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Game summary ------------ ### First quarter Connecticut's [Tyvon Branch](/wiki/Tyvon_Branch "Tyvon Branch") received the opening kickoff from Wake Forest at Connecticut's four\-yard line and advanced the ball 18 yards to the 22\. After three plays UConn only gained five yards, well\-short of a first down; they punted the ball back to the Demon Deacons. A penalty on the punt return gave Wake Forest the ball on their own 38\-yard line. Wake earned a first down, moving as far as the Connecticut 42\-yard line, but a sack by Husky defensive end Dan Davis drove them back to midfield, eventually forcing a punt. On their next possession UConn failed to gain a single yard, and once again punted. The Demon Deacons earned another first down on their next possession but again were unable to drive far beyond midfield and punted back to the Huskies. On their next possession, the Huskies earned their first first down of the game, on a pass from quarterback [Tyler Lorenzen](/wiki/Tyler_Lorenzen "Tyler Lorenzen") to wide receiver Ellis Gaulden. UConn was unable to move the ball further than their own 38\-yard line, however, and once again punted. The punt pinned Wake deep in their own territory, forcing them to start from their own six\-yard line. The Demon Deacons after three plays were one yard short of a first down, necessitating another punt. The punt traveled 53 yards before being caught by Connecticut's [Larry Taylor](/wiki/Larry_Taylor_%28gridiron_football%29 "Larry Taylor (gridiron football)") on the UConn 32\-yard line and run back 68 yards for the touchdown. With this return and his earlier return in the [2004 Motor City Bowl](/wiki/2004_Motor_City_Bowl "2004 Motor City Bowl"), Taylor had now returned punts for touchdowns in both bowl games Connecticut had played in. After the extra point, the score was 7–0 in favor of the Huskies. Wake Forest received the kickoff following the touchdown and returned the ball to their own 26\-yard line. They began driving down the field, earning first downs on passes from quarterback [Riley Skinner](/wiki/Riley_Skinner "Riley Skinner") to receivers [Kenneth Moore](/wiki/Kenneth_Moore_%28American_football%29 "Kenneth Moore (American football)") and [Alphonso Smith](/wiki/Alphonso_Smith "Alphonso Smith"). After two rushes that gained a net of three yards, the first quarter clock expired. At the end of one quarter played, Connecticut held a 7–0 lead. ### Second quarter The Demon Deacons faced a 3rd\-and\-7 situation at midfield as the second quarter began; after an incomplete pass, they were forced to punt. Connecticut got the ball back on their own 12\-yard line and proceeded to drive toward midfield, but were stalled after Lorenzen was sacked jointly by John Russell and Stanley Arnoux on third down, forcing UConn to once again punt. Wake drove down the field all the way to the Connecticut 21\-yard line, but failed to score as UConn safety Robert Vaughn intercepted a pass from Riley Skinner. The Huskies took over on their own nine\-yard line and promptly gained 58 yards on a run by running back Donald Brown, moving into Wake Forest territory. Connecticut gained another first down on a pass from Lorenzen to wide receiver Brad Kanuch, but were unable to progress beyond the Demon Deacon 11\-yard line. Kicker Tony Ciaravino kicked a 28\-yard field goal to give UConn a 10\-0 lead with five minutes left in the half. After a touchback on the kickoff, Wake Forest began their next drive from their own 20\-yard line. On first down Skinner promptly completed a 34\-yard pass to wide receiver Kenneth Moore, moving the Demon Deacons into the UConn side of the field. Wake was unable to move the ball any further, however, and once again punted. Taking over at their own 13\-yard line, Connecticut went three\-and\-out, and punted the ball back to the Demon Deacons with 1:35 left in the half. Skinner earned a first down off an eight\-yard pass to wide receiver Chip Brinkman and a quarterback running play, but after a sack by Alex Polito Wake Forest was content to let the halftime clock expire. The score after two quarters was 10–0 in favor of the Huskies. ### Third quarter Wake Forest responded in the second half. Receiving the kickoff, Kenneth Moore returned the ball to the Wake 34\-yard line. After a rush for no gain by Josh Adams, Riley Skinner completed four straight passes, earning two first downs and moving the Demon Deacons to the UConn 38\-yard line. On the next play, running back Josh Adams took the ball all the way to the end zone, scoring on a 38\-yard touchdown run. After the extra point, Wake Forest had trimmed Connecticut's lead to 10–7, with 12:30 left in the third quarter. On the ensuing kickoff, UConn's Tyvon Branch responded with a 62\-yard return to the Wake Forest 33\-yard line. Two plays later, however, Connecticut's hopes of scoring were dashed when Stanley Arnoux intercepted Tyler Lorenzen's pass attempt. Behind the legs of Josh Adams and the arm of Riley Skinner, the Demon Deacons promptly moved back down the field. On 1st\-and\-10 from the UConn 13\-yard line, Skinner completed a pass to Adams that he fumbled at the four\-yard line. Connecticut linebacker Danny Lansanah recovered as the Huskies dodged a bullet. After two runs by UConn running back [Andre Dixon](/wiki/Andre_Dixon "Andre Dixon") gained a net of four yards, the Huskies were set back when Jeremy Thopson sacked Lorenzen, putting the ball back on the Connecticut one\-yard line and forcing the Huskies to punt from deep within their own end zone. The Demon Deacons gained possession of the ball at the UConn 30\-yard line and this time would not be denied; on 3rd\-and\-14 from the Connecticut 21\-yard line, Riley Skinner completed a pass to tight end John Tereshinski for the go\-ahead touchdown. After the extra point, Wake Forest now held their first lead of the game, at 14–10 with 3:20 left in the quarter. UConn got the ball back on their own 37\-yard line after a 26\-yard kickoff return by [Darius Butler](/wiki/Darius_Butler "Darius Butler"). After Donald Brown rushed for one yard on first down, Tyler Lorenzen completed three straight passes, moving the Huskies into Demon Deacon territory. Facing a 2nd\-and\-5 from the Wake 45\-yard line, Connecticut handed the ball twice to Donald Brown. He only managed to gain four yards on the two plays, putting the Huskies in a critical fourth\-and\-short situation as the quarter expired. After three quarters of play, Connecticut trailed Wake Forest 14–10\. ### Fourth quarter Facing 4th\-and\-1 from the Wake Forest 41\-yard line at the start of the fourth quarter, Connecticut elected to hand the ball to Donald Brown. He was stopped for no gain, and the Huskies turned the ball over on downs to the Demon Deacons. Wake Forest promptly earned two first downs, on a pass from Riley Skinner to Kenneth Moore for 14 yards and an 11\-yard run by running back Micah Andrews. The Demon Deacons were stopped at the Connecticut 26\-yard line; kicker Sam Swank connected on a 43\-yard field goal, expanding the Wake Forest lead to 17–10 with 11:44 left in the fourth quarter. Gaining possession of the ball at the Wake Forest 33\-yard line, Tyler Lorenzen elected to take matters into his own hands. He ran the ball three straight times for six, five, and twelve yards, earning two first downs and moving into Demon Deacon territory. On 1st\-and\-10 from the Wake 44\-yard line, Lorenzen completed a five\-yard pass to wide receiver Terence Jeffers. He then threw three straight incompletions, with the last pass attempt being broken up by the player who had intercepted him earlier: Stanley Arnoux. Connecticut once again turned the ball over on downs. Riley Skinner and Wake Forest took over; after two incomplete passes, Skinner found Kenneth Moore for a gain of 18 yards and a first down. Wake however was able to advance no further, and punted the ball back to UConn. After Andre Dixon lost five yards on a first down run, Lorenzen completed three straight passes. The last, however, to Donald Brown, lost seven yards and set up a 2nd\-and\-17\. After two incomplete passes, Connecticut was forced to punt yet again, with just over four minutes left in the game. This time, Wake was determined not to give Connecticut another chance. After an incomplete pass and a three\-yard run, the Demon Deacons faced a 3rd\-and\-7 situation. Riley Skinner took off, gaining 19 yards and a first down and forcing UConn to use their final timeout after the ensuing first down play. On 2nd\-and\-14, Micah Andrews ran for 30 yards to the Connecticut 15\. Instead of allowing the clock to expire giving themselves the win, Wake elected to call two timeouts over the next three plays. Micah Andrews [ran for a touchdown with under one minute left to play in the game](/wiki/Running_up_the_score "Running up the score"). The Huskies would get the ball back with 23 seconds left in the game, but after three incomplete passes by backup quarterback Dennis Brown, the clock expired. Wake Forest won the game, 24–10\. ### Scoring summary {{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\|VisitorName\=UCONN\\|HomeName\=WF\\|state\=expanded}} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry \\| Quarter\=1 \\| Time\=02:38 \\| Team\=UCONN \\| DriveLength\=68 \\| DriveTime\=0:00 \\| Type\=Other \\| Other\='''Larry Taylor''' 68\-yard touchdown punt return, ''Tony Ciaravino'' kick good \\| Visitor\=7 \\| Home\=0 }} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry \\| Quarter\=2 \\| Time\=05:00 \\| Team\=UCONN \\| DriveLength\=80 \\| DriveTime\=2:21 \\| Type\=FG \\| yards\=29 \\| Kicker\='''Tony Ciaravino''' \\| Visitor\=10 \\| Home\=0 }} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry \\| Quarter\=3 \\| Time\=12:44 \\| Team\=WF \\| DriveLength\=66 \\| DriveTime\=2:08 \\| Type\=RushTD \\| Runner\='''Josh Adams''' \\| yards\=38 \\| kickresult\=good \\| Kicker\=''Sam Swank'' \\| Visitor\=10 \\| Home\=7 }} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry \\| Quarter\=3 \\| Time\=03:27 \\| Team\=WF \\| DriveLength\=30 \\| DriveTime\=2:31 \\| Type\=RecTD \\| Receiver\='''John Tereshinski''' \\| yards\=20 \\| QB\='''Riley Skinner''' \\| kickresult\=good \\| Kicker\=''Sam Swank'' \\| Visitor\=10 \\| Home\=14 }} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry \\| Quarter\=4 \\| Time\=11:53 \\| Team\=WF \\| DriveLength\=33 \\| DriveTime\=3:01 \\| Type\=FG \\| yards\=43 \\| Kicker\='''Sam Swank''' \\| Visitor\=10 \\| Home\=17 }} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry \\| Quarter\=4 \\| Time\=00:29 \\| Team\=WF \\| DriveLength\=63 \\| DriveTime\=3:36 \\| Type\=RushTD \\| Runner\='''Micah Andrews ''' \\| yards\=9 \\| kickresult\=good \\| Kicker\=''Sam Swank'' \\| Visitor\=10 \\| Home\=24 }} {{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\|Visitor\=10\\|Home\=24}}	[ "Game summary\n------------", "### First quarter", "Connecticut's [Tyvon Branch](/wiki/Tyvon_Branch \"Tyvon Branch\") received the opening kickoff from Wake Forest at Connecticut's four\\-yard line and advanced the ball 18 yards to the 22\\. After three plays UConn only gained five yards, well\\-short of a first down; they punted the ball back to the Demon Deacons. A penalty on the punt return gave Wake Forest the ball on their own 38\\-yard line. Wake earned a first down, moving as far as the Connecticut 42\\-yard line, but a sack by Husky defensive end Dan Davis drove them back to midfield, eventually forcing a punt. On their next possession UConn failed to gain a single yard, and once again punted. The Demon Deacons earned another first down on their next possession but again were unable to drive far beyond midfield and punted back to the Huskies.", "On their next possession, the Huskies earned their first first down of the game, on a pass from quarterback [Tyler Lorenzen](/wiki/Tyler_Lorenzen \"Tyler Lorenzen\") to wide receiver Ellis Gaulden. UConn was unable to move the ball further than their own 38\\-yard line, however, and once again punted. The punt pinned Wake deep in their own territory, forcing them to start from their own six\\-yard line. The Demon Deacons after three plays were one yard short of a first down, necessitating another punt. The punt traveled 53 yards before being caught by Connecticut's [Larry Taylor](/wiki/Larry_Taylor_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Larry Taylor (gridiron football)\") on the UConn 32\\-yard line and run back 68 yards for the touchdown. With this return and his earlier return in the [2004 Motor City Bowl](/wiki/2004_Motor_City_Bowl \"2004 Motor City Bowl\"), Taylor had now returned punts for touchdowns in both bowl games Connecticut had played in. After the extra point, the score was 7–0 in favor of the Huskies.", "Wake Forest received the kickoff following the touchdown and returned the ball to their own 26\\-yard line. They began driving down the field, earning first downs on passes from quarterback [Riley Skinner](/wiki/Riley_Skinner \"Riley Skinner\") to receivers [Kenneth Moore](/wiki/Kenneth_Moore_%28American_football%29 \"Kenneth Moore (American football)\") and [Alphonso Smith](/wiki/Alphonso_Smith \"Alphonso Smith\"). After two rushes that gained a net of three yards, the first quarter clock expired. At the end of one quarter played, Connecticut held a 7–0 lead.", "### Second quarter", "The Demon Deacons faced a 3rd\\-and\\-7 situation at midfield as the second quarter began; after an incomplete pass, they were forced to punt. Connecticut got the ball back on their own 12\\-yard line and proceeded to drive toward midfield, but were stalled after Lorenzen was sacked jointly by John Russell and Stanley Arnoux on third down, forcing UConn to once again punt. Wake drove down the field all the way to the Connecticut 21\\-yard line, but failed to score as UConn safety Robert Vaughn intercepted a pass from Riley Skinner. The Huskies took over on their own nine\\-yard line and promptly gained 58 yards on a run by running back Donald Brown, moving into Wake Forest territory. Connecticut gained another first down on a pass from Lorenzen to wide receiver Brad Kanuch, but were unable to progress beyond the Demon Deacon 11\\-yard line. Kicker Tony Ciaravino kicked a 28\\-yard field goal to give UConn a 10\\-0 lead with five minutes left in the half.", "After a touchback on the kickoff, Wake Forest began their next drive from their own 20\\-yard line. On first down Skinner promptly completed a 34\\-yard pass to wide receiver Kenneth Moore, moving the Demon Deacons into the UConn side of the field. Wake was unable to move the ball any further, however, and once again punted. Taking over at their own 13\\-yard line, Connecticut went three\\-and\\-out, and punted the ball back to the Demon Deacons with 1:35 left in the half. Skinner earned a first down off an eight\\-yard pass to wide receiver Chip Brinkman and a quarterback running play, but after a sack by Alex Polito Wake Forest was content to let the halftime clock expire. The score after two quarters was 10–0 in favor of the Huskies.", "", "### Third quarter", "Wake Forest responded in the second half. Receiving the kickoff, Kenneth Moore returned the ball to the Wake 34\\-yard line. After a rush for no gain by Josh Adams, Riley Skinner completed four straight passes, earning two first downs and moving the Demon Deacons to the UConn 38\\-yard line. On the next play, running back Josh Adams took the ball all the way to the end zone, scoring on a 38\\-yard touchdown run. After the extra point, Wake Forest had trimmed Connecticut's lead to 10–7, with 12:30 left in the third quarter.", "On the ensuing kickoff, UConn's Tyvon Branch responded with a 62\\-yard return to the Wake Forest 33\\-yard line. Two plays later, however, Connecticut's hopes of scoring were dashed when Stanley Arnoux intercepted Tyler Lorenzen's pass attempt. Behind the legs of Josh Adams and the arm of Riley Skinner, the Demon Deacons promptly moved back down the field. On 1st\\-and\\-10 from the UConn 13\\-yard line, Skinner completed a pass to Adams that he fumbled at the four\\-yard line. Connecticut linebacker Danny Lansanah recovered as the Huskies dodged a bullet. After two runs by UConn running back [Andre Dixon](/wiki/Andre_Dixon \"Andre Dixon\") gained a net of four yards, the Huskies were set back when Jeremy Thopson sacked Lorenzen, putting the ball back on the Connecticut one\\-yard line and forcing the Huskies to punt from deep within their own end zone. The Demon Deacons gained possession of the ball at the UConn 30\\-yard line and this time would not be denied; on 3rd\\-and\\-14 from the Connecticut 21\\-yard line, Riley Skinner completed a pass to tight end John Tereshinski for the go\\-ahead touchdown. After the extra point, Wake Forest now held their first lead of the game, at 14–10 with 3:20 left in the quarter.", "UConn got the ball back on their own 37\\-yard line after a 26\\-yard kickoff return by [Darius Butler](/wiki/Darius_Butler \"Darius Butler\"). After Donald Brown rushed for one yard on first down, Tyler Lorenzen completed three straight passes, moving the Huskies into Demon Deacon territory. Facing a 2nd\\-and\\-5 from the Wake 45\\-yard line, Connecticut handed the ball twice to Donald Brown. He only managed to gain four yards on the two plays, putting the Huskies in a critical fourth\\-and\\-short situation as the quarter expired. After three quarters of play, Connecticut trailed Wake Forest 14–10\\.", "### Fourth quarter", "Facing 4th\\-and\\-1 from the Wake Forest 41\\-yard line at the start of the fourth quarter, Connecticut elected to hand the ball to Donald Brown. He was stopped for no gain, and the Huskies turned the ball over on downs to the Demon Deacons. Wake Forest promptly earned two first downs, on a pass from Riley Skinner to Kenneth Moore for 14 yards and an 11\\-yard run by running back Micah Andrews. The Demon Deacons were stopped at the Connecticut 26\\-yard line; kicker Sam Swank connected on a 43\\-yard field goal, expanding the Wake Forest lead to 17–10 with 11:44 left in the fourth quarter.", "Gaining possession of the ball at the Wake Forest 33\\-yard line, Tyler Lorenzen elected to take matters into his own hands. He ran the ball three straight times for six, five, and twelve yards, earning two first downs and moving into Demon Deacon territory. On 1st\\-and\\-10 from the Wake 44\\-yard line, Lorenzen completed a five\\-yard pass to wide receiver Terence Jeffers. He then threw three straight incompletions, with the last pass attempt being broken up by the player who had intercepted him earlier: Stanley Arnoux. Connecticut once again turned the ball over on downs. Riley Skinner and Wake Forest took over; after two incomplete passes, Skinner found Kenneth Moore for a gain of 18 yards and a first down. Wake however was able to advance no further, and punted the ball back to UConn. After Andre Dixon lost five yards on a first down run, Lorenzen completed three straight passes. The last, however, to Donald Brown, lost seven yards and set up a 2nd\\-and\\-17\\. After two incomplete passes, Connecticut was forced to punt yet again, with just over four minutes left in the game. This time, Wake was determined not to give Connecticut another chance. After an incomplete pass and a three\\-yard run, the Demon Deacons faced a 3rd\\-and\\-7 situation. Riley Skinner took off, gaining 19 yards and a first down and forcing UConn to use their final timeout after the ensuing first down play. On 2nd\\-and\\-14, Micah Andrews ran for 30 yards to the Connecticut 15\\. Instead of allowing the clock to expire giving themselves the win, Wake elected to call two timeouts over the next three plays. Micah Andrews [ran for a touchdown with under one minute left to play in the game](/wiki/Running_up_the_score \"Running up the score\"). The Huskies would get the ball back with 23 seconds left in the game, but after three incomplete passes by backup quarterback Dennis Brown, the clock expired. Wake Forest won the game, 24–10\\.", "### Scoring summary", "{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\\|VisitorName\\=UCONN\\\|HomeName\\=WF\\\|state\\=expanded}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\\| Time\\=02:38\n\\\| Team\\=UCONN\n\\\| DriveLength\\=68\n\\\| DriveTime\\=0:00\n\\\| Type\\=Other\n\\\| Other\\='''Larry Taylor''' 68\\-yard touchdown punt return, ''Tony Ciaravino'' kick good\n\\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\\| Time\\=05:00\n\\\| Team\\=UCONN\n\\\| DriveLength\\=80\n\\\| DriveTime\\=2:21\n\\\| Type\\=FG\n\\\| yards\\=29\n\\\| Kicker\\='''Tony Ciaravino'''\n\\\| Visitor\\=10\n\\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\\| Time\\=12:44\n\\\| Team\\=WF\n\\\| DriveLength\\=66\n\\\| DriveTime\\=2:08\n\\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\\| Runner\\='''Josh Adams'''\n\\\| yards\\=38\n\\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\\| Kicker\\=''Sam Swank''\n\\\| Visitor\\=10\n\\\| Home\\=7\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\\| Time\\=03:27\n\\\| Team\\=WF\n\\\| DriveLength\\=30\n\\\| DriveTime\\=2:31\n\\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\\| Receiver\\='''John Tereshinski'''\n\\\| yards\\=20\n\\\| QB\\='''Riley Skinner'''\n\\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\\| Kicker\\=''Sam Swank''\n\\\| Visitor\\=10\n\\\| Home\\=14\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\\| Time\\=11:53\n\\\| Team\\=WF\n\\\| DriveLength\\=33\n\\\| DriveTime\\=3:01\n\\\| Type\\=FG\n\\\| yards\\=43\n\\\| Kicker\\='''Sam Swank'''\n\\\| Visitor\\=10\n\\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\\| Time\\=00:29\n\\\| Team\\=WF\n\\\| DriveLength\\=63\n\\\| DriveTime\\=3:36\n\\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\\| Runner\\='''Micah Andrews '''\n\\\| yards\\=9\n\\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\\| Kicker\\=''Sam Swank''\n\\\| Visitor\\=10\n\\\| Home\\=24\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\\|Visitor\\=10\\\|Home\\=24}}", "" ]
Political career ---------------- In 1836, he was elected to the [13th Parliament of Upper Canada](/wiki/13th_Parliament_of_Upper_Canada "13th Parliament of Upper Canada") representing [Lanark County](/wiki/Lanark_County "Lanark County") as a moderate Reformer. Upon the formation of the [Province of Canada](/wiki/Province_of_Canada "Province of Canada") by the union of [Lower Canada](/wiki/Lower_Canada "Lower Canada") and [Upper Canada](/wiki/Upper_Canada "Upper Canada"), he was elected to the first Parliament of the Province of Canada, again representing [Lanark](/wiki/Lanark_%28Province_of_Canada_electoral_district%29 "Lanark (Province of Canada electoral district)").[J.O. Côté, Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860, (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860\), p. 44\.](https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/42) He originally opposed [Robert Baldwin](/wiki/Robert_Baldwin "Robert Baldwin"),Paul G. Cornell, Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841\-67 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015\), pp. 93\-97\. he supported his government in 1842 and was given the post of inspector of revenue. He resigned in 1843 because he could not support the government bill that moved the capital to [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"). He continued to represent Lanark in the [Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada "Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada") until 1847\. In 1847, he was elected in [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County%2C_Ontario "Kent County, Ontario") and, in 1848, was chosen to be assistant commissioner of public works, resigning in 1849\. Cameron began to align himself with the [Clear Grits](/wiki/Clear_Grit "Clear Grit"). He pressed for the abolition of the [clergy reserves](/wiki/Clergy_reserves "Clergy reserves") and pushed for reciprocity in trade with the United States. In 1851, he was elected as an independent in [Huron](/wiki/Huron_County%2C_Ontario "Huron County, Ontario"). He also supported [Arthur Rankin](/wiki/Arthur_Rankin_%28surveyor%29 "Arthur Rankin (surveyor)") in Kent against [George Brown](/wiki/George_Brown_%28Canadian_politician%29 "George Brown (Canadian politician)") in a bitter campaign, although Brown won easily. He was given a post in the government in 1852 and, in 1853, became appointed [Postmaster General](/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_Canada "Postmaster General of Canada"). This also meant that he served on the Board of Railway Commissioners and he represented the government on the board of the [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway "Grand Trunk Railway"). In 1854, Cameron ran in both South Lanark and [Lambton](/wiki/Lambton_County%2C_Ontario "Lambton County, Ontario"), but was elected in neither. He was elected to the [6th Parliament of the Province of Canada](/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada "6th Parliament of the Province of Canada") as an independent representing Lambton; he defeated the Reform candidate [Hope Fleming Mackenzie](/wiki/Hope_Fleming_Mackenzie "Hope Fleming Mackenzie"), the brother of [Alexander Mackenzie](/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_%28politician%29 "Alexander Mackenzie (politician)"). In 1860, he was elected to the [Legislative Council](/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada "Legislative Council of the Province of Canada") for St. Clair division and Hope Mackenzie won the Lambton seat in a by\-election. In 1863, he was appointed [Queen's Printer](/wiki/Queen%27s_Printer "Queen's Printer") with [George\-Paschal Desbarats](/wiki/George-Paschal_Desbarats "George-Paschal Desbarats"), and served until 1869\. In 1874, he was elected to the [3rd Canadian Parliament](/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Parliament "3rd Canadian Parliament") as a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") candidate in the riding of [Ontario South](/wiki/Ontario_South "Ontario South"). He died at Ottawa while in office in 1876\. [Malcolm Colin Cameron](/wiki/Malcolm_Colin_Cameron "Malcolm Colin Cameron"), who he is believed to have adopted, became a Member of Parliament for [Huron South](/wiki/Huron_South "Huron South") and [Huron West](/wiki/Huron_West "Huron West"). Cameron Township in Quebec was named in his honour (since 1980 part of [Bouchette, Quebec](/wiki/Bouchette%2C_Quebec "Bouchette, Quebec")).{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci\=94939\&Latitude\=46,21667\&Longitude\=\-75,96667\&Zoom\=1700 \\|title\=Bouchette (Municipalité) \\|access\-date\=2008\-08\-28 \\|publisher\=Commission de toponymie du Québec \\|language\=French \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234424/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci\=94939\&Latitude\=46,21667\&Longitude\=\-75,96667\&Zoom\=1700 \\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 }}	[ "Political career\n----------------", "In 1836, he was elected to the [13th Parliament of Upper Canada](/wiki/13th_Parliament_of_Upper_Canada \"13th Parliament of Upper Canada\") representing [Lanark County](/wiki/Lanark_County \"Lanark County\") as a moderate Reformer. Upon the formation of the [Province of Canada](/wiki/Province_of_Canada \"Province of Canada\") by the union of [Lower Canada](/wiki/Lower_Canada \"Lower Canada\") and [Upper Canada](/wiki/Upper_Canada \"Upper Canada\"), he was elected to the first Parliament of the Province of Canada, again representing [Lanark](/wiki/Lanark_%28Province_of_Canada_electoral_district%29 \"Lanark (Province of Canada electoral district)\").[J.O. Côté, Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860, (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860\\), p. 44\\.](https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/42) He originally opposed [Robert Baldwin](/wiki/Robert_Baldwin \"Robert Baldwin\"),Paul G. Cornell, Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841\\-67 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015\\), pp. 93\\-97\\. he supported his government in 1842 and was given the post of inspector of revenue. He resigned in 1843 because he could not support the government bill that moved the capital to [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"). He continued to represent Lanark in the [Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada \"Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada\") until 1847\\.", "In 1847, he was elected in [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County%2C_Ontario \"Kent County, Ontario\") and, in 1848, was chosen to be assistant commissioner of public works, resigning in 1849\\. Cameron began to align himself with the [Clear Grits](/wiki/Clear_Grit \"Clear Grit\"). He pressed for the abolition of the [clergy reserves](/wiki/Clergy_reserves \"Clergy reserves\") and pushed for reciprocity in trade with the United States. In 1851, he was elected as an independent in [Huron](/wiki/Huron_County%2C_Ontario \"Huron County, Ontario\"). He also supported [Arthur Rankin](/wiki/Arthur_Rankin_%28surveyor%29 \"Arthur Rankin (surveyor)\") in Kent against [George Brown](/wiki/George_Brown_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"George Brown (Canadian politician)\") in a bitter campaign, although Brown won easily. He was given a post in the government in 1852 and, in 1853, became appointed [Postmaster General](/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_Canada \"Postmaster General of Canada\"). This also meant that he served on the Board of Railway Commissioners and he represented the government on the board of the [Grand Trunk Railway](/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway \"Grand Trunk Railway\"). In 1854, Cameron ran in both South Lanark and [Lambton](/wiki/Lambton_County%2C_Ontario \"Lambton County, Ontario\"), but was elected in neither.", "He was elected to the [6th Parliament of the Province of Canada](/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada \"6th Parliament of the Province of Canada\") as an independent representing Lambton; he defeated the Reform candidate [Hope Fleming Mackenzie](/wiki/Hope_Fleming_Mackenzie \"Hope Fleming Mackenzie\"), the brother of [Alexander Mackenzie](/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_%28politician%29 \"Alexander Mackenzie (politician)\"). In 1860, he was elected to the [Legislative Council](/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada \"Legislative Council of the Province of Canada\") for St. Clair division and Hope Mackenzie won the Lambton seat in a by\\-election.", "In 1863, he was appointed [Queen's Printer](/wiki/Queen%27s_Printer \"Queen's Printer\") with [George\\-Paschal Desbarats](/wiki/George-Paschal_Desbarats \"George-Paschal Desbarats\"), and served until 1869\\.", "In 1874, he was elected to the [3rd Canadian Parliament](/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Parliament \"3rd Canadian Parliament\") as a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") candidate in the riding of [Ontario South](/wiki/Ontario_South \"Ontario South\"). He died at Ottawa while in office in 1876\\.", "[Malcolm Colin Cameron](/wiki/Malcolm_Colin_Cameron \"Malcolm Colin Cameron\"), who he is believed to have adopted, became a Member of Parliament for [Huron South](/wiki/Huron_South \"Huron South\") and [Huron West](/wiki/Huron_West \"Huron West\").", "Cameron Township in Quebec was named in his honour (since 1980 part of [Bouchette, Quebec](/wiki/Bouchette%2C_Quebec \"Bouchette, Quebec\")).{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci\\=94939\\&Latitude\\=46,21667\\&Longitude\\=\\-75,96667\\&Zoom\\=1700 \\\|title\\=Bouchette (Municipalité) \\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-08\\-28 \\\|publisher\\=Commission de toponymie du Québec \\\|language\\=French \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234424/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci\\=94939\\&Latitude\\=46,21667\\&Longitude\\=\\-75,96667\\&Zoom\\=1700 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 }}", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- [right\\|thumb\\|Mudgee Post Office, circa 1920s](/wiki/File:SLNSW_796672_Post_Office_Mudgee.jpg "SLNSW 796672 Post Office Mudgee.jpg") The Mudgee Post Office and Quarters is significant as one of the first major country post offices built in the state. It is a fine civic building skilfully remodelled from its original {{circa\\|1860}} Palladian form to the Victorian Free Classical style seen today. The form of the building is unusual in post office design and is expressive of the building's early date. The building is a key streetscape element within the western precinct of Market Street and forms part of an important group which includes the Police Station, former Cudgegong Council Chambers and Court House to the west. Mudgee Post Office was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 17 December 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Mudgee Post Office and Quarters building is one of the first major, country post offices built in the State. It is associated with Colonial Architect Dawson and Government Architect Vernon. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. This Victorian Free Classical styled building with its Palladian pavilions is unusual in post office design in New South Wales. The building is a key streetscape element within the western precinct of Market Street and forms part of an important group which includes the Police Station, former Cudgegong Chambers and Court House to the west. The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. As a prominent civic building, the Mudgee Post Office is considered to be significant to the Mudgee community's sense of place. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The site has the potential to contain an archaeological resource, which may provide information relating to the previous use of the site, and to use by the Post Office. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. A rare style of post office building in New South Wales. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. Part of the group of post offices in NSW. Representative of the work of Dawson and Vernon.	[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "[right\\\|thumb\\\|Mudgee Post Office, circa 1920s](/wiki/File:SLNSW_796672_Post_Office_Mudgee.jpg \"SLNSW 796672 Post Office Mudgee.jpg\")\nThe Mudgee Post Office and Quarters is significant as one of the first major country post offices built in the state. It is a fine civic building skilfully remodelled from its original {{circa\\\|1860}} Palladian form to the Victorian Free Classical style seen today. The form of the building is unusual in post office design and is expressive of the building's early date.", "The building is a key streetscape element within the western precinct of Market Street and forms part of an important group which includes the Police Station, former Cudgegong Council Chambers and Court House to the west.", "Mudgee Post Office was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 17 December 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "The Mudgee Post Office and Quarters building is one of the first major, country post offices built in the State. It is associated with Colonial Architect Dawson and Government Architect Vernon.", "The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "This Victorian Free Classical styled building with its Palladian pavilions is unusual in post office design in New South Wales.", "The building is a key streetscape element within the western precinct of Market Street and forms part of an important group which includes the Police Station, former Cudgegong Chambers and Court House to the west.", "The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "As a prominent civic building, the Mudgee Post Office is considered to be significant to the Mudgee community's sense of place.", "The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "The site has the potential to contain an archaeological resource, which may provide information relating to the previous use of the site, and to use by the Post Office.", "The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "A rare style of post office building in New South Wales.", "The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "Part of the group of post offices in NSW. Representative of the work of Dawson and Vernon.", "" ]
Plot ---- A young woman is imprisoned in a room in a large stately home, later revealed to be New Carfax Abbey. She escapes her room and, despite the pleas of the search party, hangs herself from the staircase. In present\-day New York City, struggling artist Evelyn "Evie" Jackson makes a living freelancing for a catering business with her best friend Grace. Evie takes a [DNA test](/wiki/DNA_test "DNA test") after her mother's death, discovering she has a distant cousin in England named Oliver Alexander. She meets Oliver, who tells her the scandal of her great\-grandmother, Emmaline, who had a secret child with a black [footman](/wiki/Footman "Footman"). Oliver invites Evie to an upcoming family wedding in England. She arrives in [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby "Whitby") at the New Carfax Abbey, where she meets the lord of the manor, Walter De Ville, Mrs. Swift, a longtime maid of the estate, and De Ville's devoted butler, "[Mr. Field](/wiki/Renfield "Renfield")". Evie also meets the rest of the Alexander family and the maids of honor, friendly Lucy and condescending Viktoria. During her stay, Evie and Walter develop a mutual attraction. Meanwhile, throughout the house, several housemaids, under the stewardship of Mr. Field, vanish after being attacked by an unseen force. One night, Evie sees an apparition in her bedroom. The next day, she sneaks into Walter's office and discovers that he had been researching her before her arrival. She confronts him and threatens to leave, but the two reconcile and have sex. The family hosts a rehearsal dinner, where Evie expects to finally meet the bride and groom. Instead, Walter announces that he and Evie are to be wed. Mr. Field slits a maid's throat and serves it in wine glasses to Walter, Lucy, and Viktoria, who are all revealed to be vampires. Walter explains that Evie's ancestors, the Alexanders, are one of the three families who, for centuries, have each offered one of their women to become his wife in exchange for protection and wealth. Viktoria, Lucy, and Emmaline were wedded to him, but Emmaline killed herself due to her guilt of killing humans, and due to the loss of her love, Evie's great\-grandfather, and their infant son. The Alexander family had trouble finding a female member until they tracked down Evie. Evie is imprisoned in the cellar and visited by Lucy and Viktoria. Viktoria admits that she was the apparition that Evie had seen, and reveals Dee, an imprisoned maid, who disappeared days earlier. Viktoria locks Evie inside a coffin, but she is freed by Mrs. Swift, who was friends with Emmaline. Evie hides in a shed where she discovers the bodies of the maids and of Mrs. Swift, who has been killed by Mr. Field. Evie escapes into town and asks an elderly couple for help. They reveal themselves to be [Jonathan](/wiki/Jonathan_Harker "Jonathan Harker") and [Mina Harker](/wiki/Mina_Harker "Mina Harker"), who work for De Ville, and they knock Evie unconscious. She wakes to find herself with De Ville, who is feeding on Imogen, another maid. He reveals himself to be [Dracula](/wiki/Count_Dracula "Count Dracula"). Evie is forced to wed De Ville, while Dee is tied up next to the altar as a sacrifice. As they finish exchanging vows, Evie bites De Ville's arm, consuming his blood, and instantly transforms into a vampire. She sets the wedding chapel on fire, stabs him in the heart, which rapidly ages him, and flees with Dee. Viktoria ambushes Evie, before Lucy intervenes. The two vampires fight until Lucy impales both Viktoria and herself on a spear, turning them both into ashes. Evie is then attacked by Mr. Field, but she overpowers and kills him. Finally, Evie is attacked by De Ville, who grabs her by the throat. She breaks free by severing his wrist and kicks him into the flames, killing him. She loses her powers due to his death and returns to her human form. Evie escapes as the manor is engulfed in flames. Two weeks later, in London, Evie and Grace have tracked down Oliver, who prepares to flee after having paid off the police. The two women intend to kill him for tricking Evie and being complicit in the murders committed by the vampires.	[ "Plot\n----", "A young woman is imprisoned in a room in a large stately home, later revealed to be New Carfax Abbey. She escapes her room and, despite the pleas of the search party, hangs herself from the staircase.", "In present\\-day New York City, struggling artist Evelyn \"Evie\" Jackson makes a living freelancing for a catering business with her best friend Grace. Evie takes a [DNA test](/wiki/DNA_test \"DNA test\") after her mother's death, discovering she has a distant cousin in England named Oliver Alexander. She meets Oliver, who tells her the scandal of her great\\-grandmother, Emmaline, who had a secret child with a black [footman](/wiki/Footman \"Footman\").", "Oliver invites Evie to an upcoming family wedding in England. She arrives in [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby \"Whitby\") at the New Carfax Abbey, where she meets the lord of the manor, Walter De Ville, Mrs. Swift, a longtime maid of the estate, and De Ville's devoted butler, \"[Mr. Field](/wiki/Renfield \"Renfield\")\". Evie also meets the rest of the Alexander family and the maids of honor, friendly Lucy and condescending Viktoria.", "During her stay, Evie and Walter develop a mutual attraction. Meanwhile, throughout the house, several housemaids, under the stewardship of Mr. Field, vanish after being attacked by an unseen force. One night, Evie sees an apparition in her bedroom. The next day, she sneaks into Walter's office and discovers that he had been researching her before her arrival. She confronts him and threatens to leave, but the two reconcile and have sex.", "The family hosts a rehearsal dinner, where Evie expects to finally meet the bride and groom. Instead, Walter announces that he and Evie are to be wed. Mr. Field slits a maid's throat and serves it in wine glasses to Walter, Lucy, and Viktoria, who are all revealed to be vampires. Walter explains that Evie's ancestors, the Alexanders, are one of the three families who, for centuries, have each offered one of their women to become his wife in exchange for protection and wealth. Viktoria, Lucy, and Emmaline were wedded to him, but Emmaline killed herself due to her guilt of killing humans, and due to the loss of her love, Evie's great\\-grandfather, and their infant son. The Alexander family had trouble finding a female member until they tracked down Evie.", "Evie is imprisoned in the cellar and visited by Lucy and Viktoria. Viktoria admits that she was the apparition that Evie had seen, and reveals Dee, an imprisoned maid, who disappeared days earlier. Viktoria locks Evie inside a coffin, but she is freed by Mrs. Swift, who was friends with Emmaline.", "Evie hides in a shed where she discovers the bodies of the maids and of Mrs. Swift, who has been killed by Mr. Field. Evie escapes into town and asks an elderly couple for help. They reveal themselves to be [Jonathan](/wiki/Jonathan_Harker \"Jonathan Harker\") and [Mina Harker](/wiki/Mina_Harker \"Mina Harker\"), who work for De Ville, and they knock Evie unconscious. She wakes to find herself with De Ville, who is feeding on Imogen, another maid. He reveals himself to be [Dracula](/wiki/Count_Dracula \"Count Dracula\").", "Evie is forced to wed De Ville, while Dee is tied up next to the altar as a sacrifice. As they finish exchanging vows, Evie bites De Ville's arm, consuming his blood, and instantly transforms into a vampire. She sets the wedding chapel on fire, stabs him in the heart, which rapidly ages him, and flees with Dee. Viktoria ambushes Evie, before Lucy intervenes. The two vampires fight until Lucy impales both Viktoria and herself on a spear, turning them both into ashes. Evie is then attacked by Mr. Field, but she overpowers and kills him. Finally, Evie is attacked by De Ville, who grabs her by the throat. She breaks free by severing his wrist and kicks him into the flames, killing him. She loses her powers due to his death and returns to her human form. Evie escapes as the manor is engulfed in flames.", "Two weeks later, in London, Evie and Grace have tracked down Oliver, who prepares to flee after having paid off the police. The two women intend to kill him for tricking Evie and being complicit in the murders committed by the vampires.", "" ]
History ------- Around 1912, the Atlantic Reserve Fleet and the Pacific Reserve Fleet were established as reserve units with still operating ships, but on a greatly reduced schedule. After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), with hundreds of ships no longer needed by a peacetime navy, each fleet consisted of a number of groups corresponding to storage sites, each adjacent to a shipyard for easier reactivation. For example, {{USS\\|Brock\\|APD\-93}} was underway for [Green Cove Springs](/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs%2C_Florida "Green Cove Springs, Florida"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), on 11 April 1945\. Brock arrived there on 13 April 1945, and joined the Florida Group, 16th Fleet, which later became the Florida Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Many of the deactivated World War II merchant vessels were of a class called [Liberty ships](/wiki/Liberty_ship "Liberty ship") which were mass\-produced ocean\-going transports used primarily in the convoys going to/from the U.S., Europe, and Russia. Liberty ships were also used as the navy's support vessels for its fleet of warships and to ferry forces across the Pacific and Atlantic. Most Liberty ships when deactivated were put into "mothball fleets" strategically located around the coasts of the U.S., or sold into commercial service. They began to be deactivated and scrapped in the early 1970s. ### Atlantic Reserve Fleet Vice Admirals [Herbert F. Leary](/wiki/Herbert_F._Leary "Herbert F. Leary") and [Thomas C. Kinkaid](/wiki/Thomas_C._Kinkaid "Thomas C. Kinkaid") served as Commanders, Sixteenth Fleet, after World War II. Sixteenth Fleet later became the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. The groups of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet were at [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), [Green Cove Springs, Florida](/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs%2C_Florida "Green Cove Springs, Florida"), [New London](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London "Naval Submarine Base New London"), [MOTBY](/wiki/MOTBY "MOTBY")/[New York Harbor](/wiki/New_York_Harbor "New York Harbor"), [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), and [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"). ### Pacific Reserve Fleet The Nineteenth Fleet became the Pacific Reserve Fleet. The groups of the Pacific Reserve Fleet were at [Alameda](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California "Alameda, California"), [Bremerton](/wiki/Bremerton "Bremerton"), [Columbia River](/wiki/Columbia_River "Columbia River"), [Long Beach](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California "Long Beach, California"), [Mare Island](/wiki/Mare_Island "Mare Island"), [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), [Stockton](/wiki/Stockton%2C_California "Stockton, California"), [Tacoma](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington "Tacoma, Washington"), and [Olympia, Washington](/wiki/Olympia%2C_Washington "Olympia, Washington") (Budd Inlet).	[ "History\n-------", "Around 1912, the Atlantic Reserve Fleet and the Pacific Reserve Fleet were established as reserve units with still operating ships, but on a greatly reduced schedule.", "After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), with hundreds of ships no longer needed by a peacetime navy, each fleet consisted of a number of groups corresponding to storage sites, each adjacent to a shipyard for easier reactivation. For example, {{USS\\\|Brock\\\|APD\\-93}} was underway for [Green Cove Springs](/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs%2C_Florida \"Green Cove Springs, Florida\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), on 11 April 1945\\. Brock arrived there on 13 April 1945, and joined the Florida Group, 16th Fleet, which later became the Florida Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet.", "Many of the deactivated World War II merchant vessels were of a class called [Liberty ships](/wiki/Liberty_ship \"Liberty ship\") which were mass\\-produced ocean\\-going transports used primarily in the convoys going to/from the U.S., Europe, and Russia. Liberty ships were also used as the navy's support vessels for its fleet of warships and to ferry forces across the Pacific and Atlantic.", "Most Liberty ships when deactivated were put into \"mothball fleets\" strategically located around the coasts of the U.S., or sold into commercial service. They began to be deactivated and scrapped in the early 1970s.", "### Atlantic Reserve Fleet", "Vice Admirals [Herbert F. Leary](/wiki/Herbert_F._Leary \"Herbert F. Leary\") and [Thomas C. Kinkaid](/wiki/Thomas_C._Kinkaid \"Thomas C. Kinkaid\") served as Commanders, Sixteenth Fleet, after World War II. Sixteenth Fleet later became the Atlantic Reserve Fleet.", "The groups of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet were at [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), [Green Cove Springs, Florida](/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs%2C_Florida \"Green Cove Springs, Florida\"), [New London](/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London \"Naval Submarine Base New London\"), [MOTBY](/wiki/MOTBY \"MOTBY\")/[New York Harbor](/wiki/New_York_Harbor \"New York Harbor\"), [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"), [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), and [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\").", "### Pacific Reserve Fleet", "The Nineteenth Fleet became the Pacific Reserve Fleet.", "The groups of the Pacific Reserve Fleet were at [Alameda](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\"), [Bremerton](/wiki/Bremerton \"Bremerton\"), [Columbia River](/wiki/Columbia_River \"Columbia River\"), [Long Beach](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California \"Long Beach, California\"), [Mare Island](/wiki/Mare_Island \"Mare Island\"), [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\"), [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), [Stockton](/wiki/Stockton%2C_California \"Stockton, California\"), [Tacoma](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington \"Tacoma, Washington\"), and [Olympia, Washington](/wiki/Olympia%2C_Washington \"Olympia, Washington\") (Budd Inlet).", "" ]
History ------- Songkhla was the seat of an old Malay Kingdom with heavy [Srivijayan](/wiki/Srivijayan "Srivijayan") influence. In ancient times (200–1400 CE), Songkhla formed the northern extremity of the Malay Kingdom of [Langkasuka](/wiki/Langkasuka "Langkasuka"). The city\-state then succeeded as the [Sultanate of Singgora](/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singgora "Sultanate of Singgora"), it later became a tributary of [Nakhon Si Thammarat](/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_kingdom "Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom"), suffering damage during several attempts to gain independence. In Arabic\-Persian merchant’s record from 1450\-1550, Songkhla was firstly known as Singor or Singora. Archaeological excavations on the isthmus between Lake Songkhla and the sea reveal that in the 10th through the 14th century this was a major urbanized area, and a center of international maritime trade, in particular with [Quanzhou](/wiki/Quanzhou "Quanzhou") in China. The long Sanskrit name of the state that existed there has been lost; its short Sanskrit name was Singhapura ("Lion City") (not to be confused with [Singapura](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura "Kingdom of Singapura")), a city state. The short vernacular name was Satingpra, coming from the [Mon\-Khmer](/wiki/Mon-Khmer "Mon-Khmer") sting/steng/stang (meaning "river") and the Sanskrit pura ("city").{{cite book\\|last\=Stargardt\\|first\=Janice\\|editor\-last\=Schottenhammer\\|editor\-first\=Angela\\|title\=The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000\-1400\\|publisher\=Brill\\|date\=2001\\| pages\=309–393\\| chapter\=Behind the Shadows: Archaeological Data on Two\-Way Sea Trade Between Quanzhou and Satingpra, South Thailand, 10th\-14th century\\| series\=Volume 49 of ''Sinica Leidensia''\\|isbn\=90\-04\-11773\-3\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GEhGM6fZeaAC}}{{RP\\|320\-321}} The ruins of the important [port city](/wiki/Port_city "Port city") of [Satingpra](/wiki/Satingpra "Satingpra") are just few kilometres north of Songkhla city.{{cite book\\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=a5rG6reWhloC\&pg\=PA411 \\|title\= The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk\-Road (100 Bc\-1300 Ad) \\|author\= Michel Jacq\-Hergoualc'h \\|translator\= Victoria Hobson \\|editor\= BRILL \\|pages\= 411–416 \\|year\= 2002 \\|isbn\=90\-04\-11973\-6 }} During 1619\-1680, Songkhla Town beside Red Hill was very prosperous in trading with other countries by [Malay](/wiki/Malay_race "Malay race") governors migrating from [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"). They escaped from Dutch’s monopoly tradefor free trade in Songkhla which was supported by [England](/wiki/England "England"). At the first period, during 1619\-1642 the governor of Songkhla was [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim"). Later, In 1642\-1680 the governor of Songkhla rebelled to [Ayutthaya](/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom") so the town was suppressed by [King Narai](/wiki/King_Narai "King Narai") and left carelessly. Then, [Phatthalung](/wiki/Phatthalung "Phatthalung") took control of it. From 1699 to 1776, Songkhla reformed at the new location in Laemson called Songkhla Town at Laemson Side which is opposite to the current location of Songkhla town. In 1836, [King Rama III](/wiki/King_Rama_III "King Rama III") instructed Phraya Vichiankiri (Tianseng) to build the city wall fortress. During the construction of the wall, Tuanku Ahmadsa\-adtogether with the rulers from Syburi, Pattani and 7 other provinces, attacked Songkhla. After their conquering all the rebellion, the fortress and the city wall were carried on. Also, the city pillar was set up and the town of Songkhla was moved to the east of Laem Son called Bo Yang District, which is now in the area of Songkhla Municipality. Since the 18th century, Songkla has been firmly under Thai [suzerainty](/wiki/Suzerainty "Suzerainty"). In 1909, Songkhla was formally annexed by Siam as part of [Anglo\-Siamese Treaty of 1909](/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909 "Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909"), negotiated with the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"), in which Siam gave up its claim to [Kelantan](/wiki/Kelantan "Kelantan") in return for Britain recognizing Siam's right to the provinces north of that. [200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|The Na Songkhla family's residence, now used as the Songkhla National Museum](/wiki/File:Songkhla_national_museum_-_panoramio.jpg "Songkhla national museum - panoramio.jpg") In the 18th century many Chinese immigrants, especially from [Guangdong](/wiki/Guangdong "Guangdong") and [Fujian](/wiki/Fujian "Fujian"), came to the province. Quickly rising to economic wealth, one of them won the bidding for the major [tax farm](/wiki/Tax_farm "Tax farm") of the province in 1769, establishing the Na Songkhla (from Songkhla) family as the most wealthy and influential. In 1777 the family also gained political power, when the old governor was dismissed and Luang Inthakhiri (Yiang, Chinese name Wu Rang (呉譲)) became the new governor. In 1786 the old governor started an uprising, which was put down after four months. The position was thereafter inherited in the family and was held by eight of his descendants until 1901, when Phraya Wichiankhiri (Chom) was honorably retired as part of the administrative reforms of Prince [Damrong Rajanubhab](/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab "Damrong Rajanubhab"). The family's former home was converted into the Songkhla National Museum in 1953\. In 1932, Monthon Thesaphiban or the administrative subdivisions was dissolved and changed to provincial administration, Songkhla then becomes one of the provinces in the south of Thailand. Songkhla was the scene of heavy fighting when the Imperial Japanese Army [invaded Thailand](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand "Japanese invasion of Thailand") on 8 December 1941 and parts of the city were destroyed.	[ "History\n-------", "Songkhla was the seat of an old Malay Kingdom with heavy [Srivijayan](/wiki/Srivijayan \"Srivijayan\") influence. In ancient times (200–1400 CE), Songkhla formed the northern extremity of the Malay Kingdom of [Langkasuka](/wiki/Langkasuka \"Langkasuka\"). The city\\-state then succeeded as the [Sultanate of Singgora](/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singgora \"Sultanate of Singgora\"), it later became a tributary of [Nakhon Si Thammarat](/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_kingdom \"Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom\"), suffering damage during several attempts to gain independence.", "In Arabic\\-Persian merchant’s record from 1450\\-1550, Songkhla was firstly known as Singor or Singora.", "Archaeological excavations on the isthmus between Lake Songkhla and the sea reveal that in the 10th through the 14th century this was a major urbanized area, and a center of international maritime trade, in particular with [Quanzhou](/wiki/Quanzhou \"Quanzhou\") in China. The long Sanskrit name of the state that existed there has been lost; its short Sanskrit name was Singhapura (\"Lion City\") (not to be confused with [Singapura](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura \"Kingdom of Singapura\")), a city state. The short vernacular name was Satingpra, coming from the [Mon\\-Khmer](/wiki/Mon-Khmer \"Mon-Khmer\") sting/steng/stang (meaning \"river\") and the Sanskrit pura (\"city\").{{cite book\\\|last\\=Stargardt\\\|first\\=Janice\\\|editor\\-last\\=Schottenhammer\\\|editor\\-first\\=Angela\\\|title\\=The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000\\-1400\\\|publisher\\=Brill\\\|date\\=2001\\\|\npages\\=309–393\\\| chapter\\=Behind the Shadows: Archaeological Data on Two\\-Way Sea Trade Between Quanzhou and Satingpra, South Thailand, 10th\\-14th century\\\| series\\=Volume 49 of ''Sinica Leidensia''\\\|isbn\\=90\\-04\\-11773\\-3\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GEhGM6fZeaAC}}{{RP\\\|320\\-321}} The ruins of the important [port city](/wiki/Port_city \"Port city\") of [Satingpra](/wiki/Satingpra \"Satingpra\") are just few kilometres north of Songkhla city.{{cite book\\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=a5rG6reWhloC\\&pg\\=PA411 \\\|title\\= The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk\\-Road (100 Bc\\-1300 Ad) \\\|author\\= Michel Jacq\\-Hergoualc'h \\\|translator\\= Victoria Hobson \\\|editor\\= BRILL \\\|pages\\= 411–416 \\\|year\\= 2002 \\\|isbn\\=90\\-04\\-11973\\-6 }}", "During 1619\\-1680, Songkhla Town beside Red Hill was very prosperous in trading with other countries by [Malay](/wiki/Malay_race \"Malay race\") governors migrating from [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"). They escaped from Dutch’s monopoly tradefor free trade in Songkhla which was supported by [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). At the first period, during 1619\\-1642 the governor of Songkhla was [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\"). Later, In 1642\\-1680 the governor of Songkhla rebelled to [Ayutthaya](/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom \"Ayutthaya Kingdom\") so the town was suppressed by [King Narai](/wiki/King_Narai \"King Narai\") and left carelessly. Then, [Phatthalung](/wiki/Phatthalung \"Phatthalung\") took control of it. From 1699 to 1776, Songkhla reformed at the new location in Laemson called Songkhla Town at Laemson Side which is opposite to the current location of Songkhla town.", "In 1836, [King Rama III](/wiki/King_Rama_III \"King Rama III\") instructed Phraya Vichiankiri (Tianseng) to build the city wall fortress. During the construction of the wall, Tuanku Ahmadsa\\-adtogether with the rulers from Syburi, Pattani and 7 other provinces, attacked Songkhla. After their conquering all the rebellion, the fortress and the city wall were carried on. Also, the city pillar was set up and the town of Songkhla was moved to the east of Laem Son called Bo Yang District, which is now in the area of Songkhla Municipality.", "Since the 18th century, Songkla has been firmly under Thai [suzerainty](/wiki/Suzerainty \"Suzerainty\"). In 1909, Songkhla was formally annexed by Siam as part of [Anglo\\-Siamese Treaty of 1909](/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909 \"Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909\"), negotiated with the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"), in which Siam gave up its claim to [Kelantan](/wiki/Kelantan \"Kelantan\") in return for Britain recognizing Siam's right to the provinces north of that.", "[200px\\\|thumb\\\|left\\\|The Na Songkhla family's residence, now used as the Songkhla National Museum](/wiki/File:Songkhla_national_museum_-_panoramio.jpg \"Songkhla national museum - panoramio.jpg\")", "In the 18th century many Chinese immigrants, especially from [Guangdong](/wiki/Guangdong \"Guangdong\") and [Fujian](/wiki/Fujian \"Fujian\"), came to the province. Quickly rising to economic wealth, one of them won the bidding for the major [tax farm](/wiki/Tax_farm \"Tax farm\") of the province in 1769, establishing the Na Songkhla (from Songkhla) family as the most wealthy and influential. In 1777 the family also gained political power, when the old governor was dismissed and Luang Inthakhiri (Yiang, Chinese name Wu Rang (呉譲)) became the new governor. In 1786 the old governor started an uprising, which was put down after four months. The position was thereafter inherited in the family and was held by eight of his descendants until 1901, when Phraya Wichiankhiri (Chom) was honorably retired as part of the administrative reforms of Prince [Damrong Rajanubhab](/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab \"Damrong Rajanubhab\"). The family's former home was converted into the Songkhla National Museum in 1953\\.", "In 1932, Monthon Thesaphiban or the administrative subdivisions was dissolved and changed to provincial administration, Songkhla then becomes one of the provinces in the south of Thailand.", "Songkhla was the scene of heavy fighting when the Imperial Japanese Army [invaded Thailand](/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand \"Japanese invasion of Thailand\") on 8 December 1941 and parts of the city were destroyed.", "" ]
Rowing career ------------- In 2005, Crow took up rowing after a leg injury ended her hurdling career. Crow rows from the [Melbourne University Boat Club](/wiki/Melbourne_University_Boat_Club "Melbourne University Boat Club") in Melbourne and represents Victoria at the national level. At the [Australian Rowing Championships](/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships "Australian Rowing Championships") in 2012, 2015 and 2016 she won the Nell Slater Trophy in the Interstate Women's Single Scull representing Victoria.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.rowinghistory\-aus.info/interstate\-championships/07\-womens1x.php \\|title\=Australian Champion \\|access\-date\=31 March 2015 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416071354/http://www.rowinghistory\-aus.info/interstate\-championships/07\-womens1x.php \\|archive\-date\=16 April 2017 \\|url\-status\=dead}} During the Victorian women's eights' twelve year consecutive victory run from 2005 to 2016, Crow was seated in the boat on nine occasions for nine Queen's Cup victories up until 2016\. On five occasions at the Interstate Regatta she has raced in both the eight and the single scull on the same day, winning both titles on three occasions. She was coached by [Lyall McCarthy](/wiki/Lyall_McCarthy "Lyall McCarthy") at Rowing Australia's Centre of Excellence in Canberra.{{cite web \\|title\=Kim Crow \\|url\=http://www.rowingaustralia.com.au/athleteprofile/kim\-crow/ \\|website\=Rowing Australia website \\|access\-date\=6 September 2015 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081000/http://www.rowingaustralia.com.au/athleteprofile/kim\-crow/ \\|archive\-date\=24 June 2015 \\|url\-status\=live}} In Melbourne University Boat Club colours, she contested the Australian national single sculls title at the [Australian Rowing Championships](/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships "Australian Rowing Championships") five times from 2010 to 2014\. She won that championship from 2011 to 2014\.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.rowinghistory\-aus.info/national\-championships/Women%27s%20Scull%20Summary.html \\|title\=Australian W1X Championships History at Guerin Foster \\|access\-date\=5 June 2018 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918185750/http://www.rowinghistory\-aus.info/national\-championships/Women%27s%20Scull%20Summary.html \\|archive\-date\=18 September 2015 \\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Olympic Games Crow with her partner [Sarah Cook](/wiki/Sarah_Cook_%28rower%29 "Sarah Cook (rower)") finished fourth in the women's [coxless pair](/wiki/Coxless_pair "Coxless pair") B\-Final at the [2008 Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics").{{cite web \\|title\=Kim Crow results \\|url\=https://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/cr/kim\-crow\-1\.html \\|website\=Sport Reference – Olympics \\|access\-date\=7 September 2015 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170210/http://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/cr/kim\-crow\-1\.html \\|archive\-date\=10 September 2015 \\|url\-status\=dead}} At the [2012 London Olympic Games](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics"), Crow won a silver medal in the women's [double sculls](/wiki/Double_sculls "Double sculls") (with [Brooke Pratley](/wiki/Brooke_Pratley "Brooke Pratley")) and a bronze medal in the women's [single sculls](/wiki/Single_sculls "Single sculls"). At the 2015 world rowing championships, Crow qualified the [single scull](/wiki/Single_scull "Single scull") for Australia to race at [Rio 2016](/wiki/Rio_2016 "Rio 2016"). At those [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics"), Brennan won the women's [single scull](/wiki/Single_scull "Single scull") and took the gold medal, leading the race from start to finish. In May 2019, Brennan was announced as Australia's joint Deputy Chef de Mission,{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.olympics.com.au/news/key\-appointments\-to\-leadership\-teams\-for\-tokyo\-2020\-other\-games\-announced/ \\|title\=Key appointments to leadership teams for Tokyo 2020 announced \\|website\=olympics.com.au \\|access\-date\=3 May 2019}} alongside fellow Olympians, Susie O'Neill and Evelyn Halls for the Tokyo [2020 Olympic Games](/wiki/2020_Olympic_Games "2020 Olympic Games"). ### World Championships Crow was in the seven seat of Australian women's eight that won the bronze medal at the [2006 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2006_World_Rowing_Championships "2006 World Rowing Championships").{{cite web \\|title\=Kim Crow results \\|url\=http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/24665/results/crow\-kim \\|website\=World Rowing website \\|access\-date\=7 September 2015 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002101/http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/24665/results/crow\-kim \\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \\|url\-status\=live}} She teamed with [Kerry Hore](/wiki/Kerry_Hore "Kerry Hore") to win silver medals in the Women's [double scull](/wiki/Double_sculls "Double sculls") at the [2010](/wiki/2010_World_Rowing_Championships "2010 World Rowing Championships") and [2011 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2011_World_Rowing_Championships "2011 World Rowing Championships"). At the [2013 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2013_World_Rowing_Championships "2013 World Rowing Championships") in Chungju, Crow won gold in the single scull taking a lead from the 300 m mark and holding it to the line. In the same event at the [2014 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2014_World_Rowing_Championships "2014 World Rowing Championships") in Amsterdam, Crow took silver behind New Zealand's [Emma Twigg](/wiki/Emma_Twigg "Emma Twigg"). Crow became a dual world champion when she won gold in the single scull at the [2015 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2015_World_Rowing_Championships "2015 World Rowing Championships") in Aiguebelette,{{cite news \\|title\=Kim Crow regains single sculls world title \\|url\=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/09/07/kim\-crow\-regains\-single\-sculls\-world\-title \\|access\-date\=6 September 2015 \\|work\=SBS News \\|date\=7 September 2015}} defeating [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics") champion [Miroslava Knapková](/wiki/Miroslava_Knapkov%C3%A1 "Miroslava Knapková"). On 3 November 2018, Brennan officially announced her retirement from rowing at the Rowing Australia annual awards. She stated “While I’ve known within myself for some time that I am happy to leave my competitive rowing career behind me, the arrival of Jude has put the decision beyond any doubt. I’m loving every minute with him, and, on a personal level, I can’t imagine now being able to give the time and energy necessary to be successful in rowing at the top level".{{cite web \\|title\=Rio 2016 Olympic gold medallist to focus on career and family \\|url\=https://rowingaustralia.com.au/2018/11/04/kim\-brennan\-officially\-announces\-retirement\-from\-rowing/ \\|website\=Rowing Australia website \\|access\-date\=4 November 2018 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130157/https://rowingaustralia.com.au/2018/11/04/kim\-brennan\-officially\-announces\-retirement\-from\-rowing/ \\|archive\-date\=4 November 2018 \\|url\-status\=live}} Rowing Australia President Rowing Australia President, [Rob Scott](/wiki/Robert_Scott_%28rower%29 "Robert Scott (rower)") said, “Kim has been an integral member of Australia's rowing team for over 10 years while also being a fantastic role model within the Australian Rowing Team and the broader Australian sporting community. Her performances on the world stage speak for themselves, but I am sure that one her proudest moments in the green and gold are when she won her Olympic gold medal at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. ### Retirement Brennan announced her retirement from rowing in November 2018, after the birth of her son. She stated she still wants to be involved in rowing and the Olympic movement long into the future.	[ "Rowing career\n-------------", "In 2005, Crow took up rowing after a leg injury ended her hurdling career. Crow rows from the [Melbourne University Boat Club](/wiki/Melbourne_University_Boat_Club \"Melbourne University Boat Club\") in Melbourne and represents Victoria at the national level.", "At the [Australian Rowing Championships](/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships \"Australian Rowing Championships\") in 2012, 2015 and 2016 she won the Nell Slater Trophy in the Interstate Women's Single Scull representing Victoria.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.rowinghistory\\-aus.info/interstate\\-championships/07\\-womens1x.php \\\|title\\=Australian Champion \\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2015 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416071354/http://www.rowinghistory\\-aus.info/interstate\\-championships/07\\-womens1x.php \\\|archive\\-date\\=16 April 2017 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} During the Victorian women's eights' twelve year consecutive victory run from 2005 to 2016, Crow was seated in the boat on nine occasions for nine Queen's Cup victories up until 2016\\. On five occasions at the Interstate Regatta she has raced in both the eight and the single scull on the same day, winning both titles on three occasions. She was coached by [Lyall McCarthy](/wiki/Lyall_McCarthy \"Lyall McCarthy\") at Rowing Australia's Centre of Excellence in Canberra.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Kim Crow \\\|url\\=http://www.rowingaustralia.com.au/athleteprofile/kim\\-crow/ \\\|website\\=Rowing Australia website \\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2015 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081000/http://www.rowingaustralia.com.au/athleteprofile/kim\\-crow/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2015 \\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In Melbourne University Boat Club colours, she contested the Australian national single sculls title at the [Australian Rowing Championships](/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships \"Australian Rowing Championships\") five times from 2010 to 2014\\. She won that championship from 2011 to 2014\\.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.rowinghistory\\-aus.info/national\\-championships/Women%27s%20Scull%20Summary.html \\\|title\\=Australian W1X Championships History at Guerin Foster \\\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2018 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918185750/http://www.rowinghistory\\-aus.info/national\\-championships/Women%27s%20Scull%20Summary.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2015 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Olympic Games", "Crow with her partner [Sarah Cook](/wiki/Sarah_Cook_%28rower%29 \"Sarah Cook (rower)\") finished fourth in the women's [coxless pair](/wiki/Coxless_pair \"Coxless pair\") B\\-Final at the [2008 Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=Kim Crow results \\\|url\\=https://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/cr/kim\\-crow\\-1\\.html \\\|website\\=Sport Reference – Olympics \\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2015 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170210/http://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/cr/kim\\-crow\\-1\\.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2015 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} At the [2012 London Olympic Games](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\"), Crow won a silver medal in the women's \n[double sculls](/wiki/Double_sculls \"Double sculls\") (with [Brooke Pratley](/wiki/Brooke_Pratley \"Brooke Pratley\")) and a bronze medal in the women's [single sculls](/wiki/Single_sculls \"Single sculls\").\nAt the 2015 world rowing championships, Crow qualified the [single scull](/wiki/Single_scull \"Single scull\") for Australia to race at [Rio 2016](/wiki/Rio_2016 \"Rio 2016\"). At those [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\"), Brennan won the women's [single scull](/wiki/Single_scull \"Single scull\") and took the gold medal, leading the race from start to finish.", "In May 2019, Brennan was announced as Australia's joint Deputy Chef de Mission,{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.olympics.com.au/news/key\\-appointments\\-to\\-leadership\\-teams\\-for\\-tokyo\\-2020\\-other\\-games\\-announced/ \\\|title\\=Key appointments to leadership teams for Tokyo 2020 announced \\\|website\\=olympics.com.au \\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2019}} alongside fellow Olympians, Susie O'Neill and Evelyn Halls for the Tokyo [2020 Olympic Games](/wiki/2020_Olympic_Games \"2020 Olympic Games\").", "### World Championships", "Crow was in the seven seat of Australian women's eight that won the bronze medal at the [2006 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2006_World_Rowing_Championships \"2006 World Rowing Championships\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=Kim Crow results \\\|url\\=http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/24665/results/crow\\-kim \\\|website\\=World Rowing website \\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2015 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002101/http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/24665/results/crow\\-kim \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She teamed with [Kerry Hore](/wiki/Kerry_Hore \"Kerry Hore\") to win silver medals in the Women's [double scull](/wiki/Double_sculls \"Double sculls\") at the [2010](/wiki/2010_World_Rowing_Championships \"2010 World Rowing Championships\") and [2011 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2011_World_Rowing_Championships \"2011 World Rowing Championships\"). At the [2013 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2013_World_Rowing_Championships \"2013 World Rowing Championships\") in Chungju, Crow won gold in the single scull taking a lead from the 300 m mark and holding it to the line. In the same event at the [2014 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2014_World_Rowing_Championships \"2014 World Rowing Championships\") in Amsterdam, Crow took silver behind New Zealand's [Emma Twigg](/wiki/Emma_Twigg \"Emma Twigg\"). Crow became a dual world champion when she won gold in the single scull at the [2015 World Rowing Championships](/wiki/2015_World_Rowing_Championships \"2015 World Rowing Championships\") in Aiguebelette,{{cite news \\\|title\\=Kim Crow regains single sculls world title \\\|url\\=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/09/07/kim\\-crow\\-regains\\-single\\-sculls\\-world\\-title \\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2015 \\\|work\\=SBS News \\\|date\\=7 September 2015}} defeating [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\") champion [Miroslava Knapková](/wiki/Miroslava_Knapkov%C3%A1 \"Miroslava Knapková\").", "On 3 November 2018, Brennan officially announced her retirement from rowing at the Rowing Australia annual awards. She stated “While I’ve known within myself for some time that I am happy to leave my competitive rowing career behind me, the arrival of Jude has put the decision beyond any doubt. I’m loving every minute with him, and, on a personal level, I can’t imagine now being able to give the time and energy necessary to be successful in rowing at the top level\".{{cite web \\\|title\\=Rio 2016 Olympic gold medallist to focus on career and family \\\|url\\=https://rowingaustralia.com.au/2018/11/04/kim\\-brennan\\-officially\\-announces\\-retirement\\-from\\-rowing/ \\\|website\\=Rowing Australia website \\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2018 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130157/https://rowingaustralia.com.au/2018/11/04/kim\\-brennan\\-officially\\-announces\\-retirement\\-from\\-rowing/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2018 \\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Rowing Australia President Rowing Australia President, [Rob Scott](/wiki/Robert_Scott_%28rower%29 \"Robert Scott (rower)\") said, “Kim has been an integral member of Australia's rowing team for over 10 years while also being a fantastic role model within the Australian Rowing Team and the broader Australian sporting community. Her performances on the world stage speak for themselves, but I am sure that one her proudest moments in the green and gold are when she won her Olympic gold medal at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.", "### Retirement", "Brennan announced her retirement from rowing in November 2018, after the birth of her son. She stated she still wants to be involved in rowing and the Olympic movement long into the future.", "" ]
Career ------ [thumb\\|upright\=1\.2\\|The Vienna State Opera](/wiki/File:Staatsoper_%28ca.1898%29.jpg "Staatsoper (ca.1898).jpg") From 1908 to 1910, Wallerstein worked as a pianist and director at the royal court theater in Dresden. There he met Richard Strauss and played an off\-stage piano in the third act of the world premiere of [Der Rosenkavalier](/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier "Der Rosenkavalier") at the Dresden Opera on January 26, 1911\.{{Cite book\\|title\=The Life of Richard Strauss\\|last\=Gilliam\\|first\=Bryan\\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\=1999\\|isbn\=0\-52157895\-7\\|location\=Cambridge, United Kingdom\\|pages\=93}} Wallerstein was operatic director and stage manager in Posen, Germany, from 1910\-1914\. With the outbreak of World War I, he returned to medicine, serving as a surgeon in the Austro\-Hungarian army on both the Russian and Italian fronts. When the war ended, he was invited to [Breslau, Germany](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław"), as chief stage director of the Breslau City Theater. From 1922 to 1924, he held the same position at Duisburg where a new theater with updated stage technology gave him more artistic flexibility with set designs. ### 1926 to 1940 In 1926, The Vienna State Opera invited Wallerstein to stage [Andre Chenier](/wiki/Andre_Chenier "Andre Chenier") with [Lotte Lehman](/wiki/Lotte_Lehman "Lotte Lehman") and [Traian Grozăvescu](/wiki/Traian_Groz%C4%83vescu "Traian Grozăvescu") as principals. He was invited back to Vienna to stage their premier performance of Puccini’s Turandot with [Mafalda Salvatini](/wiki/Mafalda_Salvatini "Mafalda Salvatini") in the title role. From 1927 to 1930, Wallerstein taught opera classes at the [Hoch Conversatory](/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory "Hoch Conservatory") in [Frankfurt, Germany](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt")—a school noted for such teachers as [Clara Schumann](/wiki/Clara_Schumann "Clara Schumann") and [Engelbert Humperdinck](/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_%28composer%29 "Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)"). At the same time, he was appointed [Oberregisseur](/wiki/Regisseur "Regisseur") at the [Frankfurt Opera](/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt "Oper Frankfurt").{{cite book\\|title\=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music\\|last1\=\\|date\=1996}} There he met the impresario, [Clemens Krauss](/wiki/Clemens_Krauss "Clemens Krauss"), who conducted Wallerstein's 1927 production of [Turandot](/wiki/Turandot "Turandot") in Frankfurt.{{cite book\\|title\=Opera: Composers, Works, Performers\\|last1\=Betta and Neef, Eds.\\|date\=2005\\|publisher\=Tandem Verlag GmbH\\|isbn\=3\-8331\-2048\-7\\|location\=Spain\\|page\=484}} #### Vienna State Opera Wallerstein’s successes as guest director led to his appointment as chief stage director of the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera "Vienna State Opera") in 1927\. [Franz Schalk](/wiki/Franz_Schalk "Franz Schalk") was then its sole conductor. From 1919 to 1924, Schalk had shared the conductorship with Richard Strauss, serving as co\-conductors until 1924 when Strauss resigned. Five years later, in 1929, Clemens Krauss was appointed Director.{{cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8HVIDQAAQBAJ\&q\=Toscanini:\+Musician\+of\+Conscience\\|title\=Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, enigma\\|last1\=Kennedy\\|first1\=Michael\\|date\=1999\\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\=0\-521\-58173\-7\\|edition\=1\\|location\=Cambridge, United Kingdom\\|pages\=256 \& 451\\|access\-date\=8 June 2019}} There Krauss conducted and Wallerstein produced Turandot.{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6\-hWAAAAMAAJ\&q\=Wallerstein\+Krauss\+Frankfort\\|title\=The Vienna Opera House\\|last\=Kralik\\|first\=Heinrich\\|date\=1955\\|publisher\=Brüder Rosenbaum\\|pages\=74}} Wallerstein applied his interest in new acting and staging techniques in a collaboration with Krauss, who joined him in Vienna as conductor and brought new singers to the company. Since the directors were expected to innovate, he was free to implement his new techniques of stagecraft in lighting, staging and directing the movements of the cast on stage. [Lotte Lehmann](/wiki/Lotte_Lehmann "Lotte Lehmann"), a well\-known opera singer of the time, noted that Wallerstein brought much\-needed breath of fresh air to the Viennese opera.{{cite book\\|title\=Five Operas and Richard Strauss\\|last1\=Lehman\\|first1\=Lotte\\|date\=1964\\|publisher\=Macmillan\\|edition\=1\\|location\=Toronto, Ontario\\|pages\=49, 154, 209}} As director, he willingly agreed to continue the reformist course Krauss had set in Frankfurt.{{cite book\\|title\=The Twisted Muse: Musicians and their music in the Third Reich\\|last1\=Kater\\|first1\=Michael\\|date\=1997\\|publisher\=Oxford\\|isbn\=0\-19\-509620\-7\\|edition\=1\\|location\=New York\\|pages\=47 \& 327}} During Wallerstein’s years at the Vienna State Opera (1927–1938\), he directed seventy\-five new productions, as well as many old ones. #### Revision of Idomeneo [thumb\\|[Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss") and Wallerstein, subsequent to their collaborative revision of Mozart's [Idomeneo](/wiki/Idomeneo "Idomeneo")](/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss_and_Lothar_Wallerstein_April_8_1932.png "Richard Strauss and Lothar Wallerstein April 8 1932.png") In 1931, Strauss enlisted Wallerstein’s assistance in up\-dating Mozart’s Idomeneo, based on the original libretto by [Varesco](/wiki/Varesco "Varesco").{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=AqC0k5X4ggAC\&q\=Wallerstein\&pg\=RA6\-PT166\\|title\=Mozart and the Nazis\\|last\=Levi\\|first\=Erik\\|date\=2011\\|publisher\=Yale University Press\\|isbn\=9780300165814}} Wallerstein translated it from Italian into German prose and then sent it to Strauss for his additions and retractions. The two exchanged revisions through the mail between Strauss's residence in Garmisch to Wallerstein in Vienna. A Strauss letter to Wallerstein illustrates the manner of collaboration: “In eight days I will be finished with the complete Idomeneo (score and everything) and I would ask you to quickly finish the text part of all the arias. So, when I send you the score in a week, the text can be inserted." Their revision of Mozart’s Idomeneo resulted in a new production at the Vienna State Opera, conducted by Strauss himself.{{Cite book\\|title\=Richard Strauss and his world\\|date\=1992\\|publisher\=Princeton University Press\\|others\=Gilliam, Bryan Randolph.\\|isbn\=0691091463\\|location\=Princeton, N.J.\\|oclc\=25787150}} #### Arrival of Nazi influence in Austria From 1926 to 1938, Wallerstein also was [Regisseur](/wiki/Regisseur "Regisseur") of the [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival "Salzburg Festival"), where he worked for eleven consecutive summers, while continuing in his post at the Vienna State Opera. His career flourished despite rising political unrest in Austria. By the summer of 1938, however, the Festival was firmly under Nazi control. Productions by Wallerstein, Herbert Graf, and Margaret Wallmann—all regarded as "non\-Aryans"—were replaced by productions that were regarded as "racially pure" and presented in the newly reconstructed [Festspielhaus](/wiki/Kleines_Festspielhaus "Kleines Festspielhaus"). Among Jewish artists exiled from the Festival were [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter "Bruno Walter"), [Max Reinhardt](/wiki/Max_Reinhardt "Max Reinhardt"), Lotte Lehman, [Herbert Graf](/wiki/Herbert_Graf "Herbert Graf"), [Hugo Burghauser](/wiki/Hugo_Burghauser "Hugo Burghauser"), Elsa Kurzbauer and Wallerstein.{{Cite book\\|title\=Toscanini: Musician of Conscience\\|last\=Sachs\\|first\=Harvey\\|publisher\=NNorton \& Co.\\|year\=2017\\|isbn\=9781631492716\\|location\=New York\\|pages\=690}} #### Flight from Vienna At the State Opera in Vienna, where Wallerstein continued working during the winters, he evaded an arrest by the Gestapo and fled to Italy where he already had contracts with [Teatro Reale](/wiki/Teatro_Reale "Teatro Reale") in Rome and [Maggio Musicale Fiorentino](/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino "Maggio Musicale Fiorentino") in Florence. Both contracts, however, were cancelled by Nazi Germany's crackdown on every aspect of Italian life.{{Cite book\\|title\=Two Worlds of Music\\|last\=Geissmar\\|first\=Berta\\|publisher\=American Book\-Stratford Press, Inc.\\|year\=1946\\|location\=New York\\|pages\=112}} Wallerstein then traveled to Amsterdam to join his colleague, Bruno Walter, who had found both political refuge and artistic work. Walter was preparing to conduct Don Giovanni and invited Wallerstein on board as Regisseur. During Wallerstein’s tenure in Holland, he was named professor at the [Royal Conservatory of The Hague](/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_The_Hague "Royal Conservatory of The Hague") and, also, at the Conservatory in Amsterdam.{{Cite journal\\|last\=Sonnwald\\|first\=Leo\\|date\=22 October 1969\\|title\=In Memory of Lothar Wallerstein\\|journal\=The Parish}} When Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, he continued to work until he was dismissed for religious reasons. At that point, he escaped Europe to the United States. ### 1941 to 1945 While in the United States, Wallerstein found work with the Metropolitan Opera and companies in other cities. He returned to Europe with the conclusion of World War II. #### Metropolitan Opera [thumb\\|Original Metropolitan Opera house](/wiki/File:Metropolitan_opera_1905_crop.jpg "Metropolitan opera 1905 crop.jpg") A June 1941 article in [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") described Wallerstein's charm and accomplishments after his arrival in New York City in search of work, initially without English or funds. In that year he joined the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") as a senior stage director. His debut was on January 9 with the opera, Lohengrin, conducted by [Erich Leinsdorf](/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf "Erich Leinsdorf").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm\\|title\=Lohengrin {446} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/9/1942\\|last\=Staff\\|website\=Metropolitan Opera Association\\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-11}} By the next month, he had directed three more operas and began receiving critical attention from American reviewers such as Oscar Thompson who wrote in Musical America that “The stage direction \[of Pagliacci] was expert and imaginative." During Wallerstein’s years at the Met, he directed 28 operas primarily with the conductors, Erich Leinsdorf, [George Szell](/wiki/George_Szell "George Szell") and [Thomas Beecham](/wiki/Thomas_Beecham "Thomas Beecham"). Appearing in these performances were many well known artists of their day: [Ezio Pinza](/wiki/Ezio_Pinza "Ezio Pinza"), [Lily Pons](/wiki/Lily_Pons "Lily Pons"), [Rise Stevens](/wiki/Rise_Stevens "Rise Stevens") and [Helen Traubel](/wiki/Helen_Traubel "Helen Traubel").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm\\|title\=The Metropolitan Opera Archives\\|last\=Pennino\\|first\=John\\|website\=Metropolitan Opera Association\\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-11}} #### Other engagements While working at the Met, Wallerstein also accepted guest engagements with opera companies in Chicago,{{Cite book\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywooddivabio0000turk\\|url\-access\=registration\\|quote\=Wallerstein Chicago opera.\\|title\=Hollywood Diva: A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald\\|last\=Turk\\|first\=Edward Baron\\|date\=1998\-11\-01\\|publisher\=University of California Press\\|isbn\=9780520924574\\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywooddivabio0000turk/page/352 352]}} Detroit,{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KUsJAQAAMAAJ\&q\=Wallerstein\+Detroit\+opera\&pg\=RA3\-PA34\\|title\=Music at Michigan\\|last\=\\|date\=Spring 1990\\|publisher\=University of Michigan\\|volume\=23\\|pages\=34\\|issue\=2}} Rio de Janeiro,{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4g8OCCWk5SQC\&q\=Wallerstein\+Rio\+de\+Janeiro\+opera\&pg\=PA102\\|title\=There's Music in These Walls: A History of the Royal Conservatory of Music\\|last\=Schabas\\|first\=Ezra\\|date\=2005\\|publisher\=Dundurn\\|isbn\=9781550025408\\|pages\=102}} and Canada.{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Of8UWyd2geYC\&q\=Wallerstein\+Canada\+opera\&pg\=PA109\\|title\=Lotfi Mansouri: An Operatic Journey\\|last\=Mansouri\\|first\=Lotfi\\|date\=2010\\|publisher\=UPNE\\|isbn\=9781555537067\\|pages\=109}} He taught acting courses in the studios of C. Beeson Fry and Estelle Liebling and for the Griffith Music Foundation with Cesare Sodero, for the Mannes Music School and Hunter College Opera Workshop with Joseph Reitler and Fritz Stiedry as well as (what was then) the Metropolitan Opera University. He also staged operatic scenes for the National Concert and Artists Association’s tour of the Metropolitan Opera Ensemble with Novotna, Glaz, Jobin and Singher.{{Cite book\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NuAKAQAAIAAJ\&q\=Wallerstein\+National\+Concert\+and\+Artists\+Association\\|title\=The Music Magazine/Musical Courier\\|date\=1950\\|volume\=141\-2\\|pages\=115}} #### Return to Europe In 1945, the same year World War II ended and the [denazification](/wiki/Denazification "Denazification") trials began, Wallerstein became a citizen of the United States. Despite his enthusiasm for American life, Wallerstein was drawn back to Europe. The Netherlands [Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education%2C_Culture_and_Science_%28Netherlands%29 "Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)") invited him to take over opera classes in the Royal Conservatories of The Hague and Amsterdam. ### 1946 to 1949 In 1946, Wallerstein settled in The Hague where more opportunities opened for him. He accepted contracts with the Vienna State Opera, [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala "La Scala") of Milan, and the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. At this time, conditions in the wake of World War II were bleak. Since the State Opera itself had been razed by Allied bombing, he directed performances at the Volksopera—the first postwar [Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 "Tannhäuser (opera)") followed by productions of [Schwanda](/wiki/Schwanda_the_Bagpiper "Schwanda the Bagpiper"), [Boris Godunov](/wiki/Boris_Godunov_%28opera%29 "Boris Godunov (opera)"), [Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos "Don Carlos"), and Turandot.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://archiv.wiener\-staatsoper.at/search/person/3052/page/1\\|title\=Vorstellungen mit Lothar Wallerstein {{!}} Spielplanarchiv der Wiener Staatsoper\\|last\=Staff\\|date\=2019\\|website\=archiv.wiener\-staatsoper.at\\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-11}} During the 1946 Summer Festival in Milan, he produced the staging for Lohengrin and Carmen in the giant Palazzo dello Sport built by Mussolini. Because of its size—{{Convert\\|155\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\=}} wide—he could showcase his expertise in staging mass operatic scenes, such as the bridal scene Lohengrin. As Wallerstein continued alternating guest performances in London (where he performed Fidelio with the entire Vienna Opera), he also continued his work at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague.	[ "Career\n------", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\\|The Vienna State Opera](/wiki/File:Staatsoper_%28ca.1898%29.jpg \"Staatsoper (ca.1898).jpg\")\nFrom 1908 to 1910, Wallerstein worked as a pianist and director at the royal court theater in Dresden. There he met Richard Strauss and played an off\\-stage piano in the third act of the world premiere of [Der Rosenkavalier](/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier \"Der Rosenkavalier\") at the Dresden Opera on January 26, 1911\\.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=The Life of Richard Strauss\\\|last\\=Gilliam\\\|first\\=Bryan\\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\\|year\\=1999\\\|isbn\\=0\\-52157895\\-7\\\|location\\=Cambridge, United Kingdom\\\|pages\\=93}}", "Wallerstein was operatic director and stage manager in Posen, Germany, from 1910\\-1914\\. With the outbreak of World War I, he returned to medicine, serving as a surgeon in the Austro\\-Hungarian army on both the Russian and Italian fronts. When the war ended, he was invited to [Breslau, Germany](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\"), as chief stage director of the Breslau City Theater. From 1922 to 1924, he held the same position at Duisburg where a new theater with updated stage technology gave him more artistic flexibility with set designs.", "### 1926 to 1940", "In 1926, The Vienna State Opera invited Wallerstein to stage [Andre Chenier](/wiki/Andre_Chenier \"Andre Chenier\") with [Lotte Lehman](/wiki/Lotte_Lehman \"Lotte Lehman\") and [Traian Grozăvescu](/wiki/Traian_Groz%C4%83vescu \"Traian Grozăvescu\") as principals. He was invited back to Vienna to stage their premier performance of Puccini’s Turandot with [Mafalda Salvatini](/wiki/Mafalda_Salvatini \"Mafalda Salvatini\") in the title role.", "From 1927 to 1930, Wallerstein taught opera classes at the [Hoch Conversatory](/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory \"Hoch Conservatory\") in [Frankfurt, Germany](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\")—a school noted for such teachers as [Clara Schumann](/wiki/Clara_Schumann \"Clara Schumann\") and [Engelbert Humperdinck](/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_%28composer%29 \"Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)\"). At the same time, he was appointed [Oberregisseur](/wiki/Regisseur \"Regisseur\") at the [Frankfurt Opera](/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt \"Oper Frankfurt\").{{cite book\\\|title\\=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music\\\|last1\\=\\\|date\\=1996}} There he met the impresario, [Clemens Krauss](/wiki/Clemens_Krauss \"Clemens Krauss\"), who conducted Wallerstein's 1927 production of [Turandot](/wiki/Turandot \"Turandot\") in Frankfurt.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Opera: Composers, Works, Performers\\\|last1\\=Betta and Neef, Eds.\\\|date\\=2005\\\|publisher\\=Tandem Verlag GmbH\\\|isbn\\=3\\-8331\\-2048\\-7\\\|location\\=Spain\\\|page\\=484}}", "#### Vienna State Opera", "Wallerstein’s successes as guest director led to his appointment as chief stage director of the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera \"Vienna State Opera\") in 1927\\. [Franz Schalk](/wiki/Franz_Schalk \"Franz Schalk\") was then its sole conductor. From 1919 to 1924, Schalk had shared the conductorship with Richard Strauss, serving as co\\-conductors until 1924 when Strauss resigned. Five years later, in 1929, Clemens Krauss was appointed Director.{{cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8HVIDQAAQBAJ\\&q\\=Toscanini:\\+Musician\\+of\\+Conscience\\\|title\\=Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, enigma\\\|last1\\=Kennedy\\\|first1\\=Michael\\\|date\\=1999\\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-58173\\-7\\\|edition\\=1\\\|location\\=Cambridge, United Kingdom\\\|pages\\=256 \\& 451\\\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2019}} There Krauss conducted and Wallerstein produced Turandot.{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6\\-hWAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Wallerstein\\+Krauss\\+Frankfort\\\|title\\=The Vienna Opera House\\\|last\\=Kralik\\\|first\\=Heinrich\\\|date\\=1955\\\|publisher\\=Brüder Rosenbaum\\\|pages\\=74}}", "Wallerstein applied his interest in new acting and staging techniques in a collaboration with Krauss, who joined him in Vienna as conductor and brought new singers to the company. Since the directors were expected to innovate, he was free to implement his new techniques of stagecraft in lighting, staging and directing the movements of the cast on stage. [Lotte Lehmann](/wiki/Lotte_Lehmann \"Lotte Lehmann\"), a well\\-known opera singer of the time, noted that Wallerstein brought much\\-needed breath of fresh air to the Viennese opera.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Five Operas and Richard Strauss\\\|last1\\=Lehman\\\|first1\\=Lotte\\\|date\\=1964\\\|publisher\\=Macmillan\\\|edition\\=1\\\|location\\=Toronto, Ontario\\\|pages\\=49, 154, 209}} As director, he willingly agreed to continue the reformist course Krauss had set in Frankfurt.{{cite book\\\|title\\=The Twisted Muse: Musicians and their music in the Third Reich\\\|last1\\=Kater\\\|first1\\=Michael\\\|date\\=1997\\\|publisher\\=Oxford\\\|isbn\\=0\\-19\\-509620\\-7\\\|edition\\=1\\\|location\\=New York\\\|pages\\=47 \\& 327}} During Wallerstein’s years at the Vienna State Opera (1927–1938\\), he directed seventy\\-five new productions, as well as many old ones.", "#### Revision of Idomeneo", "[thumb\\\|[Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\") and Wallerstein, subsequent to their collaborative revision of Mozart's [Idomeneo](/wiki/Idomeneo \"Idomeneo\")](/wiki/File:Richard_Strauss_and_Lothar_Wallerstein_April_8_1932.png \"Richard Strauss and Lothar Wallerstein April 8 1932.png\")\nIn 1931, Strauss enlisted Wallerstein’s assistance in up\\-dating Mozart’s Idomeneo, based on the original libretto by [Varesco](/wiki/Varesco \"Varesco\").{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AqC0k5X4ggAC\\&q\\=Wallerstein\\&pg\\=RA6\\-PT166\\\|title\\=Mozart and the Nazis\\\|last\\=Levi\\\|first\\=Erik\\\|date\\=2011\\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\\|isbn\\=9780300165814}} Wallerstein translated it from Italian into German prose and then sent it to Strauss for his additions and retractions. The two exchanged revisions through the mail between Strauss's residence in Garmisch to Wallerstein in Vienna. A Strauss letter to Wallerstein illustrates the manner of collaboration: “In eight days I will be finished with the complete Idomeneo (score and everything) and I would ask you to quickly finish the text part of all the arias. So, when I send you the score in a week, the text can be inserted.\" Their revision of Mozart’s Idomeneo resulted in a new production at the Vienna State Opera, conducted by Strauss himself.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Richard Strauss and his world\\\|date\\=1992\\\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press\\\|others\\=Gilliam, Bryan Randolph.\\\|isbn\\=0691091463\\\|location\\=Princeton, N.J.\\\|oclc\\=25787150}}", "#### Arrival of Nazi influence in Austria", "From 1926 to 1938, Wallerstein also was [Regisseur](/wiki/Regisseur \"Regisseur\") of the [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival \"Salzburg Festival\"), where he worked for eleven consecutive summers, while continuing in his post at the Vienna State Opera. His career flourished despite rising political unrest in Austria. By the summer of 1938, however, the Festival was firmly under Nazi control. Productions by Wallerstein, Herbert Graf, and Margaret Wallmann—all regarded as \"non\\-Aryans\"—were replaced by productions that were regarded as \"racially pure\" and presented in the newly reconstructed [Festspielhaus](/wiki/Kleines_Festspielhaus \"Kleines Festspielhaus\"). Among Jewish artists exiled from the Festival were [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter \"Bruno Walter\"), [Max Reinhardt](/wiki/Max_Reinhardt \"Max Reinhardt\"), Lotte Lehman, [Herbert Graf](/wiki/Herbert_Graf \"Herbert Graf\"), [Hugo Burghauser](/wiki/Hugo_Burghauser \"Hugo Burghauser\"), Elsa Kurzbauer and Wallerstein.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Toscanini: Musician of Conscience\\\|last\\=Sachs\\\|first\\=Harvey\\\|publisher\\=NNorton \\& Co.\\\|year\\=2017\\\|isbn\\=9781631492716\\\|location\\=New York\\\|pages\\=690}}", "#### Flight from Vienna", "At the State Opera in Vienna, where Wallerstein continued working during the winters, he evaded an arrest by the Gestapo and fled to Italy where he already had contracts with [Teatro Reale](/wiki/Teatro_Reale \"Teatro Reale\") in Rome and [Maggio Musicale Fiorentino](/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino \"Maggio Musicale Fiorentino\") in Florence. Both contracts, however, were cancelled by Nazi Germany's crackdown on every aspect of Italian life.{{Cite book\\\|title\\=Two Worlds of Music\\\|last\\=Geissmar\\\|first\\=Berta\\\|publisher\\=American Book\\-Stratford Press, Inc.\\\|year\\=1946\\\|location\\=New York\\\|pages\\=112}}", "Wallerstein then traveled to Amsterdam to join his colleague, Bruno Walter, who had found both political refuge and artistic work. Walter was preparing to conduct Don Giovanni and invited Wallerstein on board as Regisseur. During Wallerstein’s tenure in Holland, he was named professor at the [Royal Conservatory of The Hague](/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_The_Hague \"Royal Conservatory of The Hague\") and, also, at the Conservatory in Amsterdam.{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Sonnwald\\\|first\\=Leo\\\|date\\=22 October 1969\\\|title\\=In Memory of Lothar Wallerstein\\\|journal\\=The Parish}} When Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, he continued to work until he was dismissed for religious reasons. At that point, he escaped Europe to the United States.", "### 1941 to 1945", "While in the United States, Wallerstein found work with the Metropolitan Opera and companies in other cities. He returned to Europe with the conclusion of World War II.", "#### Metropolitan Opera", "[thumb\\\|Original Metropolitan Opera house](/wiki/File:Metropolitan_opera_1905_crop.jpg \"Metropolitan opera 1905 crop.jpg\")\nA June 1941 article in [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") described Wallerstein's charm and accomplishments after his arrival in New York City in search of work, initially without English or funds. In that year he joined the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") as a senior stage director. His debut was on January 9 with the opera, Lohengrin, conducted by [Erich Leinsdorf](/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf \"Erich Leinsdorf\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm\\\|title\\=Lohengrin {446} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/9/1942\\\|last\\=Staff\\\|website\\=Metropolitan Opera Association\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-11}} By the next month, he had directed three more operas and began receiving critical attention from American reviewers such as Oscar Thompson who wrote in Musical America that “The stage direction \\[of Pagliacci] was expert and imaginative.\" During Wallerstein’s years at the Met, he directed 28 operas primarily with the conductors, Erich Leinsdorf, [George Szell](/wiki/George_Szell \"George Szell\") and [Thomas Beecham](/wiki/Thomas_Beecham \"Thomas Beecham\"). Appearing in these performances were many well known artists of their day: [Ezio Pinza](/wiki/Ezio_Pinza \"Ezio Pinza\"), [Lily Pons](/wiki/Lily_Pons \"Lily Pons\"), [Rise Stevens](/wiki/Rise_Stevens \"Rise Stevens\") and [Helen Traubel](/wiki/Helen_Traubel \"Helen Traubel\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm\\\|title\\=The Metropolitan Opera Archives\\\|last\\=Pennino\\\|first\\=John\\\|website\\=Metropolitan Opera Association\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-11}}", "#### Other engagements", "While working at the Met, Wallerstein also accepted guest engagements with opera companies in Chicago,{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywooddivabio0000turk\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|quote\\=Wallerstein Chicago opera.\\\|title\\=Hollywood Diva: A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald\\\|last\\=Turk\\\|first\\=Edward Baron\\\|date\\=1998\\-11\\-01\\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\\|isbn\\=9780520924574\\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywooddivabio0000turk/page/352 352]}} Detroit,{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KUsJAQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Wallerstein\\+Detroit\\+opera\\&pg\\=RA3\\-PA34\\\|title\\=Music at Michigan\\\|last\\=\\\|date\\=Spring 1990\\\|publisher\\=University of Michigan\\\|volume\\=23\\\|pages\\=34\\\|issue\\=2}} Rio de Janeiro,{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4g8OCCWk5SQC\\&q\\=Wallerstein\\+Rio\\+de\\+Janeiro\\+opera\\&pg\\=PA102\\\|title\\=There's Music in These Walls: A History of the Royal Conservatory of Music\\\|last\\=Schabas\\\|first\\=Ezra\\\|date\\=2005\\\|publisher\\=Dundurn\\\|isbn\\=9781550025408\\\|pages\\=102}} and Canada.{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Of8UWyd2geYC\\&q\\=Wallerstein\\+Canada\\+opera\\&pg\\=PA109\\\|title\\=Lotfi Mansouri: An Operatic Journey\\\|last\\=Mansouri\\\|first\\=Lotfi\\\|date\\=2010\\\|publisher\\=UPNE\\\|isbn\\=9781555537067\\\|pages\\=109}} He taught acting courses in the studios of C. Beeson Fry and Estelle Liebling and for the Griffith Music Foundation with Cesare Sodero, for the Mannes Music School and Hunter College Opera Workshop with Joseph Reitler and Fritz Stiedry as well as (what was then) the Metropolitan Opera University. He also staged operatic scenes for the National Concert and Artists Association’s tour of the Metropolitan Opera Ensemble with Novotna, Glaz, Jobin and Singher.{{Cite book\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NuAKAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=Wallerstein\\+National\\+Concert\\+and\\+Artists\\+Association\\\|title\\=The Music Magazine/Musical Courier\\\|date\\=1950\\\|volume\\=141\\-2\\\|pages\\=115}}", "#### Return to Europe", "In 1945, the same year World War II ended and the [denazification](/wiki/Denazification \"Denazification\") trials began, Wallerstein became a citizen of the United States. Despite his enthusiasm for American life, Wallerstein was drawn back to Europe. The Netherlands [Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education%2C_Culture_and_Science_%28Netherlands%29 \"Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)\") invited him to take over opera classes in the Royal Conservatories of The Hague and Amsterdam.", "### 1946 to 1949", "In 1946, Wallerstein settled in The Hague where more opportunities opened for him. He accepted contracts with the Vienna State Opera, [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala \"La Scala\") of Milan, and the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. At this time, conditions in the wake of World War II were bleak. Since the State Opera itself had been razed by Allied bombing, he directed performances at the Volksopera—the first postwar [Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\") followed by productions of [Schwanda](/wiki/Schwanda_the_Bagpiper \"Schwanda the Bagpiper\"), [Boris Godunov](/wiki/Boris_Godunov_%28opera%29 \"Boris Godunov (opera)\"), [Don Carlos](/wiki/Don_Carlos \"Don Carlos\"), and Turandot.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://archiv.wiener\\-staatsoper.at/search/person/3052/page/1\\\|title\\=Vorstellungen mit Lothar Wallerstein {{!}} Spielplanarchiv der Wiener Staatsoper\\\|last\\=Staff\\\|date\\=2019\\\|website\\=archiv.wiener\\-staatsoper.at\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-11}}", "During the 1946 Summer Festival in Milan, he produced the staging for Lohengrin and Carmen in the giant Palazzo dello Sport built by Mussolini. Because of its size—{{Convert\\\|155\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|abbr\\=}} wide—he could showcase his expertise in staging mass operatic scenes, such as the bridal scene Lohengrin. As Wallerstein continued alternating guest performances in London (where he performed Fidelio with the entire Vienna Opera), he also continued his work at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague.", "" ]
Biography --------- Grigory Valerievich Alfeyev was born on 24 July 1966 in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"). From 1972 to 1982 he studied violin, piano and composition at the Moscow Gnessins School and from 1983 to 1986 at the [Moscow State Conservatoire](/wiki/Moscow_State_Conservatoire "Moscow State Conservatoire"). From 1984 to 1986 he served in the Soviet military.{{Citation \\| title \= Hilarion \\| contribution \= Biography \\| contribution\-url \= http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/biography \\| publisher \= Orthodoxia \\| access\-date \= 2010\-05\-31 \\| archive\-date \= 2011\-10\-27 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027002818/http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/biography \\| url\-status \= dead }}. In January 1987, after serving in the military, he became a monk (see below under Church activity). In 1989 graduated from the [Moscow Theological Seminary](/wiki/Moscow_Theological_Seminary "Moscow Theological Seminary") and in 1991 from the [Moscow Theological Academy](/wiki/Moscow_Theological_Academy "Moscow Theological Academy") with the degree of [Master of Theology](/wiki/Master_of_Theology "Master of Theology"). From 1991 to 1993 he taught [homiletics](/wiki/Homiletics "Homiletics"), [dogmatic theology](/wiki/Dogmatic_theology "Dogmatic theology"), [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament "New Testament") studies and [Byzantine Greek](/wiki/Byzantine_Greek "Byzantine Greek") at the Moscow Theological Academy, [St Tikhon's Theological Institute](/wiki/Saint_Tikhon%27s_Orthodox_University "Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University") and [St John the Theologian's Orthodox University](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_University "Russian Orthodox University"). From 1993 to 1995 he studied at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") (UK) under the supervision of Bishop [Kallistos Ware](/wiki/Kallistos_Ware "Kallistos Ware"). In 1995 he completed his doctoral thesis on "St [Symeon the New Theologian](/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian "Symeon the New Theologian") and [Orthodox Tradition](/wiki/Sacred_Tradition "Sacred Tradition")" and was awarded the degree of [Doctor of Philosophy](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy").{{Citation \\| url \= http://www.opengrey.eu/item/display/10068/451540/ \\| title \= Open grey \\| year \= 1995 \\| place \= \[\[European Union\\|EU]] \\| access\-date \= 2012\-11\-08 \\| archive\-date \= 2017\-06\-28 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628214748/http://www.opengrey.eu/item/display/10068/451540/ \\| url\-status \= dead }}. ### Church activity [thumb\\|right\\|Hilarion (Alfeyev) in 2004](/wiki/File:Konferencia2004b6.jpg "Konferencia2004b6.jpg") In January 1987 he entered the [Monastery of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Spirit%2C_Vilnius "Monastery of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius") in [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius"), [Lithuanian SSR](/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR "Lithuanian SSR"), where he was [tonsured](/wiki/Tonsure "Tonsure") as a [monk](/wiki/Monk "Monk") on 19 June, [ordained](/wiki/Ordination "Ordination") a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") on 21 June and ordained [priest](/wiki/Priest "Priest") on 19 August in the same year. Until 1991 he served as a [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_priest "Parish priest") in Lithuania, including two years as [dean](/wiki/Dean_%28religion%29 "Dean (religion)") of Annunciation Cathedral in Kaunas. From 1995 to 2001 Alfeyev served as Secretary for Inter\-Christian Affairs of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate. He also taught part\-time at [Smolensk](/wiki/Smolensk "Smolensk") and [Kaluga](/wiki/Kaluga "Kaluga") Theological Seminaries (Russia), at [St Vladimir's](/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary "Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary") and [St Herman's](/wiki/Saint_Herman%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary "Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary") Theological Seminary (USA) and at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University") (UK). On 27 December 2001 he was nominated [bishop](/wiki/Bishop "Bishop"). On 14 January 2002 he was [consecrated](/wiki/Consecrated "Consecrated") by [Alexy II](/wiki/Alexy_II "Alexy II"), Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, and 10 other hierarchs. Appointed Assistant (Vicar) Bishop in the [Diocese of Sourozh](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh "Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh") in the UK, but as a result of an acute conflict situation around him and at [Metropolitan Anthony](/wiki/Metropolitan_Anthony_%28Bloom%29_of_Sourozh "Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh")'s request,[Announcement by Metropolitan Anthony at the London Parish AGM, May 19, 2002](http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode=10&story=hierarchs6122002125334.shtml) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063400/http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode\=10\&story\=hierarchs6122002125334\.shtml \\|date\=September 28, 2007 }} the Holy Synod decided, only a few months later, on 17 July 2002, that he was to be transferred and nominated as Head of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"). On 7 May 2003 appointed Bishop of [Vienna and Austria](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vienna_and_Austria "Diocese of Vienna and Austria"), administrator of the [Diocese of Budapest and Hungary](/wiki/Diocese_of_Budapest_and_Hungary "Diocese of Budapest and Hungary"), in addition to his position in Brussels, which he continues to hold. On March 31, 2009, appointed the Bishop of Volokolamsk, the Vicar to the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, the chairman of the Department of the External Church Relations (the position previously held by the current [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill "Patriarch Kirill")), and a permanent member of the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod "Holy Synod"), [ex officio](/wiki/Ex_officio "Ex officio"). On [Easter Monday](/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday"), 2009 was raised to an [archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") by Patriarch Kirill during the [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy") in The [Dormition Cathedral](/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral%2C_Moscow "Dormition Cathedral, Moscow") of the [Moscow Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin "Moscow Kremlin"). On 1 February 2010, at a Liturgy to celebrate the first anniversary of the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, he was raised to the rank of Metropolitan.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.egliserusse.eu/Le\-patriarche\-Cyrille\-celebre\-le\-premier\-anniversaire\-de\-son\-intronisation\_a926\.html\\|title\=Le patriarche Cyrille célèbre le premier anniversaire de son intronisation\\|agency\=Service de presse\\|website\=Eglise orthodoxe russe en France\\|language\=fr\\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-27}} In late 2018, Alfeyev visited North Korea, meeting with officials and leading a service at the [Church of the Life\-Giving Trinity](/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_%28Pyongyang%29 "Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)") in Pyongyang.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.nknews.org/2018/12/why\-moscow\-sent\-a\-top\-orthodox\-church\-official\-to\-pyongyang \\|title\=Why Moscow sent a top Orthodox Church official to Pyongyang \\|first\= Anthony \\|last\=Rinna \\|publisher\= NK News \\|date\=3 December 2018}} ### Views on the nature of the Orthodox Church In an interview given on 19 July 2010, Alfeyev said: "The Orthodox Church as a whole does not have a unified structural or administrative format. Administratively, it is, if one can say so, a confederation of autocephalous, that is, completely independent of one another, Orthodox Churches. (...) Problems arising in relations between Orthodox Churches are not theological or dogmatic in nature, but rather pertaining, for instance, to who should govern particular territories. Historically, some regions in different times were parts of different Local Churches. And today there may be two Churches who claim a particular region. (...) In the 1990s, we had a very difficult streak in relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, who unilaterally created its own church jurisdiction in our canonical territory, namely, in Estonia. It happened because in the 20s and 30s the Estonian Orthodox Church was temporarily part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Because of this, our relations with Constantinople were suspended for several months. They were restored later but remained tense. The Estonian problem still exists but recently His Holiness Patriarch Kirill has made some steps towards the Patriarchate of Constantinople for the express purpose of relieving the tension (...)."{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.mospat.ru/en/2010/07/19/news22093/\\|title\=Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk: Our concern is to preserve and consolidate unity of Russian Orthodox Church}} In general, opinions on such matters among Orthodox Christians vary. ### Scholarly work Alfeyev is the author of more than a thousand publications,[Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev](https://www.highresaudio.com/en/artist/view/6cc531b1-f363-419f-a335-051c0541b5c2/metropolitan-hilarion-alfeyev-russian-national-orchestra) including fourteen monographs in English: St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition (Oxford University Press, 2000\),{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/HistoryofChristianity/EarlyChurch/?view\=usa\&ci\=9780198270096\\|title\=Oxford University Press: St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition: Hilarion Alfeyev\\|date\=2007\-02\-27\\|website\=OUP\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227131324/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/HistoryofChristianity/EarlyChurch/?view\=usa\&ci\=9780198270096\\|archive\-date\=27 February 2007\\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-27}} welcomed by the press,{{Cite web\\|url\=http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/8\_2\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001081757/http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/8\_2\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=2011\-10\-01\\|title\=M. Neamtu. Review of 'St Symeon the New Thrologian and Orthodox Tradition' by Hilarion Alfeyev – Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev\\|date\=2011\-10\-01\\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-27}} The Spiritual World of Isaac the Syrian (Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo, MI, 2000\),{{Cite book\\|title\=The Spiritual World Of Isaac The Syrian (Cistercian Studies) Paperback\\|isbn\=0879077751\\|last1\=Alfeyev\\|first1\=Hilarion\\|year\=2000\\|publisher\=Cistercian Publications }} The Mystery of Faith. An Introduction to the Teaching and Spirituality of the Orthodox Church (Darton, Longman and Todd, 2002\),{{Cite book\\|title\=The Mystery of Faith: An Introduction to the Teaching and Spirituality of the Orthodox Church\\|isbn\=0232524726\\|last1\=Alfeyev\\|first1\=Hilarion\\|year\=2002\\|publisher\=Darton Longman \& Todd }} Orthodox Witness Today (WCC Publications, 2006\),{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.gazellebookservices.co.uk/ISBN/2825414484\.htm\\|title\=Orthodox Witness Today\\|website\=Gazelle Book Services Limited.\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512004505/http://www.gazellebookservices.co.uk/ISBN/2825414484\.htm\\|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-12\\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-27}} Christ the Conqueror of Hell. The Descent into Hell in Orthodox Tradition (St Vladimir's Press, 2009\),[Christ the Conqueror of Hell](https://svspress.com/christ-the-conqueror-of-hell/) Orthodox Christianity, vol. 1\-5 (St Vladimir's Press, 2011–19\),[Orthodox Christianity \- The Complete Set](https://svspress.com/orthodox-christianity-the-complete-set/) Prayer: Encounter with the Living God (St Vladimir's Press, 2015\),[Prayer: Encounter with the Living God](https://svspress.com/prayer-encounter-with-the-living-god/) Jesus Christ, His Life and Teaching, vols. I\-IV (St Vladimir's Press, 2019–21\).[Jesus Christ: His Life and Teaching, Volumes 1\-4](https://svspress.com/jesus-christ-his-life-and-teaching-volumes-1-4/) His books have also been translated into French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Greek, Serbian, Finnish, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Arabic, Japanese, Chinese, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Czech, Swedish, Estonian, Georgian, Armenian (see below). Apart from his doctoral degree in philosophy from Oxford, Alfeyev also holds a doctorate in theology from [St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute](/wiki/St._Sergius_Orthodox_Theological_Institute "St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), which was awarded to him in 1999\. In February 2005 he was elected a privat\-dozent of the [University of Fribourg](/wiki/University_of_Fribourg "University of Fribourg") (Switzerland). ### Musical activity Alfeyev is author of numerous musical compositions. His St Matthew Passion, grand oratorio for soloists, choir and orchestra, received a standing ovation at its performances at the Great Hall of Moscow Conservatory (27 March 2007\),{{Citation \\| url \= http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=2805 \\| title \= Interfax religion}}. at the Auditorium Conciliazione, Rome (29 March 2007\),{{Citation \\| url \= http://www.zenit.org/article\-19307?l\=english \\| title \= Zenit \\| access\-date \= 2007\-10\-23 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607222310/http://www.zenit.org/article\-19307?l\=english \\| archive\-date \= 2011\-06\-07 \\| url\-status \= dead }}. and at St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (28 September 2007\).{{Citation \\| url \= http://einews.blogspot.com/2007/10/bishop\-hilarion\-given\-standing\-ovation.html \\| title \= Bishop Hilarion given standing ovation \\| newspaper \= Ei news \\| format \= Blogger \\|date\=Oct 2007 }}. Equally well received was his Christmas Oratorio, performed in Washington, Boston and New York (18–20 December 2007\){{Citation \\| url \= http://www.sjbrcc.net/oratorio.html \\| title \= Oratorio \\| publisher \= SJBRCC}}. and later in Moscow (7 and 15 January 2008\) and his [Stabat Mater](/wiki/Stabat_Mater "Stabat Mater") (world premiere in January 2012 under the direction of [Vladimir Spivakov](/wiki/Vladimir_Spivakov "Vladimir Spivakov")). On the other hand, a Washington Post review described a 2011 performance of the Oratorio as "banal music that seemed the Russian equivalent of the cheesy carol arrangements by John Rutter".{{Citation \\| url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/review\-choral\-arts\-society\-christmas\-concert\-at\-the\-kennedy\-center/2011/12/20/gIQA6Jhg7O\_story.html \\| title \= Review: Choral Arts Society Christmas concert at the Kennedy Center \\| newspaper \= The Washington Post \\| date \= December 20, 2011}}. Other critics, however, are more favorable to Alfeyev's music, noting that "while they're not on the level of Johann Sebastian Bach, the compositions are sophisticated, and they're easy on the ear."{{cite web\\|title\=Putin Sacks Top Priest over Ukraine War\\|url\=https://cepa.org/putin\-sacks\-top\-priest\-over\-ukraine\-war/\\|work\=Center for European Policy Analysis\\|date\=July 5, 2022\\|author\=Elisabeth Braw\\|access\-date\=July 6, 2022}}. Some go even further by stating that "the music of composer Hilarion (Alfeyev) is bright, powerful and rigorous, but at the same time it is distinguished by the subtlest lyricism... His compositions penetrate a human soul; they are clear and accessible to everyone."{{cite web\\|title\=Standing at the Cross\\|url\=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/standing\-at\-the\-cross\-stabat\-mater\-the\-santata\-of\-the\-composer\-metropolitan\-hilarion\-alfeyev\-theme\-and\-its\-analysis\=Standing at the Cross\\|author\=Lozinskaya Vera P.\\|access\-date\=August 6, 2022}}. It has also been repeatedly argued that Alfeyev is "one of the most widely performed of all living Russian composers".{{Citation \\| url \= https://stabatmater.info/componist/alfeyev/ \\| title \= The Ultimate Stabat Mater Web Site}}{{Citation \\| url \= https://www.highresaudio.com/en/artist/view/6cc531b1\-f363\-419f\-a335\-051c0541b5c2/metropolitan\-hilarion\-alfeyev\-russian\-national\-orchestra \\| title \= Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev}}{{Citation \\| url \= https://expeditionaudio.com/metropolian\-hilarion\-alfeyev\-de\-profundis\-compositions\-for\-orchestra\-moscow\-synodal\-choir\-alfeyev/ \\| title \= Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev. De profundis\\| date \= 17 August 2015}} His music has been performed at concerts more than 300 times in 15 years, in Russia and abroad.{{Citation \\| url \= http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5655/print \\| title \= Winners of the 2020 National Award in Literature and Art}} ### Ecumenical activity [thumb\\|right\\|Metropolitan Hilarion speaking at the [Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw](/wiki/Christian_Theological_Academy_in_Warsaw "Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw") in 2010](/wiki/File:Metropolitan_hilarion_speaking_at_Christian_Theological_Academy_Warsaw.JPG "Metropolitan hilarion speaking at Christian Theological Academy Warsaw.JPG") Alfeyev was a member of the Executive and Central Committees of the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches "World Council of Churches"), of the Presidium of 'Faith and Order' Commission, as well as of numerous bilateral theological dialogues. In 1998 he headed the 5\-member Moscow Patriarchate delegation to the 8th WCC Assembly in Harare, and in February 2006 headed the Moscow Patriarchate's 21\-member delegation to the 9th Assembly in Porto Alegre. Alfeyev was a member of the Joint International Commissions for the Theological Dialogue between the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") and the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church"), between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [Anglican Communion](/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion"), and between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [World Alliance of Reformed Churches](/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches "World Alliance of Reformed Churches"). He is also interested in [interfaith dialogue](/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue "Interfaith dialogue") among all major world religions, and currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for [the Elijah Interfaith Institute](/wiki/The_Elijah_Interfaith_Institute "The Elijah Interfaith Institute").{{Citation \\| url \= http://www.elijah\-interfaith.org/?id\=730 \\| publisher \= The Elijah Interfaith Institute \\| title \= Christian Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders}}. On 10 October 2007, Alfeyev walked out of an important meeting of the Orthodox–Catholic [International Theological Commission](/wiki/International_Theological_Commission "International Theological Commission") at [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna "Ravenna"), in protest against the choice of delegates by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. His action was approved by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Citation \\| url \= http://orthodoxeurope.org/\#19\-2\-410 \\| title \= Orthodox Europe}}.{{Citation \\| title \= Catholic news \\| url \= http://www.cathnews.com/news/710/70\.php \\| access\-date \= 2007\-10\-12 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203410/http://cathnews.com/news/710/70\.php \\| archive\-date \= 2007\-10\-11 \\| url\-status \= dead }}. On 5 October 2008, Alfeyev took part in the "Bible marathon" organized by the Italian state TV channel RAI\-Uno.[La Bibbia Giorno E Notte. Lettura del vescovo Ilarion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzCi2aBF2TY) He read Chapter Two from the Book of Genesis, immediately following Pope Benedict XVI, who read Chapter One. Alfeyev was followed by 1246 readers from various countries. In September 2009, at the invitation of Cardinal [Walter Kasper](/wiki/Walter_Kasper "Walter Kasper"), he visited [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI") and several officials of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia "Roman Curia") who have key roles in [Catholic ecumenical dialogue](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism "Catholic Church and ecumenism"). Late in 2010, Alfeyev spoke to senior Anglican bishops and professors at the Nikean Club dinner at [Lambeth Palace](/wiki/Lambeth_Palace "Lambeth Palace"),{{Citation \\| title \= Moscow Patriarchate \\| url \= http://www.mospat.ru/en/2010/09/10/news25819/ \\| date \= 2010\-09\-10}}. criticizing proposals for the ordination of women as bishops and the toleration of homosexual activity by some Anglicans. In April 2017, he expressed his approval of the [Supreme Court of Russia](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia "Supreme Court of Russia")'s decision to allow a ban of the worship of [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses "Jehovah's Witnesses") in the Russian Federation. He claims that "they erode the psyche of people and the family" (e.g. [disfellowshiping](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_congregational_discipline%23Disfellowshipping "Jehovah's Witnesses congregational discipline#Disfellowshipping")), and that those Witnesses' beliefs which do not coincide with those of the Orthodox Church, such as the rejection of the doctrine of the [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity "Trinity"), are reason to outlaw their religion.{{cite web\\|title\=Russian Orthodox Church supports ban on Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia\\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=13749\\|date\=2 May 2017\\|website\=Interfax.com}} ### Dismissal, transfer, and suspension In March 2022, the [Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union](/wiki/Commission_of_the_Bishops%27_Conferences_of_the_European_Union "Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union") (COMECE) wrote a letter to [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow "Patriarch Kirill of Moscow"), asking him to condemn the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"). In response, Hilarion responded, saying that "we call upon everyone to pray fervently for the cessation of every military confrontation between Russia and Ukraine". On 11 March 2022, the [University of Fribourg](/wiki/University_of_Fribourg "University of Fribourg") suspended Hilarion from his academic positions due to his failure to condemn the invasion.{{Cite web \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|date\=11 March 2022 \\|title\=Swiss university bans Metropolitan Hilarion for his silence on the war \\|url\=https://cne.news/article/815\-swiss\-university\-bans\-metropolitan\-hilarion\-for\-his\-silence\-on\-the\-war \\|access\-date\= \\|website\=Christian Network Europe \\|language\=en}} In June 2022, following a meeting of the [Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church "Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church"), Hilarion was removed from his position as president of the Department of External Church Relations of the [Patriarchate of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Moscow "Patriarchate of Moscow") and dismissed as Metropolitan of Volokolamsk. He was appointed to the Metropolis of Budapest\-Hungary. Many Western media have speculated that his dismissal and transfer were due to pressure from the Russian government because of Hilarion's refusal to back the war. In July 2024, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church suspended Hilarion from his position as metropolitan of Budapest and Hungary, pending an investigation, following the 2024 accusations of sexual abuse by his cell\-attendant, who is also referred to as an intern or sub\-deacon. The accuser supported his allegations with audio recordings. He shared photographs showing Hilarion enjoying a luxurious lifestyle including yachting and skiing, and his ownership of an estate near Budapest. He also had a photograph of a Hungarian passport Hilarion had receive within just three months of arriving there, indicating Hungarian citizenship.{{cite news \\|last\=Busi \\|first\=Dora \\|title\=Hilarion, head of Russian Orthodoxy in Hungary, accused of sexual misconduct \\|url\=https://dailynewshungary.com/russian\-orthodox\-hilarion\-accused\-misconduct/ \\|access\-date\=2024\-07\-26 \\|publisher\=Daily News Hungary \\|date\=8 July 2024}}{{cite news \\|author\=Zheyanov, Ivan \\|title\=Russian Orthodox turmoil: Allegations of sexual harassment against a once high\-flying bishop have rocked Russia's religious establishment to the core \\|url\=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2024/07/25/russian\-orthodox\-turmoil\-en \\|access\-date\=2024\-07\-26 \\|work\=Novaya Gazeta Europe \[New Gazette Europe] \\|date\=25 July 2024}} Hilarion has denied the allegations, calling them part of an extortion plot.{{cite news \\|last1\=LUXMOORE \\|first1\=JONATHAN \\|title\=Metropolitan Hilarion is a victim of slander, say Russian Orthodox priests \\|url\=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/19\-july/news/world/metropolitan\-hilarion\-is\-a\-victim\-of\-slander\-say\-russian\-orthodox\-priests \\|access\-date\=26 July 2024 \\|work\=Church Times \\|date\=19 July 2024}}	[ "Biography\n---------", "Grigory Valerievich Alfeyev was born on 24 July 1966 in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"). From 1972 to 1982 he studied violin, piano and composition at the Moscow Gnessins School and from 1983 to 1986 at the [Moscow State Conservatoire](/wiki/Moscow_State_Conservatoire \"Moscow State Conservatoire\"). From 1984 to 1986 he served in the Soviet military.{{Citation \\\| title \\= Hilarion \\\| contribution \\= Biography \\\| contribution\\-url \\= http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/biography \\\| publisher \\= Orthodoxia \\\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-05\\-31 \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2011\\-10\\-27 \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027002818/http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/biography \\\| url\\-status \\= dead }}.", "In January 1987, after serving in the military, he became a monk (see below under Church activity). In 1989 graduated from the [Moscow Theological Seminary](/wiki/Moscow_Theological_Seminary \"Moscow Theological Seminary\") and in 1991 from the [Moscow Theological Academy](/wiki/Moscow_Theological_Academy \"Moscow Theological Academy\") with the degree of [Master of Theology](/wiki/Master_of_Theology \"Master of Theology\").", "From 1991 to 1993 he taught [homiletics](/wiki/Homiletics \"Homiletics\"), [dogmatic theology](/wiki/Dogmatic_theology \"Dogmatic theology\"), [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament \"New Testament\") studies and [Byzantine Greek](/wiki/Byzantine_Greek \"Byzantine Greek\") at the Moscow Theological Academy, [St Tikhon's Theological Institute](/wiki/Saint_Tikhon%27s_Orthodox_University \"Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University\") and [St John the Theologian's Orthodox University](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_University \"Russian Orthodox University\").", "From 1993 to 1995 he studied at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") (UK) under the supervision of Bishop [Kallistos Ware](/wiki/Kallistos_Ware \"Kallistos Ware\"). In 1995 he completed his doctoral thesis on \"St [Symeon the New Theologian](/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian \"Symeon the New Theologian\") and [Orthodox Tradition](/wiki/Sacred_Tradition \"Sacred Tradition\")\" and was awarded the degree of [Doctor of Philosophy](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\").{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://www.opengrey.eu/item/display/10068/451540/ \\\| title \\= Open grey \\\| year \\= 1995 \\\| place \\= \\[\\[European Union\\\|EU]] \\\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-11\\-08 \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2017\\-06\\-28 \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628214748/http://www.opengrey.eu/item/display/10068/451540/ \\\| url\\-status \\= dead }}.", "### Church activity", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Hilarion (Alfeyev) in 2004](/wiki/File:Konferencia2004b6.jpg \"Konferencia2004b6.jpg\")", "In January 1987 he entered the [Monastery of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Spirit%2C_Vilnius \"Monastery of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius\") in [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\"), [Lithuanian SSR](/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR \"Lithuanian SSR\"), where he was [tonsured](/wiki/Tonsure \"Tonsure\") as a [monk](/wiki/Monk \"Monk\") on 19 June, [ordained](/wiki/Ordination \"Ordination\") a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") on 21 June and ordained [priest](/wiki/Priest \"Priest\") on 19 August in the same year. Until 1991 he served as a [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_priest \"Parish priest\") in Lithuania, including two years as [dean](/wiki/Dean_%28religion%29 \"Dean (religion)\") of Annunciation Cathedral in Kaunas.", "From 1995 to 2001 Alfeyev served as Secretary for Inter\\-Christian Affairs of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate. He also taught part\\-time at [Smolensk](/wiki/Smolensk \"Smolensk\") and [Kaluga](/wiki/Kaluga \"Kaluga\") Theological Seminaries (Russia), at [St Vladimir's](/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary \"Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary\") and [St Herman's](/wiki/Saint_Herman%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary \"Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary\") Theological Seminary (USA) and at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\") (UK).", "On 27 December 2001 he was nominated [bishop](/wiki/Bishop \"Bishop\"). On 14 January 2002 he was [consecrated](/wiki/Consecrated \"Consecrated\") by [Alexy II](/wiki/Alexy_II \"Alexy II\"), Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, and 10 other hierarchs.", "Appointed Assistant (Vicar) Bishop in the [Diocese of Sourozh](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh \"Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh\") in the UK, but as a result of an acute conflict situation around him and at [Metropolitan Anthony](/wiki/Metropolitan_Anthony_%28Bloom%29_of_Sourozh \"Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh\")'s request,[Announcement by Metropolitan Anthony at the London Parish AGM, May 19, 2002](http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode=10&story=hierarchs6122002125334.shtml) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063400/http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode\\=10\\&story\\=hierarchs6122002125334\\.shtml \\\|date\\=September 28, 2007 }} the Holy Synod decided, only a few months later, on 17 July 2002, that he was to be transferred and nominated as Head of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\").", "On 7 May 2003 appointed Bishop of [Vienna and Austria](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vienna_and_Austria \"Diocese of Vienna and Austria\"), administrator of the [Diocese of Budapest and Hungary](/wiki/Diocese_of_Budapest_and_Hungary \"Diocese of Budapest and Hungary\"), in addition to his position in Brussels, which he continues to hold.", "On March 31, 2009, appointed the Bishop of Volokolamsk, the Vicar to the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, the chairman of the Department of the External Church Relations (the position previously held by the current [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill \"Patriarch Kirill\")), and a permanent member of the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod \"Holy Synod\"), [ex officio](/wiki/Ex_officio \"Ex officio\").", "On [Easter Monday](/wiki/Easter_Monday \"Easter Monday\"), 2009 was raised to an [archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") by Patriarch Kirill during the [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\") in The [Dormition Cathedral](/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral%2C_Moscow \"Dormition Cathedral, Moscow\") of the [Moscow Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin \"Moscow Kremlin\"). On 1 February 2010, at a Liturgy to celebrate the first anniversary of the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, he was raised to the rank of Metropolitan.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.egliserusse.eu/Le\\-patriarche\\-Cyrille\\-celebre\\-le\\-premier\\-anniversaire\\-de\\-son\\-intronisation\\_a926\\.html\\\|title\\=Le patriarche Cyrille célèbre le premier anniversaire de son intronisation\\\|agency\\=Service de presse\\\|website\\=Eglise orthodoxe russe en France\\\|language\\=fr\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-27}}", "In late 2018, Alfeyev visited North Korea, meeting with officials and leading a service at the [Church of the Life\\-Giving Trinity](/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_%28Pyongyang%29 \"Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)\") in Pyongyang.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.nknews.org/2018/12/why\\-moscow\\-sent\\-a\\-top\\-orthodox\\-church\\-official\\-to\\-pyongyang \\\|title\\=Why Moscow sent a top Orthodox Church official to Pyongyang \\\|first\\= Anthony \\\|last\\=Rinna \\\|publisher\\= NK News \\\|date\\=3 December 2018}}", "### Views on the nature of the Orthodox Church", "In an interview given on 19 July 2010, Alfeyev said: \"The Orthodox Church as a whole does not have a unified structural or administrative format. Administratively, it is, if one can say so, a confederation of autocephalous, that is, completely independent of one another, Orthodox Churches. (...) Problems arising in relations between Orthodox Churches are not theological or dogmatic in nature, but rather pertaining, for instance, to who should govern particular territories. Historically, some regions in different times were parts of different Local Churches. And today there may be two Churches who claim a particular region. (...) In the 1990s, we had a very difficult streak in relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, who unilaterally created its own church jurisdiction in our canonical territory, namely, in Estonia. It happened because in the 20s and 30s the Estonian Orthodox Church was temporarily part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Because of this, our relations with Constantinople were suspended for several months. They were restored later but remained tense. The Estonian problem still exists but recently His Holiness Patriarch Kirill has made some steps towards the Patriarchate of Constantinople for the express purpose of relieving the tension (...).\"{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mospat.ru/en/2010/07/19/news22093/\\\|title\\=Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk: Our concern is to preserve and consolidate unity of Russian Orthodox Church}}", "In general, opinions on such matters among Orthodox Christians vary.", "### Scholarly work", "Alfeyev is the author of more than a thousand publications,[Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev](https://www.highresaudio.com/en/artist/view/6cc531b1-f363-419f-a335-051c0541b5c2/metropolitan-hilarion-alfeyev-russian-national-orchestra) including fourteen monographs in English: St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition (Oxford University Press, 2000\\),{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/HistoryofChristianity/EarlyChurch/?view\\=usa\\&ci\\=9780198270096\\\|title\\=Oxford University Press: St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition: Hilarion Alfeyev\\\|date\\=2007\\-02\\-27\\\|website\\=OUP\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227131324/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/HistoryofChristianity/EarlyChurch/?view\\=usa\\&ci\\=9780198270096\\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2007\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-27}} welcomed by the press,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/8\\_2\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001081757/http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/8\\_2\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-10\\-01\\\|title\\=M. Neamtu. Review of 'St Symeon the New Thrologian and Orthodox Tradition' by Hilarion Alfeyev – Bishop Hilarion Alfeyev\\\|date\\=2011\\-10\\-01\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-27}} The Spiritual World of Isaac the Syrian (Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo, MI, 2000\\),{{Cite book\\\|title\\=The Spiritual World Of Isaac The Syrian (Cistercian Studies) Paperback\\\|isbn\\=0879077751\\\|last1\\=Alfeyev\\\|first1\\=Hilarion\\\|year\\=2000\\\|publisher\\=Cistercian Publications }} The Mystery of Faith. An Introduction to the Teaching and Spirituality of the Orthodox Church (Darton, Longman and Todd, 2002\\),{{Cite book\\\|title\\=The Mystery of Faith: An Introduction to the Teaching and Spirituality of the Orthodox Church\\\|isbn\\=0232524726\\\|last1\\=Alfeyev\\\|first1\\=Hilarion\\\|year\\=2002\\\|publisher\\=Darton Longman \\& Todd }} Orthodox Witness Today (WCC Publications, 2006\\),{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.gazellebookservices.co.uk/ISBN/2825414484\\.htm\\\|title\\=Orthodox Witness Today\\\|website\\=Gazelle Book Services Limited.\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512004505/http://www.gazellebookservices.co.uk/ISBN/2825414484\\.htm\\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-12\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-27}}\nChrist the Conqueror of Hell. The Descent into Hell in Orthodox Tradition (St Vladimir's Press, 2009\\),[Christ the Conqueror of Hell](https://svspress.com/christ-the-conqueror-of-hell/) Orthodox Christianity, vol. 1\\-5 (St Vladimir's Press, 2011–19\\),[Orthodox Christianity \\- The Complete Set](https://svspress.com/orthodox-christianity-the-complete-set/) Prayer: Encounter with the Living God (St Vladimir's Press, 2015\\),[Prayer: Encounter with the Living God](https://svspress.com/prayer-encounter-with-the-living-god/) Jesus Christ, His Life and Teaching, vols. I\\-IV (St Vladimir's Press, 2019–21\\).[Jesus Christ: His Life and Teaching, Volumes 1\\-4](https://svspress.com/jesus-christ-his-life-and-teaching-volumes-1-4/) His books have also been translated into French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Greek, Serbian, Finnish, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Arabic, Japanese, Chinese, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Czech, Swedish, Estonian, Georgian, Armenian (see below).", "Apart from his doctoral degree in philosophy from Oxford, Alfeyev also holds a doctorate in theology from [St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute](/wiki/St._Sergius_Orthodox_Theological_Institute \"St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute\") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), which was awarded to him in 1999\\. In February 2005 he was elected a privat\\-dozent of the [University of Fribourg](/wiki/University_of_Fribourg \"University of Fribourg\") (Switzerland).", "### Musical activity", "Alfeyev is author of numerous musical compositions. His St Matthew Passion, grand oratorio for soloists, choir and orchestra, received a standing ovation at its performances at the Great Hall of Moscow Conservatory (27 March 2007\\),{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=2805 \\\| title \\= Interfax religion}}. at the Auditorium Conciliazione, Rome (29 March 2007\\),{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://www.zenit.org/article\\-19307?l\\=english \\\| title \\= Zenit \\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-10\\-23 \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607222310/http://www.zenit.org/article\\-19307?l\\=english \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2011\\-06\\-07 \\\| url\\-status \\= dead }}. and at St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (28 September 2007\\).{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://einews.blogspot.com/2007/10/bishop\\-hilarion\\-given\\-standing\\-ovation.html \\\| title \\= Bishop Hilarion given standing ovation \\\| newspaper \\= Ei news \\\| format \\= Blogger \\\|date\\=Oct 2007 }}. Equally well received was his Christmas Oratorio, performed in Washington, Boston and New York (18–20 December 2007\\){{Citation \\\| url \\= http://www.sjbrcc.net/oratorio.html \\\| title \\= Oratorio \\\| publisher \\= SJBRCC}}. and later in Moscow (7 and 15 January 2008\\) and his [Stabat Mater](/wiki/Stabat_Mater \"Stabat Mater\") (world premiere in January 2012 under the direction of [Vladimir Spivakov](/wiki/Vladimir_Spivakov \"Vladimir Spivakov\")). On the other hand, a Washington Post review described a 2011 performance of the Oratorio as \"banal music that seemed the Russian equivalent of the cheesy carol arrangements by John Rutter\".{{Citation \\\| url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/review\\-choral\\-arts\\-society\\-christmas\\-concert\\-at\\-the\\-kennedy\\-center/2011/12/20/gIQA6Jhg7O\\_story.html \\\| title \\= Review: Choral Arts Society Christmas concert at the Kennedy Center \\\| newspaper \\= The Washington Post \\\| date \\= December 20, 2011}}. Other critics, however, are more favorable to Alfeyev's music, noting that \"while they're not on the level of Johann Sebastian Bach, the compositions are sophisticated, and they're easy on the ear.\"{{cite web\\\|title\\=Putin Sacks Top Priest over Ukraine War\\\|url\\=https://cepa.org/putin\\-sacks\\-top\\-priest\\-over\\-ukraine\\-war/\\\|work\\=Center for European Policy Analysis\\\|date\\=July 5, 2022\\\|author\\=Elisabeth Braw\\\|access\\-date\\=July 6, 2022}}. Some go even further by stating that \"the music of composer Hilarion (Alfeyev) is bright, powerful and rigorous, but at the same time it is distinguished by the subtlest lyricism... His compositions penetrate a human soul; they are clear and accessible to everyone.\"{{cite web\\\|title\\=Standing at the Cross\\\|url\\=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/standing\\-at\\-the\\-cross\\-stabat\\-mater\\-the\\-santata\\-of\\-the\\-composer\\-metropolitan\\-hilarion\\-alfeyev\\-theme\\-and\\-its\\-analysis\\=Standing at the Cross\\\|author\\=Lozinskaya Vera P.\\\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2022}}. It has also been repeatedly argued that Alfeyev is \"one of the most widely performed of all living Russian composers\".{{Citation \\\| url \\= https://stabatmater.info/componist/alfeyev/ \\\| title \\= The Ultimate Stabat Mater Web Site}}{{Citation \\\| url \\= https://www.highresaudio.com/en/artist/view/6cc531b1\\-f363\\-419f\\-a335\\-051c0541b5c2/metropolitan\\-hilarion\\-alfeyev\\-russian\\-national\\-orchestra \\\| title \\= Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev}}{{Citation \\\| url \\= https://expeditionaudio.com/metropolian\\-hilarion\\-alfeyev\\-de\\-profundis\\-compositions\\-for\\-orchestra\\-moscow\\-synodal\\-choir\\-alfeyev/ \\\| title \\= Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev. De profundis\\\| date \\= 17 August 2015}} His music has been performed at concerts more than 300 times in 15 years, in Russia and abroad.{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5655/print \\\| title \\= Winners of the 2020 National Award in Literature and Art}}", "### Ecumenical activity", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Metropolitan Hilarion speaking at the [Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw](/wiki/Christian_Theological_Academy_in_Warsaw \"Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw\") in 2010](/wiki/File:Metropolitan_hilarion_speaking_at_Christian_Theological_Academy_Warsaw.JPG \"Metropolitan hilarion speaking at Christian Theological Academy Warsaw.JPG\")\nAlfeyev was a member of the Executive and Central Committees of the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches \"World Council of Churches\"), of the Presidium of 'Faith and Order' Commission, as well as of numerous bilateral theological dialogues. In 1998 he headed the 5\\-member Moscow Patriarchate delegation to the 8th WCC Assembly in Harare, and in February 2006 headed the Moscow Patriarchate's 21\\-member delegation to the 9th Assembly in Porto Alegre.", "Alfeyev was a member of the Joint International Commissions for the Theological Dialogue between the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") and the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\"), between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [Anglican Communion](/wiki/Anglican_Communion \"Anglican Communion\"), and between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [World Alliance of Reformed Churches](/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches \"World Alliance of Reformed Churches\"). He is also interested in [interfaith dialogue](/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue \"Interfaith dialogue\") among all major world religions, and currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for [the Elijah Interfaith Institute](/wiki/The_Elijah_Interfaith_Institute \"The Elijah Interfaith Institute\").{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://www.elijah\\-interfaith.org/?id\\=730 \\\| publisher \\= The Elijah Interfaith Institute \\\| title \\= Christian Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders}}.", "On 10 October 2007, Alfeyev walked out of an important meeting of the Orthodox–Catholic [International Theological Commission](/wiki/International_Theological_Commission \"International Theological Commission\") at [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna \"Ravenna\"), in protest against the choice of delegates by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. His action was approved by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://orthodoxeurope.org/\\#19\\-2\\-410 \\\| title \\= Orthodox Europe}}.{{Citation \\\| title \\= Catholic news \\\| url \\= http://www.cathnews.com/news/710/70\\.php \\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-10\\-12 \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203410/http://cathnews.com/news/710/70\\.php \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2007\\-10\\-11 \\\| url\\-status \\= dead }}.", "On 5 October 2008, Alfeyev took part in the \"Bible marathon\" organized by the Italian state TV channel RAI\\-Uno.[La Bibbia Giorno E Notte. Lettura del vescovo Ilarion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzCi2aBF2TY) He read Chapter Two from the Book of Genesis, immediately following Pope Benedict XVI, who read Chapter One. Alfeyev was followed by 1246 readers from various countries.", "In September 2009, at the invitation of Cardinal [Walter Kasper](/wiki/Walter_Kasper \"Walter Kasper\"), he visited [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI \"Pope Benedict XVI\") and several officials of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia \"Roman Curia\") who have key roles in [Catholic ecumenical dialogue](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism \"Catholic Church and ecumenism\").", "Late in 2010, Alfeyev spoke to senior Anglican bishops and professors at the Nikean Club dinner at [Lambeth Palace](/wiki/Lambeth_Palace \"Lambeth Palace\"),{{Citation \\\| title \\= Moscow Patriarchate \\\| url \\= http://www.mospat.ru/en/2010/09/10/news25819/ \\\| date \\= 2010\\-09\\-10}}. criticizing proposals for the ordination of women as bishops and the toleration of homosexual activity by some Anglicans.", "In April 2017, he expressed his approval of the [Supreme Court of Russia](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia \"Supreme Court of Russia\")'s decision to allow a ban of the worship of [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses \"Jehovah's Witnesses\") in the Russian Federation. He claims that \"they erode the psyche of people and the family\" (e.g. [disfellowshiping](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_congregational_discipline%23Disfellowshipping \"Jehovah's Witnesses congregational discipline#Disfellowshipping\")), and that those Witnesses' beliefs which do not coincide with those of the Orthodox Church, such as the rejection of the doctrine of the [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity \"Trinity\"), are reason to outlaw their religion.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Russian Orthodox Church supports ban on Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia\\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=13749\\\|date\\=2 May 2017\\\|website\\=Interfax.com}}", "### Dismissal, transfer, and suspension", "In March 2022, the [Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union](/wiki/Commission_of_the_Bishops%27_Conferences_of_the_European_Union \"Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union\") (COMECE) wrote a letter to [Patriarch Kirill of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow \"Patriarch Kirill of Moscow\"), asking him to condemn the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"). In response, Hilarion responded, saying that \"we call upon everyone to pray fervently for the cessation of every military confrontation between Russia and Ukraine\". On 11 March 2022, the [University of Fribourg](/wiki/University_of_Fribourg \"University of Fribourg\") suspended Hilarion from his academic positions due to his failure to condemn the invasion.{{Cite web \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|date\\=11 March 2022 \\\|title\\=Swiss university bans Metropolitan Hilarion for his silence on the war \\\|url\\=https://cne.news/article/815\\-swiss\\-university\\-bans\\-metropolitan\\-hilarion\\-for\\-his\\-silence\\-on\\-the\\-war \\\|access\\-date\\= \\\|website\\=Christian Network Europe \\\|language\\=en}}", "In June 2022, following a meeting of the [Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church\"), Hilarion was removed from his position as president of the Department of External Church Relations of the [Patriarchate of Moscow](/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Moscow \"Patriarchate of Moscow\") and dismissed as Metropolitan of Volokolamsk. He was appointed to the Metropolis of Budapest\\-Hungary. Many Western media have speculated that his dismissal and transfer were due to pressure from the Russian government because of Hilarion's refusal to back the war.", "In July 2024, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church suspended Hilarion from his position as metropolitan of Budapest and Hungary, pending an investigation, following the 2024 accusations of sexual abuse by his cell\\-attendant, who is also referred to as an intern or sub\\-deacon. The accuser supported his allegations with audio recordings. He shared photographs showing Hilarion enjoying a luxurious lifestyle including yachting and skiing, and his ownership of an estate near Budapest. He also had a photograph of a Hungarian passport Hilarion had receive within just three months of arriving there, indicating Hungarian citizenship.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Busi \\\|first\\=Dora \\\|title\\=Hilarion, head of Russian Orthodoxy in Hungary, accused of sexual misconduct \\\|url\\=https://dailynewshungary.com/russian\\-orthodox\\-hilarion\\-accused\\-misconduct/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-26 \\\|publisher\\=Daily News Hungary \\\|date\\=8 July 2024}}{{cite news \\\|author\\=Zheyanov, Ivan \\\|title\\=Russian Orthodox turmoil: Allegations of sexual harassment against a once high\\-flying bishop have rocked Russia's religious establishment to the core \\\|url\\=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2024/07/25/russian\\-orthodox\\-turmoil\\-en \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-26 \\\|work\\=Novaya Gazeta Europe \\[New Gazette Europe] \\\|date\\=25 July 2024}} Hilarion has denied the allegations, calling them part of an extortion plot.{{cite news \\\|last1\\=LUXMOORE \\\|first1\\=JONATHAN \\\|title\\=Metropolitan Hilarion is a victim of slander, say Russian Orthodox priests \\\|url\\=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/19\\-july/news/world/metropolitan\\-hilarion\\-is\\-a\\-victim\\-of\\-slander\\-say\\-russian\\-orthodox\\-priests \\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2024 \\\|work\\=Church Times \\\|date\\=19 July 2024}}", "" ]
### Church activity [thumb\\|right\\|Hilarion (Alfeyev) in 2004](/wiki/File:Konferencia2004b6.jpg "Konferencia2004b6.jpg") In January 1987 he entered the [Monastery of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Spirit%2C_Vilnius "Monastery of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius") in [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius"), [Lithuanian SSR](/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR "Lithuanian SSR"), where he was [tonsured](/wiki/Tonsure "Tonsure") as a [monk](/wiki/Monk "Monk") on 19 June, [ordained](/wiki/Ordination "Ordination") a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon "Deacon") on 21 June and ordained [priest](/wiki/Priest "Priest") on 19 August in the same year. Until 1991 he served as a [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_priest "Parish priest") in Lithuania, including two years as [dean](/wiki/Dean_%28religion%29 "Dean (religion)") of Annunciation Cathedral in Kaunas. From 1995 to 2001 Alfeyev served as Secretary for Inter\-Christian Affairs of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate. He also taught part\-time at [Smolensk](/wiki/Smolensk "Smolensk") and [Kaluga](/wiki/Kaluga "Kaluga") Theological Seminaries (Russia), at [St Vladimir's](/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary "Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary") and [St Herman's](/wiki/Saint_Herman%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary "Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary") Theological Seminary (USA) and at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University "Cambridge University") (UK). On 27 December 2001 he was nominated [bishop](/wiki/Bishop "Bishop"). On 14 January 2002 he was [consecrated](/wiki/Consecrated "Consecrated") by [Alexy II](/wiki/Alexy_II "Alexy II"), Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, and 10 other hierarchs. Appointed Assistant (Vicar) Bishop in the [Diocese of Sourozh](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh "Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh") in the UK, but as a result of an acute conflict situation around him and at [Metropolitan Anthony](/wiki/Metropolitan_Anthony_%28Bloom%29_of_Sourozh "Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh")'s request,[Announcement by Metropolitan Anthony at the London Parish AGM, May 19, 2002](http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode=10&story=hierarchs6122002125334.shtml) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063400/http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode\=10\&story\=hierarchs6122002125334\.shtml \\|date\=September 28, 2007 }} the Holy Synod decided, only a few months later, on 17 July 2002, that he was to be transferred and nominated as Head of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"). On 7 May 2003 appointed Bishop of [Vienna and Austria](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vienna_and_Austria "Diocese of Vienna and Austria"), administrator of the [Diocese of Budapest and Hungary](/wiki/Diocese_of_Budapest_and_Hungary "Diocese of Budapest and Hungary"), in addition to his position in Brussels, which he continues to hold. On March 31, 2009, appointed the Bishop of Volokolamsk, the Vicar to the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, the chairman of the Department of the External Church Relations (the position previously held by the current [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill "Patriarch Kirill")), and a permanent member of the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod "Holy Synod"), [ex officio](/wiki/Ex_officio "Ex officio"). On [Easter Monday](/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday"), 2009 was raised to an [archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop "Archbishop") by Patriarch Kirill during the [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy "Divine Liturgy") in The [Dormition Cathedral](/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral%2C_Moscow "Dormition Cathedral, Moscow") of the [Moscow Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin "Moscow Kremlin"). On 1 February 2010, at a Liturgy to celebrate the first anniversary of the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, he was raised to the rank of Metropolitan.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.egliserusse.eu/Le\-patriarche\-Cyrille\-celebre\-le\-premier\-anniversaire\-de\-son\-intronisation\_a926\.html\\|title\=Le patriarche Cyrille célèbre le premier anniversaire de son intronisation\\|agency\=Service de presse\\|website\=Eglise orthodoxe russe en France\\|language\=fr\\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-27}} In late 2018, Alfeyev visited North Korea, meeting with officials and leading a service at the [Church of the Life\-Giving Trinity](/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_%28Pyongyang%29 "Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)") in Pyongyang.{{cite news \\|url\= https://www.nknews.org/2018/12/why\-moscow\-sent\-a\-top\-orthodox\-church\-official\-to\-pyongyang \\|title\=Why Moscow sent a top Orthodox Church official to Pyongyang \\|first\= Anthony \\|last\=Rinna \\|publisher\= NK News \\|date\=3 December 2018}}	[ "### Church activity", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Hilarion (Alfeyev) in 2004](/wiki/File:Konferencia2004b6.jpg \"Konferencia2004b6.jpg\")", "In January 1987 he entered the [Monastery of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Spirit%2C_Vilnius \"Monastery of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius\") in [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\"), [Lithuanian SSR](/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR \"Lithuanian SSR\"), where he was [tonsured](/wiki/Tonsure \"Tonsure\") as a [monk](/wiki/Monk \"Monk\") on 19 June, [ordained](/wiki/Ordination \"Ordination\") a [deacon](/wiki/Deacon \"Deacon\") on 21 June and ordained [priest](/wiki/Priest \"Priest\") on 19 August in the same year. Until 1991 he served as a [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_priest \"Parish priest\") in Lithuania, including two years as [dean](/wiki/Dean_%28religion%29 \"Dean (religion)\") of Annunciation Cathedral in Kaunas.", "From 1995 to 2001 Alfeyev served as Secretary for Inter\\-Christian Affairs of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate. He also taught part\\-time at [Smolensk](/wiki/Smolensk \"Smolensk\") and [Kaluga](/wiki/Kaluga \"Kaluga\") Theological Seminaries (Russia), at [St Vladimir's](/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary \"Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary\") and [St Herman's](/wiki/Saint_Herman%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary \"Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary\") Theological Seminary (USA) and at [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\") (UK).", "On 27 December 2001 he was nominated [bishop](/wiki/Bishop \"Bishop\"). On 14 January 2002 he was [consecrated](/wiki/Consecrated \"Consecrated\") by [Alexy II](/wiki/Alexy_II \"Alexy II\"), Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, and 10 other hierarchs.", "Appointed Assistant (Vicar) Bishop in the [Diocese of Sourozh](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh \"Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh\") in the UK, but as a result of an acute conflict situation around him and at [Metropolitan Anthony](/wiki/Metropolitan_Anthony_%28Bloom%29_of_Sourozh \"Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh\")'s request,[Announcement by Metropolitan Anthony at the London Parish AGM, May 19, 2002](http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode=10&story=hierarchs6122002125334.shtml) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063400/http://orthodoxnews.evenworks.net/doodad.fcgi?tcode\\=10\\&story\\=hierarchs6122002125334\\.shtml \\\|date\\=September 28, 2007 }} the Holy Synod decided, only a few months later, on 17 July 2002, that he was to be transferred and nominated as Head of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions in [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\").", "On 7 May 2003 appointed Bishop of [Vienna and Austria](/wiki/Diocese_of_Vienna_and_Austria \"Diocese of Vienna and Austria\"), administrator of the [Diocese of Budapest and Hungary](/wiki/Diocese_of_Budapest_and_Hungary \"Diocese of Budapest and Hungary\"), in addition to his position in Brussels, which he continues to hold.", "On March 31, 2009, appointed the Bishop of Volokolamsk, the Vicar to the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, the chairman of the Department of the External Church Relations (the position previously held by the current [Patriarch Kirill](/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill \"Patriarch Kirill\")), and a permanent member of the [Holy Synod](/wiki/Holy_Synod \"Holy Synod\"), [ex officio](/wiki/Ex_officio \"Ex officio\").", "On [Easter Monday](/wiki/Easter_Monday \"Easter Monday\"), 2009 was raised to an [archbishop](/wiki/Archbishop \"Archbishop\") by Patriarch Kirill during the [Divine Liturgy](/wiki/Divine_Liturgy \"Divine Liturgy\") in The [Dormition Cathedral](/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral%2C_Moscow \"Dormition Cathedral, Moscow\") of the [Moscow Kremlin](/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin \"Moscow Kremlin\"). On 1 February 2010, at a Liturgy to celebrate the first anniversary of the enthronement of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, he was raised to the rank of Metropolitan.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.egliserusse.eu/Le\\-patriarche\\-Cyrille\\-celebre\\-le\\-premier\\-anniversaire\\-de\\-son\\-intronisation\\_a926\\.html\\\|title\\=Le patriarche Cyrille célèbre le premier anniversaire de son intronisation\\\|agency\\=Service de presse\\\|website\\=Eglise orthodoxe russe en France\\\|language\\=fr\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-27}}", "In late 2018, Alfeyev visited North Korea, meeting with officials and leading a service at the [Church of the Life\\-Giving Trinity](/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_%28Pyongyang%29 \"Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)\") in Pyongyang.{{cite news \\\|url\\= https://www.nknews.org/2018/12/why\\-moscow\\-sent\\-a\\-top\\-orthodox\\-church\\-official\\-to\\-pyongyang \\\|title\\=Why Moscow sent a top Orthodox Church official to Pyongyang \\\|first\\= Anthony \\\|last\\=Rinna \\\|publisher\\= NK News \\\|date\\=3 December 2018}}", "" ]
### Ecumenical activity [thumb\\|right\\|Metropolitan Hilarion speaking at the [Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw](/wiki/Christian_Theological_Academy_in_Warsaw "Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw") in 2010](/wiki/File:Metropolitan_hilarion_speaking_at_Christian_Theological_Academy_Warsaw.JPG "Metropolitan hilarion speaking at Christian Theological Academy Warsaw.JPG") Alfeyev was a member of the Executive and Central Committees of the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches "World Council of Churches"), of the Presidium of 'Faith and Order' Commission, as well as of numerous bilateral theological dialogues. In 1998 he headed the 5\-member Moscow Patriarchate delegation to the 8th WCC Assembly in Harare, and in February 2006 headed the Moscow Patriarchate's 21\-member delegation to the 9th Assembly in Porto Alegre. Alfeyev was a member of the Joint International Commissions for the Theological Dialogue between the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church") and the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church"), between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [Anglican Communion](/wiki/Anglican_Communion "Anglican Communion"), and between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [World Alliance of Reformed Churches](/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches "World Alliance of Reformed Churches"). He is also interested in [interfaith dialogue](/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue "Interfaith dialogue") among all major world religions, and currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for [the Elijah Interfaith Institute](/wiki/The_Elijah_Interfaith_Institute "The Elijah Interfaith Institute").{{Citation \\| url \= http://www.elijah\-interfaith.org/?id\=730 \\| publisher \= The Elijah Interfaith Institute \\| title \= Christian Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders}}. On 10 October 2007, Alfeyev walked out of an important meeting of the Orthodox–Catholic [International Theological Commission](/wiki/International_Theological_Commission "International Theological Commission") at [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna "Ravenna"), in protest against the choice of delegates by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. His action was approved by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Citation \\| url \= http://orthodoxeurope.org/\#19\-2\-410 \\| title \= Orthodox Europe}}.{{Citation \\| title \= Catholic news \\| url \= http://www.cathnews.com/news/710/70\.php \\| access\-date \= 2007\-10\-12 \\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203410/http://cathnews.com/news/710/70\.php \\| archive\-date \= 2007\-10\-11 \\| url\-status \= dead }}. On 5 October 2008, Alfeyev took part in the "Bible marathon" organized by the Italian state TV channel RAI\-Uno.[La Bibbia Giorno E Notte. Lettura del vescovo Ilarion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzCi2aBF2TY) He read Chapter Two from the Book of Genesis, immediately following Pope Benedict XVI, who read Chapter One. Alfeyev was followed by 1246 readers from various countries. In September 2009, at the invitation of Cardinal [Walter Kasper](/wiki/Walter_Kasper "Walter Kasper"), he visited [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI") and several officials of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia "Roman Curia") who have key roles in [Catholic ecumenical dialogue](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism "Catholic Church and ecumenism"). Late in 2010, Alfeyev spoke to senior Anglican bishops and professors at the Nikean Club dinner at [Lambeth Palace](/wiki/Lambeth_Palace "Lambeth Palace"),{{Citation \\| title \= Moscow Patriarchate \\| url \= http://www.mospat.ru/en/2010/09/10/news25819/ \\| date \= 2010\-09\-10}}. criticizing proposals for the ordination of women as bishops and the toleration of homosexual activity by some Anglicans. In April 2017, he expressed his approval of the [Supreme Court of Russia](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia "Supreme Court of Russia")'s decision to allow a ban of the worship of [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses "Jehovah's Witnesses") in the Russian Federation. He claims that "they erode the psyche of people and the family" (e.g. [disfellowshiping](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_congregational_discipline%23Disfellowshipping "Jehovah's Witnesses congregational discipline#Disfellowshipping")), and that those Witnesses' beliefs which do not coincide with those of the Orthodox Church, such as the rejection of the doctrine of the [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity "Trinity"), are reason to outlaw their religion.{{cite web\\|title\=Russian Orthodox Church supports ban on Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia\\|url\=http://www.interfax\-religion.com/?act\=news÷\=13749\\|date\=2 May 2017\\|website\=Interfax.com}}	[ "### Ecumenical activity", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Metropolitan Hilarion speaking at the [Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw](/wiki/Christian_Theological_Academy_in_Warsaw \"Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw\") in 2010](/wiki/File:Metropolitan_hilarion_speaking_at_Christian_Theological_Academy_Warsaw.JPG \"Metropolitan hilarion speaking at Christian Theological Academy Warsaw.JPG\")\nAlfeyev was a member of the Executive and Central Committees of the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches \"World Council of Churches\"), of the Presidium of 'Faith and Order' Commission, as well as of numerous bilateral theological dialogues. In 1998 he headed the 5\\-member Moscow Patriarchate delegation to the 8th WCC Assembly in Harare, and in February 2006 headed the Moscow Patriarchate's 21\\-member delegation to the 9th Assembly in Porto Alegre.", "Alfeyev was a member of the Joint International Commissions for the Theological Dialogue between the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") and the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\"), between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [Anglican Communion](/wiki/Anglican_Communion \"Anglican Communion\"), and between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the [World Alliance of Reformed Churches](/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches \"World Alliance of Reformed Churches\"). He is also interested in [interfaith dialogue](/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue \"Interfaith dialogue\") among all major world religions, and currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for [the Elijah Interfaith Institute](/wiki/The_Elijah_Interfaith_Institute \"The Elijah Interfaith Institute\").{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://www.elijah\\-interfaith.org/?id\\=730 \\\| publisher \\= The Elijah Interfaith Institute \\\| title \\= Christian Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders}}.", "On 10 October 2007, Alfeyev walked out of an important meeting of the Orthodox–Catholic [International Theological Commission](/wiki/International_Theological_Commission \"International Theological Commission\") at [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna \"Ravenna\"), in protest against the choice of delegates by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. His action was approved by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.{{Citation \\\| url \\= http://orthodoxeurope.org/\\#19\\-2\\-410 \\\| title \\= Orthodox Europe}}.{{Citation \\\| title \\= Catholic news \\\| url \\= http://www.cathnews.com/news/710/70\\.php \\\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-10\\-12 \\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203410/http://cathnews.com/news/710/70\\.php \\\| archive\\-date \\= 2007\\-10\\-11 \\\| url\\-status \\= dead }}.", "On 5 October 2008, Alfeyev took part in the \"Bible marathon\" organized by the Italian state TV channel RAI\\-Uno.[La Bibbia Giorno E Notte. Lettura del vescovo Ilarion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzCi2aBF2TY) He read Chapter Two from the Book of Genesis, immediately following Pope Benedict XVI, who read Chapter One. Alfeyev was followed by 1246 readers from various countries.", "In September 2009, at the invitation of Cardinal [Walter Kasper](/wiki/Walter_Kasper \"Walter Kasper\"), he visited [Pope Benedict XVI](/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI \"Pope Benedict XVI\") and several officials of the [Roman Curia](/wiki/Roman_Curia \"Roman Curia\") who have key roles in [Catholic ecumenical dialogue](/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism \"Catholic Church and ecumenism\").", "Late in 2010, Alfeyev spoke to senior Anglican bishops and professors at the Nikean Club dinner at [Lambeth Palace](/wiki/Lambeth_Palace \"Lambeth Palace\"),{{Citation \\\| title \\= Moscow Patriarchate \\\| url \\= http://www.mospat.ru/en/2010/09/10/news25819/ \\\| date \\= 2010\\-09\\-10}}. criticizing proposals for the ordination of women as bishops and the toleration of homosexual activity by some Anglicans.", "In April 2017, he expressed his approval of the [Supreme Court of Russia](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia \"Supreme Court of Russia\")'s decision to allow a ban of the worship of [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses \"Jehovah's Witnesses\") in the Russian Federation. He claims that \"they erode the psyche of people and the family\" (e.g. [disfellowshiping](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_congregational_discipline%23Disfellowshipping \"Jehovah's Witnesses congregational discipline#Disfellowshipping\")), and that those Witnesses' beliefs which do not coincide with those of the Orthodox Church, such as the rejection of the doctrine of the [Trinity](/wiki/Trinity \"Trinity\"), are reason to outlaw their religion.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Russian Orthodox Church supports ban on Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia\\\|url\\=http://www.interfax\\-religion.com/?act\\=news÷\\=13749\\\|date\\=2 May 2017\\\|website\\=Interfax.com}}", "" ]
History ------- CAI, as the club is often called, was founded in 1982 to occupy young players who wished to play football. Under the leadership of Antonio Aguilar and Visitación Muñoz, the club began to participate in the local leagues of La Chorrera District, particularly those in the Martin Sánchez sector. A regular power at the local level, CAI moved up to the Colon league. A major era of transition began in 1994, when club president Jaime Lay resigned. Aguila and Muñoz organized a new group of directors (Carlos Alberto Campos Muñoz, Luis Montezuma, Pedro Carrión, Jaime Dávila and Caesar Rogelio Lasso Madrid) and reorganized the club's administration. Carlos A. Campos Muñoz was chosen president, Antonio Aguilar as vice\-president, Caesar R. Lasso Madrid as secretary, Visitación Muñoz as treasurer, Luis Montezuma as finance director, and Pedro Carrión and Jaime Dávila as spokespeople. That same year, CAI won the La Chorrera District title with a 2–1 victory over Lidia Aurora F.C. and was promoted to the district championship. This moved CAI up into the second flight for the first time. However, they were not ready for this level, and were almost immediately relegated. ### New beginning Following the disappointment of the 1995 season, the new administration completely restructured the club. There was significant staff and player turnover, a new manager (Rene Salazar) and a renewed emphasis on the youth program. The directors set an ambitious timeline for the club—two years to reach the district tournament, three years to reach [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 "Primera A (Panama)") (now [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso "Liga Nacional de Ascenso")) and six years to attain promotion to [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF "ANAPROF"), the nation's top flight (now [Liga Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Liga Panameña de Fútbol")). Salazar's club quickly found success. They won their district championship in 1998, and then won the western championship of the [Panamá Province](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province"). It didn't take long for René Salazar, the objective would be achieved. In 1997 CAI achieved to arrive to the series semifinal, however they lost against Santos Jorge 2–1\. ### Promotion In 1998, CAI participated in the league of the Colon community, who worked as the local district tournament of the moment, but due to bad handlings and the negative arm of the policy, the tournament was a failure. With other club's president (Juventus F.C., San Jose F.C., San Germen F.C., [San Francisco F.C.](/wiki/San_Francisco_F.C. "San Francisco F.C.") and Mitra F.C.), Carlos A. Campos Muñoz led together a movement to create a league for the Balboa community and motivated the community of Virgin of Guadalupe to create another league for that community, totalizing three leagues of the district of La Chorrera, which is today the local district tournament. In the new league of the Balboa community, directed by Virgilio Landecho, CAI was crowned champion after beating Juventus F.C. In 1999, the team participated in the tournament that gives promotion to the West of the [Panamá Province](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province"), even when the intentions of the leadership of La Chorrera local district tournament to disband the club in retaliation to have led the movement to found the two leagues Balboa community and Virgin of Guadalupe community; but this was legally constituted and affiliated with the Panamanian Football Federation ([Federación Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Federación Panameña de Fútbol")) and recognized by the National Institute of Sports ([INDE](/wiki/INDE "INDE"), now PANDEPORTES), therefore La Chorrera local district tournament leaders could do nothing. Later, when the leadership of the Provincial League of Panama West recognized CAI's rights, the team was able to participate in this tournament, obtaining a successful campaign that is attributed to the administrative organization, to the skillful technical manual of Rene Salazar, the collaboration of friends and close friends to the club and the discipline and interest of the players. CAI managed to win the provincial final match, and having among its squad the top scorer of the tournament, Rubens Axel Almansa H. with 21 goals in the whole campaign. In September 1999, CAI gained the right to represent Panama West in the national championship denominated [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Copa Rommel Fernández"), of whom the provincial champions and runners\-up participate. In this championship the team was placed in group four, next to the Tecnica and Deportes F.C. of [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province "Colón Province"), Olimpic F.C. of [Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province") and Punta Alegre F.C. of [Darién](/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province "Darién Province"). CAI classified second place behind Olimpic F.C. of Panama, in the regular round. During the second round the team reached the semifinals, beating Inter 3–2, Guabito F.C. 3–1, [Río Abajo F.C.](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. "Río Abajo F.C.") 2–0, San Isidro 2\-0 and [Niupy F.C](/wiki/Niupy_F.C "Niupy F.C"). 5–1\. In the semifinal CAI beat Olimpic FC 2\-0 and in the final they defeated Zona Libre F.C. 3–1\. The favorites got to take the trophy home, with goals from [José Luis Garcés](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garc%C3%A9s "José Luis Garcés") (2\) and a goal from Rubens Almanza. CAI were crowned champions of the Copa Rommel Fernández and gained promotion to [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 "Primera A (Panama)"). The Panamanian Football Federation awarded the right of affiliation by a value of $3,000, $1,500 is of inscription and gives the club a check of $500,000 to resolve part of the expenses of CAIs first goal, to be in Primera A. ### Primera A The year 2000 was CAI's first participation in this championship, the team finished occupying the seventh place and staying in this division. Between 2000 and 2001 the team was able to fortify itself, working with responsible young players to face the challenges that would be imposed in the 2002–03 season. With the determination to manage this accomplishment and to reach the planned goals, the project begins with a year of anticipation with the newly assigned manager, Daniel "Ñelo" Montilla Ruiz, leading the team. Daniel Montilla, together with the rest of his technical body planned the recruitment of new players, obtaining a selective group and beginning to prepare them both physically and tactically, managing to have them ready for the beginning of the 2002–03 Apertura. In 2002–2003 after passing a series of situations of instability with the championship system and the number of clubs that would participate in it, it was agreed to, on the part of the administration of [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF "ANAPROF") that the championship would be of two seasons (Apertura and Clausura) and the number of clubs would be 15, divided into two groups; A and B. Group A would include the participants of the east zone ([Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province") and [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province "Colón Province")): [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar "Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar"), [Asociación Deportiva Orión](/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Deportiva_Ori%C3%B3n "Asociación Deportiva Orión"), [Club Deportivo Italia](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Italia "Club Deportivo Italia"), [Club Deportivo Español](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Espa%C3%B1ol "Club Deportivo Español"), [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. "Río Abajo F.C."), [Chepo](/wiki/Chepo_F.C. "Chepo F.C.") and [Colón River](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_River_F.C. "Colón River F.C."). CAI would be placed in group B which would include the west zone (La Chorrera and the rest of the provinces of the interior): [Club Atlético Guadalupe](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Guadalupe "Club Atlético Guadalupe"), Chame F.C., Coclesana F.C., Chitré F.C., Niupi F.C., [Chiriquí F.C.](/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_F.C. "Chiriquí F.C.") and Bocas del Toro F.C. The teams that would get promoted to the ANAPROF were the champions of the Apertura and Clausura. If the same team won both the Apertura and Clausura season, then the other team to get promoted would be the one who was better placed when both seasons are averaged up. The system of the Apertura season would be that each team plays the other teams of its respective group in a home and away match, and the first two of each group would later face each other in a quadrangular in which the first and second place teams would face each other in a final. CAI managed to finish first place of group B and gained the right to proceed to the next round. In the quadrangular the team finalized first without losing a single match and was to face [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar "Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar") in the Apertura final. The final match was played at the [Estadio Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Estadio_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Estadio Rommel Fernández"), it was a worthy final match for this second flight division. The game finalized 4–3 in favor of [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar "Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar") and thus frustrating CAI's aspirations to assure a participation in [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF "ANAPROF"). Rubens A. Almansa was the top scorer of the championship with 20 goals. Sadly on February 1, 2003 CAI mourned the unexpected death of Daniel "Ñelo" Montilla, who was murdered when he tried to defend his daughters who were being assaulted by thieves.[Sepelio de "Ñelo" Montilla será hoy](http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio-de-%C3%B1elo-montilla-ser%C3%A1-hoy) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095214/http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio\-de\-%C3%B1elo\-montilla\-ser%C3%A1\-hoy \\|date\=2016\-03\-04 }} – Panamá América {{in lang\\|es}} The Clausura season was difficult since the team started without five of their star players, who because of their good participation performance were hired by other clubs of the Professional league, thus significantly weakening the squad. These players were Axel Almanza, Héctor Martinez, Hanamel Hill, Julio Creek and Juan Maning. Given the present circumstances, CAI had to reorganize its squad with young players. The Clausura season ended with a modest presentation of the team, achieving maintenance of their category. For the 2004 championship the team played with a young squad and a new manager, CAI participated modestly occupying the seventh place. In view of the previous result, it was decided to regroup all the young players of the categories U\-15, U\-17, U\-19 and the youngest players of [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 "Primera A (Panama)"), to train with them for five months in anticipation of the [2005](/wiki/Primera_A_2005 "Primera A 2005") championship. CAI obtained from Ciudad del Niño, a charity organization that lodges more than 300 children of limited resources and without homes, a great amount of land where sporting facilities existed previously. The club intended to restore them and use them as a training camp and game venue. In 2006 CAI did not manage to reach at the semifinals and remained in fourth place with 16 points. The promotion in a period of three years had been planned (2010\) and to accomplish it the club had turned their attentions to the younger players in the U\-13 and U\-15 squads. In 2007 there was no competition in the Primera A due to an organization problem, however the league was planned to start in 2008\. For the [2008](/wiki/Primera_A_2008 "Primera A 2008") season of the Primera A, CAI had a campaign they would wish to forget, ending up last in the aggregate table of both the Apertura and Clausura championships. Since they were the last overall they were to be demoted to the [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Copa Rommel Fernández"), but fortunately for CAI, the board of directors of the Primera A had decided to expand the number of teams of the league from 8 to 10, which would mean that not only would the champion and runner\-up of the [2009](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_2009 "Copa Rommel Fernández 2009") season of the Copa Rommel Fernández be promoted, but also the last team in the aggregate table (CAI) would not be relegated. In 2009 the team was bought by Ricardo Escobar and completely changed the management and the name of the club to Independiente F.C.. They would play their home games for the [2009](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso_2009 "Liga Nacional de Ascenso 2009") season in the [Estadio Agustín Sánchez](/wiki/Estadio_Agust%C3%ADn_S%C3%A1nchez "Estadio Agustín Sánchez") of [La Chorrera](/wiki/La_Chorrera%2C_Panama "La Chorrera, Panama"). In the Apertura championship CAI finished runner\-up to last years [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso "Liga Nacional de Ascenso") champions [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. "Río Abajo F.C."). In 2013 a new board of directors took control of the club and the team won the Clausura and the Super Final game to promote the team to the [Liga Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Liga Panameña de Fútbol"). In May 2015 they were beaten by [Árabe Unido](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_%C3%81rabe_Unido "Club Deportivo Árabe Unido") in the Clausura championship final,[¡Árabe Unido: Campeón!](http://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe-Unido-Campeon_0_4220578031.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425033716/https://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe\-Unido\-Campeon\_0\_4220578031\.html \\|date\=2019\-04\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\|es}} after they had already been relegated.[Del descenso, a la final](http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso-final_0_4216078366.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002711/http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso\-final\_0\_4216078366\.html \\|date\=2016\-09\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\|es}} Two years later, during the Clausura 2017, CAI gained its promotion to the LPF again by winning the Super Final of the [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso "Liga Nacional de Ascenso") against Costa del Este F.C. The game ended 2–1 with two goals scored by Porfirio Ávila and Manuel Torres. On 20 May 2018, the club won its first championship in the LPF after defeating one of the most historical clubs in Panama, Tauro F.C. The team, managed by former goalkeeper Donaldo González, won the game 1\-0 because of a penalty scored by midfielder Omar Browne. This victory gave the club the right to represent Panama in the [CONCACAF Champions League](/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League "CONCACAF Champions League"). This is the very first time that the team has the opportunity to represent Panama in an international tournament, where they faced former [MLS](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") champions, [Toronto F.C.](/wiki/Toronto_FC "Toronto FC") winning 4–0 in the first leg and drawing 1–1 in the 2nd leg, thus eliminating them from the tournament. CAI is crowned champion of the Closing Tournament 2022 of the Tigo Panamanian Soccer League and achieves its fourth title in Panamanian football after beating Club Deportivo Universitario 2\-1 in overtime. The goals were made by Josep Cox from a penalty by Club Deportivo Universitario in the 6th minute by penalty. At the start of the second half, the CAI player Gilberto Hernández sent the ball to the net at 53 minutes from a set piece. minutes and in minute 117 Víctor Ávila scored, the winning goal.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-el\-cai\-se\-corona\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-n5802119 \\| title\=LPF: El CAI se corona campeón del Clausura 2022 \\| date\=13 November 2022 \\| access\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015556/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-el\-cai\-se\-corona\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-n5802119 \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-de\-la\-lpf\-1214283 \\| title\=CAI, campeón del Clausura 2022 de la LPF \\| date\=12 November 2022 \\| access\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015605/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-de\-la\-lpf\-1214283 \\| url\-status\=live }} Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) is established as two\-time champion of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) after beating Tauro FC 3 goals to 1 at the Rommel Fernández stadium and achieves its fifth star of National Football. At minute 2, CAI advanced towards the bullfighting area. Jorge Serrano put in a cross that Gerardo Negrete tried to reject, but surprised goalkeeper Celino Hinojosa and put the ball into the back of the net to make it 1\-0 in favor of the 'Vikings'. With this own goal, he became the fastest goal in a final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) when he did it at minute 1:32 seconds. At minute 26, Colombian striker Breidy Goluz tied the game after the CAI defenders cleared the ball from a corner and Gerardo Negrete, author of the own goal, gave Goluz an assist and thus tied the game 1\-1\. During the second half, both teams tried to get restless, but the goal fell at minute 76 through a shot by Víctor Ávila that scored CAI's second goal of the match. Ángel Valverde sentenced the game at minute 90 \+ 2' when Jorge Serrano stole the ball near the bullfighting area and passed it to Víctor Ávila and in a very good way gave Valverde the pass to score the third goal and thus set the score 3\-1 over Tauro FC.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-cai\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-primera\-division\-n5885712 \\| title\=LPF: CAI consigue su quinta estrella en primera división \\| date\=28 May 2023 \\| access\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040801/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-cai\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-primera\-division\-n5885712 \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-vence\-al\-tauro\-y\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-en\-la\-lpf\-1222426 \\| title\=CAI vence al Tauro y consigue su quinta estrella en la LPF \\| date\=27 May 2023 \\| access\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040811/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-vence\-al\-tauro\-y\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-en\-la\-lpf\-1222426 \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-final\-apertura\-2023\_6\_2055238\.html \\| title\=CAI campeón del Torneo Apertura 2023 de la LPF \\| date\=27 May 2023 \\| access\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040802/https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-final\-apertura\-2023\_6\_2055238\.html \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\-vence\-3\-1\-a\-tauro\-y\-se\-corona\-bicampeon\-del\-futbol\-de\-panama\-FM3925447 \\| title\=CAI vence 3\-1 a Tauro y se corona bicampeón del fútbol de Panamá \\| access\-date\=2023\-05\-29 \\| archive\-date\=2023\-05\-29 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040804/https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\-vence\-3\-1\-a\-tauro\-y\-se\-corona\-bicampeon\-del\-futbol\-de\-panama\-FM3925447 \\| url\-status\=live }} Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) of La Chorrera, was superior throughout the match against Tauro, which they beat (3\-0\), in the final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF), in a match held on December 9 of 2023 at night in [Penonomé](/wiki/Penonom%C3%A9%2C_Cocl%C3%A9 "Penonomé, Coclé"), [Coclé](/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_Province "Coclé Province") at the University Stadium. The path to victory was opened with a double by Panamanian striker Carlos Small, at 7 and 21 minutes, and his compatriot Anthony Stewart closed the victory at 90 minutes. CAI de La Chorrera was crowned in the 2023 Closing Tournament, it was its third consecutive title (three championships) and its sixth star in its Football history in the highest category of Panamanian Football.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-golea\-al\-tauro\-y\-es\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-1229899 \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-golea\-al\-tauro\-y\-es\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-1229899 \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\-el\-cai\-gana\-el\-tricampeonato\-el\-clausura\-2023\-n5949064 \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\-el\-cai\-gana\-el\-tricampeonato\-el\-clausura\-2023\-n5949064 \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\-lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-cai\-tauro\-baloy\-narvaez\-serrano\-avila\-blackburn\-small\_6\_2096378\.html \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030438/https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\-lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-cai\-tauro\-baloy\-narvaez\-serrano\-avila\-blackburn\-small\_6\_2096378\.html \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\-cai\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-baloy\-hace\-un\-papelon\-y\-es\-expulsado\-662229 \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\-cai\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-baloy\-hace\-un\-papelon\-y\-es\-expulsado\-662229 \\|url\-status\=live }}	[ "History\n-------", "CAI, as the club is often called, was founded in 1982 to occupy young players who wished to play football. Under the leadership of Antonio Aguilar and Visitación Muñoz, the club began to participate in the local leagues of La Chorrera District, particularly those in the Martin Sánchez sector. A regular power at the local level, CAI moved up to the Colon league.", "A major era of transition began in 1994, when club president Jaime Lay resigned. Aguila and Muñoz organized a new group of directors (Carlos Alberto Campos Muñoz, Luis Montezuma, Pedro Carrión, Jaime Dávila and Caesar Rogelio Lasso Madrid) and reorganized the club's administration. Carlos A. Campos Muñoz was chosen president, Antonio Aguilar as vice\\-president, Caesar R. Lasso Madrid as secretary, Visitación Muñoz as treasurer, Luis Montezuma as finance director, and Pedro Carrión and Jaime Dávila as spokespeople.", "That same year, CAI won the La Chorrera District title with a 2–1 victory over Lidia Aurora F.C. and was promoted to the district championship. This moved CAI up into the second flight for the first time. However, they were not ready for this level, and were almost immediately relegated.", "### New beginning", "Following the disappointment of the 1995 season, the new administration completely restructured the club. There was significant staff and player turnover, a new manager (Rene Salazar) and a renewed emphasis on the youth program. The directors set an ambitious timeline for the club—two years to reach the district tournament, three years to reach [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 \"Primera A (Panama)\") (now [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso\")) and six years to attain promotion to [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF \"ANAPROF\"), the nation's top flight (now [Liga Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Liga Panameña de Fútbol\")).", "Salazar's club quickly found success. They won their district championship in 1998, and then won the western championship of the [Panamá Province](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\"). It didn't take long for René Salazar, the objective would be achieved. In 1997 CAI achieved to arrive to the series semifinal, however they lost against Santos Jorge 2–1\\.", "### Promotion", "In 1998, CAI participated in the league of the Colon community, who worked as the local district tournament of the moment, but due to bad handlings and the negative arm of the policy, the tournament was a failure. With other club's president (Juventus F.C., San Jose F.C., San Germen F.C., [San Francisco F.C.](/wiki/San_Francisco_F.C. \"San Francisco F.C.\") and Mitra F.C.), Carlos A. Campos Muñoz led together a movement to create a league for the Balboa community and motivated the community of Virgin of Guadalupe to create another league for that community, totalizing three leagues of the district of La Chorrera, which is today the local district tournament.", "In the new league of the Balboa community, directed by Virgilio Landecho, CAI was crowned champion after beating Juventus F.C.", "In 1999, the team participated in the tournament that gives promotion to the West of the [Panamá Province](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\"), even when the intentions of the leadership of La Chorrera local district tournament to disband the club in retaliation to have led the movement to found the two leagues Balboa community and Virgin of Guadalupe community; but this was legally constituted and affiliated with the Panamanian Football Federation ([Federación Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Federación Panameña de Fútbol\")) and recognized by the National Institute of Sports ([INDE](/wiki/INDE \"INDE\"), now PANDEPORTES), therefore La Chorrera local district tournament leaders could do nothing. Later, when the leadership of the Provincial League of Panama West recognized CAI's rights, the team was able to participate in this tournament, obtaining a successful campaign that is attributed to the administrative organization, to the skillful technical manual of Rene Salazar, the collaboration of friends and close friends to the club and the discipline and interest of the players. CAI managed to win the provincial final match, and having among its squad the top scorer of the tournament, Rubens Axel Almansa H. with 21 goals in the whole campaign.", "In September 1999, CAI gained the right to represent Panama West in the national championship denominated [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Copa Rommel Fernández\"), of whom the provincial champions and runners\\-up participate. In this championship the team was placed in group four, next to the Tecnica and Deportes F.C. of [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province \"Colón Province\"), Olimpic F.C. of [Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\") and Punta Alegre F.C. of [Darién](/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province \"Darién Province\"). CAI classified second place behind Olimpic F.C. of Panama, in the regular round. During the second round the team reached the semifinals, beating Inter 3–2, Guabito F.C. 3–1, [Río Abajo F.C.](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. \"Río Abajo F.C.\") 2–0, San Isidro 2\\-0 and [Niupy F.C](/wiki/Niupy_F.C \"Niupy F.C\"). 5–1\\.", "In the semifinal CAI beat Olimpic FC 2\\-0 and in the final they defeated Zona Libre F.C. 3–1\\. The favorites got to take the trophy home, with goals from [José Luis Garcés](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garc%C3%A9s \"José Luis Garcés\") (2\\) and a goal from Rubens Almanza. CAI were crowned champions of the Copa Rommel Fernández and gained promotion to [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 \"Primera A (Panama)\").", "The Panamanian Football Federation awarded the right of affiliation by a value of $3,000, $1,500 is of inscription and gives the club a check of $500,000 to resolve part of the expenses of CAIs first goal, to be in Primera A.", "### Primera A", "The year 2000 was CAI's first participation in this championship, the team finished occupying the seventh place and staying in this division. Between 2000 and 2001 the team was able to fortify itself, working with responsible young players to face the challenges that would be imposed in the 2002–03 season. With the determination to manage this accomplishment and to reach the planned goals, the project begins with a year of anticipation with the newly assigned manager, Daniel \"Ñelo\" Montilla Ruiz, leading the team. Daniel Montilla, together with the rest of his technical body planned the recruitment of new players, obtaining a selective group and beginning to prepare them both physically and tactically, managing to have them ready for the beginning of the 2002–03 Apertura.", "In 2002–2003 after passing a series of situations of instability with the championship system and the number of clubs that would participate in it, it was agreed to, on the part of the administration of [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF \"ANAPROF\") that the championship would be of two seasons (Apertura and Clausura) and the number of clubs would be 15, divided into two groups; A and B.", "Group A would include the participants of the east zone ([Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\") and [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province \"Colón Province\")): [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar \"Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar\"), [Asociación Deportiva Orión](/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Deportiva_Ori%C3%B3n \"Asociación Deportiva Orión\"), [Club Deportivo Italia](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Italia \"Club Deportivo Italia\"), [Club Deportivo Español](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Espa%C3%B1ol \"Club Deportivo Español\"), [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. \"Río Abajo F.C.\"), [Chepo](/wiki/Chepo_F.C. \"Chepo F.C.\") and [Colón River](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_River_F.C. \"Colón River F.C.\"). CAI would be placed in group B which would include the west zone (La Chorrera and the rest of the provinces of the interior): [Club Atlético Guadalupe](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Guadalupe \"Club Atlético Guadalupe\"), Chame F.C., Coclesana F.C., Chitré F.C., Niupi F.C., [Chiriquí F.C.](/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_F.C. \"Chiriquí F.C.\") and Bocas del Toro F.C.", "The teams that would get promoted to the ANAPROF were the champions of the Apertura and Clausura. If the same team won both the Apertura and Clausura season, then the other team to get promoted would be the one who was better placed when both seasons are averaged up. The system of the Apertura season would be that each team plays the other teams of its respective group in a home and away match, and the first two of each group would later face each other in a quadrangular in which the first and second place teams would face each other in a final.", "CAI managed to finish first place of group B and gained the right to proceed to the next round. In the quadrangular the team finalized first without losing a single match and was to face [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar \"Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar\") in the Apertura final. The final match was played at the [Estadio Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Estadio_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Estadio Rommel Fernández\"), it was a worthy final match for this second flight division. The game finalized 4–3 in favor of [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar \"Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar\") and thus frustrating CAI's aspirations to assure a participation in [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF \"ANAPROF\"). Rubens A. Almansa was the top scorer of the championship with 20 goals.", "Sadly on February 1, 2003 CAI mourned the unexpected death of Daniel \"Ñelo\" Montilla, who was murdered when he tried to defend his daughters who were being assaulted by thieves.[Sepelio de \"Ñelo\" Montilla será hoy](http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio-de-%C3%B1elo-montilla-ser%C3%A1-hoy) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095214/http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio\\-de\\-%C3%B1elo\\-montilla\\-ser%C3%A1\\-hoy \\\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }} – Panamá América {{in lang\\\|es}}", "The Clausura season was difficult since the team started without five of their star players, who because of their good participation performance were hired by other clubs of the Professional league, thus significantly weakening the squad. These players were Axel Almanza, Héctor Martinez, Hanamel Hill, Julio Creek and Juan Maning. Given the present circumstances, CAI had to reorganize its squad with young players. The Clausura season ended with a modest presentation of the team, achieving maintenance of their category.", "For the 2004 championship the team played with a young squad and a new manager, CAI participated modestly occupying the seventh place. In view of the previous result, it was decided to regroup all the young players of the categories U\\-15, U\\-17, U\\-19 and the youngest players of [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 \"Primera A (Panama)\"), to train with them for five months in anticipation of the [2005](/wiki/Primera_A_2005 \"Primera A 2005\") championship.", "CAI obtained from Ciudad del Niño, a charity organization that lodges more than 300 children of limited resources and without homes, a great amount of land where sporting facilities existed previously. The club intended to restore them and use them as a training camp and game venue.", "In 2006 CAI did not manage to reach at the semifinals and remained in fourth place with 16 points. The promotion in a period of three years had been planned (2010\\) and to accomplish it the club had turned their attentions to the younger players in the U\\-13 and U\\-15 squads.", "In 2007 there was no competition in the Primera A due to an organization problem, however the league was planned to start in 2008\\. For the [2008](/wiki/Primera_A_2008 \"Primera A 2008\") season of the Primera A, CAI had a campaign they would wish to forget, ending up last in the aggregate table of both the Apertura and Clausura championships. Since they were the last overall they were to be demoted to the [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Copa Rommel Fernández\"), but fortunately for CAI, the board of directors of the Primera A had decided to expand the number of teams of the league from 8 to 10, which would mean that not only would the champion and runner\\-up of the [2009](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_2009 \"Copa Rommel Fernández 2009\") season of the Copa Rommel Fernández be promoted, but also the last team in the aggregate table (CAI) would not be relegated.", "In 2009 the team was bought by Ricardo Escobar and completely changed the management and the name of the club to Independiente F.C.. They would play their home games for the [2009](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso_2009 \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso 2009\") season in the [Estadio Agustín Sánchez](/wiki/Estadio_Agust%C3%ADn_S%C3%A1nchez \"Estadio Agustín Sánchez\") of [La Chorrera](/wiki/La_Chorrera%2C_Panama \"La Chorrera, Panama\"). In the Apertura championship CAI finished runner\\-up to last years [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso\") champions [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. \"Río Abajo F.C.\").", "In 2013 a new board of directors took control of the club and the team won the Clausura and the Super Final game to promote the team to the [Liga Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Liga Panameña de Fútbol\").", "In May 2015 they were beaten by [Árabe Unido](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_%C3%81rabe_Unido \"Club Deportivo Árabe Unido\") in the Clausura championship final,[¡Árabe Unido: Campeón!](http://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe-Unido-Campeon_0_4220578031.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425033716/https://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe\\-Unido\\-Campeon\\_0\\_4220578031\\.html \\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\\|es}} after they had already been relegated.[Del descenso, a la final](http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso-final_0_4216078366.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002711/http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso\\-final\\_0\\_4216078366\\.html \\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\\|es}}", "Two years later, during the Clausura 2017, CAI gained its promotion to the LPF again by winning the Super Final of the [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso\") against Costa del Este F.C. The game ended 2–1 with two goals scored by Porfirio Ávila and Manuel Torres.", "On 20 May 2018, the club won its first championship in the LPF after defeating one of the most historical clubs in Panama, Tauro F.C. The team, managed by former goalkeeper Donaldo González, won the game 1\\-0 because of a penalty scored by midfielder Omar Browne. This victory gave the club the right to represent Panama in the [CONCACAF Champions League](/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League \"CONCACAF Champions League\"). This is the very first time that the team has the opportunity to represent Panama in an international tournament, where they faced former [MLS](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\") champions, [Toronto F.C.](/wiki/Toronto_FC \"Toronto FC\") winning 4–0 in the first leg and drawing 1–1 in the 2nd leg, thus eliminating them from the tournament.", "CAI is crowned champion of the Closing Tournament 2022 of the Tigo Panamanian Soccer League and achieves its fourth title in Panamanian football after beating Club Deportivo Universitario 2\\-1 in overtime. The goals were made by Josep Cox from a penalty by Club Deportivo Universitario in the 6th minute by penalty. At the start of the second half, the CAI player Gilberto Hernández sent the ball to the net at 53 minutes from a set piece. minutes and in minute 117 Víctor Ávila scored, the winning goal.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-se\\-corona\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-n5802119 \\\| title\\=LPF: El CAI se corona campeón del Clausura 2022 \\\| date\\=13 November 2022 \\\| access\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015556/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-se\\-corona\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-n5802119 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1214283 \\\| title\\=CAI, campeón del Clausura 2022 de la LPF \\\| date\\=12 November 2022 \\\| access\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015605/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1214283 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) is established as two\\-time champion of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) after beating Tauro FC 3 goals to 1 at the Rommel Fernández stadium and achieves its fifth star of National Football. At minute 2, CAI advanced towards the bullfighting area. Jorge Serrano put in a cross that Gerardo Negrete tried to reject, but surprised goalkeeper Celino Hinojosa and put the ball into the back of the net to make it 1\\-0 in favor of the 'Vikings'. With this own goal, he became the fastest goal in a final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) when he did it at minute 1:32 seconds. At minute 26, Colombian striker Breidy Goluz tied the game after the CAI defenders cleared the ball from a corner and Gerardo Negrete, author of the own goal, gave Goluz an assist and thus tied the game 1\\-1\\. During the second half, both teams tried to get restless, but the goal fell at minute 76 through a shot by Víctor Ávila that scored CAI's second goal of the match. Ángel Valverde sentenced the game at minute 90 \\+ 2' when Jorge Serrano stole the ball near the bullfighting area and passed it to Víctor Ávila and in a very good way gave Valverde the pass to score the third goal and thus set the score 3\\-1 over Tauro FC.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-cai\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-primera\\-division\\-n5885712 \\\| title\\=LPF: CAI consigue su quinta estrella en primera división \\\| date\\=28 May 2023 \\\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040801/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-cai\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-primera\\-division\\-n5885712 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-en\\-la\\-lpf\\-1222426 \\\| title\\=CAI vence al Tauro y consigue su quinta estrella en la LPF \\\| date\\=27 May 2023 \\\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040811/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-en\\-la\\-lpf\\-1222426 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-final\\-apertura\\-2023\\_6\\_2055238\\.html \\\| title\\=CAI campeón del Torneo Apertura 2023 de la LPF \\\| date\\=27 May 2023 \\\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040802/https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-final\\-apertura\\-2023\\_6\\_2055238\\.html \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-3\\-1\\-a\\-tauro\\-y\\-se\\-corona\\-bicampeon\\-del\\-futbol\\-de\\-panama\\-FM3925447 \\\| title\\=CAI vence 3\\-1 a Tauro y se corona bicampeón del fútbol de Panamá \\\| access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-29 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-29 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040804/https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-3\\-1\\-a\\-tauro\\-y\\-se\\-corona\\-bicampeon\\-del\\-futbol\\-de\\-panama\\-FM3925447 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) of La Chorrera, was superior throughout the match against Tauro, which they beat (3\\-0\\), in the final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF), in a match held on December 9 of 2023 at night in [Penonomé](/wiki/Penonom%C3%A9%2C_Cocl%C3%A9 \"Penonomé, Coclé\"), [Coclé](/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_Province \"Coclé Province\") at the University Stadium. The path to victory was opened with a double by Panamanian striker Carlos Small, at 7 and 21 minutes, and his compatriot Anthony Stewart closed the victory at 90 minutes.\nCAI de La Chorrera was crowned in the 2023 Closing Tournament, it was its third consecutive title (three championships) and its sixth star in its Football history in the highest category of Panamanian Football.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-golea\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-es\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1229899 \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-golea\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-es\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1229899 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-gana\\-el\\-tricampeonato\\-el\\-clausura\\-2023\\-n5949064 \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-gana\\-el\\-tricampeonato\\-el\\-clausura\\-2023\\-n5949064 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\\-lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-cai\\-tauro\\-baloy\\-narvaez\\-serrano\\-avila\\-blackburn\\-small\\_6\\_2096378\\.html \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030438/https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\\-lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-cai\\-tauro\\-baloy\\-narvaez\\-serrano\\-avila\\-blackburn\\-small\\_6\\_2096378\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\\-cai\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-baloy\\-hace\\-un\\-papelon\\-y\\-es\\-expulsado\\-662229 \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\\-cai\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-baloy\\-hace\\-un\\-papelon\\-y\\-es\\-expulsado\\-662229 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
### Promotion In 1998, CAI participated in the league of the Colon community, who worked as the local district tournament of the moment, but due to bad handlings and the negative arm of the policy, the tournament was a failure. With other club's president (Juventus F.C., San Jose F.C., San Germen F.C., [San Francisco F.C.](/wiki/San_Francisco_F.C. "San Francisco F.C.") and Mitra F.C.), Carlos A. Campos Muñoz led together a movement to create a league for the Balboa community and motivated the community of Virgin of Guadalupe to create another league for that community, totalizing three leagues of the district of La Chorrera, which is today the local district tournament. In the new league of the Balboa community, directed by Virgilio Landecho, CAI was crowned champion after beating Juventus F.C. In 1999, the team participated in the tournament that gives promotion to the West of the [Panamá Province](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province"), even when the intentions of the leadership of La Chorrera local district tournament to disband the club in retaliation to have led the movement to found the two leagues Balboa community and Virgin of Guadalupe community; but this was legally constituted and affiliated with the Panamanian Football Federation ([Federación Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Federación Panameña de Fútbol")) and recognized by the National Institute of Sports ([INDE](/wiki/INDE "INDE"), now PANDEPORTES), therefore La Chorrera local district tournament leaders could do nothing. Later, when the leadership of the Provincial League of Panama West recognized CAI's rights, the team was able to participate in this tournament, obtaining a successful campaign that is attributed to the administrative organization, to the skillful technical manual of Rene Salazar, the collaboration of friends and close friends to the club and the discipline and interest of the players. CAI managed to win the provincial final match, and having among its squad the top scorer of the tournament, Rubens Axel Almansa H. with 21 goals in the whole campaign. In September 1999, CAI gained the right to represent Panama West in the national championship denominated [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Copa Rommel Fernández"), of whom the provincial champions and runners\-up participate. In this championship the team was placed in group four, next to the Tecnica and Deportes F.C. of [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province "Colón Province"), Olimpic F.C. of [Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province") and Punta Alegre F.C. of [Darién](/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province "Darién Province"). CAI classified second place behind Olimpic F.C. of Panama, in the regular round. During the second round the team reached the semifinals, beating Inter 3–2, Guabito F.C. 3–1, [Río Abajo F.C.](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. "Río Abajo F.C.") 2–0, San Isidro 2\-0 and [Niupy F.C](/wiki/Niupy_F.C "Niupy F.C"). 5–1\. In the semifinal CAI beat Olimpic FC 2\-0 and in the final they defeated Zona Libre F.C. 3–1\. The favorites got to take the trophy home, with goals from [José Luis Garcés](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garc%C3%A9s "José Luis Garcés") (2\) and a goal from Rubens Almanza. CAI were crowned champions of the Copa Rommel Fernández and gained promotion to [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 "Primera A (Panama)"). The Panamanian Football Federation awarded the right of affiliation by a value of $3,000, $1,500 is of inscription and gives the club a check of $500,000 to resolve part of the expenses of CAIs first goal, to be in Primera A.	[ "### Promotion", "In 1998, CAI participated in the league of the Colon community, who worked as the local district tournament of the moment, but due to bad handlings and the negative arm of the policy, the tournament was a failure. With other club's president (Juventus F.C., San Jose F.C., San Germen F.C., [San Francisco F.C.](/wiki/San_Francisco_F.C. \"San Francisco F.C.\") and Mitra F.C.), Carlos A. Campos Muñoz led together a movement to create a league for the Balboa community and motivated the community of Virgin of Guadalupe to create another league for that community, totalizing three leagues of the district of La Chorrera, which is today the local district tournament.", "In the new league of the Balboa community, directed by Virgilio Landecho, CAI was crowned champion after beating Juventus F.C.", "In 1999, the team participated in the tournament that gives promotion to the West of the [Panamá Province](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\"), even when the intentions of the leadership of La Chorrera local district tournament to disband the club in retaliation to have led the movement to found the two leagues Balboa community and Virgin of Guadalupe community; but this was legally constituted and affiliated with the Panamanian Football Federation ([Federación Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Federación Panameña de Fútbol\")) and recognized by the National Institute of Sports ([INDE](/wiki/INDE \"INDE\"), now PANDEPORTES), therefore La Chorrera local district tournament leaders could do nothing. Later, when the leadership of the Provincial League of Panama West recognized CAI's rights, the team was able to participate in this tournament, obtaining a successful campaign that is attributed to the administrative organization, to the skillful technical manual of Rene Salazar, the collaboration of friends and close friends to the club and the discipline and interest of the players. CAI managed to win the provincial final match, and having among its squad the top scorer of the tournament, Rubens Axel Almansa H. with 21 goals in the whole campaign.", "In September 1999, CAI gained the right to represent Panama West in the national championship denominated [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Copa Rommel Fernández\"), of whom the provincial champions and runners\\-up participate. In this championship the team was placed in group four, next to the Tecnica and Deportes F.C. of [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province \"Colón Province\"), Olimpic F.C. of [Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\") and Punta Alegre F.C. of [Darién](/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province \"Darién Province\"). CAI classified second place behind Olimpic F.C. of Panama, in the regular round. During the second round the team reached the semifinals, beating Inter 3–2, Guabito F.C. 3–1, [Río Abajo F.C.](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. \"Río Abajo F.C.\") 2–0, San Isidro 2\\-0 and [Niupy F.C](/wiki/Niupy_F.C \"Niupy F.C\"). 5–1\\.", "In the semifinal CAI beat Olimpic FC 2\\-0 and in the final they defeated Zona Libre F.C. 3–1\\. The favorites got to take the trophy home, with goals from [José Luis Garcés](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garc%C3%A9s \"José Luis Garcés\") (2\\) and a goal from Rubens Almanza. CAI were crowned champions of the Copa Rommel Fernández and gained promotion to [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 \"Primera A (Panama)\").", "The Panamanian Football Federation awarded the right of affiliation by a value of $3,000, $1,500 is of inscription and gives the club a check of $500,000 to resolve part of the expenses of CAIs first goal, to be in Primera A.", "" ]
### Primera A The year 2000 was CAI's first participation in this championship, the team finished occupying the seventh place and staying in this division. Between 2000 and 2001 the team was able to fortify itself, working with responsible young players to face the challenges that would be imposed in the 2002–03 season. With the determination to manage this accomplishment and to reach the planned goals, the project begins with a year of anticipation with the newly assigned manager, Daniel "Ñelo" Montilla Ruiz, leading the team. Daniel Montilla, together with the rest of his technical body planned the recruitment of new players, obtaining a selective group and beginning to prepare them both physically and tactically, managing to have them ready for the beginning of the 2002–03 Apertura. In 2002–2003 after passing a series of situations of instability with the championship system and the number of clubs that would participate in it, it was agreed to, on the part of the administration of [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF "ANAPROF") that the championship would be of two seasons (Apertura and Clausura) and the number of clubs would be 15, divided into two groups; A and B. Group A would include the participants of the east zone ([Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province "Panamá Province") and [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province "Colón Province")): [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar "Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar"), [Asociación Deportiva Orión](/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Deportiva_Ori%C3%B3n "Asociación Deportiva Orión"), [Club Deportivo Italia](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Italia "Club Deportivo Italia"), [Club Deportivo Español](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Espa%C3%B1ol "Club Deportivo Español"), [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. "Río Abajo F.C."), [Chepo](/wiki/Chepo_F.C. "Chepo F.C.") and [Colón River](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_River_F.C. "Colón River F.C."). CAI would be placed in group B which would include the west zone (La Chorrera and the rest of the provinces of the interior): [Club Atlético Guadalupe](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Guadalupe "Club Atlético Guadalupe"), Chame F.C., Coclesana F.C., Chitré F.C., Niupi F.C., [Chiriquí F.C.](/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_F.C. "Chiriquí F.C.") and Bocas del Toro F.C. The teams that would get promoted to the ANAPROF were the champions of the Apertura and Clausura. If the same team won both the Apertura and Clausura season, then the other team to get promoted would be the one who was better placed when both seasons are averaged up. The system of the Apertura season would be that each team plays the other teams of its respective group in a home and away match, and the first two of each group would later face each other in a quadrangular in which the first and second place teams would face each other in a final. CAI managed to finish first place of group B and gained the right to proceed to the next round. In the quadrangular the team finalized first without losing a single match and was to face [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar "Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar") in the Apertura final. The final match was played at the [Estadio Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Estadio_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Estadio Rommel Fernández"), it was a worthy final match for this second flight division. The game finalized 4–3 in favor of [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar "Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar") and thus frustrating CAI's aspirations to assure a participation in [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF "ANAPROF"). Rubens A. Almansa was the top scorer of the championship with 20 goals. Sadly on February 1, 2003 CAI mourned the unexpected death of Daniel "Ñelo" Montilla, who was murdered when he tried to defend his daughters who were being assaulted by thieves.[Sepelio de "Ñelo" Montilla será hoy](http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio-de-%C3%B1elo-montilla-ser%C3%A1-hoy) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095214/http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio\-de\-%C3%B1elo\-montilla\-ser%C3%A1\-hoy \\|date\=2016\-03\-04 }} – Panamá América {{in lang\\|es}} The Clausura season was difficult since the team started without five of their star players, who because of their good participation performance were hired by other clubs of the Professional league, thus significantly weakening the squad. These players were Axel Almanza, Héctor Martinez, Hanamel Hill, Julio Creek and Juan Maning. Given the present circumstances, CAI had to reorganize its squad with young players. The Clausura season ended with a modest presentation of the team, achieving maintenance of their category. For the 2004 championship the team played with a young squad and a new manager, CAI participated modestly occupying the seventh place. In view of the previous result, it was decided to regroup all the young players of the categories U\-15, U\-17, U\-19 and the youngest players of [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 "Primera A (Panama)"), to train with them for five months in anticipation of the [2005](/wiki/Primera_A_2005 "Primera A 2005") championship. CAI obtained from Ciudad del Niño, a charity organization that lodges more than 300 children of limited resources and without homes, a great amount of land where sporting facilities existed previously. The club intended to restore them and use them as a training camp and game venue. In 2006 CAI did not manage to reach at the semifinals and remained in fourth place with 16 points. The promotion in a period of three years had been planned (2010\) and to accomplish it the club had turned their attentions to the younger players in the U\-13 and U\-15 squads. In 2007 there was no competition in the Primera A due to an organization problem, however the league was planned to start in 2008\. For the [2008](/wiki/Primera_A_2008 "Primera A 2008") season of the Primera A, CAI had a campaign they would wish to forget, ending up last in the aggregate table of both the Apertura and Clausura championships. Since they were the last overall they were to be demoted to the [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez "Copa Rommel Fernández"), but fortunately for CAI, the board of directors of the Primera A had decided to expand the number of teams of the league from 8 to 10, which would mean that not only would the champion and runner\-up of the [2009](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_2009 "Copa Rommel Fernández 2009") season of the Copa Rommel Fernández be promoted, but also the last team in the aggregate table (CAI) would not be relegated. In 2009 the team was bought by Ricardo Escobar and completely changed the management and the name of the club to Independiente F.C.. They would play their home games for the [2009](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso_2009 "Liga Nacional de Ascenso 2009") season in the [Estadio Agustín Sánchez](/wiki/Estadio_Agust%C3%ADn_S%C3%A1nchez "Estadio Agustín Sánchez") of [La Chorrera](/wiki/La_Chorrera%2C_Panama "La Chorrera, Panama"). In the Apertura championship CAI finished runner\-up to last years [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso "Liga Nacional de Ascenso") champions [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. "Río Abajo F.C."). In 2013 a new board of directors took control of the club and the team won the Clausura and the Super Final game to promote the team to the [Liga Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol "Liga Panameña de Fútbol"). In May 2015 they were beaten by [Árabe Unido](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_%C3%81rabe_Unido "Club Deportivo Árabe Unido") in the Clausura championship final,[¡Árabe Unido: Campeón!](http://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe-Unido-Campeon_0_4220578031.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425033716/https://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe\-Unido\-Campeon\_0\_4220578031\.html \\|date\=2019\-04\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\|es}} after they had already been relegated.[Del descenso, a la final](http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso-final_0_4216078366.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002711/http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso\-final\_0\_4216078366\.html \\|date\=2016\-09\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\|es}} Two years later, during the Clausura 2017, CAI gained its promotion to the LPF again by winning the Super Final of the [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso "Liga Nacional de Ascenso") against Costa del Este F.C. The game ended 2–1 with two goals scored by Porfirio Ávila and Manuel Torres. On 20 May 2018, the club won its first championship in the LPF after defeating one of the most historical clubs in Panama, Tauro F.C. The team, managed by former goalkeeper Donaldo González, won the game 1\-0 because of a penalty scored by midfielder Omar Browne. This victory gave the club the right to represent Panama in the [CONCACAF Champions League](/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League "CONCACAF Champions League"). This is the very first time that the team has the opportunity to represent Panama in an international tournament, where they faced former [MLS](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") champions, [Toronto F.C.](/wiki/Toronto_FC "Toronto FC") winning 4–0 in the first leg and drawing 1–1 in the 2nd leg, thus eliminating them from the tournament. CAI is crowned champion of the Closing Tournament 2022 of the Tigo Panamanian Soccer League and achieves its fourth title in Panamanian football after beating Club Deportivo Universitario 2\-1 in overtime. The goals were made by Josep Cox from a penalty by Club Deportivo Universitario in the 6th minute by penalty. At the start of the second half, the CAI player Gilberto Hernández sent the ball to the net at 53 minutes from a set piece. minutes and in minute 117 Víctor Ávila scored, the winning goal.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-el\-cai\-se\-corona\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-n5802119 \\| title\=LPF: El CAI se corona campeón del Clausura 2022 \\| date\=13 November 2022 \\| access\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015556/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-el\-cai\-se\-corona\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-n5802119 \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-de\-la\-lpf\-1214283 \\| title\=CAI, campeón del Clausura 2022 de la LPF \\| date\=12 November 2022 \\| access\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-date\=15 November 2022 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015605/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-campeon\-del\-clausura\-2022\-de\-la\-lpf\-1214283 \\| url\-status\=live }} Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) is established as two\-time champion of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) after beating Tauro FC 3 goals to 1 at the Rommel Fernández stadium and achieves its fifth star of National Football. At minute 2, CAI advanced towards the bullfighting area. Jorge Serrano put in a cross that Gerardo Negrete tried to reject, but surprised goalkeeper Celino Hinojosa and put the ball into the back of the net to make it 1\-0 in favor of the 'Vikings'. With this own goal, he became the fastest goal in a final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) when he did it at minute 1:32 seconds. At minute 26, Colombian striker Breidy Goluz tied the game after the CAI defenders cleared the ball from a corner and Gerardo Negrete, author of the own goal, gave Goluz an assist and thus tied the game 1\-1\. During the second half, both teams tried to get restless, but the goal fell at minute 76 through a shot by Víctor Ávila that scored CAI's second goal of the match. Ángel Valverde sentenced the game at minute 90 \+ 2' when Jorge Serrano stole the ball near the bullfighting area and passed it to Víctor Ávila and in a very good way gave Valverde the pass to score the third goal and thus set the score 3\-1 over Tauro FC.{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-cai\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-primera\-division\-n5885712 \\| title\=LPF: CAI consigue su quinta estrella en primera división \\| date\=28 May 2023 \\| access\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040801/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\-panamena\-futbol\-lpf/futbol/lpf\-cai\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-primera\-division\-n5885712 \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-vence\-al\-tauro\-y\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-en\-la\-lpf\-1222426 \\| title\=CAI vence al Tauro y consigue su quinta estrella en la LPF \\| date\=27 May 2023 \\| access\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040811/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-vence\-al\-tauro\-y\-consigue\-su\-quinta\-estrella\-en\-la\-lpf\-1222426 \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-final\-apertura\-2023\_6\_2055238\.html \\| title\=CAI campeón del Torneo Apertura 2023 de la LPF \\| date\=27 May 2023 \\| access\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-date\=29 May 2023 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040802/https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-final\-apertura\-2023\_6\_2055238\.html \\| url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\-vence\-3\-1\-a\-tauro\-y\-se\-corona\-bicampeon\-del\-futbol\-de\-panama\-FM3925447 \\| title\=CAI vence 3\-1 a Tauro y se corona bicampeón del fútbol de Panamá \\| access\-date\=2023\-05\-29 \\| archive\-date\=2023\-05\-29 \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040804/https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\-vence\-3\-1\-a\-tauro\-y\-se\-corona\-bicampeon\-del\-futbol\-de\-panama\-FM3925447 \\| url\-status\=live }} Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) of La Chorrera, was superior throughout the match against Tauro, which they beat (3\-0\), in the final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF), in a match held on December 9 of 2023 at night in [Penonomé](/wiki/Penonom%C3%A9%2C_Cocl%C3%A9 "Penonomé, Coclé"), [Coclé](/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_Province "Coclé Province") at the University Stadium. The path to victory was opened with a double by Panamanian striker Carlos Small, at 7 and 21 minutes, and his compatriot Anthony Stewart closed the victory at 90 minutes. CAI de La Chorrera was crowned in the 2023 Closing Tournament, it was its third consecutive title (three championships) and its sixth star in its Football history in the highest category of Panamanian Football.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-golea\-al\-tauro\-y\-es\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-1229899 \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\-golea\-al\-tauro\-y\-es\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-1229899 \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\-el\-cai\-gana\-el\-tricampeonato\-el\-clausura\-2023\-n5949064 \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\-el\-cai\-gana\-el\-tricampeonato\-el\-clausura\-2023\-n5949064 \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\-lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-cai\-tauro\-baloy\-narvaez\-serrano\-avila\-blackburn\-small\_6\_2096378\.html \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030438/https://www.tvn\-2\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\-lpf/vivo\-tvmax\-cai\-tauro\-baloy\-narvaez\-serrano\-avila\-blackburn\-small\_6\_2096378\.html \\|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\-cai\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-baloy\-hace\-un\-papelon\-y\-es\-expulsado\-662229 \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-date\=2023\-12\-10 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\-cai\-tricampeon\-de\-la\-lpf\-baloy\-hace\-un\-papelon\-y\-es\-expulsado\-662229 \\|url\-status\=live }}	[ "### Primera A", "The year 2000 was CAI's first participation in this championship, the team finished occupying the seventh place and staying in this division. Between 2000 and 2001 the team was able to fortify itself, working with responsible young players to face the challenges that would be imposed in the 2002–03 season. With the determination to manage this accomplishment and to reach the planned goals, the project begins with a year of anticipation with the newly assigned manager, Daniel \"Ñelo\" Montilla Ruiz, leading the team. Daniel Montilla, together with the rest of his technical body planned the recruitment of new players, obtaining a selective group and beginning to prepare them both physically and tactically, managing to have them ready for the beginning of the 2002–03 Apertura.", "In 2002–2003 after passing a series of situations of instability with the championship system and the number of clubs that would participate in it, it was agreed to, on the part of the administration of [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF \"ANAPROF\") that the championship would be of two seasons (Apertura and Clausura) and the number of clubs would be 15, divided into two groups; A and B.", "Group A would include the participants of the east zone ([Panamá](/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province \"Panamá Province\") and [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province \"Colón Province\")): [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar \"Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar\"), [Asociación Deportiva Orión](/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Deportiva_Ori%C3%B3n \"Asociación Deportiva Orión\"), [Club Deportivo Italia](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Italia \"Club Deportivo Italia\"), [Club Deportivo Español](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Espa%C3%B1ol \"Club Deportivo Español\"), [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. \"Río Abajo F.C.\"), [Chepo](/wiki/Chepo_F.C. \"Chepo F.C.\") and [Colón River](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_River_F.C. \"Colón River F.C.\"). CAI would be placed in group B which would include the west zone (La Chorrera and the rest of the provinces of the interior): [Club Atlético Guadalupe](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Guadalupe \"Club Atlético Guadalupe\"), Chame F.C., Coclesana F.C., Chitré F.C., Niupi F.C., [Chiriquí F.C.](/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_F.C. \"Chiriquí F.C.\") and Bocas del Toro F.C.", "The teams that would get promoted to the ANAPROF were the champions of the Apertura and Clausura. If the same team won both the Apertura and Clausura season, then the other team to get promoted would be the one who was better placed when both seasons are averaged up. The system of the Apertura season would be that each team plays the other teams of its respective group in a home and away match, and the first two of each group would later face each other in a quadrangular in which the first and second place teams would face each other in a final.", "CAI managed to finish first place of group B and gained the right to proceed to the next round. In the quadrangular the team finalized first without losing a single match and was to face [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar \"Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar\") in the Apertura final. The final match was played at the [Estadio Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Estadio_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Estadio Rommel Fernández\"), it was a worthy final match for this second flight division. The game finalized 4–3 in favor of [Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Pan_de_Az%C3%BAcar \"Club Deportivo Pan de Azúcar\") and thus frustrating CAI's aspirations to assure a participation in [ANAPROF](/wiki/ANAPROF \"ANAPROF\"). Rubens A. Almansa was the top scorer of the championship with 20 goals.", "Sadly on February 1, 2003 CAI mourned the unexpected death of Daniel \"Ñelo\" Montilla, who was murdered when he tried to defend his daughters who were being assaulted by thieves.[Sepelio de \"Ñelo\" Montilla será hoy](http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio-de-%C3%B1elo-montilla-ser%C3%A1-hoy) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095214/http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/sepelio\\-de\\-%C3%B1elo\\-montilla\\-ser%C3%A1\\-hoy \\\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }} – Panamá América {{in lang\\\|es}}", "The Clausura season was difficult since the team started without five of their star players, who because of their good participation performance were hired by other clubs of the Professional league, thus significantly weakening the squad. These players were Axel Almanza, Héctor Martinez, Hanamel Hill, Julio Creek and Juan Maning. Given the present circumstances, CAI had to reorganize its squad with young players. The Clausura season ended with a modest presentation of the team, achieving maintenance of their category.", "For the 2004 championship the team played with a young squad and a new manager, CAI participated modestly occupying the seventh place. In view of the previous result, it was decided to regroup all the young players of the categories U\\-15, U\\-17, U\\-19 and the youngest players of [Primera A](/wiki/Primera_A_%28Panama%29 \"Primera A (Panama)\"), to train with them for five months in anticipation of the [2005](/wiki/Primera_A_2005 \"Primera A 2005\") championship.", "CAI obtained from Ciudad del Niño, a charity organization that lodges more than 300 children of limited resources and without homes, a great amount of land where sporting facilities existed previously. The club intended to restore them and use them as a training camp and game venue.", "In 2006 CAI did not manage to reach at the semifinals and remained in fourth place with 16 points. The promotion in a period of three years had been planned (2010\\) and to accomplish it the club had turned their attentions to the younger players in the U\\-13 and U\\-15 squads.", "In 2007 there was no competition in the Primera A due to an organization problem, however the league was planned to start in 2008\\. For the [2008](/wiki/Primera_A_2008 \"Primera A 2008\") season of the Primera A, CAI had a campaign they would wish to forget, ending up last in the aggregate table of both the Apertura and Clausura championships. Since they were the last overall they were to be demoted to the [Copa Rommel Fernández](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Copa Rommel Fernández\"), but fortunately for CAI, the board of directors of the Primera A had decided to expand the number of teams of the league from 8 to 10, which would mean that not only would the champion and runner\\-up of the [2009](/wiki/Copa_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_2009 \"Copa Rommel Fernández 2009\") season of the Copa Rommel Fernández be promoted, but also the last team in the aggregate table (CAI) would not be relegated.", "In 2009 the team was bought by Ricardo Escobar and completely changed the management and the name of the club to Independiente F.C.. They would play their home games for the [2009](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso_2009 \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso 2009\") season in the [Estadio Agustín Sánchez](/wiki/Estadio_Agust%C3%ADn_S%C3%A1nchez \"Estadio Agustín Sánchez\") of [La Chorrera](/wiki/La_Chorrera%2C_Panama \"La Chorrera, Panama\"). In the Apertura championship CAI finished runner\\-up to last years [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso\") champions [Río Abajo](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_F.C. \"Río Abajo F.C.\").", "In 2013 a new board of directors took control of the club and the team won the Clausura and the Super Final game to promote the team to the [Liga Panameña de Fútbol](/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol \"Liga Panameña de Fútbol\").", "In May 2015 they were beaten by [Árabe Unido](/wiki/Club_Deportivo_%C3%81rabe_Unido \"Club Deportivo Árabe Unido\") in the Clausura championship final,[¡Árabe Unido: Campeón!](http://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe-Unido-Campeon_0_4220578031.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425033716/https://www.prensa.com/deportes/Arabe\\-Unido\\-Campeon\\_0\\_4220578031\\.html \\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\\|es}} after they had already been relegated.[Del descenso, a la final](http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso-final_0_4216078366.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002711/http://impresa.prensa.com/deportes/descenso\\-final\\_0\\_4216078366\\.html \\\|date\\=2016\\-09\\-25 }} – La Prensa {{in lang\\\|es}}", "Two years later, during the Clausura 2017, CAI gained its promotion to the LPF again by winning the Super Final of the [Liga Nacional de Ascenso](/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Ascenso \"Liga Nacional de Ascenso\") against Costa del Este F.C. The game ended 2–1 with two goals scored by Porfirio Ávila and Manuel Torres.", "On 20 May 2018, the club won its first championship in the LPF after defeating one of the most historical clubs in Panama, Tauro F.C. The team, managed by former goalkeeper Donaldo González, won the game 1\\-0 because of a penalty scored by midfielder Omar Browne. This victory gave the club the right to represent Panama in the [CONCACAF Champions League](/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League \"CONCACAF Champions League\"). This is the very first time that the team has the opportunity to represent Panama in an international tournament, where they faced former [MLS](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\") champions, [Toronto F.C.](/wiki/Toronto_FC \"Toronto FC\") winning 4–0 in the first leg and drawing 1–1 in the 2nd leg, thus eliminating them from the tournament.", "CAI is crowned champion of the Closing Tournament 2022 of the Tigo Panamanian Soccer League and achieves its fourth title in Panamanian football after beating Club Deportivo Universitario 2\\-1 in overtime. The goals were made by Josep Cox from a penalty by Club Deportivo Universitario in the 6th minute by penalty. At the start of the second half, the CAI player Gilberto Hernández sent the ball to the net at 53 minutes from a set piece. minutes and in minute 117 Víctor Ávila scored, the winning goal.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-se\\-corona\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-n5802119 \\\| title\\=LPF: El CAI se corona campeón del Clausura 2022 \\\| date\\=13 November 2022 \\\| access\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015556/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-se\\-corona\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-n5802119 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1214283 \\\| title\\=CAI, campeón del Clausura 2022 de la LPF \\\| date\\=12 November 2022 \\\| access\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-date\\=15 November 2022 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015605/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-campeon\\-del\\-clausura\\-2022\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1214283 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) is established as two\\-time champion of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) after beating Tauro FC 3 goals to 1 at the Rommel Fernández stadium and achieves its fifth star of National Football. At minute 2, CAI advanced towards the bullfighting area. Jorge Serrano put in a cross that Gerardo Negrete tried to reject, but surprised goalkeeper Celino Hinojosa and put the ball into the back of the net to make it 1\\-0 in favor of the 'Vikings'. With this own goal, he became the fastest goal in a final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF) when he did it at minute 1:32 seconds. At minute 26, Colombian striker Breidy Goluz tied the game after the CAI defenders cleared the ball from a corner and Gerardo Negrete, author of the own goal, gave Goluz an assist and thus tied the game 1\\-1\\. During the second half, both teams tried to get restless, but the goal fell at minute 76 through a shot by Víctor Ávila that scored CAI's second goal of the match. Ángel Valverde sentenced the game at minute 90 \\+ 2' when Jorge Serrano stole the ball near the bullfighting area and passed it to Víctor Ávila and in a very good way gave Valverde the pass to score the third goal and thus set the score 3\\-1 over Tauro FC.{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-cai\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-primera\\-division\\-n5885712 \\\| title\\=LPF: CAI consigue su quinta estrella en primera división \\\| date\\=28 May 2023 \\\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040801/https://www.rpctv.com/liga\\-panamena\\-futbol\\-lpf/futbol/lpf\\-cai\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-primera\\-division\\-n5885712 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-en\\-la\\-lpf\\-1222426 \\\| title\\=CAI vence al Tauro y consigue su quinta estrella en la LPF \\\| date\\=27 May 2023 \\\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040811/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-consigue\\-su\\-quinta\\-estrella\\-en\\-la\\-lpf\\-1222426 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-final\\-apertura\\-2023\\_6\\_2055238\\.html \\\| title\\=CAI campeón del Torneo Apertura 2023 de la LPF \\\| date\\=27 May 2023 \\\| access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040802/https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-final\\-apertura\\-2023\\_6\\_2055238\\.html \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-3\\-1\\-a\\-tauro\\-y\\-se\\-corona\\-bicampeon\\-del\\-futbol\\-de\\-panama\\-FM3925447 \\\| title\\=CAI vence 3\\-1 a Tauro y se corona bicampeón del fútbol de Panamá \\\| access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-29 \\\| archive\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-29 \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040804/https://www.metrolibre.com/deportes/cai\\-vence\\-3\\-1\\-a\\-tauro\\-y\\-se\\-corona\\-bicampeon\\-del\\-futbol\\-de\\-panama\\-FM3925447 \\\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "Club Atlético Independiente (CAI) of La Chorrera, was superior throughout the match against Tauro, which they beat (3\\-0\\), in the final of the Panamanian Football League (LPF), in a match held on December 9 of 2023 at night in [Penonomé](/wiki/Penonom%C3%A9%2C_Cocl%C3%A9 \"Penonomé, Coclé\"), [Coclé](/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_Province \"Coclé Province\") at the University Stadium. The path to victory was opened with a double by Panamanian striker Carlos Small, at 7 and 21 minutes, and his compatriot Anthony Stewart closed the victory at 90 minutes.\nCAI de La Chorrera was crowned in the 2023 Closing Tournament, it was its third consecutive title (three championships) and its sixth star in its Football history in the highest category of Panamanian Football.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-golea\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-es\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1229899 \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/cai\\-golea\\-al\\-tauro\\-y\\-es\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-1229899 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-gana\\-el\\-tricampeonato\\-el\\-clausura\\-2023\\-n5949064 \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.telemetro.com/deportes/lpf\\-el\\-cai\\-gana\\-el\\-tricampeonato\\-el\\-clausura\\-2023\\-n5949064 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\\-lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-cai\\-tauro\\-baloy\\-narvaez\\-serrano\\-avila\\-blackburn\\-small\\_6\\_2096378\\.html \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030438/https://www.tvn\\-2\\.com/tvmax/lpf/noticias\\-lpf/vivo\\-tvmax\\-cai\\-tauro\\-baloy\\-narvaez\\-serrano\\-avila\\-blackburn\\-small\\_6\\_2096378\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\\-cai\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-baloy\\-hace\\-un\\-papelon\\-y\\-es\\-expulsado\\-662229 \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-10 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210030437/https://www.critica.com.pa/deportes/el\\-cai\\-tricampeon\\-de\\-la\\-lpf\\-baloy\\-hace\\-un\\-papelon\\-y\\-es\\-expulsado\\-662229 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\\|The Grand Harbour in 1750](/wiki/File:Port_de_La_Valette_vers_1750_Malte.jpg "Port de La Valette vers 1750 Malte.jpg") The Maltese islands have [a long history](/wiki/History_of_Malta "History of Malta"), mainly due to their strategic location and natural harbours, mainly the Grand Harbour as well as Marsamxett. The Grand Harbour has been used since prehistoric times. Megalithic remains have been found on the shores of the Grand Harbour. The [Kordin Temples](/wiki/Kordin_Temples "Kordin Temples"), the earliest of which date back to around 3700 BC, overlooked the harbour from Corradino Heights.{{cite book\\|last1\=Vella\\|first1\=Nicholas C.\\|title\=The Prehistoric Temples at Kordin III\\|date\=2004\\|publisher\=Heritage Books\\|location\=\[\[Santa Venera]]\\|isbn\=9993239879}} Another megalithic structure possibly existed underwater off Fort Saint Angelo, but this can no longer be seen.{{cite web\\|last1\=Coppens\\|first1\=Philip\\|title\=Malta: the small island of the giants\\|url\=http://www.philipcoppens.com/malta.html\\|website\=philipcoppens.com\\|access\-date\=2 May 2015}} Punic and Roman remains were also found on the shores of the harbour, with the main [Carthaginian](/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire "Carthaginian Empire") port at [Cospicua](/wiki/Cospicua "Cospicua") possibly having been the original namesake of the island in [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language "Ancient Greek language") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language "Latin language"). By the 12th and 13th centuries, the [Castrum Maris](/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo "Fort St Angelo") had been built in what is now [Birgu](/wiki/Birgu "Birgu"). It might have been built instead of ancient buildings, possibly Phoenician or Roman temples, or an Arab fortress.{{cite web\\|title\=Fort St Angelo\\|url\=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malta/vittoriosa/sights/military/fort\-st\-angelo\\|publisher\=Lonely Planet\\|access\-date\=5 November 2014}} In 1283, the [Battle of Malta](/wiki/Battle_of_Malta "Battle of Malta") was fought at the entrance of the Grand Harbour. [Aragonese](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon") forces defeated a larger [Angevin](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou "Capetian House of Anjou") force and captured 10 galleys.{{cite news\\|last1\=Said\\|first1\=Frans\\|title\=The Battle of Malta 730 years ago\\|url\=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130630/life\-features/The\-Battle\-of\-Malta\-730\-years\-ago.476209\\|access\-date\=5 November 2014\\|work\=\[\[Times of Malta]]\\|date\=30 June 2013}} The Grand Harbour was the base for the [Order of Saint John](/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller "Knights Hospitaller") for 268 years, from 1530 to 1798\. They settled in the city of [Birgu](/wiki/Birgu "Birgu") and improved its fortifications, including rebuilding the Castrum Maris as [Fort Saint Angelo](/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo "Fort St Angelo"). In July 1551, Barbary corsairs and [Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") forces [raided Malta](/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_%281551%29%23Malta "Invasion of Gozo (1551)#Malta"). They landed at Marsamxett and marched upon the Grand Harbour, but did not attack as they found the town of Birgu too well fortified to attack. Although this attempt was unsuccessful, the Ottoman force later managed to [sack Gozo](/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_%281551%29 "Invasion of Gozo (1551)") and [conquer Tripoli](/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_%281551%29 "Siege of Tripoli (1551)") within the same campaign. After the attack, [Fort Saint Elmo](/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo "Fort Saint Elmo") and [Fort Saint Michael](/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael "Fort Saint Michael") were built to better protect the harbour in any future attacks. The city of [Senglea](/wiki/Senglea "Senglea") was also founded soon afterwards. Later on in the 1550s, a [tornado](/wiki/Valletta%2C_Malta_tornado "Valletta, Malta tornado") struck the Grand Harbour, killing 600 people and destroying a shipping armada. The area was the scene of much of the fighting in the [Great Siege of Malta](/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta "Great Siege of Malta") of 1565 when the Ottomans attempted to eject the Order of St John but were ultimately defeated. After the siege, the capital city of [Valletta](/wiki/Valletta "Valletta") was built on the Sciberras peninsula on the north west shore of the harbour. Over the years, more fortifications and settlements were founded within the Grand Harbour, including [Fort Ricasoli](/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli "Fort Ricasoli") and the towns of [Floriana](/wiki/Floriana "Floriana") and [Cospicua](/wiki/Cospicua "Cospicua"). [thumb\\|New dock built in 1867](/wiki/File:The_New_Dock_at_Malta%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_24_October_1867.png "The New Dock at Malta, Illustrated London News, 24 October 1867.png") [thumb\\|Grand Harbour, Malta by [Francis Frith](/wiki/Francis_Frith "Francis Frith") (taken 1850s\-1870s.](/wiki/File:Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_n._1968_-_Grand_Harbour_-_Malta.jpg "Frith, Francis (1822-1898) - n. 1968 - Grand Harbour - Malta.jpg") During the [French occupation of Malta](/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta "French occupation of Malta"), the harbour area was blockaded by Maltese rebels on land and the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") at sea. The French eventually capitulated in September 1800 and Malta became a [British protectorate](/wiki/Malta_Protectorate "Malta Protectorate"), later a [colony](/wiki/Malta_Colony "Malta Colony"). During the British colonial rule, the harbour became a strategic base for the Royal Navy and the base of the [Mediterranean Fleet](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet "Mediterranean Fleet"). [thumb\\|[HMS Rodney](/wiki/HMS_Rodney_%2829%29 "HMS Rodney (29)") in the harbour during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily "Allied invasion of Sicily").](/wiki/File:HMS_Rodney_1943_Malta.jpg "HMS Rodney 1943 Malta.jpg") The whole area was savagely bombed during the [Second Siege of Malta](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%28World_War_II%29 "Siege of Malta (World War II)") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), as the docks and military installations around the [port](/wiki/Port "Port") became targets for [Axis](/wiki/Axis_Powers "Axis Powers") [bombers](/wiki/Bombers "Bombers"). However [collateral damage](/wiki/Collateral_damage "Collateral damage") wrecked much of Valletta and The Three Cities, and caused large numbers of [civilian casualties](/wiki/Civilian_casualties "Civilian casualties"). An [Italian naval raid](/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour "Battle of Grand Harbour") on the harbour was repelled on the early of 26 July 1941\. [thumb\\|[NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") warships in the harbour during 1967\.](/wiki/File:HMS_Victorious_Malta_1967.jpg "HMS Victorious Malta 1967.jpg") [Malta Dockyard](/wiki/Malta_Dockyard "Malta Dockyard") is still active but with the departure of the [British Military](/wiki/British_Military "British Military") the harbour lost much of its military significance. A considerable part of Malta's [commercial](/wiki/Trade "Trade") [shipping](/wiki/Shipping "Shipping") is now handled by the new [free port](/wiki/Free_port "Free port") at [Kalafrana](/wiki/Marsaxlokk "Marsaxlokk"), so the harbour is much quieter than it was in the first half of the 20th century.{{cite news\\|last1\=Bugeja\\|first1\=Lino\\|title\=The historical importance of Malta's Grand Harbour\\|url\=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130811/life\-features/The\-historical\-importance\-of\-Malta\-s\-Grand\-Harbour.481865\\|access\-date\=31 October 2014\\|work\=\[\[Times of Malta]]\\|date\=11 August 2013}} In September 2007, the [Maltese Government](/wiki/Maltese_Government_2003%E2%80%9308 "Maltese Government 2003–08") unveiled 20 proposed regeneration projects that would revamp the area while respecting its historic value.{{cite news\\|title\=Government's Vision for Grand Harbour will generate jobs and investment – MEA\\|url\=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2007\-09\-08/news/governments\-vision\-for\-grand\-harbour\-will\-generate\-jobs\-and\-investment\-mea\-178950/\\|access\-date\=5 November 2014\\|work\=\[\[The Malta Independent]]\\|date\=8 September 2007}} As of May 2021 the harbour is undergoing renovation works initiated by [Infrastructure Malta](/wiki/Infrastructure_Malta "Infrastructure Malta") and sponsored by the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union") with the goals of electrifying the harbour to produce a 90% decrease in harmful emissions from ships. [Shorepower](/wiki/Shorepower "Shorepower") units are to be installed to eliminate the need for [fossil fuel](/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel")\-powered engines to run while ships are docked.{{cite news \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|date\=18 May 2021 \\|title\=Cavotec Wins Cleantech Contract to Cut Ship Emissions \\|url\=https://www.memuk.org/sustainability/cavotec\-wins\-cleantech\-contract\-to\-cut\-ship\-emissions\-60827 \\|work\=Manufacturing and Engineering Magazine \\|location\= \\|access\-date\=19 May 2021 \\|archive\-date\=19 May 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519180543/https://www.memuk.org/sustainability/cavotec\-wins\-cleantech\-contract\-to\-cut\-ship\-emissions\-60827 \\|url\-status\=dead }} [Coordinates](/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): {{coord\\|35\\|53\\|42\\|N\\|14\\|31\\|14\\|E\\|type:waterbody}}	[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\\|The Grand Harbour in 1750](/wiki/File:Port_de_La_Valette_vers_1750_Malte.jpg \"Port de La Valette vers 1750 Malte.jpg\")", "The Maltese islands have [a long history](/wiki/History_of_Malta \"History of Malta\"), mainly due to their strategic location and natural harbours, mainly the Grand Harbour as well as Marsamxett. The Grand Harbour has been used since prehistoric times.", "Megalithic remains have been found on the shores of the Grand Harbour. The [Kordin Temples](/wiki/Kordin_Temples \"Kordin Temples\"), the earliest of which date back to around 3700 BC, overlooked the harbour from Corradino Heights.{{cite book\\\|last1\\=Vella\\\|first1\\=Nicholas C.\\\|title\\=The Prehistoric Temples at Kordin III\\\|date\\=2004\\\|publisher\\=Heritage Books\\\|location\\=\\[\\[Santa Venera]]\\\|isbn\\=9993239879}} Another megalithic structure possibly existed underwater off Fort Saint Angelo, but this can no longer be seen.{{cite web\\\|last1\\=Coppens\\\|first1\\=Philip\\\|title\\=Malta: the small island of the giants\\\|url\\=http://www.philipcoppens.com/malta.html\\\|website\\=philipcoppens.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2015}} Punic and Roman remains were also found on the shores of the harbour, with the main [Carthaginian](/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire \"Carthaginian Empire\") port at [Cospicua](/wiki/Cospicua \"Cospicua\") possibly having been the original namesake of the island in [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language \"Ancient Greek language\") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language \"Latin language\").", "By the 12th and 13th centuries, the [Castrum Maris](/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo \"Fort St Angelo\") had been built in what is now [Birgu](/wiki/Birgu \"Birgu\"). It might have been built instead of ancient buildings, possibly Phoenician or Roman temples, or an Arab fortress.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Fort St Angelo\\\|url\\=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malta/vittoriosa/sights/military/fort\\-st\\-angelo\\\|publisher\\=Lonely Planet\\\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2014}}", "In 1283, the [Battle of Malta](/wiki/Battle_of_Malta \"Battle of Malta\") was fought at the entrance of the Grand Harbour. [Aragonese](/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon \"Crown of Aragon\") forces defeated a larger [Angevin](/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou \"Capetian House of Anjou\") force and captured 10 galleys.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Said\\\|first1\\=Frans\\\|title\\=The Battle of Malta 730 years ago\\\|url\\=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130630/life\\-features/The\\-Battle\\-of\\-Malta\\-730\\-years\\-ago.476209\\\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2014\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Times of Malta]]\\\|date\\=30 June 2013}}", "The Grand Harbour was the base for the [Order of Saint John](/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller \"Knights Hospitaller\") for 268 years, from 1530 to 1798\\. They settled in the city of [Birgu](/wiki/Birgu \"Birgu\") and improved its fortifications, including rebuilding the Castrum Maris as [Fort Saint Angelo](/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo \"Fort St Angelo\"). In July 1551, Barbary corsairs and [Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") forces [raided Malta](/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_%281551%29%23Malta \"Invasion of Gozo (1551)#Malta\"). They landed at Marsamxett and marched upon the Grand Harbour, but did not attack as they found the town of Birgu too well fortified to attack. Although this attempt was unsuccessful, the Ottoman force later managed to [sack Gozo](/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_%281551%29 \"Invasion of Gozo (1551)\") and [conquer Tripoli](/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_%281551%29 \"Siege of Tripoli (1551)\") within the same campaign. After the attack, [Fort Saint Elmo](/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo \"Fort Saint Elmo\") and [Fort Saint Michael](/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael \"Fort Saint Michael\") were built to better protect the harbour in any future attacks. The city of [Senglea](/wiki/Senglea \"Senglea\") was also founded soon afterwards.", "Later on in the 1550s, a [tornado](/wiki/Valletta%2C_Malta_tornado \"Valletta, Malta tornado\") struck the Grand Harbour, killing 600 people and destroying a shipping armada.", "The area was the scene of much of the fighting in the [Great Siege of Malta](/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta \"Great Siege of Malta\") of 1565 when the Ottomans attempted to eject the Order of St John but were ultimately defeated. After the siege, the capital city of [Valletta](/wiki/Valletta \"Valletta\") was built on the Sciberras peninsula on the north west shore of the harbour. Over the years, more fortifications and settlements were founded within the Grand Harbour, including [Fort Ricasoli](/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli \"Fort Ricasoli\") and the towns of [Floriana](/wiki/Floriana \"Floriana\") and [Cospicua](/wiki/Cospicua \"Cospicua\").", "[thumb\\\|New dock built in 1867](/wiki/File:The_New_Dock_at_Malta%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_24_October_1867.png \"The New Dock at Malta, Illustrated London News, 24 October 1867.png\")\n[thumb\\\|Grand Harbour, Malta by [Francis Frith](/wiki/Francis_Frith \"Francis Frith\") (taken 1850s\\-1870s.](/wiki/File:Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_n._1968_-_Grand_Harbour_-_Malta.jpg \"Frith, Francis (1822-1898) - n. 1968 - Grand Harbour - Malta.jpg\")\nDuring the [French occupation of Malta](/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta \"French occupation of Malta\"), the harbour area was blockaded by Maltese rebels on land and the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") at sea. The French eventually capitulated in September 1800 and Malta became a [British protectorate](/wiki/Malta_Protectorate \"Malta Protectorate\"), later a [colony](/wiki/Malta_Colony \"Malta Colony\"). During the British colonial rule, the harbour became a strategic base for the Royal Navy and the base of the [Mediterranean Fleet](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet \"Mediterranean Fleet\").", "[thumb\\\|[HMS Rodney](/wiki/HMS_Rodney_%2829%29 \"HMS Rodney (29)\") in the harbour during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily \"Allied invasion of Sicily\").](/wiki/File:HMS_Rodney_1943_Malta.jpg \"HMS Rodney 1943 Malta.jpg\")\nThe whole area was savagely bombed during the [Second Siege of Malta](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%28World_War_II%29 \"Siege of Malta (World War II)\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), as the docks and military installations around the [port](/wiki/Port \"Port\") became targets for [Axis](/wiki/Axis_Powers \"Axis Powers\") [bombers](/wiki/Bombers \"Bombers\"). However [collateral damage](/wiki/Collateral_damage \"Collateral damage\") wrecked much of Valletta and The Three Cities, and caused large numbers of [civilian casualties](/wiki/Civilian_casualties \"Civilian casualties\"). An [Italian naval raid](/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour \"Battle of Grand Harbour\") on the harbour was repelled on the early of 26 July 1941\\.\n[thumb\\\|[NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") warships in the harbour during 1967\\.](/wiki/File:HMS_Victorious_Malta_1967.jpg \"HMS Victorious Malta 1967.jpg\")\n[Malta Dockyard](/wiki/Malta_Dockyard \"Malta Dockyard\") is still active but with the departure of the [British Military](/wiki/British_Military \"British Military\") the harbour lost much of its military significance. A considerable part of Malta's [commercial](/wiki/Trade \"Trade\") [shipping](/wiki/Shipping \"Shipping\") is now handled by the new [free port](/wiki/Free_port \"Free port\") at [Kalafrana](/wiki/Marsaxlokk \"Marsaxlokk\"), so the harbour is much quieter than it was in the first half of the 20th century.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Bugeja\\\|first1\\=Lino\\\|title\\=The historical importance of Malta's Grand Harbour\\\|url\\=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130811/life\\-features/The\\-historical\\-importance\\-of\\-Malta\\-s\\-Grand\\-Harbour.481865\\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2014\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Times of Malta]]\\\|date\\=11 August 2013}}", "In September 2007, the [Maltese Government](/wiki/Maltese_Government_2003%E2%80%9308 \"Maltese Government 2003–08\") unveiled 20 proposed regeneration projects that would revamp the area while respecting its historic value.{{cite news\\\|title\\=Government's Vision for Grand Harbour will generate jobs and investment – MEA\\\|url\\=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2007\\-09\\-08/news/governments\\-vision\\-for\\-grand\\-harbour\\-will\\-generate\\-jobs\\-and\\-investment\\-mea\\-178950/\\\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2014\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Malta Independent]]\\\|date\\=8 September 2007}}", "As of May 2021 the harbour is undergoing renovation works initiated by [Infrastructure Malta](/wiki/Infrastructure_Malta \"Infrastructure Malta\") and sponsored by the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") with the goals of electrifying the harbour to produce a 90% decrease in harmful emissions from ships. [Shorepower](/wiki/Shorepower \"Shorepower\") units are to be installed to eliminate the need for [fossil fuel](/wiki/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\")\\-powered engines to run while ships are docked.{{cite news \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|date\\=18 May 2021 \\\|title\\=Cavotec Wins Cleantech Contract to Cut Ship Emissions \\\|url\\=https://www.memuk.org/sustainability/cavotec\\-wins\\-cleantech\\-contract\\-to\\-cut\\-ship\\-emissions\\-60827 \\\|work\\=Manufacturing and Engineering Magazine \\\|location\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2021 \\\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519180543/https://www.memuk.org/sustainability/cavotec\\-wins\\-cleantech\\-contract\\-to\\-cut\\-ship\\-emissions\\-60827 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "[Coordinates](/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): {{coord\\\|35\\\|53\\\|42\\\|N\\\|14\\\|31\\\|14\\\|E\\\|type:waterbody}}", "", "" ]
History ------- [267px\\|left\\|thumb\\|USS Albany, a sloop of the Home Station during the Mexican\-American War.](/wiki/File:Albany-sloop-Currier-Ives.jpeg "Albany-sloop-Currier-Ives.jpeg") {{main\\|Mexican–American War}} ### Mexican–American War During the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") the ships of the Home Squadron, commanded by [Commodore David Conner, USN](/wiki/David_Conner_%28naval_officer%29 "David Conner (naval officer)") fought in several engagements against Mexican forces. Many of the Home Squadron vessels were attached to vice commander [Commodore Matthew C. Perry's](/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry "Matthew C. Perry") [Mosquito Fleet](/wiki/Mosquito_Fleet "Mosquito Fleet") which was involved in the [battles](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tuxpan "First Battle of Tuxpan") of [Tuxpan](/wiki/Tuxpan%2C_Mexico "Tuxpan, Mexico"), [Tabasco](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tabasco "First Battle of Tabasco"), [Villahermosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Villahermosa "Battle of Villahermosa") and [Veracruz](/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz "Siege of Veracruz"). No ship\-to\-ship combat occurred though several merchant vessels were captured, the Home Squadron primarily operated against Mexican coastal [forts](/wiki/Fort "Fort") and [artillery batteries](/wiki/Artillery_battery "Artillery battery"). ### Reform War {{main\\|Battle of Anton Lizardo}} Since the [Mexican War of Independence](/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence "Mexican War of Independence") ending in 1821, Mexican liberals, a political party which evolved from the Masonic Lodge of the York Rite created by Joel R. Poinsett who was an American Diplomat sent by President James Monroe to secretly propose the purchase of the northern provinces from the First Mexican Empire; and the conservative party—which as its name indicates, had as its principal objective was to preserve the traditions and customs of the nation—were constantly in conflict at each other throughout the first decades of the existence of Mexico. The continuous friction led to a major [civil war](/wiki/Civil_war "Civil war") known as the [Reform War](/wiki/Reform_War "Reform War") from 1858 to 1860 and political instability, which the U.S. government under James Buchanan saw as a great opportunity to further expand the U.S. territory limits southwards (after the acquisition through war of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, most of Colorado, south Wyoming, and a fraction of Kansas and Oklahoma. For this reason and based upon the Doctrine Monroe, the U.S government sent an emissary to discuss with Juarez's liberal party the possibility to cede the Baja California peninsula to the United States, which he promptly accepted in exchange of diplomatic, economic and military support to counteract the conservative power that at that point, had the full support of the majority of the Mexican people, and was in control of the entire country with the exception of the cities of Morelia and Veracruz. During the [Second Siege of Veracruz](/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Veracruz "Second Siege of Veracruz") in 1859, a Mexican officer named [Thomas M. Marin](/wiki/Thomas_M._Marin "Thomas M. Marin") of the [Mexican Navy](/wiki/Mexican_Navy "Mexican Navy") purchased vessels in Cuba, that he armed and equipped to sail back to [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz "Veracruz") to assist and supply General Miramon's siege of the held city. The Liberal Mexican government declared Marin's fleet to be that of [pirates](/wiki/Pirate "Pirate") so ships of the Home Squadron were ordered to intervene and arrest Marin. Two of Marin's ships, the [steamer](/wiki/Steamship "Steamship") General Miramon and the [sloop\-of\-war](/wiki/Sloop-of-war "Sloop-of-war") [Marquis of Havana](/wiki/CSS_McRae "CSS McRae"), arrived at their rendezvous off [Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Lizardo%2C_Veracruz "Antón Lizardo, Veracruz"). They were spotted by a Mexican [fort](/wiki/Fort "Fort") and the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [USS Savannah](/wiki/USS_Savannah_%281842%29 "USS Savannah (1842)") which ordered the sloop\-of\-war [USS Saratoga](/wiki/USS_Saratoga_%281842%29 "USS Saratoga (1842)") to intervene with help from two steamers. The American ships under [Commander](/wiki/Commander_%28United_States%29 "Commander (United States)") [Thomas Turner](/wiki/Thomas_Turner_%28naval_officer%29 "Thomas Turner (naval officer)") approached and fired warning shots, the Mexicans obviously fired back as the American fleet had no jurisdiction within Mexican waters. Despite the fact of being outnumbered by the American fleet, the Mexican vessels engaged in battle resulting in a bloody encounter [Battle of Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Battle_of_Anton_Lizardo "Battle of Anton Lizardo") and the capture of the conservative ships and over thirty casualties on both sides. The battle played an important role in ending the Reform War with a liberal victory and the signatory of the secret MacLane\-Ocampo Treaty where Juarez and the radical liberals agreed on further cessions of Mexican territory to the U.S., as well as a couple of transit concessions through the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and from Tamaulipas across Mexico to the Gulf of California in perpetuity to the U.S. that eventually was rejected by the American congress, as it was determined that the inclusion of these states into the American federation could strengthen the southern confederate states. Due to the American intervention, the conservatives under General Miramon failed to take Veracruz from the liberals for a second time, which a few years later led Mexico to a French intervention. ### Slave trade {{Main\\|Blockade of Africa\\|African Slave Trade Patrol}} Slavers seized by the Home Squadron:Canney, D.L. (2006\) Africa Squadron, Potomac Books. pp.233–34 \| Vessel \| Captor \| Date \| Location \| \| Putnam \| {{USS\\|Dolphin\\|1836\\|2}} \| 21 August 1858 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| Cygnet \| {{USS\\|Mohawk\\|1853\\|2}} \| 18 November 1859 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| Wildfire \| {{USS\\|Mohawk\\|1853\\|2}} \| 26 April 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| William \| {{USS\\|Wyandotte\\|1853\\|2}} \| 9 May 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| Bogota \| {{USS\\|Crusader\\|1858\\|2}} \| 23 May 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| W.R. Kibby \| {{USS\\|Crusader\\|1858\\|2}} \| 23 July 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| Joven Antonio \| {{USS\\|Crusader\\|1858\\|2}} \| 14 August 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") \| \| Toccoa \| {{USS\\|Mohawk\\|1853\\|2}} \| 20 December 1860 \| [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana") \| \| Mary J. Kimball \| {{USS\\|Mohawk\\|1853\\|2}} \| 21 December 1860 \| [Havana](/wiki/Havana "Havana") \|	[ "History\n-------", "[267px\\\|left\\\|thumb\\\|USS Albany, a sloop of the Home Station during the Mexican\\-American War.](/wiki/File:Albany-sloop-Currier-Ives.jpeg \"Albany-sloop-Currier-Ives.jpeg\")\n{{main\\\|Mexican–American War}}", "### Mexican–American War", "During the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") the ships of the Home Squadron, commanded by [Commodore David Conner, USN](/wiki/David_Conner_%28naval_officer%29 \"David Conner (naval officer)\") fought in several engagements against Mexican forces. Many of the Home Squadron vessels were attached to vice commander [Commodore Matthew C. Perry's](/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry \"Matthew C. Perry\") [Mosquito Fleet](/wiki/Mosquito_Fleet \"Mosquito Fleet\") which was involved in the [battles](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tuxpan \"First Battle of Tuxpan\") of [Tuxpan](/wiki/Tuxpan%2C_Mexico \"Tuxpan, Mexico\"), [Tabasco](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tabasco \"First Battle of Tabasco\"), [Villahermosa](/wiki/Battle_of_Villahermosa \"Battle of Villahermosa\") and [Veracruz](/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz \"Siege of Veracruz\"). No ship\\-to\\-ship combat occurred though several merchant vessels were captured, the Home Squadron primarily operated against Mexican coastal [forts](/wiki/Fort \"Fort\") and [artillery batteries](/wiki/Artillery_battery \"Artillery battery\").", "### Reform War", "{{main\\\|Battle of Anton Lizardo}}", "Since the [Mexican War of Independence](/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence \"Mexican War of Independence\") ending in 1821, Mexican liberals, a political party which evolved from the Masonic Lodge of the York Rite created by Joel R. Poinsett who was an American Diplomat sent by President James Monroe to secretly propose the purchase of the northern provinces from the First Mexican Empire; and the conservative party—which as its name indicates, had as its principal objective was to preserve the traditions and customs of the nation—were constantly in conflict at each other throughout the first decades of the existence of Mexico.", "The continuous friction led to a major [civil war](/wiki/Civil_war \"Civil war\") known as the [Reform War](/wiki/Reform_War \"Reform War\") from 1858 to 1860 and political instability, which the U.S. government under James Buchanan saw as a great opportunity to further expand the U.S. territory limits southwards (after the acquisition through war of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, most of Colorado, south Wyoming, and a fraction of Kansas and Oklahoma. For this reason and based upon the Doctrine Monroe, the U.S government sent an emissary to discuss with Juarez's liberal party the possibility to cede the Baja California peninsula to the United States, which he promptly accepted in exchange of diplomatic, economic and military support to counteract the conservative power that at that point, had the full support of the majority of the Mexican people, and was in control of the entire country with the exception of the cities of Morelia and Veracruz.", "During the [Second Siege of Veracruz](/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Veracruz \"Second Siege of Veracruz\") in 1859, a Mexican officer named [Thomas M. Marin](/wiki/Thomas_M._Marin \"Thomas M. Marin\") of the [Mexican Navy](/wiki/Mexican_Navy \"Mexican Navy\") purchased vessels in Cuba, that he armed and equipped to sail back to [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\") to assist and supply General Miramon's siege of the held city. The Liberal Mexican government declared Marin's fleet to be that of [pirates](/wiki/Pirate \"Pirate\") so ships of the Home Squadron were ordered to intervene and arrest Marin. Two of Marin's ships, the [steamer](/wiki/Steamship \"Steamship\") General Miramon and the [sloop\\-of\\-war](/wiki/Sloop-of-war \"Sloop-of-war\") [Marquis of Havana](/wiki/CSS_McRae \"CSS McRae\"), arrived at their rendezvous off [Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Lizardo%2C_Veracruz \"Antón Lizardo, Veracruz\"). They were spotted by a Mexican [fort](/wiki/Fort \"Fort\") and the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") [USS Savannah](/wiki/USS_Savannah_%281842%29 \"USS Savannah (1842)\") which ordered the sloop\\-of\\-war [USS Saratoga](/wiki/USS_Saratoga_%281842%29 \"USS Saratoga (1842)\") to intervene with help from two steamers.", "The American ships under [Commander](/wiki/Commander_%28United_States%29 \"Commander (United States)\") [Thomas Turner](/wiki/Thomas_Turner_%28naval_officer%29 \"Thomas Turner (naval officer)\") approached and fired warning shots, the Mexicans obviously fired back as the American fleet had no jurisdiction within Mexican waters. Despite the fact of being outnumbered by the American fleet, the Mexican vessels engaged in battle resulting in a bloody encounter [Battle of Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Battle_of_Anton_Lizardo \"Battle of Anton Lizardo\") and the capture of the conservative ships and over thirty casualties on both sides. The battle played an important role in ending the Reform War with a liberal victory and the signatory of the secret MacLane\\-Ocampo Treaty where Juarez and the radical liberals agreed on further cessions of Mexican territory to the U.S., as well as a couple of transit concessions through the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and from Tamaulipas across Mexico to the Gulf of California in perpetuity to the U.S. that eventually was rejected by the American congress, as it was determined that the inclusion of these states into the American federation could strengthen the southern confederate states.", "Due to the American intervention, the conservatives under General Miramon failed to take Veracruz from the liberals for a second time, which a few years later led Mexico to a French intervention.", "### Slave trade", "{{Main\\\|Blockade of Africa\\\|African Slave Trade Patrol}}", "Slavers seized by the Home Squadron:Canney, D.L. (2006\\) Africa Squadron, Potomac Books. pp.233–34", "\| Vessel \| Captor \| Date \| Location \|\n\| Putnam \| {{USS\\\|Dolphin\\\|1836\\\|2}} \| 21 August 1858 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| Cygnet \| {{USS\\\|Mohawk\\\|1853\\\|2}} \| 18 November 1859 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| Wildfire \| {{USS\\\|Mohawk\\\|1853\\\|2}} \| 26 April 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| William \| {{USS\\\|Wyandotte\\\|1853\\\|2}} \| 9 May 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| Bogota \| {{USS\\\|Crusader\\\|1858\\\|2}} \| 23 May 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| W.R. Kibby \| {{USS\\\|Crusader\\\|1858\\\|2}} \| 23 July 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| Joven Antonio \| {{USS\\\|Crusader\\\|1858\\\|2}} \| 14 August 1860 \| [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") \|\n\| Toccoa \| {{USS\\\|Mohawk\\\|1853\\\|2}} \| 20 December 1860 \| [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\") \|\n\| Mary J. Kimball \| {{USS\\\|Mohawk\\\|1853\\\|2}} \| 21 December 1860 \| [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\") \|", "", "" ]
### Reform War {{main\\|Battle of Anton Lizardo}} Since the [Mexican War of Independence](/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence "Mexican War of Independence") ending in 1821, Mexican liberals, a political party which evolved from the Masonic Lodge of the York Rite created by Joel R. Poinsett who was an American Diplomat sent by President James Monroe to secretly propose the purchase of the northern provinces from the First Mexican Empire; and the conservative party—which as its name indicates, had as its principal objective was to preserve the traditions and customs of the nation—were constantly in conflict at each other throughout the first decades of the existence of Mexico. The continuous friction led to a major [civil war](/wiki/Civil_war "Civil war") known as the [Reform War](/wiki/Reform_War "Reform War") from 1858 to 1860 and political instability, which the U.S. government under James Buchanan saw as a great opportunity to further expand the U.S. territory limits southwards (after the acquisition through war of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, most of Colorado, south Wyoming, and a fraction of Kansas and Oklahoma. For this reason and based upon the Doctrine Monroe, the U.S government sent an emissary to discuss with Juarez's liberal party the possibility to cede the Baja California peninsula to the United States, which he promptly accepted in exchange of diplomatic, economic and military support to counteract the conservative power that at that point, had the full support of the majority of the Mexican people, and was in control of the entire country with the exception of the cities of Morelia and Veracruz. During the [Second Siege of Veracruz](/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Veracruz "Second Siege of Veracruz") in 1859, a Mexican officer named [Thomas M. Marin](/wiki/Thomas_M._Marin "Thomas M. Marin") of the [Mexican Navy](/wiki/Mexican_Navy "Mexican Navy") purchased vessels in Cuba, that he armed and equipped to sail back to [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz "Veracruz") to assist and supply General Miramon's siege of the held city. The Liberal Mexican government declared Marin's fleet to be that of [pirates](/wiki/Pirate "Pirate") so ships of the Home Squadron were ordered to intervene and arrest Marin. Two of Marin's ships, the [steamer](/wiki/Steamship "Steamship") General Miramon and the [sloop\-of\-war](/wiki/Sloop-of-war "Sloop-of-war") [Marquis of Havana](/wiki/CSS_McRae "CSS McRae"), arrived at their rendezvous off [Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Lizardo%2C_Veracruz "Antón Lizardo, Veracruz"). They were spotted by a Mexican [fort](/wiki/Fort "Fort") and the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [USS Savannah](/wiki/USS_Savannah_%281842%29 "USS Savannah (1842)") which ordered the sloop\-of\-war [USS Saratoga](/wiki/USS_Saratoga_%281842%29 "USS Saratoga (1842)") to intervene with help from two steamers. The American ships under [Commander](/wiki/Commander_%28United_States%29 "Commander (United States)") [Thomas Turner](/wiki/Thomas_Turner_%28naval_officer%29 "Thomas Turner (naval officer)") approached and fired warning shots, the Mexicans obviously fired back as the American fleet had no jurisdiction within Mexican waters. Despite the fact of being outnumbered by the American fleet, the Mexican vessels engaged in battle resulting in a bloody encounter [Battle of Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Battle_of_Anton_Lizardo "Battle of Anton Lizardo") and the capture of the conservative ships and over thirty casualties on both sides. The battle played an important role in ending the Reform War with a liberal victory and the signatory of the secret MacLane\-Ocampo Treaty where Juarez and the radical liberals agreed on further cessions of Mexican territory to the U.S., as well as a couple of transit concessions through the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and from Tamaulipas across Mexico to the Gulf of California in perpetuity to the U.S. that eventually was rejected by the American congress, as it was determined that the inclusion of these states into the American federation could strengthen the southern confederate states. Due to the American intervention, the conservatives under General Miramon failed to take Veracruz from the liberals for a second time, which a few years later led Mexico to a French intervention.	[ "### Reform War", "{{main\\\|Battle of Anton Lizardo}}", "Since the [Mexican War of Independence](/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence \"Mexican War of Independence\") ending in 1821, Mexican liberals, a political party which evolved from the Masonic Lodge of the York Rite created by Joel R. Poinsett who was an American Diplomat sent by President James Monroe to secretly propose the purchase of the northern provinces from the First Mexican Empire; and the conservative party—which as its name indicates, had as its principal objective was to preserve the traditions and customs of the nation—were constantly in conflict at each other throughout the first decades of the existence of Mexico.", "The continuous friction led to a major [civil war](/wiki/Civil_war \"Civil war\") known as the [Reform War](/wiki/Reform_War \"Reform War\") from 1858 to 1860 and political instability, which the U.S. government under James Buchanan saw as a great opportunity to further expand the U.S. territory limits southwards (after the acquisition through war of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, most of Colorado, south Wyoming, and a fraction of Kansas and Oklahoma. For this reason and based upon the Doctrine Monroe, the U.S government sent an emissary to discuss with Juarez's liberal party the possibility to cede the Baja California peninsula to the United States, which he promptly accepted in exchange of diplomatic, economic and military support to counteract the conservative power that at that point, had the full support of the majority of the Mexican people, and was in control of the entire country with the exception of the cities of Morelia and Veracruz.", "During the [Second Siege of Veracruz](/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Veracruz \"Second Siege of Veracruz\") in 1859, a Mexican officer named [Thomas M. Marin](/wiki/Thomas_M._Marin \"Thomas M. Marin\") of the [Mexican Navy](/wiki/Mexican_Navy \"Mexican Navy\") purchased vessels in Cuba, that he armed and equipped to sail back to [Veracruz](/wiki/Veracruz \"Veracruz\") to assist and supply General Miramon's siege of the held city. The Liberal Mexican government declared Marin's fleet to be that of [pirates](/wiki/Pirate \"Pirate\") so ships of the Home Squadron were ordered to intervene and arrest Marin. Two of Marin's ships, the [steamer](/wiki/Steamship \"Steamship\") General Miramon and the [sloop\\-of\\-war](/wiki/Sloop-of-war \"Sloop-of-war\") [Marquis of Havana](/wiki/CSS_McRae \"CSS McRae\"), arrived at their rendezvous off [Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Lizardo%2C_Veracruz \"Antón Lizardo, Veracruz\"). They were spotted by a Mexican [fort](/wiki/Fort \"Fort\") and the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") [USS Savannah](/wiki/USS_Savannah_%281842%29 \"USS Savannah (1842)\") which ordered the sloop\\-of\\-war [USS Saratoga](/wiki/USS_Saratoga_%281842%29 \"USS Saratoga (1842)\") to intervene with help from two steamers.", "The American ships under [Commander](/wiki/Commander_%28United_States%29 \"Commander (United States)\") [Thomas Turner](/wiki/Thomas_Turner_%28naval_officer%29 \"Thomas Turner (naval officer)\") approached and fired warning shots, the Mexicans obviously fired back as the American fleet had no jurisdiction within Mexican waters. Despite the fact of being outnumbered by the American fleet, the Mexican vessels engaged in battle resulting in a bloody encounter [Battle of Anton Lizardo](/wiki/Battle_of_Anton_Lizardo \"Battle of Anton Lizardo\") and the capture of the conservative ships and over thirty casualties on both sides. The battle played an important role in ending the Reform War with a liberal victory and the signatory of the secret MacLane\\-Ocampo Treaty where Juarez and the radical liberals agreed on further cessions of Mexican territory to the U.S., as well as a couple of transit concessions through the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and from Tamaulipas across Mexico to the Gulf of California in perpetuity to the U.S. that eventually was rejected by the American congress, as it was determined that the inclusion of these states into the American federation could strengthen the southern confederate states.", "Due to the American intervention, the conservatives under General Miramon failed to take Veracruz from the liberals for a second time, which a few years later led Mexico to a French intervention.", "" ]
Professional wrestling career ----------------------------- ### WWC In 1984 Víctor Quiñones bought a quarter interest in the World Wrestling Council from Gorilla Monsoon. He Worked as booker, agent and referee. In July 1988 when [Bruiser Brody](/wiki/Bruiser_Brody "Bruiser Brody") was stabbed in Puerto Rico, Quiñones had to call a radio station, to broadcast that they needed an ambulance urgently and a local ambulance driver heard the call over the radio at a local restaurant and made his way to the scene. ### Japan Quiñones was primarily a manager for [The Headhunters](/wiki/The_Headhunters_%28professional_wrestling%29 "The Headhunters (professional wrestling)") and [Mr. Pogo](/wiki/Mr._Pogo "Mr. Pogo"), but was affiliated with [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk "Terry Funk"), [Mike Awesome](/wiki/Mike_Awesome "Mike Awesome"), [Hisakatsu Oya](/wiki/Hisakatsu_Oya "Hisakatsu Oya") and [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley "Mick Foley") in the stable Funk Masters of Wrestling on [Frontier Martial\-Arts Wrestling](/wiki/Frontier_Martial-Arts_Wrestling "Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling") (FMW) from 1996 to 1997\. He also became official manager for [Taka Michinoku](/wiki/Taka_Michinoku "Taka Michinoku") for one time only, when he assisted him to fought his own mentor [The Great Sasuke](/wiki/The_Great_Sasuke "The Great Sasuke") on 4th Anniversary of [Michinoku Pro](/wiki/Michinoku_Pro "Michinoku Pro") after Taka won [WWF Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_Light_Heavyweight_Championship "WWF Light Heavyweight Championship") from [Brian Christopher](/wiki/Brian_Christopher "Brian Christopher") at [D\-Generation X: In Your House](/wiki/D-Generation_X:In_Your_House "In Your House") in 1997\. Quiñones was one of the prominent managers of the pioneering [hardcore wrestling](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling "Hardcore wrestling") [promotion](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion "Professional wrestling promotion") [Frontier Martial\-Arts Wrestling](/wiki/Frontier_Martial-Arts_Wrestling "Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling"), and also was the picador of Shocker \& founder and owner of two hardcore wrestling promotions in Japan; [Wrestling International New Generations](/wiki/W%2AING "WING") (W\ING) and [International Wrestling Association of Japan](/wiki/International_Wrestling_Association_of_Japan "International Wrestling Association of Japan") (IWA Japan). Quiñones retained strong connections with many professional wrestling federations outside Puerto Rico, and was known for his extraordinary booking/promoting faculty. He was a very rich person and took very good care of wrestlers. Japanese wrestler [Taka Michinoku](/wiki/Taka_Michinoku "Taka Michinoku") was heavily helped by Quiñones when he had been to outside Japan. Thanks to Quiñones, he could wrestle in [ECW](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling "Extreme Championship Wrestling"), [WWF](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment "World Wrestling Entertainment") (USA), [AAA](/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n "Asistencia Asesoría y Administración") (Mexico), IWA (Puerto Rico), FMW (Japan), and he has stated that without Quiñones' help, he wouldn't be able to start [Kaientai Dojo](/wiki/Kaientai_Dojo "Kaientai Dojo") and that Quiñones was like a father to him.[An article of Taka Michinoku's official blog](http://blog.livedoor.jp/takam69/archives/50419133.html){{in lang\\|ja}} [Kintaro Kanemura](/wiki/Kintaro_Kanemura "Kintaro Kanemura") reminisced about Quiñones as "If I didn't meet him, maybe I would die in the middle of America" (when he first arrived in North America, he had only ¢20\).[An article of Kanemura's official blog](http://blog.livedoor.jp/kanemura_kintaro/archives/50475307.html){{in lang\\|ja}} [Mitsunobu Kikuzawa](/wiki/Mitsunobu_Kikuzawa "Mitsunobu Kikuzawa") described Quiñones as the No.1 promoter in the world.[An article of Kikuzawa's official blog](http://ebessan.livedoor.biz/archives/50188079.html){{Dead link\\|date\=April 2019 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{in lang\\|ja}}{{dead link\\|date\=March 2017}} [Tajiri](/wiki/Yoshihiro_Tajiri "Yoshihiro Tajiri") has referred to Quiñones as his biggest mentor in wrestling.[Tajiri's official blog article November 24, 2010](http://www.japanesebuzzsaw.com/archives/3503) {{in lang\\|ja}} ### WWF He was hired by the [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation "World Wrestling Federation") to be the president of WWF Latino. He produce a WWF Spanish brand named Los Super Astros that aired from 1998 to 1999 in [Univision](/wiki/Univision "Univision"). The show was hosted by [Carlos Cabrera](/wiki/Carlos_Cabrera "Carlos Cabrera") and [Hugo Savinovich](/wiki/Hugo_Savinovich "Hugo Savinovich"). Backstage interviews were handled by Maria Felipe. The storylines were created within the program only with Mexican luchadores such as [El Hijo del Santo](/wiki/El_Hijo_del_Santo "El Hijo del Santo") and [Negro Casas](/wiki/Negro_Casas "Negro Casas") that competed in [Asistencia Asesoría y Administración](/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n "Asistencia Asesoría y Administración") (AAA) and Puerto Rican wrestlers such as [Miguel Pérez Jr.](/wiki/Miguel_P%C3%A9rez_Jr. "Miguel Pérez Jr."), [Jesús Castillo Jr.](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Castillo_Jr. "Jesús Castillo Jr.") and [José Estrada Jr.](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Estrada_Jr. "José Estrada Jr."). Also [Savio Vega](/wiki/Savio_Vega "Savio Vega") and some other talents went from the main roster to make appearances at Super Astros. The last Super Astros taping aired on June 6, 1999\. ### IWA Puerto Rico The [International Wrestling Association](/wiki/International_Wrestling_Association_%28Puerto_Rico%29 "International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)") tried to launch in 1994 with some TV tapings but was unsuccessful. By the end of 1999, Victor Quiñones, alongside Savio Vega and Miguel Pérez, formed the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico. Quiñones with his contact with the World Wrestling Federation, became a base for WWF house shows for some time. It featured superstars like [The Rock](/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson "Dwayne Johnson"), [Kane](/wiki/Kane_%28wrestler%29 "Kane (wrestler)"), [Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho "Chris Jericho"), [Edge](/wiki/Edge_%28wrestler%29 "Edge (wrestler)"), [Kurt Angle](/wiki/Kurt_Angle "Kurt Angle") and [The Undertaker](/wiki/The_Undertaker "The Undertaker"), among others. The WWF also send developmental talent to IWA Puerto Rico to train and gain experience. By 2002 the WWF finish the working agreement, IWA had developed a roster of home grown talent like [Chicano](/wiki/Carlos_Cotto "Carlos Cotto"), [Ricky Banderas](/wiki/Ricky_Banderas "Ricky Banderas"), [El León Apolo](/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Figueroa "Germán Figueroa") with a booking team of [Dutch Mantel](/wiki/Dutch_Mantel "Dutch Mantel"), [Luke Williams](/wiki/Bushwhacker_Luke "Bushwhacker Luke") and [Hector “Moody” Melendez](/wiki/Jack_Mel%C3%A9ndez "Jack Meléndez"). He promoted IWA Puerto Rico until his death in 2006\. The company was keep in business until 2011 with Savio Vega and Miguel Pérez Jr promoting. On October 24, 2018, IWA Puerto Rico was relaunched by Savio Vega. IWA Puerto Rico is regarded as Víctor Quiñones legacy in professional wrestling in Puerto Rico.	[ "Professional wrestling career\n-----------------------------", "### WWC", "In 1984 Víctor Quiñones bought a quarter interest in the World Wrestling Council from Gorilla Monsoon. He Worked as booker, agent and referee.", "In July 1988 when [Bruiser Brody](/wiki/Bruiser_Brody \"Bruiser Brody\") was stabbed in Puerto Rico, Quiñones had to call a radio station, to broadcast that they needed an ambulance urgently and a local ambulance driver heard the call over the radio at a local restaurant and made his way to the scene.", "### Japan", "Quiñones was primarily a manager for [The Headhunters](/wiki/The_Headhunters_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"The Headhunters (professional wrestling)\") and [Mr. Pogo](/wiki/Mr._Pogo \"Mr. Pogo\"), but was affiliated with [Terry Funk](/wiki/Terry_Funk \"Terry Funk\"), [Mike Awesome](/wiki/Mike_Awesome \"Mike Awesome\"), [Hisakatsu Oya](/wiki/Hisakatsu_Oya \"Hisakatsu Oya\") and [Cactus Jack](/wiki/Mick_Foley \"Mick Foley\") in the stable Funk Masters of Wrestling on [Frontier Martial\\-Arts Wrestling](/wiki/Frontier_Martial-Arts_Wrestling \"Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling\") (FMW) from 1996 to 1997\\. He also became official manager for [Taka Michinoku](/wiki/Taka_Michinoku \"Taka Michinoku\") for one time only, when he assisted him to fought his own mentor [The Great Sasuke](/wiki/The_Great_Sasuke \"The Great Sasuke\") on 4th Anniversary of [Michinoku Pro](/wiki/Michinoku_Pro \"Michinoku Pro\") after Taka won [WWF Light Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/WWF_Light_Heavyweight_Championship \"WWF Light Heavyweight Championship\") from [Brian Christopher](/wiki/Brian_Christopher \"Brian Christopher\") at [D\\-Generation X: In Your House](/wiki/D-Generation_X:In_Your_House \"In Your House\") in 1997\\.", "Quiñones was one of the prominent managers of the pioneering [hardcore wrestling](/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling \"Hardcore wrestling\") [promotion](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion \"Professional wrestling promotion\") [Frontier Martial\\-Arts Wrestling](/wiki/Frontier_Martial-Arts_Wrestling \"Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling\"), and also was the picador of Shocker \\& founder and owner of two hardcore wrestling promotions in Japan; [Wrestling International New Generations](/wiki/W%2AING \"WING\") (W\\ING) and [International Wrestling Association of Japan](/wiki/International_Wrestling_Association_of_Japan \"International Wrestling Association of Japan\") (IWA Japan).", "Quiñones retained strong connections with many professional wrestling federations outside Puerto Rico, and was known for his extraordinary booking/promoting faculty. He was a very rich person and took very good care of wrestlers. Japanese wrestler [Taka Michinoku](/wiki/Taka_Michinoku \"Taka Michinoku\") was heavily helped by Quiñones when he had been to outside Japan. Thanks to Quiñones, he could wrestle in [ECW](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\"), [WWF](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment \"World Wrestling Entertainment\") (USA), [AAA](/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n \"Asistencia Asesoría y Administración\") (Mexico), IWA (Puerto Rico), FMW (Japan), and he has stated that without Quiñones' help, he wouldn't be able to start [Kaientai Dojo](/wiki/Kaientai_Dojo \"Kaientai Dojo\") and that Quiñones was like a father to him.[An article of Taka Michinoku's official blog](http://blog.livedoor.jp/takam69/archives/50419133.html){{in lang\\\|ja}} [Kintaro Kanemura](/wiki/Kintaro_Kanemura \"Kintaro Kanemura\") reminisced about Quiñones as \"If I didn't meet him, maybe I would die in the middle of America\" (when he first arrived in North America, he had only ¢20\\).[An article of Kanemura's official blog](http://blog.livedoor.jp/kanemura_kintaro/archives/50475307.html){{in lang\\\|ja}} [Mitsunobu Kikuzawa](/wiki/Mitsunobu_Kikuzawa \"Mitsunobu Kikuzawa\") described Quiñones as the No.1 promoter in the world.[An article of Kikuzawa's official blog](http://ebessan.livedoor.biz/archives/50188079.html){{Dead link\\\|date\\=April 2019 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{in lang\\\|ja}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=March 2017}} [Tajiri](/wiki/Yoshihiro_Tajiri \"Yoshihiro Tajiri\") has referred to Quiñones as his biggest mentor in wrestling.[Tajiri's official blog article November 24, 2010](http://www.japanesebuzzsaw.com/archives/3503) {{in lang\\\|ja}}", "### WWF", "He was hired by the [World Wrestling Federation](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation \"World Wrestling Federation\") to be the president of WWF Latino. He produce a WWF Spanish brand named Los Super Astros that aired from 1998 to 1999 in [Univision](/wiki/Univision \"Univision\"). The show was hosted by [Carlos Cabrera](/wiki/Carlos_Cabrera \"Carlos Cabrera\") and [Hugo Savinovich](/wiki/Hugo_Savinovich \"Hugo Savinovich\"). Backstage interviews were handled by Maria Felipe. The storylines were created within the program only with Mexican luchadores such as [El Hijo del Santo](/wiki/El_Hijo_del_Santo \"El Hijo del Santo\") and [Negro Casas](/wiki/Negro_Casas \"Negro Casas\") that competed in [Asistencia Asesoría y Administración](/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n \"Asistencia Asesoría y Administración\") (AAA) and Puerto Rican wrestlers such as [Miguel Pérez Jr.](/wiki/Miguel_P%C3%A9rez_Jr. \"Miguel Pérez Jr.\"), [Jesús Castillo Jr.](/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Castillo_Jr. \"Jesús Castillo Jr.\") and [José Estrada Jr.](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Estrada_Jr. \"José Estrada Jr.\"). Also [Savio Vega](/wiki/Savio_Vega \"Savio Vega\") and some other talents went from the main roster to make appearances at Super Astros.", "The last Super Astros taping aired on June 6, 1999\\.", "### IWA Puerto Rico", "The [International Wrestling Association](/wiki/International_Wrestling_Association_%28Puerto_Rico%29 \"International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)\") tried to launch in 1994 with some TV tapings but was unsuccessful. By the end of 1999, Victor Quiñones, alongside Savio Vega and Miguel Pérez, formed the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico. Quiñones with his contact with the World Wrestling Federation, became a base for WWF house shows for some time. It featured superstars like [The Rock](/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson \"Dwayne Johnson\"), [Kane](/wiki/Kane_%28wrestler%29 \"Kane (wrestler)\"), [Chris Jericho](/wiki/Chris_Jericho \"Chris Jericho\"), [Edge](/wiki/Edge_%28wrestler%29 \"Edge (wrestler)\"), [Kurt Angle](/wiki/Kurt_Angle \"Kurt Angle\") and [The Undertaker](/wiki/The_Undertaker \"The Undertaker\"), among others. The WWF also send developmental talent to IWA Puerto Rico to train and gain experience.", "By 2002 the WWF finish the working agreement, IWA had developed a roster of home grown talent like [Chicano](/wiki/Carlos_Cotto \"Carlos Cotto\"), [Ricky Banderas](/wiki/Ricky_Banderas \"Ricky Banderas\"), [El León Apolo](/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Figueroa \"Germán Figueroa\") with a booking team of [Dutch Mantel](/wiki/Dutch_Mantel \"Dutch Mantel\"), [Luke Williams](/wiki/Bushwhacker_Luke \"Bushwhacker Luke\") and [Hector “Moody” Melendez](/wiki/Jack_Mel%C3%A9ndez \"Jack Meléndez\"). He promoted IWA Puerto Rico until his death in 2006\\. The company was keep in business until 2011 with Savio Vega and Miguel Pérez Jr promoting. On October 24, 2018, IWA Puerto Rico was relaunched by Savio Vega. IWA Puerto Rico is regarded as Víctor Quiñones legacy in professional wrestling in Puerto Rico.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Montreal and Cleveland Huntington spent 16 seasons in professional baseball prior to joining the Pirates. He became assistant director of player development with the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos "Montreal Expos") in 1995\. He later moved to the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians "Cleveland Indians"), by whom he was employed for 10 seasons, serving first as the assistant director of [Minor League](/wiki/Minor_League "Minor League") operations before becoming director of player development (in 1998\), assistant general manager (2002–2004\), and finally special assistant to the general manager (2006–2007\).{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/execdb/showperson.php?idx\=HuntiNe01\&fname\=Neal\&lname\=Huntington\\|website\=Baseballamerica.com\\|title\=Executive Database\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} ### Pittsburgh ### 2007 Within two weeks of assuming the Pirates GM position, Huntington made several decisive moves on October 5, 2007: field manager [Jim Tracy](/wiki/Jim_Tracy_%28baseball%29 "Jim Tracy (baseball)") was fired; the remaining coaching staff was given notice that their contracts would likely not be renewed; and the senior director of player development, the scouting director, and the director of baseball operations were also let go.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\=3050460\.\\|title \= Dwayne Bravo\-led attack does the job, Super Kings return to No. \\|website\=\[\[ESPN]]\\|date \= 24 September 2021}}{{Cite web\\|url\=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20071005\&content\_id\=2251628\&vkey\=news\_pit\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=pit\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193847/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20071005\&content\_id\=2251628\&vkey\=news\_pit\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=pit\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=October 13, 2007\\|website\=Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com\\|title\=Pirates cut ties with manager Tracy\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} On November 2, 2007, Huntington made clear that he was going to utilize some [sabermetric](/wiki/Sabermetric "Sabermetric") techniques of player evaluation: > We are going to utilize several objective measures of player performance to evaluate and develop players. We'll rely on the more traditional objective evaluations: OPS (on\-base percentage plus slugging percentage), WHIP (walks and hits per inning pitched), Runs Created, ERC (Component ERA), GB/FB (ground ball to fly ball ratio), K/9 (strikeouts per nine innings), K/BB (strikeouts to walks ratio), BB%, etc., but we'll also look to rely on some of the more recent variations: VORP ([value over replacement player](/wiki/Value_over_replacement_player "Value over replacement player")), Relative Performance, EqAve ([equivalent average](/wiki/Equivalent_average "Equivalent average")), EqOBP (equivalent on\-base percentage), EqSLG (equivalent slugging percentage), BIP% ([balls put into play percentage](/wiki/Batting_average_on_balls_in_play "Batting average on balls in play")), [wOBA](/wiki/WOBA "WOBA") (weighted on base average), Range Factor, PMR (probabilistic model of range) and Zone Rating.As if to back up this emphasis, in mid\-April 2008 the Pirates hired [sabermetrician](/wiki/Sabermetrics "Sabermetrics") Dan Fox, who as a writer for [The Hardball Times](/wiki/The_Hardball_Times "The Hardball Times") and [Baseball Prospectus](/wiki/Baseball_Prospectus "Baseball Prospectus") had earned a reputation for his careful analyses of team defense, baserunning, and pitching. Fox took on the role of Director of Baseball Systems Development. > That said, we will continue to stress the importance of our subjective evaluations. Succinctly stated, we believe that a combination of quality objective and subjective analysis will allow us to maximize our probability of success and to make the best possible decisions.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20071101\&content\_id\=2290860\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=mlb\\|website\=Mlb.mlb.com\\|title\=Q\&A with Neal Huntington\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} A few days later, on November 5, he named [John Russell](/wiki/John_Russell_%28catcher%29 "John Russell (catcher)") as the new field manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. On November 7 he announced Greg Smith as the new scouting director, Kyle Stark as director of player development, and Bryan Minniti as director of baseball operations.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20071107\&content\_id\=2294983\&vkey\=news\_pit\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=pit\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110171903/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20071107\&content\_id\=2294983\&vkey\=news\_pit\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=pit\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=November 10, 2007\\|website\=Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com\\|title\=Huntington fills out front\-office staff\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} The new management team did not move quickly to make personnel changes at the player level, however. One month before the opening of Spring training in 2008, all but seven of the players on their 40\-man roster had been in the Pirates organization in 2007\. Three major factors appear to have led to this situation. First, Huntington felt that so many players had not performed up to their potential in 2007 that the Pirates were likely to win more games in 2008 if the same players only improved on their 2007 performances. Second, the marketability of many of these players had been hampered in the off\-season because of their 2007 performance, and Huntington did not want to trade players at a price that was lower than what he considered their true value. Third, although Huntington did seek an immediate improvement of the team's competitiveness, he did not want to give up players who could contribute to the team's performance over the next three or four years simply to achieve a one\-year increase in wins.[John Perrotto](/wiki/John_Perrotto "John Perrotto"), "Every Given Sunday: Reconstruction in Slow Motion", [BaseballProspectus.com](http://baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=7064), January 20, 2008\. ### 2008 During his first season, Huntington made two major trades leading up to the July 31 trade deadline. The first deal sent [Xavier Nady](/wiki/Xavier_Nady "Xavier Nady") and [Dámaso Marte](/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Marte "Dámaso Marte") to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") in exchange for minor leaguers [José Tábata](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_T%C3%A1bata "José Tábata"), [Jeff Karstens](/wiki/Jeff_Karstens "Jeff Karstens"), [Ross Ohlendorf](/wiki/Ross_Ohlendorf "Ross Ohlendorf"), and [Dan McCutchen](/wiki/Dan_McCutchen "Dan McCutchen"). In the second deal, Huntington shipped [Jason Bay](/wiki/Jason_Bay "Jason Bay") to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") in exchange for [Brandon Moss](/wiki/Brandon_Moss "Brandon Moss"), [Andy LaRoche](/wiki/Andy_LaRoche "Andy LaRoche"), [Craig Hansen](/wiki/Craig_Hansen "Craig Hansen"), and minor leaguer [Bryan Morris](/wiki/Bryan_Morris "Bryan Morris"). ### 2009 Huntington continued the rebuilding during the 2009 season by trading star outfielder [Nate McLouth](/wiki/Nate_McLouth "Nate McLouth") to the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") on June 3 for outfielder [Gorkys Hernández](/wiki/Gorkys_Hern%C3%A1ndez "Gorkys Hernández") and pitchers [Jeff Locke](/wiki/Jeff_Locke_%28baseball%29 "Jeff Locke (baseball)") and [Charlie Morton](/wiki/Charlie_Morton_%28pitcher%29 "Charlie Morton (pitcher)"). Another big trade came on June 30, when Huntington acquired outfielder [Lastings Milledge](/wiki/Lastings_Milledge "Lastings Milledge") and pitcher [Joel Hanrahan](/wiki/Joel_Hanrahan "Joel Hanrahan") from the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals "Washington Nationals") in exchange for outfielder [Nyjer Morgan](/wiki/Nyjer_Morgan "Nyjer Morgan") and pitcher [Sean Burnett](/wiki/Sean_Burnett "Sean Burnett"). Huntington made yet another move on July 22 by trading starting first baseman [Adam LaRoche](/wiki/Adam_LaRoche "Adam LaRoche") to the Red Sox for minor leaguers [Argenis Diaz](/wiki/Argenis_Diaz "Argenis Diaz") and [Hunter Strickland](/wiki/Hunter_Strickland "Hunter Strickland"). On July 29, Huntington swung a seven\-player deal with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") that sent shortstop [Jack Wilson](/wiki/Jack_Wilson_%28shortstop%29 "Jack Wilson (shortstop)"), the Pirates' most tenured player, and pitcher [Ian Snell](/wiki/Ian_Snell "Ian Snell") to the Mariners for first baseman [Jeff Clement](/wiki/Jeff_Clement "Jeff Clement"), shortstop [Ronny Cedeño](/wiki/Ronny_Cede%C3%B1o "Ronny Cedeño") and three minor league pitching prospects. Later that day, Huntington sent all\-star second baseman [Freddy Sanchez](/wiki/Freddy_Sanchez "Freddy Sanchez") to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") for highly regarded pitching prospect [Tim Alderson](/wiki/Tim_Alderson "Tim Alderson"). After the season ended, Huntington acquired second baseman [Akinori Iwamura](/wiki/Akinori_Iwamura "Akinori Iwamura") from the Tampa Bay Rays in exchange for pitcher [Jesse Chavez](/wiki/Jesse_Chavez "Jesse Chavez"). ### 2010 The 2010 season saw [Pedro Alvarez](/wiki/Pedro_Alvarez_%28baseball%29 "Pedro Alvarez (baseball)"), the club's top prospect and Huntington's 2008 first round draft pick, make his MLB debut, along with the emergence of other young talents, including [José Tábata](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_T%C3%A1bata "José Tábata"), [Neil Walker](/wiki/Neil_Walker_%28baseball%29 "Neil Walker (baseball)"), and [Evan Meek](/wiki/Evan_Meek "Evan Meek"). On July 31, Huntington continued to reshape the Pirates roster by acquiring catcher [Chris Snyder](/wiki/Chris_Snyder "Chris Snyder") and shortstop prospect [Pedro Ciriaco](/wiki/Pedro_Ciriaco "Pedro Ciriaco") from the Diamondbacks in exchange for back\-up veterans [Ryan Church](/wiki/Ryan_Church "Ryan Church"), [Bobby Crosby](/wiki/Bobby_Crosby "Bobby Crosby"), and reliever [D. J. Carrasco](/wiki/D._J._Carrasco "D. J. Carrasco"). Even more young players were added to the Pirates system, also on July 31, when Huntington shipped veteran reliever [Javier López](/wiki/Javier_L%C3%B3pez_%28baseball%29 "Javier López (baseball)") to the Giants for outfielder [John Bowker](/wiki/John_Bowker_%28baseball%29 "John Bowker (baseball)") and pitcher [Joe Martinez](/wiki/Joe_Martinez_%28baseball%29 "Joe Martinez (baseball)"), and closer [Octavio Dotel](/wiki/Octavio_Dotel "Octavio Dotel") to Dodgers for pitcher [James McDonald](/wiki/James_McDonald_%28baseball%29 "James McDonald (baseball)") and outfielder [Andrew Lambo](/wiki/Andrew_Lambo "Andrew Lambo"). Following the 105\-loss season, Huntington hired [Clint Hurdle](/wiki/Clint_Hurdle "Clint Hurdle") as the new field manager of the Pirates. ### 2011 Although the Pirates finished below .500 for another consecutive year, the team started the season strong and was in first place in the National League Central by the All\-Star break. This was the first time the Pirates had finished above .500 at the All\-Star Break since 1992\. Much of the success was attributed to good starting pitching performances by Huntington acquirees [Jeff Karstens](/wiki/Jeff_Karstens "Jeff Karstens"), [Charlie Morton](/wiki/Charlie_Morton_%28baseball%29 "Charlie Morton (baseball)"), [James McDonald](/wiki/James_McDonald_%28baseball%29 "James McDonald (baseball)"), and the newly signed [Kevin Correia](/wiki/Kevin_Correia "Kevin Correia"). In the bullpen, [Joel Hanrahan](/wiki/Joel_Hanrahan "Joel Hanrahan") established himself as one of the top closers in the game. Though the offense struggled for most of the year, [Andrew McCutchen](/wiki/Andrew_McCutchen "Andrew McCutchen") emerged as one of the game's most exciting and promising young hitters, as well as the Pirates' best hitter. In July, Correia, Hanrahan, and McCutchen were all selected to play for the National League in the 2011 All Star Game. On June 8, the Pirates drafted UCLA pitcher [Gerrit Cole](/wiki/Gerrit_Cole "Gerrit Cole") with the first overall pick in [2011 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2011 Major League Baseball draft"). On July 26, the Pirates suffered a heart breaking 19\-inning loss {{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\_/gameId/310726115\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520072907/https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\_/gameId/310726115\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=May 20, 2021\\|title\=Pirates vs. Braves \- Game Recap \- July 26, 2011 \- ESPN\\|website\=ESPN.com\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} against the Atlanta Braves, ending on a controversial call where home plate umpire Jerry Meals called runner [Julio Lugo](/wiki/Julio_Lugo "Julio Lugo") safe at home, although the replay showed that catcher [Michael McKenry](/wiki/Michael_McKenry "Michael McKenry") had clearly tagged him out. Meals admitted that the call may have been incorrect after watching the replay again. This loss appeared to be a turning point in the season, as the Pirates lost 15 of their next 18 games from July 27 to August 14, and at one point, lost 10 games in a row. The Pirates finished the season in 4th Place in the National League Central, with a record of 72–90\. In August, the team acquired veteran journeyman [Jason Grilli](/wiki/Jason_Grilli "Jason Grilli") from the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies"). Grilli made a quick impression, pitching well in high leverage situations and earned manager Clint Hurdle's trust, prompting him to become the team's setup man next year. ### 2012 The Pirates were more aggressive in the offseason, signing veterans [Rod Barajas](/wiki/Rod_Barajas "Rod Barajas"), [Clint Barmes](/wiki/Clint_Barmes "Clint Barmes"), and [Érik Bédard](/wiki/%C3%89rik_B%C3%A9dard "Érik Bédard"). On February 18, the Pirates acquired starting pitcher [A. J. Burnett](/wiki/A._J._Burnett "A. J. Burnett") from the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees "New York Yankees") for two minor leaguers. The Pirates started the 2012 season strong, led by a starting rotation which ranked as one of the best in the majors through the first half of the season. James McDonald had an All Star caliber start to the season, holding a 9–3 record with an e.r.a. of 2\.37 at the All Star Break in July. On the offense, [Andrew McCutchen](/wiki/Andrew_McCutchen "Andrew McCutchen") continued his solid hitting as the \#3 hitter, driving in 96 runs, and slugging .553 with an on\-base percentage of .400\. Following a disappointing 2011 campaign, third baseman [Pedro Álvarez](/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvarez_%28baseball%29 "Pedro Álvarez (baseball)") had a breakout season, hitting 30 home runs and had a slugging percentage of .467 in his first full season in the major leagues. The Pirates made a slew of moves at the 2012 trade deadline. They traded former prospect Brad Lincoln to the Toronto Blue Jays for outfielder [Travis Snider](/wiki/Travis_Snider "Travis Snider"). On the same day, the Pirates acquired struggling first baseman [Gaby Sánchez](/wiki/Gaby_S%C3%A1nchez "Gaby Sánchez") from the Miami Marlins for outfielder Gorkys Hernández and a compensatory 1st round pick in the 2013 MLB draft. On July 31, the Pirates acquired pitcher [Wandy Rodríguez](/wiki/Wandy_Rodr%C3%ADguez "Wandy Rodríguez") from the Houston Astros for prospects pitcher Rudy Owens, outfielder Robby Grossman, and pitcher Colton Cain. The Pirates lost 37 of their final 54 games, finishing with a 79–83 record and a record 20th consecutive losing season. first half of 2012, [James McDonald](/wiki/James_McDonald_%28baseball%29 "James McDonald (baseball)") struggled with his command, going 3–5 with an era of 7\.08 in 12 second half starts. He was eventually moved to the bullpen and replaced in the rotation by prospects [Jeff Locke](/wiki/Jeff_Locke_%28baseball%29 "Jeff Locke (baseball)") and [Kyle McPherson](/wiki/Kyle_McPherson "Kyle McPherson"). The 2012 Pirates garnered the dubious distinction of being the first professional baseball team to finish a season with a record below .500 despite being 16 games over .500 through {{frac\\|2\\|3}} of the MLB season. Andrew McCutchen finished in third place in the voting for the NL's Most Valuable Player Award and won his first Gold Glove and Silver Slugger Awards.[https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leagues/NL/2012\-other\-leaders.shtml](https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/2012-other-leaders.shtml). {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126131230/http://www.baseball\-reference.com/leagues/NL/2012\-other\-leaders.shtml \\|date\=2017\-01\-26 }} ### 2013 With a record of 337–474 and no winning seasons or playoff appearances, Neal Huntington entered his 5th season as Pirates general manager determined to be aggressive in free agency and hopefully, to add players and veteran leadership that would stave off another Pittsburgh Pirates playoff collapse in 2013\. In the offseason, the team agreed with veteran catcher [Russell Martin](/wiki/Russell_Martin_%28baseball%29 "Russell Martin (baseball)") on a two\-year, $17 million deal. Martin, while providing decent offensive numbers, was considered to be a major defensive upgrade over the previous year's platoon of [Rod Barajas](/wiki/Rod_Barajas "Rod Barajas") and [Michael McKenry](/wiki/Michael_McKenry "Michael McKenry"). In 2012, Barajas and McKenry had combined to throw out 19 of 173 baserunners, for a [caught stealing percentage](/wiki/Caught_stealing_percentage "Caught stealing percentage") of 11%, while Russell Martin held a career caught stealing percentage of 30\.25% entering the 2013 season. On December 26, the Pirates traded established closer [Joel Hanrahan](/wiki/Joel_Hanrahan "Joel Hanrahan") and infielder [Brock Holt](/wiki/Brock_Holt "Brock Holt") to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") for reliever [Mark Melancon](/wiki/Mark_Melancon "Mark Melancon"), and prospects Jerry Sands, Ivan Dejesus, and Stolmy Pimentel. With this move, the Pirates resigned setup man [Jason Grilli](/wiki/Jason_Grilli "Jason Grilli") to a two\-year deal worth $4\.5 million, to become the new Pirates closer. Melancon, who was under\-valued after a miserable injury\-riddled 2012 season, replaced Grilli as the Pirates setup man. On February 8, the Pirates finalized a two\-year, $12\.75 deal with starting pitcher [Francisco Liriano](/wiki/Francisco_Liriano "Francisco Liriano").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/02/pirates\-to\-sign\-francisco\-liriano.html\\|title \= Pirates Sign Francisco Liriano\\|website\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\| date\=8 February 2013 }} The deal had been delayed two months because Liriano had broken his non\-throwing arm in December 2012, and had refused to take a physical. On September 9, 2013, the Pirates won their 82nd game to clinch their first winning season since 1992\. They finished the season 94–68, securing the 1st wild card spot in the National League. ### 2014 Huntington received a 3\-year contract extension on Saturday April 5, 2014 which will keep him through the 2017 season.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.sportsmedia101\.com/pittsburghpirates/2014/04/05/pittsburgh\-pirates\-extend\-general\-manager\-neal\-huntington\-and\-manager\-clint\-hurdle/\\|title\=Pittsburgh Pirates Extend General Manager Neal Huntington and Manager Clint Hurdle\\|website\=Sportsmedia101\.com\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} The Pirates finished the season 88–74 and for the 2nd year in a row, securing the 1st wild card spot ### 2015 The Pirates finished the season 98–64 and were again the first Wild Card team. However, they lost the wild card game for the second year in a row. ### 2016 The Pirates finished below the .500 mark in 2016 at 78–83 and subsequently missed the playoffs for the first time since 2012\. ### 2017 The Pirates failed to reach the playoffs for the second consecutive year. However, the Pirates gave him a four\-year contract extension. ### 2018 Before the 2018 season, Huntington traded [Gerrit Cole](/wiki/Gerrit_Cole "Gerrit Cole") to the Houston Astros for four players.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/22085338/pittsburgh\-pirates\-trade\-rhp\-gerrit\-cole\-houston\-astros\\|title \= Astros land Pirates RHP Cole in 5\-player deal\\|website\=Espn.com\\|date \= 13 January 2018}} This trade was widely viewed at the time as a negative for the Pirates,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the\-gerrit\-cole\-trade\-has\-a\-perception\-problem/\\|title\=The Gerrit Cole Trade Has a Perception Problem\\|website\=Blogs.fangraphs.com\\|date\=17 January 2018\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} and has only looked worse as Cole emerged as one of the best pitchers in baseball. In the two seasons since the trade, Gerrit Cole accumulated 12\.1 [Wins Above Replacement](/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement "Wins Above Replacement"), while the players the Pirates received have combined for 2\.9 WAR{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/27774413/wish\-were\-here\-non\-playoff\-teams\-most\-ex\-players\-making\-noise\-october\\|title\=Wish you were (Still) here! Non\-playoff teams with the most ex\-players making noise this October\\|website\=Espn.com\\|date\=8 October 2019}} During the season, the Pirates made a major trade with the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays "Tampa Bay Rays"), giving up [Tyler Glasnow](/wiki/Tyler_Glasnow "Tyler Glasnow"), [Austin Meadows](/wiki/Austin_Meadows "Austin Meadows"), and [Shane Baz](/wiki/Shane_Baz "Shane Baz") for veteran pitcher [Chris Archer](/wiki/Chris_Archer "Chris Archer"). At the time this was viewed as a relatively even trade,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the\-pirates\-made\-the\-deadlines\-biggest\-move/\\|title\=The Pirates Made the Deadline's Biggest Move\\|website\=Blogs.fangraphs.com\\|date\=31 July 2018\\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} but since then the Pirates are widely seen as having lost the trade, including it being called a "fleecing".{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.theringer.com/mlb/2019/7/31/20748255/chris\-archer\-trade\-one\-year\-later\-austin\-meadows\-tyler\-glasnow\-mlb\-trade\-deadline\\|title \= What We Learned from the Colossally Lopsided Chris Archer Trade\\|website\=Theringer.com\\|date \= 31 July 2019}} By one measure having given up 5 times as much value as the Rays, and the players the Pirates gave up have combined for 6\.4 WAR compared to Archer's 0\.7 WAR. David Schoenfield, a columnist for [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), wrote "Those two epic trade failures have crushed the Pirates' immediate future." The Pirates finished the season with a winning record at 82–79; however, they finished fourth in the [National League Central](/wiki/National_League_Central "National League Central") and 7\.5 games behind the last [wild card](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_wild_card "Major League Baseball wild card") spot. ### 2019 Despite making win\-now moves like the trade for Archer and [Keone Kela](/wiki/Keone_Kela "Keone Kela") the summer before, the Pirates had a quiet offseason in 2019, spending only $7 million on major league free agents.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/03/offseason\-in\-review\-pittsburgh\-pirates\-10\.html\\|title \= Offseason in Review: Pittsburgh Pirates\\|website\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\| date\=12 March 2019 }} The Pirates were nonetheless expected to be contenders in a tight National League Central Division. After jumping out to a 12–6 start, the Pirates spent much of the first half of the season around .500, but went into the All\-Star break only 2\.5 games out of first place.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/boxes/?year\=2019\&month\=07\&day\=07\\|title \= MLB Scores, Standings, Box Scores for Sunday, July 07, 2019\\|website\=Baseball\-reference.com}} Despite an underwhelming rotation, the team's offense was powered by a breakout season from [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28baseball%2C_born_1992%29 "Josh Bell (baseball, born 1992)") and impressive play from [Bryan Reynolds](/wiki/Bryan_Reynolds_%28baseball%29 "Bryan Reynolds (baseball)"), who was acquired by Huntington in the McCutchen trade of 2018\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.post\-gazette.com/sports/pirates/2018/01/15/andrew\-mccutchen\-trade\-giants\-pirates\-mlb\-rumors\-offseason/stories/201801150124\\|title \= Pirates trade Andrew McCutchen to San Francisco Giants\\|website\=Post\-gazette.com}} The Pirates fell apart in the second half of the season, going 25–48\. In addition to their on\-field struggles, the team suffered from problems off the field as well, including brawls,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/27303252/reds\-pirates\-brawl\-results\-40\-games\-bans\\|title \= Reds\-Pirates brawl results in 40 games of bans\\|website\=Espn.com\\|date \= August 2019}} fights between players in the clubhouse,{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/09/pirates\-kyle\-crick\-injured\-in\-fight\-with\-felipe\-vazquez.html\\|title\=Pirates' Kyle Crick Injured In Fight With Felipe Vazquez\\|website\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\|date\=11 September 2019 \\|access\-date\=22 November 2021}} and the arrest of closer [Felipe Vazquez](/wiki/Felipe_Vazquez "Felipe Vazquez").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/09/felipe\-vazquez\-arrested\-charged\-in\-florida.html\\|title \= Felipe Vazquez Arrested \& Charged in Florida\\|website\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\| date\=18 September 2019 }} The Pirates finished with a 69–93 record, the team's worst since 2010\. Clint Hurdle was fired before the final game of the season, and Huntington initially led efforts to find his replacement. Huntington was relieved of his duties on October 28, a few days after [Travis Williams](/wiki/Travis_Williams_%28sports_executive%29 "Travis Williams (sports executive)") had been named the new team president. ### Second Stint in Cleveland ### 2022 After several years out of baseball, on March 14, 2022 the [Cleveland Guardians](/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians "Cleveland Guardians") hired Huntington as a special assistant of baseball projects.	[ "Career\n------", "### Montreal and Cleveland", "Huntington spent 16 seasons in professional baseball prior to joining the Pirates. He became assistant director of player development with the [Montreal Expos](/wiki/Montreal_Expos \"Montreal Expos\") in 1995\\. He later moved to the [Cleveland Indians](/wiki/Cleveland_Indians \"Cleveland Indians\"), by whom he was employed for 10 seasons, serving first as the assistant director of [Minor League](/wiki/Minor_League \"Minor League\") operations before becoming director of player development (in 1998\\), assistant general manager (2002–2004\\), and finally special assistant to the general manager (2006–2007\\).{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/execdb/showperson.php?idx\\=HuntiNe01\\&fname\\=Neal\\&lname\\=Huntington\\\|website\\=Baseballamerica.com\\\|title\\=Executive Database\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}}", "### Pittsburgh", "### 2007", "Within two weeks of assuming the Pirates GM position, Huntington made several decisive moves on October 5, 2007: field manager [Jim Tracy](/wiki/Jim_Tracy_%28baseball%29 \"Jim Tracy (baseball)\") was fired; the remaining coaching staff was given notice that their contracts would likely not be renewed; and the senior director of player development, the scouting director, and the director of baseball operations were also let go.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id\\=3050460\\.\\\|title \\= Dwayne Bravo\\-led attack does the job, Super Kings return to No. \\\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\\|date \\= 24 September 2021}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20071005\\&content\\_id\\=2251628\\&vkey\\=news\\_pit\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=pit\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193847/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20071005\\&content\\_id\\=2251628\\&vkey\\=news\\_pit\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=pit\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 13, 2007\\\|website\\=Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com\\\|title\\=Pirates cut ties with manager Tracy\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}}", "On November 2, 2007, Huntington made clear that he was going to utilize some [sabermetric](/wiki/Sabermetric \"Sabermetric\") techniques of player evaluation:", "", "> We are going to utilize several objective measures of player performance to evaluate and develop players. We'll rely on the more traditional objective evaluations: OPS (on\\-base percentage plus slugging percentage), WHIP (walks and hits per inning pitched), Runs Created, ERC (Component ERA), GB/FB (ground ball to fly ball ratio), K/9 (strikeouts per nine innings), K/BB (strikeouts to walks ratio), BB%, etc., but we'll also look to rely on some of the more recent variations: VORP ([value over replacement player](/wiki/Value_over_replacement_player \"Value over replacement player\")), Relative Performance, EqAve ([equivalent average](/wiki/Equivalent_average \"Equivalent average\")), EqOBP (equivalent on\\-base percentage), EqSLG (equivalent slugging percentage), BIP% ([balls put into play percentage](/wiki/Batting_average_on_balls_in_play \"Batting average on balls in play\")), [wOBA](/wiki/WOBA \"WOBA\") (weighted on base average), Range Factor, PMR (probabilistic model of range) and Zone Rating.As if to back up this emphasis, in mid\\-April 2008 the Pirates hired [sabermetrician](/wiki/Sabermetrics \"Sabermetrics\") Dan Fox, who as a writer for [The Hardball Times](/wiki/The_Hardball_Times \"The Hardball Times\") and [Baseball Prospectus](/wiki/Baseball_Prospectus \"Baseball Prospectus\") had earned a reputation for his careful analyses of team defense, baserunning, and pitching. Fox took on the role of Director of Baseball Systems Development.", "", "> That said, we will continue to stress the importance of our subjective evaluations. Succinctly stated, we believe that a combination of quality objective and subjective analysis will allow us to maximize our probability of success and to make the best possible decisions.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20071101\\&content\\_id\\=2290860\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=mlb\\\|website\\=Mlb.mlb.com\\\|title\\=Q\\&A with Neal Huntington\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}}", "A few days later, on November 5, he named [John Russell](/wiki/John_Russell_%28catcher%29 \"John Russell (catcher)\") as the new field manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. On November 7 he announced Greg Smith as the new scouting director, Kyle Stark as director of player development, and Bryan Minniti as director of baseball operations.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20071107\\&content\\_id\\=2294983\\&vkey\\=news\\_pit\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=pit\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110171903/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20071107\\&content\\_id\\=2294983\\&vkey\\=news\\_pit\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=pit\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2007\\\|website\\=Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com\\\|title\\=Huntington fills out front\\-office staff\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}}", "The new management team did not move quickly to make personnel changes at the player level, however. One month before the opening of Spring training in 2008, all but seven of the players on their 40\\-man roster had been in the Pirates organization in 2007\\. Three major factors appear to have led to this situation. First, Huntington felt that so many players had not performed up to their potential in 2007 that the Pirates were likely to win more games in 2008 if the same players only improved on their 2007 performances. Second, the marketability of many of these players had been hampered in the off\\-season because of their 2007 performance, and Huntington did not want to trade players at a price that was lower than what he considered their true value. Third, although Huntington did seek an immediate improvement of the team's competitiveness, he did not want to give up players who could contribute to the team's performance over the next three or four years simply to achieve a one\\-year increase in wins.[John Perrotto](/wiki/John_Perrotto \"John Perrotto\"), \"Every Given Sunday: Reconstruction in Slow Motion\", [BaseballProspectus.com](http://baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=7064), January 20, 2008\\.", "### 2008", "During his first season, Huntington made two major trades leading up to the July 31 trade deadline. The first deal sent [Xavier Nady](/wiki/Xavier_Nady \"Xavier Nady\") and [Dámaso Marte](/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Marte \"Dámaso Marte\") to the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") in exchange for minor leaguers [José Tábata](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_T%C3%A1bata \"José Tábata\"), [Jeff Karstens](/wiki/Jeff_Karstens \"Jeff Karstens\"), [Ross Ohlendorf](/wiki/Ross_Ohlendorf \"Ross Ohlendorf\"), and [Dan McCutchen](/wiki/Dan_McCutchen \"Dan McCutchen\"). In the second deal, Huntington shipped [Jason Bay](/wiki/Jason_Bay \"Jason Bay\") to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") in exchange for [Brandon Moss](/wiki/Brandon_Moss \"Brandon Moss\"), [Andy LaRoche](/wiki/Andy_LaRoche \"Andy LaRoche\"), [Craig Hansen](/wiki/Craig_Hansen \"Craig Hansen\"), and minor leaguer [Bryan Morris](/wiki/Bryan_Morris \"Bryan Morris\").", "### 2009", "Huntington continued the rebuilding during the 2009 season by trading star outfielder [Nate McLouth](/wiki/Nate_McLouth \"Nate McLouth\") to the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") on June 3 for outfielder [Gorkys Hernández](/wiki/Gorkys_Hern%C3%A1ndez \"Gorkys Hernández\") and pitchers [Jeff Locke](/wiki/Jeff_Locke_%28baseball%29 \"Jeff Locke (baseball)\") and [Charlie Morton](/wiki/Charlie_Morton_%28pitcher%29 \"Charlie Morton (pitcher)\"). Another big trade came on June 30, when Huntington acquired outfielder [Lastings Milledge](/wiki/Lastings_Milledge \"Lastings Milledge\") and pitcher [Joel Hanrahan](/wiki/Joel_Hanrahan \"Joel Hanrahan\") from the [Washington Nationals](/wiki/Washington_Nationals \"Washington Nationals\") in exchange for outfielder [Nyjer Morgan](/wiki/Nyjer_Morgan \"Nyjer Morgan\") and pitcher [Sean Burnett](/wiki/Sean_Burnett \"Sean Burnett\"). Huntington made yet another move on July 22 by trading starting first baseman [Adam LaRoche](/wiki/Adam_LaRoche \"Adam LaRoche\") to the Red Sox for minor leaguers [Argenis Diaz](/wiki/Argenis_Diaz \"Argenis Diaz\") and [Hunter Strickland](/wiki/Hunter_Strickland \"Hunter Strickland\"). On July 29, Huntington swung a seven\\-player deal with the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") that sent shortstop [Jack Wilson](/wiki/Jack_Wilson_%28shortstop%29 \"Jack Wilson (shortstop)\"), the Pirates' most tenured player, and pitcher [Ian Snell](/wiki/Ian_Snell \"Ian Snell\") to the Mariners for first baseman [Jeff Clement](/wiki/Jeff_Clement \"Jeff Clement\"), shortstop [Ronny Cedeño](/wiki/Ronny_Cede%C3%B1o \"Ronny Cedeño\") and three minor league pitching prospects. Later that day, Huntington sent all\\-star second baseman [Freddy Sanchez](/wiki/Freddy_Sanchez \"Freddy Sanchez\") to the [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") for highly regarded pitching prospect [Tim Alderson](/wiki/Tim_Alderson \"Tim Alderson\"). After the season ended, Huntington acquired second baseman [Akinori Iwamura](/wiki/Akinori_Iwamura \"Akinori Iwamura\") from the Tampa Bay Rays in exchange for pitcher [Jesse Chavez](/wiki/Jesse_Chavez \"Jesse Chavez\").", "### 2010", "The 2010 season saw [Pedro Alvarez](/wiki/Pedro_Alvarez_%28baseball%29 \"Pedro Alvarez (baseball)\"), the club's top prospect and Huntington's 2008 first round draft pick, make his MLB debut, along with the emergence of other young talents, including [José Tábata](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_T%C3%A1bata \"José Tábata\"), [Neil Walker](/wiki/Neil_Walker_%28baseball%29 \"Neil Walker (baseball)\"), and [Evan Meek](/wiki/Evan_Meek \"Evan Meek\"). On July 31, Huntington continued to reshape the Pirates roster by acquiring catcher [Chris Snyder](/wiki/Chris_Snyder \"Chris Snyder\") and shortstop prospect [Pedro Ciriaco](/wiki/Pedro_Ciriaco \"Pedro Ciriaco\") from the Diamondbacks in exchange for back\\-up veterans [Ryan Church](/wiki/Ryan_Church \"Ryan Church\"), [Bobby Crosby](/wiki/Bobby_Crosby \"Bobby Crosby\"), and reliever [D. J. Carrasco](/wiki/D._J._Carrasco \"D. J. Carrasco\"). Even more young players were added to the Pirates system, also on July 31, when Huntington shipped veteran reliever [Javier López](/wiki/Javier_L%C3%B3pez_%28baseball%29 \"Javier López (baseball)\") to the Giants for outfielder [John Bowker](/wiki/John_Bowker_%28baseball%29 \"John Bowker (baseball)\") and pitcher [Joe Martinez](/wiki/Joe_Martinez_%28baseball%29 \"Joe Martinez (baseball)\"), and closer [Octavio Dotel](/wiki/Octavio_Dotel \"Octavio Dotel\") to Dodgers for pitcher [James McDonald](/wiki/James_McDonald_%28baseball%29 \"James McDonald (baseball)\") and outfielder [Andrew Lambo](/wiki/Andrew_Lambo \"Andrew Lambo\"). Following the 105\\-loss season, Huntington hired [Clint Hurdle](/wiki/Clint_Hurdle \"Clint Hurdle\") as the new field manager of the Pirates.", "### 2011", "Although the Pirates finished below .500 for another consecutive year, the team started the season strong and was in first place in the National League Central by the All\\-Star break. This was the first time the Pirates had finished above .500 at the All\\-Star Break since 1992\\. Much of the success was attributed to good starting pitching performances by Huntington acquirees [Jeff Karstens](/wiki/Jeff_Karstens \"Jeff Karstens\"), [Charlie Morton](/wiki/Charlie_Morton_%28baseball%29 \"Charlie Morton (baseball)\"), [James McDonald](/wiki/James_McDonald_%28baseball%29 \"James McDonald (baseball)\"), and the newly signed [Kevin Correia](/wiki/Kevin_Correia \"Kevin Correia\"). In the bullpen, [Joel Hanrahan](/wiki/Joel_Hanrahan \"Joel Hanrahan\") established himself as one of the top closers in the game. Though the offense struggled for most of the year, [Andrew McCutchen](/wiki/Andrew_McCutchen \"Andrew McCutchen\") emerged as one of the game's most exciting and promising young hitters, as well as the Pirates' best hitter. In July, Correia, Hanrahan, and McCutchen were all selected to play for the National League in the 2011 All Star Game. On June 8, the Pirates drafted UCLA pitcher [Gerrit Cole](/wiki/Gerrit_Cole \"Gerrit Cole\") with the first overall pick in [2011 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2011 Major League Baseball draft\").", "On July 26, the Pirates suffered a heart breaking 19\\-inning loss {{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\\_/gameId/310726115\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520072907/https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap/\\_/gameId/310726115\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=May 20, 2021\\\|title\\=Pirates vs. Braves \\- Game Recap \\- July 26, 2011 \\- ESPN\\\|website\\=ESPN.com\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}} against the Atlanta Braves, ending on a controversial call where home plate umpire Jerry Meals called runner [Julio Lugo](/wiki/Julio_Lugo \"Julio Lugo\") safe at home, although the replay showed that catcher [Michael McKenry](/wiki/Michael_McKenry \"Michael McKenry\") had clearly tagged him out. Meals admitted that the call may have been incorrect after watching the replay again. This loss appeared to be a turning point in the season, as the Pirates lost 15 of their next 18 games from July 27 to August 14, and at one point, lost 10 games in a row. The Pirates finished the season in 4th Place in the National League Central, with a record of 72–90\\.", "In August, the team acquired veteran journeyman [Jason Grilli](/wiki/Jason_Grilli \"Jason Grilli\") from the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\"). Grilli made a quick impression, pitching well in high leverage situations and earned manager Clint Hurdle's trust, prompting him to become the team's setup man next year.", "### 2012", "The Pirates were more aggressive in the offseason, signing veterans [Rod Barajas](/wiki/Rod_Barajas \"Rod Barajas\"), [Clint Barmes](/wiki/Clint_Barmes \"Clint Barmes\"), and [Érik Bédard](/wiki/%C3%89rik_B%C3%A9dard \"Érik Bédard\"). On February 18, the Pirates acquired starting pitcher [A. J. Burnett](/wiki/A._J._Burnett \"A. J. Burnett\") from the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") for two minor leaguers. The Pirates started the 2012 season strong, led by a starting rotation which ranked as one of the best in the majors through the first half of the season. James McDonald had an All Star caliber start to the season, holding a 9–3 record with an e.r.a. of 2\\.37 at the All Star Break in July. On the offense, [Andrew McCutchen](/wiki/Andrew_McCutchen \"Andrew McCutchen\") continued his solid hitting as the \\#3 hitter, driving in 96 runs, and slugging .553 with an on\\-base percentage of .400\\. Following a disappointing 2011 campaign, third baseman [Pedro Álvarez](/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvarez_%28baseball%29 \"Pedro Álvarez (baseball)\") had a breakout season, hitting 30 home runs and had a slugging percentage of .467 in his first full season in the major leagues.", "The Pirates made a slew of moves at the 2012 trade deadline. They traded former prospect Brad Lincoln to the Toronto Blue Jays for outfielder [Travis Snider](/wiki/Travis_Snider \"Travis Snider\"). On the same day, the Pirates acquired struggling first baseman [Gaby Sánchez](/wiki/Gaby_S%C3%A1nchez \"Gaby Sánchez\") from the Miami Marlins for outfielder Gorkys Hernández and a compensatory 1st round pick in the 2013 MLB draft. On July 31, the Pirates acquired pitcher [Wandy Rodríguez](/wiki/Wandy_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"Wandy Rodríguez\") from the Houston Astros for prospects pitcher Rudy Owens, outfielder Robby Grossman, and pitcher Colton Cain.", "The Pirates lost 37 of their final 54 games, finishing with a 79–83 record and a record 20th consecutive losing season. first half of 2012, [James McDonald](/wiki/James_McDonald_%28baseball%29 \"James McDonald (baseball)\") struggled with his command, going 3–5 with an era of 7\\.08 in 12 second half starts. He was eventually moved to the bullpen and replaced in the rotation by prospects [Jeff Locke](/wiki/Jeff_Locke_%28baseball%29 \"Jeff Locke (baseball)\") and [Kyle McPherson](/wiki/Kyle_McPherson \"Kyle McPherson\").", "The 2012 Pirates garnered the dubious distinction of being the first professional baseball team to finish a season with a record below .500 despite being 16 games over .500 through {{frac\\\|2\\\|3}} of the MLB season. Andrew McCutchen finished in third place in the voting for the NL's Most Valuable Player Award and won his first Gold Glove and Silver Slugger Awards.[https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leagues/NL/2012\\-other\\-leaders.shtml](https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/2012-other-leaders.shtml). {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126131230/http://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leagues/NL/2012\\-other\\-leaders.shtml \\\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-26 }}", "### 2013", "With a record of 337–474 and no winning seasons or playoff appearances, Neal Huntington entered his 5th season as Pirates general manager determined to be aggressive in free agency and hopefully, to add players and veteran leadership that would stave off another Pittsburgh Pirates playoff collapse in 2013\\. In the offseason, the team agreed with veteran catcher [Russell Martin](/wiki/Russell_Martin_%28baseball%29 \"Russell Martin (baseball)\") on a two\\-year, $17 million deal. Martin, while providing decent offensive numbers, was considered to be a major defensive upgrade over the previous year's platoon of [Rod Barajas](/wiki/Rod_Barajas \"Rod Barajas\") and [Michael McKenry](/wiki/Michael_McKenry \"Michael McKenry\"). In 2012, Barajas and McKenry had combined to throw out 19 of 173 baserunners, for a [caught stealing percentage](/wiki/Caught_stealing_percentage \"Caught stealing percentage\") of 11%, while Russell Martin held a career caught stealing percentage of 30\\.25% entering the 2013 season. On December 26, the Pirates traded established closer [Joel Hanrahan](/wiki/Joel_Hanrahan \"Joel Hanrahan\") and infielder [Brock Holt](/wiki/Brock_Holt \"Brock Holt\") to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") for reliever [Mark Melancon](/wiki/Mark_Melancon \"Mark Melancon\"), and prospects Jerry Sands, Ivan Dejesus, and Stolmy Pimentel. With this move, the Pirates resigned setup man [Jason Grilli](/wiki/Jason_Grilli \"Jason Grilli\") to a two\\-year deal worth $4\\.5 million, to become the new Pirates closer. Melancon, who was under\\-valued after a miserable injury\\-riddled 2012 season, replaced Grilli as the Pirates setup man. On February 8, the Pirates finalized a two\\-year, $12\\.75 deal with starting pitcher [Francisco Liriano](/wiki/Francisco_Liriano \"Francisco Liriano\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/02/pirates\\-to\\-sign\\-francisco\\-liriano.html\\\|title \\= Pirates Sign Francisco Liriano\\\|website\\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\\| date\\=8 February 2013 }} The deal had been delayed two months because Liriano had broken his non\\-throwing arm in December 2012, and had refused to take a physical.", "On September 9, 2013, the Pirates won their 82nd game to clinch their first winning season since 1992\\. They finished the season 94–68, securing the 1st wild card spot in the National League.", "### 2014", "Huntington received a 3\\-year contract extension on Saturday April 5, 2014 which will keep him through the 2017 season.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.sportsmedia101\\.com/pittsburghpirates/2014/04/05/pittsburgh\\-pirates\\-extend\\-general\\-manager\\-neal\\-huntington\\-and\\-manager\\-clint\\-hurdle/\\\|title\\=Pittsburgh Pirates Extend General Manager Neal Huntington and Manager Clint Hurdle\\\|website\\=Sportsmedia101\\.com\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}}", "The Pirates finished the season 88–74 and for the 2nd year in a row, securing the 1st wild card spot", "### 2015", "The Pirates finished the season 98–64 and were again the first Wild Card team. However, they lost the wild card game for the second year in a row.", "### 2016", "The Pirates finished below the .500 mark in 2016 at 78–83 and subsequently missed the playoffs for the first time since 2012\\.", "### 2017", "The Pirates failed to reach the playoffs for the second consecutive year. However, the Pirates gave him a four\\-year contract extension.", "### 2018", "Before the 2018 season, Huntington traded [Gerrit Cole](/wiki/Gerrit_Cole \"Gerrit Cole\") to the Houston Astros for four players.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/22085338/pittsburgh\\-pirates\\-trade\\-rhp\\-gerrit\\-cole\\-houston\\-astros\\\|title \\= Astros land Pirates RHP Cole in 5\\-player deal\\\|website\\=Espn.com\\\|date \\= 13 January 2018}} This trade was widely viewed at the time as a negative for the Pirates,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the\\-gerrit\\-cole\\-trade\\-has\\-a\\-perception\\-problem/\\\|title\\=The Gerrit Cole Trade Has a Perception Problem\\\|website\\=Blogs.fangraphs.com\\\|date\\=17 January 2018\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}} and has only looked worse as Cole emerged as one of the best pitchers in baseball. In the two seasons since the trade, Gerrit Cole accumulated 12\\.1 [Wins Above Replacement](/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement \"Wins Above Replacement\"), while the players the Pirates received have combined for 2\\.9 WAR{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/27774413/wish\\-were\\-here\\-non\\-playoff\\-teams\\-most\\-ex\\-players\\-making\\-noise\\-october\\\|title\\=Wish you were (Still) here! Non\\-playoff teams with the most ex\\-players making noise this October\\\|website\\=Espn.com\\\|date\\=8 October 2019}} During the season, the Pirates made a major trade with the [Tampa Bay Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays \"Tampa Bay Rays\"), giving up [Tyler Glasnow](/wiki/Tyler_Glasnow \"Tyler Glasnow\"), [Austin Meadows](/wiki/Austin_Meadows \"Austin Meadows\"), and [Shane Baz](/wiki/Shane_Baz \"Shane Baz\") for veteran pitcher [Chris Archer](/wiki/Chris_Archer \"Chris Archer\"). At the time this was viewed as a relatively even trade,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the\\-pirates\\-made\\-the\\-deadlines\\-biggest\\-move/\\\|title\\=The Pirates Made the Deadline's Biggest Move\\\|website\\=Blogs.fangraphs.com\\\|date\\=31 July 2018\\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}} but since then the Pirates are widely seen as having lost the trade, including it being called a \"fleecing\".{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.theringer.com/mlb/2019/7/31/20748255/chris\\-archer\\-trade\\-one\\-year\\-later\\-austin\\-meadows\\-tyler\\-glasnow\\-mlb\\-trade\\-deadline\\\|title \\= What We Learned from the Colossally Lopsided Chris Archer Trade\\\|website\\=Theringer.com\\\|date \\= 31 July 2019}} By one measure having given up 5 times as much value as the Rays, and the players the Pirates gave up have combined for 6\\.4 WAR compared to Archer's 0\\.7 WAR. David Schoenfield, a columnist for [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), wrote \"Those two epic trade failures have crushed the Pirates' immediate future.\"", "The Pirates finished the season with a winning record at 82–79; however, they finished fourth in the [National League Central](/wiki/National_League_Central \"National League Central\") and 7\\.5 games behind the last [wild card](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_wild_card \"Major League Baseball wild card\") spot.", "### 2019", "Despite making win\\-now moves like the trade for Archer and [Keone Kela](/wiki/Keone_Kela \"Keone Kela\") the summer before, the Pirates had a quiet offseason in 2019, spending only $7 million on major league free agents.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/03/offseason\\-in\\-review\\-pittsburgh\\-pirates\\-10\\.html\\\|title \\= Offseason in Review: Pittsburgh Pirates\\\|website\\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\\| date\\=12 March 2019 }} The Pirates were nonetheless expected to be contenders in a tight National League Central Division. After jumping out to a 12–6 start, the Pirates spent much of the first half of the season around .500, but went into the All\\-Star break only 2\\.5 games out of first place.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/boxes/?year\\=2019\\&month\\=07\\&day\\=07\\\|title \\= MLB Scores, Standings, Box Scores for Sunday, July 07, 2019\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-reference.com}} Despite an underwhelming rotation, the team's offense was powered by a breakout season from [Josh Bell](/wiki/Josh_Bell_%28baseball%2C_born_1992%29 \"Josh Bell (baseball, born 1992)\") and impressive play from [Bryan Reynolds](/wiki/Bryan_Reynolds_%28baseball%29 \"Bryan Reynolds (baseball)\"), who was acquired by Huntington in the McCutchen trade of 2018\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.post\\-gazette.com/sports/pirates/2018/01/15/andrew\\-mccutchen\\-trade\\-giants\\-pirates\\-mlb\\-rumors\\-offseason/stories/201801150124\\\|title \\= Pirates trade Andrew McCutchen to San Francisco Giants\\\|website\\=Post\\-gazette.com}}", "The Pirates fell apart in the second half of the season, going 25–48\\. In addition to their on\\-field struggles, the team suffered from problems off the field as well, including brawls,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/27303252/reds\\-pirates\\-brawl\\-results\\-40\\-games\\-bans\\\|title \\= Reds\\-Pirates brawl results in 40 games of bans\\\|website\\=Espn.com\\\|date \\= August 2019}} fights between players in the clubhouse,{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/09/pirates\\-kyle\\-crick\\-injured\\-in\\-fight\\-with\\-felipe\\-vazquez.html\\\|title\\=Pirates' Kyle Crick Injured In Fight With Felipe Vazquez\\\|website\\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\\|date\\=11 September 2019 \\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2021}} and the arrest of closer [Felipe Vazquez](/wiki/Felipe_Vazquez \"Felipe Vazquez\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/09/felipe\\-vazquez\\-arrested\\-charged\\-in\\-florida.html\\\|title \\= Felipe Vazquez Arrested \\& Charged in Florida\\\|website\\=Mlbtraderumors.com\\\| date\\=18 September 2019 }} The Pirates finished with a 69–93 record, the team's worst since 2010\\. Clint Hurdle was fired before the final game of the season, and Huntington initially led efforts to find his replacement. Huntington was relieved of his duties on October 28, a few days after [Travis Williams](/wiki/Travis_Williams_%28sports_executive%29 \"Travis Williams (sports executive)\") had been named the new team president.", "### Second Stint in Cleveland", "### 2022", "After several years out of baseball, on March 14, 2022 the [Cleveland Guardians](/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians \"Cleveland Guardians\") hired Huntington as a special assistant of baseball projects.", "" ]
Biography --------- Alexios was born to a noble family with roots dating back to the [Paleologos](/wiki/Paleologos "Paleologos") Dynasty. His father Georgios was a scientist and publisher, and his elder brother Eustaphios was a physician. For 26 years he lived in [Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete") in the [Arkadi Monastery](/wiki/Arkadi_Monastery "Arkadi Monastery"), which was then under [Venetian](/wiki/Venice "Venice") rule, and received there his education. Alexios knew well [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy"), [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek "Ancient Greek"), [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"), [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language"), [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") and [Italian language](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language"). In 1631, Alexios was consecrated as [metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop "Metropolitan bishop") of [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki"); he was under patronage of Patriarch [Cyril Lucaris](/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris "Cyril Lucaris"). In early 1634, a third opposition against Lucaris regarding the publication of Eastern Confession of the Christian faith in March 1629 was formed in [Fanari](/wiki/Fener "Fener"), as the document had [Calvinist](/wiki/Calvinism "Calvinism") theological lines. In February 1634, Athanasius became [Patriarch of Constantinople](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople "Patriarch of Constantinople") and was [enthroned](/wiki/Enthronement "Enthronement") on 25 March. After several days he was dethroned by Cyril Lucaris, who returned from prison. Athanasius then escaped to the [Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos "Mount Athos"), where he built the [skete](/wiki/Skete "Skete") (where in 1849 the Russian St. Andrew skete was founded), which kept the icon Consolation in Sorrow and Grief (В скорбех и печалех Утешение). After his second deposition in 1635, Athanasius went to [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), staying in [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona "Ancona") and [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"). Peter Rietbergen relates, "Landing in Ancona, he was received by the famous Orientalist scholar Father [Orazio Giustiniani](/wiki/Orazio_Giustiniani "Orazio Giustiniani"). After having reached Rome, he swore fealty to the pope. Consequently, he was given support in manpower and money before returning to Istanbul."Peter Rietbergen, [Power and Religion in Baroque Rome: Barberini Cultural Policies](https://books.google.com/books?id=z8p1ec3tIZkC) (Brill, 2006\), p. 400\. He "declared \[himself] for Rome", says [Steven Runciman](/wiki/Steven_Runciman "Steven Runciman")."The career of Cyril Lucaris showed that there was a powerful party within the hierarchy which was prepared to accept Roman supremacy. Cyril’s opponents, the Patriarchs Gregory IV, Cyril II and Athanasius III, all declared themselves for Rome." (Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, 4\. The Church and the Churches. Constantinople and Rome.)See also Eugenia Kermeli, "[Kyrillos Loukaris’ Legacy: Reformation as a catalyst in the 17th century Ottoman Society](https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12219)", in The Muslim World, Volume 107, Issue 4 (p. 737–753\). "Finally [Kyrillos Kontaris of Verroia](/wiki/Cyril_II_of_Constantinople "Cyril II of Constantinople") educated in the Jesuit school of Constantinople and Athanasios Patelaros metropolitan of Salonica and Patriarch for a month in 1634, both signed the catholic symbol of faith." (footnote 83\) The [Pope of Rome](/wiki/Pope_of_Rome "Pope of Rome") advised Athanasius to become [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29 "Cardinal (Catholicism)") and accept the [Credo](/wiki/Credo "Credo") with the [Filioque](/wiki/Filioque "Filioque"), but the saint declined.{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2022}} In 1637, Athanasius was called to Constantinople. On 26 June 1638, after Lucaris was strangled by the request of [Murad IV](/wiki/Murad_IV "Murad IV"), Athanasius became a pretender to the patriarchate. [Parthenius of Constantinople](/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Constantinople "Parthenius I of Constantinople"), Patriarch from 1639 to 1644, required Athanasius to renounce from the patriarchate and return to the Thessaloniki cathedra. Because of the [metropolis](/wiki/Metropolis_%28religious_jurisdiction%29 "Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)")' taxes, Athanasius was imprisoned twice, and asked the Russian Tsar [Michael I](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia "Michael I of Russia") for charity. In 1643, he moved to [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Tsardom "Russian Tsardom"), but on the way there became ill and stayed in [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia"), by the [hospodar](/wiki/Hospodar "Hospodar") Vasile Lupu. In [Galați](/wiki/Gala%C5%A3i "Galaţi") he founded the St. Nicholas Monastery as a [metochion](/wiki/Metochion "Metochion") of the [St. Catherine's Monastery](/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Monastery "St. Catherine's Monastery") in [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula "Sinai Peninsula"). At that time he wrote the "Hymn to the Mother of God", and an [encomium](/wiki/Encomium "Encomium") to Lupu. Athanasius returned to Constantinople in 1652 and took the patriarchate for the third time. Again holding the throne for a short time, Athanasius in July 1652 voluntarily renounced from the patriarchate and ad infinitum left Constantinople. During his last patriarchate, he spoke out a sermon mentioning his dissociation with Catholicism. He again went to Moldavia visiting Lupu in [Iași](/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi "Iaşi"), then to [Chigirin](/wiki/Chyhyryn "Chyhyryn") visiting [Bohdan Khmelnytsky](/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky "Bohdan Khmelnytsky"). With the deeds of those people for the Tsar he reached [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") on 16 April 1653, and on 22 April visited Tsar [Alexey](/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia "Alexis of Russia"). There he lived at the Kirillov metochion, and made his divine service at the [Novospassky Monastery](/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery "Novospassky Monastery") and at the Saviour Cathedral by the [Terem Palace](/wiki/Terem_Palace "Terem Palace"). In July 1653 Athanasius visited the [Trinity Sergiev Monastery](/wiki/Trinity-Sergius_Lavra "Trinity-Sergius Lavra"). At the request of [Patriarch Nikon](/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon "Patriarch Nikon"), Athanasius wrote The Ordo of the Episcopal Liturgy in the East, which underlined the Muscovian edited Archieratikon of the Episcopal Service, which is used by the Russian Church to date.[M. S. Zheltov. Episcopal Liturgy](http://www.liturgica.ru/bibliot/arkh_bogosl.html) Athanasius delivered the Tsar a notebook in which he stated his main reason for his visit to Moscow; that is, to arouse the Tsar unite with Moldavia and the [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate "Cossack Hetmanate") for a future war with the Turks, after which the Tsar should become the new Roman Emperor, and the Moscow Patriarch – the new Ecumenical Patriarch. Athanasius is known as a trader of indulgences, which he sold in large quantities in Ukraine and Russia.[Гидулянов, Павел Васильевич](/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Гидулянов, Павел Васильевич"). / [Загробная жизнь, как предмет спекуляции, или индульгенции в римско\-католической и греко\-православной церкви / П. В. Гидулянов. \- М. ; Рязань : Атеист, 1930\. \- 176 с. / С. 163, 172](http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/36762-gidulyanov-p-v-zagrobnaya-zhizn-kak-predmet-spekulyatsii-ili-indulgentsii-v-rimsko-katolicheskoy-i-greko-pravoslavnoy-tserkvi-m-ryazan-1930#mode/inspect/page/82/zoom/8) By December 1653, Athanasius moved to Moldavia for the Nicholas Monastery in Galați. En route, he made a visit to Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In February 1654, he stayed at the Mhar Monastery near Lubensk and died on 5 April on Thomas' Week. He was buried by the [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen "Hegumen") of the Transfiguration monastery, his body was in a sitting position on the throne under the [ambon](/wiki/Ambon_%28liturgy%29 "Ambon (liturgy)").	[ "Biography\n---------", "Alexios was born to a noble family with roots dating back to the [Paleologos](/wiki/Paleologos \"Paleologos\") Dynasty. His father Georgios was a scientist and publisher, and his elder brother Eustaphios was a physician. For 26 years he lived in [Crete](/wiki/Crete \"Crete\") in the [Arkadi Monastery](/wiki/Arkadi_Monastery \"Arkadi Monastery\"), which was then under [Venetian](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") rule, and received there his education. Alexios knew well [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\"), [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\"), [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\"), [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\"), [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") and [Italian language](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\").", "In 1631, Alexios was consecrated as [metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") of [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\"); he was under patronage of Patriarch [Cyril Lucaris](/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris \"Cyril Lucaris\"). In early 1634, a third opposition against Lucaris regarding the publication of Eastern Confession of the Christian faith in March 1629 was formed in [Fanari](/wiki/Fener \"Fener\"), as the document had [Calvinist](/wiki/Calvinism \"Calvinism\") theological lines. In February 1634, Athanasius became [Patriarch of Constantinople](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople \"Patriarch of Constantinople\") and was [enthroned](/wiki/Enthronement \"Enthronement\") on 25 March.", "After several days he was dethroned by Cyril Lucaris, who returned from prison. Athanasius then escaped to the [Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos \"Mount Athos\"), where he built the [skete](/wiki/Skete \"Skete\") (where in 1849 the Russian St. Andrew skete was founded), which kept the icon Consolation in Sorrow and Grief (В скорбех и печалех Утешение).", "After his second deposition in 1635, Athanasius went to [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), staying in [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona \"Ancona\") and [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"). Peter Rietbergen relates, \"Landing in Ancona, he was received by the famous Orientalist scholar Father [Orazio Giustiniani](/wiki/Orazio_Giustiniani \"Orazio Giustiniani\"). After having reached Rome, he swore fealty to the pope. Consequently, he was given support in manpower and money before returning to Istanbul.\"Peter Rietbergen, [Power and Religion in Baroque Rome: Barberini Cultural Policies](https://books.google.com/books?id=z8p1ec3tIZkC) (Brill, 2006\\), p. 400\\. He \"declared \\[himself] for Rome\", says [Steven Runciman](/wiki/Steven_Runciman \"Steven Runciman\").\"The career of Cyril Lucaris showed that there was a powerful party within the hierarchy which was prepared to accept Roman supremacy. Cyril’s opponents, the Patriarchs Gregory IV, Cyril II and Athanasius III, all declared themselves for Rome.\" (Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, 4\\. The Church and the Churches. Constantinople and Rome.)See also Eugenia Kermeli, \"[Kyrillos Loukaris’ Legacy: Reformation as a catalyst in the 17th century Ottoman Society](https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12219)\", in The Muslim World, Volume 107, Issue 4 (p. 737–753\\). \"Finally [Kyrillos Kontaris of Verroia](/wiki/Cyril_II_of_Constantinople \"Cyril II of Constantinople\") educated in the Jesuit school of Constantinople and Athanasios Patelaros metropolitan of Salonica and Patriarch for a month in 1634, both signed the catholic symbol of faith.\" (footnote 83\\) The [Pope of Rome](/wiki/Pope_of_Rome \"Pope of Rome\") advised Athanasius to become [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29 \"Cardinal (Catholicism)\") and accept the [Credo](/wiki/Credo \"Credo\") with the [Filioque](/wiki/Filioque \"Filioque\"), but the saint declined.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2022}}", "In 1637, Athanasius was called to Constantinople. On 26 June 1638, after Lucaris was strangled by the request of [Murad IV](/wiki/Murad_IV \"Murad IV\"), Athanasius became a pretender to the patriarchate. [Parthenius of Constantinople](/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Constantinople \"Parthenius I of Constantinople\"), Patriarch from 1639 to 1644, required Athanasius to renounce from the patriarchate and return to the Thessaloniki cathedra. Because of the [metropolis](/wiki/Metropolis_%28religious_jurisdiction%29 \"Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)\")' taxes, Athanasius was imprisoned twice, and asked the Russian Tsar [Michael I](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia \"Michael I of Russia\") for charity.", "In 1643, he moved to [Russia](/wiki/Russian_Tsardom \"Russian Tsardom\"), but on the way there became ill and stayed in [Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia \"Moldavia\"), by the [hospodar](/wiki/Hospodar \"Hospodar\") Vasile Lupu. In [Galați](/wiki/Gala%C5%A3i \"Galaţi\") he founded the St. Nicholas Monastery as a [metochion](/wiki/Metochion \"Metochion\") of the [St. Catherine's Monastery](/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Monastery \"St. Catherine's Monastery\") in [Sinai](/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula \"Sinai Peninsula\"). At that time he wrote the \"Hymn to the Mother of God\", and an [encomium](/wiki/Encomium \"Encomium\") to Lupu.", "Athanasius returned to Constantinople in 1652 and took the patriarchate for the third time. Again holding the throne for a short time, Athanasius in July 1652 voluntarily renounced from the patriarchate and ad infinitum left Constantinople. During his last patriarchate, he spoke out a sermon mentioning his dissociation with Catholicism. He again went to Moldavia visiting Lupu in [Iași](/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi \"Iaşi\"), then to [Chigirin](/wiki/Chyhyryn \"Chyhyryn\") visiting [Bohdan Khmelnytsky](/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky \"Bohdan Khmelnytsky\"). With the deeds of those people for the Tsar he reached [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") on 16 April 1653, and on 22 April visited Tsar [Alexey](/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia \"Alexis of Russia\").", "There he lived at the Kirillov metochion, and made his divine service at the [Novospassky Monastery](/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery \"Novospassky Monastery\") and at the Saviour Cathedral by the [Terem Palace](/wiki/Terem_Palace \"Terem Palace\"). In July 1653 Athanasius visited the [Trinity Sergiev Monastery](/wiki/Trinity-Sergius_Lavra \"Trinity-Sergius Lavra\").", "At the request of [Patriarch Nikon](/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon \"Patriarch Nikon\"), Athanasius wrote The Ordo of the Episcopal Liturgy in the East, which underlined the Muscovian edited Archieratikon of the Episcopal Service, which is used by the Russian Church to date.[M. S. Zheltov. Episcopal Liturgy](http://www.liturgica.ru/bibliot/arkh_bogosl.html) Athanasius delivered the Tsar a notebook in which he stated his main reason for his visit to Moscow; that is, to arouse the Tsar unite with Moldavia and the [Cossack Hetmanate](/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate \"Cossack Hetmanate\") for a future war with the Turks, after which the Tsar should become the new Roman Emperor, and the Moscow Patriarch – the new Ecumenical Patriarch.", "Athanasius is known as a trader of indulgences, which he sold in large quantities in Ukraine and Russia.[Гидулянов, Павел Васильевич](/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 \"Гидулянов, Павел Васильевич\"). / [Загробная жизнь, как предмет спекуляции, или индульгенции в римско\\-католической и греко\\-православной церкви / П. В. Гидулянов. \\- М. ; Рязань : Атеист, 1930\\. \\- 176 с. / С. 163, 172](http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/36762-gidulyanov-p-v-zagrobnaya-zhizn-kak-predmet-spekulyatsii-ili-indulgentsii-v-rimsko-katolicheskoy-i-greko-pravoslavnoy-tserkvi-m-ryazan-1930#mode/inspect/page/82/zoom/8)", "By December 1653, Athanasius moved to Moldavia for the Nicholas Monastery in Galați. En route, he made a visit to Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In February 1654, he stayed at the Mhar Monastery near Lubensk and died on 5 April on Thomas' Week. He was buried by the [hegumen](/wiki/Hegumen \"Hegumen\") of the Transfiguration monastery, his body was in a sitting position on the throne under the [ambon](/wiki/Ambon_%28liturgy%29 \"Ambon (liturgy)\").", "" ]
Description ----------- The Windsor station complex consists of a type\-3, second\-class roadside brick station building with a brick\-faced platform (both (1883\). The goods yard contains a brick\-faced platform, class 1, 5 tonne iron Philadelphia jib crane (1880s), modern steel framed, [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") sheds ({{circa\\|1990}}), and a Corrugated metal gabled gangers [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed") with timber frame ({{circa\\|1883}}). ### Station building and platform (1883\) The Windsor station building is a large face\-brick building in what is known as a type 3 second class roadside sign. It is a symmetrically organised central building with two wings attached to either side. The Down side wing is a rectangular larger building while the Up end wing is almost a square building. The central building features a [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof") and valley slate roof, two tall brick [chimneys](/wiki/Chimneys "Chimneys") with corbelled tops and round hoods, moulded and dentilated [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves"), a corrugated iron ogee style [veranda](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") along the street side of the central building, and a wide corrugated metal platform [awning](/wiki/Awning "Awning") supported on cast iron [columns](/wiki/Columns "Columns"), exposed [rafters](/wiki/Rafter "Rafter") and decorative [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 "Bracket (architecture)"). Wings feature [flat roofs](/wiki/Flat_roof "Flat roof") obscured behind low [parapets](/wiki/Parapet "Parapet") and moulded [cornices](/wiki/Cornice "Cornice"). The building's vertically proportioned fenestration is original with cement rendered [lintels](/wiki/Lintel_%28architecture%29 "Lintel (architecture)") resembling segmental stone arch appearance. The building retains much of its internal original elements including moulded plaster cornices, timber [skirtings](/wiki/Baseboard "Baseboard"), fireplace (blocked), mini orb ceiling lining in the office and timber joinery. The overall historic character of the interiors are evident despite the changes and refurbishments over time. The station building is generally in very good condition. Windsor station has a brick faced road side platform with concrete deck and asphalt finish. White aluminium palisade fencing has been erected along the station street boundary and both ends of the platform. Modern platform furniture, bins, light fittings and signage also feature along the platform. ### Goods yard The yard is a large, irregularly shaped site that is fenced and contains remnants of the 19th century Windsor station goods yard. It is an overgrown yard with patches of concrete and asphalt slabs and remnants of rail sidings and anchor points on the ground. Remnants of the former curved brick faced goods platform are evident under the overgrown vegetation and rubble. An original 1880s goods crane fixed on an octagonal concrete base is the only intact extant element of the former goods yard. It is an iron jib crane with a hook dropping from the end of a single rotating arm. The crane is a Class 1, 5 tonne hand crane, No T181\. There are three modern steel framed [sheds](/wiki/Sheds "Sheds") within the goods yard; One is a large corrugated metal sheeted and gabled shed, with two identical metal sheeted small sheds behind it. Located beyond the fenced area of the goods yard, the gangers shed is a timber\-framed gabled shed with corrugated metal wall and roof sheeting. It features timber floorboards, [timber roof trusses](/wiki/Timber_roof_truss "Timber roof truss"), timber sliding loading doors, and wire mesh covered windows. The gangers shed is in poor condition both internally and externally. Only roof sheeting appears to be new fabric and is in good condition. Notable moveable items include: * A Seth Thomas Clock (\# 1886\), working condition, in the ticket office. * Two timber L\-shaped/corner seats in the waiting room. * An enamel station name board with timber frame on the platform side of the station building. * An Ajax brand safe (\#1004\) in the SM's office. The former goods yard has high archaeological potential due to the extent of remnant rail sidings, anchor points and former goods platform dating to the first railway. The goods yard is in relatively poor condition due to overgrown vegetation and patches of rubble storage. ### Modifications and dates * 1883 – The station was rebuilt with the goods yard including the brick faced platform and Type 1 jib crane. * 15 Jan 1890 – Water [column](/wiki/Column "Column") from Mudgee re\-erected. * c.1916 – A [skillion roof](/wiki/Skillion_roof "Skillion roof") and timber clad signal box constructed behind the Up end of the platform (no longer extant). * 33 July 1939 – Platform extended. * 1943 – Alterations to station buildings and offices completed. * 1945 – Raising platform height; and providing asphalt strip and brick coping. * 28 September 1975 – Hawkesbury Dairy siding removed. * 1997 – The platform building was extensively repaired and upgraded. All platform structures other than the main brick building were removed. * 1991 – The line was electrified. * unknown date – Station Master's residence sold to private ownership (to north of Station on Brabyn Street)Forsyth, 2009	[ "Description\n-----------", "The Windsor station complex consists of a type\\-3, second\\-class roadside brick station building with a brick\\-faced platform (both (1883\\). The goods yard contains a brick\\-faced platform, class 1, 5 tonne iron Philadelphia jib crane (1880s), modern steel framed, [corrugated metal](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") sheds ({{circa\\\|1990}}), and a Corrugated metal gabled gangers [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\") with timber frame ({{circa\\\|1883}}).", "### Station building and platform (1883\\)", "The Windsor station building is a large face\\-brick building in what is known as a type 3 second class roadside sign. It is a symmetrically organised central building with two wings attached to either side. The Down side wing is a rectangular larger building while the Up end wing is almost a square building. The central building features a [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\") and valley slate roof, two tall brick [chimneys](/wiki/Chimneys \"Chimneys\") with corbelled tops and round hoods, moulded and dentilated [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\"), a corrugated iron ogee style [veranda](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") along the street side of the central building, and a wide corrugated metal platform [awning](/wiki/Awning \"Awning\") supported on cast iron [columns](/wiki/Columns \"Columns\"), exposed [rafters](/wiki/Rafter \"Rafter\") and decorative [brackets](/wiki/Bracket_%28architecture%29 \"Bracket (architecture)\"). Wings feature [flat roofs](/wiki/Flat_roof \"Flat roof\") obscured behind low [parapets](/wiki/Parapet \"Parapet\") and moulded [cornices](/wiki/Cornice \"Cornice\"). The building's vertically proportioned fenestration is original with cement rendered [lintels](/wiki/Lintel_%28architecture%29 \"Lintel (architecture)\") resembling segmental stone arch appearance.", "The building retains much of its internal original elements including moulded plaster cornices, timber [skirtings](/wiki/Baseboard \"Baseboard\"), fireplace (blocked), mini orb ceiling lining in the office and timber joinery. The overall historic character of the interiors are evident despite the changes and refurbishments over time.", "The station building is generally in very good condition.", "Windsor station has a brick faced road side platform with concrete deck and asphalt finish. White aluminium palisade fencing has been erected along the station street boundary and both ends of the platform. Modern platform furniture, bins, light fittings and signage also feature along the platform.", "### Goods yard", "The yard is a large, irregularly shaped site that is fenced and contains remnants of the 19th century Windsor station goods yard. It is an overgrown yard with patches of concrete and asphalt slabs and remnants of rail sidings and anchor points on the ground.", "Remnants of the former curved brick faced goods platform are evident under the overgrown vegetation and rubble.\nAn original 1880s goods crane fixed on an octagonal concrete base is the only intact extant element of the former goods yard. It is an iron jib crane with a hook dropping from the end of a single rotating arm. The crane is a Class 1, 5 tonne hand crane, No T181\\.", "There are three modern steel framed [sheds](/wiki/Sheds \"Sheds\") within the goods yard; One is a large corrugated metal sheeted and gabled shed, with two identical metal sheeted small sheds behind it.", "Located beyond the fenced area of the goods yard, the gangers shed is a timber\\-framed gabled shed with corrugated metal wall and roof sheeting. It features timber floorboards, [timber roof trusses](/wiki/Timber_roof_truss \"Timber roof truss\"), timber sliding loading doors, and wire mesh covered windows. The gangers shed is in poor condition both internally and externally. Only roof sheeting appears to be new fabric and is in good condition.", "Notable moveable items include:\n* A Seth Thomas Clock (\\# 1886\\), working condition, in the ticket office.\n* Two timber L\\-shaped/corner seats in the waiting room.\n* An enamel station name board with timber frame on the platform side of the station building.\n* An Ajax brand safe (\\#1004\\) in the SM's office.", "The former goods yard has high archaeological potential due to the extent of remnant rail sidings, anchor points and former goods platform dating to the first railway.", "The goods yard is in relatively poor condition due to overgrown vegetation and patches of rubble storage.", "### Modifications and dates", "* 1883 – The station was rebuilt with the goods yard including the brick faced platform and Type 1 jib crane.\n* 15 Jan 1890 – Water [column](/wiki/Column \"Column\") from Mudgee re\\-erected.\n* c.1916 – A [skillion roof](/wiki/Skillion_roof \"Skillion roof\") and timber clad signal box constructed behind the Up end of the platform (no longer extant).\n* 33 July 1939 – Platform extended.\n* 1943 – Alterations to station buildings and offices completed.\n* 1945 – Raising platform height; and providing asphalt strip and brick coping.\n* 28 September 1975 – Hawkesbury Dairy siding removed.\n* 1997 – The platform building was extensively repaired and upgraded. All platform structures other than the main brick building were removed.\n* 1991 – The line was electrified.\n* unknown date – Station Master's residence sold to private ownership (to north of Station on Brabyn Street)Forsyth, 2009" ]
### Goods yard The yard is a large, irregularly shaped site that is fenced and contains remnants of the 19th century Windsor station goods yard. It is an overgrown yard with patches of concrete and asphalt slabs and remnants of rail sidings and anchor points on the ground. Remnants of the former curved brick faced goods platform are evident under the overgrown vegetation and rubble. An original 1880s goods crane fixed on an octagonal concrete base is the only intact extant element of the former goods yard. It is an iron jib crane with a hook dropping from the end of a single rotating arm. The crane is a Class 1, 5 tonne hand crane, No T181\. There are three modern steel framed [sheds](/wiki/Sheds "Sheds") within the goods yard; One is a large corrugated metal sheeted and gabled shed, with two identical metal sheeted small sheds behind it. Located beyond the fenced area of the goods yard, the gangers shed is a timber\-framed gabled shed with corrugated metal wall and roof sheeting. It features timber floorboards, [timber roof trusses](/wiki/Timber_roof_truss "Timber roof truss"), timber sliding loading doors, and wire mesh covered windows. The gangers shed is in poor condition both internally and externally. Only roof sheeting appears to be new fabric and is in good condition. Notable moveable items include: * A Seth Thomas Clock (\# 1886\), working condition, in the ticket office. * Two timber L\-shaped/corner seats in the waiting room. * An enamel station name board with timber frame on the platform side of the station building. * An Ajax brand safe (\#1004\) in the SM's office. The former goods yard has high archaeological potential due to the extent of remnant rail sidings, anchor points and former goods platform dating to the first railway. The goods yard is in relatively poor condition due to overgrown vegetation and patches of rubble storage.	[ "### Goods yard", "The yard is a large, irregularly shaped site that is fenced and contains remnants of the 19th century Windsor station goods yard. It is an overgrown yard with patches of concrete and asphalt slabs and remnants of rail sidings and anchor points on the ground.", "Remnants of the former curved brick faced goods platform are evident under the overgrown vegetation and rubble.\nAn original 1880s goods crane fixed on an octagonal concrete base is the only intact extant element of the former goods yard. It is an iron jib crane with a hook dropping from the end of a single rotating arm. The crane is a Class 1, 5 tonne hand crane, No T181\\.", "There are three modern steel framed [sheds](/wiki/Sheds \"Sheds\") within the goods yard; One is a large corrugated metal sheeted and gabled shed, with two identical metal sheeted small sheds behind it.", "Located beyond the fenced area of the goods yard, the gangers shed is a timber\\-framed gabled shed with corrugated metal wall and roof sheeting. It features timber floorboards, [timber roof trusses](/wiki/Timber_roof_truss \"Timber roof truss\"), timber sliding loading doors, and wire mesh covered windows. The gangers shed is in poor condition both internally and externally. Only roof sheeting appears to be new fabric and is in good condition.", "Notable moveable items include:\n* A Seth Thomas Clock (\\# 1886\\), working condition, in the ticket office.\n* Two timber L\\-shaped/corner seats in the waiting room.\n* An enamel station name board with timber frame on the platform side of the station building.\n* An Ajax brand safe (\\#1004\\) in the SM's office.", "The former goods yard has high archaeological potential due to the extent of remnant rail sidings, anchor points and former goods platform dating to the first railway.", "The goods yard is in relatively poor condition due to overgrown vegetation and patches of rubble storage.", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- Windsor Railway Station is of state significance as one of the stations built during the major upgrading works along the Richmond line in the 1880s providing evidence of the prosperity, and social and economic development of the Windsor area following the arrival of the railway during the 19th Century. The 1883 station building is a fine example of a Victorian second\-class station building and is a significant landmark within the historic town centre. The goods yard is of research significance for its potential to yield information on the operational system and layout of the late 19th century goods handling through the remnants of rail sidings, brick faced platform, hand crane and anchor points. However, its integrity has been compromised due to the removal of the majority of its associated structures and its non\-operational state. Windsor railway station was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Windsor Station is historically significant as one of the stations built during the major upgrading works along Richmond line in the 1880s, maintaining physical evidence of a station layout including a goods yard dating from the early 1880s. Although buildings other than the main station building have been removed the station together with the hand crane and brick faced platform of the goods yard are important in demonstrating the configuration, styles and elements that were used in the goods handling and transport in the farming district of the Hawkesbury at the time. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Constructed in 1883, the station building is aesthetically significant as a fine example of a Victorian second\-class road side station building providing evidence of the prosperity, and social and economic development of the Windsor area. The building is a landmark within the historic town centre. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The goods yard has potential to yield information on the operational system and layout of late 19th century goods handling through the remnants of rail sidings, the brick faced platform, crane and anchor points. The extent of surviving remnant elements warrant brief archaeological investigation. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. Windsor Station combined with its associated goods yard is a rare example of an 1880s railway station layout despite being modified and the majority of the structures removed. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. Windsor Station is one of three stations (others Richmond and Riverstone) incorporating larger station buildings built on the Richmond line in the 1880s that differ significantly from other smaller and simpler stations on the line. The station building is a fine example of a late nineteenth century second\-class station building representing the peak of achievement in station architecture.	[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "Windsor Railway Station is of state significance as one of the stations built during the major upgrading works along the Richmond line in the 1880s providing evidence of the prosperity, and social and economic development of the Windsor area following the arrival of the railway during the 19th Century. The 1883 station building is a fine example of a Victorian second\\-class station building and is a significant landmark within the historic town centre. The goods yard is of research significance for its potential to yield information on the operational system and layout of the late 19th century goods handling through the remnants of rail sidings, brick faced platform, hand crane and anchor points. However, its integrity has been compromised due to the removal of the majority of its associated structures and its non\\-operational state.", "Windsor railway station was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "Windsor Station is historically significant as one of the stations built during the major upgrading works along Richmond line in the 1880s, maintaining physical evidence of a station layout including a goods yard dating from the early 1880s. Although buildings other than the main station building have been removed the station together with the hand crane and brick faced platform of the goods yard are important in demonstrating the configuration, styles and elements that were used in the goods handling and transport in the farming district of the Hawkesbury at the time.", "The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "Constructed in 1883, the station building is aesthetically significant as a fine example of a Victorian second\\-class road side station building providing evidence of the prosperity, and social and economic development of the Windsor area. The building is a landmark within the historic town centre.", "The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.", "The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "The goods yard has potential to yield information on the operational system and layout of late 19th century goods handling through the remnants of rail sidings, the brick faced platform, crane and anchor points. The extent of surviving remnant elements warrant brief archaeological investigation.", "The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "Windsor Station combined with its associated goods yard is a rare example of an 1880s railway station layout despite being modified and the majority of the structures removed.", "The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "Windsor Station is one of three stations (others Richmond and Riverstone) incorporating larger station buildings built on the Richmond line in the 1880s that differ significantly from other smaller and simpler stations on the line. The station building is a fine example of a late nineteenth century second\\-class station building representing the peak of achievement in station architecture.", "" ]
Calculation of interest rates ----------------------------- Most U.S. credit cards are quoted in terms of nominal annual percentage rate (APR) compounded daily, or sometimes (and especially formerly) monthly, which in either case is not the same as the effective annual rate (EAR). Despite the "annual" in APR, it is not necessarily a direct reference for the interest rate paid on a stable balance over one year. The more direct reference for the one\-year rate of interest is EAR. The general conversion factor for APR to EAR is EAR\=(1\+{APR \\over n})^n\-1, where n represents the number of compounding periods of the APR per EAR period. For a common credit card quoted at 12\.99% APR compounded daily, the one\-year EAR is (1\+{0\.1299 \\over 365})^{365}\-1, or 13\.87%; and if it is compounded monthly, the one\-year EAR is (1\+{0\.1299 \\over 12})^{12} \- 1 or 13\.79%. On an annual basis, the one\-year EAR for compounding monthly is always less than the EAR for compounding daily. However, the relationship of the two in individual billing periods depends on the APR and the number of days in the billing period. For example, given twelve billing periods a year, 365 days, and an APR of 12\.99%, if a billing period is 28 days then the rate charged by monthly compounding is greater than that charged by daily compounding ({0\.1299 \\over 12} is greater than (1\+{0\.1299 \\over 365})^{28}\-1). But for a billing period of 31 days, the order is reversed ({0\.1299 \\over 12} is less than (1\+{0\.1299 \\over 365})^{31}\-1). In general, credit cards available to middle\-class cardholders that range in credit limit from $1,000 to $30,000 calculate the finance charge by methods that are exactly equal to [compound interest](/wiki/Compound_interest "Compound interest") compounded daily, although the interest is not posted to the account until the end of the billing cycle. A high U.S. APR of 29\.99% carries an effective annual rate of 34\.96% for daily compounding and 34\.48% for monthly compounding, given a year with twelve billing periods and 365 days. Table 1 below, given by [Prosper](/wiki/Prosper_%28web_site%29 "Prosper (web site)") (2005\), shows data from [Experian](/wiki/Experian "Experian"), one of the three main U.S. and UK credit bureaus (along with [Equifax](/wiki/Equifax "Equifax") in the UK and [TransUnion](/wiki/TransUnion "TransUnion") in the U.S. and internationally). (The data actually come from installment loans \[closed end loans], but can also be used as a fair approximation for credit card loans \[open end loans]). The table shows the loss rates from borrowers with various credit scores. To get a desired rate of return, a lender would add the desired rate to the loss rate to determine the interest rate. Though individual borrowers differ, lenders predict that, as an aggregate, borrowers will tend to exhibit the same payment behavior that others with similar credit scores have shown in the past. Banks then compete on details by making analyses of how to use data such as these along with any other data they gather from the application and history with the cardholder, to determine an interest rate that will attract borrowers by remaining competitive with other banks and still assure a profit. Debt\-to\-income ratio (DTI) is another important factor for determining interest rates. The bank calculates it by adding up the borrower's obligated minimum payments on loans, and dividing by the cardholder's income. If it is more than a set point (such as 20% in this example) then loans to that applicant are considered a higher risk than given by this table. These loss rates already include incomes the lenders receive from payments in collection, either from debt collection efforts after default or from selling the loans to third parties for further collection attempts, at a fraction of the amount owed. \| \+Table 1: Expected default loss rates for 2004 installment loans with given credit ratings and less than 20% DTI \| Experian score \| Expected annual loss rate (as % of loan balance) \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 760\+ low risk \| 0\.2 \| \| 720\-759 \| 0\.9 \| \| 680\-719 \| 1\.8 \| \| 640\-679 \| 3\.3 \| \| 600\-639 \| 6\.2 \| \| 540\-599 \| 11\.1 \| \| 540 high risk \| 19\.1 \| \| No credit rating \| no data (the lender is on its own) \| To use the chart to make a loan, determine an expected rate of return on the investment (X) and add that to the expected loss rate from the chart. The sum is an approximation of the interest rate that should be contracted with the borrower in order to achieve the expected rate of return.	[ "Calculation of interest rates\n-----------------------------", "Most U.S. credit cards are quoted in terms of nominal annual percentage rate (APR) compounded daily, or sometimes (and especially formerly) monthly, which in either case is not the same as the effective annual rate (EAR). Despite the \"annual\" in APR, it is not necessarily a direct reference for the interest rate paid on a stable balance over one year.", "The more direct reference for the one\\-year rate of interest is EAR. The general conversion factor for APR to EAR is EAR\\=(1\\+{APR \\\\over n})^n\\-1, where n represents the number of compounding periods of the APR per EAR period.", "For a common credit card quoted at 12\\.99% APR compounded daily, the one\\-year EAR is (1\\+{0\\.1299 \\\\over 365})^{365}\\-1, or 13\\.87%; and if it is compounded monthly, the one\\-year EAR is (1\\+{0\\.1299 \\\\over 12})^{12} \\- 1 or 13\\.79%. On an annual basis, the one\\-year EAR for compounding monthly is always less than the EAR for compounding daily. However, the relationship of the two in individual billing periods depends on the APR and the number of days in the billing period.", "For example, given twelve billing periods a year, 365 days, and an APR of 12\\.99%, if a billing period is 28 days then the rate charged by monthly compounding is greater than that charged by daily compounding ({0\\.1299 \\\\over 12} is greater than (1\\+{0\\.1299 \\\\over 365})^{28}\\-1). But for a billing period of 31 days, the order is reversed ({0\\.1299 \\\\over 12} is less than (1\\+{0\\.1299 \\\\over 365})^{31}\\-1).", "In general, credit cards available to middle\\-class cardholders that range in credit limit from $1,000 to $30,000 calculate the finance charge by methods that are exactly equal to [compound interest](/wiki/Compound_interest \"Compound interest\") compounded daily, although the interest is not posted to the account until the end of the billing cycle. A high U.S. APR of 29\\.99% carries an effective annual rate of 34\\.96% for daily compounding and 34\\.48% for monthly compounding, given a year with twelve billing periods and 365 days.", "Table 1 below, given by [Prosper](/wiki/Prosper_%28web_site%29 \"Prosper (web site)\") (2005\\), shows data from [Experian](/wiki/Experian \"Experian\"), one of the three main U.S. and UK credit bureaus (along with [Equifax](/wiki/Equifax \"Equifax\") in the UK and [TransUnion](/wiki/TransUnion \"TransUnion\") in the U.S. and internationally). (The data actually come from installment loans \\[closed end loans], but can also be used as a fair approximation for credit card loans \\[open end loans]). The table shows the loss rates from borrowers with various credit scores. To get a desired rate of return, a lender would add the desired rate to the loss rate to determine the interest rate. Though individual borrowers differ, lenders predict that, as an aggregate, borrowers will tend to exhibit the same payment behavior that others with similar credit scores have shown in the past. Banks then compete on details by making analyses of how to use data such as these along with any other data they gather from the application and history with the cardholder, to determine an interest rate that will attract borrowers by remaining competitive with other banks and still assure a profit. Debt\\-to\\-income ratio (DTI) is another important factor for determining interest rates. The bank calculates it by adding up the borrower's obligated minimum payments on loans, and dividing by the cardholder's income. If it is more than a set point (such as 20% in this example) then loans to that applicant are considered a higher risk than given by this table. These loss rates already include incomes the lenders receive from payments in collection, either from debt collection efforts after default or from selling the loans to third parties for further collection attempts, at a fraction of the amount owed.", "", "\| \\+Table 1: Expected default loss rates for 2004 installment loans with given credit ratings and less than 20% DTI \| Experian score \| Expected annual loss rate (as % of loan balance) \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| 760\\+ low risk \| 0\\.2 \|\n\| 720\\-759 \| 0\\.9 \|\n\| 680\\-719 \| 1\\.8 \|\n\| 640\\-679 \| 3\\.3 \|\n\| 600\\-639 \| 6\\.2 \|\n\| 540\\-599 \| 11\\.1 \|\n\| 540 high risk \| 19\\.1 \|\n\| No credit rating \| no data (the lender is on its own) \|", "To use the chart to make a loan, determine an expected rate of return on the investment (X) and add that to the expected loss rate from the chart. The sum is an approximation of the interest rate that should be contracted with the borrower in order to achieve the expected rate of return.", "" ]
Laws ---- ### Usury {{main\\|Usury}} Many nations limit the amount of interest that can be charged (often called [usury](/wiki/Usury "Usury") laws). Most countries strictly regulate the manner in which interest rates are agreed, calculated, and disclosed. Some countries (especially with Muslim influence) prohibit interest being charged at all (and other methods are used, such as an ownership interest taken by the bank in the cardholder's business profits based upon the purchase amount). ### United States [thumb\\|350px\\|Prime Rate floats about 3% above the [Federal Funds Rate](/wiki/Federal_funds_rate "Federal funds rate") {{legend\-line\\|\#80699B dotted 3px\\|Credit card interest rates}} {{legend\-line\\|\#4572A7 dotted 3px\\|\[\[Auto loan]] interest rate 48 months new autos}} {{legend\-line\\|\#3D96AE solid 3px\\|\[\[Prime rate\\|Prime Rate]] }} {{legend\-line\\|\#BD10E0 solid 3px\\|\[\[Government bond\\|10 year Treasury bond]]}} {{legend\-line\\|\#AA4643 solid 3px\\|\[\[United States Consumer Price Index]]}} {{legend\-line\\|\#89A54E solid 3px\\|\[\[Federal funds rate]] }}](/wiki/File:Interest_rates.webp "Interest rates.webp") #### Credit CARD Act of 2009 {{main\\|Credit CARD Act of 2009}} This statute covers several aspects of credit card contracts, including the following:{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr627/text\\|title\=Text of H.R. 627 (111th)\\|publisher\=Govtrack.us\\|accessdate\=28 March 2012}} * Limits over\-the\-limit fees to cases where the consumer has given permission. * Limits interest rate increases on past balances to cases in which the account has been over 60 days late. * Limits general interest rate increases to 45 days after a written notice is given, allowing the consumer to opt out. * Requires extra payments to be applied to the highest\-interest rate sub\-balance. #### Truth in Lending Act {{main\\|Truth in Lending Act}} In the United States, there are four commonly accepted methods of charging interest, which are listed in the section below, "Methods of Charging Interest". These are detailed in Regulation{{nbs}}Z of the [Truth in Lending Act](/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act "Truth in Lending Act"). There is a legal obligation on U.S. issuers that the method of charging interest is disclosed and is sufficiently transparent to be fair. This is typically done in the [Schumer box](/wiki/Schumer_box "Schumer box"), which lists rates and terms in writing to the cardholder applicant in a standard format. Regulation{{nbs}}Z details four principal methods of calculating interest. For purposes of comparison between rates, the "expected rate" is the APR applied to the average daily balance for a year, or in other words, the interest charged on the actual balance left lent out by the bank at the close of each business day. That said, there are not just four prescribed ways to charge interest, to wit those specified in Regulation{{nbs}}Z. U.S. issuers can charge interest according to any reasonable method to which the card holder agrees. The four (or arguably six) "safe\-harbour" ways to describe and charge interest are detailed in Regulation{{nbs}}Z. If an issuer charges interest in one of these ways then there is a shorthand description of that method in Regulation{{nbs}}Z that can be used. If a lender uses that description, and charges interest in that way, then their disclosure is deemed to be sufficiently transparent and fair. If not, then they must provide an explanation of the method used. Because of the safe\-harbour definitions, U.S. lenders have tended to gravitate towards these methods of charging and describing the way interest is charged, both because it is easy and because legal compliance is guaranteed. Arguably, the approach also provides flexibility for issuers, enhancing the profile of the way in which interest is charged, and therefore increasing the scope for [product differentiation](/wiki/Product_differentiation "Product differentiation") on what is, after all, a key product feature. ### Pre\-payment penalties Clauses calling for a penalty for paying more than the contracted regular payment were once common in another type of loan, the installment loan, and they are of great concern to governments regulating credit card loans. Today, in many cases because of strict laws, most card issuers do not charge any pre\-payment penalties at all (except those that come naturally from the interest calculation method{{snd}}see the section below). That means cardholders can "cancel" the loan at any time by simply paying it off, and be charged no more interest than that calculated on the time the money was borrowed. ### Cancelling loans Cardholders are often surprised in situations where the bank cancels or changes the terms on their loans. Most card issuers are allowed to raise the interest rate (within legal guidelines) at any time. Usually they have to give some notice, such as 30 or 60 days, in writing. If the cardholder does not agree to the new rate or terms, then it is expected that the account will be paid off. That can be difficult for a cardholder with a large loan who expected to make payments over many years. Banks can also cancel a loan and request that all amounts be paid back immediately for any default on the contract whatsoever, which could be as simple as a late payment or even a default on a loan to another bank (the so\-called "[Universal default](/wiki/Universal_default "Universal default")") if the contract states it. In some cases, a borrower may cancel the account within the time allowed without paying off the account. As long as the borrower makes no new charges on the account, then the borrower has not "agreed" to the new terms, and may pay off the account under the old terms. ### Average daily balance The sum of the daily outstanding balances is divided by the number of days covered in the cycle to give an average balance for that period. This amount is multiplied by a constant factor to give an interest charge. The resultant interest is the same as if interest was charged at the close of each day, except that it compounds (gets added to the principal) only once per month. It is the simplest of the four methods in the sense that it produces an interest rate approximating if not exactly equal the expected rate. ### Adjusted balance The balance at the end of the billing cycle is multiplied by a factor in order to give the interest charge. This can result in an actual interest rate lower or higher than the expected one, since it does not take into account the average daily balance, i.e. the time value of money actually lent by the bank. It does, however, take into account money that is left lent out over several months. ### Previous balance The reverse happens: the balance at the start of the previous billing cycle is multiplied by the interest factor in order to derive the charge. As with the Adjusted Balance method, this method can result in an interest rate higher or lower than the expected one, but the part of the balance that carries over more than two full cycles is charged at the expected rate. ### Two\-cycle average daily balance The sum of the daily balances of the previous two cycles is used, but interest is charged on that amount only over the current cycle. This can result in an actual interest charge that applies the advertised rate to an amount that does not represent the actual amount of money borrowed over time, much different that the expected interest charge. The interest charged on the actual money borrowed over time can vary radically from month\-to\-month (rather than the APR remaining steady). For example, a cardholder with an average daily balance for the June, July, and August cycles of $100, 1000, 100, will have interest calculated on 550 for July, which is only 55% of the expected interest on 1000, and will have interest calculated on 550 again in August, which is 550% higher than the expected interest on the money actually borrowed over that month, which is 100\. However, when analyzed, the interest on the balance that stays borrowed over the whole time period ($100 in this case) actually does approximate the expected interest rate, just like the other methods, so the variability is only on the balance that varies month\-to\-month. Therefore, the key to keeping the interest rate stable and close to the "expected rate" (as given by average daily balance method) is to keep the balance close to the same every month. The strategic consumer who has this type of account either pays it all off each month, or makes most charges towards the end of the cycle and payments at the beginning of the cycle to avoid paying too much interest above the expected interest given the interest rate; whereas business cardholders have more sophisticated ways of analyzing and using this type of account for peak cash\-flow needs, and willingly pay the "extra" interest to do better business. Much confusion is caused by and much mis\-information given about this method of calculating interest. Because of its complexity for consumers, advisors from Motley Fool (2005\) to Credit Advisors (2005\) advise consumers to be very wary of this method (unless they can analyze it and achieve true value from it). Despite the confusion of variable interest rates, the bank using this method does have a rationale; that is it costs the bank in strategic [opportunity costs](/wiki/Opportunity_cost "Opportunity cost") to vary the amount loaned from month\-to\-month, because they have to adjust assets to find the money to loan when it is suddenly borrowed, and find something to do with the money when it is paid back. In that sense, the two\-cycle average daily balance can be likened to electric charges for industrial clients, in which the charge is based upon the peak usage rather than the actual usage. And, in fact, this method of charging interest is often used for business cardholders as stated above. These accounts often have much higher credit limits than typically consumer accounts (perhaps tens or hundreds of thousands instead of just thousands). ### Daily accrual The daily accrual method is commonly used in the UK. The annual rate is divided by 365 to give a daily rate. Each day, the balance of the account is multiplied by this rate, and at the end of the cycle the total interest is billed to the account. The effect of this method is theoretically mathematically the same over one year as the average daily balance method, because the interest is compounded monthly, but calculated on daily balances. Although a detailed analysis can be done that shows that the effective interest can be slightly lower or higher each month than with the average daily balance method, depending upon the detailed calculation procedure used and the number of days in each month, the effect over the entire year provides only a trivial opportunity for arbitrage.	[ "Laws\n----", "### Usury", "{{main\\\|Usury}}\nMany nations limit the amount of interest that can be charged (often called [usury](/wiki/Usury \"Usury\") laws). Most countries strictly regulate the manner in which interest rates are agreed, calculated, and disclosed. Some countries (especially with Muslim influence) prohibit interest being charged at all (and other methods are used, such as an ownership interest taken by the bank in the cardholder's business profits based upon the purchase amount).", "### United States", "[thumb\\\|350px\\\|Prime Rate floats about 3% above the [Federal Funds Rate](/wiki/Federal_funds_rate \"Federal funds rate\")\n{{legend\\-line\\\|\\#80699B dotted 3px\\\|Credit card interest rates}}\n{{legend\\-line\\\|\\#4572A7 dotted 3px\\\|\\[\\[Auto loan]] interest rate 48 months new autos}}\n{{legend\\-line\\\|\\#3D96AE solid 3px\\\|\\[\\[Prime rate\\\|Prime Rate]] }}\n{{legend\\-line\\\|\\#BD10E0 solid 3px\\\|\\[\\[Government bond\\\|10 year Treasury bond]]}}\n{{legend\\-line\\\|\\#AA4643 solid 3px\\\|\\[\\[United States Consumer Price Index]]}}\n{{legend\\-line\\\|\\#89A54E solid 3px\\\|\\[\\[Federal funds rate]] }}](/wiki/File:Interest_rates.webp \"Interest rates.webp\")\n#### Credit CARD Act of 2009", "{{main\\\|Credit CARD Act of 2009}}\nThis statute covers several aspects of credit card contracts, including the following:{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr627/text\\\|title\\=Text of H.R. 627 (111th)\\\|publisher\\=Govtrack.us\\\|accessdate\\=28 March 2012}}\n* Limits over\\-the\\-limit fees to cases where the consumer has given permission.\n* Limits interest rate increases on past balances to cases in which the account has been over 60 days late.\n* Limits general interest rate increases to 45 days after a written notice is given, allowing the consumer to opt out.\n* Requires extra payments to be applied to the highest\\-interest rate sub\\-balance.", "#### Truth in Lending Act", "{{main\\\|Truth in Lending Act}}\nIn the United States, there are four commonly accepted methods of charging interest, which are listed in the section below, \"Methods of Charging Interest\". These are detailed in Regulation{{nbs}}Z of the [Truth in Lending Act](/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act \"Truth in Lending Act\"). There is a legal obligation on U.S. issuers that the method of charging interest is disclosed and is sufficiently transparent to be fair. This is typically done in the [Schumer box](/wiki/Schumer_box \"Schumer box\"), which lists rates and terms in writing to the cardholder applicant in a standard format. Regulation{{nbs}}Z details four principal methods of calculating interest. For purposes of comparison between rates, the \"expected rate\" is the APR applied to the average daily balance for a year, or in other words, the interest charged on the actual balance left lent out by the bank at the close of each business day.", "That said, there are not just four prescribed ways to charge interest, to wit those specified in Regulation{{nbs}}Z. U.S. issuers can charge interest according to any reasonable method to which the card holder agrees. The four (or arguably six) \"safe\\-harbour\" ways to describe and charge interest are detailed in Regulation{{nbs}}Z. If an issuer charges interest in one of these ways then there is a shorthand description of that method in Regulation{{nbs}}Z that can be used. If a lender uses that description, and charges interest in that way, then their disclosure is deemed to be sufficiently transparent and fair. If not, then they must provide an explanation of the method used. Because of the safe\\-harbour definitions, U.S. lenders have tended to gravitate towards these methods of charging and describing the way interest is charged, both because it is easy and because legal compliance is guaranteed. Arguably, the approach also provides flexibility for issuers, enhancing the profile of the way in which interest is charged, and therefore increasing the scope for [product differentiation](/wiki/Product_differentiation \"Product differentiation\") on what is, after all, a key product feature.", "### Pre\\-payment penalties", "Clauses calling for a penalty for paying more than the contracted regular payment were once common in another type of loan, the installment loan, and they are of great concern to governments regulating credit card loans. Today, in many cases because of strict laws, most card issuers do not charge any pre\\-payment penalties at all (except those that come naturally from the interest calculation method{{snd}}see the section below). That means cardholders can \"cancel\" the loan at any time by simply paying it off, and be charged no more interest than that calculated on the time the money was borrowed.", "### Cancelling loans", "Cardholders are often surprised in situations where the bank cancels or changes the terms on their loans. Most card issuers are allowed to raise the interest rate (within legal guidelines) at any time. Usually they have to give some notice, such as 30 or 60 days, in writing. If the cardholder does not agree to the new rate or terms, then it is expected that the account will be paid off. That can be difficult for a cardholder with a large loan who expected to make payments over many years. Banks can also cancel a loan and request that all amounts be paid back immediately for any default on the contract whatsoever, which could be as simple as a late payment or even a default on a loan to another bank (the so\\-called \"[Universal default](/wiki/Universal_default \"Universal default\")\") if the contract states it. In some cases, a borrower may cancel the account within the time allowed without paying off the account. As long as the borrower makes no new charges on the account, then the borrower has not \"agreed\" to the new terms, and may pay off the account under the old terms.", "### Average daily balance", "The sum of the daily outstanding balances is divided by the number of days covered in the cycle to give an average balance for that period. This amount is multiplied by a constant factor to give an interest charge. The resultant interest is the same as if interest was charged at the close of each day, except that it compounds (gets added to the principal) only once per month. It is the simplest of the four methods in the sense that it produces an interest rate approximating if not exactly equal the expected rate.", "### Adjusted balance", "The balance at the end of the billing cycle is multiplied by a factor in order to give the interest charge. This can result in an actual interest rate lower or higher than the expected one, since it does not take into account the average daily balance, i.e. the time value of money actually lent by the bank. It does, however, take into account money that is left lent out over several months.", "### Previous balance", "The reverse happens: the balance at the start of the previous billing cycle is multiplied by the interest factor in order to derive the charge. As with the Adjusted Balance method, this method can result in an interest rate higher or lower than the expected one, but the part of the balance that carries over more than two full cycles is charged at the expected rate.", "### Two\\-cycle average daily balance", "The sum of the daily balances of the previous two cycles is used, but interest is charged on that amount only over the current cycle. This can result in an actual interest charge that applies the advertised rate to an amount that does not represent the actual amount of money borrowed over time, much different that the expected interest charge. The interest charged on the actual money borrowed over time can vary radically from month\\-to\\-month (rather than the APR remaining steady). For example, a cardholder with an average daily balance for the June, July, and August cycles of $100, 1000, 100, will have interest calculated on 550 for July, which is only 55% of the expected interest on 1000, and will have interest calculated on 550 again in August, which is 550% higher than the expected interest on the money actually borrowed over that month, which is 100\\.", "However, when analyzed, the interest on the balance that stays borrowed over the whole time period ($100 in this case) actually does approximate the expected interest rate, just like the other methods, so the variability is only on the balance that varies month\\-to\\-month. Therefore, the key to keeping the interest rate stable and close to the \"expected rate\" (as given by average daily balance method) is to keep the balance close to the same every month. The strategic consumer who has this type of account either pays it all off each month, or makes most charges towards the end of the cycle and payments at the beginning of the cycle to avoid paying too much interest above the expected interest given the interest rate; whereas business cardholders have more sophisticated ways of analyzing and using this type of account for peak cash\\-flow needs, and willingly pay the \"extra\" interest to do better business.", "Much confusion is caused by and much mis\\-information given about this method of calculating interest. Because of its complexity for consumers, advisors from Motley Fool (2005\\) to Credit Advisors (2005\\) advise consumers to be very wary of this method (unless they can analyze it and achieve true value from it). Despite the confusion of variable interest rates, the bank using this method does have a rationale; that is it costs the bank in strategic [opportunity costs](/wiki/Opportunity_cost \"Opportunity cost\") to vary the amount loaned from month\\-to\\-month, because they have to adjust assets to find the money to loan when it is suddenly borrowed, and find something to do with the money when it is paid back. In that sense, the two\\-cycle average daily balance can be likened to electric charges for industrial clients, in which the charge is based upon the peak usage rather than the actual usage. And, in fact, this method of charging interest is often used for business cardholders as stated above. These accounts often have much higher credit limits than typically consumer accounts (perhaps tens or hundreds of thousands instead of just thousands).", "### Daily accrual", "The daily accrual method is commonly used in the UK. The annual rate is divided by 365 to give a daily rate. Each day, the balance of the account is multiplied by this rate, and at the end of the cycle the total interest is billed to the account. The effect of this method is theoretically mathematically the same over one year as the average daily balance method, because the interest is compounded monthly, but calculated on daily balances. Although a detailed analysis can be done that shows that the effective interest can be slightly lower or higher each month than with the average daily balance method, depending upon the detailed calculation procedure used and the number of days in each month, the effect over the entire year provides only a trivial opportunity for arbitrage.", "" ]
Methods and marketing --------------------- In effect, differences in methods mostly act upon the fluctuating balance of the most recent cycle (and are almost the same for balances carried over from cycle to cycle. Banks and consumers are aware of transaction costs, and banks actually receive income in the form of per\-transaction payments from the merchants, besides gaining a new loan, which is more business for the bank. Therefore, the interest charged in the most recent cycle interrelates with other incomes and benefits to the cardholder and bank, such as transaction cost, transaction fees to the bank, marketing costs for gaining each new loan (which is like a sale for the bank) and marketing costs for overall cardholder perception, which can increase market share. Therefore, the rate charged on the most recent cycle is largely a matter of marketing preference based upon cardholder perceptions, rather than a matter of maximizing the rate. ### Bank fee arbitrage and its limits In general, differences between methods represent a degree of precision over charging the expected interest rate. Precision is important because any detectable difference from the expected rate can theoretically be taken advantage of (through [arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage "Arbitrage")) by cardholders (who have control over when to charge and when to pay), to the possible loss of profitability of the bank. However, in effect, the differences between methods are trivial except in terms of cardholder perceptions and marketing, because of transaction costs, transaction income, cash advance fees, and credit limits. While cardholders can certainly affect their overall costs by managing their daily balances (for example, by buying or paying early or late in the month depending upon the calculation method), their opportunities for scaling this arbitrage to make large amounts of money are very limited. For example, in order to charge the maximum on the card, to take maximum advantage of any aribtragable difference in calculation methods, cardholders must actually buy something of that value at the right time, and doing so only to take advantage of a small mathematical discrepancy from the expected rate could be very inconvenient. That adds a cost to each transaction which obscures any benefit that can be gained. Credit limits limit how much can be charged, and thus how much advantage can be taken (trivial amounts), and cash advance fees are charged by banks partially to limit the amount of free movement that can be accomplished. (With no fee cardholders could create any daily balances advantageous to them through a series of cash advances and payments). ### Cash rate Most banks charge a separate, higher interest rate, and a cash advance fee (ranging from 1 to 5% of the amount of cash taken) on cash or cash\-like transactions (called "quasi\-cash" by many banks). These transactions are usually the ones for which the bank receives no transaction fee from the payee, such as cash from a bank or ATM, [casino chips](/wiki/Casino_token "Casino token"), and some payments to the government (and any transaction that looks in the bank's discretion like a cash swap, such as a payment on multiple invoices). In effect, the interest rate charged on purchases is subsidized by other profits to the bank. ### Default rate Many US banks since 2000 and 2009 had a contractual default rate (in the U.S., 2005, ranging from 10{{nbs}}to{{nbs}}36%), which is typically much higher than the regular APR. The rate took effect automatically if any of the listed conditions occur, which can include the following: one or two late payments, any amount overdue beyond the due date or one more cycle, any returned payment (such as an NSF check), any charging over the credit limit (sometimes including the bank's own fees), and{{snd}}in some cases{{snd}}any reduction of credit rating or default with another lender, at the discretion of the bank. In effect, the cardholder is agreeing to pay the default rate on the balance owed unless all the listed events can be guaranteed not to happen. A single late payment, or even a non\-reconciled mistake on any account, could result in charges of hundreds or thousands of dollars over the life of the loan. These high effective fees create a great incentive for cardholders to keep track of all their credit card and checking account balances (from which credit card payments are made) and for keeping wide margins (extra money or money available). However, the current lack of provable "account balance ownership" in most credit card and checking account designs (studied between 1990 and 2005\) make these kinds of "penalty fees" a complex problem, indeed. New US statutes passed in 2009 limit the use of default rates by allowing an increase in rate on purchases already made only to accounts that have been over 60 days late. ### Variable rate Many credit card issuers give a rate that is based upon an economic indicator published by a respected journal. For example, most banks in the U.S. offer credit cards based upon the lowest [U.S. prime rate as published in the Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal_prime_rate "Wall Street Journal prime rate") on the previous business day to the start of the calendar month. For example, a rate given as 9\.99% plus the prime rate will be 16\.99% when the prime rate is 7\.00% (such as the end of 2005\). These rates usually also have contractual minimums and maximums to protect the consumer (or the bank, as it may be) from wild fluctuations of the prime rate. While these accounts are harder to budget for, they can theoretically be a little less expensive since the bank does not have to accept the risk of fluctuation of the market (since the prime rate follows inflation rates, which affect the profitability of loans). A fixed rate can be better for consumers who have fixed incomes or need control over their payments budgets. These rates can be varied upon depending upon the policies of different organisations. ### Grace period Many banks provide an exception to their normal method of calculating interest, in which no interest is charged on an ending statement balance that is paid by the due date. Banks have various rules. In some cases the account must be paid off for two months in a row to obtain the discount. If the required amount is not paid, then the normal interest rate calculation method is still used. This allows cardholders to use credit cards for the convenience of the payment method (to have one invoice payable with one check per month rather than many separate cash or check transactions), which allows them to keep money invested at a return until it must be moved to pay the balance, and allows them to keep the [float](/wiki/Float_%28money_supply%29 "Float (money supply)") on the money borrowed during each month. The bank, in effect, is marketing the convenience of the payment method (to receive fees and possible new lending income, when the cardholder does not pay), as well as the loans themselves. ### Promotional interest rates Many banks offer very low interest, often 0%, for a certain number of statement cycles on certain sub\-balances ranging from the entire balance to purchases or balance transfers (used to pay off other accounts), or only for buying certain merchandise in stores owned or contracted with by the lender.{{cite journal\\|last1\=Warwick\\|first1\=Jacquelyn\\|last2\=Mansfield\\|first2\=Phylis\\|title\=Credit card consumers: college students? knowledge and attitude\\|journal\=Journal of Consumer Marketing\\|date\=December 2000\\|volume\=17\\|issue\=7\\|pages\=617–626\\|doi\=10\.1108/07363760010357813}} Such "zero interest" credit cards allow participating retailers to generate more sales by encouraging consumers to make more purchases on credit.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.practicalfinancialtips.com/credit\-card/how\-do\-zero\-interest\-credit\-cards\-work/\\|title\=How Do Zero Interest Credit Cards Work?\\|publisher\=Practical Financial Tips\\|accessdate\=28 March 2012\\|archive\-date\=8 March 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308135732/http://www.practicalfinancialtips.com/credit\-card/how\-do\-zero\-interest\-credit\-cards\-work/\\|url\-status\=dead}} Additionally, the bank gets a chance to increase income by having more money lent out,{{citation needed\\|date\=March 2012}} and possibly an extra marketing transaction payment, either from the payee or sales side of the business, for contributing to the sale (in some cases as much as the entire interest payment, charged to the payee instead of the cardholder).{{cite journal\\|last1\=Calem\\|first1\=Paul S.\\|last2\=Mester\\|first2\=Loretta J.\\|title\=Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit\-Card Interest Rates\\|journal\=The American Economic Review\\|date\=1995\\|volume\=85\\|issue\=5\\|pages\=1327–1336\\|jstor\=2950992}} These offers are often complex, requiring the cardholder to work to understand the terms of the offer, and possibly to pay off the sub\-balance by a certain date or have interest charged retro\-actively, or to pay a certain amount per month over the minimum due (an "interest free" minimum payment) in order to pay down the sub\-balance. Methods for communicating the sub\-balances and rules on statements vary widely and do not usually conform to any standard. For example, sub\-balances are not always reconcilable with the bank (due to lack of debit and credit statements on those balances), and even the term "cycle" (for number of cycles) is not often defined in writing by the bank. Banks also allocate payments automatically to sub\-balances in various, often obscure ways. For example, they may contractually pay off promotional balances before higher\-interest balances (causing the higher interest to be charged until the account is paid off in full.) These methods, besides possibly saving the cardholder money over the expected interest rate, serve to obscure the actual rate charged by the bank. For example, consumers may think they are paying zero percent, when the actual calculated amount on their daily balances is much more.{{cite news\\|last1\=Hans\\|first1\=McClan\\|title\=Creditcardmaatschappij ICS (ABN Amro) krijgt forse boete\\|url\=https://www.cashwhale.nl/2021/08/29/creditcardaanbieder\-ics\-krijgt\-forse\-boete/\\|accessdate\=29 August 2021\\|work\=Cashwhale\\|date\=29 August 2021\\|language\=nl\-NL}} When a "promotional" rate expires, normal balance transfer rate would apply and significant increase in interest charges could accrue and may be greater than they were prior to initiating a balance transfer. #### Stoozing Stoozing is the act of borrowing money at an interest rate of 0%, a rate typically offered by [credit card](/wiki/Credit_card "Credit card") companies as an incentive for new customers.{{cite news\\|accessdate\=2018\-11\-02\\|title\='You can avoid paying interest altogether'\\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2899156/You\-can\-avoid\-paying\-interest\-altogether.html\\|date\=10 November 2004\\|issn\=0307\-1235\\|via\=www.telegraph.co.uk\\|newspaper\=The Telegraph}} The money is then placed in a high interest bank account to make a profit from the interest earned. The borrower (or "stoozer") then pays the money back before the 0% period ends.{{cite news\\|accessdate\=2018\-11\-02\\|title\=How 'stoozing' could bring down the global economy – MoneyWeek\\|first\=John\\|last\=Stepek\\|url\=https://moneyweek.com/19017/how\-stoozing\-could\-bring\-down\-the\-global\-economy/\\|newspaper\=MoneyWeek\\|date\=22 October 2007}} The borrower does not typically have a real debt to service, but instead uses the money loaned to them to earn [interest](/wiki/Interest "Interest"). Stoozing can also be viewed as a form of [arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage "Arbitrage"). ### Rewards programs The term "rewards program" is a term used by card issuers to refer to offers (first used by [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card "Discover Card") in 1985\) to share transactions fees with the cardholder through various games and bonus programs. Cardholders typically receive one "point", "mile" or actual penny (1% of the transaction) for each dollar spent on the card,{{cite web \\| url\=https://www.investopedia.com/what\-is\-a\-rewards\-credit\-card\-5071957\#:\~:text\=Rewards%20credit%20cards%20offer%20you,in%20a%20variety%20of%20ways \\| title\=How You Can Find the Right Rewards Credit Card }} and more points for buying from certain types of merchants or cooperating merchants, and then can pay down the loan, or trade points for airline flights, catalog merchandise, lower interest rates, gift cards, or cash. The points can also be exchanged, sometimes, between cooperating programs of different banks, making them more and more currency\-like. These programs represent such a large value that they are not\-completely\-jokingly considered a set of currencies. These combined "currencies" have accumulated to the point that they hold more value worldwide than U.S. (paper) dollars, and are the subject of company liquidation disputes and divorce settlements (Economist, 2005\). They are criticized for being highly inflationary, and subject to the whims of the card issuers (raising the prices after the points are earned). Many cardholders get a new card or use a card for the points, but later forget or decline to use the points, anyway. While opening new avenues for marketing and competition, rewards programs are criticized in terms of being able to compare interest rates by making it impossible for consumers to compare one competitive interest rate offer to another through any standard means such as under the U.S. [Truth in Lending Act](/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act "Truth in Lending Act"), because of the extra value offered by the bonus program, along with other terms, costs, and benefits created by other marketing gimmicks such as the ones cited in this article.	[ "Methods and marketing\n---------------------", "In effect, differences in methods mostly act upon the fluctuating balance of the most recent cycle (and are almost the same for balances carried over from cycle to cycle. Banks and consumers are aware of transaction costs, and banks actually receive income in the form of per\\-transaction payments from the merchants, besides gaining a new loan, which is more business for the bank. Therefore, the interest charged in the most recent cycle interrelates with other incomes and benefits to the cardholder and bank, such as transaction cost, transaction fees to the bank, marketing costs for gaining each new loan (which is like a sale for the bank) and marketing costs for overall cardholder perception, which can increase market share. Therefore, the rate charged on the most recent cycle is largely a matter of marketing preference based upon cardholder perceptions, rather than a matter of maximizing the rate.", "### Bank fee arbitrage and its limits", "In general, differences between methods represent a degree of precision over charging the expected interest rate. Precision is important because any detectable difference from the expected rate can theoretically be taken advantage of (through [arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage \"Arbitrage\")) by cardholders (who have control over when to charge and when to pay), to the possible loss of profitability of the bank. However, in effect, the differences between methods are trivial except in terms of cardholder perceptions and marketing, because of transaction costs, transaction income, cash advance fees, and credit limits. While cardholders can certainly affect their overall costs by managing their daily balances (for example, by buying or paying early or late in the month depending upon the calculation method), their opportunities for scaling this arbitrage to make large amounts of money are very limited. For example, in order to charge the maximum on the card, to take maximum advantage of any aribtragable difference in calculation methods, cardholders must actually buy something of that value at the right time, and doing so only to take advantage of a small mathematical discrepancy from the expected rate could be very inconvenient. That adds a cost to each transaction which obscures any benefit that can be gained. Credit limits limit how much can be charged, and thus how much advantage can be taken (trivial amounts), and cash advance fees are charged by banks partially to limit the amount of free movement that can be accomplished. (With no fee cardholders could create any daily balances advantageous to them through a series of cash advances and payments).", "### Cash rate", "Most banks charge a separate, higher interest rate, and a cash advance fee (ranging from 1 to 5% of the amount of cash taken) on cash or cash\\-like transactions (called \"quasi\\-cash\" by many banks). These transactions are usually the ones for which the bank receives no transaction fee from the payee, such as cash from a bank or ATM, [casino chips](/wiki/Casino_token \"Casino token\"), and some payments to the government (and any transaction that looks in the bank's discretion like a cash swap, such as a payment on multiple invoices). In effect, the interest rate charged on purchases is subsidized by other profits to the bank.", "### Default rate", "Many US banks since 2000 and 2009 had a contractual default rate (in the U.S., 2005, ranging from 10{{nbs}}to{{nbs}}36%), which is typically much higher than the regular APR. The rate took effect automatically if any of the listed conditions occur, which can include the following: one or two late payments, any amount overdue beyond the due date or one more cycle, any returned payment (such as an NSF check), any charging over the credit limit (sometimes including the bank's own fees), and{{snd}}in some cases{{snd}}any reduction of credit rating or default with another lender, at the discretion of the bank. In effect, the cardholder is agreeing to pay the default rate on the balance owed unless all the listed events can be guaranteed not to happen. A single late payment, or even a non\\-reconciled mistake on any account, could result in charges of hundreds or thousands of dollars over the life of the loan. These high effective fees create a great incentive for cardholders to keep track of all their credit card and checking account balances (from which credit card payments are made) and for keeping wide margins (extra money or money available). However, the current lack of provable \"account balance ownership\" in most credit card and checking account designs (studied between 1990 and 2005\\) make these kinds of \"penalty fees\" a complex problem, indeed. New US statutes passed in 2009 limit the use of default rates by allowing an increase in rate on purchases already made only to accounts that have been over 60 days late.", "### Variable rate", "Many credit card issuers give a rate that is based upon an economic indicator published by a respected journal. For example, most banks in the U.S. offer credit cards based upon the lowest [U.S. prime rate as published in the Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal_prime_rate \"Wall Street Journal prime rate\") on the previous business day to the start of the calendar month. For example, a rate given as 9\\.99% plus the prime rate will be 16\\.99% when the prime rate is 7\\.00% (such as the end of 2005\\). These rates usually also have contractual minimums and maximums to protect the consumer (or the bank, as it may be) from wild fluctuations of the prime rate. While these accounts are harder to budget for, they can theoretically be a little less expensive since the bank does not have to accept the risk of fluctuation of the market (since the prime rate follows inflation rates, which affect the profitability of loans). A fixed rate can be better for consumers who have fixed incomes or need control over their payments budgets. These rates can be varied upon depending upon the policies of different organisations.", "### Grace period", "Many banks provide an exception to their normal method of calculating interest, in which no interest is charged on an ending statement balance that is paid by the due date. Banks have various rules. In some cases the account must be paid off for two months in a row to obtain the discount. If the required amount is not paid, then the normal interest rate calculation method is still used. This allows cardholders to use credit cards for the convenience of the payment method (to have one invoice payable with one check per month rather than many separate cash or check transactions), which allows them to keep money invested at a return until it must be moved to pay the balance, and allows them to keep the [float](/wiki/Float_%28money_supply%29 \"Float (money supply)\") on the money borrowed during each month. The bank, in effect, is marketing the convenience of the payment method (to receive fees and possible new lending income, when the cardholder does not pay), as well as the loans themselves.", "### Promotional interest rates", "Many banks offer very low interest, often 0%, for a certain number of statement cycles on certain sub\\-balances ranging from the entire balance to purchases or balance transfers (used to pay off other accounts), or only for buying certain merchandise in stores owned or contracted with by the lender.{{cite journal\\\|last1\\=Warwick\\\|first1\\=Jacquelyn\\\|last2\\=Mansfield\\\|first2\\=Phylis\\\|title\\=Credit card consumers: college students? knowledge and attitude\\\|journal\\=Journal of Consumer Marketing\\\|date\\=December 2000\\\|volume\\=17\\\|issue\\=7\\\|pages\\=617–626\\\|doi\\=10\\.1108/07363760010357813}} Such \"zero interest\" credit cards allow participating retailers to generate more sales by encouraging consumers to make more purchases on credit.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.practicalfinancialtips.com/credit\\-card/how\\-do\\-zero\\-interest\\-credit\\-cards\\-work/\\\|title\\=How Do Zero Interest Credit Cards Work?\\\|publisher\\=Practical Financial Tips\\\|accessdate\\=28 March 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308135732/http://www.practicalfinancialtips.com/credit\\-card/how\\-do\\-zero\\-interest\\-credit\\-cards\\-work/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Additionally, the bank gets a chance to increase income by having more money lent out,{{citation needed\\\|date\\=March 2012}} and possibly an extra marketing transaction payment, either from the payee or sales side of the business, for contributing to the sale (in some cases as much as the entire interest payment, charged to the payee instead of the cardholder).{{cite journal\\\|last1\\=Calem\\\|first1\\=Paul S.\\\|last2\\=Mester\\\|first2\\=Loretta J.\\\|title\\=Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit\\-Card Interest Rates\\\|journal\\=The American Economic Review\\\|date\\=1995\\\|volume\\=85\\\|issue\\=5\\\|pages\\=1327–1336\\\|jstor\\=2950992}}", "These offers are often complex, requiring the cardholder to work to understand the terms of the offer, and possibly to pay off the sub\\-balance by a certain date or have interest charged retro\\-actively, or to pay a certain amount per month over the minimum due (an \"interest free\" minimum payment) in order to pay down the sub\\-balance. Methods for communicating the sub\\-balances and rules on statements vary widely and do not usually conform to any standard. For example, sub\\-balances are not always reconcilable with the bank (due to lack of debit and credit statements on those balances), and even the term \"cycle\" (for number of cycles) is not often defined in writing by the bank. Banks also allocate payments automatically to sub\\-balances in various, often obscure ways. For example, they may contractually pay off promotional balances before higher\\-interest balances (causing the higher interest to be charged until the account is paid off in full.) These methods, besides possibly saving the cardholder money over the expected interest rate, serve to obscure the actual rate charged by the bank. For example, consumers may think they are paying zero percent, when the actual calculated amount on their daily balances is much more.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Hans\\\|first1\\=McClan\\\|title\\=Creditcardmaatschappij ICS (ABN Amro) krijgt forse boete\\\|url\\=https://www.cashwhale.nl/2021/08/29/creditcardaanbieder\\-ics\\-krijgt\\-forse\\-boete/\\\|accessdate\\=29 August 2021\\\|work\\=Cashwhale\\\|date\\=29 August 2021\\\|language\\=nl\\-NL}}", "When a \"promotional\" rate expires, normal balance transfer rate would apply and significant increase in interest charges could accrue and may be greater than they were prior to initiating a balance transfer.", "#### Stoozing", "Stoozing is the act of borrowing money at an interest rate of 0%, a rate typically offered by [credit card](/wiki/Credit_card \"Credit card\") companies as an incentive for new customers.{{cite news\\\|accessdate\\=2018\\-11\\-02\\\|title\\='You can avoid paying interest altogether'\\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2899156/You\\-can\\-avoid\\-paying\\-interest\\-altogether.html\\\|date\\=10 November 2004\\\|issn\\=0307\\-1235\\\|via\\=www.telegraph.co.uk\\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph}} The money is then placed in a high interest bank account to make a profit from the interest earned. The borrower (or \"stoozer\") then pays the money back before the 0% period ends.{{cite news\\\|accessdate\\=2018\\-11\\-02\\\|title\\=How 'stoozing' could bring down the global economy – MoneyWeek\\\|first\\=John\\\|last\\=Stepek\\\|url\\=https://moneyweek.com/19017/how\\-stoozing\\-could\\-bring\\-down\\-the\\-global\\-economy/\\\|newspaper\\=MoneyWeek\\\|date\\=22 October 2007}} The borrower does not typically have a real debt to service, but instead uses the money loaned to them to earn [interest](/wiki/Interest \"Interest\"). Stoozing can also be viewed as a form of [arbitrage](/wiki/Arbitrage \"Arbitrage\").", "### Rewards programs", "The term \"rewards program\" is a term used by card issuers to refer to offers (first used by [Discover Card](/wiki/Discover_Card \"Discover Card\") in 1985\\) to share transactions fees with the cardholder through various games and bonus programs. Cardholders typically receive one \"point\", \"mile\" or actual penny (1% of the transaction) for each dollar spent on the card,{{cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.investopedia.com/what\\-is\\-a\\-rewards\\-credit\\-card\\-5071957\\#:\\~:text\\=Rewards%20credit%20cards%20offer%20you,in%20a%20variety%20of%20ways \\\| title\\=How You Can Find the Right Rewards Credit Card }} and more points for buying from certain types of merchants or cooperating merchants, and then can pay down the loan, or trade points for airline flights, catalog merchandise, lower interest rates, gift cards, or cash. The points can also be exchanged, sometimes, between cooperating programs of different banks, making them more and more currency\\-like. These programs represent such a large value that they are not\\-completely\\-jokingly considered a set of currencies. These combined \"currencies\" have accumulated to the point that they hold more value worldwide than U.S. (paper) dollars, and are the subject of company liquidation disputes and divorce settlements (Economist, 2005\\). They are criticized for being highly inflationary, and subject to the whims of the card issuers (raising the prices after the points are earned). Many cardholders get a new card or use a card for the points, but later forget or decline to use the points, anyway. While opening new avenues for marketing and competition, rewards programs are criticized in terms of being able to compare interest rates by making it impossible for consumers to compare one competitive interest rate offer to another through any standard means such as under the U.S. [Truth in Lending Act](/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act \"Truth in Lending Act\"), because of the extra value offered by the bonus program, along with other terms, costs, and benefits created by other marketing gimmicks such as the ones cited in this article.", "" ]
History ------- Due to the inexistence of official documents at the time, the origins of the Our Lady of the Rosary Parish are narrated by popular oratory, which relates it to the foundation of Meia Ponte, currently the city of Pirenópolis, that according to ancient local custom, has [Our Lady of the Rosary](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary "Our Lady of the Rosary") as its patron saint, whose liturgical memory is celebrated on October 7\. Only in 2021 a consensual agreement on the foundation date of Pirenópolis was established, with the Municipal Law Nº 941, which instituted October 7 as the city's foundation date.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-02\-24 \\|title\=História de Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://www.pirenopolis.go.leg.br/Institucional/funcao\-e\-definicao \\|website\=City Council of Pirenópolis}} [left\\|thumb\\|400x400px\\|Palm Procession in Holy Week. Promoted by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament since 1728, Holy Week is the oldest local religious tradition, recorded here in the photo at the beginning of the 20th century.](/wiki/File:Irmandade_do_Sant%C3%ADssimo_-_Prociss%C3%A3o_de_Ramos_-_S%C3%A9culo_XIX.jpg "Irmandade do Santíssimo - Procissão de Ramos - Século XIX.jpg") However, it is known that in 1728, the society of the then Minas de Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Meia Ponte, with the proper provisions and licenses of the time, erected the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which, as in other cities of the Brazilian colonial period, was the fraternity responsible for building the Mother Churches, the only ones that could have a [tabernacle](/wiki/Tabernacle "Tabernacle"). The temple was built with characteristics of [Brazilian colonial architecture](/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Brazil "Colonial architecture of Brazil") and [slave labor](/wiki/Slavery "Slavery"), by using the mixed technique of [earth structure](/wiki/Earth_structure "Earth structure"), [stone masonry](/wiki/Stonemasonry "Stonemasonry"), and [adobe](/wiki/Adobe "Adobe"), with ornamentation gradually produced in the following decades in the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque"), [rococo](/wiki/Rococo "Rococo"), and [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") style altars.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Oliveira \\|first\=Monalisa Pavonne \\|year\=2013 \\|title\=Devoção e poder : a Irmandade do Santíssimo Sacramento do Ouro Preto (Vila Rica, 1732\-1800\) \\|url\=http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/3404 \\|journal\=UFOP \\|access\-date\=2018\-07\-30}} In 1731, a mission of the Esmolares da Terra Santa was erected next to the current Coreto Square, founded in Meia Ponte by Friar João de Jesus e Maria, assisted by Friar Domingos de Santiago, and together, they also built the Hospice of the Holy Land, a network of hostels for Franciscan religious who traveled through towns and cities collecting alms for the conservation of the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"), in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 "Palestine (region)"). The company also established a presence in the cities of [Salvador](/wiki/Salvador%2C_Bahia "Salvador, Bahia"), [Recife](/wiki/Recife "Recife"), [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Ouro Preto](/wiki/Ouro_Preto "Ouro Preto"), [Sabará](/wiki/Sabar%C3%A1 "Sabará"), [São João Del Rei](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_del-Rei "São João del-Rei"), [Diamantina](/wiki/Diamantina%2C_Minas_Gerais "Diamantina, Minas Gerais"), [Goiás](/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Goi%C3%A1s "Goiás, Goiás"), [Itu](/wiki/Itu%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Itu, São Paulo"), and [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo"). The convent of Pirenópolis was dedicated to [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception "Immaculate Conception").{{Cite journal \\|last\=Vilela \\|first\=Clarice Martins \\|year\=2015 \\|title\=Hospícios da Terra Santa no Brasil \\|url\=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde\-11092015\-095356/publico/clarissevillela.pdf \\|journal\=USP \\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-25}} According to the Baptistery Book that is still present in the parish archives, sections of the church were concluded quickly, since the first baptism in the [Church of the Rosary](/wiki/Mother_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Pirenópolis)") took place in 1732, demonstrating the organization and agility of Meia Ponte, which aimed to be the capital of Goiás and seat of the Diocese. In 1734, the burials of the members of the Irmandade do Santíssimo and other authorities that took place there began to be registered in the obituary book. In this period, 15 diocesan priests were active, such as José Vieira de Paiva, José Pinto Braga, José Cardoso Marinho, Manuel Teixeira and Antônio de Oliveira Gago. During this period, due to the many irregularities in the gold exploitation, murders and smuggling in the Arraial de Meia Ponte, the [diocesan visitator](/wiki/Canonical_visitation "Canonical visitation") Father José de F. Vasconcelos became chaplain as intervenor in 1732, being in charge of the Chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary until 1734, year in which Pedro Monteiro de Araújo assumed as the first provisioned priest, remaining in charge of the parish until 1741\. During Monteiro's administration, the Chapel of the Rosary was upgraded to the condition of Mother Church, dismembered from the Parish of Saint Anne of Vila Boa, the first in Goiás. In October 1737, the Book of Deaths started to register deaths in [Corumbá de Goiás](/wiki/Corumb%C3%A1_de_Goi%C3%A1s "Corumbá de Goiás"), where the Chapel of [Our Lady of Peñafrancia](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pe%C3%B1afrancia "Our Lady of Peñafrancia"), inaugurated in 1734 and subordinated to the Rosary Parish, began to be attended by Father Antônio Soares.{{Cite web \\|title\=HISTÓRIA \\|url\=https://corumbadegoias.go.gov.br/historia/ \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04 \\|website\=City Hall of Corumbá de Goiás}} The Chapel of Peñafrancia, elevated to the status of Mother Church in 1840, was the pioneer of the parishes of [Abadiânia](/wiki/Abadi%C3%A2nia "Abadiânia"), [Alexânia](/wiki/Alex%C3%A2nia "Alexânia") and [Cocalzinho](/wiki/Cocalzinho_de_Goi%C3%A1s "Cocalzinho de Goiás").{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia São Pedro e São Paulo \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-sao\-pedro\-e\-sao\-paulo\-2 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Imaculado Coração de Maria \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-imaculado\-coracao\-de\-maria \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Santo Antônio \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-santo\-antonio\-2 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-04 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} The Portuguese influence of the Our Lady of the Rosary Parish replicated the traditions of Pirenópolis in the Chapel of Peñafrancia in Corumbá, such as the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, Holy Week celebrations, Feast of [Saint Sebastian](/wiki/Saint_Sebastian "Saint Sebastian"), Feast of the Divine, Choir, Orchestra and band in the masses and processions, as well as the [Cavalhadas](/wiki/Cavalhadas "Cavalhadas"), held in the city in September during the patron saint's feast. [left\\|thumb\\|400x400px\\|View of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People, around 1886\.](/wiki/File:Igreja_de_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Pretos.jpg "Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos.jpg") On December 22, 1742, the Visitor Father José F. Vascocellos authorized the creation of the [Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_the_Black_People_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (Pirenópolis)"), which, in 1743, began the construction of its headquarters, the [Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Black_Men_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black Men (Pirenópolis)").{{Cite journal \\|last\=Lobo \\|first\=Tereza Caroline \\|year\=2006 \\|title\=A Singularidade de um lugar festivo: o Reinado de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos e o Juizado de São Benedito em Pirenópolis \\|url\=http://posgeo.iesa.ufg.br/ppgeo/index.php/publicacoes/dissertacoes/send/28\-2006/117\-tereza\-caroline\-lobo \\|journal\=UFG \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-06}}{{Cite journal \\|last\=Ceripes \\|first\=Paulo Henrique Ferreira \\|year\=2014 \\|title\=Fontes para a história da Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos pretos em Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/9353/1/2014\_PauloHenriqueFerreiraCeripes.pdf \\|journal\=UNB \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-06}} As the works on the Church of the Rosary progressed, held by slaves on their Sundays off and built with characteristics of the Brazilian colonial architecture using the mixed technique of earth structure, stone masonry and adobe, with the main altar in baroque style and the altars of the nave carved in rococo style, the Brotherhood of the Rosary got its statute approved on August 22, 1758\. At this time, with the organized structure, the Brotherhood of the Rosary started to celebrate the Reign of Our Lady of the Rosary in that church, always celebrated on the first Sunday of October and solemnly performed by the Brotherhood's Chaplain. In this period, 03 other Brotherhoods were created in the Mother Church, with their respective side altars in the nave: [Brotherhood of Souls of Saint Michael](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Almas_de_S%C3%A3o_Miguel "Brotherhood of Almas de São Miguel"), [Brotherhood of Saint Anthony](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saint_Anthony "Brotherhood of Saint Anthony") and [Brotherhood of Saint Anne](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sant%27Ana "Brotherhood of Sant'Ana"), besides the [Third Order of Saint Francis of Paola](/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis_of_Paola "Third Order of Saint Francis of Paola"), also responsible for the construction of one of the side altars of the Mother Church. With the removal of the Esmolares from Terra Santa to Traíras, the third order began to administer the Hospice and Chapel until its transfer to the state government, which transformed it into an educational institution and eventually demolished it in the 19th century. In mid\-1746, the Chapel of Saint Lucy emerged in the jurisdiction of Luziânia, subordinated to the Rosary Parish. By decree of December 21, 1756, the Chapel of Saint Lucy was established as a parish. The [Diocese of Luziânia](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Luzi%C3%A2nia "Roman Catholic Diocese of Luziânia"), [Diocese of Formosa](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Formosa%2C_Brazil "Roman Catholic Diocese of Formosa, Brazil") and [Archdiocese of Brasilia](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bras%C3%ADlia "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brasília") were created from the initial territory of the Luziânia Parish.{{Cite web \\|title\=Luziânia \\|url\=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/go/luziania/panorama \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05 \\|website\=IBGE}} In 1748, in the current city of Jaraguá, the churches of Saint Joseph and Our Lady of Peñafrancia were completed in 1748, with the spiritual assistance of the Rosary Parish. As in Corumbá de Goiás, the customs performed in the Rosary Parish were reproduced in the Church of Peñafrancia in Jaraguá, elevated to the status of parish in 1833 and from it were created the parishes of the cities:{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Penha \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-nossa\-senhora\-da\-penha \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Petrolina](/wiki/Petrolina "Petrolina"), [Uruana](/wiki/Uruana "Uruana"), [Goianésia](/wiki/Goian%C3%A9sia "Goianésia"), [Rialma](/wiki/Rialma "Rialma"), [Itaguaru](/wiki/Itaguaru "Itaguaru"), [Santa Isabel](/wiki/Santa_Isabel%2C_Goi%C3%A1s "Santa Isabel, Goiás") and [São Francisco de Goiás](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Goi%C3%A1s "São Francisco de Goiás"), which in turn originated the parishes of [Jesúpolis](/wiki/Jes%C3%BApolis "Jesúpolis").{{Cite web \\|title\=CONHEÇA CIDADES E ESTADOS DO BRASIL \\|url\=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/ \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05 \\|website\=IBGE}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Santa Maria Eterna \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-santa\-maria\-eterna \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia São Francisco de Assis \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-sao\-francisco\-de\-assis\-2 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Bom Jesus \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-bom\-jesus \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [thumb\\|400x400px\\|Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, built in 1750](/wiki/File:Igreja_do_Carmo_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%2C_Brasil%29.jpg "Igreja do Carmo (Pirenópolis, Brasil).jpg") In 1750, Luciano da Costa Teixeira and his son\-in\-law Antônio Rodrigues Frota, using slave labor, built the private [church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Pirenópolis)") on the right bank of the Almas River. The chapel was built in colonial architecture, earth structure, stone stonework and adobe, and was endowed with everything necessary for divine worship. In the 19th century, after the death of the benefactors, who were buried in the church and left no heirs, the property of the church was included in the parish. The church has baroque and rococo carvings, and preserves altarpieces and pieces from the demolition of other temples in the city, which today make up the local Museum of Sacred Art. In 1940 the brotherhood of Our Lady of Carmel was created there, but is now extinct. Also in 1750, under the initiative of Sergeant\-Major Antônio José de Campos and making use of slave labor, the [Church of Our Lord of Bonfim](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_of_Bonfim_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Church of Our Lord of Bonfim (Pirenópolis)") was built of adobe and in earth structure. Considered one of the state's baroque gems, Sergeant Campos bought and brought an image of Our Lord of Bonfim from Salvador, and decorated it with rococo altars and paintings. In the 18th century, the Brotherhood of Our Lord of Bonfim, now extinct, was installed in this church. This fraternity used to sponsor weekly mass celebrations on Fridays, with choir and orchestra. The Church of Bonfim, in several occasions served as a substitute for the Mother Church when it was under repairs.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Silva \\|first\=Mônica Martins da \\|year\=2000 \\|title\=A FESTA DO DIVINO. Romanização, Patrimônio \& Tradição em Pirenópolis (1890\-1988\) \\|url\=https://files.cercomp.ufg.br/weby/up/113/o/SILVA\_\_M\_nica\_Martins\_da.\_2000\.pdf \\|journal\=UFG \\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-28}} [thumb\\|400x400px\\|Current Chapel of Saint Anne, the third one built in the region. The first one was already in use in 1753\.](/wiki/File:Capela_Rio_do_Peixe_Custodio_Pirenopolis_%2812%29.png "Capela Rio do Peixe Custodio Pirenopolis (12).png") The reputation of the gold deposits on the margins of the [Peixe River](/wiki/Peixe_River_%28Das_Almas_River_tributary%29 "Peixe River (Das Almas River tributary)") brought many adventurers to the [Chapel of Rio do Peixe](/wiki/Chapel_of_Rio_do_Peixe "Chapel of Rio do Peixe") region who were responsible for building the [Chapel of Saint Anne](/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Anne "Chapel of Saint Anne") that, besides being the patron saint, was considered the owner of the place, showing the presence of Catholicism in a landscape where the houses or ranches were simple and small, made of [wattle and daub](/wiki/Wattle_and_daub "Wattle and daub") technique, adobe, with a roof of [buriti](/wiki/Mauritia_flexuosa "Mauritia flexuosa") leaves with a ground floor, of one or two pitches and single storey.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Custódio \\|first\=Willian Gomes \\|year\=2005 \\|title\=Morando na terra da Santa: festa, território e representações sociais de Capela de Sant'Ana do Rio do Peixe \\|url\=http://tede2\.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/849 \\|journal\=Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás \\|access\-date\=2023\-02\-02}} The current one, the third one built, is located at the top of a square, a natural grassed elevated area, and has a facade with characteristics of the colonial period, formerly whitewashed and with turquoise blue frames, in a style that, at first, doesn't distinguish it from many others scattered throughout the recesses that sheltered populations in the Brazilian colonial period, and brings with it traits very characteristic of this period, such as having the local cemetery attached, being a great place of pilgrimage to the festivities celebrated there in July. In the mid\-1980s, under the tutelage of the Goianésia Parish, the current temple underwent internal transformations, such as the removal of the original wood floor for a masonry and ceramic floor and lining with a plasterboard structure; two other rooms were added to the temple, one for the sacristy and the other to serve as the priests' dormitory during the festivities. In 1757, the [Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Death_of_Lapa_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa (Pirenópolis)") was built by the [Brotherhood of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Death_of_Lapa_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Brotherhood of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa (Pirenópolis)"). Despite never having been finished, this temple had constant use, possessing valuable material goods such as silverware and other liturgical objects in addition to the image of [Our Lady of Good Death](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Death "Our Lady of Good Death"). In 1869, the church was in ruins due to lack of repairs, leading to its demolition. All the images, vestments and furniture were transferred to the Church of Mount Carmel, where the image of the Good Death still stands today. Also in 1757, as attested in the Books of Minutes of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, the institution built the choir in the Mother Church, which enabled the beginning of sacred music in the city of Pirenópolis. At this time, through the sponsorship of the fraternities, several sacred orchestras began to perform Baroque music in Latin. The Brotherhoods also sponsored local musical production and composition; the local Antônio da Costa Nascimento stood out in this regard. The only remaining orchestra from centuries past and still performing is the [Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Coro_e_Orquestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio "Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário"), founded in 1893 together with the [Phoenix Band](/wiki/Phoenix_Band "Phoenix Band"). The Orquestra do Rosário still uses Latin and [Baroque music](/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles "Baroque music of the British Isles"), especially in traditional celebrations.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Pina \\|first\=Maria Lúcia Mascarenhas Roriz e \\|year\=2010 \\|title\=Concerto dos sapos: um patrimônio musical goiano \\|url\=http://tede2\.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/bitstream/tede/3689/2/MARIA%20L%C3%9ACIA%20MASCARENHAS%20RORIZ%20E%20PINA.pdf \\|journal\=UCG \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-06}} [thumb\\|400x400px\\|Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, built in 1750\.](/wiki/File:Igreja_do_Bonfim_de_Piren%C3%B3polis.jpg "Igreja do Bonfim de Pirenópolis.jpg") In 1811, the installation of the [Brotherhood of Saint Benedict](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saint_Benedict_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Brotherhood of Saint Benedict (Pirenópolis)") at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People was authorized. Like the Brotherhood of the Rosary, the Brotherhood of Saint Benedict concentrated a large portion of the black population. In the church of the Rosary, the Brotherhood of Saint Benedict was responsible for the maintenance of one of the side altars. Following the model of the Reign of the Rosary, the Brotherhood of Saint Benedict started the Feast of Saint Benedict, which is currently held on the Tuesday after [Pentecost](/wiki/Pentecost "Pentecost"). Despite being held since the mid\-eighteenth century, only in 1819 the Feast of the Divine began to have the figure of the [Emperor of the Divine](/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Divine "Emperor of the Divine"). Initially, only influential people in society and members of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament could hold this position, but today it can be held by any resident of Pirenópolis. Manoel Amâncio da Luz had the Crown of the Divine made for the 1826 Feast, and donated it to the Brotherhood. It was also in the 1826 Festival that the existing practice of Cavalhadas was introduced or stimulated; in 2023, the feast received 30 thousand tourists.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-06\-01 \\|title\=Em Pirenópolis (GO), Festa do Divino Espírito Santo reúne 30 mil turistas \\|url\=https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt\-br/assuntos/noticias/em\-pirenopolis\-go\-festa\-do\-divino\-espirito\-santo\-reune\-30\-mil\-turistas\-1 \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-26 \\|website\=gov.br}} On July 10, 1832, the district of Meia Ponte was elevated to town, and on November 18 of the same year, the first elections for the City Council took place. On April 14, 1833, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament gave the consistory to hold the council sessions, since there was no building designed for this purpose. Of the first 07 councilmen, 03 were priests of the parish and the others were members of the Brotherhood. The City Council operated there until it moved to a specific location. In 1856, due to questions about public health, a discussion began in the city about the need to build a cemetery and to stop burials in religious temples. The City Council took action and required the region's farmers and ranchers to contribute financially to the project. In this period, most of the local population was rural, as the economy changed from gold mining to agriculture at the end of the 18th century. As the obligation imposed by the City Council did not work, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, on its own initiative, built the [Saint Michael](/wiki/Michael_%28archangel%29 "Michael (archangel)") Cemetery between the years 1867 and 1869, whose documentation still exists in the parish archive.{{Cite web \\|title\=Cemitério de São Miguel \\|url\=https://www.artefunerariabrasil.com.br/camiterio/cemiterio\-de\-sao\-miguel/ \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-14 \\|website\=Arte Funerária}} Currently, the administration of the cemetery is the responsibility of the city hall; the entrance chapel and the chapel for celebrations, which still has an altarpiece with baroque traits, are currently Cultural Heritage of the Municipality. [thumb\\|400x400px\\|Image of Our Lady of Good Death, one of the few pieces left from the Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa, now in the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.](/wiki/File:Senhora_Boa_Morte_Pirenopolis.jpg "Senhora Boa Morte Pirenopolis.jpg") At the beginning of 1871, in the region of Sant'Ana das Antas, current [Anápolis](/wiki/An%C3%A1polis "Anápolis"), the construction of the Chapel of Saint Anne began.{{Cite web \\|title\=Anápolis \\|url\=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/go/anapolis/historico \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=IBGE}} Francisco Inácio da Luz became the first parish priest of this locality in 1873\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Histórico \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/historico/ \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} Through the Saint Anne Parish were created all the parishes of Anápolis, today Diocese of Anápolis, besides the parishes in the cities of [Nerópolis](/wiki/Ner%C3%B3polis "Nerópolis"),{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia São Benedito \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-sao\-benedito \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Brazabrantes](/wiki/Brazabrantes "Brazabrantes"),{{Cite web \\|title\=São João Batista \- Brazabrantes \\|url\=https://www.arquidiocesedegoiania.org.br/paroquias/inhumas/sao\-joao\-batista\-brazabrantes \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Nova Veneza](/wiki/Nova_Veneza%2C_Goi%C3%A1s "Nova Veneza, Goiás"),{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Nossa Senhora do Carmo \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-nossa\-senhora\-do\-carmo\-2 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Damolândia](/wiki/Damol%C3%A2ndia "Damolândia"),{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Santo Antônio \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-santo\-antonio\-3 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Goianápolis](/wiki/Goian%C3%A1polis "Goianápolis"),{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Nossa Senhora Aparecida \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-nossa\-senhora\-aparecida\-2 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Ouro Verde de Goiás](/wiki/Ouro_Verde_de_Goi%C3%A1s "Ouro Verde de Goiás"){{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia São Sebastião \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-sao\-sebastiao\-2 \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} and [Campo Limpo de Goiás](/wiki/Campo_Limpo_de_Goi%C3%A1s "Campo Limpo de Goiás").{{Cite web \\|title\=Paróquia Santa Terezinha do Menino Jesus \\|url\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\-santa\-terezinha\-do\-menino\-jesus \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Diocese of Anápolis}} On February 29, 1896, Dom [Eduardo Duarte Silva](/wiki/Eduardo_Duarte_Silva "Eduardo Duarte Silva") emitted a decree in which he designated the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament as the fabricator of the Mother Church. On March 22 of the following year, the confraternity unanimously elected Sebastião Pompeu de Pina to the position of fabricator, who exercised the respective functions until his death.{{Cite book \\|last\=Jayme \\|first\=Jarbas \\|title\=Esboço Histórico de Pirenópolis \\|year\=1971 \\|location\=Goiânia}} On January 4, 1901, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament decided to acquire the house owned by Joaquim Gomes da Silva, located on the Vigário Nascimento Street, today Direita Street, for 1:300$000, to be the residence of the new vicar. After the death of Father José Joaquim do Nascimento, several priests visited Pirenópolis, but on a temporary basis. Once the aforementioned property was not purchased, on the following February 24, the confraternity decided to buy, for 1:500$000, the house at Nova Street, currently Pouso do Frade, which for decades was the parish house. With the improvements it needed, the property was valued at 4,000$000\. As the Brotherhood only had $2,600,000 at the time, citizen Joaquim Pereira Vale lent the Brotherhood the sum of $1,400,000, interest\-free. The first priest to occupy the house was the Italian Francisco Xavier Savelli who, in the same year, acquired in Rio de Janeiro an image of the [Sacred Heart of Jesus](/wiki/Sacred_Heart "Sacred Heart") that arrived on June 11 at the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim and from there, in procession accompanied by all the brotherhoods, the Euterpe Band and the Phoenix Band, was enthroned in the old altar of Saint Anthony in the Mother Church. Father Savelli also introduced the Apostleship of Prayer in the parish, which until today holds the celebrations of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In 1941, the Mother Church was registered as a National Historical and Artistic Heritage, under process number 241\-T\-1941, registered in the Book of Historical Records under number 165, on July 3, 1941\. This registration included all its collection, according to the Resolution of the Advisory Council of SPHAN, on August 13, 1985, referring to Administrative Process number 13/85/SPHAN. At the same time that history was preserved through the registration of the Mother Church as historical heritage, the destruction of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People began. According to José Claudino da Nóbrega, during this period he bought several pieces of the old Church of the Rosary, and his salesman used the proceeds to help build a gymnasium, the former Colégio Nossa Senhora do Carmo, nowadays called Aldeia da Paz. He also says:{{Cite book \\|last\=Nóbrega \\|first\=José Claudino da \\|title\=Memórias de um viajante antiquário \\|publisher\=Raízes \\|year\=1984}} {{Blockquote\\|text\=I went to Pirenópolis more than ten times. On one of them I bought a "pile" of carvings that was deposited in the sacristy of the Mother Church. The old comendador, who was in charge of everything, gathered the "brotherhood of the brown men of Our Lady of the Rosary" and, in the meeting, the sale was authorized, event registered in the minutes. The Brotherhood's treasurer received the payment and signed a receipt. He instructed a carpenter to provide wood and execute the packaging. When it was time for the truck to leave, the municipal mayor appeared, (who was from the Pina family) and embargoed the sale. I went to the district judge and, examining the documents I had in my hands, he told me that he would guarantee that the objects would be allowed to leave through the police. I left euphoric, but the joy didn't last, because the vicar informed me that both Professor Jarbas Jaime and the Curado brothers were against the deal. I preferred to return the goods and was promptly reimbursed. The Curados, doing justice to their aristocratic origin, spontaneously reimbursed me for the expenses incurred. Twenty\-some years ago I went to Pirenópolis with the specific purpose of acquiring two chests of valuables. I found, in the nuns convent, some carvings from the old Church of the Rosary, the same ones that I had already bought and could not bring back. The most beautiful of all the images that belonged to that church was acquired by Mr. Renzo Pagliari in 1959\. On this occasion I acquired from Prof. Jarbas an excellent chest of drawers "D. José", which I transferred to Mr. Hélio de Almeida Leite; today this piece decorates the Government Palace of São Paulo.}} After the pieces were sold, included the main altar, the demolition of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People also began. The main altar had the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People enthroned, which today is located in the Church of Mount Carmel. In the two lateral niches of the main altar were the images of [Saint Raphael](/wiki/Raphael_%28archangel%29 "Raphael (archangel)") and [Saint Benedict](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia "Benedict of Nursia"). Both images were in the church on the day of the fire. However, the energetic reaction of the local population prevented it from being transported to São Paulo, and after the fire in the Mother Church, it is now installed as the main altar. The right side altar was dedicated to Saint Sebastian, whose image, taken to the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, was stolen from there in 1978\. The left side altar was dedicated to Saint Benedict, whose image is now in the Mother Church. The other images, ornaments, vestments, furniture, and other belongings of the temple were distributed among these three churches that still exist in the city today. In mid\-1953, through the initiative of Braz Wilson Pompêo de Pina, the Chapel of [Saint Jude Thaddaeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle "Jude the Apostle") was built in Carmo neighborhood, consecrated by Dom [Emanuel Gomes de Oliveira](/wiki/Emanuel_Gomes_de_Oliveira "Emanuel Gomes de Oliveira"), then metropolitan archbishop. With the construction of the chapel and the opening of the current São Judas Street, the urban occupation of the upper part of Carmo neighborhood took place.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Mendonça \\|first\=Juliana de Piva \\|year\=2008 \\|title\=Turismo e patrimônio cultural em Pirenópolis: uma análise dos efeitos sobre a vida social \\|url\=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstream/tede/10230/5/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20\-%20Juliana%20de%20Pina%20Mendon%C3%A7a%20\-%202008\.pdf \\|journal\=UFG \\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-28}}{{Cite journal \\|last\=Cerqueira \\|first\=Marlon José \\|year\=2008 \\|title\=VALORAÇÃO ECONÔMICA DO ECOTURISMO: Estudo de Caso \- A Fesa do Divino Espírito Santos m Pirenópolis \- GO \\|url\=https://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/415/1/2003\_MarlonJoseCerqueira.pdf \\|journal\=UNB \\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-28}} [thumb\\|Saint Michael Cemetery chapel altarpiece.](/wiki/File:Altar_Cemit%C3%A9rio_S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Piren%C3%B3polis.jpg "Altar Cemitério São Miguel Pirenópolis.jpg") In September 1978, the biggest theft of art pieces in Goiás occurred at the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, at the time estimated at three and a half million cruzeiros. The pieces taken were from the XVIII century, and included baroque images, silverware, and other objects, such as: one image of [Saint Barbara](/wiki/Saint_Barbara "Saint Barbara") and one of Saint Lucy, both French, one image of the [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception "Immaculate Conception") and one of Saint Anne, and one of the Divine Eternal Father from Veiga Valle, besides four crucifixes and two wooden candlesticks. According to an article published in the [O Globo](/wiki/O_Globo "O Globo") newspaper, on November 1, 1978, the theft was attributed to Ivan Ferreira Santos, who went by the alias Sandra; he was arrested and then released. According to the report, Ivan had been arrested in Rio de Janeiro, also accused of stealing sacred pieces in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and in states of the northeast region. As for the location of the pieces from Pirenópolis, they are unknown to this day.{{Cite journal \\|last\=Fabrino \\|first\=Raphael João Hallack \\|year\=2012 \\|title\=Os Furtos de Obras de Arte Sacra em Igrejas Tombadas do Rio de Janeiro (1957\-1995\) \\|url\=https://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Disserta%2B%C2%BA%2B%C3%BAo%20Raphael%20Jo%2B%C3%BAo%20Hallack%20Fabrino.pdf \\|journal\=IPHAN \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-20}} In 1989, with the registration of the [Historic Center of Pirenópolis](/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Piren%C3%B3polis "Historic Center of Pirenópolis") by IPHAN, the Churches of Bonfim and Mount Carmel, located within this perimeter, became National Heritage. On September 5, 2002, the Mother Church was burned to the ground, consuming the roof and the entire internal part of the building. In the same year, the emergency rescue work began. In 2004, the Canteiro Aberto exhibition was opened, and the inauguration of the reconstructed temple took place on March 30, 2006\. Since then, the church has been in regular use, and has returned to being the main temple of the parish. In 2010, the Feast of the Divine was recognized as a Brazilian Intangible and Cultural Heritage by IPHAN, and in 2019, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament and the customs initiated by it were declared Intangible and Cultural Heritage of the city. During the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), in 2020 and 2021, the celebrations were held in an unprecedented format, without the presence of the faithful and transmitted by social media by the Pastoral of Communication, but without losing its traditional essence, with the use of baroque images, processions with music band and the chanting of the songs in Latin.{{Cite web \\|date\=2012\-04\-01 \\|title\=Pandemia cancela procissão histórica, veta público em missas e muda ritos da Igreja na Páscoa \\|url\=https://www1\.folha.uol.com.br/equilibrioesaude/2021/04/pandemia\-cancela\-procissao\-historica\-veta\-publico\-em\-missas\-e\-muda\-ritos\-da\-igreja\-na\-pascoa.shtml \\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-07 \\|website\=Folha de São Paulo}}{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-04\-08 \\|title\=Pirenópolis terá Semana Santa virtual com transmissão de celebrações \\|url\=https://opopular.com.br/cidades/pirenopolis\-tera\-semana\-santa\-virtual\-com\-transmiss\-o\-de\-celebrac\-es\-1\.2031833 \\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-05 \\|website\=O Popular}}	[ "History\n-------", "Due to the inexistence of official documents at the time, the origins of the Our Lady of the Rosary Parish are narrated by popular oratory, which relates it to the foundation of Meia Ponte, currently the city of Pirenópolis, that according to ancient local custom, has [Our Lady of the Rosary](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary \"Our Lady of the Rosary\") as its patron saint, whose liturgical memory is celebrated on October 7\\. Only in 2021 a consensual agreement on the foundation date of Pirenópolis was established, with the Municipal Law Nº 941, which instituted October 7 as the city's foundation date.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-24 \\\|title\\=História de Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://www.pirenopolis.go.leg.br/Institucional/funcao\\-e\\-definicao \\\|website\\=City Council of Pirenópolis}}\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Palm Procession in Holy Week. Promoted by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament since 1728, Holy Week is the oldest local religious tradition, recorded here in the photo at the beginning of the 20th century.](/wiki/File:Irmandade_do_Sant%C3%ADssimo_-_Prociss%C3%A3o_de_Ramos_-_S%C3%A9culo_XIX.jpg \"Irmandade do Santíssimo - Procissão de Ramos - Século XIX.jpg\")\nHowever, it is known that in 1728, the society of the then Minas de Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Meia Ponte, with the proper provisions and licenses of the time, erected the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which, as in other cities of the Brazilian colonial period, was the fraternity responsible for building the Mother Churches, the only ones that could have a [tabernacle](/wiki/Tabernacle \"Tabernacle\"). The temple was built with characteristics of [Brazilian colonial architecture](/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Brazil \"Colonial architecture of Brazil\") and [slave labor](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\"), by using the mixed technique of [earth structure](/wiki/Earth_structure \"Earth structure\"), [stone masonry](/wiki/Stonemasonry \"Stonemasonry\"), and [adobe](/wiki/Adobe \"Adobe\"), with ornamentation gradually produced in the following decades in the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\"), [rococo](/wiki/Rococo \"Rococo\"), and [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") style altars.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Oliveira \\\|first\\=Monalisa Pavonne \\\|year\\=2013 \\\|title\\=Devoção e poder : a Irmandade do Santíssimo Sacramento do Ouro Preto (Vila Rica, 1732\\-1800\\) \\\|url\\=http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/3404 \\\|journal\\=UFOP \\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-30}}", "In 1731, a mission of the Esmolares da Terra Santa was erected next to the current Coreto Square, founded in Meia Ponte by Friar João de Jesus e Maria, assisted by Friar Domingos de Santiago, and together, they also built the Hospice of the Holy Land, a network of hostels for Franciscan religious who traveled through towns and cities collecting alms for the conservation of the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"), in [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\"). The company also established a presence in the cities of [Salvador](/wiki/Salvador%2C_Bahia \"Salvador, Bahia\"), [Recife](/wiki/Recife \"Recife\"), [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), [Ouro Preto](/wiki/Ouro_Preto \"Ouro Preto\"), [Sabará](/wiki/Sabar%C3%A1 \"Sabará\"), [São João Del Rei](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_del-Rei \"São João del-Rei\"), [Diamantina](/wiki/Diamantina%2C_Minas_Gerais \"Diamantina, Minas Gerais\"), [Goiás](/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Goi%C3%A1s \"Goiás, Goiás\"), [Itu](/wiki/Itu%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Itu, São Paulo\"), and [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"São Paulo\"). The convent of Pirenópolis was dedicated to [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception \"Immaculate Conception\").{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Vilela \\\|first\\=Clarice Martins \\\|year\\=2015 \\\|title\\=Hospícios da Terra Santa no Brasil \\\|url\\=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde\\-11092015\\-095356/publico/clarissevillela.pdf \\\|journal\\=USP \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-25}}", "According to the Baptistery Book that is still present in the parish archives, sections of the church were concluded quickly, since the first baptism in the [Church of the Rosary](/wiki/Mother_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Pirenópolis)\") took place in 1732, demonstrating the organization and agility of Meia Ponte, which aimed to be the capital of Goiás and seat of the Diocese. In 1734, the burials of the members of the Irmandade do Santíssimo and other authorities that took place there began to be registered in the obituary book. In this period, 15 diocesan priests were active, such as José Vieira de Paiva, José Pinto Braga, José Cardoso Marinho, Manuel Teixeira and Antônio de Oliveira Gago.", "During this period, due to the many irregularities in the gold exploitation, murders and smuggling in the Arraial de Meia Ponte, the [diocesan visitator](/wiki/Canonical_visitation \"Canonical visitation\") Father José de F. Vasconcelos became chaplain as intervenor in 1732, being in charge of the Chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary until 1734, year in which Pedro Monteiro de Araújo assumed as the first provisioned priest, remaining in charge of the parish until 1741\\. During Monteiro's administration, the Chapel of the Rosary was upgraded to the condition of Mother Church, dismembered from the Parish of Saint Anne of Vila Boa, the first in Goiás.", "In October 1737, the Book of Deaths started to register deaths in [Corumbá de Goiás](/wiki/Corumb%C3%A1_de_Goi%C3%A1s \"Corumbá de Goiás\"), where the Chapel of [Our Lady of Peñafrancia](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pe%C3%B1afrancia \"Our Lady of Peñafrancia\"), inaugurated in 1734 and subordinated to the Rosary Parish, began to be attended by Father Antônio Soares.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=HISTÓRIA \\\|url\\=https://corumbadegoias.go.gov.br/historia/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04 \\\|website\\=City Hall of Corumbá de Goiás}} The Chapel of Peñafrancia, elevated to the status of Mother Church in 1840, was the pioneer of the parishes of [Abadiânia](/wiki/Abadi%C3%A2nia \"Abadiânia\"), [Alexânia](/wiki/Alex%C3%A2nia \"Alexânia\") and [Cocalzinho](/wiki/Cocalzinho_de_Goi%C3%A1s \"Cocalzinho de Goiás\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia São Pedro e São Paulo \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-sao\\-pedro\\-e\\-sao\\-paulo\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Imaculado Coração de Maria \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-imaculado\\-coracao\\-de\\-maria \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Santo Antônio \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-santo\\-antonio\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-04 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} The Portuguese influence of the Our Lady of the Rosary Parish replicated the traditions of Pirenópolis in the Chapel of Peñafrancia in Corumbá, such as the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, Holy Week celebrations, Feast of [Saint Sebastian](/wiki/Saint_Sebastian \"Saint Sebastian\"), Feast of the Divine, Choir, Orchestra and band in the masses and processions, as well as the [Cavalhadas](/wiki/Cavalhadas \"Cavalhadas\"), held in the city in September during the patron saint's feast.\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|View of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People, around 1886\\.](/wiki/File:Igreja_de_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_dos_Pretos.jpg \"Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos.jpg\")\nOn December 22, 1742, the Visitor Father José F. Vascocellos authorized the creation of the [Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_the_Black_People_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (Pirenópolis)\"), which, in 1743, began the construction of its headquarters, the [Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Black_Men_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black Men (Pirenópolis)\").{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Lobo \\\|first\\=Tereza Caroline \\\|year\\=2006 \\\|title\\=A Singularidade de um lugar festivo: o Reinado de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos e o Juizado de São Benedito em Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=http://posgeo.iesa.ufg.br/ppgeo/index.php/publicacoes/dissertacoes/send/28\\-2006/117\\-tereza\\-caroline\\-lobo \\\|journal\\=UFG \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-06}}{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Ceripes \\\|first\\=Paulo Henrique Ferreira \\\|year\\=2014 \\\|title\\=Fontes para a história da Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos pretos em Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/9353/1/2014\\_PauloHenriqueFerreiraCeripes.pdf \\\|journal\\=UNB \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-06}} As the works on the Church of the Rosary progressed, held by slaves on their Sundays off and built with characteristics of the Brazilian colonial architecture using the mixed technique of earth structure, stone masonry and adobe, with the main altar in baroque style and the altars of the nave carved in rococo style, the Brotherhood of the Rosary got its statute approved on August 22, 1758\\. At this time, with the organized structure, the Brotherhood of the Rosary started to celebrate the Reign of Our Lady of the Rosary in that church, always celebrated on the first Sunday of October and solemnly performed by the Brotherhood's Chaplain.", "In this period, 03 other Brotherhoods were created in the Mother Church, with their respective side altars in the nave: [Brotherhood of Souls of Saint Michael](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Almas_de_S%C3%A3o_Miguel \"Brotherhood of Almas de São Miguel\"), [Brotherhood of Saint Anthony](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saint_Anthony \"Brotherhood of Saint Anthony\") and [Brotherhood of Saint Anne](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sant%27Ana \"Brotherhood of Sant'Ana\"), besides the [Third Order of Saint Francis of Paola](/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis_of_Paola \"Third Order of Saint Francis of Paola\"), also responsible for the construction of one of the side altars of the Mother Church. With the removal of the Esmolares from Terra Santa to Traíras, the third order began to administer the Hospice and Chapel until its transfer to the state government, which transformed it into an educational institution and eventually demolished it in the 19th century.", "In mid\\-1746, the Chapel of Saint Lucy emerged in the jurisdiction of Luziânia, subordinated to the Rosary Parish. By decree of December 21, 1756, the Chapel of Saint Lucy was established as a parish. The [Diocese of Luziânia](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Luzi%C3%A2nia \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Luziânia\"), [Diocese of Formosa](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Formosa%2C_Brazil \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Formosa, Brazil\") and [Archdiocese of Brasilia](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bras%C3%ADlia \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brasília\") were created from the initial territory of the Luziânia Parish.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Luziânia \\\|url\\=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/go/luziania/panorama \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05 \\\|website\\=IBGE}}", "In 1748, in the current city of Jaraguá, the churches of Saint Joseph and Our Lady of Peñafrancia were completed in 1748, with the spiritual assistance of the Rosary Parish. As in Corumbá de Goiás, the customs performed in the Rosary Parish were reproduced in the Church of Peñafrancia in Jaraguá, elevated to the status of parish in 1833 and from it were created the parishes of the cities:{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Penha \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-nossa\\-senhora\\-da\\-penha \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Petrolina](/wiki/Petrolina \"Petrolina\"), [Uruana](/wiki/Uruana \"Uruana\"), [Goianésia](/wiki/Goian%C3%A9sia \"Goianésia\"), [Rialma](/wiki/Rialma \"Rialma\"), [Itaguaru](/wiki/Itaguaru \"Itaguaru\"), [Santa Isabel](/wiki/Santa_Isabel%2C_Goi%C3%A1s \"Santa Isabel, Goiás\") and [São Francisco de Goiás](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Goi%C3%A1s \"São Francisco de Goiás\"), which in turn originated the parishes of [Jesúpolis](/wiki/Jes%C3%BApolis \"Jesúpolis\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=CONHEÇA CIDADES E ESTADOS DO BRASIL \\\|url\\=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05 \\\|website\\=IBGE}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Santa Maria Eterna \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-santa\\-maria\\-eterna \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia São Francisco de Assis \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-sao\\-francisco\\-de\\-assis\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Bom Jesus \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-bom\\-jesus \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}}\n[thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, built in 1750](/wiki/File:Igreja_do_Carmo_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%2C_Brasil%29.jpg \"Igreja do Carmo (Pirenópolis, Brasil).jpg\")\nIn 1750, Luciano da Costa Teixeira and his son\\-in\\-law Antônio Rodrigues Frota, using slave labor, built the private [church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Pirenópolis)\") on the right bank of the Almas River. The chapel was built in colonial architecture, earth structure, stone stonework and adobe, and was endowed with everything necessary for divine worship. In the 19th century, after the death of the benefactors, who were buried in the church and left no heirs, the property of the church was included in the parish. The church has baroque and rococo carvings, and preserves altarpieces and pieces from the demolition of other temples in the city, which today make up the local Museum of Sacred Art. In 1940 the brotherhood of Our Lady of Carmel was created there, but is now extinct.", "Also in 1750, under the initiative of Sergeant\\-Major Antônio José de Campos and making use of slave labor, the [Church of Our Lord of Bonfim](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_of_Bonfim_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Church of Our Lord of Bonfim (Pirenópolis)\") was built of adobe and in earth structure. Considered one of the state's baroque gems, Sergeant Campos bought and brought an image of Our Lord of Bonfim from Salvador, and decorated it with rococo altars and paintings. In the 18th century, the Brotherhood of Our Lord of Bonfim, now extinct, was installed in this church. This fraternity used to sponsor weekly mass celebrations on Fridays, with choir and orchestra. The Church of Bonfim, in several occasions served as a substitute for the Mother Church when it was under repairs.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Silva \\\|first\\=Mônica Martins da \\\|year\\=2000 \\\|title\\=A FESTA DO DIVINO. Romanização, Patrimônio \\& Tradição em Pirenópolis (1890\\-1988\\) \\\|url\\=https://files.cercomp.ufg.br/weby/up/113/o/SILVA\\_\\_M\\_nica\\_Martins\\_da.\\_2000\\.pdf \\\|journal\\=UFG \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-28}}\n[thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Current Chapel of Saint Anne, the third one built in the region. The first one was already in use in 1753\\.](/wiki/File:Capela_Rio_do_Peixe_Custodio_Pirenopolis_%2812%29.png \"Capela Rio do Peixe Custodio Pirenopolis (12).png\")\nThe reputation of the gold deposits on the margins of the [Peixe River](/wiki/Peixe_River_%28Das_Almas_River_tributary%29 \"Peixe River (Das Almas River tributary)\") brought many adventurers to the [Chapel of Rio do Peixe](/wiki/Chapel_of_Rio_do_Peixe \"Chapel of Rio do Peixe\") region who were responsible for building the [Chapel of Saint Anne](/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Anne \"Chapel of Saint Anne\") that, besides being the patron saint, was considered the owner of the place, showing the presence of Catholicism in a landscape where the houses or ranches were simple and small, made of [wattle and daub](/wiki/Wattle_and_daub \"Wattle and daub\") technique, adobe, with a roof of [buriti](/wiki/Mauritia_flexuosa \"Mauritia flexuosa\") leaves with a ground floor, of one or two pitches and single storey.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Custódio \\\|first\\=Willian Gomes \\\|year\\=2005 \\\|title\\=Morando na terra da Santa: festa, território e representações sociais de Capela de Sant'Ana do Rio do Peixe \\\|url\\=http://tede2\\.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/849 \\\|journal\\=Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-02}} The current one, the third one built, is located at the top of a square, a natural grassed elevated area, and has a facade with characteristics of the colonial period, formerly whitewashed and with turquoise blue frames, in a style that, at first, doesn't distinguish it from many others scattered throughout the recesses that sheltered populations in the Brazilian colonial period, and brings with it traits very characteristic of this period, such as having the local cemetery attached, being a great place of pilgrimage to the festivities celebrated there in July. In the mid\\-1980s, under the tutelage of the Goianésia Parish, the current temple underwent internal transformations, such as the removal of the original wood floor for a masonry and ceramic floor and lining with a plasterboard structure; two other rooms were added to the temple, one for the sacristy and the other to serve as the priests' dormitory during the festivities.", "In 1757, the [Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Death_of_Lapa_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa (Pirenópolis)\") was built by the [Brotherhood of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Death_of_Lapa_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Brotherhood of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa (Pirenópolis)\"). Despite never having been finished, this temple had constant use, possessing valuable material goods such as silverware and other liturgical objects in addition to the image of [Our Lady of Good Death](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Death \"Our Lady of Good Death\"). In 1869, the church was in ruins due to lack of repairs, leading to its demolition. All the images, vestments and furniture were transferred to the Church of Mount Carmel, where the image of the Good Death still stands today.", "Also in 1757, as attested in the Books of Minutes of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, the institution built the choir in the Mother Church, which enabled the beginning of sacred music in the city of Pirenópolis. At this time, through the sponsorship of the fraternities, several sacred orchestras began to perform Baroque music in Latin. The Brotherhoods also sponsored local musical production and composition; the local Antônio da Costa Nascimento stood out in this regard. The only remaining orchestra from centuries past and still performing is the [Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Coro_e_Orquestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio \"Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário\"), founded in 1893 together with the [Phoenix Band](/wiki/Phoenix_Band \"Phoenix Band\"). The Orquestra do Rosário still uses Latin and [Baroque music](/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles \"Baroque music of the British Isles\"), especially in traditional celebrations.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Pina \\\|first\\=Maria Lúcia Mascarenhas Roriz e \\\|year\\=2010 \\\|title\\=Concerto dos sapos: um patrimônio musical goiano \\\|url\\=http://tede2\\.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/bitstream/tede/3689/2/MARIA%20L%C3%9ACIA%20MASCARENHAS%20RORIZ%20E%20PINA.pdf \\\|journal\\=UCG \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-06}}\n[thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, built in 1750\\.](/wiki/File:Igreja_do_Bonfim_de_Piren%C3%B3polis.jpg \"Igreja do Bonfim de Pirenópolis.jpg\")\nIn 1811, the installation of the [Brotherhood of Saint Benedict](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saint_Benedict_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Brotherhood of Saint Benedict (Pirenópolis)\") at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People was authorized. Like the Brotherhood of the Rosary, the Brotherhood of Saint Benedict concentrated a large portion of the black population. In the church of the Rosary, the Brotherhood of Saint Benedict was responsible for the maintenance of one of the side altars. Following the model of the Reign of the Rosary, the Brotherhood of Saint Benedict started the Feast of Saint Benedict, which is currently held on the Tuesday after [Pentecost](/wiki/Pentecost \"Pentecost\").", "Despite being held since the mid\\-eighteenth century, only in 1819 the Feast of the Divine began to have the figure of the [Emperor of the Divine](/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Divine \"Emperor of the Divine\"). Initially, only influential people in society and members of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament could hold this position, but today it can be held by any resident of Pirenópolis. Manoel Amâncio da Luz had the Crown of the Divine made for the 1826 Feast, and donated it to the Brotherhood. It was also in the 1826 Festival that the existing practice of Cavalhadas was introduced or stimulated; in 2023, the feast received 30 thousand tourists.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-01 \\\|title\\=Em Pirenópolis (GO), Festa do Divino Espírito Santo reúne 30 mil turistas \\\|url\\=https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt\\-br/assuntos/noticias/em\\-pirenopolis\\-go\\-festa\\-do\\-divino\\-espirito\\-santo\\-reune\\-30\\-mil\\-turistas\\-1 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-26 \\\|website\\=gov.br}}", "On July 10, 1832, the district of Meia Ponte was elevated to town, and on November 18 of the same year, the first elections for the City Council took place. On April 14, 1833, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament gave the consistory to hold the council sessions, since there was no building designed for this purpose. Of the first 07 councilmen, 03 were priests of the parish and the others were members of the Brotherhood. The City Council operated there until it moved to a specific location.", "In 1856, due to questions about public health, a discussion began in the city about the need to build a cemetery and to stop burials in religious temples. The City Council took action and required the region's farmers and ranchers to contribute financially to the project. In this period, most of the local population was rural, as the economy changed from gold mining to agriculture at the end of the 18th century. As the obligation imposed by the City Council did not work, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, on its own initiative, built the [Saint Michael](/wiki/Michael_%28archangel%29 \"Michael (archangel)\") Cemetery between the years 1867 and 1869, whose documentation still exists in the parish archive.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Cemitério de São Miguel \\\|url\\=https://www.artefunerariabrasil.com.br/camiterio/cemiterio\\-de\\-sao\\-miguel/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-14 \\\|website\\=Arte Funerária}} Currently, the administration of the cemetery is the responsibility of the city hall; the entrance chapel and the chapel for celebrations, which still has an altarpiece with baroque traits, are currently Cultural Heritage of the Municipality.\n[thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Image of Our Lady of Good Death, one of the few pieces left from the Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa, now in the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.](/wiki/File:Senhora_Boa_Morte_Pirenopolis.jpg \"Senhora Boa Morte Pirenopolis.jpg\")\nAt the beginning of 1871, in the region of Sant'Ana das Antas, current [Anápolis](/wiki/An%C3%A1polis \"Anápolis\"), the construction of the Chapel of Saint Anne began.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Anápolis \\\|url\\=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/go/anapolis/historico \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=IBGE}} Francisco Inácio da Luz became the first parish priest of this locality in 1873\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Histórico \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/historico/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} Through the Saint Anne Parish were created all the parishes of Anápolis, today Diocese of Anápolis, besides the parishes in the cities of [Nerópolis](/wiki/Ner%C3%B3polis \"Nerópolis\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia São Benedito \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-sao\\-benedito \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Brazabrantes](/wiki/Brazabrantes \"Brazabrantes\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=São João Batista \\- Brazabrantes \\\|url\\=https://www.arquidiocesedegoiania.org.br/paroquias/inhumas/sao\\-joao\\-batista\\-brazabrantes \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Nova Veneza](/wiki/Nova_Veneza%2C_Goi%C3%A1s \"Nova Veneza, Goiás\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Nossa Senhora do Carmo \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-nossa\\-senhora\\-do\\-carmo\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Damolândia](/wiki/Damol%C3%A2ndia \"Damolândia\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Santo Antônio \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-santo\\-antonio\\-3 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Goianápolis](/wiki/Goian%C3%A1polis \"Goianápolis\"),{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Nossa Senhora Aparecida \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-nossa\\-senhora\\-aparecida\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} [Ouro Verde de Goiás](/wiki/Ouro_Verde_de_Goi%C3%A1s \"Ouro Verde de Goiás\"){{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia São Sebastião \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-sao\\-sebastiao\\-2 \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}} and [Campo Limpo de Goiás](/wiki/Campo_Limpo_de_Goi%C3%A1s \"Campo Limpo de Goiás\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Paróquia Santa Terezinha do Menino Jesus \\\|url\\=https://www.diocesedeanapolis.org.br/paroquia/paroquia\\-santa\\-terezinha\\-do\\-menino\\-jesus \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Diocese of Anápolis}}", "On February 29, 1896, Dom [Eduardo Duarte Silva](/wiki/Eduardo_Duarte_Silva \"Eduardo Duarte Silva\") emitted a decree in which he designated the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament as the fabricator of the Mother Church. On March 22 of the following year, the confraternity unanimously elected Sebastião Pompeu de Pina to the position of fabricator, who exercised the respective functions until his death.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Jayme \\\|first\\=Jarbas \\\|title\\=Esboço Histórico de Pirenópolis \\\|year\\=1971 \\\|location\\=Goiânia}} On January 4, 1901, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament decided to acquire the house owned by Joaquim Gomes da Silva, located on the Vigário Nascimento Street, today Direita Street, for 1:300$000, to be the residence of the new vicar. After the death of Father José Joaquim do Nascimento, several priests visited Pirenópolis, but on a temporary basis. Once the aforementioned property was not purchased, on the following February 24, the confraternity decided to buy, for 1:500$000, the house at Nova Street, currently Pouso do Frade, which for decades was the parish house. With the improvements it needed, the property was valued at 4,000$000\\. As the Brotherhood only had $2,600,000 at the time, citizen Joaquim Pereira Vale lent the Brotherhood the sum of $1,400,000, interest\\-free. The first priest to occupy the house was the Italian Francisco Xavier Savelli who, in the same year, acquired in Rio de Janeiro an image of the [Sacred Heart of Jesus](/wiki/Sacred_Heart \"Sacred Heart\") that arrived on June 11 at the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim and from there, in procession accompanied by all the brotherhoods, the Euterpe Band and the Phoenix Band, was enthroned in the old altar of Saint Anthony in the Mother Church. Father Savelli also introduced the Apostleship of Prayer in the parish, which until today holds the celebrations of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.", "In 1941, the Mother Church was registered as a National Historical and Artistic Heritage, under process number 241\\-T\\-1941, registered in the Book of Historical Records under number 165, on July 3, 1941\\. This registration included all its collection, according to the Resolution of the Advisory Council of SPHAN, on August 13, 1985, referring to Administrative Process number 13/85/SPHAN. At the same time that history was preserved through the registration of the Mother Church as historical heritage, the destruction of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People began. According to José Claudino da Nóbrega, during this period he bought several pieces of the old Church of the Rosary, and his salesman used the proceeds to help build a gymnasium, the former Colégio Nossa Senhora do Carmo, nowadays called Aldeia da Paz. He also says:{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Nóbrega \\\|first\\=José Claudino da \\\|title\\=Memórias de um viajante antiquário \\\|publisher\\=Raízes \\\|year\\=1984}}", "{{Blockquote\\\|text\\=I went to Pirenópolis more than ten times. On one of them I bought a \"pile\" of carvings that was deposited in the sacristy of the Mother Church. The old comendador, who was in charge of everything, gathered the \"brotherhood of the brown men of Our Lady of the Rosary\" and, in the meeting, the sale was authorized, event registered in the minutes. The Brotherhood's treasurer received the payment and signed a receipt. He instructed a carpenter to provide wood and execute the packaging. When it was time for the truck to leave, the municipal mayor appeared, (who was from the Pina family) and embargoed the sale. I went to the district judge and, examining the documents I had in my hands, he told me that he would guarantee that the objects would be allowed to leave through the police. I left euphoric, but the joy didn't last, because the vicar informed me that both Professor Jarbas Jaime and the Curado brothers were against the deal. I preferred to return the goods and was promptly reimbursed. The Curados, doing justice to their aristocratic origin, spontaneously reimbursed me for the expenses incurred. Twenty\\-some years ago I went to Pirenópolis with the specific purpose of acquiring two chests of valuables. I found, in the nuns convent, some carvings from the old Church of the Rosary, the same ones that I had already bought and could not bring back. The most beautiful of all the images that belonged to that church was acquired by Mr. Renzo Pagliari in 1959\\. On this occasion I acquired from Prof. Jarbas an excellent chest of drawers \"D. José\", which I transferred to Mr. Hélio de Almeida Leite; today this piece decorates the Government Palace of São Paulo.}}", "After the pieces were sold, included the main altar, the demolition of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People also began. The main altar had the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People enthroned, which today is located in the Church of Mount Carmel. In the two lateral niches of the main altar were the images of [Saint Raphael](/wiki/Raphael_%28archangel%29 \"Raphael (archangel)\") and [Saint Benedict](/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia \"Benedict of Nursia\"). Both images were in the church on the day of the fire. However, the energetic reaction of the local population prevented it from being transported to São Paulo, and after the fire in the Mother Church, it is now installed as the main altar. The right side altar was dedicated to Saint Sebastian, whose image, taken to the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, was stolen from there in 1978\\. The left side altar was dedicated to Saint Benedict, whose image is now in the Mother Church. The other images, ornaments, vestments, furniture, and other belongings of the temple were distributed among these three churches that still exist in the city today.", "In mid\\-1953, through the initiative of Braz Wilson Pompêo de Pina, the Chapel of [Saint Jude Thaddaeus](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle \"Jude the Apostle\") was built in Carmo neighborhood, consecrated by Dom [Emanuel Gomes de Oliveira](/wiki/Emanuel_Gomes_de_Oliveira \"Emanuel Gomes de Oliveira\"), then metropolitan archbishop. With the construction of the chapel and the opening of the current São Judas Street, the urban occupation of the upper part of Carmo neighborhood took place.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Mendonça \\\|first\\=Juliana de Piva \\\|year\\=2008 \\\|title\\=Turismo e patrimônio cultural em Pirenópolis: uma análise dos efeitos sobre a vida social \\\|url\\=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstream/tede/10230/5/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20\\-%20Juliana%20de%20Pina%20Mendon%C3%A7a%20\\-%202008\\.pdf \\\|journal\\=UFG \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-28}}{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Cerqueira \\\|first\\=Marlon José \\\|year\\=2008 \\\|title\\=VALORAÇÃO ECONÔMICA DO ECOTURISMO: Estudo de Caso \\- A Fesa do Divino Espírito Santos m Pirenópolis \\- GO \\\|url\\=https://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/415/1/2003\\_MarlonJoseCerqueira.pdf \\\|journal\\=UNB \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-28}}\n[thumb\\\|Saint Michael Cemetery chapel altarpiece.](/wiki/File:Altar_Cemit%C3%A9rio_S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Piren%C3%B3polis.jpg \"Altar Cemitério São Miguel Pirenópolis.jpg\")\nIn September 1978, the biggest theft of art pieces in Goiás occurred at the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, at the time estimated at three and a half million cruzeiros. The pieces taken were from the XVIII century, and included baroque images, silverware, and other objects, such as: one image of [Saint Barbara](/wiki/Saint_Barbara \"Saint Barbara\") and one of Saint Lucy, both French, one image of the [Immaculate Conception](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception \"Immaculate Conception\") and one of Saint Anne, and one of the Divine Eternal Father from Veiga Valle, besides four crucifixes and two wooden candlesticks. According to an article published in the [O Globo](/wiki/O_Globo \"O Globo\") newspaper, on November 1, 1978, the theft was attributed to Ivan Ferreira Santos, who went by the alias Sandra; he was arrested and then released. According to the report, Ivan had been arrested in Rio de Janeiro, also accused of stealing sacred pieces in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and in states of the northeast region. As for the location of the pieces from Pirenópolis, they are unknown to this day.{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Fabrino \\\|first\\=Raphael João Hallack \\\|year\\=2012 \\\|title\\=Os Furtos de Obras de Arte Sacra em Igrejas Tombadas do Rio de Janeiro (1957\\-1995\\) \\\|url\\=https://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Disserta%2B%C2%BA%2B%C3%BAo%20Raphael%20Jo%2B%C3%BAo%20Hallack%20Fabrino.pdf \\\|journal\\=IPHAN \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-20}}", "In 1989, with the registration of the [Historic Center of Pirenópolis](/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Piren%C3%B3polis \"Historic Center of Pirenópolis\") by IPHAN, the Churches of Bonfim and Mount Carmel, located within this perimeter, became National Heritage. On September 5, 2002, the Mother Church was burned to the ground, consuming the roof and the entire internal part of the building. In the same year, the emergency rescue work began. In 2004, the Canteiro Aberto exhibition was opened, and the inauguration of the reconstructed temple took place on March 30, 2006\\. Since then, the church has been in regular use, and has returned to being the main temple of the parish.", "In 2010, the Feast of the Divine was recognized as a Brazilian Intangible and Cultural Heritage by IPHAN, and in 2019, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament and the customs initiated by it were declared Intangible and Cultural Heritage of the city. During the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), in 2020 and 2021, the celebrations were held in an unprecedented format, without the presence of the faithful and transmitted by social media by the Pastoral of Communication, but without losing its traditional essence, with the use of baroque images, processions with music band and the chanting of the songs in Latin.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-01 \\\|title\\=Pandemia cancela procissão histórica, veta público em missas e muda ritos da Igreja na Páscoa \\\|url\\=https://www1\\.folha.uol.com.br/equilibrioesaude/2021/04/pandemia\\-cancela\\-procissao\\-historica\\-veta\\-publico\\-em\\-missas\\-e\\-muda\\-ritos\\-da\\-igreja\\-na\\-pascoa.shtml \\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-07 \\\|website\\=Folha de São Paulo}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-08 \\\|title\\=Pirenópolis terá Semana Santa virtual com transmissão de celebrações \\\|url\\=https://opopular.com.br/cidades/pirenopolis\\-tera\\-semana\\-santa\\-virtual\\-com\\-transmiss\\-o\\-de\\-celebrac\\-es\\-1\\.2031833 \\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-05 \\\|website\\=O Popular}}", "" ]
Characteristics --------------- ### Churches and Chapels Overall, the urban area is formed by the communities where masses are celebrated and includes: the [Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary](/wiki/Mother_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Pirenópolis)"), from 1728, the [Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Pirenópolis)"), from 1750, and the [Church of Our Lord of Bonfim](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_of_Bonfim_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Church of Our Lord of Bonfim (Pirenópolis)"), also from 1750, as well as the Coreto Square, which is located on the exact spot where the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black People used to be. In the same sense of occupation and respect for the local memory, on Saturdays, masses are celebrated in the Ermano da Conceição State School, where the Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa used to be, in Alto da Lapa. In [Carmo neighborhood](/wiki/Carmo_neighborhood_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 "Carmo neighborhood (Pirenópolis)") are the Chapel of the Aldeia da Paz, belonging to the Missionary Sisters of the Poor, and the Chapel of Saint Jude Thaddaeus. In Vila Zizito, there is the Chapel of [Our Lady of Fátima](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima "Our Lady of Fátima"), while in the central region of the city, there is the Chapel of Saint Lucy, and in Residencial Luciano Peixoto, the Divine Eternal Father community. File:Matriz Pirenopolis Pascoa 2021\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary File:Igreja Carmo Pirenopolis 2021\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel File:Igreja Bonfim Natal 2020\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Church of Our Lord of Bonfim File:Missa Coreto Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Mass at the memorial in the Coreto Square, site of the former Church of the Rosary of the Black People File:Igrejinha Sao Judas Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Chapel of Saint Jude Thaddaeus File:Capela Senhora de Fatima Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Chapel of Our Lady of Fátima File:Aldeia da Paz Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Aldeia da Paz, where the Missionary Sisters of the Poor reside File:Capela Santa Luzia em Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Chapel of Saint Lucy The rural area has 11 chapels, as follows: Chapel of [Our Lady of Aparecida](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida "Our Lady of Aparecida") in Soares Region, Chapel of Saint Lucy in Furnas Region, Chapel of [Saint Monica](/wiki/Saint_Monica "Saint Monica") in Chapada Region, Chapel of [Saint Rita](/wiki/Rita_of_Cascia "Rita of Cascia") in Barbosa Region, Chapel of Our Lady of the Abbey in Retiro Region, Chapel of Saint Rita in Contendas Region, Chapel of Saint Benedictin the Region of Engenho de São Benedito, Chapel of [Saint Joseph the Worker](/wiki/Saint_Joseph "Saint Joseph") in the Region of Mar e Guerra, Community of Our Lady of Aparecida in the Region of Morro Grande, Chapel of Good Jesus in the Village of Bom Jesus and Chapel of Saint Anthony in the Village of Santo Antônio. ### Feasts and celebrations Since the beginning of the city, the religious celebrations have been great expressions of local sociability, based on the Catholic faith, on syncretism and on the diversity of symbols that have organized a specific culture that, to this day, is related to the society that participates in, organizes and preserves these customs. [left\\|thumb\\|Ladainha Rangel, from the traditional Novena for the patron saint in 2022\.](/wiki/File:Novena_tradicional_latim_Pirenopolis_Coral_Orquestra_Rosario_Ladainha_Rangel.webm "Novena tradicional latim Pirenopolis Coral Orquestra Rosario Ladainha Rangel.webm") Influenced by European people, especially the Portuguese who populated the city, a large part of the current celebrations still preserve a lively religiosity that is part of the memory and history of the local people, in which churches, secular sacred images, their own vestments, and vestments are still used. The African influence is also remarkable and visible in the daily life of the parish in the devotion to the patron saint, in the homes of the parishioners, who usually have an image of Saint Benedict in their kitchens, and in the ringing of the bells that recall the batuques, the congada and the Banda de Couro, as well as the numerous people baptized with the name Benedict. The life of the rural man is also present in the characteristics of the popular festivals through the [folias](/wiki/Folia "Folia"), the [kermesses](/wiki/Quermesses "Quermesses"), auctions and gifts that are usually donated in these festivals, in the simplicity and devotion of the people. [thumb\\|300x300px\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion, Holy Week in the mid\-1960s.](/wiki/File:Semana_Santa_Piren%C3%B3polis_Sexta_Santa_Jo%C3%A3o_Bas%C3%ADlio.jpg "Semana Santa Pirenópolis Sexta Santa João Basílio.jpg") For years, the [Holy Week](/wiki/Holy_Week "Holy Week") was the biggest celebration held in Pirenópolis, implemented at the very beginning of the city's establishment by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, involving bands, orchestras, and the local community, customs that, for the most part, are still held, even during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\. In addition to Holy Week, traditional celebrations have long included: the Feast of the Baby Jesus and Feast of Saint Sebastian in January, [Lenten](/wiki/Lent "Lent") celebrations, Feast of the Steps, Feast of Sorrows, Feast of St. Joseph, Feast of St. Benedict between March and April, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Feast of St. Anthony, Feast of Mount Carmel, Feast of the Good Death, Feast of Abbey, Feast of Our Lord of Bonfim, Feast of the Rosary (the patron saint), Feast of the Rosary of the Black People, Feast of Saint Jude Thaddaeus, Feast of Immaculate Conception, Feast of Saint Barbara, Feast of Saint Lucy, [nativity scene](/wiki/Nativity_scene "Nativity scene") prayers in addition to the Feast of the Divine, which is currently the festival of greatest projection, whose importance was confirmed in 2010 with the registration of such celebration as Intangible Heritage recognized by IPHAN, and also held the Reign of the Rosary and Court of Saint Benedict. In the Chapels and rural communities, the biggest devotion was to the Feast of Saint Anthony and [Saint Gerald](/wiki/Gerald_of_Aurillac "Gerald of Aurillac") in the village of Santo Antônio, Feast of Good Jesus in the village of the same name, and other patron saints of the rural chapels mentioned in the section churches and chapels. Over the years, the development and growth of the city, the [romanization](/wiki/Romanization_%28cultural%29 "Romanization (cultural)"), the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council") and adaptations to current times have shaped the characteristics that are visible today. As a result, many celebrations were simplified, adapted or even suppressed, especially between mid 1970 and 2000, the period when all brotherhoods were extinct, except for the Blessed Sacrament. Also during this time, new movements and forms of evangelization were introduced in the parish, pastoral activities were created, and events were organized to attract young people, which were strengthened after 2006 and in the following decade, events of great regional projection, such as the Youth Day, and other activities. From 2012, there is the valorization of local culture and identity with the resumption of celebrations and festivals suppressed in the mid\-1970s to 2000, in addition to the entry of young people into the Apostleship of Prayer, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário, and the [Phoenix Band](/wiki/Phoenix_Band "Phoenix Band"), highlighting the importance and harmony between past and present, well evidenced during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\. #### Feast of Saint Sebastian File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Carros de boi.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Parade of ox\-cart drivers. File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Procissão.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Saint Sebastian Procession. File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Missa.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Festive Mass at the Mother Church of the Rosary. File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Quermesse.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Kermesse, where typical food is served and regional singers perform. Traditionally, the celebration of Saint Sebastian is the first [novena](/wiki/Novena "Novena") held in the year in the parish. Since the 18th century, he was celebrated with great popular participation, orchestra in the traditional novena and music band in the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, where the right side altar was dedicated to him, and whose image, taken to the Church of Bonfim after the demolition of that church, was stolen from there in 1978\. After the demolition of the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, the festivities are held in the Mother Church of the Rosary, and also include a kermesse, the raising of the flagpole, the burning of bonfires, and the auction of animals donated by local farmers as payment for their promises. In order to value the local countryside culture, a parade of [ox carts](/wiki/Bullock_cart "Bullock cart") was added to the festivities that, on the morning of the last day of the novena, runs through the streets of the historical center, passing by the main historical buildings and stimulating local tourism #### Week of Sorrows and Feast of the Steps File:Senhor dos Passos Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Our Lord of the Steps passing by on Direita Street on his way to the Gathering in the mid\-1960s. File:Senhora das Dores Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Our Lady of Sorrows on her way to the Gathering in mid\-1960\. The religious traditions of the Week of Sorrows and the Feast of the Steps have been held during [Lent](/wiki/Lent "Lent") since the 18th century by the local brotherhoods and confraternities, and with the extinction of these, the celebration was taken over by the Blessed Sacrament. Until mid 1940, on every Friday of Lent, there was a mass celebrated in the Church of Bonfim, where the choir and orchestra performed the Sorrows [Motets](/wiki/Motet "Motet") attributed to Basílio Martins Braga Serradourada (1804\-1874\), as part of the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps.{{Cite book \\|last\=Jayme \\|first\=José Sizenando \\|title\=Pirenópolis: Humorismo e Folclore \\|publisher\=Piloto \\|year\=1988 \\|pages\=66–74}}{{Cite journal \\|title\=O FUTURO DE GOIÁS É O PASSADO \\|url\=http://www.bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/22353/1/2019\_RodrigoDosSantosSilva\_tcc.pdf \\|journal\=UNB \\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-17}}{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-04\-01 \\|title\=CD "Semana Santa em Goiás" \\|url\=https://www.aredacao.com.br/colunas/131949/cd\-semana\-santa\-em\-goias \\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-19 \\|website\=A Redação}} However, the festivities of the Steps were paralyzed between the penultimate and last Friday before the Holy Week for the Week of Sorrows, and in it, the celebration of the Septenary of Sorrows, which was a paraliturgy that, for seven days, commemorated the meditation of the [seven sorrows of Mary](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows "Our Lady of Sorrows"). It was held at the altar of [Saint Francis of Paola](/wiki/Francis_of_Paola "Francis of Paola") in the Mother Church, where the image of the Sorrows was placed, and was prayed over by the vicar, who exposed the Blessed Sacrament there for the recitation of prayers, and accompanied by the Choir and Orchestra that performed a repertoire in Latin and Portuguese, with compositions by composers from Goiás.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Nascimento \\|first1\=Lucas Pedro do \\|last2\=Santos \\|first2\=Marcos Vinicius Ribeiro dos \\|last3\=D'Abadia \\|first3\=Maria Idelma Vieira \\|title\=AS DORES DE MARIA REATUALIZADAS NA FESTA DE PASSOS,EM PIRENÓPOLIS – GOIÁS \\|url\=https://pt.scribd.com/document/651632335/12501\-Texto\-del\-articulo\-23502\-1\-10\-20191216\# \\|journal\=Ciencias Sociales y Religión \\|volume\=27 \\|issue\=19 \\|pages\=132–150}} On Friday of Sorrows, before [Palm Sunday](/wiki/Palm_Sunday "Palm Sunday"), the Sorrows Procession takes place, and the image of Our Lady of Sorrows is carried in a large procession through traditional routes in the historical center:{{Cite journal \\|last\=Brandão \\|first\=Carlos Rodrigues \\|title\=A QUEM PROCURAIS? A semana santa em Pirenópolis, Goiás \\|url\=https://apartilhadavida.com.br/wp\-content/uploads/escritos/ANTROPOLOGIA/RELIGI%C3%83O%20E%20RITUAL/A%20QUEM%20PROCURAIS%20\-%20A%20SEMANA%20SANTA%20EM%20PIREN%C3%93POLIS%20%20\-%20rosa%20dos%20ventos.pdf \\|journal\=A Partilha da Vida}} Direita Street, Nova Street, Mother Church Square, passing through the top of the plaza, going around it in part and returning to the Mother Church. At the departure of the procession, the choir, accompanied by the orchestra, performs the [ejaculatory prayer](/wiki/Ejaculatory_prayer "Ejaculatory prayer") Solo das Dores, attributed to José Iria Xavier Serradourada (1831\-1898\), from Goiás. During the course of the procession, choir and orchestra perform in ascending order the 06 Sorrows Motets: (No. 1\) Virgo Virginum, (No. 2\) \- [Ó Vós Omnes](/wiki/O_vos_omnes "O vos omnes"), (No. 3\) \- Factum Est, (No. 4\) \- Dilectus, (No. 5\) \- Quis Tibi, (No. 6\) \- Intenderunt Arcum in the so\-called Passion Steps where prayers are said after the hymns. When the procession returns to the Mother Church, the Hymn of Sorrows is sung, concluding the procession and preparing the faithful for Mass. On Saturday of the Steps, the day before Palm Sunday, the image of Our Lord of the Steps is carried in nocturnal procession by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, from the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, to the Church of Mount Carmel. Until mid\-1940, the image stayed overnight at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (now demolished). This parade is known as the Desterro Procession, where the image is gridded and covered with purple cloth, making it invisible. At the departure of the procession, the choir and orchestra performs the motet Pater mi (no. 1\) in the churchyard, and during the route, sings the Miserere. In the churchyard of the Church of Mount Carmel, formerly inside the Church of the Rosary when the procession went there, the Senhor Deus and Vós Senhor are sung in Portuguese and alternated by the people. Several local personalities took turns annually as the feastmaster for this procession, and it was up to him to provide all the necessary apparatus as well as the ornamentation of the streets, which are decorated with lamps interspersed with tree branches and standing banana trees. On the sidewalks, not only the feastmasters, but also the residents of Aurora Street, scatter leaves and also basil and marjoram branches. [thumb\\|400x400px\\|Execution of the Motet of the Steps in Pirenópolis during the Gathering Procession by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/File:Moteto_de_Passos_-_Pater_Mi_-_Piren%C3%B3polis.ogg "Moteto de Passos - Pater Mi - Pirenópolis.ogg") On the evening of Palm Sunday, the Gathering Procession takes place within the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps, which consists of two parades that merge to form the Gathering. The Lord of the Steps Procession leaves the Church of Mount Carmel, accompanied only by men, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, and religious authorities; women are only part of the choir. As it takes the public roads, the procession stops at the Passion Steps, where the Motets of the Steps are performed (No. 1\) \- Pater Mi, (No. 2\) \- Bajulans, (No. 3\) \- Exeamus, (No. 4\) \- Ó Vós Omnes \- Encounter, (No. 5\) \- Anagariaverunt, (No. 6\) \- Filieae Jesusalem, (No. 7\) \- Domine Jesu, and (No. 8\) \- Popule Meus. On Monday of Holy Week, the image of the Lord of the Steps, on the same lilac\-covered and barred litter, was taken in procession at night to the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, and finally placed back at its destination, where it had always been venerated. Upon arrival, the Pardon was sung. #### Holy Week File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis João.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion in the mid\-1960s. File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in 2017\. It is a local custom to use the life\-size image of the Dead Lord from the 18th century. In Pirenópolis, the manifestations of the religious traditions of Holy Week have been held since the XVIII century, funded by brotherhoods, such as the Blessed Sacrament, and housed exclusively in parish churches. The rites of the celebration of the [Passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus "Passion of Jesus"), liturgical and paraliturgical acts, constitute an exceptional cultural moment, of emotional and affective value to the people of the place, and has been conceived since its origin and was the celebration of greatest local expression; it is the period when most celebrations were held. On the morning of Palm Sunday is held the traditional Palm Procession. It is known that, until mid\-1940, the procession was held in the Mother Church, where the priest, dressed in purple vestments appropriate for Mass, carried the [cope](/wiki/Cope "Cope"). The faithful would take them home, devoutly keep them in their oratories, and burn them during storms, believing they would ward off the danger of lightning. Before Mass, there was a procession composed of only men, with a local music band, and that went around the perimeter of the Mother Church Square. The procession choir sang the [Gloria Laus](/wiki/Gloria%2C_laus_et_honor "Gloria, laus et honor"), answered from inside the church by another choir that sang the same composition with a variation in melody. Back in the Church, the procession found the main door of the temple closed. According to the ancient rite, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament, wearing red opaque with the base of the large silver cross that opened the procession, knocked three times with it on the main door, which was then opened with the priest in front, courted by the other members of the Brotherhood, while the orchestra intoned the Pueri Hebræorum, following the sung Mass. Nowadays, the celebration of the Palm Sunday, as well as the other celebrations, follow the rite promulgated by the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council"), and begins at the windows of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim. Upon arrival, the priest greets the people in the usual way, recites the prayers, and sprinkles the branches with holy water. The proclamation of the [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") is made and then the procession is announced. At the beginning of the procession, immediately in front, goes the [acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte "Acolyte") with the lighted [thurible](/wiki/Thurible "Thurible"), and then, according to ancient local custom, the cruciferary, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament with the ornamented cross; two Brothers leading the lanterns forming the wing of the faithful on the sides of the street in single line. In the center, the youth group of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral, followed by the guild of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the parish priest, accompanied by the Phoenix Band that performs the traditional dobrados and festive marches from its repertoire. When the priest arrives at the Mother Church, where the altar for the outdoor mass is located, he continues the celebration in the usual way, without the presence of the traditional choir and orchestra. On Palm Sunday evening and [Holy Monday](/wiki/Holy_Monday "Holy Monday"), the other celebrations of the Feast of the Steps take place. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Semana Santa.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Priest blessing the branches from the window of the Church of Bonfim. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Via Sacra.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Members of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral Staging the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. File:Semana Santa Pirenopolis Procissão de Ramos 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Inner procession of the Brotherrhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the pastor and the Phoenix Band. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo 2020\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Palm Procession, exceptionally in the Mother Church without the faithful in 2020 in the COVID\-19 pandemic. On the evening of [Holy Tuesday](/wiki/Holy_Tuesday "Holy Tuesday"), there is a meditation on the seven last words of Christ on the cross, a custom introduced by Fr Augusto when he was parish priest in 2017\. On Holy Wednesday, the evening mass is held in the Mother Church. Until mid\-1940, Tuesday and Wednesday were days without ceremony, but dedicated to the preparation of the church for the next celebrations and the dismantling of the [Calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28monument%29 "Calvary (monument)") used in the Feast of the Steps. At 9 o'clock in the morning on [Maundy Thursday](/wiki/Maundy_Thursday "Maundy Thursday"), the solemn mass [In Coena Domini](/wiki/In_Coena_Domini "In Coena Domini") was celebrated in the Mother Church, according to the old custom before the liturgical reforms, sung by one of the city's orchestras that performed great pieces of national and international composers, in a true allusion to the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque"). At the hour of the glory, the bells were rung, and after the consecration, instead of the bell, as today, the rattle was used, whose shrill and loud sound echoed inside until the churchyard. At dusk on Holy Thursday, the crowded church presided over the Foot Washing Ceremony, where the priest, wearing only the lava and the cincture on his cassock, and using the century\-old silver basin and pitcher of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, washed and kissed the feet of twelve boys, while the orchestra and choir performed Dómine Tu Mihi, specially composed for the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament in 1899 by Antônio da Costa Nascimento, shortly after he had been the confraternity's provider. Also on that occasion, the orchestra played the mandatum for the celebrant to deliver the sermon. At first, the adaptations of the liturgical reform of 1955 and 1962 were not very well received by the local community; with the principle of veritas horarium, the Missa In Coena Domini was transferred to the current time, in the evening, with the rite of foot washing within the celebration, suppressing the mandatum sermon. Currently, the ceremony includes the participation of the [Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Choir_and_Orchestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio "Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário"), which performs a mass from its repertoire, and the vigil with the Brotherhood guard, which remains until Good Friday. Since 2008, the [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross") Pastoral has staged the arrest of Christ in the churchyard of the church after the mass In Coena Domini. On Good Friday at 9:00 a.m., the Passion ceremony began, now called the Solemn Liturgical Action, with the reading of the Passion Gospel sung and the choir and priest in black vestments, using the compositions of the tractus from the Choir's archive and proceeding with the adoration of the cross, using the image of the Dead Lord. Later, in the procession with the Blessed Sacrament, an urn used on Holy Thursday was brought in solemn procession to the main altar while the choir intoned the [vexilla regis](/wiki/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt "Vexilla regis prodeunt"), and continued the ceremony of Adoration of the Cross, with its own ritual. At the end of the day, until nightfall, the population would wait for the Burial Procession. File:Via Sacra encenada Pirenópolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Staging of the Stations of the Cross. File:Preparação sexta\-santa Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Brothers of the Blessed Sacrament preparing the image for adoration of the cross during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2021\. File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Solemn liturgical action. File:Procissão enterro Pirenópolis 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Burial procession through the streets of the historic center. After the introduction of the liturgical reform and the current timetable, new customs have been introduced, such as the Stations of the Cross passing through the streets of the historic center in the morning with the image of the Lord of the Steps, suppressed by the staging promoted by young people since 2006, which today pleases residents and visitors. At 3 p.m., the solemn liturgical action takes place, using the image of the Dead Lord, but today without the presence of the choir and orchestra. At dusk, the burial procession proceeds, which, since the XVIII century, parades through the streets of the historical center to the sound of funeral marches with the image used in the adoration of the cross, followed by the litter of Our Lady of Sorrows, dressed in dark purple, accompanied by the figure of the Veronica, followed by the choir, which intones the Heu and Pupilli [a capella](/wiki/A_cappella "A cappella") alternating with the funeral marches performed by the Phoenix Band. [thumb\\|Father [Pelágio Sauter](/wiki/Pel%C3%A1gio_Sauter "Pelágio Sauter")'s signature in the book of Minutes (1914\-1940\) of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of Pirenópolis.](/wiki/File:Ata_Irmandade_Pirenopolis_Pe_Pelagio_Sauter.png "Ata Irmandade Pirenopolis Pe Pelagio Sauter.png") On [Holy Saturday](/wiki/Holy_Saturday "Holy Saturday"), before the reform, the solemn Easter Vigil was celebrated in the morning with a singing ceremony with choir and orchestra. After the celebration, the popular festival of the burning of the Judas took place, and at noon, the Folia do Divino, known as Folia dos Homens, now extinct, left the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, accompanied by a crowd, brass band and a lot of fireworks, going through the historic center opening the Feast of the Divine, with the crown and the flag of the Divine passing from house to house, collecting alms for the cost of the feast. At dusk, the traditional election of the board of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament was held, as it still is today. With the adoption of the liturgical reform, the solemn Easter Vigil is celebrated in the Mother Church at dusk, today without the presence of the Choir and Orchestra. After the celebration, the Resurrection Procession takes place, without the presence of the music band, which used to be held at dawn on Easter Sunday to the accompaniment of fireworks, bell peals with the band performing festive marches and doubados. This day began to be celebrated with a solemn sung Mass, in gratitude for the anniversary of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which in 2018 held the [jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee "Jubilee") of 290 years of creation.{{Cite web \\|date\=2018\-04\-04 \\|title\=Jubileu de 290 anos da Irmandade do Santíssimo de Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://isspiri.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/jubileu\-de\-290\-anos\-da\-irmandade\-do\-santissimo\-de\-pirenopolis/\#:\~:text\=Jubileu%20de%20290%20anos%20da%20Irmandade%20do%20Sant%C3%ADssimo%20de%20Piren%C3%B3polis,\-0 \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-22 \\|website\=ISSPIRI}} File:Vigília Pascal Pirenópolis 2021 Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Easter Vigil in 2021, with pandemic restrictions. File:Procissão Páscoa Pirenópolis 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Resurrection Procession. File:Pirenópolis Jubileu 290 anos Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Brotherhood's 290th Anniversary Jubilee in 2018\. File:Domingo Páscoa Pirenópolis saída coroa Divino.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Departure of the Crown of the Divine. At noon, there is the festive ringing of the bells of the Mother Church and a fireworks show with the exit of the crown of the Divine, formerly known as the Folia das Moças, with the same purpose as the men's folia; however, after the exit of the crown in the church, the band proceeds to the burning of the [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot "Judas Iscariot"). Another extinct ceremony on Easter Sunday was the Solemn Coronation with the singing of the [Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum "Te Deum") by the choir and orchestra, which ended Holy Week. Currently, the arrival of the crown of the Divine occurs in the last mass celebrated on this day, followed by a procession to the emperor's house for popular festivities. #### Corpus Christi [thumb\\|[Tantum Ergo](/wiki/Tantum_ergo "Tantum ergo") Eugênio, by local composer Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos performed by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.](/wiki/File:Tantum_Ergo_Eugenio_Coro_e_Orquestra_do_Rosario_Pirenopolis_Corpus_Christi_2023.webm "Tantum Ergo Eugenio Coro e Orquestra do Rosario Pirenopolis Corpus Christi 2023.webm") Since the first decades of the 18th century, when the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of the Mother of Rosary was created, the Corpus Christi is celebrated, and in the following centuries, was acquiring the current features, when the local community voluntarily added to the celebrations the tradition of the colorful carpets of sawdust, sand, seeds and flowers from the cerrado, that cover the secular stone streets in the Historical Center, especially Direita Street, the first road through which passes the procession of Corpus Christi, traditionally held always at dawn, before the solemn Mass, usually sung in Latin.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-06\-08 \\|title\=Ruas de Pirenópolis são tomadas pelos tapetes coloridos para o feriado de Corpus Christi \\|url\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/11683200/?s\=0s \\|website\=G1}} In order for everything to be ready at dawn, the carpet is made by hundreds of volunteers between dusk on Wednesday, through the night and into the early morning hours before dawn on Thursday of Corpus Christi. The custom of the carpets were maintained even without the traditional procession in circumstances of the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the traditional procession in 2022\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-06\-03 \\|title\=Corpus Christi em Pirenópolis (GO) \\|url\=https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/1701560894858307\-corpus\-christi\-em\-pirenopolis\-go \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-05 \\|website\=Folha de São Paulo}} During the procession, it is an old custom to decorate altars for the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament; for a few moments, the group pauses and the hymn Tantum Ergo Sacramentum is sung, in Latin, composed in the beginning of the 20th century by Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos, and performed by the centenary Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-06\-16 \\|title\=Fiéis católicos enfeitam as ruas de Pirenópolis no feriado de Corpus Christi \\|url\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/10674817/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-05 \\|website\=G1}} It is also on this day that the Emperor of the Divine receives the Crown of the Divine, beginning his reign for the Feast of the Divine of Pirenópolis the following year.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-06\-15 \\|title\=Corpus Christi: cidades turísticas retomam a tradição dos tapetes coloridos \\|url\=https://www.uol.com.br/nossa/noticias/agencia\-estado/2022/06/15/corpus\-christi\-cidades\-turisticas\-retomam\-a\-tradicao\-dos\-tapetes\-coloridos.htm \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-05 \\|website\=UOL}} #### Feast of Mount Carmel It is believed that the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, popularly known simply as the Feast of Mount Carmel, took place soon after the completion of the construction of the Church in 1754, which justifies the coming of the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which Jarbas Jaime attributes to be of Portuguese origin. There are records in the archives of the Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário of several musical compositions copied in the mid\-1940s by the then conductor Sebastião Pompêo de Pina Jr, during the time of the Carmelite sisters, when the parish was under the leadership of the Franciscan priests. At this time, the Feast was boosted with the creation of the Confraternity of Mount Carmel, authorized in Rome by the Prior of the Order of Mount Carmelin 1947, a confraternity that today is non\-existent. Through the [Carmelite sisters](/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Los_Angeles "Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles"), the popular Catholic custom of crowning images of Our Lady with children was promoted. After the Carmelite moved out and the end of the Nossa Senhora do Carmo School, the church was closed.{{Cite web \\|last\=Ribeiro \\|first\=Marcos \\|title\=A história da devoção de Nossa Senhora do Carmo em Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://pirenopolis.tur.br/t/Article/604/AhistoriadadevocaodeNossaSenhoradoCarmoemPirenopolis \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-28 \\|website\=pirenopolis.tur.br}} File:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis João Basílio.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in the mid\-1950s. File:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis Nikolli.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in 2017\. In the mid 1990, the Novena of Mount Carmel was held in the Parish Hall, when the parish priest was Father Joel Alves Oliveira. Gradually, with the restoration of the Church of Mount Carmel and the return of the celebrations in the temple, on July 16, the Holy Mass was celebrated again. From 2014 to 2016 the [Triduum](/wiki/Triduum "Triduum") was held. From 2017, with the consent of the parish priest, Father Augusto Gonçalves Pereira, the simple Novena was held again. In 2019, a group was assembled to sing the songs of the golden era of the Feast. In 2020, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário returned to perform singing the solemn Holy Mass of July 16 in Latin, in a ceremony [sine populo](/wiki/Sine_populo "Sine populo") in the Church of Mount Carmel. In 2021, still with pandemic restrictions, Triduum was held in the Mother Church cum populo, with the presence on all days of the Choir of the Rosary and imposition of the scapular on the main day of the Feast.	[ "Characteristics\n---------------", "### Churches and Chapels", "Overall, the urban area is formed by the communities where masses are celebrated and includes: the [Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary](/wiki/Mother_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Pirenópolis)\"), from 1728, the [Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Pirenópolis)\"), from 1750, and the [Church of Our Lord of Bonfim](/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_of_Bonfim_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Church of Our Lord of Bonfim (Pirenópolis)\"), also from 1750, as well as the Coreto Square, which is located on the exact spot where the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black People used to be. In the same sense of occupation and respect for the local memory, on Saturdays, masses are celebrated in the Ermano da Conceição State School, where the Church of Our Lady of Good Death of Lapa used to be, in Alto da Lapa. In [Carmo neighborhood](/wiki/Carmo_neighborhood_%28Piren%C3%B3polis%29 \"Carmo neighborhood (Pirenópolis)\") are the Chapel of the Aldeia da Paz, belonging to the Missionary Sisters of the Poor, and the Chapel of Saint Jude Thaddaeus. In Vila Zizito, there is the Chapel of [Our Lady of Fátima](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima \"Our Lady of Fátima\"), while in the central region of the city, there is the Chapel of Saint Lucy, and in Residencial Luciano Peixoto, the Divine Eternal Father community.", "File:Matriz Pirenopolis Pascoa 2021\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Mother Church of Our Lady of the Rosary\nFile:Igreja Carmo Pirenopolis 2021\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel\nFile:Igreja Bonfim Natal 2020\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Church of Our Lord of Bonfim\nFile:Missa Coreto Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Mass at the memorial in the Coreto Square, site of the former Church of the Rosary of the Black People", "File:Igrejinha Sao Judas Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Chapel of Saint Jude Thaddaeus\nFile:Capela Senhora de Fatima Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Chapel of Our Lady of Fátima\nFile:Aldeia da Paz Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Aldeia da Paz, where the Missionary Sisters of the Poor reside\nFile:Capela Santa Luzia em Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Chapel of Saint Lucy", "The rural area has 11 chapels, as follows: Chapel of [Our Lady of Aparecida](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida \"Our Lady of Aparecida\") in Soares Region, Chapel of Saint Lucy in Furnas Region, Chapel of [Saint Monica](/wiki/Saint_Monica \"Saint Monica\") in Chapada Region, Chapel of [Saint Rita](/wiki/Rita_of_Cascia \"Rita of Cascia\") in Barbosa Region, Chapel of Our Lady of the Abbey in Retiro Region, Chapel of Saint Rita in Contendas Region, Chapel of Saint Benedictin the Region of Engenho de São Benedito, Chapel of [Saint Joseph the Worker](/wiki/Saint_Joseph \"Saint Joseph\") in the Region of Mar e Guerra, Community of Our Lady of Aparecida in the Region of Morro Grande, Chapel of Good Jesus in the Village of Bom Jesus and Chapel of Saint Anthony in the Village of Santo Antônio.", "### Feasts and celebrations", "Since the beginning of the city, the religious celebrations have been great expressions of local sociability, based on the Catholic faith, on syncretism and on the diversity of symbols that have organized a specific culture that, to this day, is related to the society that participates in, organizes and preserves these customs.\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|Ladainha Rangel, from the traditional Novena for the patron saint in 2022\\.](/wiki/File:Novena_tradicional_latim_Pirenopolis_Coral_Orquestra_Rosario_Ladainha_Rangel.webm \"Novena tradicional latim Pirenopolis Coral Orquestra Rosario Ladainha Rangel.webm\")\nInfluenced by European people, especially the Portuguese who populated the city, a large part of the current celebrations still preserve a lively religiosity that is part of the memory and history of the local people, in which churches, secular sacred images, their own vestments, and vestments are still used. The African influence is also remarkable and visible in the daily life of the parish in the devotion to the patron saint, in the homes of the parishioners, who usually have an image of Saint Benedict in their kitchens, and in the ringing of the bells that recall the batuques, the congada and the Banda de Couro, as well as the numerous people baptized with the name Benedict. The life of the rural man is also present in the characteristics of the popular festivals through the [folias](/wiki/Folia \"Folia\"), the [kermesses](/wiki/Quermesses \"Quermesses\"), auctions and gifts that are usually donated in these festivals, in the simplicity and devotion of the people.\n[thumb\\\|300x300px\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion, Holy Week in the mid\\-1960s.](/wiki/File:Semana_Santa_Piren%C3%B3polis_Sexta_Santa_Jo%C3%A3o_Bas%C3%ADlio.jpg \"Semana Santa Pirenópolis Sexta Santa João Basílio.jpg\")\nFor years, the [Holy Week](/wiki/Holy_Week \"Holy Week\") was the biggest celebration held in Pirenópolis, implemented at the very beginning of the city's establishment by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, involving bands, orchestras, and the local community, customs that, for the most part, are still held, even during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\\.", "In addition to Holy Week, traditional celebrations have long included: the Feast of the Baby Jesus and Feast of Saint Sebastian in January, [Lenten](/wiki/Lent \"Lent\") celebrations, Feast of the Steps, Feast of Sorrows, Feast of St. Joseph, Feast of St. Benedict between March and April, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Feast of St. Anthony, Feast of Mount Carmel, Feast of the Good Death, Feast of Abbey, Feast of Our Lord of Bonfim, Feast of the Rosary (the patron saint), Feast of the Rosary of the Black People, Feast of Saint Jude Thaddaeus, Feast of Immaculate Conception, Feast of Saint Barbara, Feast of Saint Lucy, [nativity scene](/wiki/Nativity_scene \"Nativity scene\") prayers in addition to the Feast of the Divine, which is currently the festival of greatest projection, whose importance was confirmed in 2010 with the registration of such celebration as Intangible Heritage recognized by IPHAN, and also held the Reign of the Rosary and Court of Saint Benedict. In the Chapels and rural communities, the biggest devotion was to the Feast of Saint Anthony and [Saint Gerald](/wiki/Gerald_of_Aurillac \"Gerald of Aurillac\") in the village of Santo Antônio, Feast of Good Jesus in the village of the same name, and other patron saints of the rural chapels mentioned in the section churches and chapels.", "Over the years, the development and growth of the city, the [romanization](/wiki/Romanization_%28cultural%29 \"Romanization (cultural)\"), the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\") and adaptations to current times have shaped the characteristics that are visible today. As a result, many celebrations were simplified, adapted or even suppressed, especially between mid 1970 and 2000, the period when all brotherhoods were extinct, except for the Blessed Sacrament. Also during this time, new movements and forms of evangelization were introduced in the parish, pastoral activities were created, and events were organized to attract young people, which were strengthened after 2006 and in the following decade, events of great regional projection, such as the Youth Day, and other activities.", "From 2012, there is the valorization of local culture and identity with the resumption of celebrations and festivals suppressed in the mid\\-1970s to 2000, in addition to the entry of young people into the Apostleship of Prayer, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário, and the [Phoenix Band](/wiki/Phoenix_Band \"Phoenix Band\"), highlighting the importance and harmony between past and present, well evidenced during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\\.", "#### Feast of Saint Sebastian", "", "File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Carros de boi.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Parade of ox\\-cart drivers.\nFile:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Procissão.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Saint Sebastian Procession.\nFile:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Missa.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Festive Mass at the Mother Church of the Rosary.\nFile:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Quermesse.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Kermesse, where typical food is served and regional singers perform.", "Traditionally, the celebration of Saint Sebastian is the first [novena](/wiki/Novena \"Novena\") held in the year in the parish. Since the 18th century, he was celebrated with great popular participation, orchestra in the traditional novena and music band in the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, where the right side altar was dedicated to him, and whose image, taken to the Church of Bonfim after the demolition of that church, was stolen from there in 1978\\. After the demolition of the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, the festivities are held in the Mother Church of the Rosary, and also include a kermesse, the raising of the flagpole, the burning of bonfires, and the auction of animals donated by local farmers as payment for their promises.", "In order to value the local countryside culture, a parade of [ox carts](/wiki/Bullock_cart \"Bullock cart\") was added to the festivities that, on the morning of the last day of the novena, runs through the streets of the historical center, passing by the main historical buildings and stimulating local tourism", "#### Week of Sorrows and Feast of the Steps", "", "File:Senhor dos Passos Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Our Lord of the Steps passing by on Direita Street on his way to the Gathering in the mid\\-1960s.\nFile:Senhora das Dores Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Our Lady of Sorrows on her way to the Gathering in mid\\-1960\\.", "The religious traditions of the Week of Sorrows and the Feast of the Steps have been held during [Lent](/wiki/Lent \"Lent\") since the 18th century by the local brotherhoods and confraternities, and with the extinction of these, the celebration was taken over by the Blessed Sacrament. Until mid 1940, on every Friday of Lent, there was a mass celebrated in the Church of Bonfim, where the choir and orchestra performed the Sorrows [Motets](/wiki/Motet \"Motet\") attributed to Basílio Martins Braga Serradourada (1804\\-1874\\), as part of the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Jayme \\\|first\\=José Sizenando \\\|title\\=Pirenópolis: Humorismo e Folclore \\\|publisher\\=Piloto \\\|year\\=1988 \\\|pages\\=66–74}}{{Cite journal \\\|title\\=O FUTURO DE GOIÁS É O PASSADO \\\|url\\=http://www.bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/22353/1/2019\\_RodrigoDosSantosSilva\\_tcc.pdf \\\|journal\\=UNB \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-17}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-01 \\\|title\\=CD \"Semana Santa em Goiás\" \\\|url\\=https://www.aredacao.com.br/colunas/131949/cd\\-semana\\-santa\\-em\\-goias \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-19 \\\|website\\=A Redação}} However, the festivities of the Steps were paralyzed between the penultimate and last Friday before the Holy Week for the Week of Sorrows, and in it, the celebration of the Septenary of Sorrows, which was a paraliturgy that, for seven days, commemorated the meditation of the [seven sorrows of Mary](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows \"Our Lady of Sorrows\"). It was held at the altar of [Saint Francis of Paola](/wiki/Francis_of_Paola \"Francis of Paola\") in the Mother Church, where the image of the Sorrows was placed, and was prayed over by the vicar, who exposed the Blessed Sacrament there for the recitation of prayers, and accompanied by the Choir and Orchestra that performed a repertoire in Latin and Portuguese, with compositions by composers from Goiás.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Nascimento \\\|first1\\=Lucas Pedro do \\\|last2\\=Santos \\\|first2\\=Marcos Vinicius Ribeiro dos \\\|last3\\=D'Abadia \\\|first3\\=Maria Idelma Vieira \\\|title\\=AS DORES DE MARIA REATUALIZADAS NA FESTA DE PASSOS,EM PIRENÓPOLIS – GOIÁS \\\|url\\=https://pt.scribd.com/document/651632335/12501\\-Texto\\-del\\-articulo\\-23502\\-1\\-10\\-20191216\\# \\\|journal\\=Ciencias Sociales y Religión \\\|volume\\=27 \\\|issue\\=19 \\\|pages\\=132–150}}", "On Friday of Sorrows, before [Palm Sunday](/wiki/Palm_Sunday \"Palm Sunday\"), the Sorrows Procession takes place, and the image of Our Lady of Sorrows is carried in a large procession through traditional routes in the historical center:{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Brandão \\\|first\\=Carlos Rodrigues \\\|title\\=A QUEM PROCURAIS? A semana santa em Pirenópolis, Goiás \\\|url\\=https://apartilhadavida.com.br/wp\\-content/uploads/escritos/ANTROPOLOGIA/RELIGI%C3%83O%20E%20RITUAL/A%20QUEM%20PROCURAIS%20\\-%20A%20SEMANA%20SANTA%20EM%20PIREN%C3%93POLIS%20%20\\-%20rosa%20dos%20ventos.pdf \\\|journal\\=A Partilha da Vida}} Direita Street, Nova Street, Mother Church Square, passing through the top of the plaza, going around it in part and returning to the Mother Church. At the departure of the procession, the choir, accompanied by the orchestra, performs the [ejaculatory prayer](/wiki/Ejaculatory_prayer \"Ejaculatory prayer\") Solo das Dores, attributed to José Iria Xavier Serradourada (1831\\-1898\\), from Goiás. During the course of the procession, choir and orchestra perform in ascending order the 06 Sorrows Motets: (No. 1\\) Virgo Virginum, (No. 2\\) \\- [Ó Vós Omnes](/wiki/O_vos_omnes \"O vos omnes\"), (No. 3\\) \\- Factum Est, (No. 4\\) \\- Dilectus, (No. 5\\) \\- Quis Tibi, (No. 6\\) \\- Intenderunt Arcum in the so\\-called Passion Steps where prayers are said after the hymns. When the procession returns to the Mother Church, the Hymn of Sorrows is sung, concluding the procession and preparing the faithful for Mass.", "On Saturday of the Steps, the day before Palm Sunday, the image of Our Lord of the Steps is carried in nocturnal procession by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, from the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, to the Church of Mount Carmel. Until mid\\-1940, the image stayed overnight at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (now demolished). This parade is known as the Desterro Procession, where the image is gridded and covered with purple cloth, making it invisible. At the departure of the procession, the choir and orchestra performs the motet Pater mi (no. 1\\) in the churchyard, and during the route, sings the Miserere. In the churchyard of the Church of Mount Carmel, formerly inside the Church of the Rosary when the procession went there, the Senhor Deus and Vós Senhor are sung in Portuguese and alternated by the people. Several local personalities took turns annually as the feastmaster for this procession, and it was up to him to provide all the necessary apparatus as well as the ornamentation of the streets, which are decorated with lamps interspersed with tree branches and standing banana trees. On the sidewalks, not only the feastmasters, but also the residents of Aurora Street, scatter leaves and also basil and marjoram branches.\n[thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Execution of the Motet of the Steps in Pirenópolis during the Gathering Procession by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/File:Moteto_de_Passos_-_Pater_Mi_-_Piren%C3%B3polis.ogg \"Moteto de Passos - Pater Mi - Pirenópolis.ogg\")\nOn the evening of Palm Sunday, the Gathering Procession takes place within the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps, which consists of two parades that merge to form the Gathering. The Lord of the Steps Procession leaves the Church of Mount Carmel, accompanied only by men, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, and religious authorities; women are only part of the choir. As it takes the public roads, the procession stops at the Passion Steps, where the Motets of the Steps are performed (No. 1\\) \\- Pater Mi, (No. 2\\) \\- Bajulans, (No. 3\\) \\- Exeamus, (No. 4\\) \\- Ó Vós Omnes \\- Encounter, (No. 5\\) \\- Anagariaverunt, (No. 6\\) \\- Filieae Jesusalem, (No. 7\\) \\- Domine Jesu, and (No. 8\\) \\- Popule Meus.", "On Monday of Holy Week, the image of the Lord of the Steps, on the same lilac\\-covered and barred litter, was taken in procession at night to the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, and finally placed back at its destination, where it had always been venerated. Upon arrival, the Pardon was sung.", "#### Holy Week", "", "File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis João.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion in the mid\\-1960s.\nFile:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in 2017\\. It is a local custom to use the life\\-size image of the Dead Lord from the 18th century.", "In Pirenópolis, the manifestations of the religious traditions of Holy Week have been held since the XVIII century, funded by brotherhoods, such as the Blessed Sacrament, and housed exclusively in parish churches. The rites of the celebration of the [Passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus \"Passion of Jesus\"), liturgical and paraliturgical acts, constitute an exceptional cultural moment, of emotional and affective value to the people of the place, and has been conceived since its origin and was the celebration of greatest local expression; it is the period when most celebrations were held.", "On the morning of Palm Sunday is held the traditional Palm Procession. It is known that, until mid\\-1940, the procession was held in the Mother Church, where the priest, dressed in purple vestments appropriate for Mass, carried the [cope](/wiki/Cope \"Cope\"). The faithful would take them home, devoutly keep them in their oratories, and burn them during storms, believing they would ward off the danger of lightning. Before Mass, there was a procession composed of only men, with a local music band, and that went around the perimeter of the Mother Church Square. The procession choir sang the [Gloria Laus](/wiki/Gloria%2C_laus_et_honor \"Gloria, laus et honor\"), answered from inside the church by another choir that sang the same composition with a variation in melody. Back in the Church, the procession found the main door of the temple closed. According to the ancient rite, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament, wearing red opaque with the base of the large silver cross that opened the procession, knocked three times with it on the main door, which was then opened with the priest in front, courted by the other members of the Brotherhood, while the orchestra intoned the Pueri Hebræorum, following the sung Mass.", "Nowadays, the celebration of the Palm Sunday, as well as the other celebrations, follow the rite promulgated by the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\"), and begins at the windows of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim. Upon arrival, the priest greets the people in the usual way, recites the prayers, and sprinkles the branches with holy water. The proclamation of the [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") is made and then the procession is announced. At the beginning of the procession, immediately in front, goes the [acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte \"Acolyte\") with the lighted [thurible](/wiki/Thurible \"Thurible\"), and then, according to ancient local custom, the cruciferary, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament with the ornamented cross; two Brothers leading the lanterns forming the wing of the faithful on the sides of the street in single line. In the center, the youth group of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral, followed by the guild of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the parish priest, accompanied by the Phoenix Band that performs the traditional dobrados and festive marches from its repertoire. When the priest arrives at the Mother Church, where the altar for the outdoor mass is located, he continues the celebration in the usual way, without the presence of the traditional choir and orchestra. On Palm Sunday evening and [Holy Monday](/wiki/Holy_Monday \"Holy Monday\"), the other celebrations of the Feast of the Steps take place.", "File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Semana Santa.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Priest blessing the branches from the window of the Church of Bonfim.\nFile:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Via Sacra.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Members of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral Staging the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.\nFile:Semana Santa Pirenopolis Procissão de Ramos 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Inner procession of the Brotherrhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the pastor and the Phoenix Band.\nFile:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo 2020\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Palm Procession, exceptionally in the Mother Church without the faithful in 2020 in the COVID\\-19 pandemic.", "", "On the evening of [Holy Tuesday](/wiki/Holy_Tuesday \"Holy Tuesday\"), there is a meditation on the seven last words of Christ on the cross, a custom introduced by Fr Augusto when he was parish priest in 2017\\. On Holy Wednesday, the evening mass is held in the Mother Church. Until mid\\-1940, Tuesday and Wednesday were days without ceremony, but dedicated to the preparation of the church for the next celebrations and the dismantling of the [Calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28monument%29 \"Calvary (monument)\") used in the Feast of the Steps.", "At 9 o'clock in the morning on [Maundy Thursday](/wiki/Maundy_Thursday \"Maundy Thursday\"), the solemn mass [In Coena Domini](/wiki/In_Coena_Domini \"In Coena Domini\") was celebrated in the Mother Church, according to the old custom before the liturgical reforms, sung by one of the city's orchestras that performed great pieces of national and international composers, in a true allusion to the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\"). At the hour of the glory, the bells were rung, and after the consecration, instead of the bell, as today, the rattle was used, whose shrill and loud sound echoed inside until the churchyard.", "At dusk on Holy Thursday, the crowded church presided over the Foot Washing Ceremony, where the priest, wearing only the lava and the cincture on his cassock, and using the century\\-old silver basin and pitcher of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, washed and kissed the feet of twelve boys, while the orchestra and choir performed Dómine Tu Mihi, specially composed for the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament in 1899 by Antônio da Costa Nascimento, shortly after he had been the confraternity's provider. Also on that occasion, the orchestra played the mandatum for the celebrant to deliver the sermon.", "At first, the adaptations of the liturgical reform of 1955 and 1962 were not very well received by the local community; with the principle of veritas horarium, the Missa In Coena Domini was transferred to the current time, in the evening, with the rite of foot washing within the celebration, suppressing the mandatum sermon. Currently, the ceremony includes the participation of the [Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Choir_and_Orchestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio \"Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário\"), which performs a mass from its repertoire, and the vigil with the Brotherhood guard, which remains until Good Friday. Since 2008, the [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\") Pastoral has staged the arrest of Christ in the churchyard of the church after the mass In Coena Domini.", "On Good Friday at 9:00 a.m., the Passion ceremony began, now called the Solemn Liturgical Action, with the reading of the Passion Gospel sung and the choir and priest in black vestments, using the compositions of the tractus from the Choir's archive and proceeding with the adoration of the cross, using the image of the Dead Lord. Later, in the procession with the Blessed Sacrament, an urn used on Holy Thursday was brought in solemn procession to the main altar while the choir intoned the [vexilla regis](/wiki/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt \"Vexilla regis prodeunt\"), and continued the ceremony of Adoration of the Cross, with its own ritual. At the end of the day, until nightfall, the population would wait for the Burial Procession.", "File:Via Sacra encenada Pirenópolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Staging of the Stations of the Cross.\nFile:Preparação sexta\\-santa Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Brothers of the Blessed Sacrament preparing the image for adoration of the cross during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2021\\.\nFile:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Solemn liturgical action.\nFile:Procissão enterro Pirenópolis 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Burial procession through the streets of the historic center.", "After the introduction of the liturgical reform and the current timetable, new customs have been introduced, such as the Stations of the Cross passing through the streets of the historic center in the morning with the image of the Lord of the Steps, suppressed by the staging promoted by young people since 2006, which today pleases residents and visitors. At 3 p.m., the solemn liturgical action takes place, using the image of the Dead Lord, but today without the presence of the choir and orchestra. At dusk, the burial procession proceeds, which, since the XVIII century, parades through the streets of the historical center to the sound of funeral marches with the image used in the adoration of the cross, followed by the litter of Our Lady of Sorrows, dressed in dark purple, accompanied by the figure of the Veronica, followed by the choir, which intones the Heu and Pupilli [a capella](/wiki/A_cappella \"A cappella\") alternating with the funeral marches performed by the Phoenix Band.\n[thumb\\\|Father [Pelágio Sauter](/wiki/Pel%C3%A1gio_Sauter \"Pelágio Sauter\")'s signature in the book of Minutes (1914\\-1940\\) of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of Pirenópolis.](/wiki/File:Ata_Irmandade_Pirenopolis_Pe_Pelagio_Sauter.png \"Ata Irmandade Pirenopolis Pe Pelagio Sauter.png\")\nOn [Holy Saturday](/wiki/Holy_Saturday \"Holy Saturday\"), before the reform, the solemn Easter Vigil was celebrated in the morning with a singing ceremony with choir and orchestra. After the celebration, the popular festival of the burning of the Judas took place, and at noon, the Folia do Divino, known as Folia dos Homens, now extinct, left the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, accompanied by a crowd, brass band and a lot of fireworks, going through the historic center opening the Feast of the Divine, with the crown and the flag of the Divine passing from house to house, collecting alms for the cost of the feast.", "At dusk, the traditional election of the board of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament was held, as it still is today. With the adoption of the liturgical reform, the solemn Easter Vigil is celebrated in the Mother Church at dusk, today without the presence of the Choir and Orchestra. After the celebration, the Resurrection Procession takes place, without the presence of the music band, which used to be held at dawn on Easter Sunday to the accompaniment of fireworks, bell peals with the band performing festive marches and doubados. This day began to be celebrated with a solemn sung Mass, in gratitude for the anniversary of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which in 2018 held the [jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee \"Jubilee\") of 290 years of creation.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-04 \\\|title\\=Jubileu de 290 anos da Irmandade do Santíssimo de Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://isspiri.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/jubileu\\-de\\-290\\-anos\\-da\\-irmandade\\-do\\-santissimo\\-de\\-pirenopolis/\\#:\\~:text\\=Jubileu%20de%20290%20anos%20da%20Irmandade%20do%20Sant%C3%ADssimo%20de%20Piren%C3%B3polis,\\-0 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-22 \\\|website\\=ISSPIRI}}", "File:Vigília Pascal Pirenópolis 2021 Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Easter Vigil in 2021, with pandemic restrictions.\nFile:Procissão Páscoa Pirenópolis 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Resurrection Procession.\nFile:Pirenópolis Jubileu 290 anos Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Brotherhood's 290th Anniversary Jubilee in 2018\\.\nFile:Domingo Páscoa Pirenópolis saída coroa Divino.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Departure of the Crown of the Divine.", "At noon, there is the festive ringing of the bells of the Mother Church and a fireworks show with the exit of the crown of the Divine, formerly known as the Folia das Moças, with the same purpose as the men's folia; however, after the exit of the crown in the church, the band proceeds to the burning of the [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot \"Judas Iscariot\"). Another extinct ceremony on Easter Sunday was the Solemn Coronation with the singing of the [Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum \"Te Deum\") by the choir and orchestra, which ended Holy Week. Currently, the arrival of the crown of the Divine occurs in the last mass celebrated on this day, followed by a procession to the emperor's house for popular festivities.", "#### Corpus Christi", "[thumb\\\|[Tantum Ergo](/wiki/Tantum_ergo \"Tantum ergo\") Eugênio, by local composer Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos performed by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.](/wiki/File:Tantum_Ergo_Eugenio_Coro_e_Orquestra_do_Rosario_Pirenopolis_Corpus_Christi_2023.webm \"Tantum Ergo Eugenio Coro e Orquestra do Rosario Pirenopolis Corpus Christi 2023.webm\")\nSince the first decades of the 18th century, when the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of the Mother of Rosary was created, the Corpus Christi is celebrated, and in the following centuries, was acquiring the current features, when the local community voluntarily added to the celebrations the tradition of the colorful carpets of sawdust, sand, seeds and flowers from the cerrado, that cover the secular stone streets in the Historical Center, especially Direita Street, the first road through which passes the procession of Corpus Christi, traditionally held always at dawn, before the solemn Mass, usually sung in Latin.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-08 \\\|title\\=Ruas de Pirenópolis são tomadas pelos tapetes coloridos para o feriado de Corpus Christi \\\|url\\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/11683200/?s\\=0s \\\|website\\=G1}} In order for everything to be ready at dawn, the carpet is made by hundreds of volunteers between dusk on Wednesday, through the night and into the early morning hours before dawn on Thursday of Corpus Christi. The custom of the carpets were maintained even without the traditional procession in circumstances of the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the traditional procession in 2022\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-03 \\\|title\\=Corpus Christi em Pirenópolis (GO) \\\|url\\=https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/1701560894858307\\-corpus\\-christi\\-em\\-pirenopolis\\-go \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-05 \\\|website\\=Folha de São Paulo}} During the procession, it is an old custom to decorate altars for the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament; for a few moments, the group pauses and the hymn Tantum Ergo Sacramentum is sung, in Latin, composed in the beginning of the 20th century by Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos, and performed by the centenary Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-16 \\\|title\\=Fiéis católicos enfeitam as ruas de Pirenópolis no feriado de Corpus Christi \\\|url\\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/10674817/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-05 \\\|website\\=G1}} It is also on this day that the Emperor of the Divine receives the Crown of the Divine, beginning his reign for the Feast of the Divine of Pirenópolis the following year.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-15 \\\|title\\=Corpus Christi: cidades turísticas retomam a tradição dos tapetes coloridos \\\|url\\=https://www.uol.com.br/nossa/noticias/agencia\\-estado/2022/06/15/corpus\\-christi\\-cidades\\-turisticas\\-retomam\\-a\\-tradicao\\-dos\\-tapetes\\-coloridos.htm \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-05 \\\|website\\=UOL}}", "#### Feast of Mount Carmel", "It is believed that the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, popularly known simply as the Feast of Mount Carmel, took place soon after the completion of the construction of the Church in 1754, which justifies the coming of the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which Jarbas Jaime attributes to be of Portuguese origin. There are records in the archives of the Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário of several musical compositions copied in the mid\\-1940s by the then conductor Sebastião Pompêo de Pina Jr, during the time of the Carmelite sisters, when the parish was under the leadership of the Franciscan priests. At this time, the Feast was boosted with the creation of the Confraternity of Mount Carmel, authorized in Rome by the Prior of the Order of Mount Carmelin 1947, a confraternity that today is non\\-existent. Through the [Carmelite sisters](/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Los_Angeles \"Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles\"), the popular Catholic custom of crowning images of Our Lady with children was promoted. After the Carmelite moved out and the end of the Nossa Senhora do Carmo School, the church was closed.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Ribeiro \\\|first\\=Marcos \\\|title\\=A história da devoção de Nossa Senhora do Carmo em Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://pirenopolis.tur.br/t/Article/604/AhistoriadadevocaodeNossaSenhoradoCarmoemPirenopolis \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-28 \\\|website\\=pirenopolis.tur.br}}", "File:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis João Basílio.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in the mid\\-1950s.\nFile:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis Nikolli.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in 2017\\.", "In the mid 1990, the Novena of Mount Carmel was held in the Parish Hall, when the parish priest was Father Joel Alves Oliveira. Gradually, with the restoration of the Church of Mount Carmel and the return of the celebrations in the temple, on July 16, the Holy Mass was celebrated again. From 2014 to 2016 the [Triduum](/wiki/Triduum \"Triduum\") was held. From 2017, with the consent of the parish priest, Father Augusto Gonçalves Pereira, the simple Novena was held again. In 2019, a group was assembled to sing the songs of the golden era of the Feast. In 2020, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário returned to perform singing the solemn Holy Mass of July 16 in Latin, in a ceremony [sine populo](/wiki/Sine_populo \"Sine populo\") in the Church of Mount Carmel. In 2021, still with pandemic restrictions, Triduum was held in the Mother Church cum populo, with the presence on all days of the Choir of the Rosary and imposition of the scapular on the main day of the Feast.", "" ]
### Feasts and celebrations Since the beginning of the city, the religious celebrations have been great expressions of local sociability, based on the Catholic faith, on syncretism and on the diversity of symbols that have organized a specific culture that, to this day, is related to the society that participates in, organizes and preserves these customs. [left\\|thumb\\|Ladainha Rangel, from the traditional Novena for the patron saint in 2022\.](/wiki/File:Novena_tradicional_latim_Pirenopolis_Coral_Orquestra_Rosario_Ladainha_Rangel.webm "Novena tradicional latim Pirenopolis Coral Orquestra Rosario Ladainha Rangel.webm") Influenced by European people, especially the Portuguese who populated the city, a large part of the current celebrations still preserve a lively religiosity that is part of the memory and history of the local people, in which churches, secular sacred images, their own vestments, and vestments are still used. The African influence is also remarkable and visible in the daily life of the parish in the devotion to the patron saint, in the homes of the parishioners, who usually have an image of Saint Benedict in their kitchens, and in the ringing of the bells that recall the batuques, the congada and the Banda de Couro, as well as the numerous people baptized with the name Benedict. The life of the rural man is also present in the characteristics of the popular festivals through the [folias](/wiki/Folia "Folia"), the [kermesses](/wiki/Quermesses "Quermesses"), auctions and gifts that are usually donated in these festivals, in the simplicity and devotion of the people. [thumb\\|300x300px\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion, Holy Week in the mid\-1960s.](/wiki/File:Semana_Santa_Piren%C3%B3polis_Sexta_Santa_Jo%C3%A3o_Bas%C3%ADlio.jpg "Semana Santa Pirenópolis Sexta Santa João Basílio.jpg") For years, the [Holy Week](/wiki/Holy_Week "Holy Week") was the biggest celebration held in Pirenópolis, implemented at the very beginning of the city's establishment by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, involving bands, orchestras, and the local community, customs that, for the most part, are still held, even during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\. In addition to Holy Week, traditional celebrations have long included: the Feast of the Baby Jesus and Feast of Saint Sebastian in January, [Lenten](/wiki/Lent "Lent") celebrations, Feast of the Steps, Feast of Sorrows, Feast of St. Joseph, Feast of St. Benedict between March and April, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Feast of St. Anthony, Feast of Mount Carmel, Feast of the Good Death, Feast of Abbey, Feast of Our Lord of Bonfim, Feast of the Rosary (the patron saint), Feast of the Rosary of the Black People, Feast of Saint Jude Thaddaeus, Feast of Immaculate Conception, Feast of Saint Barbara, Feast of Saint Lucy, [nativity scene](/wiki/Nativity_scene "Nativity scene") prayers in addition to the Feast of the Divine, which is currently the festival of greatest projection, whose importance was confirmed in 2010 with the registration of such celebration as Intangible Heritage recognized by IPHAN, and also held the Reign of the Rosary and Court of Saint Benedict. In the Chapels and rural communities, the biggest devotion was to the Feast of Saint Anthony and [Saint Gerald](/wiki/Gerald_of_Aurillac "Gerald of Aurillac") in the village of Santo Antônio, Feast of Good Jesus in the village of the same name, and other patron saints of the rural chapels mentioned in the section churches and chapels. Over the years, the development and growth of the city, the [romanization](/wiki/Romanization_%28cultural%29 "Romanization (cultural)"), the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council") and adaptations to current times have shaped the characteristics that are visible today. As a result, many celebrations were simplified, adapted or even suppressed, especially between mid 1970 and 2000, the period when all brotherhoods were extinct, except for the Blessed Sacrament. Also during this time, new movements and forms of evangelization were introduced in the parish, pastoral activities were created, and events were organized to attract young people, which were strengthened after 2006 and in the following decade, events of great regional projection, such as the Youth Day, and other activities. From 2012, there is the valorization of local culture and identity with the resumption of celebrations and festivals suppressed in the mid\-1970s to 2000, in addition to the entry of young people into the Apostleship of Prayer, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário, and the [Phoenix Band](/wiki/Phoenix_Band "Phoenix Band"), highlighting the importance and harmony between past and present, well evidenced during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\. #### Feast of Saint Sebastian File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Carros de boi.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Parade of ox\-cart drivers. File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Procissão.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Saint Sebastian Procession. File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Missa.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Festive Mass at the Mother Church of the Rosary. File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \- Quermesse.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Kermesse, where typical food is served and regional singers perform. Traditionally, the celebration of Saint Sebastian is the first [novena](/wiki/Novena "Novena") held in the year in the parish. Since the 18th century, he was celebrated with great popular participation, orchestra in the traditional novena and music band in the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, where the right side altar was dedicated to him, and whose image, taken to the Church of Bonfim after the demolition of that church, was stolen from there in 1978\. After the demolition of the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, the festivities are held in the Mother Church of the Rosary, and also include a kermesse, the raising of the flagpole, the burning of bonfires, and the auction of animals donated by local farmers as payment for their promises. In order to value the local countryside culture, a parade of [ox carts](/wiki/Bullock_cart "Bullock cart") was added to the festivities that, on the morning of the last day of the novena, runs through the streets of the historical center, passing by the main historical buildings and stimulating local tourism #### Week of Sorrows and Feast of the Steps File:Senhor dos Passos Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Our Lord of the Steps passing by on Direita Street on his way to the Gathering in the mid\-1960s. File:Senhora das Dores Pirenopolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Our Lady of Sorrows on her way to the Gathering in mid\-1960\. The religious traditions of the Week of Sorrows and the Feast of the Steps have been held during [Lent](/wiki/Lent "Lent") since the 18th century by the local brotherhoods and confraternities, and with the extinction of these, the celebration was taken over by the Blessed Sacrament. Until mid 1940, on every Friday of Lent, there was a mass celebrated in the Church of Bonfim, where the choir and orchestra performed the Sorrows [Motets](/wiki/Motet "Motet") attributed to Basílio Martins Braga Serradourada (1804\-1874\), as part of the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps.{{Cite book \\|last\=Jayme \\|first\=José Sizenando \\|title\=Pirenópolis: Humorismo e Folclore \\|publisher\=Piloto \\|year\=1988 \\|pages\=66–74}}{{Cite journal \\|title\=O FUTURO DE GOIÁS É O PASSADO \\|url\=http://www.bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/22353/1/2019\_RodrigoDosSantosSilva\_tcc.pdf \\|journal\=UNB \\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-17}}{{Cite web \\|date\=2020\-04\-01 \\|title\=CD "Semana Santa em Goiás" \\|url\=https://www.aredacao.com.br/colunas/131949/cd\-semana\-santa\-em\-goias \\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-19 \\|website\=A Redação}} However, the festivities of the Steps were paralyzed between the penultimate and last Friday before the Holy Week for the Week of Sorrows, and in it, the celebration of the Septenary of Sorrows, which was a paraliturgy that, for seven days, commemorated the meditation of the [seven sorrows of Mary](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows "Our Lady of Sorrows"). It was held at the altar of [Saint Francis of Paola](/wiki/Francis_of_Paola "Francis of Paola") in the Mother Church, where the image of the Sorrows was placed, and was prayed over by the vicar, who exposed the Blessed Sacrament there for the recitation of prayers, and accompanied by the Choir and Orchestra that performed a repertoire in Latin and Portuguese, with compositions by composers from Goiás.{{Cite journal \\|last1\=Nascimento \\|first1\=Lucas Pedro do \\|last2\=Santos \\|first2\=Marcos Vinicius Ribeiro dos \\|last3\=D'Abadia \\|first3\=Maria Idelma Vieira \\|title\=AS DORES DE MARIA REATUALIZADAS NA FESTA DE PASSOS,EM PIRENÓPOLIS – GOIÁS \\|url\=https://pt.scribd.com/document/651632335/12501\-Texto\-del\-articulo\-23502\-1\-10\-20191216\# \\|journal\=Ciencias Sociales y Religión \\|volume\=27 \\|issue\=19 \\|pages\=132–150}} On Friday of Sorrows, before [Palm Sunday](/wiki/Palm_Sunday "Palm Sunday"), the Sorrows Procession takes place, and the image of Our Lady of Sorrows is carried in a large procession through traditional routes in the historical center:{{Cite journal \\|last\=Brandão \\|first\=Carlos Rodrigues \\|title\=A QUEM PROCURAIS? A semana santa em Pirenópolis, Goiás \\|url\=https://apartilhadavida.com.br/wp\-content/uploads/escritos/ANTROPOLOGIA/RELIGI%C3%83O%20E%20RITUAL/A%20QUEM%20PROCURAIS%20\-%20A%20SEMANA%20SANTA%20EM%20PIREN%C3%93POLIS%20%20\-%20rosa%20dos%20ventos.pdf \\|journal\=A Partilha da Vida}} Direita Street, Nova Street, Mother Church Square, passing through the top of the plaza, going around it in part and returning to the Mother Church. At the departure of the procession, the choir, accompanied by the orchestra, performs the [ejaculatory prayer](/wiki/Ejaculatory_prayer "Ejaculatory prayer") Solo das Dores, attributed to José Iria Xavier Serradourada (1831\-1898\), from Goiás. During the course of the procession, choir and orchestra perform in ascending order the 06 Sorrows Motets: (No. 1\) Virgo Virginum, (No. 2\) \- [Ó Vós Omnes](/wiki/O_vos_omnes "O vos omnes"), (No. 3\) \- Factum Est, (No. 4\) \- Dilectus, (No. 5\) \- Quis Tibi, (No. 6\) \- Intenderunt Arcum in the so\-called Passion Steps where prayers are said after the hymns. When the procession returns to the Mother Church, the Hymn of Sorrows is sung, concluding the procession and preparing the faithful for Mass. On Saturday of the Steps, the day before Palm Sunday, the image of Our Lord of the Steps is carried in nocturnal procession by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, from the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, to the Church of Mount Carmel. Until mid\-1940, the image stayed overnight at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (now demolished). This parade is known as the Desterro Procession, where the image is gridded and covered with purple cloth, making it invisible. At the departure of the procession, the choir and orchestra performs the motet Pater mi (no. 1\) in the churchyard, and during the route, sings the Miserere. In the churchyard of the Church of Mount Carmel, formerly inside the Church of the Rosary when the procession went there, the Senhor Deus and Vós Senhor are sung in Portuguese and alternated by the people. Several local personalities took turns annually as the feastmaster for this procession, and it was up to him to provide all the necessary apparatus as well as the ornamentation of the streets, which are decorated with lamps interspersed with tree branches and standing banana trees. On the sidewalks, not only the feastmasters, but also the residents of Aurora Street, scatter leaves and also basil and marjoram branches. [thumb\\|400x400px\\|Execution of the Motet of the Steps in Pirenópolis during the Gathering Procession by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/File:Moteto_de_Passos_-_Pater_Mi_-_Piren%C3%B3polis.ogg "Moteto de Passos - Pater Mi - Pirenópolis.ogg") On the evening of Palm Sunday, the Gathering Procession takes place within the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps, which consists of two parades that merge to form the Gathering. The Lord of the Steps Procession leaves the Church of Mount Carmel, accompanied only by men, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, and religious authorities; women are only part of the choir. As it takes the public roads, the procession stops at the Passion Steps, where the Motets of the Steps are performed (No. 1\) \- Pater Mi, (No. 2\) \- Bajulans, (No. 3\) \- Exeamus, (No. 4\) \- Ó Vós Omnes \- Encounter, (No. 5\) \- Anagariaverunt, (No. 6\) \- Filieae Jesusalem, (No. 7\) \- Domine Jesu, and (No. 8\) \- Popule Meus. On Monday of Holy Week, the image of the Lord of the Steps, on the same lilac\-covered and barred litter, was taken in procession at night to the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, and finally placed back at its destination, where it had always been venerated. Upon arrival, the Pardon was sung. #### Holy Week File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis João.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion in the mid\-1960s. File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in 2017\. It is a local custom to use the life\-size image of the Dead Lord from the 18th century. In Pirenópolis, the manifestations of the religious traditions of Holy Week have been held since the XVIII century, funded by brotherhoods, such as the Blessed Sacrament, and housed exclusively in parish churches. The rites of the celebration of the [Passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus "Passion of Jesus"), liturgical and paraliturgical acts, constitute an exceptional cultural moment, of emotional and affective value to the people of the place, and has been conceived since its origin and was the celebration of greatest local expression; it is the period when most celebrations were held. On the morning of Palm Sunday is held the traditional Palm Procession. It is known that, until mid\-1940, the procession was held in the Mother Church, where the priest, dressed in purple vestments appropriate for Mass, carried the [cope](/wiki/Cope "Cope"). The faithful would take them home, devoutly keep them in their oratories, and burn them during storms, believing they would ward off the danger of lightning. Before Mass, there was a procession composed of only men, with a local music band, and that went around the perimeter of the Mother Church Square. The procession choir sang the [Gloria Laus](/wiki/Gloria%2C_laus_et_honor "Gloria, laus et honor"), answered from inside the church by another choir that sang the same composition with a variation in melody. Back in the Church, the procession found the main door of the temple closed. According to the ancient rite, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament, wearing red opaque with the base of the large silver cross that opened the procession, knocked three times with it on the main door, which was then opened with the priest in front, courted by the other members of the Brotherhood, while the orchestra intoned the Pueri Hebræorum, following the sung Mass. Nowadays, the celebration of the Palm Sunday, as well as the other celebrations, follow the rite promulgated by the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council"), and begins at the windows of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim. Upon arrival, the priest greets the people in the usual way, recites the prayers, and sprinkles the branches with holy water. The proclamation of the [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") is made and then the procession is announced. At the beginning of the procession, immediately in front, goes the [acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte "Acolyte") with the lighted [thurible](/wiki/Thurible "Thurible"), and then, according to ancient local custom, the cruciferary, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament with the ornamented cross; two Brothers leading the lanterns forming the wing of the faithful on the sides of the street in single line. In the center, the youth group of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral, followed by the guild of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the parish priest, accompanied by the Phoenix Band that performs the traditional dobrados and festive marches from its repertoire. When the priest arrives at the Mother Church, where the altar for the outdoor mass is located, he continues the celebration in the usual way, without the presence of the traditional choir and orchestra. On Palm Sunday evening and [Holy Monday](/wiki/Holy_Monday "Holy Monday"), the other celebrations of the Feast of the Steps take place. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Semana Santa.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Priest blessing the branches from the window of the Church of Bonfim. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Via Sacra.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Members of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral Staging the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. File:Semana Santa Pirenopolis Procissão de Ramos 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Inner procession of the Brotherrhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the pastor and the Phoenix Band. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo 2020\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Palm Procession, exceptionally in the Mother Church without the faithful in 2020 in the COVID\-19 pandemic. On the evening of [Holy Tuesday](/wiki/Holy_Tuesday "Holy Tuesday"), there is a meditation on the seven last words of Christ on the cross, a custom introduced by Fr Augusto when he was parish priest in 2017\. On Holy Wednesday, the evening mass is held in the Mother Church. Until mid\-1940, Tuesday and Wednesday were days without ceremony, but dedicated to the preparation of the church for the next celebrations and the dismantling of the [Calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28monument%29 "Calvary (monument)") used in the Feast of the Steps. At 9 o'clock in the morning on [Maundy Thursday](/wiki/Maundy_Thursday "Maundy Thursday"), the solemn mass [In Coena Domini](/wiki/In_Coena_Domini "In Coena Domini") was celebrated in the Mother Church, according to the old custom before the liturgical reforms, sung by one of the city's orchestras that performed great pieces of national and international composers, in a true allusion to the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque"). At the hour of the glory, the bells were rung, and after the consecration, instead of the bell, as today, the rattle was used, whose shrill and loud sound echoed inside until the churchyard. At dusk on Holy Thursday, the crowded church presided over the Foot Washing Ceremony, where the priest, wearing only the lava and the cincture on his cassock, and using the century\-old silver basin and pitcher of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, washed and kissed the feet of twelve boys, while the orchestra and choir performed Dómine Tu Mihi, specially composed for the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament in 1899 by Antônio da Costa Nascimento, shortly after he had been the confraternity's provider. Also on that occasion, the orchestra played the mandatum for the celebrant to deliver the sermon. At first, the adaptations of the liturgical reform of 1955 and 1962 were not very well received by the local community; with the principle of veritas horarium, the Missa In Coena Domini was transferred to the current time, in the evening, with the rite of foot washing within the celebration, suppressing the mandatum sermon. Currently, the ceremony includes the participation of the [Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Choir_and_Orchestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio "Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário"), which performs a mass from its repertoire, and the vigil with the Brotherhood guard, which remains until Good Friday. Since 2008, the [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross") Pastoral has staged the arrest of Christ in the churchyard of the church after the mass In Coena Domini. On Good Friday at 9:00 a.m., the Passion ceremony began, now called the Solemn Liturgical Action, with the reading of the Passion Gospel sung and the choir and priest in black vestments, using the compositions of the tractus from the Choir's archive and proceeding with the adoration of the cross, using the image of the Dead Lord. Later, in the procession with the Blessed Sacrament, an urn used on Holy Thursday was brought in solemn procession to the main altar while the choir intoned the [vexilla regis](/wiki/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt "Vexilla regis prodeunt"), and continued the ceremony of Adoration of the Cross, with its own ritual. At the end of the day, until nightfall, the population would wait for the Burial Procession. File:Via Sacra encenada Pirenópolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Staging of the Stations of the Cross. File:Preparação sexta\-santa Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Brothers of the Blessed Sacrament preparing the image for adoration of the cross during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2021\. File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Solemn liturgical action. File:Procissão enterro Pirenópolis 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Burial procession through the streets of the historic center. After the introduction of the liturgical reform and the current timetable, new customs have been introduced, such as the Stations of the Cross passing through the streets of the historic center in the morning with the image of the Lord of the Steps, suppressed by the staging promoted by young people since 2006, which today pleases residents and visitors. At 3 p.m., the solemn liturgical action takes place, using the image of the Dead Lord, but today without the presence of the choir and orchestra. At dusk, the burial procession proceeds, which, since the XVIII century, parades through the streets of the historical center to the sound of funeral marches with the image used in the adoration of the cross, followed by the litter of Our Lady of Sorrows, dressed in dark purple, accompanied by the figure of the Veronica, followed by the choir, which intones the Heu and Pupilli [a capella](/wiki/A_cappella "A cappella") alternating with the funeral marches performed by the Phoenix Band. [thumb\\|Father [Pelágio Sauter](/wiki/Pel%C3%A1gio_Sauter "Pelágio Sauter")'s signature in the book of Minutes (1914\-1940\) of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of Pirenópolis.](/wiki/File:Ata_Irmandade_Pirenopolis_Pe_Pelagio_Sauter.png "Ata Irmandade Pirenopolis Pe Pelagio Sauter.png") On [Holy Saturday](/wiki/Holy_Saturday "Holy Saturday"), before the reform, the solemn Easter Vigil was celebrated in the morning with a singing ceremony with choir and orchestra. After the celebration, the popular festival of the burning of the Judas took place, and at noon, the Folia do Divino, known as Folia dos Homens, now extinct, left the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, accompanied by a crowd, brass band and a lot of fireworks, going through the historic center opening the Feast of the Divine, with the crown and the flag of the Divine passing from house to house, collecting alms for the cost of the feast. At dusk, the traditional election of the board of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament was held, as it still is today. With the adoption of the liturgical reform, the solemn Easter Vigil is celebrated in the Mother Church at dusk, today without the presence of the Choir and Orchestra. After the celebration, the Resurrection Procession takes place, without the presence of the music band, which used to be held at dawn on Easter Sunday to the accompaniment of fireworks, bell peals with the band performing festive marches and doubados. This day began to be celebrated with a solemn sung Mass, in gratitude for the anniversary of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which in 2018 held the [jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee "Jubilee") of 290 years of creation.{{Cite web \\|date\=2018\-04\-04 \\|title\=Jubileu de 290 anos da Irmandade do Santíssimo de Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://isspiri.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/jubileu\-de\-290\-anos\-da\-irmandade\-do\-santissimo\-de\-pirenopolis/\#:\~:text\=Jubileu%20de%20290%20anos%20da%20Irmandade%20do%20Sant%C3%ADssimo%20de%20Piren%C3%B3polis,\-0 \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-22 \\|website\=ISSPIRI}} File:Vigília Pascal Pirenópolis 2021 Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Easter Vigil in 2021, with pandemic restrictions. File:Procissão Páscoa Pirenópolis 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Resurrection Procession. File:Pirenópolis Jubileu 290 anos Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Brotherhood's 290th Anniversary Jubilee in 2018\. File:Domingo Páscoa Pirenópolis saída coroa Divino.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Departure of the Crown of the Divine. At noon, there is the festive ringing of the bells of the Mother Church and a fireworks show with the exit of the crown of the Divine, formerly known as the Folia das Moças, with the same purpose as the men's folia; however, after the exit of the crown in the church, the band proceeds to the burning of the [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot "Judas Iscariot"). Another extinct ceremony on Easter Sunday was the Solemn Coronation with the singing of the [Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum "Te Deum") by the choir and orchestra, which ended Holy Week. Currently, the arrival of the crown of the Divine occurs in the last mass celebrated on this day, followed by a procession to the emperor's house for popular festivities. #### Corpus Christi [thumb\\|[Tantum Ergo](/wiki/Tantum_ergo "Tantum ergo") Eugênio, by local composer Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos performed by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.](/wiki/File:Tantum_Ergo_Eugenio_Coro_e_Orquestra_do_Rosario_Pirenopolis_Corpus_Christi_2023.webm "Tantum Ergo Eugenio Coro e Orquestra do Rosario Pirenopolis Corpus Christi 2023.webm") Since the first decades of the 18th century, when the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of the Mother of Rosary was created, the Corpus Christi is celebrated, and in the following centuries, was acquiring the current features, when the local community voluntarily added to the celebrations the tradition of the colorful carpets of sawdust, sand, seeds and flowers from the cerrado, that cover the secular stone streets in the Historical Center, especially Direita Street, the first road through which passes the procession of Corpus Christi, traditionally held always at dawn, before the solemn Mass, usually sung in Latin.{{Cite web \\|date\=2023\-06\-08 \\|title\=Ruas de Pirenópolis são tomadas pelos tapetes coloridos para o feriado de Corpus Christi \\|url\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/11683200/?s\=0s \\|website\=G1}} In order for everything to be ready at dawn, the carpet is made by hundreds of volunteers between dusk on Wednesday, through the night and into the early morning hours before dawn on Thursday of Corpus Christi. The custom of the carpets were maintained even without the traditional procession in circumstances of the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the traditional procession in 2022\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2021\-06\-03 \\|title\=Corpus Christi em Pirenópolis (GO) \\|url\=https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/1701560894858307\-corpus\-christi\-em\-pirenopolis\-go \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-05 \\|website\=Folha de São Paulo}} During the procession, it is an old custom to decorate altars for the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament; for a few moments, the group pauses and the hymn Tantum Ergo Sacramentum is sung, in Latin, composed in the beginning of the 20th century by Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos, and performed by the centenary Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-06\-16 \\|title\=Fiéis católicos enfeitam as ruas de Pirenópolis no feriado de Corpus Christi \\|url\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/10674817/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-05 \\|website\=G1}} It is also on this day that the Emperor of the Divine receives the Crown of the Divine, beginning his reign for the Feast of the Divine of Pirenópolis the following year.{{Cite web \\|date\=2022\-06\-15 \\|title\=Corpus Christi: cidades turísticas retomam a tradição dos tapetes coloridos \\|url\=https://www.uol.com.br/nossa/noticias/agencia\-estado/2022/06/15/corpus\-christi\-cidades\-turisticas\-retomam\-a\-tradicao\-dos\-tapetes\-coloridos.htm \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-05 \\|website\=UOL}} #### Feast of Mount Carmel It is believed that the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, popularly known simply as the Feast of Mount Carmel, took place soon after the completion of the construction of the Church in 1754, which justifies the coming of the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which Jarbas Jaime attributes to be of Portuguese origin. There are records in the archives of the Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário of several musical compositions copied in the mid\-1940s by the then conductor Sebastião Pompêo de Pina Jr, during the time of the Carmelite sisters, when the parish was under the leadership of the Franciscan priests. At this time, the Feast was boosted with the creation of the Confraternity of Mount Carmel, authorized in Rome by the Prior of the Order of Mount Carmelin 1947, a confraternity that today is non\-existent. Through the [Carmelite sisters](/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Los_Angeles "Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles"), the popular Catholic custom of crowning images of Our Lady with children was promoted. After the Carmelite moved out and the end of the Nossa Senhora do Carmo School, the church was closed.{{Cite web \\|last\=Ribeiro \\|first\=Marcos \\|title\=A história da devoção de Nossa Senhora do Carmo em Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://pirenopolis.tur.br/t/Article/604/AhistoriadadevocaodeNossaSenhoradoCarmoemPirenopolis \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-28 \\|website\=pirenopolis.tur.br}} File:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis João Basílio.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in the mid\-1950s. File:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis Nikolli.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in 2017\. In the mid 1990, the Novena of Mount Carmel was held in the Parish Hall, when the parish priest was Father Joel Alves Oliveira. Gradually, with the restoration of the Church of Mount Carmel and the return of the celebrations in the temple, on July 16, the Holy Mass was celebrated again. From 2014 to 2016 the [Triduum](/wiki/Triduum "Triduum") was held. From 2017, with the consent of the parish priest, Father Augusto Gonçalves Pereira, the simple Novena was held again. In 2019, a group was assembled to sing the songs of the golden era of the Feast. In 2020, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário returned to perform singing the solemn Holy Mass of July 16 in Latin, in a ceremony [sine populo](/wiki/Sine_populo "Sine populo") in the Church of Mount Carmel. In 2021, still with pandemic restrictions, Triduum was held in the Mother Church cum populo, with the presence on all days of the Choir of the Rosary and imposition of the scapular on the main day of the Feast.	[ "### Feasts and celebrations", "Since the beginning of the city, the religious celebrations have been great expressions of local sociability, based on the Catholic faith, on syncretism and on the diversity of symbols that have organized a specific culture that, to this day, is related to the society that participates in, organizes and preserves these customs.\n[left\\\|thumb\\\|Ladainha Rangel, from the traditional Novena for the patron saint in 2022\\.](/wiki/File:Novena_tradicional_latim_Pirenopolis_Coral_Orquestra_Rosario_Ladainha_Rangel.webm \"Novena tradicional latim Pirenopolis Coral Orquestra Rosario Ladainha Rangel.webm\")\nInfluenced by European people, especially the Portuguese who populated the city, a large part of the current celebrations still preserve a lively religiosity that is part of the memory and history of the local people, in which churches, secular sacred images, their own vestments, and vestments are still used. The African influence is also remarkable and visible in the daily life of the parish in the devotion to the patron saint, in the homes of the parishioners, who usually have an image of Saint Benedict in their kitchens, and in the ringing of the bells that recall the batuques, the congada and the Banda de Couro, as well as the numerous people baptized with the name Benedict. The life of the rural man is also present in the characteristics of the popular festivals through the [folias](/wiki/Folia \"Folia\"), the [kermesses](/wiki/Quermesses \"Quermesses\"), auctions and gifts that are usually donated in these festivals, in the simplicity and devotion of the people.\n[thumb\\\|300x300px\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion, Holy Week in the mid\\-1960s.](/wiki/File:Semana_Santa_Piren%C3%B3polis_Sexta_Santa_Jo%C3%A3o_Bas%C3%ADlio.jpg \"Semana Santa Pirenópolis Sexta Santa João Basílio.jpg\")\nFor years, the [Holy Week](/wiki/Holy_Week \"Holy Week\") was the biggest celebration held in Pirenópolis, implemented at the very beginning of the city's establishment by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, involving bands, orchestras, and the local community, customs that, for the most part, are still held, even during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\\.", "In addition to Holy Week, traditional celebrations have long included: the Feast of the Baby Jesus and Feast of Saint Sebastian in January, [Lenten](/wiki/Lent \"Lent\") celebrations, Feast of the Steps, Feast of Sorrows, Feast of St. Joseph, Feast of St. Benedict between March and April, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Feast of St. Anthony, Feast of Mount Carmel, Feast of the Good Death, Feast of Abbey, Feast of Our Lord of Bonfim, Feast of the Rosary (the patron saint), Feast of the Rosary of the Black People, Feast of Saint Jude Thaddaeus, Feast of Immaculate Conception, Feast of Saint Barbara, Feast of Saint Lucy, [nativity scene](/wiki/Nativity_scene \"Nativity scene\") prayers in addition to the Feast of the Divine, which is currently the festival of greatest projection, whose importance was confirmed in 2010 with the registration of such celebration as Intangible Heritage recognized by IPHAN, and also held the Reign of the Rosary and Court of Saint Benedict. In the Chapels and rural communities, the biggest devotion was to the Feast of Saint Anthony and [Saint Gerald](/wiki/Gerald_of_Aurillac \"Gerald of Aurillac\") in the village of Santo Antônio, Feast of Good Jesus in the village of the same name, and other patron saints of the rural chapels mentioned in the section churches and chapels.", "Over the years, the development and growth of the city, the [romanization](/wiki/Romanization_%28cultural%29 \"Romanization (cultural)\"), the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\") and adaptations to current times have shaped the characteristics that are visible today. As a result, many celebrations were simplified, adapted or even suppressed, especially between mid 1970 and 2000, the period when all brotherhoods were extinct, except for the Blessed Sacrament. Also during this time, new movements and forms of evangelization were introduced in the parish, pastoral activities were created, and events were organized to attract young people, which were strengthened after 2006 and in the following decade, events of great regional projection, such as the Youth Day, and other activities.", "From 2012, there is the valorization of local culture and identity with the resumption of celebrations and festivals suppressed in the mid\\-1970s to 2000, in addition to the entry of young people into the Apostleship of Prayer, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário, and the [Phoenix Band](/wiki/Phoenix_Band \"Phoenix Band\"), highlighting the importance and harmony between past and present, well evidenced during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021\\.", "#### Feast of Saint Sebastian", "", "File:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Carros de boi.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Parade of ox\\-cart drivers.\nFile:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Procissão.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Saint Sebastian Procession.\nFile:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Missa.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Festive Mass at the Mother Church of the Rosary.\nFile:Festa São Sebastião Pirenópolis \\- Quermesse.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Kermesse, where typical food is served and regional singers perform.", "Traditionally, the celebration of Saint Sebastian is the first [novena](/wiki/Novena \"Novena\") held in the year in the parish. Since the 18th century, he was celebrated with great popular participation, orchestra in the traditional novena and music band in the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, where the right side altar was dedicated to him, and whose image, taken to the Church of Bonfim after the demolition of that church, was stolen from there in 1978\\. After the demolition of the Church of the Rosary of the Black People, the festivities are held in the Mother Church of the Rosary, and also include a kermesse, the raising of the flagpole, the burning of bonfires, and the auction of animals donated by local farmers as payment for their promises.", "In order to value the local countryside culture, a parade of [ox carts](/wiki/Bullock_cart \"Bullock cart\") was added to the festivities that, on the morning of the last day of the novena, runs through the streets of the historical center, passing by the main historical buildings and stimulating local tourism", "#### Week of Sorrows and Feast of the Steps", "", "File:Senhor dos Passos Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Our Lord of the Steps passing by on Direita Street on his way to the Gathering in the mid\\-1960s.\nFile:Senhora das Dores Pirenopolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Our Lady of Sorrows on her way to the Gathering in mid\\-1960\\.", "The religious traditions of the Week of Sorrows and the Feast of the Steps have been held during [Lent](/wiki/Lent \"Lent\") since the 18th century by the local brotherhoods and confraternities, and with the extinction of these, the celebration was taken over by the Blessed Sacrament. Until mid 1940, on every Friday of Lent, there was a mass celebrated in the Church of Bonfim, where the choir and orchestra performed the Sorrows [Motets](/wiki/Motet \"Motet\") attributed to Basílio Martins Braga Serradourada (1804\\-1874\\), as part of the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps.{{Cite book \\\|last\\=Jayme \\\|first\\=José Sizenando \\\|title\\=Pirenópolis: Humorismo e Folclore \\\|publisher\\=Piloto \\\|year\\=1988 \\\|pages\\=66–74}}{{Cite journal \\\|title\\=O FUTURO DE GOIÁS É O PASSADO \\\|url\\=http://www.bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/22353/1/2019\\_RodrigoDosSantosSilva\\_tcc.pdf \\\|journal\\=UNB \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-17}}{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-01 \\\|title\\=CD \"Semana Santa em Goiás\" \\\|url\\=https://www.aredacao.com.br/colunas/131949/cd\\-semana\\-santa\\-em\\-goias \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-19 \\\|website\\=A Redação}} However, the festivities of the Steps were paralyzed between the penultimate and last Friday before the Holy Week for the Week of Sorrows, and in it, the celebration of the Septenary of Sorrows, which was a paraliturgy that, for seven days, commemorated the meditation of the [seven sorrows of Mary](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows \"Our Lady of Sorrows\"). It was held at the altar of [Saint Francis of Paola](/wiki/Francis_of_Paola \"Francis of Paola\") in the Mother Church, where the image of the Sorrows was placed, and was prayed over by the vicar, who exposed the Blessed Sacrament there for the recitation of prayers, and accompanied by the Choir and Orchestra that performed a repertoire in Latin and Portuguese, with compositions by composers from Goiás.{{Cite journal \\\|last1\\=Nascimento \\\|first1\\=Lucas Pedro do \\\|last2\\=Santos \\\|first2\\=Marcos Vinicius Ribeiro dos \\\|last3\\=D'Abadia \\\|first3\\=Maria Idelma Vieira \\\|title\\=AS DORES DE MARIA REATUALIZADAS NA FESTA DE PASSOS,EM PIRENÓPOLIS – GOIÁS \\\|url\\=https://pt.scribd.com/document/651632335/12501\\-Texto\\-del\\-articulo\\-23502\\-1\\-10\\-20191216\\# \\\|journal\\=Ciencias Sociales y Religión \\\|volume\\=27 \\\|issue\\=19 \\\|pages\\=132–150}}", "On Friday of Sorrows, before [Palm Sunday](/wiki/Palm_Sunday \"Palm Sunday\"), the Sorrows Procession takes place, and the image of Our Lady of Sorrows is carried in a large procession through traditional routes in the historical center:{{Cite journal \\\|last\\=Brandão \\\|first\\=Carlos Rodrigues \\\|title\\=A QUEM PROCURAIS? A semana santa em Pirenópolis, Goiás \\\|url\\=https://apartilhadavida.com.br/wp\\-content/uploads/escritos/ANTROPOLOGIA/RELIGI%C3%83O%20E%20RITUAL/A%20QUEM%20PROCURAIS%20\\-%20A%20SEMANA%20SANTA%20EM%20PIREN%C3%93POLIS%20%20\\-%20rosa%20dos%20ventos.pdf \\\|journal\\=A Partilha da Vida}} Direita Street, Nova Street, Mother Church Square, passing through the top of the plaza, going around it in part and returning to the Mother Church. At the departure of the procession, the choir, accompanied by the orchestra, performs the [ejaculatory prayer](/wiki/Ejaculatory_prayer \"Ejaculatory prayer\") Solo das Dores, attributed to José Iria Xavier Serradourada (1831\\-1898\\), from Goiás. During the course of the procession, choir and orchestra perform in ascending order the 06 Sorrows Motets: (No. 1\\) Virgo Virginum, (No. 2\\) \\- [Ó Vós Omnes](/wiki/O_vos_omnes \"O vos omnes\"), (No. 3\\) \\- Factum Est, (No. 4\\) \\- Dilectus, (No. 5\\) \\- Quis Tibi, (No. 6\\) \\- Intenderunt Arcum in the so\\-called Passion Steps where prayers are said after the hymns. When the procession returns to the Mother Church, the Hymn of Sorrows is sung, concluding the procession and preparing the faithful for Mass.", "On Saturday of the Steps, the day before Palm Sunday, the image of Our Lord of the Steps is carried in nocturnal procession by the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, from the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, to the Church of Mount Carmel. Until mid\\-1940, the image stayed overnight at the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (now demolished). This parade is known as the Desterro Procession, where the image is gridded and covered with purple cloth, making it invisible. At the departure of the procession, the choir and orchestra performs the motet Pater mi (no. 1\\) in the churchyard, and during the route, sings the Miserere. In the churchyard of the Church of Mount Carmel, formerly inside the Church of the Rosary when the procession went there, the Senhor Deus and Vós Senhor are sung in Portuguese and alternated by the people. Several local personalities took turns annually as the feastmaster for this procession, and it was up to him to provide all the necessary apparatus as well as the ornamentation of the streets, which are decorated with lamps interspersed with tree branches and standing banana trees. On the sidewalks, not only the feastmasters, but also the residents of Aurora Street, scatter leaves and also basil and marjoram branches.\n[thumb\\\|400x400px\\\|Execution of the Motet of the Steps in Pirenópolis during the Gathering Procession by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/File:Moteto_de_Passos_-_Pater_Mi_-_Piren%C3%B3polis.ogg \"Moteto de Passos - Pater Mi - Pirenópolis.ogg\")\nOn the evening of Palm Sunday, the Gathering Procession takes place within the celebrations of the Feast of the Steps, which consists of two parades that merge to form the Gathering. The Lord of the Steps Procession leaves the Church of Mount Carmel, accompanied only by men, the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, and religious authorities; women are only part of the choir. As it takes the public roads, the procession stops at the Passion Steps, where the Motets of the Steps are performed (No. 1\\) \\- Pater Mi, (No. 2\\) \\- Bajulans, (No. 3\\) \\- Exeamus, (No. 4\\) \\- Ó Vós Omnes \\- Encounter, (No. 5\\) \\- Anagariaverunt, (No. 6\\) \\- Filieae Jesusalem, (No. 7\\) \\- Domine Jesu, and (No. 8\\) \\- Popule Meus.", "On Monday of Holy Week, the image of the Lord of the Steps, on the same lilac\\-covered and barred litter, was taken in procession at night to the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim, and finally placed back at its destination, where it had always been venerated. Upon arrival, the Pardon was sung.", "#### Holy Week", "", "File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis João.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion in the mid\\-1960s.\nFile:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in 2017\\. It is a local custom to use the life\\-size image of the Dead Lord from the 18th century.", "In Pirenópolis, the manifestations of the religious traditions of Holy Week have been held since the XVIII century, funded by brotherhoods, such as the Blessed Sacrament, and housed exclusively in parish churches. The rites of the celebration of the [Passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus \"Passion of Jesus\"), liturgical and paraliturgical acts, constitute an exceptional cultural moment, of emotional and affective value to the people of the place, and has been conceived since its origin and was the celebration of greatest local expression; it is the period when most celebrations were held.", "On the morning of Palm Sunday is held the traditional Palm Procession. It is known that, until mid\\-1940, the procession was held in the Mother Church, where the priest, dressed in purple vestments appropriate for Mass, carried the [cope](/wiki/Cope \"Cope\"). The faithful would take them home, devoutly keep them in their oratories, and burn them during storms, believing they would ward off the danger of lightning. Before Mass, there was a procession composed of only men, with a local music band, and that went around the perimeter of the Mother Church Square. The procession choir sang the [Gloria Laus](/wiki/Gloria%2C_laus_et_honor \"Gloria, laus et honor\"), answered from inside the church by another choir that sang the same composition with a variation in melody. Back in the Church, the procession found the main door of the temple closed. According to the ancient rite, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament, wearing red opaque with the base of the large silver cross that opened the procession, knocked three times with it on the main door, which was then opened with the priest in front, courted by the other members of the Brotherhood, while the orchestra intoned the Pueri Hebræorum, following the sung Mass.", "Nowadays, the celebration of the Palm Sunday, as well as the other celebrations, follow the rite promulgated by the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\"), and begins at the windows of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim. Upon arrival, the priest greets the people in the usual way, recites the prayers, and sprinkles the branches with holy water. The proclamation of the [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") is made and then the procession is announced. At the beginning of the procession, immediately in front, goes the [acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte \"Acolyte\") with the lighted [thurible](/wiki/Thurible \"Thurible\"), and then, according to ancient local custom, the cruciferary, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament with the ornamented cross; two Brothers leading the lanterns forming the wing of the faithful on the sides of the street in single line. In the center, the youth group of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral, followed by the guild of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the parish priest, accompanied by the Phoenix Band that performs the traditional dobrados and festive marches from its repertoire. When the priest arrives at the Mother Church, where the altar for the outdoor mass is located, he continues the celebration in the usual way, without the presence of the traditional choir and orchestra. On Palm Sunday evening and [Holy Monday](/wiki/Holy_Monday \"Holy Monday\"), the other celebrations of the Feast of the Steps take place.", "File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Semana Santa.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Priest blessing the branches from the window of the Church of Bonfim.\nFile:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Via Sacra.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Members of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral Staging the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.\nFile:Semana Santa Pirenopolis Procissão de Ramos 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Inner procession of the Brotherrhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the pastor and the Phoenix Band.\nFile:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo 2020\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Palm Procession, exceptionally in the Mother Church without the faithful in 2020 in the COVID\\-19 pandemic.", "", "On the evening of [Holy Tuesday](/wiki/Holy_Tuesday \"Holy Tuesday\"), there is a meditation on the seven last words of Christ on the cross, a custom introduced by Fr Augusto when he was parish priest in 2017\\. On Holy Wednesday, the evening mass is held in the Mother Church. Until mid\\-1940, Tuesday and Wednesday were days without ceremony, but dedicated to the preparation of the church for the next celebrations and the dismantling of the [Calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28monument%29 \"Calvary (monument)\") used in the Feast of the Steps.", "At 9 o'clock in the morning on [Maundy Thursday](/wiki/Maundy_Thursday \"Maundy Thursday\"), the solemn mass [In Coena Domini](/wiki/In_Coena_Domini \"In Coena Domini\") was celebrated in the Mother Church, according to the old custom before the liturgical reforms, sung by one of the city's orchestras that performed great pieces of national and international composers, in a true allusion to the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\"). At the hour of the glory, the bells were rung, and after the consecration, instead of the bell, as today, the rattle was used, whose shrill and loud sound echoed inside until the churchyard.", "At dusk on Holy Thursday, the crowded church presided over the Foot Washing Ceremony, where the priest, wearing only the lava and the cincture on his cassock, and using the century\\-old silver basin and pitcher of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, washed and kissed the feet of twelve boys, while the orchestra and choir performed Dómine Tu Mihi, specially composed for the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament in 1899 by Antônio da Costa Nascimento, shortly after he had been the confraternity's provider. Also on that occasion, the orchestra played the mandatum for the celebrant to deliver the sermon.", "At first, the adaptations of the liturgical reform of 1955 and 1962 were not very well received by the local community; with the principle of veritas horarium, the Missa In Coena Domini was transferred to the current time, in the evening, with the rite of foot washing within the celebration, suppressing the mandatum sermon. Currently, the ceremony includes the participation of the [Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Choir_and_Orchestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio \"Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário\"), which performs a mass from its repertoire, and the vigil with the Brotherhood guard, which remains until Good Friday. Since 2008, the [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\") Pastoral has staged the arrest of Christ in the churchyard of the church after the mass In Coena Domini.", "On Good Friday at 9:00 a.m., the Passion ceremony began, now called the Solemn Liturgical Action, with the reading of the Passion Gospel sung and the choir and priest in black vestments, using the compositions of the tractus from the Choir's archive and proceeding with the adoration of the cross, using the image of the Dead Lord. Later, in the procession with the Blessed Sacrament, an urn used on Holy Thursday was brought in solemn procession to the main altar while the choir intoned the [vexilla regis](/wiki/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt \"Vexilla regis prodeunt\"), and continued the ceremony of Adoration of the Cross, with its own ritual. At the end of the day, until nightfall, the population would wait for the Burial Procession.", "File:Via Sacra encenada Pirenópolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Staging of the Stations of the Cross.\nFile:Preparação sexta\\-santa Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Brothers of the Blessed Sacrament preparing the image for adoration of the cross during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2021\\.\nFile:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Solemn liturgical action.\nFile:Procissão enterro Pirenópolis 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Burial procession through the streets of the historic center.", "After the introduction of the liturgical reform and the current timetable, new customs have been introduced, such as the Stations of the Cross passing through the streets of the historic center in the morning with the image of the Lord of the Steps, suppressed by the staging promoted by young people since 2006, which today pleases residents and visitors. At 3 p.m., the solemn liturgical action takes place, using the image of the Dead Lord, but today without the presence of the choir and orchestra. At dusk, the burial procession proceeds, which, since the XVIII century, parades through the streets of the historical center to the sound of funeral marches with the image used in the adoration of the cross, followed by the litter of Our Lady of Sorrows, dressed in dark purple, accompanied by the figure of the Veronica, followed by the choir, which intones the Heu and Pupilli [a capella](/wiki/A_cappella \"A cappella\") alternating with the funeral marches performed by the Phoenix Band.\n[thumb\\\|Father [Pelágio Sauter](/wiki/Pel%C3%A1gio_Sauter \"Pelágio Sauter\")'s signature in the book of Minutes (1914\\-1940\\) of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of Pirenópolis.](/wiki/File:Ata_Irmandade_Pirenopolis_Pe_Pelagio_Sauter.png \"Ata Irmandade Pirenopolis Pe Pelagio Sauter.png\")\nOn [Holy Saturday](/wiki/Holy_Saturday \"Holy Saturday\"), before the reform, the solemn Easter Vigil was celebrated in the morning with a singing ceremony with choir and orchestra. After the celebration, the popular festival of the burning of the Judas took place, and at noon, the Folia do Divino, known as Folia dos Homens, now extinct, left the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, accompanied by a crowd, brass band and a lot of fireworks, going through the historic center opening the Feast of the Divine, with the crown and the flag of the Divine passing from house to house, collecting alms for the cost of the feast.", "At dusk, the traditional election of the board of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament was held, as it still is today. With the adoption of the liturgical reform, the solemn Easter Vigil is celebrated in the Mother Church at dusk, today without the presence of the Choir and Orchestra. After the celebration, the Resurrection Procession takes place, without the presence of the music band, which used to be held at dawn on Easter Sunday to the accompaniment of fireworks, bell peals with the band performing festive marches and doubados. This day began to be celebrated with a solemn sung Mass, in gratitude for the anniversary of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which in 2018 held the [jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee \"Jubilee\") of 290 years of creation.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-04 \\\|title\\=Jubileu de 290 anos da Irmandade do Santíssimo de Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://isspiri.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/jubileu\\-de\\-290\\-anos\\-da\\-irmandade\\-do\\-santissimo\\-de\\-pirenopolis/\\#:\\~:text\\=Jubileu%20de%20290%20anos%20da%20Irmandade%20do%20Sant%C3%ADssimo%20de%20Piren%C3%B3polis,\\-0 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-22 \\\|website\\=ISSPIRI}}", "File:Vigília Pascal Pirenópolis 2021 Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Easter Vigil in 2021, with pandemic restrictions.\nFile:Procissão Páscoa Pirenópolis 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Resurrection Procession.\nFile:Pirenópolis Jubileu 290 anos Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Brotherhood's 290th Anniversary Jubilee in 2018\\.\nFile:Domingo Páscoa Pirenópolis saída coroa Divino.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Departure of the Crown of the Divine.", "At noon, there is the festive ringing of the bells of the Mother Church and a fireworks show with the exit of the crown of the Divine, formerly known as the Folia das Moças, with the same purpose as the men's folia; however, after the exit of the crown in the church, the band proceeds to the burning of the [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot \"Judas Iscariot\"). Another extinct ceremony on Easter Sunday was the Solemn Coronation with the singing of the [Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum \"Te Deum\") by the choir and orchestra, which ended Holy Week. Currently, the arrival of the crown of the Divine occurs in the last mass celebrated on this day, followed by a procession to the emperor's house for popular festivities.", "#### Corpus Christi", "[thumb\\\|[Tantum Ergo](/wiki/Tantum_ergo \"Tantum ergo\") Eugênio, by local composer Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos performed by the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.](/wiki/File:Tantum_Ergo_Eugenio_Coro_e_Orquestra_do_Rosario_Pirenopolis_Corpus_Christi_2023.webm \"Tantum Ergo Eugenio Coro e Orquestra do Rosario Pirenopolis Corpus Christi 2023.webm\")\nSince the first decades of the 18th century, when the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of the Mother of Rosary was created, the Corpus Christi is celebrated, and in the following centuries, was acquiring the current features, when the local community voluntarily added to the celebrations the tradition of the colorful carpets of sawdust, sand, seeds and flowers from the cerrado, that cover the secular stone streets in the Historical Center, especially Direita Street, the first road through which passes the procession of Corpus Christi, traditionally held always at dawn, before the solemn Mass, usually sung in Latin.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-08 \\\|title\\=Ruas de Pirenópolis são tomadas pelos tapetes coloridos para o feriado de Corpus Christi \\\|url\\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/11683200/?s\\=0s \\\|website\\=G1}} In order for everything to be ready at dawn, the carpet is made by hundreds of volunteers between dusk on Wednesday, through the night and into the early morning hours before dawn on Thursday of Corpus Christi. The custom of the carpets were maintained even without the traditional procession in circumstances of the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the traditional procession in 2022\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-03 \\\|title\\=Corpus Christi em Pirenópolis (GO) \\\|url\\=https://fotografia.folha.uol.com.br/galerias/1701560894858307\\-corpus\\-christi\\-em\\-pirenopolis\\-go \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-05 \\\|website\\=Folha de São Paulo}} During the procession, it is an old custom to decorate altars for the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament; for a few moments, the group pauses and the hymn Tantum Ergo Sacramentum is sung, in Latin, composed in the beginning of the 20th century by Eugênio Leal da Costa Campos, and performed by the centenary Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-16 \\\|title\\=Fiéis católicos enfeitam as ruas de Pirenópolis no feriado de Corpus Christi \\\|url\\=https://globoplay.globo.com/v/10674817/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-05 \\\|website\\=G1}} It is also on this day that the Emperor of the Divine receives the Crown of the Divine, beginning his reign for the Feast of the Divine of Pirenópolis the following year.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2022\\-06\\-15 \\\|title\\=Corpus Christi: cidades turísticas retomam a tradição dos tapetes coloridos \\\|url\\=https://www.uol.com.br/nossa/noticias/agencia\\-estado/2022/06/15/corpus\\-christi\\-cidades\\-turisticas\\-retomam\\-a\\-tradicao\\-dos\\-tapetes\\-coloridos.htm \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-05 \\\|website\\=UOL}}", "#### Feast of Mount Carmel", "It is believed that the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, popularly known simply as the Feast of Mount Carmel, took place soon after the completion of the construction of the Church in 1754, which justifies the coming of the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which Jarbas Jaime attributes to be of Portuguese origin. There are records in the archives of the Coro e Orquestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário of several musical compositions copied in the mid\\-1940s by the then conductor Sebastião Pompêo de Pina Jr, during the time of the Carmelite sisters, when the parish was under the leadership of the Franciscan priests. At this time, the Feast was boosted with the creation of the Confraternity of Mount Carmel, authorized in Rome by the Prior of the Order of Mount Carmelin 1947, a confraternity that today is non\\-existent. Through the [Carmelite sisters](/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Los_Angeles \"Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles\"), the popular Catholic custom of crowning images of Our Lady with children was promoted. After the Carmelite moved out and the end of the Nossa Senhora do Carmo School, the church was closed.{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Ribeiro \\\|first\\=Marcos \\\|title\\=A história da devoção de Nossa Senhora do Carmo em Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://pirenopolis.tur.br/t/Article/604/AhistoriadadevocaodeNossaSenhoradoCarmoemPirenopolis \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-28 \\\|website\\=pirenopolis.tur.br}}", "File:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis João Basílio.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in the mid\\-1950s.\nFile:Festa Carmo Pirenopolis Nikolli.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Feast of Mount Carmel in 2017\\.", "In the mid 1990, the Novena of Mount Carmel was held in the Parish Hall, when the parish priest was Father Joel Alves Oliveira. Gradually, with the restoration of the Church of Mount Carmel and the return of the celebrations in the temple, on July 16, the Holy Mass was celebrated again. From 2014 to 2016 the [Triduum](/wiki/Triduum \"Triduum\") was held. From 2017, with the consent of the parish priest, Father Augusto Gonçalves Pereira, the simple Novena was held again. In 2019, a group was assembled to sing the songs of the golden era of the Feast. In 2020, the Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário returned to perform singing the solemn Holy Mass of July 16 in Latin, in a ceremony [sine populo](/wiki/Sine_populo \"Sine populo\") in the Church of Mount Carmel. In 2021, still with pandemic restrictions, Triduum was held in the Mother Church cum populo, with the presence on all days of the Choir of the Rosary and imposition of the scapular on the main day of the Feast.", "" ]
#### Holy Week File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis João.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion in the mid\-1960s. File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in 2017\. It is a local custom to use the life\-size image of the Dead Lord from the 18th century. In Pirenópolis, the manifestations of the religious traditions of Holy Week have been held since the XVIII century, funded by brotherhoods, such as the Blessed Sacrament, and housed exclusively in parish churches. The rites of the celebration of the [Passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus "Passion of Jesus"), liturgical and paraliturgical acts, constitute an exceptional cultural moment, of emotional and affective value to the people of the place, and has been conceived since its origin and was the celebration of greatest local expression; it is the period when most celebrations were held. On the morning of Palm Sunday is held the traditional Palm Procession. It is known that, until mid\-1940, the procession was held in the Mother Church, where the priest, dressed in purple vestments appropriate for Mass, carried the [cope](/wiki/Cope "Cope"). The faithful would take them home, devoutly keep them in their oratories, and burn them during storms, believing they would ward off the danger of lightning. Before Mass, there was a procession composed of only men, with a local music band, and that went around the perimeter of the Mother Church Square. The procession choir sang the [Gloria Laus](/wiki/Gloria%2C_laus_et_honor "Gloria, laus et honor"), answered from inside the church by another choir that sang the same composition with a variation in melody. Back in the Church, the procession found the main door of the temple closed. According to the ancient rite, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament, wearing red opaque with the base of the large silver cross that opened the procession, knocked three times with it on the main door, which was then opened with the priest in front, courted by the other members of the Brotherhood, while the orchestra intoned the Pueri Hebræorum, following the sung Mass. Nowadays, the celebration of the Palm Sunday, as well as the other celebrations, follow the rite promulgated by the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council"), and begins at the windows of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim. Upon arrival, the priest greets the people in the usual way, recites the prayers, and sprinkles the branches with holy water. The proclamation of the [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") is made and then the procession is announced. At the beginning of the procession, immediately in front, goes the [acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte "Acolyte") with the lighted [thurible](/wiki/Thurible "Thurible"), and then, according to ancient local custom, the cruciferary, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament with the ornamented cross; two Brothers leading the lanterns forming the wing of the faithful on the sides of the street in single line. In the center, the youth group of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral, followed by the guild of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the parish priest, accompanied by the Phoenix Band that performs the traditional dobrados and festive marches from its repertoire. When the priest arrives at the Mother Church, where the altar for the outdoor mass is located, he continues the celebration in the usual way, without the presence of the traditional choir and orchestra. On Palm Sunday evening and [Holy Monday](/wiki/Holy_Monday "Holy Monday"), the other celebrations of the Feast of the Steps take place. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Semana Santa.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Priest blessing the branches from the window of the Church of Bonfim. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Via Sacra.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Members of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral Staging the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. File:Semana Santa Pirenopolis Procissão de Ramos 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Inner procession of the Brotherrhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the pastor and the Phoenix Band. File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo 2020\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Palm Procession, exceptionally in the Mother Church without the faithful in 2020 in the COVID\-19 pandemic. On the evening of [Holy Tuesday](/wiki/Holy_Tuesday "Holy Tuesday"), there is a meditation on the seven last words of Christ on the cross, a custom introduced by Fr Augusto when he was parish priest in 2017\. On Holy Wednesday, the evening mass is held in the Mother Church. Until mid\-1940, Tuesday and Wednesday were days without ceremony, but dedicated to the preparation of the church for the next celebrations and the dismantling of the [Calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28monument%29 "Calvary (monument)") used in the Feast of the Steps. At 9 o'clock in the morning on [Maundy Thursday](/wiki/Maundy_Thursday "Maundy Thursday"), the solemn mass [In Coena Domini](/wiki/In_Coena_Domini "In Coena Domini") was celebrated in the Mother Church, according to the old custom before the liturgical reforms, sung by one of the city's orchestras that performed great pieces of national and international composers, in a true allusion to the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque"). At the hour of the glory, the bells were rung, and after the consecration, instead of the bell, as today, the rattle was used, whose shrill and loud sound echoed inside until the churchyard. At dusk on Holy Thursday, the crowded church presided over the Foot Washing Ceremony, where the priest, wearing only the lava and the cincture on his cassock, and using the century\-old silver basin and pitcher of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, washed and kissed the feet of twelve boys, while the orchestra and choir performed Dómine Tu Mihi, specially composed for the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament in 1899 by Antônio da Costa Nascimento, shortly after he had been the confraternity's provider. Also on that occasion, the orchestra played the mandatum for the celebrant to deliver the sermon. At first, the adaptations of the liturgical reform of 1955 and 1962 were not very well received by the local community; with the principle of veritas horarium, the Missa In Coena Domini was transferred to the current time, in the evening, with the rite of foot washing within the celebration, suppressing the mandatum sermon. Currently, the ceremony includes the participation of the [Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Choir_and_Orchestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio "Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário"), which performs a mass from its repertoire, and the vigil with the Brotherhood guard, which remains until Good Friday. Since 2008, the [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross") Pastoral has staged the arrest of Christ in the churchyard of the church after the mass In Coena Domini. On Good Friday at 9:00 a.m., the Passion ceremony began, now called the Solemn Liturgical Action, with the reading of the Passion Gospel sung and the choir and priest in black vestments, using the compositions of the tractus from the Choir's archive and proceeding with the adoration of the cross, using the image of the Dead Lord. Later, in the procession with the Blessed Sacrament, an urn used on Holy Thursday was brought in solemn procession to the main altar while the choir intoned the [vexilla regis](/wiki/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt "Vexilla regis prodeunt"), and continued the ceremony of Adoration of the Cross, with its own ritual. At the end of the day, until nightfall, the population would wait for the Burial Procession. File:Via Sacra encenada Pirenópolis.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Staging of the Stations of the Cross. File:Preparação sexta\-santa Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Brothers of the Blessed Sacrament preparing the image for adoration of the cross during the COVID\-19 pandemic in 2021\. File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Solemn liturgical action. File:Procissão enterro Pirenópolis 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Burial procession through the streets of the historic center. After the introduction of the liturgical reform and the current timetable, new customs have been introduced, such as the Stations of the Cross passing through the streets of the historic center in the morning with the image of the Lord of the Steps, suppressed by the staging promoted by young people since 2006, which today pleases residents and visitors. At 3 p.m., the solemn liturgical action takes place, using the image of the Dead Lord, but today without the presence of the choir and orchestra. At dusk, the burial procession proceeds, which, since the XVIII century, parades through the streets of the historical center to the sound of funeral marches with the image used in the adoration of the cross, followed by the litter of Our Lady of Sorrows, dressed in dark purple, accompanied by the figure of the Veronica, followed by the choir, which intones the Heu and Pupilli [a capella](/wiki/A_cappella "A cappella") alternating with the funeral marches performed by the Phoenix Band. [thumb\\|Father [Pelágio Sauter](/wiki/Pel%C3%A1gio_Sauter "Pelágio Sauter")'s signature in the book of Minutes (1914\-1940\) of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of Pirenópolis.](/wiki/File:Ata_Irmandade_Pirenopolis_Pe_Pelagio_Sauter.png "Ata Irmandade Pirenopolis Pe Pelagio Sauter.png") On [Holy Saturday](/wiki/Holy_Saturday "Holy Saturday"), before the reform, the solemn Easter Vigil was celebrated in the morning with a singing ceremony with choir and orchestra. After the celebration, the popular festival of the burning of the Judas took place, and at noon, the Folia do Divino, known as Folia dos Homens, now extinct, left the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, accompanied by a crowd, brass band and a lot of fireworks, going through the historic center opening the Feast of the Divine, with the crown and the flag of the Divine passing from house to house, collecting alms for the cost of the feast. At dusk, the traditional election of the board of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament was held, as it still is today. With the adoption of the liturgical reform, the solemn Easter Vigil is celebrated in the Mother Church at dusk, today without the presence of the Choir and Orchestra. After the celebration, the Resurrection Procession takes place, without the presence of the music band, which used to be held at dawn on Easter Sunday to the accompaniment of fireworks, bell peals with the band performing festive marches and doubados. This day began to be celebrated with a solemn sung Mass, in gratitude for the anniversary of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which in 2018 held the [jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee "Jubilee") of 290 years of creation.{{Cite web \\|date\=2018\-04\-04 \\|title\=Jubileu de 290 anos da Irmandade do Santíssimo de Pirenópolis \\|url\=https://isspiri.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/jubileu\-de\-290\-anos\-da\-irmandade\-do\-santissimo\-de\-pirenopolis/\#:\~:text\=Jubileu%20de%20290%20anos%20da%20Irmandade%20do%20Sant%C3%ADssimo%20de%20Piren%C3%B3polis,\-0 \\|access\-date\=2023\-06\-22 \\|website\=ISSPIRI}} File:Vigília Pascal Pirenópolis 2021 Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Easter Vigil in 2021, with pandemic restrictions. File:Procissão Páscoa Pirenópolis 2018\.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Resurrection Procession. File:Pirenópolis Jubileu 290 anos Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Brotherhood's 290th Anniversary Jubilee in 2018\. File:Domingo Páscoa Pirenópolis saída coroa Divino.jpg\\|alt\=\\|Departure of the Crown of the Divine. At noon, there is the festive ringing of the bells of the Mother Church and a fireworks show with the exit of the crown of the Divine, formerly known as the Folia das Moças, with the same purpose as the men's folia; however, after the exit of the crown in the church, the band proceeds to the burning of the [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot "Judas Iscariot"). Another extinct ceremony on Easter Sunday was the Solemn Coronation with the singing of the [Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum "Te Deum") by the choir and orchestra, which ended Holy Week. Currently, the arrival of the crown of the Divine occurs in the last mass celebrated on this day, followed by a procession to the emperor's house for popular festivities.	[ "#### Holy Week", "", "File:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis João.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion in the mid\\-1960s.\nFile:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday in 2017\\. It is a local custom to use the life\\-size image of the Dead Lord from the 18th century.", "In Pirenópolis, the manifestations of the religious traditions of Holy Week have been held since the XVIII century, funded by brotherhoods, such as the Blessed Sacrament, and housed exclusively in parish churches. The rites of the celebration of the [Passion of Christ](/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus \"Passion of Jesus\"), liturgical and paraliturgical acts, constitute an exceptional cultural moment, of emotional and affective value to the people of the place, and has been conceived since its origin and was the celebration of greatest local expression; it is the period when most celebrations were held.", "On the morning of Palm Sunday is held the traditional Palm Procession. It is known that, until mid\\-1940, the procession was held in the Mother Church, where the priest, dressed in purple vestments appropriate for Mass, carried the [cope](/wiki/Cope \"Cope\"). The faithful would take them home, devoutly keep them in their oratories, and burn them during storms, believing they would ward off the danger of lightning. Before Mass, there was a procession composed of only men, with a local music band, and that went around the perimeter of the Mother Church Square. The procession choir sang the [Gloria Laus](/wiki/Gloria%2C_laus_et_honor \"Gloria, laus et honor\"), answered from inside the church by another choir that sang the same composition with a variation in melody. Back in the Church, the procession found the main door of the temple closed. According to the ancient rite, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament, wearing red opaque with the base of the large silver cross that opened the procession, knocked three times with it on the main door, which was then opened with the priest in front, courted by the other members of the Brotherhood, while the orchestra intoned the Pueri Hebræorum, following the sung Mass.", "Nowadays, the celebration of the Palm Sunday, as well as the other celebrations, follow the rite promulgated by the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\"), and begins at the windows of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim. Upon arrival, the priest greets the people in the usual way, recites the prayers, and sprinkles the branches with holy water. The proclamation of the [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") is made and then the procession is announced. At the beginning of the procession, immediately in front, goes the [acolyte](/wiki/Acolyte \"Acolyte\") with the lighted [thurible](/wiki/Thurible \"Thurible\"), and then, according to ancient local custom, the cruciferary, a Brother of the Blessed Sacrament with the ornamented cross; two Brothers leading the lanterns forming the wing of the faithful on the sides of the street in single line. In the center, the youth group of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral, followed by the guild of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the parish priest, accompanied by the Phoenix Band that performs the traditional dobrados and festive marches from its repertoire. When the priest arrives at the Mother Church, where the altar for the outdoor mass is located, he continues the celebration in the usual way, without the presence of the traditional choir and orchestra. On Palm Sunday evening and [Holy Monday](/wiki/Holy_Monday \"Holy Monday\"), the other celebrations of the Feast of the Steps take place.", "File:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Semana Santa.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Priest blessing the branches from the window of the Church of Bonfim.\nFile:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Via Sacra.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Members of the Stations of the Cross Pastoral Staging the Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.\nFile:Semana Santa Pirenopolis Procissão de Ramos 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Inner procession of the Brotherrhood of the Blessed Sacrament with the pastor and the Phoenix Band.\nFile:Procissão Ramos Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo 2020\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Palm Procession, exceptionally in the Mother Church without the faithful in 2020 in the COVID\\-19 pandemic.", "", "On the evening of [Holy Tuesday](/wiki/Holy_Tuesday \"Holy Tuesday\"), there is a meditation on the seven last words of Christ on the cross, a custom introduced by Fr Augusto when he was parish priest in 2017\\. On Holy Wednesday, the evening mass is held in the Mother Church. Until mid\\-1940, Tuesday and Wednesday were days without ceremony, but dedicated to the preparation of the church for the next celebrations and the dismantling of the [Calvary](/wiki/Calvary_%28monument%29 \"Calvary (monument)\") used in the Feast of the Steps.", "At 9 o'clock in the morning on [Maundy Thursday](/wiki/Maundy_Thursday \"Maundy Thursday\"), the solemn mass [In Coena Domini](/wiki/In_Coena_Domini \"In Coena Domini\") was celebrated in the Mother Church, according to the old custom before the liturgical reforms, sung by one of the city's orchestras that performed great pieces of national and international composers, in a true allusion to the [baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\"). At the hour of the glory, the bells were rung, and after the consecration, instead of the bell, as today, the rattle was used, whose shrill and loud sound echoed inside until the churchyard.", "At dusk on Holy Thursday, the crowded church presided over the Foot Washing Ceremony, where the priest, wearing only the lava and the cincture on his cassock, and using the century\\-old silver basin and pitcher of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, washed and kissed the feet of twelve boys, while the orchestra and choir performed Dómine Tu Mihi, specially composed for the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament in 1899 by Antônio da Costa Nascimento, shortly after he had been the confraternity's provider. Also on that occasion, the orchestra played the mandatum for the celebrant to deliver the sermon.", "At first, the adaptations of the liturgical reform of 1955 and 1962 were not very well received by the local community; with the principle of veritas horarium, the Missa In Coena Domini was transferred to the current time, in the evening, with the rite of foot washing within the celebration, suppressing the mandatum sermon. Currently, the ceremony includes the participation of the [Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário](/wiki/Choir_and_Orchestra_Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio \"Choir and Orchestra Nossa Senhora do Rosário\"), which performs a mass from its repertoire, and the vigil with the Brotherhood guard, which remains until Good Friday. Since 2008, the [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\") Pastoral has staged the arrest of Christ in the churchyard of the church after the mass In Coena Domini.", "On Good Friday at 9:00 a.m., the Passion ceremony began, now called the Solemn Liturgical Action, with the reading of the Passion Gospel sung and the choir and priest in black vestments, using the compositions of the tractus from the Choir's archive and proceeding with the adoration of the cross, using the image of the Dead Lord. Later, in the procession with the Blessed Sacrament, an urn used on Holy Thursday was brought in solemn procession to the main altar while the choir intoned the [vexilla regis](/wiki/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt \"Vexilla regis prodeunt\"), and continued the ceremony of Adoration of the Cross, with its own ritual. At the end of the day, until nightfall, the population would wait for the Burial Procession.", "File:Via Sacra encenada Pirenópolis.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Staging of the Stations of the Cross.\nFile:Preparação sexta\\-santa Pirenópolis Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Brothers of the Blessed Sacrament preparing the image for adoration of the cross during the COVID\\-19 pandemic in 2021\\.\nFile:Adoração Cruz Semana Santa Pirenópolis Nikolli 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Solemn liturgical action.\nFile:Procissão enterro Pirenópolis 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Burial procession through the streets of the historic center.", "After the introduction of the liturgical reform and the current timetable, new customs have been introduced, such as the Stations of the Cross passing through the streets of the historic center in the morning with the image of the Lord of the Steps, suppressed by the staging promoted by young people since 2006, which today pleases residents and visitors. At 3 p.m., the solemn liturgical action takes place, using the image of the Dead Lord, but today without the presence of the choir and orchestra. At dusk, the burial procession proceeds, which, since the XVIII century, parades through the streets of the historical center to the sound of funeral marches with the image used in the adoration of the cross, followed by the litter of Our Lady of Sorrows, dressed in dark purple, accompanied by the figure of the Veronica, followed by the choir, which intones the Heu and Pupilli [a capella](/wiki/A_cappella \"A cappella\") alternating with the funeral marches performed by the Phoenix Band.\n[thumb\\\|Father [Pelágio Sauter](/wiki/Pel%C3%A1gio_Sauter \"Pelágio Sauter\")'s signature in the book of Minutes (1914\\-1940\\) of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament of Pirenópolis.](/wiki/File:Ata_Irmandade_Pirenopolis_Pe_Pelagio_Sauter.png \"Ata Irmandade Pirenopolis Pe Pelagio Sauter.png\")\nOn [Holy Saturday](/wiki/Holy_Saturday \"Holy Saturday\"), before the reform, the solemn Easter Vigil was celebrated in the morning with a singing ceremony with choir and orchestra. After the celebration, the popular festival of the burning of the Judas took place, and at noon, the Folia do Divino, known as Folia dos Homens, now extinct, left the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, accompanied by a crowd, brass band and a lot of fireworks, going through the historic center opening the Feast of the Divine, with the crown and the flag of the Divine passing from house to house, collecting alms for the cost of the feast.", "At dusk, the traditional election of the board of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament was held, as it still is today. With the adoption of the liturgical reform, the solemn Easter Vigil is celebrated in the Mother Church at dusk, today without the presence of the Choir and Orchestra. After the celebration, the Resurrection Procession takes place, without the presence of the music band, which used to be held at dawn on Easter Sunday to the accompaniment of fireworks, bell peals with the band performing festive marches and doubados. This day began to be celebrated with a solemn sung Mass, in gratitude for the anniversary of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, which in 2018 held the [jubilee](/wiki/Jubilee \"Jubilee\") of 290 years of creation.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-04 \\\|title\\=Jubileu de 290 anos da Irmandade do Santíssimo de Pirenópolis \\\|url\\=https://isspiri.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/jubileu\\-de\\-290\\-anos\\-da\\-irmandade\\-do\\-santissimo\\-de\\-pirenopolis/\\#:\\~:text\\=Jubileu%20de%20290%20anos%20da%20Irmandade%20do%20Sant%C3%ADssimo%20de%20Piren%C3%B3polis,\\-0 \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-22 \\\|website\\=ISSPIRI}}", "File:Vigília Pascal Pirenópolis 2021 Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Easter Vigil in 2021, with pandemic restrictions.\nFile:Procissão Páscoa Pirenópolis 2018\\.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Resurrection Procession.\nFile:Pirenópolis Jubileu 290 anos Irmandade Santíssimo.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Brotherhood's 290th Anniversary Jubilee in 2018\\.\nFile:Domingo Páscoa Pirenópolis saída coroa Divino.jpg\\\|alt\\=\\\|Departure of the Crown of the Divine.", "At noon, there is the festive ringing of the bells of the Mother Church and a fireworks show with the exit of the crown of the Divine, formerly known as the Folia das Moças, with the same purpose as the men's folia; however, after the exit of the crown in the church, the band proceeds to the burning of the [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot \"Judas Iscariot\"). Another extinct ceremony on Easter Sunday was the Solemn Coronation with the singing of the [Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum \"Te Deum\") by the choir and orchestra, which ended Holy Week. Currently, the arrival of the crown of the Divine occurs in the last mass celebrated on this day, followed by a procession to the emperor's house for popular festivities.", "" ]
History ------- Before the development of the M\-2141 started, Moskvitch engineers had been working on a new series of rear\-wheel drive cars and had developed it to the stage of pre\-production prototypes. However, surprisingly for them, the Minister of Automobile Industry required them to cease all work on the unfinished project and instead create a front\-wheel drive car with its upper part identical to that of the French [Simca 1307](/wiki/Simca_1307 "Simca 1307"), which was favoured by him. While this decision helped to cut the development costs, it came as an insult to the engineers and designers, who had their own mock\-ups of the future car ready.{{cite web\\|url\=http://autoreview.ru/new\_site/year2002/n05/azlk/1\.htm?phrase\_id\=5104930 \\|title\=Interview with Igor Zaytsev, former chief designer for AZLK \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014628/http://autoreview.ru/new\_site/year2002/n05/azlk/1\.htm?phrase\_id\=5104930 \\|archivedate\=2015\-11\-17 \\|language\=ru}} Designer Igor Zaytsev recalled that it took more than a month to motivate his disappointed colleagues to get involved in the new project. However, besides the fact that the AZLK designers considered it "insulting and humiliating" to copy an existing car, it came out that the new powertrain and chassis required a different bodyshell, and despite the two cars having similar shapes, the only parts of the French car that were borrowed to the Moskvitch\-2141 were some constructive elements of the roof and the form of the window seals. As the company's chief designer Yuri Tkachenko stated in 1992, the differences between the Simca and the M\-2141 were so numerous and significant that it was more correct to say what details were borrowed from the Simca rather than what was added to its design.{{in lang\\|ru}} "Auto", № 26, 1992 It is only the top of the body that these models have in common.{{cite web\\|title\=Ах, Алеко: вспоминаем факты и развенчиваем мифы про Москвич\-2141\\|url\=https://www.kolesa.ru/article/ah\-aleko\-vspominaem\-fakty\-i\-razvenchivaem\-mify\-pro\-moskvich\-2141\\|website\=Kolesa.ru\\|publisher\= Kolesa magazine\\|accessdate\=10 August 2018}} The existing engine was too long for transverse placement, so it was placed longitudinally, like on the [Renault 20/30](/wiki/Renault_20/30 "Renault 20/30") or [Audi 80](/wiki/Audi_80 "Audi 80")/[100](/wiki/Audi_100 "Audi 100") series. [thumb\\|left\\|Aleko interior](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_2141.JPG "Салон Москвич 2141.JPG") The Aleko turned out to be quite a breakthrough for the [Soviet automotive industry](/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Soviet_Union "Automotive industry in the Soviet Union") of its time. It almost became the first front\-wheel drive hatchback of the Soviet Union, but due to the fact that its development took a further two years for Moskvitch to set up the manufacturing, the [Lada Samara](/wiki/Lada_Samara "Lada Samara") arrived first. Although the M\-2141 had a more comfortable design than the Samara, the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union") in 1991 followed by an economic crisis, [financial mismanagement](/wiki/Financial_mismanagement "Financial mismanagement") and disruptions in the work of the company caused a decline in assembling quality in the 1990s and damaged the reputation of this car in the markets. Nonetheless, even then, it was still praised for a high level of [passive safety](/wiki/Automobile_safety "Automobile safety"), robustness of construction, good [off\-road](/wiki/Off-roading "Off-roading") capabilities, and ease of repair. In 2001 the aging M\-2141, designed in the late 1970s and early 1980s and lacking modern airbags and seatbelts with pretensioners, was awarded zero stars out of a possible four by the new Russian [ARCAP](/wiki/ARCAP "ARCAP") safety assessment program, but the reviewers pointed out that for a 20\-year\-old car it showed an "excellent" crash\-test result. The steering column and the A\-pillar were displaced less than in the Citroën Xantia and early Audi A4\.{{cite web\\|title\=Москвич Святогор\\|url\=https://autoreview.ru/arcap/cars/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80\\|website\=Авторевю\\|accessdate\=1 June 2017}}{{cite web\\|title\=Москвич Святогор\\|url\=http://www.carpedia.ru/crush/34707/\\|website\=Авторевю\\|accessdate\=10 August 2018}} Before 1991, AZLK designers also created the [four\-wheel\-drive](/wiki/Four-wheel-drive "Four-wheel-drive") [Moskvich\-21416SE](http://i.wheelsage.org/pictures/azlk/2141/azlk_moskvich_21416_se_opytnyj_1.jpg) and a [sedan version](http://www.cardesign.ru/viewimage/?img=/files/gallery/photo/part_22/221575/file/se0152.jpg) of the M\-2141 equipped with a [different steering wheel](http://www.cardesign.ru/viewimage/?img=/files/gallery/photo/part_22/221518/file/m2-2061.jpg) and an [electronic instrument cluster](/wiki/Electronic_instrument_cluster "Electronic instrument cluster") that was publicly demonstrated in 1990,[АО "Москвич" "Москвич\-2142"](http://www.denisovets.ru/azlk/azlkpages/m2142.html) but none of these cars were put into series production due to the hardships brought by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although AZLK had designed and fully tested a new and more powerful generation of four\-cylinder gasoline and [diesel engines](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") for the M\-2141, the construction of the company's engine production plant was stopped and never resumed. [thumb\\|right\\|Comparison between the body design of the [Simca 1307](/wiki/Simca_1307 "Simca 1307") (black) and the Aleko (red)](/wiki/File:Simca_Aleko.jpg "Simca Aleko.jpg") The Aleko was sold mostly on the domestic market, but in the late 1980s it was exported too. In some export markets, including France and Germany, the cars were advertised as the [Lada](/wiki/Lada "Lada") Aleko, and diesel engines from [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") and [Indenor](/wiki/Indenor "Indenor") could be delivered in addition to the standard petrol engines. The Ford diesel engine, manufactured in Dagenham, UK, made it onto the AZLK production lines in September 1991\.{{cite magazine \\| title \= Ryssar kör engelskt \\| trans\-title \= Russians drive English \\| language \= sv \\| magazine \= \[\[Teknikens Värld]] \\| publisher \= Specialtidningsförlaget AB \\| location \= Stockholm, Sweden \\| page \= 19 \\| date \= 1991\-09\-19 \\| issue \= 18 \\| volume \= 43 \\| first \= Claes \\| last \= Johansson }} Moskvitch had been negotiating the construction of an engine factory in the Soviet Union but the plans were scuppered by a lack of [hard currency](/wiki/Hard_currency "Hard currency"). The Aleko was also assembled in Bulgaria under licence for a brief period in the late 1980s. Some of the last Moskvitch models to be built were the upgraded and facelifted Alekos that were renamed Svyatogor (models 214122, 214100, 214145\). A version with the wheelbase extended by {{cvt\\|20\\|cm\\|in\\|1}} called the Yury Dolgorukiy (2141Y2 Юрий Долгорукий; 1997–2002, named after the historic [Grand Prince of Kiev](/wiki/Yuri_Dolgorukiy "Yuri Dolgorukiy")) was also built, albeit only in small numbers. Still based on the design of the M\-2141, the Dolgorukiy was built in two series: the first had the original, large, rectangular headlamps, while the second series received the Svyatogor's facelifted front treatment. In 1990, the Aleko was involved in a fatal accident that saw the death of [Viktor Tsoi](/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi "Viktor Tsoi") of [Kino (band)](/wiki/Kino_%28band%29 "Kino (band)").	[ "History\n-------", "Before the development of the M\\-2141 started, Moskvitch engineers had been working on a new series of rear\\-wheel drive cars and had developed it to the stage of pre\\-production prototypes. However, surprisingly for them, the Minister of Automobile Industry required them to cease all work on the unfinished project and instead create a front\\-wheel drive car with its upper part identical to that of the French [Simca 1307](/wiki/Simca_1307 \"Simca 1307\"), which was favoured by him. While this decision helped to cut the development costs, it came as an insult to the engineers and designers, who had their own mock\\-ups of the future car ready.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://autoreview.ru/new\\_site/year2002/n05/azlk/1\\.htm?phrase\\_id\\=5104930 \\\|title\\=Interview with Igor Zaytsev, former chief designer for AZLK \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014628/http://autoreview.ru/new\\_site/year2002/n05/azlk/1\\.htm?phrase\\_id\\=5104930 \\\|archivedate\\=2015\\-11\\-17 \\\|language\\=ru}} Designer Igor Zaytsev recalled that it took more than a month to motivate his disappointed colleagues to get involved in the new project.", "However, besides the fact that the AZLK designers considered it \"insulting and humiliating\" to copy an existing car, it came out that the new powertrain and chassis required a different bodyshell, and despite the two cars having similar shapes, the only parts of the French car that were borrowed to the Moskvitch\\-2141 were some constructive elements of the roof and the form of the window seals. As the company's chief designer Yuri Tkachenko stated in 1992, the differences between the Simca and the M\\-2141 were so numerous and significant that it was more correct to say what details were borrowed from the Simca rather than what was added to its design.{{in lang\\\|ru}} \"Auto\", № 26, 1992 It is only the top of the body that these models have in common.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Ах, Алеко: вспоминаем факты и развенчиваем мифы про Москвич\\-2141\\\|url\\=https://www.kolesa.ru/article/ah\\-aleko\\-vspominaem\\-fakty\\-i\\-razvenchivaem\\-mify\\-pro\\-moskvich\\-2141\\\|website\\=Kolesa.ru\\\|publisher\\= Kolesa magazine\\\|accessdate\\=10 August 2018}} The existing engine was too long for transverse placement, so it was placed longitudinally, like on the [Renault 20/30](/wiki/Renault_20/30 \"Renault 20/30\") or [Audi 80](/wiki/Audi_80 \"Audi 80\")/[100](/wiki/Audi_100 \"Audi 100\") series.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Aleko interior](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_2141.JPG \"Салон Москвич 2141.JPG\")", "The Aleko turned out to be quite a breakthrough for the [Soviet automotive industry](/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Automotive industry in the Soviet Union\") of its time. It almost became the first front\\-wheel drive hatchback of the Soviet Union, but due to the fact that its development took a further two years for Moskvitch to set up the manufacturing, the [Lada Samara](/wiki/Lada_Samara \"Lada Samara\") arrived first.\nAlthough the M\\-2141 had a more comfortable design than the Samara, the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\") in 1991 followed by an economic crisis, [financial mismanagement](/wiki/Financial_mismanagement \"Financial mismanagement\") and disruptions in the work of the company caused a decline in assembling quality in the 1990s and damaged the reputation of this car in the markets. Nonetheless, even then, it was still praised for a high level of [passive safety](/wiki/Automobile_safety \"Automobile safety\"), robustness of construction, good [off\\-road](/wiki/Off-roading \"Off-roading\") capabilities, and ease of repair. In 2001 the aging M\\-2141, designed in the late 1970s and early 1980s and lacking modern airbags and seatbelts with pretensioners, was awarded zero stars out of a possible four by the new Russian [ARCAP](/wiki/ARCAP \"ARCAP\") safety assessment program, but the reviewers pointed out that for a 20\\-year\\-old car it showed an \"excellent\" crash\\-test result. The steering column and the A\\-pillar were displaced less than in the Citroën Xantia and early Audi A4\\.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Москвич Святогор\\\|url\\=https://autoreview.ru/arcap/cars/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80\\\|website\\=Авторевю\\\|accessdate\\=1 June 2017}}{{cite web\\\|title\\=Москвич Святогор\\\|url\\=http://www.carpedia.ru/crush/34707/\\\|website\\=Авторевю\\\|accessdate\\=10 August 2018}}", "Before 1991, AZLK designers also created the [four\\-wheel\\-drive](/wiki/Four-wheel-drive \"Four-wheel-drive\") [Moskvich\\-21416SE](http://i.wheelsage.org/pictures/azlk/2141/azlk_moskvich_21416_se_opytnyj_1.jpg) and a [sedan version](http://www.cardesign.ru/viewimage/?img=/files/gallery/photo/part_22/221575/file/se0152.jpg) of the M\\-2141 equipped with a [different steering wheel](http://www.cardesign.ru/viewimage/?img=/files/gallery/photo/part_22/221518/file/m2-2061.jpg) and an [electronic instrument cluster](/wiki/Electronic_instrument_cluster \"Electronic instrument cluster\") that was publicly demonstrated in 1990,[АО \"Москвич\" \"Москвич\\-2142\"](http://www.denisovets.ru/azlk/azlkpages/m2142.html) but none of these cars were put into series production due to the hardships brought by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although AZLK had designed and fully tested a new and more powerful generation of four\\-cylinder gasoline and [diesel engines](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") for the M\\-2141, the construction of the company's engine production plant was stopped and never resumed.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Comparison between the body design of the [Simca 1307](/wiki/Simca_1307 \"Simca 1307\") (black) and the Aleko (red)](/wiki/File:Simca_Aleko.jpg \"Simca Aleko.jpg\")\nThe Aleko was sold mostly on the domestic market, but in the late 1980s it was exported too. In some export markets, including France and Germany, the cars were advertised as the [Lada](/wiki/Lada \"Lada\") Aleko, and diesel engines from [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") and [Indenor](/wiki/Indenor \"Indenor\") could be delivered in addition to the standard petrol engines. The Ford diesel engine, manufactured in Dagenham, UK, made it onto the AZLK production lines in September 1991\\.{{cite magazine \\\| title \\= Ryssar kör engelskt \\\| trans\\-title \\= Russians drive English \\\| language \\= sv \\\| magazine \\= \\[\\[Teknikens Värld]] \\\| publisher \\= Specialtidningsförlaget AB \\\| location \\= Stockholm, Sweden \\\| page \\= 19 \\\| date \\= 1991\\-09\\-19 \\\| issue \\= 18 \\\| volume \\= 43 \\\| first \\= Claes \\\| last \\= Johansson }} Moskvitch had been negotiating the construction of an engine factory in the Soviet Union but the plans were scuppered by a lack of [hard currency](/wiki/Hard_currency \"Hard currency\"). The Aleko was also assembled in Bulgaria under licence for a brief period in the late 1980s.", "Some of the last Moskvitch models to be built were the upgraded and facelifted Alekos that were renamed Svyatogor (models 214122, 214100, 214145\\). A version with the wheelbase extended by {{cvt\\\|20\\\|cm\\\|in\\\|1}} called the Yury Dolgorukiy (2141Y2 Юрий Долгорукий; 1997–2002, named after the historic [Grand Prince of Kiev](/wiki/Yuri_Dolgorukiy \"Yuri Dolgorukiy\")) was also built, albeit only in small numbers. Still based on the design of the M\\-2141, the Dolgorukiy was built in two series: the first had the original, large, rectangular headlamps, while the second series received the Svyatogor's facelifted front treatment.", "In 1990, the Aleko was involved in a fatal accident that saw the death of [Viktor Tsoi](/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi \"Viktor Tsoi\") of [Kino (band)](/wiki/Kino_%28band%29 \"Kino (band)\").", "" ]
Ecology ------- ### Feeding [thumb\\|Eating [Bufo bufo](/wiki/Bufo_bufo "Bufo bufo") ([Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"))](/wiki/File:U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Užovka obojková s úlovkem (04) (cropped).jpg") Grass snakes mainly prey on [amphibians](/wiki/Amphibians "Amphibians"), especially the [common toad](/wiki/Common_toad "Common toad") and the [common frog](/wiki/Common_frog "Common frog"), although they may also occasionally eat ants and larvae. Captive snakes have been observed taking [earthworms](/wiki/Earthworms "Earthworms") offered by hand, but dead prey items are never taken. The snake will search actively for prey, often on the edges of the water, using sight and sense of smell (using [Jacobson's organ](/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ "Vomeronasal organ")). They consume prey live without using [constriction](/wiki/Constriction "Constriction"). ### Habitat Grass snakes are strong swimmers and may be found close to fresh water, although there is evidence individual snakes often do not need bodies of water throughout the entire season.{{cite thesis \\| first \= Peter \\| last \= Brown \\| year \= 1991 \\| title \= Ecology and vagility of the grass snake ''Natrix natrix helvetica'' \\|type\=PhD thesis \\|publisher\=University of Southampton \\|url\=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin\=uk.bl.ethos.316400 }} The preferred habitat appears to be open woodland and "edge" habitat, such as field margins and woodland borders, as these may offer adequate refuge while still affording ample opportunity for [thermoregulation](/wiki/Thermoregulation "Thermoregulation") through basking. Pond edges are also favoured and the relatively high chance of observing this secretive species in such areas may account for their perceived association with ponds and water. Grass snakes, like most reptiles, are at the mercy of the thermal environment and need to overwinter in areas which are not subject to freezing. Thus, they typically spend the winter underground where the temperature is relatively stable. ### Reproduction [thumb\\|A juvenile grass snake.](/wiki/File:Juveniele_Ringelnatter_Natrix_natrix_auf_den_Langenwiesen_S_Grabener_25_08_2016.jpeg "Juveniele Ringelnatter Natrix natrix auf den Langenwiesen S Grabener 25 08 2016.jpeg") As spring approaches, the males emerge first and spend much of the day basking in an effort to raise body temperature and thereby metabolism. This may be a tactic to maximise sperm production, as the males mate with the females as soon as they emerge up to two weeks later in April, or earlier if environmental temperatures are favourable. The leathery\-skinned eggs are laid in batches of eight to 40 in June to July and hatch after about 10 weeks. To survive and hatch, the eggs require a temperature of at least {{Convert\\|21\\|C\\|F}}, but preferably {{Convert\\|28\\|C\\|F}}, with high humidity. Areas of rotting [vegetation](/wiki/Vegetation "Vegetation"), such as [compost](/wiki/Compost "Compost") heaps, are preferred locations. The young are about {{Convert\\|18\\|cm\\|in\\|0\\|sigfig\=1}} long when they hatch and are immediately independent. ### Migration After breeding in summer, snakes tend to hunt and may range widely during this time, moving up to several hundred metres in a day. Prey items tend to be large compared to the size of the snake, and this impairs the movement ability of the snake. Snakes that have recently eaten rarely move any significant distance and will stay in one location, basking to optimize their body temperature until the prey item has been digested. Individual snakes may only need two or three significant prey items throughout an entire season. ### Ecdysis (moulting) [Ecdysis](/wiki/Ecdysis "Ecdysis") occurs at least once during the active season. As the outer skin wears and the snake grows, the new skin forms underneath the old, including the eye scales which may turn a milky blue/white colour at this time—referred to as being 'in blue'. The blue\-white colour comes from an oily secretion between the old and new skins; the snake's coloration will also look dull, as though the animal is dusty. This process affects the eyesight of the snakes and they do not move or hunt during this time; they are also, in common with most other snakes, more aggressive. The outer skin is eventually sloughed in one piece (inside\-out) and normal movement activity is resumed. ### Defence In defence they can produce a [garlic](/wiki/Garlic "Garlic")\-smelling fluid from the anal glands, and feign death ([thanatosis](/wiki/Thanatosis "Thanatosis")) by becoming completely limp{{cite journal \\| first \= Susan \\| last \= Milius \\| s2cid \= 85722243 \\| date \= October 28, 2006 \\| title \= Why Play Dead? \\| journal \= Science News \\| volume \= 170 \\| issue \= 18 \\| pages \= 280–1 \\| doi \= 10\.2307/4017568 \\| jstor \= 4017568}} when they may also secrete blood ([autohaemorrhage](/wiki/Autohaemorrhage "Autohaemorrhage")) from the mouth and nose.{{Cite journal\\| doi \= 10\.1037/0735\-7036\.121\.2\.123\\| pmid \= 17516791\\| volume \= 121\\| issue \= 2\\| pages \= 123–129\\| last \= Gregory\\| first \= Patrick T.\\|author2\=Leigh Anne Isaac \\|author3\=Richard A Griffiths \\| title \= Death feigning by grass snakes (''Natrix natrix'') in response to handling by human "predators"\\| journal \= Journal of Comparative Psychology\\| access\-date \= 2011\-07\-11\\| year \= 2007\\| url \= http://kar.kent.ac.uk/1422/ }} They may also perform an aggressive display in defence, hissing and striking without opening the mouth. They rarely bite in defense and lack venomous fangs. When caught they often regurgitate the contents of their stomachs. Grass snakes display a rare defensive behavior involving raising the front of the body and flattening the head and neck so that it resembles a [cobra](/wiki/Cobra "Cobra")'s hood, although the geographic ranges of grass snakes and of cobras overlap very little. However, the fossil record shows that the extinct European cobra [Naja romani](/wiki/Naja_romani "Naja romani") occurs in Miocene\-aged strata of France, Germany, Austria, Romania, and Ukraine and thus overlapped with Natrix species including the extinct Natrix longivertebrata, suggesting that the grass snake's behavioral mimicry of cobras is a fossil behavior, although it may protect against predatory birds which migrate to Africa for the winter and encounter cobras there.{{Cite journal\\|last\=Pokrant\\|first\=Felix\\|date\=24 October 2017\\|title\=Grass snakes (''Natrix natrix'', ''N. astreptophora'') mimicking cobras display a 'fossil behavior'\\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320306431\\|journal\=Vertebrate Zoology\\|volume\=67\\|issue\=2\\|pages\=261–269\\|doi\=10\.3897/vz.67\.e31593 \\|via\=ResearchGate\\|doi\-access\=free}} ### Protection and threats The species has various predator species, including [corvids](/wiki/Corvids "Corvids"), [storks](/wiki/Stork "Stork"), [owls](/wiki/Owls "Owls") and perhaps other birds of prey, [foxes](/wiki/Fox "Fox"), and the domestic [cat](/wiki/Cat "Cat"). In Denmark it is protected,{{cite web \\|title\=Snog \\|url\=http://mst.dk/natur\-vand/natur/artsleksikon/krybdyr/snog/ \\|website\=Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark \\|publisher\=Miljø\- og Fødevareministeriet \\|access\-date\=27 June 2018}} as all five species of reptiles were protected in 1981\. Two of the subspecies are considered critically endangered: N. n. cetti (Sardinian grass snake) and N. n. schweizeri.	[ "Ecology\n-------", "### Feeding", "[thumb\\\|Eating [Bufo bufo](/wiki/Bufo_bufo \"Bufo bufo\") ([Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"))](/wiki/File:U%C5%BEovka_obojkov%C3%A1_s_%C3%BAlovkem_%2804%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Užovka obojková s úlovkem (04) (cropped).jpg\")", "Grass snakes mainly prey on [amphibians](/wiki/Amphibians \"Amphibians\"), especially the [common toad](/wiki/Common_toad \"Common toad\") and the [common frog](/wiki/Common_frog \"Common frog\"), although they may also occasionally eat ants and larvae. Captive snakes have been observed taking [earthworms](/wiki/Earthworms \"Earthworms\") offered by hand, but dead prey items are never taken. The snake will search actively for prey, often on the edges of the water, using sight and sense of smell (using [Jacobson's organ](/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ \"Vomeronasal organ\")). They consume prey live without using [constriction](/wiki/Constriction \"Constriction\").", "### Habitat", "Grass snakes are strong swimmers and may be found close to fresh water, although there is evidence individual snakes often do not need bodies of water throughout the entire season.{{cite thesis \\\| first \\= Peter \\\| last \\= Brown \\\| year \\= 1991 \\\| title \\= Ecology and vagility of the grass snake ''Natrix natrix helvetica'' \\\|type\\=PhD thesis \\\|publisher\\=University of Southampton \\\|url\\=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin\\=uk.bl.ethos.316400 }}", "The preferred habitat appears to be open woodland and \"edge\" habitat, such as field margins and woodland borders, as these may offer adequate refuge while still affording ample opportunity for [thermoregulation](/wiki/Thermoregulation \"Thermoregulation\") through basking. Pond edges are also favoured and the relatively high chance of observing this secretive species in such areas may account for their perceived association with ponds and water.", "Grass snakes, like most reptiles, are at the mercy of the thermal environment and need to overwinter in areas which are not subject to freezing. Thus, they typically spend the winter underground where the temperature is relatively stable.", "### Reproduction", "[thumb\\\|A juvenile grass snake.](/wiki/File:Juveniele_Ringelnatter_Natrix_natrix_auf_den_Langenwiesen_S_Grabener_25_08_2016.jpeg \"Juveniele Ringelnatter Natrix natrix auf den Langenwiesen S Grabener 25 08 2016.jpeg\")\nAs spring approaches, the males emerge first and spend much of the day basking in an effort to raise body temperature and thereby metabolism. This may be a tactic to maximise sperm production, as the males mate with the females as soon as they emerge up to two weeks later in April, or earlier if environmental temperatures are favourable. The leathery\\-skinned eggs are laid in batches of eight to 40 in June to July and hatch after about 10 weeks. To survive and hatch, the eggs require a temperature of at least {{Convert\\\|21\\\|C\\\|F}}, but preferably {{Convert\\\|28\\\|C\\\|F}}, with high humidity. Areas of rotting [vegetation](/wiki/Vegetation \"Vegetation\"), such as [compost](/wiki/Compost \"Compost\") heaps, are preferred locations. The young are about {{Convert\\\|18\\\|cm\\\|in\\\|0\\\|sigfig\\=1}} long when they hatch and are immediately independent.", "### Migration", "After breeding in summer, snakes tend to hunt and may range widely during this time, moving up to several hundred metres in a day. Prey items tend to be large compared to the size of the snake, and this impairs the movement ability of the snake. Snakes that have recently eaten rarely move any significant distance and will stay in one location, basking to optimize their body temperature until the prey item has been digested. Individual snakes may only need two or three significant prey items throughout an entire season.", "### Ecdysis (moulting)", "[Ecdysis](/wiki/Ecdysis \"Ecdysis\") occurs at least once during the active season. As the outer skin wears and the snake grows, the new skin forms underneath the old, including the eye scales which may turn a milky blue/white colour at this time—referred to as being 'in blue'. The blue\\-white colour comes from an oily secretion between the old and new skins; the snake's coloration will also look dull, as though the animal is dusty. This process affects the eyesight of the snakes and they do not move or hunt during this time; they are also, in common with most other snakes, more aggressive. The outer skin is eventually sloughed in one piece (inside\\-out) and normal movement activity is resumed.", "### Defence", "In defence they can produce a [garlic](/wiki/Garlic \"Garlic\")\\-smelling fluid from the anal glands, and feign death ([thanatosis](/wiki/Thanatosis \"Thanatosis\")) by becoming completely limp{{cite journal \\\| first \\= Susan \\\| last \\= Milius \\\| s2cid \\= 85722243 \\\| date \\= October 28, 2006 \\\| title \\= Why Play Dead? \\\| journal \\= Science News \\\| volume \\= 170 \\\| issue \\= 18 \\\| pages \\= 280–1 \\\| doi \\= 10\\.2307/4017568 \\\| jstor \\= 4017568}} when they may also secrete blood ([autohaemorrhage](/wiki/Autohaemorrhage \"Autohaemorrhage\")) from the mouth and nose.{{Cite journal\\\| doi \\= 10\\.1037/0735\\-7036\\.121\\.2\\.123\\\| pmid \\= 17516791\\\| volume \\= 121\\\| issue \\= 2\\\| pages \\= 123–129\\\| last \\= Gregory\\\| first \\= Patrick T.\\\|author2\\=Leigh Anne Isaac \\\|author3\\=Richard A Griffiths \\\| title \\= Death feigning by grass snakes (''Natrix natrix'') in response to handling by human \"predators\"\\\| journal \\= Journal of Comparative Psychology\\\| access\\-date \\= 2011\\-07\\-11\\\| year \\= 2007\\\| url \\= http://kar.kent.ac.uk/1422/ }} They may also perform an aggressive display in defence, hissing and striking without opening the mouth. They rarely bite in defense and lack venomous fangs. When caught they often regurgitate the contents of their stomachs.", "Grass snakes display a rare defensive behavior involving raising the front of the body and flattening the head and neck so that it resembles a [cobra](/wiki/Cobra \"Cobra\")'s hood, although the geographic ranges of grass snakes and of cobras overlap very little. However, the fossil record shows that the extinct European cobra [Naja romani](/wiki/Naja_romani \"Naja romani\") occurs in Miocene\\-aged strata of France, Germany, Austria, Romania, and Ukraine and thus overlapped with Natrix species including the extinct Natrix longivertebrata, suggesting that the grass snake's behavioral mimicry of cobras is a fossil behavior, although it may protect against predatory birds which migrate to Africa for the winter and encounter cobras there.{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Pokrant\\\|first\\=Felix\\\|date\\=24 October 2017\\\|title\\=Grass snakes (''Natrix natrix'', ''N. astreptophora'') mimicking cobras display a 'fossil behavior'\\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320306431\\\|journal\\=Vertebrate Zoology\\\|volume\\=67\\\|issue\\=2\\\|pages\\=261–269\\\|doi\\=10\\.3897/vz.67\\.e31593 \\\|via\\=ResearchGate\\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "### Protection and threats", "The species has various predator species, including [corvids](/wiki/Corvids \"Corvids\"), [storks](/wiki/Stork \"Stork\"), [owls](/wiki/Owls \"Owls\") and perhaps other birds of prey, [foxes](/wiki/Fox \"Fox\"), and the domestic [cat](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\").", "In Denmark it is protected,{{cite web \\\|title\\=Snog \\\|url\\=http://mst.dk/natur\\-vand/natur/artsleksikon/krybdyr/snog/ \\\|website\\=Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark \\\|publisher\\=Miljø\\- og Fødevareministeriet \\\|access\\-date\\=27 June 2018}} as all five species of reptiles were protected in 1981\\. Two of the subspecies are considered critically endangered: N. n. cetti (Sardinian grass snake) and N. n. schweizeri.", "" ]
Behaviour theory ---------------- The success of Lewin's work in defining these group activities is attributable to his explanation of them in [behavior theory](/wiki/Collective_behavior "Collective behavior") terms within the context of [role theory](/wiki/Role_theory "Role theory") . This was in contrast to both previous and subsequent research which would utilize such picturesque but often unrealistic terms for group behaviors such as the eagle, the bear, or the possum (creating confusion among group participants who may not share the same ideas of animal behavior as the theorist who proposed the terms). Lewin also sought to explain these maintenance actions within the context of immediate experience of the group participant as opposed to roles associated with a person's individual personality. Group [psychotherapist](/wiki/Psychotherapist "Psychotherapist") [Irvin Yalom](/wiki/Irvin_Yalom "Irvin Yalom")Yalom, I. The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1975\. presents a contrasting view to Lewin in his position that group behaviors are developed in an individual's first group experiences (primarily in their family of origin) and then carried with them from group to group for the rest of their lives. Maintenance actions can also be seen as occurring on three levels of interaction within the group.Garvin, C. and Jones, A. "Group Work" in The Encyclopedia of Social Work (16th Ed.) Washington, D.C.: NASW Press, 1972\. On the primary level there are individual actions within the group which can be seen as maintenance actions. On the secondary level there are people whose majority of actions identify them as having a maintenance [personality](/wiki/Personality_type "Personality type"). On the highest level there are groups which take on the role of social interaction and support as their primary goal which are then identified as maintenance groups. Maintenance groups are seen frequently in society as in a [support group](/wiki/Support_group "Support group"), collections of people who meet with the intention of bonding and problem solving through shared experiences such as groups of cancer survivors or people coping with the loss of a loved one. Maintenance actions have moved on to become the core of several [social psychology](/wiki/Social_psychology "Social psychology") theories of leadership and group interaction such as [Fiedler](/wiki/Fiedler "Fiedler")'s distributed actions model of group leadership;Fiedler, F. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. New York: McGraw\-Hill, 1967\. Bales' Interaction Process Analysis model;Bales, R. Interaction Process Analysis. Reading, Mass.: Addison\-Wesley, 1950\. and Blanchard and Hershey's leadership effectiveness model.Blanchard, P. and Hershey, K. Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\-Hall, 1969\. Blanchard and Hershey have argued that more successful leaders combine both maintenance and task actions to a certain extent depending on the group members' abilities and experiences in order to achieve the most successful style and process of group leadership. Their concept is vividly underscored in Herman Wouk's popular novel, The Caine MutinyWouk, H. The Caine Mutiny. New York: Doubleday, 1951\. where Wouk contrasts the effectiveness of a total task action oriented leader in the character of Captain Queeg versus the leader who combines maintenance and task actions in the character of Captain De Vriess. In the novel, the failure of Queeg to accurately identify the necessary combination of maintenance and task actions to suit the particular setting of the fictional Navy ship the U.S.S. Caine may be seen to lead to his inevitable downfall and the "mutiny" of the crew during a particularly life\-threatening mission in the midst of a typhoon. This theme was repeated later in a cinematic form more recently in the movie [Crimson Tide](/wiki/Crimson_Tide_%28film%29 "Crimson Tide (film)") which pitted a task action oriented Captain (played by Gene Hackman) against a maintenance action Executive officer (played by Denzel Washington) in a battle for the crews' hearts and minds on a fictitious U.S. naval submarine. A more popular view among group leaders and facilitators today is that groups rarely see leaders who exclusively choose one extreme of task actions versus the other extreme of maintenance actions, and are more likely to see a leader whose style is to combine the two styles of leadership in varying ways in relation to their own understanding of their ability to lead.	[ "Behaviour theory\n----------------", "The success of Lewin's work in defining these group activities is attributable to his explanation of them in [behavior theory](/wiki/Collective_behavior \"Collective behavior\") terms within the context of [role theory](/wiki/Role_theory \"Role theory\") . This was in contrast to both previous and subsequent research which would utilize such picturesque but often unrealistic terms for group behaviors such as the eagle, the bear, or the possum (creating confusion among group participants who may not share the same ideas of animal behavior as the theorist who proposed the terms). Lewin also sought to explain these maintenance actions within the context of immediate experience of the group participant as opposed to roles associated with a person's individual personality. Group [psychotherapist](/wiki/Psychotherapist \"Psychotherapist\") [Irvin Yalom](/wiki/Irvin_Yalom \"Irvin Yalom\")Yalom, I. The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1975\\. presents a contrasting view to Lewin in his position that group behaviors are developed in an individual's first group experiences (primarily in their family of origin) and then carried with them from group to group for the rest of their lives.", "Maintenance actions can also be seen as occurring on three levels of interaction within the group.Garvin, C. and Jones, A. \"Group Work\" in The Encyclopedia of Social Work (16th Ed.) Washington, D.C.: NASW Press, 1972\\. On the primary level there are individual actions within the group which can be seen as maintenance actions. On the secondary level there are people whose majority of actions identify them as having a maintenance [personality](/wiki/Personality_type \"Personality type\"). On the highest level there are groups which take on the role of social interaction and support as their primary goal which are then identified as maintenance groups. Maintenance groups are seen frequently in society as in a [support group](/wiki/Support_group \"Support group\"), collections of people who meet with the intention of bonding and problem solving through shared experiences such as groups of cancer survivors or people coping with the loss of a loved one.", "Maintenance actions have moved on to become the core of several [social psychology](/wiki/Social_psychology \"Social psychology\") theories of leadership and group interaction such as [Fiedler](/wiki/Fiedler \"Fiedler\")'s distributed actions model of group leadership;Fiedler, F. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. New York: McGraw\\-Hill, 1967\\. Bales' Interaction Process Analysis model;Bales, R. Interaction Process Analysis. Reading, Mass.: Addison\\-Wesley, 1950\\. and Blanchard and Hershey's leadership effectiveness model.Blanchard, P. and Hershey, K. Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\\-Hall, 1969\\.", "Blanchard and Hershey have argued that more successful leaders combine both maintenance and task actions to a certain extent depending on the group members' abilities and experiences in order to achieve the most successful style and process of group leadership. Their concept is vividly underscored in Herman Wouk's popular novel, The Caine MutinyWouk, H. The Caine Mutiny. New York: Doubleday, 1951\\. where Wouk contrasts the effectiveness of a total task action oriented leader in the character of Captain Queeg versus the leader who combines maintenance and task actions in the character of Captain De Vriess. In the novel, the failure of Queeg to accurately identify the necessary combination of maintenance and task actions to suit the particular setting of the fictional Navy ship the U.S.S. Caine may be seen to lead to his inevitable downfall and the \"mutiny\" of the crew during a particularly life\\-threatening mission in the midst of a typhoon. This theme was repeated later in a cinematic form more recently in the movie [Crimson Tide](/wiki/Crimson_Tide_%28film%29 \"Crimson Tide (film)\") which pitted a task action oriented Captain (played by Gene Hackman) against a maintenance action Executive officer (played by Denzel Washington) in a battle for the crews' hearts and minds on a fictitious U.S. naval submarine.", "A more popular view among group leaders and facilitators today is that groups rarely see leaders who exclusively choose one extreme of task actions versus the other extreme of maintenance actions, and are more likely to see a leader whose style is to combine the two styles of leadership in varying ways in relation to their own understanding of their ability to lead.", "" ]
History ------- In 1843 a penitentiary in four city squares in central [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi "Jackson, Mississippi") was developed as Mississippi's first state prison."Article 14 \-\- No Title": "[Convicts Who Are In Demand After Serving Terms](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07E0DC1E3EE033A25757C0A9609C946096D6CF)." ([Direct article link](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/04/106783727.pdf)) [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). Retrieved on August 14, 2010\.Cabana, Donald A. "[The History of Capital Punishment in Mississippi: An Overview](http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/84/history-of-capital-punishment-in-mississippi-an-overview) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141542/http://mshistory.k12\.ms.us/articles/84/history\-of\-capital\-punishment\-in\-mississippi\-an\-overview \\|date\=2010\-10\-07 }}." Mississippi History Now. [Mississippi Historical Society](/wiki/Mississippi_Historical_Society "Mississippi Historical Society"). Retrieved on August 16, 2010\. The prison in Jackson was destroyed during the Civil War, and the state did not replace it for decades. Instead, the state conducted [convict leasing](/wiki/Convict_leasing "Convict leasing"), leasing prisoners to third parties for their labor. The lessees held custody of the inmates and provided their room and board, often substandard. The state made substantial amounts of money from these arrangements, which created an incentive to have minor infractions criminalized in order to arrest more people and sentence them. Increasing the number of crimes for which persons could be arrested, such as vagrancy, resulted in an increased pool of prisoners to lease out, as many could not raise enough cash to pay fines or fees that were sometimes imposed. Most prisoners were freedmen; the state used this system to extract labor from former slaves and keep them suppressed socially.Slavery by Any Other Name The state officially changed its policy at the end of the 19th century, saying that prisoners sentenced by the State could no longer be hired or leased by third parties, effective after December 31, 1894\. After ending the convict leasing system, the State of Mississippi began to acquire property to build prisons. The state bought the Rankin Farm in 1895 in [Rankin County](/wiki/Rankin_County%2C_Mississippi "Rankin County, Mississippi"), {{convert\\|12\\|mi\\|km}} from Jackson; it is now the site of the [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility "Central Mississippi Correctional Facility"). Later the state purchased the Oakley Farm, located in [Hinds County](/wiki/Hinds_County%2C_Mississippi "Hinds County, Mississippi"), {{convert\\|25\\|mi\\|km}} from Jackson. The state government purchased land in [Sunflower County](/wiki/Sunflower_County%2C_Mississippi "Sunflower County, Mississippi") in January 1901, where it developed the Parchman Farm (now [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary "Mississippi State Penitentiary"))."[Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman) Photo Collections](http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital_archives/parchman/) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812095848/http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital\_archives/parchman/ \\|date\=2010\-08\-12 }}." [Mississippi Department of Archives and History](/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Archives_and_History "Mississippi Department of Archives and History"). Retrieved on August 12, 2010\. The prison properties were largely self\-sufficient, raising their own crops and livestock, as well as commodity crops such as cotton for the state to sell. All the labor was by prisoners. The state Department of Corrections was established in 1976 to oversee the existing Mississippi state prisons.Oshinsky, David M.: Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. Free Press, 1997\. p. 249\. Both federal and state laws were passed during various campaigns of "wars on crime" and "wars on drugs;" not only were new behaviors criminalized, but politicians supported mandatory sentencing and lengthier sentences. By the end of the 20th century, Mississippi had one of the largest state prison systems in the country, with a rising number of persons incarcerated even as crime rates fell. A disproportionate number and percentage of African Americans and other people of color have been incarcerated under these policies. In addition to the major state prisons, the state developed many community detention centers for prisoners with lower security classifications. They were provided as workers to numerous locales, in part to prepare them for reintegration into society after release. Because of the dramatic climb in the number of prisoners and demand for space, the state legislature authorized MDOC to enter into contracts with for\-profit prison management companies for the construction and operation of private prisons in the state. By the early 21st century, the state had contracts with operators of six private prisons. Civil rights groups and prisoner advocates have filed class\-action suits in efforts to improve prison conditions and protect prisoner rights. As a result of such a suit against Unit 32 (Death Row lockdown unit) at [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary "Mississippi State Penitentiary"), the state and the ACLU worked out a settlement in 2006 that changed processes and dramatically reduced the use of punitive solitary confinement in the state. In 2009 and 2014, the state passed legislation to provide more flexibility in sentencing and parole of certain classes of prisoners, reducing the prison population and returning non\-violent offenders earlier to their families and communities. ### Rise of private prisons Changes in sentencing laws dramatically increased the prison population. In 1995 the state legislature passed a law requiring all prisoners to serve 85% of their sentence. The prison population more than doubled from 1995 to 2007, from 11,250 to 22,800, far outstripping capacity of the three state prisons.[JFA Institute Dept of Justice, with assistance by MDOC, "Reforming Mississippi’s Prison System"](http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084443/http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdf \\|date\=2017\-03\-18 }}, for the Public Safety Performance Project, the Pew Center on the States; 2008 Beginning in the late 20th century, the state dealt with the rising need to incarcerate individuals by contracting with private prison management companies, who built and operated a total of six prisons for state prisoners in Mississippi. [Corrections Corporation of America](/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America "Corrections Corporation of America") and [Cornell Companies](/wiki/Cornell_Companies "Cornell Companies") were two early contractors; the latter was acquired by [GEO Group](/wiki/GEO_Group "GEO Group") in 2010, which took over its three contracts in Mississippi. Prisoners and their families made numerous complaints about conditions in these facilities, citing high rates of violence and sexual abuse, rampant drugs, lack of medical care and education, and other problems. Class action suits were filed by the [Southern Poverty Law Center](/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center "Southern Poverty Law Center") and the [ACLU](/wiki/ACLU "ACLU") National Prison Project against two private facilities with the most egregious conditions: they filed suit against [Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility](/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Youth_Correctional_Facility "Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility") in 2010\. This case was settled in federal court in 2012, requiring the state to quickly transfer youth offenders to a state\-run facility to be operated according to juvenile justice standards. They were transferred to [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility "Central Mississippi Correctional Facility"). In addition, the state was prohibited from using solitary confinement for any youthful offender. WGCF was converted to be used for adults only. MDOC ended its contract with GEO Group, awarding a 10\-year contract to [Management and Training Corporation](/wiki/Management_and_Training_Corporation "Management and Training Corporation") for Walnut Grove and two other private facilities, effective July 1, 2012\. The court supervision of conditions at WGCF was extended because of two prison riots in 2014\. Due to declining need, the state closed the prison in September 2016\. The ACLU and SPLC filed suit against the [East Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/East_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility "East Mississippi Correctional Facility"), established for prisoners with serious mental illness, in 2013\. The class\-action suit at [East Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/East_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility "East Mississippi Correctional Facility") is proceeding; the court affirmed the status of the plaintiffs in 2015\. ### Sentencing, control and parole reforms At the same time, the state was seeking to reduce the prison population. Studies had found that minor reductions in length of sentence did not affect the rate of [recidivism](/wiki/Recidivism "Recidivism"), showing that prisoners could be paroled earlier for certain types of crimes without affecting public safety.[Institute, Dept of Justice, "Reforming Mississippi’s Prison System"](http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdfJFA), pp. 3\-4 In 2008, the state passed SB 2136, to enable non\-violent prisoners to again be eligible for parole after they had served 25% of their sentence. The new law was estimated to affect "approximately 4,500 inmates, or about 25% of the 22,800 total population. A unique feature of SB 2136 was that it was applied retroactively in order to have an immediate impact on the prison population and to ensure equity in the sentencing process. About 3,000 inmates or 12% of the total population had already met their time\-served requirement and were immediately eligible for parole consideration." To aid prison officials and parole boards in assessing candidates, the Bureau of Justice Assistance developed a science\-based risk assessment instrument to apply. By August 2009, some 3100 prisoners had been paroled from prison. The Board's use of the new risk assessment instrument resulted in their having a higher rate of parole approval. The parole revocation rate has not changed, and in the first year, only 5 of the people returned to prison for new crimes, a rate of 0\.2% that was a fraction of the national rate of 10\.5%.[Institute, Dept of Justice, "Reforming Mississippi’s Prison System"](http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdfJFA){{dead link\\|date\=February 2018 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, p. 5 Legislative amendments have been passed in 2009 increased the ability of MDOC to reduce the number of prisoners; one of these authorized the department to place most "persons convicted of most drug crimes to be placed under house arrest with electronic monitoring. ### Closing of private facilities Both the state and private prison operators have had difficulty maintaining staffing in prisons because of low wages and high turnover. By 2011, MDOC operated below capacity due to the success of its efforts to reduce the prison population. As of 2011, the state prisons were below capacity by more than 2,000 spaces. With private prisons included, that was about 4,000 beds below capacity.Crisp, Elizabeth. "[Early release strategies produce empty prison beds](http://www.clarionledger.com/article/20111002/NEWS/110020358/Early-release-strategies-produce-empty-prison-beds)." [The Clarion\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger "The Clarion-Ledger"). October 1, 2011\. Retrieved on October 6, 2011\. MDOC closed the [Delta Correctional Facility](/wiki/Delta_Correctional_Facility "Delta Correctional Facility") in January 2012, and Walnut Grove Correctional Facility in September 2016\. By early 2017 Mississippi had no state prisoners at the for\-profit [Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility](/wiki/Tallahatchie_County_Correctional_Facility "Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility"); the prison operator [CCA](/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America "Corrections Corporation of America") had contracts with California and other states to house their prisoners at this privately owned site. By March 2017, MDOC was using only three privately run prisons for its inmates. In early 2017, Interim Commissioner [Pelicia Hall](/wiki/Pelicia_Hall "Pelicia Hall") (appointed in March 2017 as Commissioner) conducted raids for contraband at these private prisons, collecting much material. She is determined to reduce the traffic in contraband, which contributes to corruption in the prisons, including among the guards and staff. ### Operation Mississippi Hustle {{main\\|Operation Mississippi Hustle}} As a result of a five\-year statewide investigation known as [Operation Mississippi Hustle](/wiki/Operation_Mississippi_Hustle "Operation Mississippi Hustle"), in November 2014 the federal Department of Justice announced indictments of former Corrections Commissioner [Chris Epps](/wiki/Chris_Epps "Chris Epps") (who resigned the day before) and Cecil B. McCrory, a businessman and former Republican state legislator, on 49 counts of corruption, bribery and kickbacks."[MDOC official: Corruption "deep and wide"](http://www.clarionledger.com/story/journeytojustice/2014/11/06/mdoc-corruption-deep-wide/18606751/)" ([Archive](https://archive.today/20240527081250/https://www.webcitation.org/6YQAc16z8?url=http://www.clarionledger.com/story/journeytojustice/2014/11/06/mdoc-corruption-deep-wide/18606751/)); Jerry Mitchell, 6 November 2014, [The Clarion\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger "The Clarion-Ledger") Newspaper reports have indicated widespread corruption related to contracts for prison services, and within the prisons themselves. This includes millions paid in bribes related to awarding of state contracts, drugs and other contraband being smuggled into facilities by the guards, sex between staff and inmates, and other abuses. Epps was charged with receiving $1\.47 million in bribes and kickbacks, related to $800 million worth of state contracts made over about a decade. Both Epps and McCrory pleaded guilty in 2015 and cooperated with investigators on identifying others responsible. Eight other indictments followed, with one waived and more expected. Defendants include consultant and businessman Robert Simmons, who was sentenced to 87 months; former mayor of Walnut Grove, Mayor William Grady Sims, who was prosecuted earlier and sentenced to 7 months; former legislator and Republican businessman Sam Waggoner, former Harrison County Supervisor William Martin, who committed suicide before arraignment; former Alcorn County warden and Democratic state Senator Irb Benjamin, Dr. Carl Reddix, Terese Malone, Mark Longoria, and Guy "Butch" Evans. On February 8, 2017, Mississippi Attorney General, Democrat [Jim Hood](/wiki/Jim_Hood "Jim Hood"), announced he had filed civil cases against 15 corporations (including those that had operated [Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility](/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Youth_Correctional_Facility "Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility") and had provided other services to prisons) and numerous individuals who had engaged in contracts with the MDOC and Epps, seeking damages and punitive damages. Hood said, > These individuals and corporations that benefited by stealing from taxpayers must not only pay the state's losses, but state law requires that they must also forfeit and return the entire amount of the contracts paid by the state. We are also seeking punitive damages to punish these conspirators and to deter those who might consider giving or receiving kickbacks in the future." Besides Teresa Malone and Carl Reddix, the defendants included Michael Reddix; Andrew Jenkins; Management \& Training Corporation; The [GEO Group](/wiki/GEO_Group "GEO Group"), Inc.; [Cornell Companies](/wiki/Cornell_Companies "Cornell Companies"), Inc.; [Wexford Health Sources](/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources "Wexford Health Sources"), Inc.; The Bantry Group Corporation; AdminPros, L.L.C.; CGL Facility Management, LLC; Mississippi Correctional Management, Inc.; Branan Medical Corporation; Drug Testing Corporation; [Global Tel\Link](/wiki/Global_Tel%2ALink "Global TelLink") Corporation; Health Assurance, LLC; Keefe Commissary Network, LLC of St. Louis; [Sentinel Offender Services](/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services "Sentinel Offender Services"), L.L.C. and AJA Management \& Technical Services, Inc.[Mississippi AG files lawsuits in Epps bribery case](http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/08/epps-bribery-civil-lawsuit/97645586/), [The Clarion\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger "The Clarion-Ledger"), Jimmie E. Gates, February 8, 2017\. Retrieved 9 February 2017\. ### Commissioner appointments In March 2017, Pelicia E. Hall was appointed by Governor [Phil Bryant](/wiki/Phil_Bryant "Phil Bryant") as Commissioner; she is the first woman to hold this position. An attorney, she has extensive criminal justice and private law experience.{{citation needed\\|date\=July 2020}} In 2020 [Burl Cain](/wiki/Burl_Cain "Burl Cain") became the commissioner.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2020/jun/16/burl\-cain\-closer\-running\-state\-prisons\-after\-unani/\\|title\=UPDATE: Senate Confirms Burl Cain To Lead State Prisons\\|newspaper\=\[\[Jackson Free Press]]\\|date\=2020\-06\-16\\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-28}}	[ "History\n-------", "In 1843 a penitentiary in four city squares in central [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi \"Jackson, Mississippi\") was developed as Mississippi's first state prison.\"Article 14 \\-\\- No Title\": \"[Convicts Who Are In Demand After Serving Terms](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07E0DC1E3EE033A25757C0A9609C946096D6CF).\" ([Direct article link](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/04/106783727.pdf)) [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\.Cabana, Donald A. \"[The History of Capital Punishment in Mississippi: An Overview](http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/84/history-of-capital-punishment-in-mississippi-an-overview) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141542/http://mshistory.k12\\.ms.us/articles/84/history\\-of\\-capital\\-punishment\\-in\\-mississippi\\-an\\-overview \\\|date\\=2010\\-10\\-07 }}.\" Mississippi History Now. [Mississippi Historical Society](/wiki/Mississippi_Historical_Society \"Mississippi Historical Society\"). Retrieved on August 16, 2010\\.", "The prison in Jackson was destroyed during the Civil War, and the state did not replace it for decades. Instead, the state conducted [convict leasing](/wiki/Convict_leasing \"Convict leasing\"), leasing prisoners to third parties for their labor. The lessees held custody of the inmates and provided their room and board, often substandard. The state made substantial amounts of money from these arrangements, which created an incentive to have minor infractions criminalized in order to arrest more people and sentence them. Increasing the number of crimes for which persons could be arrested, such as vagrancy, resulted in an increased pool of prisoners to lease out, as many could not raise enough cash to pay fines or fees that were sometimes imposed. Most prisoners were freedmen; the state used this system to extract labor from former slaves and keep them suppressed socially.Slavery by Any Other Name The state officially changed its policy at the end of the 19th century, saying that prisoners sentenced by the State could no longer be hired or leased by third parties, effective after December 31, 1894\\.", "After ending the convict leasing system, the State of Mississippi began to acquire property to build prisons. The state bought the Rankin Farm in 1895 in [Rankin County](/wiki/Rankin_County%2C_Mississippi \"Rankin County, Mississippi\"), {{convert\\\|12\\\|mi\\\|km}} from Jackson; it is now the site of the [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility \"Central Mississippi Correctional Facility\"). Later the state purchased the Oakley Farm, located in [Hinds County](/wiki/Hinds_County%2C_Mississippi \"Hinds County, Mississippi\"), {{convert\\\|25\\\|mi\\\|km}} from Jackson. The state government purchased land in [Sunflower County](/wiki/Sunflower_County%2C_Mississippi \"Sunflower County, Mississippi\") in January 1901, where it developed the Parchman Farm (now [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\")).\"[Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman) Photo Collections](http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital_archives/parchman/) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812095848/http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital\\_archives/parchman/ \\\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-12 }}.\" [Mississippi Department of Archives and History](/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Archives_and_History \"Mississippi Department of Archives and History\"). Retrieved on August 12, 2010\\. The prison properties were largely self\\-sufficient, raising their own crops and livestock, as well as commodity crops such as cotton for the state to sell. All the labor was by prisoners.", "The state Department of Corrections was established in 1976 to oversee the existing Mississippi state prisons.Oshinsky, David M.: Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. Free Press, 1997\\. p. 249\\. Both federal and state laws were passed during various campaigns of \"wars on crime\" and \"wars on drugs;\" not only were new behaviors criminalized, but politicians supported mandatory sentencing and lengthier sentences. By the end of the 20th century, Mississippi had one of the largest state prison systems in the country, with a rising number of persons incarcerated even as crime rates fell. A disproportionate number and percentage of African Americans and other people of color have been incarcerated under these policies.", "In addition to the major state prisons, the state developed many community detention centers for prisoners with lower security classifications. They were provided as workers to numerous locales, in part to prepare them for reintegration into society after release. Because of the dramatic climb in the number of prisoners and demand for space, the state legislature authorized MDOC to enter into contracts with for\\-profit prison management companies for the construction and operation of private prisons in the state. By the early 21st century, the state had contracts with operators of six private prisons.", "Civil rights groups and prisoner advocates have filed class\\-action suits in efforts to improve prison conditions and protect prisoner rights. As a result of such a suit against Unit 32 (Death Row lockdown unit) at [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\"), the state and the ACLU worked out a settlement in 2006 that changed processes and dramatically reduced the use of punitive solitary confinement in the state.", "In 2009 and 2014, the state passed legislation to provide more flexibility in sentencing and parole of certain classes of prisoners, reducing the prison population and returning non\\-violent offenders earlier to their families and communities.", "### Rise of private prisons", "Changes in sentencing laws dramatically increased the prison population. In 1995 the state legislature passed a law requiring all prisoners to serve 85% of their sentence. The prison population more than doubled from 1995 to 2007, from 11,250 to 22,800, far outstripping capacity of the three state prisons.[JFA Institute Dept of Justice, with assistance by MDOC, \"Reforming Mississippi’s Prison System\"](http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdf) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084443/http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdf \\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-18 }}, for the Public Safety Performance Project, the Pew Center on the States; 2008", "Beginning in the late 20th century, the state dealt with the rising need to incarcerate individuals by contracting with private prison management companies, who built and operated a total of six prisons for state prisoners in Mississippi. [Corrections Corporation of America](/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America \"Corrections Corporation of America\") and [Cornell Companies](/wiki/Cornell_Companies \"Cornell Companies\") were two early contractors; the latter was acquired by [GEO Group](/wiki/GEO_Group \"GEO Group\") in 2010, which took over its three contracts in Mississippi. Prisoners and their families made numerous complaints about conditions in these facilities, citing high rates of violence and sexual abuse, rampant drugs, lack of medical care and education, and other problems.", "Class action suits were filed by the [Southern Poverty Law Center](/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center \"Southern Poverty Law Center\") and the [ACLU](/wiki/ACLU \"ACLU\") National Prison Project against two private facilities with the most egregious conditions: they filed suit against [Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility](/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Youth_Correctional_Facility \"Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility\") in 2010\\. This case was settled in federal court in 2012, requiring the state to quickly transfer youth offenders to a state\\-run facility to be operated according to juvenile justice standards. They were transferred to [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility \"Central Mississippi Correctional Facility\"). In addition, the state was prohibited from using solitary confinement for any youthful offender. WGCF was converted to be used for adults only. MDOC ended its contract with GEO Group, awarding a 10\\-year contract to [Management and Training Corporation](/wiki/Management_and_Training_Corporation \"Management and Training Corporation\") for Walnut Grove and two other private facilities, effective July 1, 2012\\. The court supervision of conditions at WGCF was extended because of two prison riots in 2014\\. Due to declining need, the state closed the prison in September 2016\\.", "The ACLU and SPLC filed suit against the [East Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/East_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility \"East Mississippi Correctional Facility\"), established for prisoners with serious mental illness, in 2013\\. The class\\-action suit at [East Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/East_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility \"East Mississippi Correctional Facility\") is proceeding; the court affirmed the status of the plaintiffs in 2015\\.", "### Sentencing, control and parole reforms", "At the same time, the state was seeking to reduce the prison population. Studies had found that minor reductions in length of sentence did not affect the rate of [recidivism](/wiki/Recidivism \"Recidivism\"), showing that prisoners could be paroled earlier for certain types of crimes without affecting public safety.[Institute, Dept of Justice, \"Reforming Mississippi’s Prison System\"](http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdfJFA), pp. 3\\-4 In 2008, the state passed SB 2136, to enable non\\-violent prisoners to again be eligible for parole after they had served 25% of their sentence. The new law was estimated to affect \"approximately 4,500 inmates, or about 25% of the 22,800 total population. A unique feature of SB 2136 was that it was applied retroactively in order to have an immediate impact on the prison population and to ensure equity in the sentencing process. About 3,000 inmates or 12% of the total population had already met their time\\-served requirement and were immediately eligible for parole consideration.\" To aid prison officials and parole boards in assessing candidates, the Bureau of Justice Assistance developed a science\\-based risk assessment instrument to apply.", "By August 2009, some 3100 prisoners had been paroled from prison. The Board's use of the new risk assessment instrument resulted in their having a higher rate of parole approval. The parole revocation rate has not changed, and in the first year, only 5 of the people returned to prison for new crimes, a rate of 0\\.2% that was a fraction of the national rate of 10\\.5%.[Institute, Dept of Justice, \"Reforming Mississippi’s Prison System\"](http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MDOCPaper.pdfJFA){{dead link\\\|date\\=February 2018 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, p. 5 Legislative amendments have been passed in 2009 increased the ability of MDOC to reduce the number of prisoners; one of these authorized the department to place most \"persons convicted of most drug crimes to be placed under house arrest with electronic monitoring.", "### Closing of private facilities", "Both the state and private prison operators have had difficulty maintaining staffing in prisons because of low wages and high turnover. By 2011, MDOC operated below capacity due to the success of its efforts to reduce the prison population. As of 2011, the state prisons were below capacity by more than 2,000 spaces. With private prisons included, that was about 4,000 beds below capacity.Crisp, Elizabeth. \"[Early release strategies produce empty prison beds](http://www.clarionledger.com/article/20111002/NEWS/110020358/Early-release-strategies-produce-empty-prison-beds).\" [The Clarion\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger \"The Clarion-Ledger\"). October 1, 2011\\. Retrieved on October 6, 2011\\.", "MDOC closed the [Delta Correctional Facility](/wiki/Delta_Correctional_Facility \"Delta Correctional Facility\") in January 2012, and Walnut Grove Correctional Facility in September 2016\\. By early 2017 Mississippi had no state prisoners at the for\\-profit [Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility](/wiki/Tallahatchie_County_Correctional_Facility \"Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility\"); the prison operator [CCA](/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America \"Corrections Corporation of America\") had contracts with California and other states to house their prisoners at this privately owned site.", "By March 2017, MDOC was using only three privately run prisons for its inmates. In early 2017, Interim Commissioner [Pelicia Hall](/wiki/Pelicia_Hall \"Pelicia Hall\") (appointed in March 2017 as Commissioner) conducted raids for contraband at these private prisons, collecting much material. She is determined to reduce the traffic in contraband, which contributes to corruption in the prisons, including among the guards and staff.", "### Operation Mississippi Hustle", "{{main\\\|Operation Mississippi Hustle}}\nAs a result of a five\\-year statewide investigation known as [Operation Mississippi Hustle](/wiki/Operation_Mississippi_Hustle \"Operation Mississippi Hustle\"), in November 2014 the federal Department of Justice announced indictments of former Corrections Commissioner [Chris Epps](/wiki/Chris_Epps \"Chris Epps\") (who resigned the day before) and Cecil B. McCrory, a businessman and former Republican state legislator, on 49 counts of corruption, bribery and kickbacks.\"[MDOC official: Corruption \"deep and wide\"](http://www.clarionledger.com/story/journeytojustice/2014/11/06/mdoc-corruption-deep-wide/18606751/)\" ([Archive](https://archive.today/20240527081250/https://www.webcitation.org/6YQAc16z8?url=http://www.clarionledger.com/story/journeytojustice/2014/11/06/mdoc-corruption-deep-wide/18606751/)); Jerry Mitchell, 6 November 2014, [The Clarion\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger \"The Clarion-Ledger\") Newspaper reports have indicated widespread corruption related to contracts for prison services, and within the prisons themselves. This includes millions paid in bribes related to awarding of state contracts, drugs and other contraband being smuggled into facilities by the guards, sex between staff and inmates, and other abuses. Epps was charged with receiving $1\\.47 million in bribes and kickbacks, related to $800 million worth of state contracts made over about a decade.", "Both Epps and McCrory pleaded guilty in 2015 and cooperated with investigators on identifying others responsible. Eight other indictments followed, with one waived and more expected. Defendants include consultant and businessman Robert Simmons, who was sentenced to 87 months; former mayor of Walnut Grove, Mayor William Grady Sims, who was prosecuted earlier and sentenced to 7 months; former legislator and Republican businessman Sam Waggoner, former Harrison County Supervisor William Martin, who committed suicide before arraignment; former Alcorn County warden and Democratic state Senator Irb Benjamin, Dr. Carl Reddix, Terese Malone, Mark Longoria, and Guy \"Butch\" Evans.", "On February 8, 2017, Mississippi Attorney General, Democrat [Jim Hood](/wiki/Jim_Hood \"Jim Hood\"), announced he had filed civil cases against 15 corporations (including those that had operated [Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility](/wiki/Walnut_Grove_Youth_Correctional_Facility \"Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility\") and had provided other services to prisons) and numerous individuals who had engaged in contracts with the MDOC and Epps, seeking damages and punitive damages. Hood said,", "> These individuals and corporations that benefited by stealing from taxpayers must not only pay the state's losses, but state law requires that they must also forfeit and return the entire amount of the contracts paid by the state. We are also seeking punitive damages to punish these conspirators and to deter those who might consider giving or receiving kickbacks in the future.\" Besides Teresa Malone and Carl Reddix, the defendants included Michael Reddix; Andrew Jenkins; Management \\& Training Corporation; The [GEO Group](/wiki/GEO_Group \"GEO Group\"), Inc.; [Cornell Companies](/wiki/Cornell_Companies \"Cornell Companies\"), Inc.; [Wexford Health Sources](/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources \"Wexford Health Sources\"), Inc.; The Bantry Group Corporation; AdminPros, L.L.C.; CGL Facility Management, LLC; Mississippi Correctional Management, Inc.; Branan Medical Corporation; Drug Testing Corporation; [Global Tel\\Link](/wiki/Global_Tel%2ALink \"Global TelLink\") Corporation; Health Assurance, LLC; Keefe Commissary Network, LLC of St. Louis; [Sentinel Offender Services](/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services \"Sentinel Offender Services\"), L.L.C. and AJA Management \\& Technical Services, Inc.[Mississippi AG files lawsuits in Epps bribery case](http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/08/epps-bribery-civil-lawsuit/97645586/), [The Clarion\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger \"The Clarion-Ledger\"), Jimmie E. Gates, February 8, 2017\\. Retrieved 9 February 2017\\.", "", "### Commissioner appointments", "In March 2017, Pelicia E. Hall was appointed by Governor [Phil Bryant](/wiki/Phil_Bryant \"Phil Bryant\") as Commissioner; she is the first woman to hold this position. An attorney, she has extensive criminal justice and private law experience.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2020}} In 2020 [Burl Cain](/wiki/Burl_Cain \"Burl Cain\") became the commissioner.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2020/jun/16/burl\\-cain\\-closer\\-running\\-state\\-prisons\\-after\\-unani/\\\|title\\=UPDATE: Senate Confirms Burl Cain To Lead State Prisons\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jackson Free Press]]\\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-16\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-28}}", "" ]
Operations ---------- [thumb\\|[Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary "Mississippi State Penitentiary")](/wiki/File:ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG "ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG") Before going to their assigned facilities and after their transfer from county jails, most prison inmates are sent to the Reception \& Classification Center (R\&C) in the [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility "Central Mississippi Correctional Facility") (CMCF) in Rankin County to be classified according to behavior level and assessed for treatment. The classification process takes around 30 days."[What is Reception \& Classification (R\&C)?](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions.htm#What_is_Reception_&_Classification_%28R&C%29)" Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010\. Most male inmates who are sentenced to MDOC by the courts or who are returned to MDOC as parole violators, probation violators, intensive supervision program (ISP) ([house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest "House arrest")) violators, earned release supervision (ERS) violators, and suspension violators are placed at R\&C. All women inmates who are sentenced to MDOC by the courts or who are returned to MDOC as parole violators, probation violators, ISP violators, ERS violators, and suspension violators are placed in 1A or 2B at CMCF."[Chapter I](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Inmate_Handbook/CHAPTER%20I.pdf)." Inmate Handbook. Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on July 21, 2010\. Male death row inmates transferred from county jails immediately are sent to the [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary "Mississippi State Penitentiary"), the location of the male death row."[Where do new inmates go when first moved from the local county jail to MDOC custody?](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions.htm#Where_do_new_inmates_go_when_first_moved_from_the_local_county_jail_to_MDOC_custody)," Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010\. Each prisoner receives a security classification. The classifications are: * Minimum (Community) * Minimum (Non\-Community) * Medium * Close * [Death Row](/wiki/Death_row "Death row") In November 2014, media reports indicated the department housed each prisoner at a cost of about $42\.12 per day, one of the lowest costs in the nation.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/us/chief\-quits\-as\-mississippi\-prisons\-face\-inquiry.html?\_r\=0 \\|title\=Chief Quits as Mississippi Prisons Face Inquiry\\|first\=Timothy\\|last\=Williams\\|date\=7 November 2014\\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} ### Health care The system's chief medical officer is Gloria Perry. She has been in that position since 2008\. She is certified in family\-practice.{{cite news\\|last1\=Williams\\|first1\=Timothy\\|title\=Inside a Private Prison: Blood, Suicide and Poorly Paid Guards\\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/03/us/mississippi\-private\-prison\-abuse.html\\|access\-date\=4 April 2018\\|work\=The New York Times\\|date\=3 April 2018}} MDOC contracts with Centurion of Mississippi, LLC.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Divisions/Pages/Medical\-Division.aspx\\|title\=Medical Division\\|website\=www.mdoc.ms.gov\\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-28}} Previously, MDOC contracted with [Wexford Health Sources, Inc.](/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources "Wexford Health Sources"),"[MDOC Healthcare Services](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/medical_services.htm)." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on July 24, 2010\. headquartered in [Green Tree, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Green_Tree%2C_Pennsylvania "Green Tree, Pennsylvania"),"[Contact Us](http://www.wexfordhealth.com/Contact-Us)." [Wexford Health Sources](/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources "Wexford Health Sources"). Retrieved on August 14, 2010\. "Wexford Health Sources, Inc. 425 Holiday Drive Foster Plaza Two Pittsburgh, PA 15220\."Twedt, Steve. "[Wexford Health works with inmates](http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09102/962006-28.stm)." [Pittsburgh Post\-Gazette](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"). Sunday April 12, 2009\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\. near [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"). Wexford provides medical services to inmates at state\-operated facilities. Each privately operated facility has its own contracted medical services provider. Wexford was awarded the $95 million MDOC contract in 2006\."[Article: Briefs: Comcast eyeing Findlay site for office space](https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-11256177)." [Pittsburgh Tribune\-Review](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review "Pittsburgh Tribune-Review"). July 1, 2006\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\. "Wexford Health Sources Inc of Green Tree has been awarded a $95 million three year contract to provide healthcare services to more than 14000 Mississippi ..." Previously MDOC contracted with [Correctional Medical Services](/wiki/Correctional_Medical_Services "Correctional Medical Services") (CMS),"[Medical Services](https://web.archive.org/web/20031221123744/http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/medical_services.htm)." Mississippi Department of Corrections. December 21, 2003\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\. headquartered in [Creve Coeur, Missouri](/wiki/Creve_Coeur%2C_Missouri "Creve Coeur, Missouri"),Jonsson, Greg. [Complaints swirl around prison care Creve Coeur\-based firm faces inquiries and suits.](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=119A2E1FDABE5810&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM)" [St. Louis Post\-Dispatch](/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch "St. Louis Post-Dispatch"). June 7, 2007\. A4\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\."[Contact CMS \- General Inquiry](http://www.cmsstl.com/Contact_Us_General_Inquiry.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901165042/http://www.cmsstl.com/Contact\_Us\_General\_Inquiry.aspx \\|date\=2010\-09\-01 }}." [Correctional Medical Services](/wiki/Correctional_Medical_Services "Correctional Medical Services"). Retrieved on August 14, 2010\. "Correctional Medical Services, Inc. 12647 Olive Blvd. Saint Louis, Missouri 63141 USA." near [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"). CMS's contract began on July 1, 2003\."[Critics: Death row is causing insanity](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iKMpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S-wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5260,6089790&dq=correctional-medical-services+parchman&hl=en)." [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") at [Gainesville Sun](/wiki/Gainesville_Sun "Gainesville Sun"). April 25, 2003\. 2A. Retrieved from [Google News](/wiki/Google_News "Google News") Page 25 of 93 on August 14, 2010\. ### Intensive Supervision Program MDOC's Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) is the authority's [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest "House arrest") program."[Intensive Supervision Program](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/intensive_supervision_program.htm)." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on November 1, 2010\. ### Death row MDOC performs executions at the [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary "Mississippi State Penitentiary")."[Death Penalty And Executions](https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/general-public/death-row/death-penalty-and-executions)." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 5, 2024\. Male death row offenders are housed in the Mississippi State Penitentiary, while female death row offenders are housed in the [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility "Central Mississippi Correctional Facility")."[Division of Institutions State Prisons](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/division_of_institutions%20State%20Prisons.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206092421/http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/division\_of\_institutions%20State%20Prisons.htm \\|date\=2002\-12\-06 }}." Mississippi Department of Corrections. April 21, 2010\. Retrieved on May 21, 2010\. ### Conjugal and family visits The Mississippi state prison system ended [conjugal visits](/wiki/Conjugal_visits "Conjugal visits") in February 2014\. The commissioner at the time, [Chris Epps](/wiki/Chris_Epps "Chris Epps"), argued that the possibility of creating single parents and the expenses were the reasons why conjugal visits ended.Sanburn, Josh. "[Mississippi Ending Conjugal Visits for Prisoners](http://nation.time.com/2014/01/13/mississippi-ending-conjugal-visits-for-prisoners/)." [TIME](/wiki/TIME_%28magazine%29 "TIME (magazine)"). January 13, 2014\. Retrieved on April 19, 2014\. ### Employment programs Previously MDOC contracted prisoners to local and county governments, in essence paying a subsidy to the jurisdictions to manage the prisoners. The prisoners, often classified as trusties, would get reductions in their sentences in exchange for doing work. On April 30, 2015 MDOC stated that it would end this program and save $3\.2 million per year. Many jurisdictions have complained they will be unable to replace the labor of the prisoners.Blinder, Alan. "[Mississippi Cuts Work Program for Prisoners](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/us/a-mississippi-work-program-for-inmates-is-set-to-vanish.html?_r=0)" ([Archive](https://archive.today/20240527092729/https://www.webcitation.org/6Z2cZth7P?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/us/a-mississippi-work-program-for-inmates-is-set-to-vanish.html%3F_r=1)). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). June 3, 2015\. Retrieved on June 5, 2015\. ### Costs of state prisons In 2014, media reported that Commissioner [Chris Epps](/wiki/Chris_Epps "Chris Epps") had said that the department housed each prisoner at a cost of about $42\.12 per day, one of the lowest costs in the nation. He also noted that the state's recidivism rate was among the "lowest in the nation." But, the state spends more than $15,000 annually for each prisoner, about three times what it spends for each school student. In 2013, the agency budget for prisons was about $389 million, according to the [Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution "Brookings Institution"). Journalist Jerry Mitchell explored the consensus by experts who have found that the state could keep more people out of prison by stressing good education from a young age, and recommended improving schools in poor rural areas rather than building prisons. African Americans are incarcerated at a rate three times that of whites in the state but could be helped by good education from a young age.["Mississippi 'addicted to incarceration'"](http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2014/10/25/mississippi-addicted-incarceration/17938697/); Jerry Mitchell, 25 October 2014, The Clarion\-Ledger Prison guards start at just twelve dollars an hour. They receive just six week's training. ### Recidivism Nationwide, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (of the US Department of Justice) says that about three\-quarters of those released from prison are arrested again in the next five years. That figure spans a wide range of actions for which a person may be arrested. Mississippi measures its recidivism differently: whether a person released from prison is convicted of another crime and imprisoned within three years. Based on those criteria, its recidivism rate is about 33%. Its parolees have had considerable success after the state officials adopted a risk assessment instrument in 2009, to evaluate which candidates for parole under a new law designed to reduce the prison population of persons convicted of non\-violent crime.	[ "Operations\n----------", "[thumb\\\|[Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\")](/wiki/File:ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG \"ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG\")\nBefore going to their assigned facilities and after their transfer from county jails, most prison inmates are sent to the Reception \\& Classification Center (R\\&C) in the [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility \"Central Mississippi Correctional Facility\") (CMCF) in Rankin County to be classified according to behavior level and assessed for treatment. The classification process takes around 30 days.\"[What is Reception \\& Classification (R\\&C)?](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions.htm#What_is_Reception_&_Classification_%28R&C%29)\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010\\.", "Most male inmates who are sentenced to MDOC by the courts or who are returned to MDOC as parole violators, probation violators, intensive supervision program (ISP) ([house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\")) violators, earned release supervision (ERS) violators, and suspension violators are placed at R\\&C. All women inmates who are sentenced to MDOC by the courts or who are returned to MDOC as parole violators, probation violators, ISP violators, ERS violators, and suspension violators are placed in 1A or 2B at CMCF.\"[Chapter I](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Inmate_Handbook/CHAPTER%20I.pdf).\" Inmate Handbook. Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on July 21, 2010\\. Male death row inmates transferred from county jails immediately are sent to the [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\"), the location of the male death row.\"[Where do new inmates go when first moved from the local county jail to MDOC custody?](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions.htm#Where_do_new_inmates_go_when_first_moved_from_the_local_county_jail_to_MDOC_custody),\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010\\.", "Each prisoner receives a security classification. The classifications are:\n* Minimum (Community)\n* Minimum (Non\\-Community)\n* Medium\n* Close\n* [Death Row](/wiki/Death_row \"Death row\")", "In November 2014, media reports indicated the department housed each prisoner at a cost of about $42\\.12 per day, one of the lowest costs in the nation.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/us/chief\\-quits\\-as\\-mississippi\\-prisons\\-face\\-inquiry.html?\\_r\\=0 \\\|title\\=Chief Quits as Mississippi Prisons Face Inquiry\\\|first\\=Timothy\\\|last\\=Williams\\\|date\\=7 November 2014\\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}}", "### Health care", "The system's chief medical officer is Gloria Perry. She has been in that position since 2008\\. She is certified in family\\-practice.{{cite news\\\|last1\\=Williams\\\|first1\\=Timothy\\\|title\\=Inside a Private Prison: Blood, Suicide and Poorly Paid Guards\\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/03/us/mississippi\\-private\\-prison\\-abuse.html\\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2018\\\|work\\=The New York Times\\\|date\\=3 April 2018}}", "MDOC contracts with Centurion of Mississippi, LLC.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Divisions/Pages/Medical\\-Division.aspx\\\|title\\=Medical Division\\\|website\\=www.mdoc.ms.gov\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-28}} Previously, MDOC contracted with [Wexford Health Sources, Inc.](/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources \"Wexford Health Sources\"),\"[MDOC Healthcare Services](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/medical_services.htm).\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on July 24, 2010\\. headquartered in [Green Tree, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Green_Tree%2C_Pennsylvania \"Green Tree, Pennsylvania\"),\"[Contact Us](http://www.wexfordhealth.com/Contact-Us).\" [Wexford Health Sources](/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources \"Wexford Health Sources\"). Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\. \"Wexford Health Sources, Inc. 425 Holiday Drive Foster Plaza Two Pittsburgh, PA 15220\\.\"Twedt, Steve. \"[Wexford Health works with inmates](http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09102/962006-28.stm).\" [Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette \"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette\"). Sunday April 12, 2009\\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\. near [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania \"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\"). Wexford provides medical services to inmates at state\\-operated facilities. Each privately operated facility has its own contracted medical services provider.", "Wexford was awarded the $95 million MDOC contract in 2006\\.\"[Article: Briefs: Comcast eyeing Findlay site for office space](https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-11256177).\" [Pittsburgh Tribune\\-Review](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review \"Pittsburgh Tribune-Review\"). July 1, 2006\\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\. \"Wexford Health Sources Inc of Green Tree has been awarded a $95 million three year contract to provide healthcare services to more than 14000 Mississippi ...\" Previously MDOC contracted with [Correctional Medical Services](/wiki/Correctional_Medical_Services \"Correctional Medical Services\") (CMS),\"[Medical Services](https://web.archive.org/web/20031221123744/http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/medical_services.htm).\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. December 21, 2003\\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\. headquartered in [Creve Coeur, Missouri](/wiki/Creve_Coeur%2C_Missouri \"Creve Coeur, Missouri\"),Jonsson, Greg. [Complaints swirl around prison care Creve Coeur\\-based firm faces inquiries and suits.](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=119A2E1FDABE5810&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM)\" [St. Louis Post\\-Dispatch](/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\"). June 7, 2007\\. A4\\. Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\.\"[Contact CMS \\- General Inquiry](http://www.cmsstl.com/Contact_Us_General_Inquiry.aspx) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901165042/http://www.cmsstl.com/Contact\\_Us\\_General\\_Inquiry.aspx \\\|date\\=2010\\-09\\-01 }}.\" [Correctional Medical Services](/wiki/Correctional_Medical_Services \"Correctional Medical Services\"). Retrieved on August 14, 2010\\. \"Correctional Medical Services, Inc. 12647 Olive Blvd. Saint Louis, Missouri 63141 USA.\" near [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\"). CMS's contract began on July 1, 2003\\.\"[Critics: Death row is causing insanity](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iKMpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S-wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5260,6089790&dq=correctional-medical-services+parchman&hl=en).\" [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") at [Gainesville Sun](/wiki/Gainesville_Sun \"Gainesville Sun\"). April 25, 2003\\. 2A. Retrieved from [Google News](/wiki/Google_News \"Google News\") Page 25 of 93 on August 14, 2010\\.", "### Intensive Supervision Program", "MDOC's Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) is the authority's [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\") program.\"[Intensive Supervision Program](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/intensive_supervision_program.htm).\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on November 1, 2010\\.", "### Death row", "MDOC performs executions at the [Mississippi State Penitentiary](/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary \"Mississippi State Penitentiary\").\"[Death Penalty And Executions](https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/general-public/death-row/death-penalty-and-executions).\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 5, 2024\\. Male death row offenders are housed in the Mississippi State Penitentiary, while female death row offenders are housed in the [Central Mississippi Correctional Facility](/wiki/Central_Mississippi_Correctional_Facility \"Central Mississippi Correctional Facility\").\"[Division of Institutions State Prisons](http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/division_of_institutions%20State%20Prisons.htm) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206092421/http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/division\\_of\\_institutions%20State%20Prisons.htm \\\|date\\=2002\\-12\\-06 }}.\" Mississippi Department of Corrections. April 21, 2010\\. Retrieved on May 21, 2010\\.", "### Conjugal and family visits", "The Mississippi state prison system ended [conjugal visits](/wiki/Conjugal_visits \"Conjugal visits\") in February 2014\\. The commissioner at the time, [Chris Epps](/wiki/Chris_Epps \"Chris Epps\"), argued that the possibility of creating single parents and the expenses were the reasons why conjugal visits ended.Sanburn, Josh. \"[Mississippi Ending Conjugal Visits for Prisoners](http://nation.time.com/2014/01/13/mississippi-ending-conjugal-visits-for-prisoners/).\" [TIME](/wiki/TIME_%28magazine%29 \"TIME (magazine)\"). January 13, 2014\\. Retrieved on April 19, 2014\\.", "### Employment programs", "Previously MDOC contracted prisoners to local and county governments, in essence paying a subsidy to the jurisdictions to manage the prisoners. The prisoners, often classified as trusties, would get reductions in their sentences in exchange for doing work. On April 30, 2015 MDOC stated that it would end this program and save $3\\.2 million per year. Many jurisdictions have complained they will be unable to replace the labor of the prisoners.Blinder, Alan. \"[Mississippi Cuts Work Program for Prisoners](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/us/a-mississippi-work-program-for-inmates-is-set-to-vanish.html?_r=0)\" ([Archive](https://archive.today/20240527092729/https://www.webcitation.org/6Z2cZth7P?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/us/a-mississippi-work-program-for-inmates-is-set-to-vanish.html%3F_r=1)). [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\"). June 3, 2015\\. Retrieved on June 5, 2015\\.", "### Costs of state prisons", "In 2014, media reported that Commissioner [Chris Epps](/wiki/Chris_Epps \"Chris Epps\") had said that the department housed each prisoner at a cost of about $42\\.12 per day, one of the lowest costs in the nation. He also noted that the state's recidivism rate was among the \"lowest in the nation.\"", "But, the state spends more than $15,000 annually for each prisoner, about three times what it spends for each school student. In 2013, the agency budget for prisons was about $389 million, according to the [Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\"). Journalist Jerry Mitchell explored the consensus by experts who have found that the state could keep more people out of prison by stressing good education from a young age, and recommended improving schools in poor rural areas rather than building prisons. African Americans are incarcerated at a rate three times that of whites in the state but could be helped by good education from a young age.[\"Mississippi 'addicted to incarceration'\"](http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2014/10/25/mississippi-addicted-incarceration/17938697/); Jerry Mitchell, 25 October 2014, The Clarion\\-Ledger", "Prison guards start at just twelve dollars an hour. They receive just six week's training.", "", "### Recidivism", "Nationwide, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (of the US Department of Justice) says that about three\\-quarters of those released from prison are arrested again in the next five years. That figure spans a wide range of actions for which a person may be arrested. Mississippi measures its recidivism differently: whether a person released from prison is convicted of another crime and imprisoned within three years. Based on those criteria, its recidivism rate is about 33%. Its parolees have had considerable success after the state officials adopted a risk assessment instrument in 2009, to evaluate which candidates for parole under a new law designed to reduce the prison population of persons convicted of non\\-violent crime.", "" ]
Biography --------- Ida Faubert was born on 14 February 1882, in [Port\-au\-Prince](/wiki/Port-au-Prince "Port-au-Prince"). She was the daughter of Haitian president [Lysius Salomon](/wiki/Lysius_Salomon "Lysius Salomon") and a French mother, Florentine Potiez. When Faubert was six years old, political events forced her father out of office and her family to expatriate to France. Her father’s death followed that year. Ida Faubert, placed in the care of her mother’s family, was sent to a convent boarding school like many elite girls of her time. She grew up in France’s Belle Époque, a period of flourishing arts in a stable Europe, and as a young woman entered Paris’s artistic and cultural circles. An early romance met her family’s disapproval for racial reasons. She went on to marry and quickly divorce Léonce Laraque. The couple had a daughter, Jacqueline, who died as an infant and to whom Faubert would dedicate elegiac poems. In 1903, while in her early 20s, Faubert returned to Haiti, where she made an impression on members of Port\-au\-Prince’s cultural elite and privileged classes with her charm, verse, and lineage. The country’s elite class produced, through resources, venues, and social connections, the published writers of her day, and Faubert was well situated as an emerging poet in Haiti. Literary scholar Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley (2010\) notes that for Haitian women writers then, there existed two distinct channels of circulation of texts: newly founded women’s literary circles, with their own literary reviews, and the male\-dominated literary journals and movement La Géneration de la Ronde. Named after the journal La Ronde, this influential movement, of which Faubert was a part, flourished between 1898 and the 1920s. Literary scholars Raphaël Berrou and Pradel Pompilus (1975\) note that its poets pursued and articulated the need for a universal lyric, one that would place Haitian literature in the perceived larger stream of Francophone, particularly French, letters. The movement’s novelists and dramaturgs, they add, addressed in their work customs and concerns closer to home. Prominent poetic themes evident in the work of both men and women included love, melancholy, death, and religious and spiritual concerns. Faubert’s carefully wrought poems contained these leitmotifs, as well as a subtle style, and began to appear in Haitian journals in 1912\. It is possible that she published earlier poems under a pen name, adopting a strategy not unusual for Haitian women writers of the time. Faubert was among the rare Haitian women writers whose work appeared under her own name in Haiti. Her male Géneration de la Ronde contemporaries included poets Etzer Vilaire, Georges Sylvain, Louis Borno, Seymour Pradel, Charles Moravia, and Léon Laleau. Despite personal attainments and early literary success as she moved between Haiti and France in her 20s—in 1906 she had given birth to son Raoul and married his father André Faubert in Paris—she found the mores and strictures of Port\-au\-Prince’s high society stifling, according to biographer Madeleine Gardiner (1984\). Her permanent return to France in 1914 occurred before the outbreak of World War I in Europe and a year prior to the 19\-year US military occupation of Haiti that would shake deeply Haitian society and engender a profound anti\-US, anticolonial reaction in many Haitian citizens and writers. The seeds of Haiti’s indigenist movement, a nationalist affirmation that would place Haitian folklore, the Haitian countryside, and the Haitian peasant at the heart of Haitian literature and visual arts, found fertile ground in the American occupation. Haitian indigenism would inform, draw from, and overlap with the Harlem Renaissance and the Négritude movement launched in France. Jean Price\-Mars, who articulated the concept of “indigenism,” and Faubert would share a long friendship. Her short stories, published much later, would focus on Haiti and exhibit some indigenist values. In 1914, Faubert separated from her husband and settled with her son in Paris. During the war she served as a volunteer in Parisian hospitals and tended to wounded soldiers returning from France’s military frontlines. As a woman of letters she attended lectures and literary events; opened her own salon to receive artists and intellectuals; and frequented feminist and lesbian writers, many also situated in Paris’s bohemian Left Bank. Her circle of friends included Anna de Noailles, an influence for Faubert and prominent literary figure in pre\-World War I France, and the prolific and popular novelist Sidonie\-Gabrielle Colette. Underscoring Faubert’s friends and acquaintances, Madeleine Gardiner suggests Faubert may have engaged in amorous relationships with women, particularly in the liberated climate of Europe’s postwar années folles. Also known as the Roaring Twenties, this period was marked by sustained economic growth in major European and American cities, artistic and cultural dynamism, and growing female emancipation, especially for elite and white women. Natasha Tinsley (2010\) reads a number of Faubert’s poems as celebrations of women’s sensuality, addressed to a lover or lovers whose gender is not specified, as well as astute negotiations of race and gender, with Faubert refusing the popular tropes assigned to women of color in the contemporary white European imagination. In 1939, Faubert published her first book, a volume of poems titled Cœur des Îles. It consists of three parts. Poems of the first two sections vary in subject matter, with love, sensuous descriptions of nature, and apprehension and loss figuring prominently. A third section is dedicated to Faubert’s lost daughter. Some poems are evocative and appeal to and overlay the separate senses in their expression, employing a symbolist poetics. In general, they lean toward an earlier European Romantic\-era aesthetic, privileging strong emotion, as well as display Faubert’s great attention to technique and form, an approach more closely associated with French poetry’s Parnassian movement. The poems are written in French rhymed verse and a formal style, with employment and mastery of fixed poetic forms such as sonnets, chansons, and rondels, which supports their deep lyricism. In 1939, the year of its publication, Cœur des Îles was awarded the French Prix Jacques Normand de la Société des Gens de Lettres. The first version of Aimé Césaire’s influential poetic text Cahier d’un retour au pays natal was published in the French journal Volonté as Germany’s invasion of Poland signaled the onset of World War II. Faubert’s son enlisted in the French military at the start of the war. With her daughter\-in\-law and grandson, Jean, safe in Sarthe, Faubert remained in Paris through the German occupation of 1940 to1944\. She continued to write poems and the short stories that would become the book Sous le soleil caraïbe, histoires d’Haïti et d’ailleurs. In the decades following World War II, Faubert maintained contact with writers, friends, and colleagues in Haiti, welcoming Jean Price Mars, Léon Laleau, and poet and novelist Marie\-Thérèse Colimon Hall, among many others, when they visited France. She quietly supported causes on behalf of the homeless and those wounded in the war. She was a devoted mother and grandmother, according to grandson Jean Faubert. Faubert’s second book, Sous le soleil caraïbe, was published in 1959\. Unlike her poems, which were situated, if at all, in ambiguous geography, these stories are set in a fictionalized Haiti, one that contains names of towns and lieus similar to those of actual Haitian sites. The stories take place in varied time periods and are peopled with Haitian and foreign characters negotiating Haitian life in its multiplicity and clash of perspectives, cultures, race, class, and politics. Faubert illustrates human foibles, farces, and desires. The stories are marked by a clear, unadorned French prose and occasional use of Creole terms and expressions. They range in tone from humorous to chilling, with several treating the phenomenon of zombies and revenants. A number of Faubert’s short stories, like her poems, exhibit a gothic quality. Faubert died on 23 July 1969 in Joinville\-le\-Pont, Ile\-de\-France, France. She is considered one of Haiti’s great women poets.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Ida Faubert was born on 14 February 1882, in [Port\\-au\\-Prince](/wiki/Port-au-Prince \"Port-au-Prince\"). She was the daughter of Haitian president [Lysius Salomon](/wiki/Lysius_Salomon \"Lysius Salomon\") and a French mother, Florentine Potiez. When Faubert was six years old, political events forced her father out of office and her family to expatriate to France. Her father’s death followed that year. Ida Faubert, placed in the care of her mother’s family, was sent to a convent boarding school like many elite girls of her time. She grew up in France’s Belle Époque, a period of flourishing arts in a stable Europe, and as a young woman entered Paris’s artistic and cultural circles. An early romance met her family’s disapproval for racial reasons. She went on to marry and quickly divorce Léonce Laraque. The couple had a daughter, Jacqueline, who died as an infant and to whom Faubert would dedicate elegiac poems.", "In 1903, while in her early 20s, Faubert returned to Haiti, where she made an impression on members of Port\\-au\\-Prince’s cultural elite and privileged classes with her charm, verse, and lineage. The country’s elite class produced, through resources, venues, and social connections, the published writers of her day, and Faubert was well situated as an emerging poet in Haiti. Literary scholar Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley (2010\\) notes that for Haitian women writers then, there existed two distinct channels of circulation of texts: newly founded women’s literary circles, with their own literary reviews, and the male\\-dominated literary journals and movement La Géneration de la Ronde.\nNamed after the journal La Ronde, this influential movement, of which Faubert was a part, flourished between 1898 and the 1920s. Literary scholars Raphaël Berrou and Pradel Pompilus (1975\\) note that its poets pursued and articulated the need for a universal lyric, one that would place Haitian literature in the perceived larger stream of Francophone, particularly French, letters. The movement’s novelists and dramaturgs, they add, addressed in their work customs and concerns closer to home. Prominent poetic themes evident in the work of both men and women included love, melancholy, death, and religious and spiritual concerns.", "Faubert’s carefully wrought poems contained these leitmotifs, as well as a subtle style, and began to appear in Haitian journals in 1912\\. It is possible that she published earlier poems under a pen name, adopting a strategy not unusual for Haitian women writers of the time. Faubert was among the rare Haitian women writers whose work appeared under her own name in Haiti. Her male Géneration de la Ronde contemporaries included poets Etzer Vilaire, Georges Sylvain, Louis Borno, Seymour Pradel, Charles Moravia, and Léon Laleau.", "Despite personal attainments and early literary success as she moved between Haiti and France in her 20s—in 1906 she had given birth to son Raoul and married his father André Faubert in Paris—she found the mores and strictures of Port\\-au\\-Prince’s high society stifling, according to biographer Madeleine Gardiner (1984\\). Her permanent return to France in 1914 occurred before the outbreak of World War I in Europe and a year prior to the 19\\-year US military occupation of Haiti that would shake deeply Haitian society and engender a profound anti\\-US, anticolonial reaction in many Haitian citizens and writers. The seeds of Haiti’s indigenist movement, a nationalist affirmation that would place Haitian folklore, the Haitian countryside, and the Haitian peasant at the heart of Haitian literature and visual arts, found fertile ground in the American occupation. Haitian indigenism would inform, draw from, and overlap with the Harlem Renaissance and the Négritude movement launched in France. Jean Price\\-Mars, who articulated the concept of “indigenism,” and Faubert would share a long friendship. Her short stories, published much later, would focus on Haiti and exhibit some indigenist values.", "In 1914, Faubert separated from her husband and settled with her son in Paris. During the war she served as a volunteer in Parisian hospitals and tended to wounded soldiers returning from France’s military frontlines. As a woman of letters she attended lectures and literary events; opened her own salon to receive artists and intellectuals; and frequented feminist and lesbian writers, many also situated in Paris’s bohemian Left Bank. Her circle of friends included Anna de Noailles, an influence for Faubert and prominent literary figure in pre\\-World War I France, and the prolific and popular novelist Sidonie\\-Gabrielle Colette. Underscoring Faubert’s friends and acquaintances, Madeleine Gardiner suggests Faubert may have engaged in amorous relationships with women, particularly in the liberated climate of Europe’s postwar années folles. Also known as the Roaring Twenties, this period was marked by sustained economic growth in major European and American cities, artistic and cultural dynamism, and growing female emancipation, especially for elite and white women. Natasha Tinsley (2010\\) reads a number of Faubert’s poems as celebrations of women’s sensuality, addressed to a lover or lovers whose gender is not specified, as well as astute negotiations of race and gender, with Faubert refusing the popular tropes assigned to women of color in the contemporary white European imagination.", "In 1939, Faubert published her first book, a volume of poems titled Cœur des Îles. It consists of three parts. Poems of the first two sections vary in subject matter, with love, sensuous descriptions of nature, and apprehension and loss figuring prominently. A third section is dedicated to Faubert’s lost daughter. Some poems are evocative and appeal to and overlay the separate senses in their expression, employing a symbolist poetics. In general, they lean toward an earlier European Romantic\\-era aesthetic, privileging strong emotion, as well as display Faubert’s great attention to technique and form, an approach more closely associated with French poetry’s Parnassian movement. The poems are written in French rhymed verse and a formal style, with employment and mastery of fixed poetic forms such as sonnets, chansons, and rondels, which supports their deep lyricism.", "In 1939, the year of its publication, Cœur des Îles was awarded the French Prix Jacques Normand de la Société des Gens de Lettres. The first version of Aimé Césaire’s influential poetic text Cahier d’un retour au pays natal was published in the French journal Volonté as Germany’s invasion of Poland signaled the onset of World War II. Faubert’s son enlisted in the French military at the start of the war. With her daughter\\-in\\-law and grandson, Jean, safe in Sarthe, Faubert remained in Paris through the German occupation of 1940 to1944\\. She continued to write poems and the short stories that would become the book Sous le soleil caraïbe, histoires d’Haïti et d’ailleurs.", "In the decades following World War II, Faubert maintained contact with writers, friends, and colleagues in Haiti, welcoming Jean Price Mars, Léon Laleau, and poet and novelist Marie\\-Thérèse Colimon Hall, among many others, when they visited France. She quietly supported causes on behalf of the homeless and those wounded in the war. She was a devoted mother and grandmother, according to grandson Jean Faubert.\nFaubert’s second book, Sous le soleil caraïbe, was published in 1959\\. Unlike her poems, which were situated, if at all, in ambiguous geography, these stories are set in a fictionalized Haiti, one that contains names of towns and lieus similar to those of actual Haitian sites. The stories take place in varied time periods and are peopled with Haitian and foreign characters negotiating Haitian life in its multiplicity and clash of perspectives, cultures, race, class, and politics. Faubert illustrates human foibles, farces, and desires. The stories are marked by a clear, unadorned French prose and occasional use of Creole terms and expressions. They range in tone from humorous to chilling, with several treating the phenomenon of zombies and revenants. A number of Faubert’s short stories, like her poems, exhibit a gothic quality.", "Faubert died on 23 July 1969 in Joinville\\-le\\-Pont, Ile\\-de\\-France, France. She is considered one of Haiti’s great women poets.", "" ]
United States ------------- In the United States, the [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) stipulates the T\+1 rule, that stock trades settle one business day after purchase.{{Cite web \\|date\=October 8, 2024 \\|title\=New "T\+1" Settlement Cycle – What Investors Need To Know: Investor Bulletin \\|url\=https://www.investor.gov/introduction\-investing/general\-resources/news\-alerts/alerts\-bulletins/investor\-bulletins/new\-t1\-settlement\-cycle\-what\-investors\-need\-know\-investor\-bulletin \\|access\-date\=October 8, 2024 \\|website\=Investor.gov}} That time period was last shortened on May 28, 2024\. The ex\-dividend date is normally the same day as the record date. For the purpose of calculating an ex\-dividend date, business days are days on which both the major stock exchanges and the banks in New York State are open.{{cite web\\|title\=NYSE Rule 12\\|url\=http://finra.complinet.com/en/display/display.html?rbid\=2403\&record\_id\=11779\\|work\=FINRA Manual\\|publisher\=FINRA\\|accessdate\=2011\-03\-10}} Thus [Columbus Day](/wiki/Columbus_Day "Columbus Day") and [Veterans Day](/wiki/Veterans_Day_%28United_States%29 "Veterans Day (United States)") are trading days, but not business days for calculating an ex\-dividend date, since they are legal holidays and banks are not open. If the record date is not a business day, then counting begins from the most recent business day instead of the actual record date.{{cite web\\|title\=NASDAQ \- 11140\. Transactions in Securities Ex\-Dividend, Ex\-Rights or Ex\-Warrants\\|url\=http://nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com/NASDAQTools/bookmark.asp?id\=nasdaq\-rule\_11140\&manual\=/nasdaq/main/nasdaq\-equityrules/\\|work\=NASDAQ Equity Rules\\|publisher\=NASDAQ\\|accessdate\=2011\-03\-10}} For instance, if the record date is Sunday, then the ex\-dividend date is the preceding Thursday, not Friday — assuming no intervening holidays. To be a stockholder on the record date, an investor must purchase the stock before the ex\-dividend date in order to allow for the 1\-trading day settlement of the stock purchase. If the investor purchases the stock the day before the ex\-dividend date the investor would be a stockholder on the record date and would be entitled to receive the dividend payment.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.sec.gov/answers/dividen.htm\\|title\=Ex\-Dividend Dates: When Are You Entitled to Stock and Cash Dividends\\|accessdate\=6 December 2011\\|publisher\=Securities and Exchange Commission}} An investor only needs to own the stock for one day (the record date) to be entitled to receive the dividend payment. If the investor buys before the ex\-dividend date, and sells on the ex\-dividend date or after, the investor will receive the dividend payment. More precisely, the owner at the close of trading on the record date receives the dividend, since shares may be traded frequently and have a series of owners on any given single day. ### Tax consequences The ex\-dividend date is also a factor in computing U.S. taxes that depend on holding periods. To receive favorable personal income tax rates on [qualified dividends](/wiki/Qualified_dividends "Qualified dividends") of a common stock, the stock must be held continuously for over 60 calendar days within the window of 121 calendar days centered on the ex\-dividend date. Otherwise the dividend income is taxed at higher rates for ordinary income.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs\-pdf/p550\.pdf\\|website\=U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service\\|title\=Investment and Income Expenses\\|date\=2018\\|accessdate\=December 10, 2019}} The ex\-dividend date does not determine the tax year of the dividend income. The tax year of a dividend is determined by the payment date, which is typically a week or more after the ex\-dividend date. However, if a [mutual fund](/wiki/Mutual_fund "Mutual fund") or [real estate investment trust](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust "Real estate investment trust") (REIT) declares a dividend in October, November, or December that is payable to shareholders of record on a date in one of those months but actually pays the dividend during January of the next calendar year, the dividend is considered to have been received for tax purposes on December 31 of the year it was declared. ### Exceptions Large distributions such as [special dividends](/wiki/Special_dividend "Special dividend") or [stock splits](/wiki/Stock_splits "Stock splits") involve different ex\-dividend timing formulas than for regular dividends. For example, the [Nasdaq](/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq") market provides a different ex\-dividend timing when distributions are 25 percent or more of a security's value.{{cite web\\|url\=http://nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com/nasdaq/pdf/nasdaq\-issalerts/2017/2017\-001\.pdf\\|title\=Changes to Ex\-dividend Procedures Effective September 5, 2017 to Accommodate T\+2 Settlement\\|author\=Nasdaq\\|date\=September 2017\\|accessdate\=27 September 2017}} Market regulators occasionally change the supervisory rules governing market trading, with the consequence of changing the ex\-dividend date formulas. For example, in September 2017 the SEC shortened the T\+3 rule to T\+2 in U.S. securities markets, resulting in subsequent ex\-dividend dates being a day later than they would have been before the change.{{cite web \\|date\=March 22, 2017 \\|title\=SEC Adopts T\+2 Settlement Cycle for Securities Transactions \\|url\=https://www.sec.gov/news/press\-release/2017\-68\-0 \\|accessdate\=August 2, 2017 \\|publisher\=Securities and Exchange Commission}} The SEC again shortened the settlement period to T\+1 effective May 2024\. Since such a rule transition creates a day with a possible confusion of which rule applies, companies are notified well in advance of the transition, and are directed to simply avoid choosing that specific day for paying dividends. Investors concerned with details of ex\-dividend dates must also be aware of such rare changes to the trading system.	[ "United States\n-------------", "In the United States, the [Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"Securities and Exchange Commission\") (SEC) stipulates the T\\+1 rule, that stock trades settle one business day after purchase.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=October 8, 2024 \\\|title\\=New \"T\\+1\" Settlement Cycle – What Investors Need To Know: Investor Bulletin \\\|url\\=https://www.investor.gov/introduction\\-investing/general\\-resources/news\\-alerts/alerts\\-bulletins/investor\\-bulletins/new\\-t1\\-settlement\\-cycle\\-what\\-investors\\-need\\-know\\-investor\\-bulletin \\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2024 \\\|website\\=Investor.gov}} That time period was last shortened on May 28, 2024\\. The ex\\-dividend date is normally the same day as the record date. For the purpose of calculating an ex\\-dividend date, business days are days on which both the major stock exchanges and the banks in New York State are open.{{cite web\\\|title\\=NYSE Rule 12\\\|url\\=http://finra.complinet.com/en/display/display.html?rbid\\=2403\\&record\\_id\\=11779\\\|work\\=FINRA Manual\\\|publisher\\=FINRA\\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-03\\-10}} Thus [Columbus Day](/wiki/Columbus_Day \"Columbus Day\") and [Veterans Day](/wiki/Veterans_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Veterans Day (United States)\") are trading days, but not business days for calculating an ex\\-dividend date, since they are legal holidays and banks are not open.", "If the record date is not a business day, then counting begins from the most recent business day instead of the actual record date.{{cite web\\\|title\\=NASDAQ \\- 11140\\. Transactions in Securities Ex\\-Dividend, Ex\\-Rights or Ex\\-Warrants\\\|url\\=http://nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com/NASDAQTools/bookmark.asp?id\\=nasdaq\\-rule\\_11140\\&manual\\=/nasdaq/main/nasdaq\\-equityrules/\\\|work\\=NASDAQ Equity Rules\\\|publisher\\=NASDAQ\\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-03\\-10}} For instance, if the record date is Sunday, then the ex\\-dividend date is the preceding Thursday, not Friday — assuming no intervening holidays.", "To be a stockholder on the record date, an investor must purchase the stock before the ex\\-dividend date in order to allow for the 1\\-trading day settlement of the stock purchase. If the investor purchases the stock the day before the ex\\-dividend date the investor would be a stockholder on the record date and would be entitled to receive the dividend payment.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/answers/dividen.htm\\\|title\\=Ex\\-Dividend Dates: When Are You Entitled to Stock and Cash Dividends\\\|accessdate\\=6 December 2011\\\|publisher\\=Securities and Exchange Commission}}", "An investor only needs to own the stock for one day (the record date) to be entitled to receive the dividend payment. If the investor buys before the ex\\-dividend date, and sells on the ex\\-dividend date or after, the investor will receive the dividend payment. More precisely, the owner at the close of trading on the record date receives the dividend, since shares may be traded frequently and have a series of owners on any given single day.", "### Tax consequences", "The ex\\-dividend date is also a factor in computing U.S. taxes that depend on holding periods. To receive favorable personal income tax rates on [qualified dividends](/wiki/Qualified_dividends \"Qualified dividends\") of a common stock, the stock must be held continuously for over 60 calendar days within the window of 121 calendar days centered on the ex\\-dividend date. Otherwise the dividend income is taxed at higher rates for ordinary income.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs\\-pdf/p550\\.pdf\\\|website\\=U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service\\\|title\\=Investment and Income Expenses\\\|date\\=2018\\\|accessdate\\=December 10, 2019}}", "The ex\\-dividend date does not determine the tax year of the dividend income. The tax year of a dividend is determined by the payment date, which is typically a week or more after the ex\\-dividend date. However, if a [mutual fund](/wiki/Mutual_fund \"Mutual fund\") or [real estate investment trust](/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust \"Real estate investment trust\") (REIT) declares a dividend in October, November, or December that is payable to shareholders of record on a date in one of those months but actually pays the dividend during January of the next calendar year, the dividend is considered to have been received for tax purposes on December 31 of the year it was declared.", "### Exceptions", "Large distributions such as [special dividends](/wiki/Special_dividend \"Special dividend\") or [stock splits](/wiki/Stock_splits \"Stock splits\") involve different ex\\-dividend timing formulas than for regular dividends. For example, the [Nasdaq](/wiki/Nasdaq \"Nasdaq\") market provides a different ex\\-dividend timing when distributions are 25 percent or more of a security's value.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com/nasdaq/pdf/nasdaq\\-issalerts/2017/2017\\-001\\.pdf\\\|title\\=Changes to Ex\\-dividend Procedures Effective September 5, 2017 to Accommodate T\\+2 Settlement\\\|author\\=Nasdaq\\\|date\\=September 2017\\\|accessdate\\=27 September 2017}}", "Market regulators occasionally change the supervisory rules governing market trading, with the consequence of changing the ex\\-dividend date formulas. For example, in September 2017 the SEC shortened the T\\+3 rule to T\\+2 in U.S. securities markets, resulting in subsequent ex\\-dividend dates being a day later than they would have been before the change.{{cite web \\\|date\\=March 22, 2017 \\\|title\\=SEC Adopts T\\+2 Settlement Cycle for Securities Transactions \\\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov/news/press\\-release/2017\\-68\\-0 \\\|accessdate\\=August 2, 2017 \\\|publisher\\=Securities and Exchange Commission}} The SEC again shortened the settlement period to T\\+1 effective May 2024\\. Since such a rule transition creates a day with a possible confusion of which rule applies, companies are notified well in advance of the transition, and are directed to simply avoid choosing that specific day for paying dividends. Investors concerned with details of ex\\-dividend dates must also be aware of such rare changes to the trading system.", "" ]
Locomotive trials ----------------- The locomotive pair was placed in service between East London and Belstone on the [King William's Town](/wiki/King_William%27s_Town "King William's Town") line, where they were evaluated during comparative trials with the experimental [CGR Fairlie 0\-6\-0\+0\-6\-0](/wiki/CGR_Fairlie_0-6-0%2B0-6-0 "CGR Fairlie 0-6-0+0-6-0") which was acquired at the same time. The trials involved running the two types over {{convert\\|32\\|mi\\|km\\|1\\|abbr\=off}} of finished track with an allowed time of 2 hours 40 minutes. This required an average speed of {{convert\\|12\\|mph\\|abbr\=off}}, with no time discount granted for watering stops, stops to allow steam pressure to build up or to attend to mechanical problems. The difference in altitude between the starting and terminal stations was {{convert\\|1624\.82\\|ft\\|m\\|2\\|abbr\=off}}, the sharpest curve was of {{convert\\|5\\|ch\\|m\\|0\\|abbr\=off}} radius and the steepest gradient was 1 in 40\. Each type took three trial trains, running alternately, and both types were worked by one driver and one fireman throughout the trials. Like the Fairlie, the back\-to\-back engines performed well on curves. Unlike the Fairlie, however, any imperfections in the track affected them badly, especially while descending down a decline. The back\-to\-back engines lurched badly and, going down a decline, the trailing engine tended to jerk the leading engine from side to side so severely that power had to be applied to the leading engine in order to keep it steady. While the poor quality coal from [Indwe](/wiki/Indwe "Indwe") and [Molteno](/wiki/Molteno%2C_Eastern_Cape "Molteno, Eastern Cape"), with a high ash content and a tendency to clinker, had an equally negative effect on the performance of both types, the Fairlie proved to be more economical on coal and water. Only two men were allowed to be working each type during the trials, but on the back\-to\-back engines this was found to be insufficient since both men were exhausted after the short {{convert\\|32\\|mi\\|km\\|1\\|abbr\=off}} run. Better results were obtained by separating the back\-to\-back engines and running them in the conventional double\-heading manner with both locomotives facing in the same direction. The downside of this option, however, was that it required two crews.	[ "Locomotive trials\n-----------------", "The locomotive pair was placed in service between East London and Belstone on the [King William's Town](/wiki/King_William%27s_Town \"King William's Town\") line, where they were evaluated during comparative trials with the experimental [CGR Fairlie 0\\-6\\-0\\+0\\-6\\-0](/wiki/CGR_Fairlie_0-6-0%2B0-6-0 \"CGR Fairlie 0-6-0+0-6-0\") which was acquired at the same time.", "The trials involved running the two types over {{convert\\\|32\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|1\\\|abbr\\=off}} of finished track with an allowed time of 2 hours 40 minutes. This required an average speed of {{convert\\\|12\\\|mph\\\|abbr\\=off}}, with no time discount granted for watering stops, stops to allow steam pressure to build up or to attend to mechanical problems. The difference in altitude between the starting and terminal stations was {{convert\\\|1624\\.82\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|2\\\|abbr\\=off}}, the sharpest curve was of {{convert\\\|5\\\|ch\\\|m\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=off}} radius and the steepest gradient was 1 in 40\\. Each type took three trial trains, running alternately, and both types were worked by one driver and one fireman throughout the trials.", "Like the Fairlie, the back\\-to\\-back engines performed well on curves. Unlike the Fairlie, however, any imperfections in the track affected them badly, especially while descending down a decline. The back\\-to\\-back engines lurched badly and, going down a decline, the trailing engine tended to jerk the leading engine from side to side so severely that power had to be applied to the leading engine in order to keep it steady.", "While the poor quality coal from [Indwe](/wiki/Indwe \"Indwe\") and [Molteno](/wiki/Molteno%2C_Eastern_Cape \"Molteno, Eastern Cape\"), with a high ash content and a tendency to clinker, had an equally negative effect on the performance of both types, the Fairlie proved to be more economical on coal and water. Only two men were allowed to be working each type during the trials, but on the back\\-to\\-back engines this was found to be insufficient since both men were exhausted after the short {{convert\\\|32\\\|mi\\\|km\\\|1\\\|abbr\\=off}} run.", "Better results were obtained by separating the back\\-to\\-back engines and running them in the conventional double\\-heading manner with both locomotives facing in the same direction. The downside of this option, however, was that it required two crews.", "" ]
Career ------ Following law school, Southwick [clerked](/wiki/Law_clerk "Law clerk") for the Presiding Judge, John F. Onion, Jr., of the [Texas Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals "Texas Court of Criminal Appeals") from 1975 to 1976, and then, in [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"), for Judge [Charles Clark](/wiki/Charles_Clark_%28judge%29 "Charles Clark (judge)") of the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals from 1976 to 1977\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/southwick.html\\|title\=Judicial Nominations \- Judge Leslie H. Southwick}} Southwick was in private practice as an attorney in [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi "Jackson, Mississippi"), Mississippi with the firm Brunini, Grantham, Grower \& Hewes from 1977 to 1989, serving as a partner from 1983 to 1989\. In 1989, Southwick entered government service as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the [United States Department of Justice Civil Division](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Division "United States Department of Justice Civil Division"). There he supervised the one hundred and twenty\-five lawyers of the Federal Programs Branch, which defends suits brought against the United States. He also supervised the Office of Consumer Litigation, a twenty\-five lawyer division charged with civil and criminal enforcement of federal consumer laws. Southwick was elected one of the first ten judges of the Mississippi Court of Appeals in 1994\. He was a candidate for a seat on the [Supreme Court of Mississippi](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi "Supreme Court of Mississippi") in 1996, coming in third out of five candidates in the general election.Leslie Southwick, [Mississippi Supreme Court Elections: A Historical Perspective 1916\-1996](https://dc.law.mc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=lawreview), 18 Miss. C. L. Rev. 115 (1997\-1998\). He thereafter remained on the court of appeals until the end of 2006 when, with a nomination to a lifetime position in the federal judiciary pending, he did not run for re\-election. He attended [The JAG School](/wiki/The_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Legal_Center_and_School "The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School") at the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") and entered [U.S. Army JAG Corps](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps%2C_United_States_Army "Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army") from 1992 to 1997\. Southwick was on a leave of absence from the court from August 2004 to January 2006\. In 2005, he served in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") as a Judge Advocate General with the [155th Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/155th_Brigade_Combat_Team_%28United_States%29 "155th Brigade Combat Team (United States)") of [Mississippi Army National Guard](/wiki/Mississippi_Army_National_Guard "Mississippi Army National Guard"). Southwick also taught law as an adjunct professor at the [Mississippi College School of Law](/wiki/Mississippi_College_School_of_Law "Mississippi College School of Law") and was a member of the [American Inns of Court](/wiki/American_Inns_of_Court "American Inns of Court"), [Charles Clark](/wiki/Charles_Clark_%28judge%29 "Charles Clark (judge)") Chapter. ### Federal judicial service [thumb\\|right\\|Southwick with [Trent Lott](/wiki/Trent_Lott "Trent Lott") in October 2007](/wiki/File:Trent_Lott_and_Leslie_Southwick.jpg "Trent Lott and Leslie Southwick.jpg") On January 9, 2007, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") nominated Southwick to fill a seat on the [United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit") vacated by Judge [Charles W. Pickering](/wiki/Charles_W._Pickering "Charles W. Pickering"), who retired in 2004\.{{Cite web \\|date\=2007\-01\-09 \\|title\=Press Release: Nominations Sent to the Senate \\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070109\-4\.html}} Bush had previously elevated Pickering to the Fifth Circuit with a [recess appointment](/wiki/Recess_appointment "Recess appointment") in January of 2004, after [Senate Democrats](/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party "United States Democratic Party") blocked two previous attempts to appoint Pickering in 2001 and 2003\.{{Cite web \\|title\=CNN.com \- Pickering appointment angers Democrats \- Jan. 17, 2004 \\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/17/bush.pickering/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|website\=www.cnn.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Pickering retires from federal bench \\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6688768 \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|website\=NBC News \\|date\=9 December 2004 \\|language\=en}} In December of 2004, Pickering announced that he would retire from the federal bench and would not seek a nomination for a permanent seat on the Fifth Circuit. Originally, Bush nominated Mississippi attorney [Michael B. Wallace](/wiki/Michael_Wallace_%28lawyer%29 "Michael Wallace (lawyer)") in the [109th Congress](/wiki/109th_Congress "109th Congress") to replace Pickering,{{Cite web \\|title\=Nominations Sent to the Senate \\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060208\-11\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|website\=georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov}} but his nomination also became stalled due to fierce opposition from Senate Democrats.{{Cite news \\|title\=Lawyer Asks Bush to Revoke His Nomination to the Bench \\|language\=en\-US \\|newspaper\=Washington Post \\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2006/12/27/lawyer\-asks\-bush\-to\-revoke\-his\-nomination\-to\-the\-bench/b325af2c\-bd83\-48c0\-a833\-f177b74bbcae/ \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|issn\=0190\-8286}} Upon the Democratic takeover of Congress in the November 2006 elections, Wallace asked President Bush not to re\-nominate him in the [110th Congress](/wiki/110th_Congress "110th Congress"). Finding itself without a nominee to a judgeship that had already sat vacant for two years, the White House turned to Southwick, then a nominee to a vacancy on the [United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Mississippi "United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi"). Bush had nominated him on June 9, 2006 to fill a vacancy on that court left by Judge [William H. Barbour Jr.](/wiki/William_H._Barbour_Jr. "William H. Barbour Jr."), who retired on February 4, 2006\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Nominations Sent to the Senate \\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060606\-8\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|website\=georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov}} Southwick had a hearing before the [Senate Judiciary Committee](/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee "Senate Judiciary Committee") on September 19, 2006 and was reported favorably to the floor of the Senate by the Committee on September 29, 2006\. However, Southwick, like many other judicial nominees, failed to receive a vote by the full Senate before the 109th Congress adjourned for good on December 9, 2006\. Pursuant to Senate rules of procedure, his nomination, along with many others, was returned to the President. Southwick's successive federal nominations within seven months of each other, though unusual, were not unprecedented. In May of 2006, the Bush White House similarly nominated [Jerome A. Holmes](/wiki/Jerome_A._Holmes "Jerome A. Holmes") to a vacancy on the [United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit") after nominating him to a vacancy on the [United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Oklahoma "United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma") in February of 2006\.{{Cite web \\|title\=Nominations Sent to the Senate \\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060214\-4\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|website\=georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov}}{{Cite web \\|title\=Nominations and Withdrawal Sent to the Senate \\|url\=https://georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060504\-13\.html \\|access\-date\=2022\-09\-25 \\|website\=georgewbush\-whitehouse.archives.gov}} The Senate Judiciary Committee of the 110th Congress held a hearing on Southwick's nomination to the Fifth Circuit on May 10, 2007\. The hearing was chaired by [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") Democrat [Sheldon Whitehouse](/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse "Sheldon Whitehouse"). Just prior to the hearing, controversy arose over the nomination. Southwick's nomination was opposed by the [People for the American Way](/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way "People for the American Way"),{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid\=24117 \\|title\=People for the American Way \- Senators Should Reject Bush's Latest Nominee to 5th Circuit \\|access\-date\=2007\-08\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807004652/http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid\=24117 \\|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-07 }} Senators Should Reject Bush's Latest Nominee to 5th Circuit; People for the American Way; May 30, 2007 the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign "Human Rights Campaign"),{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.hrcactioncenter.org/campaign/southwick/ \\|title\=Take Action: Take Action! Don't Let Prejudice Trump Justice \\|access\-date\=2007\-08\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825211250/http://www.hrcactioncenter.org/campaign/southwick \\|archive\-date\=2007\-08\-25 }} Take Action! Don't Let Prejudice Trump Justice; Human Rights Campaign; August 15, 2007 and the [Congressional Black Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus "Congressional Black Caucus"),<http://www.congressionalblackcaucus.net/> The Congressional Black Caucus Denounces Appointment of Southwick; Congressional Black Caucus; August 2, 2007 who alleged that Southwick was racially intolerant and homophobic. Two cases that Southwick participated in as a state judge formed the primary basis for the groups' charges. In the first case, Richmond v. Mississippi Department of Human Services, Southwick joined the majority opinion upholding the decision of the Mississippi Employee Appeals Board to reinstate a white state employee (Richmond) who was fired for a single incident of referring to a black co\-worker as a "good ole nigger" outside of the co\-worker's presence. When the black co\-worker was informed of Richmond's comment, Richmond immediately apologized, and her apology apparently was accepted. The Appeals Board's decision to reinstate Richmond was based, in part, on a hearing officer's opinion that the slur was only "somewhat derogatory" and "was in effect calling the individual a 'teacher's pet.'".{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/nword.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2007\-08\-16 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020509/http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/nword.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-28 }} Richmond v. Mississippi Dept of Human Services (Miss. Ct. App. 1998\) Retrieved October 31, 2007 Bound by law to affirm a decision of the Appeals Board supported by substantial factual evidence, the court held it had no authority to set aside the findings in this case, even though Richmond's remark was "undoubtedly ill\-advised and indicative of a rather remarkable insensitivity.".Southwick4 On [writ of certiorari](/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari "Writ of certiorari"), the [Mississippi Supreme Court](/wiki/Mississippi_Supreme_Court "Mississippi Supreme Court") agreed that "the unique circumstances of this case do not warrant imposition of the ultimate penalty of dismissal." However, the court found the record was insufficient to uphold the Employee Appeals Board's decision that Richmond effectively receive no penalty whatsoever. It decided to remand the case "in order for the board to impose an appropriate penalty less than dismissal, or to make detailed findings as to why no penalty should be imposed."[http://www.mssc.state.ms.us/Images/Opinions/Conv7856\.pdf](http://www.mssc.state.ms.us/Images/Opinions/Conv7856.pdf) Richmond v. Mississippi Dept of Human Services (Miss. 1999\) Retrieved August 20, 2007 The second case often cited by Southwick's critics is S.B. v. L.W., an 8\-2 decision upholding a chancellor's decision to grant sole custody of an eight\-year\-old girl to her father, in part because the mother was a lesbian who had lived with several different partners during the child's life. Southwick joined the majority opinion as well as a concurrence written by Judge Payne which states, in part: > ¶ 33\. I do recognize that any adult may choose any activity in which to engage; however, I also am aware that such person is not thereby relieved of the consequences of his or her choice. It is a basic tenet that an individual's exercise of freedom will not also provide an escape of the consequences flowing from the free exercise of such a choice. As with the present situation, the mother may view her decision to participate in a homosexual relationship as an exertion of her perceived right to do so. However, her choice is of significant consequence, as described before in the discussion of our State's policies, in that her rights to custody of her child may be significantly impacted.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/CustodyCase.pdf \\|title\=Archived copy \\|access\-date\=2007\-08\-20 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020524/http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/CustodyCase.pdf \\|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-28 }} S.B. v. L.W. (Miss. Ct. App. 1999\), Retrieved August 20, 2007 After intense Democratic opposition, Southwick was reported out of Committee by a 10\-9 vote on August 2, 2007 when Democratic [California](/wiki/California "California") Senator [Dianne Feinstein](/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein "Dianne Feinstein") voted with the Committee's nine Republicans to send Southwick to the full Senate with a favorable report. Southwick was confirmed by a 59–38 vote on October 24, 2007\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\_call\_lists/roll\_call\_vote\_cfm.cfm?congress\=110\&session\=1\&vote\=00393\\|title\=On the Nomination (Confirmation Leslie Southwick, of Mississippi, to be U.S. Circuit Judge)}} Southwick's confirmation came almost ten months after his nomination to the Fifth Circuit and over a year after he was first nominated to a federal judgeship. He received his commission on October 29, 2007\.{{FJC Bio\\|nid\=1392651\\|inline\=yes}} Southwick was sworn in as judge of the Fifth Circuit on October 30, 2007\.{{cn\\|date\=June 2023}} His first published opinion for the Fifth Circuit was [Anthony v. United States](http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/07/07-30089-CV0.wpd.pdf), which was released on March 4, 2008\. Southwick wrote for a unanimous three judge panel on an issue involving the valuation of private annuities for estate tax purposes. His first published dissent was in Louisiana ex rel. Caldwell v. [Allstate Insurance](/wiki/Allstate "Allstate") Co., 536 F.3d 418 (5th Cir. 2008\) in which Southwick dissented from the assumption of federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act. In August 2018, Southwick found that the [Texas Medical Board](/wiki/Texas_Medical_Board "Texas Medical Board") was entitled to [qualified immunity](/wiki/Qualified_immunity "Qualified immunity") for its unconstitutional warrantless search of a doctor's patient records, drawing an unusual concurrence [dubitante](/wiki/Dubitante "Dubitante") from Circuit Judge [Don Willett](/wiki/Don_Willett "Don Willett").{{Bluebook journal \\|first\=\\|last\=Note\\| title\=Recent Case: Fifth Circuit Holds Medical Board Investigators Are Protected by Qualified Immunity in Warrantless Search of Records\\| volume\=132 \\| journal\=\[\[Harvard Law Review\\|Harv. L. Rev.]] \\| page\=2042 \\| url\=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp\-content/uploads/2019/05/2042\-2049\_Online.pdf\\| year\=2019}}{{cite court \\|litigants\=Zadeh v. Robinson\\|vol\=902 \\|reporter\=F.3d\\|opinion\=483 \\|court\=5th Cir.\\|date\=2018\\|url\= https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_case?case\=11429370861168916271 }}	[ "Career\n------", "Following law school, Southwick [clerked](/wiki/Law_clerk \"Law clerk\") for the Presiding Judge, John F. Onion, Jr., of the [Texas Court of Criminal Appeals](/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals \"Texas Court of Criminal Appeals\") from 1975 to 1976, and then, in [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\"), for Judge [Charles Clark](/wiki/Charles_Clark_%28judge%29 \"Charles Clark (judge)\") of the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals from 1976 to 1977\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/southwick.html\\\|title\\=Judicial Nominations \\- Judge Leslie H. Southwick}}", "Southwick was in private practice as an attorney in [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi \"Jackson, Mississippi\"), Mississippi with the firm Brunini, Grantham, Grower \\& Hewes from 1977 to 1989, serving as a partner from 1983 to 1989\\. In 1989, Southwick entered government service as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the [United States Department of Justice Civil Division](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Division \"United States Department of Justice Civil Division\"). There he supervised the one hundred and twenty\\-five lawyers of the Federal Programs Branch, which defends suits brought against the United States. He also supervised the Office of Consumer Litigation, a twenty\\-five lawyer division charged with civil and criminal enforcement of federal consumer laws.", "Southwick was elected one of the first ten judges of the Mississippi Court of Appeals in 1994\\. He was a candidate for a seat on the [Supreme Court of Mississippi](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi \"Supreme Court of Mississippi\") in 1996, coming in third out of five candidates in the general election.Leslie Southwick, [Mississippi Supreme Court Elections: A Historical Perspective 1916\\-1996](https://dc.law.mc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=lawreview), 18 Miss. C. L. Rev. 115 (1997\\-1998\\). He thereafter remained on the court of appeals until the end of 2006 when, with a nomination to a lifetime position in the federal judiciary pending, he did not run for re\\-election. He attended [The JAG School](/wiki/The_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Legal_Center_and_School \"The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School\") at the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") and entered [U.S. Army JAG Corps](/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps%2C_United_States_Army \"Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army\") from 1992 to 1997\\. Southwick was on a leave of absence from the court from August 2004 to January 2006\\. In 2005, he served in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") as a Judge Advocate General with the [155th Brigade Combat Team](/wiki/155th_Brigade_Combat_Team_%28United_States%29 \"155th Brigade Combat Team (United States)\") of [Mississippi Army National Guard](/wiki/Mississippi_Army_National_Guard \"Mississippi Army National Guard\").", "Southwick also taught law as an adjunct professor at the [Mississippi College School of Law](/wiki/Mississippi_College_School_of_Law \"Mississippi College School of Law\") and was a member of the [American Inns of Court](/wiki/American_Inns_of_Court \"American Inns of Court\"), [Charles Clark](/wiki/Charles_Clark_%28judge%29 \"Charles Clark (judge)\") Chapter.", "### Federal judicial service", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Southwick with [Trent Lott](/wiki/Trent_Lott \"Trent Lott\") in October 2007](/wiki/File:Trent_Lott_and_Leslie_Southwick.jpg \"Trent Lott and Leslie Southwick.jpg\")\nOn January 9, 2007, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") nominated Southwick to fill a seat on the [United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit\") vacated by Judge [Charles W. Pickering](/wiki/Charles_W._Pickering \"Charles W. Pickering\"), who retired in 2004\\.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-09 \\\|title\\=Press Release: Nominations Sent to the Senate \\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070109\\-4\\.html}} Bush had previously elevated Pickering to the Fifth Circuit with a [recess appointment](/wiki/Recess_appointment \"Recess appointment\") in January of 2004, after [Senate Democrats](/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party \"United States Democratic Party\") blocked two previous attempts to appoint Pickering in 2001 and 2003\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=CNN.com \\- Pickering appointment angers Democrats \\- Jan. 17, 2004 \\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/17/bush.pickering/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|website\\=www.cnn.com}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Pickering retires from federal bench \\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6688768 \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|website\\=NBC News \\\|date\\=9 December 2004 \\\|language\\=en}} In December of 2004, Pickering announced that he would retire from the federal bench and would not seek a nomination for a permanent seat on the Fifth Circuit. Originally, Bush nominated Mississippi attorney [Michael B. Wallace](/wiki/Michael_Wallace_%28lawyer%29 \"Michael Wallace (lawyer)\") in the [109th Congress](/wiki/109th_Congress \"109th Congress\") to replace Pickering,{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Nominations Sent to the Senate \\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060208\\-11\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|website\\=georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov}} but his nomination also became stalled due to fierce opposition from Senate Democrats.{{Cite news \\\|title\\=Lawyer Asks Bush to Revoke His Nomination to the Bench \\\|language\\=en\\-US \\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2006/12/27/lawyer\\-asks\\-bush\\-to\\-revoke\\-his\\-nomination\\-to\\-the\\-bench/b325af2c\\-bd83\\-48c0\\-a833\\-f177b74bbcae/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}} Upon the Democratic takeover of Congress in the November 2006 elections, Wallace asked President Bush not to re\\-nominate him in the [110th Congress](/wiki/110th_Congress \"110th Congress\").", "Finding itself without a nominee to a judgeship that had already sat vacant for two years, the White House turned to Southwick, then a nominee to a vacancy on the [United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Mississippi \"United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi\"). Bush had nominated him on June 9, 2006 to fill a vacancy on that court left by Judge [William H. Barbour Jr.](/wiki/William_H._Barbour_Jr. \"William H. Barbour Jr.\"), who retired on February 4, 2006\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Nominations Sent to the Senate \\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060606\\-8\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|website\\=georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov}} Southwick had a hearing before the [Senate Judiciary Committee](/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee \"Senate Judiciary Committee\") on September 19, 2006 and was reported favorably to the floor of the Senate by the Committee on September 29, 2006\\. However, Southwick, like many other judicial nominees, failed to receive a vote by the full Senate before the 109th Congress adjourned for good on December 9, 2006\\. Pursuant to Senate rules of procedure, his nomination, along with many others, was returned to the President.", "Southwick's successive federal nominations within seven months of each other, though unusual, were not unprecedented. In May of 2006, the Bush White House similarly nominated [Jerome A. Holmes](/wiki/Jerome_A._Holmes \"Jerome A. Holmes\") to a vacancy on the [United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit\") after nominating him to a vacancy on the [United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Oklahoma \"United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma\") in February of 2006\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Nominations Sent to the Senate \\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060214\\-4\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|website\\=georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov}}{{Cite web \\\|title\\=Nominations and Withdrawal Sent to the Senate \\\|url\\=https://georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060504\\-13\\.html \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-25 \\\|website\\=georgewbush\\-whitehouse.archives.gov}}", "The Senate Judiciary Committee of the 110th Congress held a hearing on Southwick's nomination to the Fifth Circuit on May 10, 2007\\. The hearing was chaired by [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\") Democrat [Sheldon Whitehouse](/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse \"Sheldon Whitehouse\"). Just prior to the hearing, controversy arose over the nomination.", "Southwick's nomination was opposed by the [People for the American Way](/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way \"People for the American Way\"),{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid\\=24117 \\\|title\\=People for the American Way \\- Senators Should Reject Bush's Latest Nominee to 5th Circuit \\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807004652/http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid\\=24117 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-07 }} Senators Should Reject Bush's Latest Nominee to 5th Circuit; People for the American Way; May 30, 2007 the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign \"Human Rights Campaign\"),{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.hrcactioncenter.org/campaign/southwick/ \\\|title\\=Take Action: Take Action! Don't Let Prejudice Trump Justice \\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825211250/http://www.hrcactioncenter.org/campaign/southwick \\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-25 }} Take Action! Don't Let Prejudice Trump Justice; Human Rights Campaign; August 15, 2007 and the [Congressional Black Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus \"Congressional Black Caucus\"),<http://www.congressionalblackcaucus.net/> The Congressional Black Caucus Denounces Appointment of Southwick; Congressional Black Caucus; August 2, 2007 who alleged that Southwick was racially intolerant and homophobic. Two cases that Southwick participated in as a state judge formed the primary basis for the groups' charges.", "In the first case, Richmond v. Mississippi Department of Human Services, Southwick joined the majority opinion upholding the decision of the Mississippi Employee Appeals Board to reinstate a white state employee (Richmond) who was fired for a single incident of referring to a black co\\-worker as a \"good ole nigger\" outside of the co\\-worker's presence. When the black co\\-worker was informed of Richmond's comment, Richmond immediately apologized, and her apology apparently was accepted. The Appeals Board's decision to reinstate Richmond was based, in part, on a hearing officer's opinion that the slur was only \"somewhat derogatory\" and \"was in effect calling the individual a 'teacher's pet.'\".{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/nword.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-16 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020509/http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/nword.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-28 }} Richmond v. Mississippi Dept of Human Services (Miss. Ct. App. 1998\\) Retrieved October 31, 2007 Bound by law to affirm a decision of the Appeals Board supported by substantial factual evidence, the court held it had no authority to set aside the findings in this case, even though Richmond's remark was \"undoubtedly ill\\-advised and indicative of a rather remarkable insensitivity.\".Southwick4", "On [writ of certiorari](/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari \"Writ of certiorari\"), the [Mississippi Supreme Court](/wiki/Mississippi_Supreme_Court \"Mississippi Supreme Court\") agreed that \"the unique circumstances of this case do not warrant imposition of the ultimate penalty of dismissal.\" However, the court found the record was insufficient to uphold the Employee Appeals Board's decision that Richmond effectively receive no penalty whatsoever. It decided to remand the case \"in order for the board to impose an appropriate penalty less than dismissal, or to make detailed findings as to why no penalty should be imposed.\"[http://www.mssc.state.ms.us/Images/Opinions/Conv7856\\.pdf](http://www.mssc.state.ms.us/Images/Opinions/Conv7856.pdf) Richmond v. Mississippi Dept of Human Services (Miss. 1999\\) Retrieved August 20, 2007", "The second case often cited by Southwick's critics is S.B. v. L.W., an 8\\-2 decision upholding a chancellor's decision to grant sole custody of an eight\\-year\\-old girl to her father, in part because the mother was a lesbian who had lived with several different partners during the child's life. Southwick joined the majority opinion as well as a concurrence written by Judge Payne which states, in part:", "", "> ¶ 33\\. I do recognize that any adult may choose any activity in which to engage; however, I also am aware that such person is not thereby relieved of the consequences of his or her choice. It is a basic tenet that an individual's exercise of freedom will not also provide an escape of the consequences flowing from the free exercise of such a choice. As with the present situation, the mother may view her decision to participate in a homosexual relationship as an exertion of her perceived right to do so. However, her choice is of significant consequence, as described before in the discussion of our State's policies, in that her rights to custody of her child may be significantly impacted.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/CustodyCase.pdf \\\|title\\=Archived copy \\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-08\\-20 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020524/http://www.andrewhyman.com/confirmthem/CustodyCase.pdf \\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-28 }} S.B. v. L.W. (Miss. Ct. App. 1999\\), Retrieved August 20, 2007", "After intense Democratic opposition, Southwick was reported out of Committee by a 10\\-9 vote on August 2, 2007 when Democratic [California](/wiki/California \"California\") Senator [Dianne Feinstein](/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein \"Dianne Feinstein\") voted with the Committee's nine Republicans to send Southwick to the full Senate with a favorable report. Southwick was confirmed by a 59–38 vote on October 24, 2007\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll\\_call\\_lists/roll\\_call\\_vote\\_cfm.cfm?congress\\=110\\&session\\=1\\&vote\\=00393\\\|title\\=On the Nomination (Confirmation Leslie Southwick, of Mississippi, to be U.S. Circuit Judge)}} Southwick's confirmation came almost ten months after his nomination to the Fifth Circuit and over a year after he was first nominated to a federal judgeship. He received his commission on October 29, 2007\\.{{FJC Bio\\\|nid\\=1392651\\\|inline\\=yes}} Southwick was sworn in as judge of the Fifth Circuit on October 30, 2007\\.{{cn\\\|date\\=June 2023}}", "His first published opinion for the Fifth Circuit was [Anthony v. United States](http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/07/07-30089-CV0.wpd.pdf), which was released on March 4, 2008\\. Southwick wrote for a unanimous three judge panel on an issue involving the valuation of private annuities for estate tax purposes. His first published dissent was in Louisiana ex rel. Caldwell v. [Allstate Insurance](/wiki/Allstate \"Allstate\") Co., 536 F.3d 418 (5th Cir. 2008\\) in which Southwick dissented from the assumption of federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act.", "In August 2018, Southwick found that the [Texas Medical Board](/wiki/Texas_Medical_Board \"Texas Medical Board\") was entitled to [qualified immunity](/wiki/Qualified_immunity \"Qualified immunity\") for its unconstitutional warrantless search of a doctor's patient records, drawing an unusual concurrence [dubitante](/wiki/Dubitante \"Dubitante\") from Circuit Judge [Don Willett](/wiki/Don_Willett \"Don Willett\").{{Bluebook journal \\\|first\\=\\\|last\\=Note\\\| title\\=Recent Case: Fifth Circuit Holds Medical Board Investigators Are Protected by Qualified Immunity in Warrantless Search of Records\\\| volume\\=132 \\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Harvard Law Review\\\|Harv. L. Rev.]] \\\| page\\=2042 \\\| url\\=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/05/2042\\-2049\\_Online.pdf\\\| year\\=2019}}{{cite court \\\|litigants\\=Zadeh v. Robinson\\\|vol\\=902 \\\|reporter\\=F.3d\\\|opinion\\=483 \\\|court\\=5th Cir.\\\|date\\=2018\\\|url\\= https://scholar.google.com/scholar\\_case?case\\=11429370861168916271 }}", "" ]
Islamic history --------------- Islam came to Bauchi from the Borno axis in the early part of the 14th century; however, it did not get solid root until the end of the seventeenth century through the Sokoto Caliphate. Yakubu the son of Dosa of the Gerawa tribe along with Bello of Zungur from the Bakal tribe of the Jarawa were given over to a Koranic teacher at Jetar, a village on the Dindima river bank in the middle of the 17th century to learn Arabic. As the Pagans began to put pressure on Islam all over Northern Nigeria, the teacher relocated to Sokoto where he handed over Yakubu and Bello to Othman Dan Fodio. It was there that Yakubu and Bello got in touch with Shehu of Gombe. Having spent few Years under Dan Fodio, these students graduated and were sent to go and establish Islam in their various areas. A few years after their arrival, the revolt or the Jihad of DanFodio against the Chief of Gobir broke out and Yakubu and Bello rushed to Sokoto where they were given the flag to wage Jihad in Bauchi land. Shehu went to Sokoto while Elzakio concentrated in Katagum Azare area. Bello used common brotherhood to acquire little cooperation of the Bakal people that lived from Jetar up to Zungur\-Yamrat area while Yakubus people, the Gerawa remained pagans even after his death. Using the Jahunawa that came along with him, Yakubu and bello ran over the Gwak people without much resistance. The Galadma with his regiment turned on the Duguri people and took the village of Ngigera, now Gigera, but were blocked by the Duguri warriors in an over night battle, and he was later killed at Twalang which resulted in the battle of twonglang. Many people were killed and the battle ended without a winner. Colonial rule led to the Duguri people to opt for Pankshin Native Authority, until 1910 when they voluntarily returned to Bauchi Native Authority. Islam was repelled at the Dass frontier at a battle called the Mbula battle which was fought at a place called Jakiri in Dott ward of Dass Local Government. Islam was able to gain entrance through Maleka the father of Bilyaminu Othman, the first Emir of Dass. At the Rauta Ningi axis, Islam did not suffer much except in the hands of the Warji and Miya people and so the emirate allowed them to remain submissive and practice their religion until the opening of the 19th century when most of them voluntarily joined Islam.	[ "Islamic history\n---------------", "Islam came to Bauchi from the Borno axis in the early part of the 14th century; however, it did not get solid root until the end of the seventeenth century through the Sokoto Caliphate. Yakubu the son of Dosa of the Gerawa tribe along with Bello of Zungur from the Bakal tribe of the Jarawa were given over to a Koranic teacher at Jetar, a village on the Dindima river bank in the middle of the 17th century to learn Arabic. As the Pagans began to put pressure on Islam all over Northern Nigeria, the teacher relocated to Sokoto where he handed over Yakubu and Bello to Othman Dan Fodio. It was there that Yakubu and Bello got in touch with Shehu of Gombe.", "Having spent few Years under Dan Fodio, these students graduated and were sent to go and establish Islam in their various areas. A few years after their arrival, the revolt or the Jihad of DanFodio against the Chief of Gobir broke out and Yakubu and Bello rushed to Sokoto where they were given the flag to wage Jihad in Bauchi land. Shehu went to Sokoto while Elzakio concentrated in Katagum Azare area.", "Bello used common brotherhood to acquire little cooperation of the Bakal people that lived from Jetar up to Zungur\\-Yamrat area while Yakubus people, the Gerawa remained pagans even after his death.", "Using the Jahunawa that came along with him, Yakubu and bello ran over the Gwak people without much resistance. The Galadma with his regiment turned on the Duguri people and took the village of Ngigera, now Gigera, but were blocked by the Duguri warriors in an over night battle, and he was later killed at Twalang which resulted in the battle of twonglang. Many people were killed and the battle ended without a winner.", "Colonial rule led to the Duguri people to opt for Pankshin Native Authority, until 1910 when they voluntarily returned to Bauchi Native Authority.", "Islam was repelled at the Dass frontier at a battle called the Mbula battle which was fought at a place called Jakiri in Dott ward of Dass Local Government. Islam was able to gain entrance through Maleka the father of Bilyaminu Othman, the first Emir of Dass.\nAt the Rauta Ningi axis, Islam did not suffer much except in the hands of the Warji and Miya people and so the emirate allowed them to remain submissive and practice their religion until the opening of the 19th century when most of them voluntarily joined Islam.", "" ]