms II. vor den Abgeordneten des Reichstags, 4\\. August 1914 \\\|trans\\-title\\=Emperor Wilhelm II's speech from the throne to the members of the Reichstag, 4 August 1914 (full text in German) \\\|url\\=https://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c\\=dokument\\_de\\&dokument\\=0081\\_kwi\\&object\\=translation\\&st\\=\\&l\\=de \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=100(0\\) Schlüsseldokumente \\\|language\\=de}}", "The leaders who were present came forward and took the pledge, following which the parliamentary members enthusiastically sang [Heil Dir im Siegerkranz](/wiki/Heil_dir_im_Siegerkranz \"Heil dir im Siegerkranz\"), (\"Hail to Thee in the Victor's Wreath\"), the anthem of the German Empire.\n[thumb\\\|263x263px\\\|The SPD's co\\-chairman [Hugo Haase](/wiki/Hugo_Haase \"Hugo Haase\") in 1915\\. He later split with the SPD over its policy of {{Lang\\\|de\\\|Burgfrieden}}.](/wiki/File:Hugo_Haase_LCCN2014708068.tif \"Hugo Haase LCCN2014708068.tif\")\nThe {{Lang\\\|de\\\|Burgfrieden}} can be said to have begun with the Reichstag's unanimous vote on 4 August to approve the war credits for five billion marks that the government had requested.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Verhey \\\|first\\=Jeffrey \\\|date\\=2015 \\\|title\\=Burgfrieden (Fortress Truce) in: Brill's Digital Library of World War I \\\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1163/2352\\-3786\\_dlws1\\_beww1\\_en\\_0097 \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Brill online reference works\\\|doi\\=10\\.1163/2352\\-3786\\_dlws1\\_beww1\\_en\\_0097 }} On 2 August, the leaders of the SPD in the Reichstag had decided to support war credits by four votes to two. The following day, the SPD's Reichstag membership voted 78 to 14 to accept the credits and then, with 24 no votes, to enforce party discipline, which meant that on 4 August in the full Reichstag, the SPD voted as a bloc in favour. That included [Karl Liebknecht](/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht \"Karl Liebknecht\"), who on 2 December became the first Reichstag member to vote against a request for war credits.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Albrecht \\\|first\\=Kai\\-Britt \\\|date\\=11 August 2022 \\\|title\\=Karl Liebknecht 1871–1919 \\\|url\\=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/karl\\-liebknecht \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Deutsches Historisches Museum}}", "SPD co\\-chairman [Hugo Haase](/wiki/Hugo_Haase \"Hugo Haase\"), who had voted in the party caucus against approving the war credits,{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Groh \\\|first\\=Dieter \\\|date\\=1966 \\\|title\\=Haase, Hugo in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 7 \\\|url\\=https://www.deutsche\\-biographie.de/pnd11854411X.html\\#ndbcontent \\\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Deutsche Biographie \\\|pages\\=381–382 \\[Online\\-Version]}} gave the reasons for the party's approval in front of the Reichstag. He cited imperialism and the arms race as the causes of the war, assigned responsibility to the \"promoters of the policy\" and emphasised that the SPD had warned against the coming war. He connected the SPD's vote of approval to its positions on a war of defence and Russian tsarism, seeing the liberal future of the people endangered by a victory of \"bloodthirsty Russian despotism\". He believed that the war was a war of conquest that had been imposed on Germany, and he emphasised the \"right of a people to national independence and self\\-defence\" in accordance with the resolutions of the Second International. He expressly reaffirmed the SPD's intention \"not to abandon its own fatherland in its hour of danger\".{{Cite book \\\|title\\=Verhandlungen des deutschen Reichstags. XIII. Legislaturperiode. II. Session Band 306 \\\|publisher\\=Norddeutschen Verlags\\-Anstalt \\\|year\\=1916 \\\|location\\=Berlin \\\|language\\=de \\\|trans\\-title\\=Proceedings of the German Reichstag. XIIIth legislative period. II Session Volume 306 \\\|agency\\=}}", "The SPD's yes vote was loudly cheered and seen as especially important because its connection to the socialist Second International and its pacifism had led many to call the socialists \"journeymen without a fatherland\" ({{Lang\\\|de\\\|vaterlandslose Gesellen}}).", "The bill for war credits was one of 17 war laws passed in fifteen minutes and signed by the Emperor on 4 August. Those included an enabling act ({{Lang\\\|de\\\|Ermächtigungsgesetz}}) which transferred the Reichstag's legislative power to the [Bundesrat](/wiki/Bundesrat_%28German_Empire%29 \"Bundesrat (German Empire)\"). The act authorised the Bundesrat, chaired by the chancellor, \"to order such legal measures during the period of war as prove necessary to remedy economic damage\". The Reichstag nevertheless retained the power of the budget and therefore controlled the funding for the war. Its members, as part of the {{Lang\\\|de\\\|Burgfrieden}}, agreed to forego elections, including by\\-elections, and to keep their disagreements out of public view.", "The president of the Reichstag, Dr. [Johannes Kaempf](/wiki/Johannes_Kaempf \"Johannes Kaempf\"), ended the 4 August session with the statement: \"The German people are united to the last man, to win or die on the battlefield for German honour and German unity\".", "The [General Commission of German Trade Unions](/wiki/General_Commission_of_German_Trade_Unions \"General Commission of German Trade Unions\"), the umbrella organisation of the [Free Trade Unions](/wiki/Free_Trade_Unions_%28Germany%29 \"Free Trade Unions (Germany)\") with close ties to the Social Democrats, had declared on 2 August that it would refrain from wage increases and strikes during the war. The liberal Hirsch\\-Dunckersche trade unions and the [Christian trade unions](/wiki/United_Federation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions_in_Germany \"United Federation of Christian Trade Unions in Germany\") made similar statements. All of the unions hoped that their support would lead to rewards in the form of social reforms after the war. Initially the number of strikes dropped precipitously, from a total of over four million work days spent on strike in 1913 to fewer than 5,000 in 1915\\. In January 1918, however, when war weariness and hunger were widespread, an estimated one million workers went on [strike across Germany](/wiki/German_strike_of_January_1918 \"German strike of January 1918\").{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Piper \\\|first\\=Ernst \\\|date\\=24 August 2018 \\\|title\\=Deutsche Revolution. Januarstreik 1918 \\\|trans\\-title\\=German Revolution. The 1918 January Strike \\\|url\\=https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/info\\-aktuell/274840/deutsche\\-revolution/ \\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2024 \\\|website\\=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung \\\|language\\=de}}\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|232x232px\\\|[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg](/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg \"Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg\"), German chancellor from July 1909 until July 1917](/wiki/File:Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg_Portrait.jpg \"Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg Portrait.jpg\")\nThe press also ceased public disputes with the government for the duration of the war and practised self\\-censorship. In accordance with Article 68 of the [German Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire \"Constitution of the German Empire\"), the imposition of a state of war meant that freedom of the press was restricted by censorship measures anyway.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Loth \\\|first\\=Wilhelm \\\|title\\=Das Deutsche Kaiserreich. Obrigkeitsstaat und politische Mobilisierung \\\|publisher\\=Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag (DTV) \\\|year\\=1997 \\\|isbn\\=3\\-423\\-04505\\-1 \\\|location\\=Munich \\\|pages\\=none provided \\\|language\\=de \\\|trans\\-title\\=The German Empire. The Authoritarian State and Political Mobilisation}} The government nevertheless allowed the SPD's Vorwärts to be sold in Prussian train stations from the beginning of the war.", "As in the trade unions, the political parties on the left expected their agreement to the {{Lang\\\|de\\\|Burgfrieden}} to provide payback at the end of the war. [Eduard David](/wiki/Eduard_David \"Eduard David\") of the SPD, looking ahead to potential social reforms said, \"We expect democratic suffrage reform as the price of the working class's war effort.\" Others saw the need for the government to accept opinions from all sides on domestic matters. Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg wanted to integrate the former \"journeymen without a fatherland\" into the nation, although he did not consider asking the SPD to join the government, as the socialists did in France as part of their {{Lang\\\|fr\\\|union sacrée}} ([Sacred Union](/wiki/Sacred_Union \"Sacred Union\")), which was roughly comparable to Germany's {{Lang\\\|de\\\|Burgfrieden}}.", "The political right, on the other hand, thought that the perceived unity behind the {{Lang\\\|de\\\|Burgfrieden}} proved that there was no need to make political changes. The [Pan\\-German League](/wiki/Pan-German_League \"Pan-German League\") went so far as to claim that the \"[Spirit of 1914](/wiki/Spirit_of_1914 \"Spirit of 1914\")\" would eliminate the SPD because all Germans had become pan\\-German.", "" ]
History ------- ### Establishment of Emmanuel College In 1988, [Sir Peter Vardy](/wiki/Peter_Vardy_%28businessman%29 "Peter Vardy (businessman)") responded to the then Government’s appeal to local businessmen to become involved in the education of young people in the most socio\-economically deprived parts of their home regions through sponsorship of the [City Technology College](/wiki/City_Technology_College "City Technology College") initiative. The aim of the initiative was twofold: 1. To engage business people who had been successful in turning around failing businesses in using their experience to help turn around failing schools, and 2. To create beacons of academic excellence in inner\-city areas which would be able to show other parents, teachers and students what was possible.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.emmanuel\-schools.org.uk/thefoundation/history/index.php \\|title\=History \\|accessdate\=3 January 2011 \\|publisher\=Emmanuel Schools Foundation \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007022607/http://www.emmanuel\-schools.org.uk/thefoundation/history/index.php \\|archivedate\=7 October 2011 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|df\=dmy\-all }} The first ESF school, [Emmanuel City Technology College](/wiki/Emmanuel_City_Technology_College "Emmanuel City Technology College"), was founded in 1990 as [Tyneside](/wiki/Tyneside "Tyneside")’s City Technology College and opened with just 151 students in Year 7\. John Burn (Headteacher of Long Benton) had been instrumental in persuading Peter Vardy to engage in the CTC programme. Originally specialising in Technology, the College was awarded a second specialism in Business and Enterprise (2005\), allowing it to build upon its [Beacon School](/wiki/Beacon_Status "Beacon Status") and current Leading Edge Status through its extensive work in delivering specialist teaching programmes within Primary Schools. ### Expansion The foundation was formally established when The King's Academy was established in Coulby Newham, Middlesbrough in 2003, as one of the earliest schools built under New Labour's academies programme. Vardy pledged to eventually build seven academies. The Foundation's approach was not universally welcomed, and in 2004 opponents blocked the Foundation's bid to take over [Northcliffe School](/wiki/De_Warenne_Academy "De Warenne Academy") in [Conisbrough](/wiki/Conisbrough "Conisbrough"), near [Doncaster](/wiki/Doncaster "Doncaster"), which Ofsted had placed under [special measures](/wiki/Special_measures "Special measures").[Blow for Blair as campaign stops sponsored school](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1474155/Blow-for-Blair-as-campaign-stops-sponsored-school.html), Daily Telegraph, 15 October 2004\. Retrieved 1 April 2010 Instead, it took over Thorne Grammar School and redeveloped the site to create Trinity Academy in 2005\. In September 2009 ESF also opened its fourth school, Bede Academy, which is its first covering the whole school age range of 3\-18, with Nursery, Primary and Secondary provision across two sites in Blyth on the Northumberland coast. Specialising in Engineering and Enterprise, the school focuses on extending conventional perceptions of engineering by providing specialist insights into aspects of biotechnology, environmental science and recycling technologies, sound and computer network engineering, medical and animal science, and naval and automotive systems and design. In September 2009 it was announced that David Wootton would join from the Grace Foundation to become ESF's first Chief Executive. In February 2010, the Foundation announced that Sir Peter Vardy was to step down as chairman, to be succeeded by his brother, David Vardy, who had previously been Project Director of the foundation, overseeing the building of the schools. The foundation celebrated its twentieth anniversary with a conference at The Sage Gateshead for the staff, including celebratory videos, musical entertainment from each of the schools, and keynote talks by author Gervaise Phinn and futurist Patrick Dixon, among others. ### New oversight and developments In October 2010 it was announced that Sir Peter Vardy was handing over management of the schools to the [United Learning Trust](/wiki/United_Learning_Trust "United Learning Trust").[Academy sponsor steps down](http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/2010/10/13/academy-sponsor-steps-down-84229-27461543/), Gazette, 13 October 2010\. Retrieved 20 October 2010\. The ESF schools were never integrated into the ULT network, however, and were ultimately later established as a multi\-academy trust (MAT). In April 2019, ESF formally adopted [Joseph Swan Academy](/wiki/Joseph_Swan_Academy "Joseph Swan Academy") in [Gateshead](/wiki/Gateshead "Gateshead"), after its being rated inadequate in a 2018 Ofsted inspection, with Emmanuel College vice\-principal Mark Hall taking over leadership of the school. Later in 2019, [Christ's College Sunderland](/wiki/Christ%27s_College_Sunderland "Christ's College Sunderland") in Sunderland was also brought into the multi\-academy trust, with Bede Academy's vice\-principal Julie Roberts becoming its head.	[ "History\n-------", "### Establishment of Emmanuel College", "In 1988, [Sir Peter Vardy](/wiki/Peter_Vardy_%28businessman%29 \"Peter Vardy (businessman)\") responded to the then Government’s appeal to local businessmen to become involved in the education of young people in the most socio\\-economically deprived parts of their home regions through sponsorship of the [City Technology College](/wiki/City_Technology_College \"City Technology College\") initiative. The aim of the initiative was twofold:", "1. To engage business people who had been successful in turning around failing businesses in using their experience to help turn around failing schools, and\n2. To create beacons of academic excellence in inner\\-city areas which would be able to show other parents, teachers and students what was possible.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.emmanuel\\-schools.org.uk/thefoundation/history/index.php \\\|title\\=History \\\|accessdate\\=3 January 2011 \\\|publisher\\=Emmanuel Schools Foundation \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007022607/http://www.emmanuel\\-schools.org.uk/thefoundation/history/index.php \\\|archivedate\\=7 October 2011 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}", "The first ESF school, [Emmanuel City Technology College](/wiki/Emmanuel_City_Technology_College \"Emmanuel City Technology College\"), was founded in 1990 as [Tyneside](/wiki/Tyneside \"Tyneside\")’s City Technology College and opened with just 151 students in Year 7\\. John Burn (Headteacher of Long Benton) had been instrumental in persuading Peter Vardy to engage in the CTC programme. Originally specialising in Technology, the College was awarded a second specialism in Business and Enterprise (2005\\), allowing it to build upon its [Beacon School](/wiki/Beacon_Status \"Beacon Status\") and current Leading Edge Status through its extensive work in delivering specialist teaching programmes within Primary Schools.", "### Expansion", "The foundation was formally established when The King's Academy was established in Coulby Newham, Middlesbrough in 2003, as one of the earliest schools built under New Labour's academies programme. Vardy pledged to eventually build seven academies.", "The Foundation's approach was not universally welcomed, and in 2004 opponents blocked the Foundation's bid to take over [Northcliffe School](/wiki/De_Warenne_Academy \"De Warenne Academy\") in [Conisbrough](/wiki/Conisbrough \"Conisbrough\"), near [Doncaster](/wiki/Doncaster \"Doncaster\"), which Ofsted had placed under [special measures](/wiki/Special_measures \"Special measures\").[Blow for Blair as campaign stops sponsored school](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1474155/Blow-for-Blair-as-campaign-stops-sponsored-school.html), Daily Telegraph, 15 October 2004\\. Retrieved 1 April 2010 Instead, it took over Thorne Grammar School and redeveloped the site to create Trinity Academy in 2005\\.", "In September 2009 ESF also opened its fourth school, Bede Academy, which is its first covering the whole school age range of 3\\-18, with Nursery, Primary and Secondary provision across two sites in Blyth on the Northumberland coast. Specialising in Engineering and Enterprise, the school focuses on extending conventional perceptions of engineering by providing specialist insights into aspects of biotechnology, environmental science and recycling technologies, sound and computer network engineering, medical and animal science, and naval and automotive systems and design.", "In September 2009 it was announced that David Wootton would join from the Grace Foundation to become ESF's first Chief Executive. In February 2010, the Foundation announced that Sir Peter Vardy was to step down as chairman, to be succeeded by his brother, David Vardy, who had previously been Project Director of the foundation, overseeing the building of the schools. The foundation celebrated its twentieth anniversary with a conference at The Sage Gateshead for the staff, including celebratory videos, musical entertainment from each of the schools, and keynote talks by author Gervaise Phinn and futurist Patrick Dixon, among others.", "### New oversight and developments", "In October 2010 it was announced that Sir Peter Vardy was handing over management of the schools to the [United Learning Trust](/wiki/United_Learning_Trust \"United Learning Trust\").[Academy sponsor steps down](http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/2010/10/13/academy-sponsor-steps-down-84229-27461543/), Gazette, 13 October 2010\\. Retrieved 20 October 2010\\. The ESF schools were never integrated into the ULT network, however, and were ultimately later established as a multi\\-academy trust (MAT).", "In April 2019, ESF formally adopted [Joseph Swan Academy](/wiki/Joseph_Swan_Academy \"Joseph Swan Academy\") in [Gateshead](/wiki/Gateshead \"Gateshead\"), after its being rated inadequate in a 2018 Ofsted inspection, with Emmanuel College vice\\-principal Mark Hall taking over leadership of the school. Later in 2019, [Christ's College Sunderland](/wiki/Christ%27s_College_Sunderland \"Christ's College Sunderland\") in Sunderland was also brought into the multi\\-academy trust, with Bede Academy's vice\\-principal Julie Roberts becoming its head.", "" ]
Life ---- Bartholomeus van der Helst was born in [Haarlem](/wiki/Haarlem "Haarlem") in 1613\. His exact date of birth is not known as the birth records of Haarlem of that time are lost. He was the son of a Haarlem innkeeper called Lodewijk and Lodewijk's second wife, Aeltgen Bartels. Van der Helst had moved to Amsterdam some time before 1636, the year in which he married Anna du Pire, an 18\-year\-old woman from a prosperous family of the [Southern Netherlands](/wiki/Southern_Netherlands "Southern Netherlands") who was already orphaned. The couple had six children of whom one, called [Lodewijk](/wiki/Lodewijk_van_der_Helst "Lodewijk van der Helst") (1642 \- c. 1684\), became a portrait painter like his father.[Website about Bartholomeus van der Helst](https://bartholomeusvanderhelst.wordpress.com) {{in lang\\|nl}} [thumb\\|Pieter Lucaszn van de Venne and Anna de Carpentier with their child](/wiki/File:Pieter_Lucaszn_van_de_Venne_with_Anna_de_Carpentier_1652_van_der_Helst.jpg "Pieter Lucaszn van de Venne with Anna de Carpentier 1652 van der Helst.jpg") His first dated picture, the [Regents of the Walloon Orphanage in Amsterdam](/wiki/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst_-_Regents_of_the_Walloon_Orphanage_-_WGA11346.jpg "Bartholomeus van der Helst - Regents of the Walloon Orphanage - WGA11346.jpg"), dates from 1637\. The style of this painting suggests that in Amsterdam van der Helst may have trained with [Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy](/wiki/Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy "Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy"). His first important commission was for a large [schuttersstuk](/wiki/Schutterij "Schutterij") known as the [Civic Guard led by Captain Roelof Bicker and Lieutenant Jan Michielsz. Blaeuw](/wiki/Officieren_en_andere_schutters_van_wijk_VIII_in_Amsterdam_onder_leiding_van_kapitein_Roelof_Bicker_en_luitenant_Jan_Michielsz_Blaeuw_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-375.jpeg "Officieren en andere schutters van wijk VIII in Amsterdam onder leiding van kapitein Roelof Bicker en luitenant Jan Michielsz Blaeuw Rijksmuseum SK-C-375.jpeg"). Van der Helst received the commission in 1639 and finished it in 1642\. The large 7\.5m wide canvas was hung over the fireplace of the grand assembly of the Kloveniers guild, the same room for which Rembrandt painted [The Night Watch](/wiki/The_Night_Watch "The Night Watch"). The success, which the artist achieved with this composition, led to many commissions for single and double portraits of Amsterdam's leading class such as his [Portrait of Andries Bicker](/wiki/Andries_Bicker.jpg "Andries Bicker.jpg"), the mayor of Amsterdam. The city's military brass and wealthy members of the regent class all had portraits made by van der Helst. [thumb\\|[Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster](/wiki/Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster "Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster")](/wiki/Image:Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg "Bartholomeus van der Helst, Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster.jpg") Even though van der Helst was active in Amsterdam at the same time as [Rembrandt](/wiki/Rembrandt "Rembrandt"), he was able to become the most popular portraitist in that city, through his elegant and flattering portrayals in the style of [Anthony van Dyck](/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck "Anthony van Dyck"). His work was considered more immediately appealing than the dark, intense and introspective work during this later period of Rembrandt.[Bartholomeus van der Helst](http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/759/bartholomeus-van-der-helst-dutch-1613-1670) at the J. Paul Getty Museum Rare among portrait artists in Amsterdam of his time, he was able to attract bourgeois patrons from other cities such as Rotterdam. His large group portrait, Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the [Peace of Münster](/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia "Peace of Westphalia") ([Rijksmuseum](/wiki/Rijksmuseum "Rijksmuseum"), Amsterdam), was painted in 1648, and exhibited to popular acclaim. It was this painting that sealed his fame for future generations, according to the Dutch artist biographer [Arnold Houbraken](/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken "Arnold Houbraken").[Arnold Houbraken](/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken "Arnold Houbraken"), [Bartholomeus vander Helst biography](http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/houb005groo01_01/houb005groo01_01_0184.htm) in: De groote schouburgh der Nederlandsche konstschilders en schilderessen, 1718 The painting was admired by [Godfried Kneller](/wiki/Godfried_Kneller "Godfried Kneller") and [Joshua Reynolds](/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds "Joshua Reynolds"). Van der Helst received a commission from the circle of the Stadtholder family, when he was asked in 1652 to paint the [portrait of Mary](/wiki/Mary_Princess_of_Orange.jpg "Mary Princess of Orange.jpg"), the widow of [William II, Prince of Orange](/wiki/William_II%2C_Prince_of_Orange "William II, Prince of Orange"). [thumb\\|[Mourning portrait](/wiki/Mourning_portrait "Mourning portrait") of a dead child](/wiki/File:Helst_Kind_auf_dem_Sterbebett.jpg "Helst Kind auf dem Sterbebett.jpg") The artist remained active throughout his life and maintained a high level of production until the end of his career. His late works such as the pendant portraits of [Lieutenant\-Admiral Aert van Nes](/wiki/Aert_van_Nes_%281626-93%29%2C_luitenant-admiraal%2C_by_Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst.jpg "Aert van Nes (1626-93), luitenant-admiraal, by Bartholomeus van der Helst.jpg") and his [wife Geertruida den Dubbeld](/wiki/Geertruida_den_Dubbelde%2C_de_echtgenote_van_luitenant-admiraal_Aert_van_Nes%2C_by_Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst.jpg "Geertruida den Dubbelde, de echtgenote van luitenant-admiraal Aert van Nes, by Bartholomeus van der Helst.jpg") and [Vice\-Admiral Johan de Liefde](/wiki/Vice-Admiral_Johan_de_Liefde%2C_by_Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst.jpg "Vice-Admiral Johan de Liefde, by Bartholomeus van der Helst.jpg") (all three dated 1668 and in the Rijksmuseum) still set the trend in portrait painting in his age. The harbour scenes in the background in these three works were painted by [Ludolf Bakhuizen](/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen "Ludolf Bakhuizen"). He was the teacher of his son [Lodewijk](/wiki/Lodewijk_van_der_Helst "Lodewijk van der Helst") who followed his style.[Bartholomeus van der Helst](https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/37307) at the [Netherlands Institute for Art History](/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History "Netherlands Institute for Art History") {{in lang\\|nl}} Marcus Waltes was his pupil in 1650\.[Judith van Gent](https://bartholomeusvanderhelst.wordpress.com/), Bartholomeus van der Helst blog {{in lang\\|nl}} He had no other known pupils but exerted an influence on [Govert Flinck](/wiki/Govert_Flinck "Govert Flinck"), [Eustache Lesueur](/wiki/Eustache_Lesueur "Eustache Lesueur"), [Constantin Hansen](/wiki/Constantin_Hansen "Constantin Hansen"), [Alexander Sanders](/wiki/Alexander_Sanders "Alexander Sanders") and [Abraham van den Tempel](/wiki/Abraham_van_den_Tempel "Abraham van den Tempel"). Van der Helst died in Amsterdam in 1670\. While he had been able to charge very high prices for his works, he appears to have lived above his means. He had bought a large house at Nieuwe Doelenstraat and acquired many paintings of leading artists such as [Frans Floris](/wiki/Frans_Floris "Frans Floris"), [Simon de Vos](/wiki/Simon_de_Vos "Simon de Vos"), [Goltzius](/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius "Hendrick Goltzius"), [Adriaen Brouwer](/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer "Adriaen Brouwer"), [Pieter Lastman](/wiki/Pieter_Lastman "Pieter Lastman"), [Gerard van Zyl](/wiki/Gerard_van_Zyl "Gerard van Zyl"), [Simon de Vlieger](/wiki/Simon_de_Vlieger "Simon de Vlieger"), [Hendrik Gerritsz Pot](/wiki/Hendrik_Gerritsz_Pot "Hendrik Gerritsz Pot"), [Otto Marcelis](/wiki/Otto_Marcelis "Otto Marcelis"), and [Willem van de Velde](/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde "Willem van de Velde"). After his death his wife was compelled to offer his works and those from his art collection for sale in 1671 in an advertisement in the [Haarlems Dagblad](/wiki/Haarlems_Dagblad "Haarlems Dagblad").[Advertisements in the Oprechte Haerlemse Courant of 1671](http://www.apud.net/ohc/ohc71a.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121204250/http://www.apud.net/ohc/ohc71a.htm \\|date\=November 21, 2008 }} {{in lang\\|nl}} Early 1671 Lodewijk and his sister Susanne assisted their mother when they visited their father's former studio, when his belongings were registered. According to the inventory he owned the [schilder\-boeck](/wiki/Schilder-boeck "Schilder-boeck") by [Karel van Mander](/wiki/Karel_van_Mander "Karel van Mander"); [Metamorphoses](/wiki/Metamorphoses "Metamorphoses") by Ovid; books by [Serlio](/wiki/Serlio "Serlio"), [Scamozzi](/wiki/Scamozzi "Scamozzi"), [Vitruvius](/wiki/Vitruvius "Vitruvius") and [Palladio](/wiki/Palladio "Palladio"); and portraits of Dutch admirals such as [Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer](/wiki/Egbert_Bartholomeusz_Kortenaer "Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer").	[ "Life\n----", "Bartholomeus van der Helst was born in [Haarlem](/wiki/Haarlem \"Haarlem\") in 1613\\. His exact date of birth is not known as the birth records of Haarlem of that time are lost. He was the son of a Haarlem innkeeper called Lodewijk and Lodewijk's second wife, Aeltgen Bartels. Van der Helst had moved to Amsterdam some time before 1636, the year in which he married Anna du Pire, an 18\\-year\\-old woman from a prosperous family of the [Southern Netherlands](/wiki/Southern_Netherlands \"Southern Netherlands\") who was already orphaned. The couple had six children of whom one, called [Lodewijk](/wiki/Lodewijk_van_der_Helst \"Lodewijk van der Helst\") (1642 \\- c. 1684\\), became a portrait painter like his father.[Website about Bartholomeus van der Helst](https://bartholomeusvanderhelst.wordpress.com) {{in lang\\\|nl}}", "[thumb\\\|Pieter Lucaszn van de Venne and Anna de Carpentier with their child](/wiki/File:Pieter_Lucaszn_van_de_Venne_with_Anna_de_Carpentier_1652_van_der_Helst.jpg \"Pieter Lucaszn van de Venne with Anna de Carpentier 1652 van der Helst.jpg\")", "His first dated picture, the [Regents of the Walloon Orphanage in Amsterdam](/wiki/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst_-_Regents_of_the_Walloon_Orphanage_-_WGA11346.jpg \"Bartholomeus van der Helst - Regents of the Walloon Orphanage - WGA11346.jpg\"), dates from 1637\\. The style of this painting suggests that in Amsterdam van der Helst may have trained with [Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy](/wiki/Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy \"Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy\"). His first important commission was for a large [schuttersstuk](/wiki/Schutterij \"Schutterij\") known as the [Civic Guard led by Captain Roelof Bicker and Lieutenant Jan Michielsz. Blaeuw](/wiki/Officieren_en_andere_schutters_van_wijk_VIII_in_Amsterdam_onder_leiding_van_kapitein_Roelof_Bicker_en_luitenant_Jan_Michielsz_Blaeuw_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-375.jpeg \"Officieren en andere schutters van wijk VIII in Amsterdam onder leiding van kapitein Roelof Bicker en luitenant Jan Michielsz Blaeuw Rijksmuseum SK-C-375.jpeg\"). Van der Helst received the commission in 1639 and finished it in 1642\\. The large 7\\.5m wide canvas was hung over the fireplace of the grand assembly of the Kloveniers guild, the same room for which Rembrandt painted [The Night Watch](/wiki/The_Night_Watch \"The Night Watch\"). The success, which the artist achieved with this composition, led to many commissions for single and double portraits of Amsterdam's leading class such as his [Portrait of Andries Bicker](/wiki/Andries_Bicker.jpg \"Andries Bicker.jpg\"), the mayor of Amsterdam. The city's military brass and wealthy members of the regent class all had portraits made by van der Helst.", "[thumb\\\|[Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster](/wiki/Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster \"Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster\")](/wiki/Image:Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg \"Bartholomeus van der Helst, Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster.jpg\")", "Even though van der Helst was active in Amsterdam at the same time as [Rembrandt](/wiki/Rembrandt \"Rembrandt\"), he was able to become the most popular portraitist in that city, through his elegant and flattering portrayals in the style of [Anthony van Dyck](/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck \"Anthony van Dyck\"). His work was considered more immediately appealing than the dark, intense and introspective work during this later period of Rembrandt.[Bartholomeus van der Helst](http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/759/bartholomeus-van-der-helst-dutch-1613-1670) at the J. Paul Getty Museum Rare among portrait artists in Amsterdam of his time, he was able to attract bourgeois patrons from other cities such as Rotterdam.", "His large group portrait, Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the [Peace of Münster](/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia \"Peace of Westphalia\") ([Rijksmuseum](/wiki/Rijksmuseum \"Rijksmuseum\"), Amsterdam), was painted in 1648, and exhibited to popular acclaim. It was this painting that sealed his fame for future generations, according to the Dutch artist biographer [Arnold Houbraken](/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken \"Arnold Houbraken\").[Arnold Houbraken](/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken \"Arnold Houbraken\"), [Bartholomeus vander Helst biography](http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/houb005groo01_01/houb005groo01_01_0184.htm) in: De groote schouburgh der Nederlandsche konstschilders en schilderessen, 1718 The painting was admired by [Godfried Kneller](/wiki/Godfried_Kneller \"Godfried Kneller\") and [Joshua Reynolds](/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds \"Joshua Reynolds\"). Van der Helst received a commission from the circle of the Stadtholder family, when he was asked in 1652 to paint the [portrait of Mary](/wiki/Mary_Princess_of_Orange.jpg \"Mary Princess of Orange.jpg\"), the widow of [William II, Prince of Orange](/wiki/William_II%2C_Prince_of_Orange \"William II, Prince of Orange\").", "[thumb\\\|[Mourning portrait](/wiki/Mourning_portrait \"Mourning portrait\") of a dead child](/wiki/File:Helst_Kind_auf_dem_Sterbebett.jpg \"Helst Kind auf dem Sterbebett.jpg\")", "The artist remained active throughout his life and maintained a high level of production until the end of his career. His late works such as the pendant portraits of [Lieutenant\\-Admiral Aert van Nes](/wiki/Aert_van_Nes_%281626-93%29%2C_luitenant-admiraal%2C_by_Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst.jpg \"Aert van Nes (1626-93), luitenant-admiraal, by Bartholomeus van der Helst.jpg\") and his \n[wife Geertruida den Dubbeld](/wiki/Geertruida_den_Dubbelde%2C_de_echtgenote_van_luitenant-admiraal_Aert_van_Nes%2C_by_Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst.jpg \"Geertruida den Dubbelde, de echtgenote van luitenant-admiraal Aert van Nes, by Bartholomeus van der Helst.jpg\") and [Vice\\-Admiral Johan de Liefde](/wiki/Vice-Admiral_Johan_de_Liefde%2C_by_Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst.jpg \"Vice-Admiral Johan de Liefde, by Bartholomeus van der Helst.jpg\") (all three dated 1668 and in the Rijksmuseum) still set the trend in portrait painting in his age. The harbour scenes in the background in these three works were painted by [Ludolf Bakhuizen](/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen \"Ludolf Bakhuizen\").", "He was the teacher of his son [Lodewijk](/wiki/Lodewijk_van_der_Helst \"Lodewijk van der Helst\") who followed his style.[Bartholomeus van der Helst](https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/37307) at the [Netherlands Institute for Art History](/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History \"Netherlands Institute for Art History\") {{in lang\\\|nl}} Marcus Waltes was his pupil in 1650\\.[Judith van Gent](https://bartholomeusvanderhelst.wordpress.com/), Bartholomeus van der Helst blog {{in lang\\\|nl}} He had no other known pupils but exerted an influence on [Govert Flinck](/wiki/Govert_Flinck \"Govert Flinck\"), \n[Eustache Lesueur](/wiki/Eustache_Lesueur \"Eustache Lesueur\"), [Constantin Hansen](/wiki/Constantin_Hansen \"Constantin Hansen\"), [Alexander Sanders](/wiki/Alexander_Sanders \"Alexander Sanders\") and [Abraham van den Tempel](/wiki/Abraham_van_den_Tempel \"Abraham van den Tempel\").", "Van der Helst died in Amsterdam in 1670\\. While he had been able to charge very high prices for his works, he appears to have lived above his means. He had bought a large house at Nieuwe Doelenstraat and acquired many paintings of leading artists such as [Frans Floris](/wiki/Frans_Floris \"Frans Floris\"), [Simon de Vos](/wiki/Simon_de_Vos \"Simon de Vos\"), [Goltzius](/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius \"Hendrick Goltzius\"), [Adriaen Brouwer](/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer \"Adriaen Brouwer\"), [Pieter Lastman](/wiki/Pieter_Lastman \"Pieter Lastman\"), [Gerard van Zyl](/wiki/Gerard_van_Zyl \"Gerard van Zyl\"), [Simon de Vlieger](/wiki/Simon_de_Vlieger \"Simon de Vlieger\"), [Hendrik Gerritsz Pot](/wiki/Hendrik_Gerritsz_Pot \"Hendrik Gerritsz Pot\"), [Otto Marcelis](/wiki/Otto_Marcelis \"Otto Marcelis\"), and [Willem van de Velde](/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde \"Willem van de Velde\"). After his death his wife was compelled to offer his works and those from his art collection for sale in 1671 in an advertisement in the [Haarlems Dagblad](/wiki/Haarlems_Dagblad \"Haarlems Dagblad\").[Advertisements in the Oprechte Haerlemse Courant of 1671](http://www.apud.net/ohc/ohc71a.htm) {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121204250/http://www.apud.net/ohc/ohc71a.htm \\\|date\\=November 21, 2008 }} {{in lang\\\|nl}} Early 1671 Lodewijk and his sister Susanne assisted their mother when they visited their father's former studio, when his belongings were registered. According to the inventory he owned the [schilder\\-boeck](/wiki/Schilder-boeck \"Schilder-boeck\") by [Karel van Mander](/wiki/Karel_van_Mander \"Karel van Mander\"); [Metamorphoses](/wiki/Metamorphoses \"Metamorphoses\") by Ovid; books by [Serlio](/wiki/Serlio \"Serlio\"), [Scamozzi](/wiki/Scamozzi \"Scamozzi\"), [Vitruvius](/wiki/Vitruvius \"Vitruvius\") and [Palladio](/wiki/Palladio \"Palladio\"); and portraits of Dutch admirals such as [Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer](/wiki/Egbert_Bartholomeusz_Kortenaer \"Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer\").", "" ]