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Military service ---------------- Bleak entered the Army on 1 November 1950, and attended [basic combat training](/wiki/Basic_combat_training "Basic combat training") at [Fort Riley, Kansas](/wiki/Fort_Riley%2C_Kansas "Fort Riley, Kansas"). Here, he was selected for [medical duty](/wiki/Army_Medical_Department_%28United_States%29 "Army Medical Department (United States)"). After the completion of his training, Bleak was assigned to a medical [company](/wiki/Company_%28military%29 "Company (military)") attached to the [223rd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/223rd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 "223rd Infantry Regiment (United States)"), [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/US_40th_Infantry_Division "US 40th Infantry Division") of the [California Army National Guard](/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard "California Army National Guard"). Shortly after Bleak was assigned to the unit, it was selected for deployment to the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"). He was moved to [Camp Cooke](/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base "Vandenberg Air Force Base") in [Lompoc, California](/wiki/Lompoc%2C_California "Lompoc, California"), for advanced medical training in preparation for his deployment. The 40th Infantry Division shipped out to Korea in January 1952, and shortly thereafter, Bleak was promoted to [sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant "Sergeant"). His unit was assigned to a mountainous area near [Minari\-gol](/wiki/Minari-gol "Minari-gol"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), along the [38th Parallel](/wiki/38th_Parallel_north "38th Parallel north"). By that point in the war, the fronts had largely stabilized, and the duty in the area was characterized by constant, low\-level [trench warfare](/wiki/Trench_warfare "Trench warfare"){{harvnb\|Willibanks\|2011\|p\=26}} and continued battles over the same ground which produced high casualties.{{harvnb\|Ecker\|2004\|p\=136}} Bleak served as a [field medic](/wiki/Field_medic "Field medic"), assisting troops on the front lines instead of in [Mobile Army Surgical Hospital](/wiki/Mobile_Army_Surgical_Hospital "Mobile Army Surgical Hospital") units.{{harvnb\|Greenwood\|2005\|p\=126}} ### Medal of Honor action On 14 June 1952, Bleak was part of a patrol of the 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry, sent north to probe [Chinese](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") forward positions and attempt to capture Chinese soldiers for interrogation. Bleak volunteered to accompany the 20\-man patrol of an [I\&R Platoon](/wiki/I%26R_Platoon "I&R Platoon") on this mission, which was to send them to a sparsely vegetated feature called Hill 499, where Chinese forces were known to be operating. The patrol left [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") lines at 04:30 [Korea Standard Time](/wiki/Korea_Standard_Time "Korea Standard Time") on 14 June, under cover of darkness. It was preceded by an attack by F Company, 223rd Infantry, to the west which was intended as a distraction.The F Company diversionary attack may have been the action for which [Corporal](/wiki/Corporal "Corporal") [Clifton T. Speicher](/wiki/Clifton_T._Speicher "Clifton T. Speicher") was himself awarded the Medal of Honor. ({{harvnb\|Ecker\|2004\|p\=138}}) However, as the patrol ascended the hill, it came under heavy Chinese [automatic weapons](/wiki/Automatic_weapons "Automatic weapons") fire which struck the lead elements, injuring several soldiers. Bleak, at the rear of the formation, rushed forward and treated and stabilized several soldiers hit in the initial volley, then followed the remainder of the patrol as it continued its mission. As they attempted to continue up the hill, several Chinese soldiers from a nearby trench opened fire, injuring another soldier. According to eyewitness reports, Bleak rushed the trench and dove into it, tackling one Chinese soldier and breaking the man's neck with only his hands, killing him. Bleak was then confronted by a second soldier, whom he reportedly grabbed by the neck, fatally crushing his windpipe. A third Chinese soldier then approached, and in the ensuing scuffle, Bleak used his [combat knife](/wiki/Combat_knife "Combat knife") to kill him. Bleak then returned to the patrol and attempted to treat more wounded members, but soon thereafter a Chinese [hand grenade](/wiki/Hand_grenade "Hand grenade") bounced off the helmet of the soldier standing next to him and landed nearby. Bleak tackled the soldier and covered him with his larger frame to protect him from the grenade, but neither was injured in the ensuing blast. The patrol then continued on its mission and was successful in capturing several Chinese prisoners.{{harvnb\|Willibanks\|2011\|p\=27}} However, as it descended Hill 499 to return to UN lines, they were ambushed by another group of Chinese hidden in a trench with an automatic weapon. Three soldiers were wounded in the attack, and as Bleak attempted to run to them, he was hit in the leg. Bleak dressed all four wounds, but one of the men was so badly wounded he could not move. In spite of continued Chinese fire and his own injury, Bleak [picked up the wounded soldier](/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry "Fireman's carry") and began to carry him down the hill. As he attempted to withdraw with the wounded soldier, Bleak was confronted by two more Chinese. Putting down the soldier, Bleak reportedly surprised the Chinese soldiers by charging them and smashing their heads together with such force that he may have [fractured](/wiki/Fracture "Fracture") the skulls of one or both of the assailants before pushing them out of his way.{{harvnb\|Ecker\|2004\|p\=138}} Eventually, all 20 men of the patrol returned to the UN lines, but a third of them were wounded. Bleak was credited with saving the patrol, both by promptly treating the wounded and by aggressively attacking and killing or neutralizing five Chinese soldiers. Bleak reportedly suffered nerve damage as a result of his leg wound. His wounds required hospitalization, but he returned to duty on 9 July 1952\. His tour in Korea ended shortly after the event. He finished his enlistment by serving in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), and on 27 October 1953 he was awarded the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor "Medal of Honor") in a ceremony at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") with President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower"). He retired from the Army as a [staff sergeant](/wiki/Staff_sergeant "Staff sergeant").
[ "Military service\n----------------", "Bleak entered the Army on 1 November 1950, and attended [basic combat training](/wiki/Basic_combat_training \"Basic combat training\") at [Fort Riley, Kansas](/wiki/Fort_Riley%2C_Kansas \"Fort Riley, Kansas\"). Here, he was selected for [medical duty](/wiki/Army_Medical_Department_%28United_States%29 \"Army Medical Department (United States)\"). After the completion of his training, Bleak was assigned to a medical [company](/wiki/Company_%28military%29 \"Company (military)\") attached to the [223rd Infantry Regiment](/wiki/223rd_Infantry_Regiment_%28United_States%29 \"223rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\"), [40th Infantry Division](/wiki/US_40th_Infantry_Division \"US 40th Infantry Division\") of the [California Army National Guard](/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard \"California Army National Guard\"). Shortly after Bleak was assigned to the unit, it was selected for deployment to the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"). He was moved to [Camp Cooke](/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base \"Vandenberg Air Force Base\") in [Lompoc, California](/wiki/Lompoc%2C_California \"Lompoc, California\"), for advanced medical training in preparation for his deployment.", "The 40th Infantry Division shipped out to Korea in January 1952, and shortly thereafter, Bleak was promoted to [sergeant](/wiki/Sergeant \"Sergeant\"). His unit was assigned to a mountainous area near [Minari\\-gol](/wiki/Minari-gol \"Minari-gol\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), along the [38th Parallel](/wiki/38th_Parallel_north \"38th Parallel north\"). By that point in the war, the fronts had largely stabilized, and the duty in the area was characterized by constant, low\\-level [trench warfare](/wiki/Trench_warfare \"Trench warfare\"){{harvnb\\|Willibanks\\|2011\\|p\\=26}} and continued battles over the same ground which produced high casualties.{{harvnb\\|Ecker\\|2004\\|p\\=136}} Bleak served as a [field medic](/wiki/Field_medic \"Field medic\"), assisting troops on the front lines instead of in [Mobile Army Surgical Hospital](/wiki/Mobile_Army_Surgical_Hospital \"Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\") units.{{harvnb\\|Greenwood\\|2005\\|p\\=126}}", "### Medal of Honor action", "On 14 June 1952, Bleak was part of a patrol of the 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry, sent north to probe [Chinese](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") forward positions and attempt to capture Chinese soldiers for interrogation. Bleak volunteered to accompany the 20\\-man patrol of an [I\\&R Platoon](/wiki/I%26R_Platoon \"I&R Platoon\") on this mission, which was to send them to a sparsely vegetated feature called Hill 499, where Chinese forces were known to be operating. The patrol left [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") lines at 04:30 [Korea Standard Time](/wiki/Korea_Standard_Time \"Korea Standard Time\") on 14 June, under cover of darkness. It was preceded by an attack by F Company, 223rd Infantry, to the west which was intended as a distraction.The F Company diversionary attack may have been the action for which [Corporal](/wiki/Corporal \"Corporal\") [Clifton T. Speicher](/wiki/Clifton_T._Speicher \"Clifton T. Speicher\") was himself awarded the Medal of Honor. ({{harvnb\\|Ecker\\|2004\\|p\\=138}}) However, as the patrol ascended the hill, it came under heavy Chinese [automatic weapons](/wiki/Automatic_weapons \"Automatic weapons\") fire which struck the lead elements, injuring several soldiers. Bleak, at the rear of the formation, rushed forward and treated and stabilized several soldiers hit in the initial volley, then followed the remainder of the patrol as it continued its mission.", "As they attempted to continue up the hill, several Chinese soldiers from a nearby trench opened fire, injuring another soldier. According to eyewitness reports, Bleak rushed the trench and dove into it, tackling one Chinese soldier and breaking the man's neck with only his hands, killing him. Bleak was then confronted by a second soldier, whom he reportedly grabbed by the neck, fatally crushing his windpipe. A third Chinese soldier then approached, and in the ensuing scuffle, Bleak used his [combat knife](/wiki/Combat_knife \"Combat knife\") to kill him.", "Bleak then returned to the patrol and attempted to treat more wounded members, but soon thereafter a Chinese [hand grenade](/wiki/Hand_grenade \"Hand grenade\") bounced off the helmet of the soldier standing next to him and landed nearby. Bleak tackled the soldier and covered him with his larger frame to protect him from the grenade, but neither was injured in the ensuing blast. The patrol then continued on its mission and was successful in capturing several Chinese prisoners.{{harvnb\\|Willibanks\\|2011\\|p\\=27}} However, as it descended Hill 499 to return to UN lines, they were ambushed by another group of Chinese hidden in a trench with an automatic weapon. Three soldiers were wounded in the attack, and as Bleak attempted to run to them, he was hit in the leg. Bleak dressed all four wounds, but one of the men was so badly wounded he could not move. In spite of continued Chinese fire and his own injury, Bleak [picked up the wounded soldier](/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry \"Fireman's carry\") and began to carry him down the hill. As he attempted to withdraw with the wounded soldier, Bleak was confronted by two more Chinese. Putting down the soldier, Bleak reportedly surprised the Chinese soldiers by charging them and smashing their heads together with such force that he may have [fractured](/wiki/Fracture \"Fracture\") the skulls of one or both of the assailants before pushing them out of his way.{{harvnb\\|Ecker\\|2004\\|p\\=138}} Eventually, all 20 men of the patrol returned to the UN lines, but a third of them were wounded. Bleak was credited with saving the patrol, both by promptly treating the wounded and by aggressively attacking and killing or neutralizing five Chinese soldiers.", "Bleak reportedly suffered nerve damage as a result of his leg wound. His wounds required hospitalization, but he returned to duty on 9 July 1952\\. His tour in Korea ended shortly after the event. He finished his enlistment by serving in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), and on 27 October 1953 he was awarded the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\") in a ceremony at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") with President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\"). He retired from the Army as a [staff sergeant](/wiki/Staff_sergeant \"Staff sergeant\").", "" ]
Magic and realism ----------------- Martin has said he believes in "judicious use of [magic](/wiki/Magic_in_fiction "Magic in fiction")" in epic fantasy. "I wanted to keep the magic in my book subtle and keep our sense of it growing, and it stops being magical if you see too much of it." Effective magic in literature, Martin claims, needs to be "unknowable and strange and dangerous with forces that can't be predicted or controlled." Before *A Song of Ice and Fire*, Martin initially considered writing an [alternate historical](/wiki/Alternate_history "Alternate history") novel without any magic. He therefore avoided overtly magical elements in the series. While the amount of magic gradually increases, Martin claims the series will end with less magic than many other fantasies have. Since all fiction is essentially untrue, Martin believes it needs to reflect reality at least in its core. He agrees with [William Faulkner](/wiki/William_Faulkner "William Faulkner")'s statement in his Nobel Prize speech that "the human heart in conflict with itself" is the only thing worth writing about, regardless of the genre. He thus tried to give the story a little more [historical fiction](/wiki/Historical_fiction "Historical fiction") feel than a fantastic feel like previous authors' books, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more emphasis on swordplay and battles and political intrigue. *The Atlantic* noted that the series attempts to mash together fantasy and realism as two seemingly contradictory genres of literature, and Martin's books are generally praised for their realism. *The Atlantic* saw the realist heart of the *Ice and Fire* books in that "magic lingers only on the periphery of the world in which the characters dwell, and is something more terrifying than wondrous. ... It's a fantasy story that defies expectations by ultimately being less about a world we'd like to escape, at times becoming uncomfortably familiar to the one we live in." The unresolved larger narrative arc of *Ice and Fire* encourages speculation about future story events. According to Martin, much of the key to *Ice and Fire*{{'s}} story future lies sixteen years in the fictional past of which each volume reveals more. Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed, although Martin heeds story developments to not be predictable. The viewpoint characters, who serve as [unreliable narrators](/wiki/Unreliable_narrator "Unreliable narrator"), may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events. What the readers believe to be true may therefore not necessarily be true. ### World {{main\|World of A Song of Ice and Fire}} {{see\|Heptarchy}} Martin intentionally avoids most overt fantasy elements in *Ice and Fire*, preferring to instead have "carefully rationed magic". He set the *Ice and Fire* story in an alternate version of Earth or a "secondary world". The story takes place primarily on a continent called [Westeros](/wiki/Westeros "Westeros"), but also on another continent to the east, known as [Essos](/wiki/Essos "Essos"). The style varies to fit each character and their setting; Daenerys's exotic realm may appear more colorful and fanciful than Westeros, which is more closely based on the familiar [medieval history](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") of Europe. Martin was intentionally vague with the size of the *Ice and Fire* world, omitting a scale on the maps to discourage prediction of travel lengths based on measured distances, though the continent of Westeros may be considered of the size of South America. Complete world maps are deliberately not made available so that readers may better identify with people of the real Middle Ages who were unaware of distant places. As each new book has added one or two maps, readers may be able to piece together a world map by the end of the series. [thumb\|The Wall in the *Ice and Fire* series was inspired by [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall "Hadrian's Wall") in the North of England.](/wiki/File:Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg "Milecastle 39 on Hadrian's Wall.jpg") The fictional history of Westeros stretches back some twelve thousand years.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2012}} The *Ice and Fire* story can be considered to be set in a post\-magic world where people no longer believe in dragons and the Others. The characters understand only the natural aspects of their world, and the magical elements like the Others are not within their understanding. Coming from an impoverished family background of former wealth, Martin always felt attracted to stories of fallen civilizations and lost empires. The lost empire of Valyria in *Ice and Fire* was once a high civilization similar to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") before the Dark Ages. These elements may give the story a poignant sadness. The Wall, which Martin believes to be unique in fantasy, was inspired by Martin's visit to [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall "Hadrian's Wall") in the North of England close to the border with Scotland. Looking out over the hills, Martin wondered what a Roman [centurion](/wiki/Centurion "Centurion") from the Mediterranean would feel, not knowing what threats might come from the north. The size, length and magical powers of the wall were adjusted for genre demands. Similarly the Titan, an extremely large statue in the city of Braavos, is comparable to the historical [Colossus of Rhodes](/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes "Colossus of Rhodes"). One of the most conspicuous aspects of the world of Westeros is the long and random nature of the seasons. Fans have developed lengthy scientific theories for the seasons, but Martin insists there is a supernatural fantasy explanation instead of a scientific one. Martin rather enjoyed the symbolism of the seasons, with summer as a time of growth and plenty and joy and winter is a dark time where one has to struggle for survival. The world of *A Song of Ice and Fire* is primarily populated by humans, although [giants](/wiki/Giant_%28mythology%29 "Giant (mythology)"), the so\-called "Others" and the Children of the Forest appear as other sentient species in the extreme North of Westeros, beyond the Wall. In addition to ordinary animals such as dogs, cats, and horses, some species of animals inhabiting Martin's world are similar to real\-world [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene "Pleistocene") [megafauna](/wiki/Megafauna "Megafauna") such as [aurochs](/wiki/Aurochs "Aurochs"), [direwolves](/wiki/Dire_wolf "Dire wolf"), and [mammoths](/wiki/Mammoths "Mammoths"). Of these megafauna, only aurochs are commonly encountered throughout Westeros, as a domesticated herd animal. Direwolves and mammoths are only found in the Lands Beyond the Wall in the extreme north. The direwolves adopted by the Stark children exhibit signs of being far more intelligent than common dogs or wolves. Each wolf pup grows to reflect the temperament of the child they bond with. Mythical creatures such as [mermaids](/wiki/Mermaid "Mermaid"), [unicorns](/wiki/Unicorns "Unicorns"), [manticores](/wiki/Manticores "Manticores"), [kraken](/wiki/Kraken "Kraken"), [leviathans](/wiki/Leviathans "Leviathans"), [basilisks](/wiki/Basilisks "Basilisks"), and most prominently [dragons](/wiki/Dragons "Dragons") (although their description is more akin to [wyverns](/wiki/Wyverns "Wyverns")) also appear or are mentioned. ### Children of the Forest Children of the Forest are presented as the original inhabitants of Westeros, but unseen for thousands of years. They are thought to be diminutive humanoid creatures, dark and beautiful, with mysterious powers over dreams and nature. They were graceful, quick and agile, able to move with quiet swiftness on land as well as through mountains and trees. George R. R. Martin has said: "The children are ... well, the children. Elves have been done to death".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2008/04/ \|title\=Targaryen History \|publisher\=westeros.org \|date\=April 20, 2008 \|access\-date\=20 October 2010}} In the background of the series, the Children of the Forest fought a series of wars against the First Men (a civilization of primitive warriors wielding [bronze](/wiki/Bronze "Bronze") weapons and riding horses), until the Pact of the Isle of Faces, wherein the First Men obtained control of the open lands and the Children that of the forests. The Pact was weakened after four thousand years by the emergence of the Others, who were vanquished by the combined use of [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian "Obsidian"), fire, the magic of the old gods, and the building of the Wall. In the following centuries the Children gradually disappeared, and it was presumed that they left Westeros or became extinct. Little of their legacy is present in the series beyond their worship of nameless gods, still practiced by some in the North, and the remaining Weirwoods through which the Children communicated telepathically. ### The Others {{Anchor\|Others\|The Others\|}} {{main\|White Walker}} The **Others** (referred to as **White Walkers** in the [television series](/wiki/Game_of_Thrones "Game of Thrones")) are mysterious creatures that dwell in the northern regions of Westeros, beyond the Wall. The Others resurface at the beginning of *A Game of Thrones* after the War for the Dawn, which led to the construction of the Wall.{{cite book \|url\=http://www.randomhouse.com/book/108360/the\-world\-of\-ice\-fire\-by\-george\-rr\-martin\-elio\-garcia\-and\-linda\-antonsson \|title\=''The World of Ice \& Fire''. \|first\=George R.R. \|last\=Martin \|date\=October 28, 2014 \|publisher\=\[\[Bantam Books]]\|display\-authors\=etal}}{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/features/10\-craziest\-things\-we\-learned\-from\-world\-of\-ice\-and\-fire\-20141103 \|title\=10 Craziest Things We Learned From ''World of Ice \& Fire'' \|first\=Sean T. \|last\=Collins \|date\=November 3, 2014 \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|access\-date\=November 7, 2014}} They appear as tall, gaunt, graceful [humanoids](/wiki/Humanoid "Humanoid") with glowing blue eyes and pale skin. They wear armor that shifts in color with every step, and wield thin crystal swords capable of shattering [steel](/wiki/Steel "Steel"). ### Dragons In the backstory of *A Song of Ice and Fire*, Aegon the Conqueror brought three [dragons](/wiki/Dragon "Dragon") to Westeros and used them to unify the Seven Kingdoms. His descendants bred them in captivity; but most were killed in a civil war between rival Targaryen heirs 150 years before the story begins. At the beginning of the story, they are considered extinct until late in *A Game of Thrones* when Daenerys hatches her three dragon eggs in the funeral pyre of Khal Drogo. The dragons in the story are scaled, fire\-spewing, reptilian creatures with animal\-level intelligence. Though some accompanying artwork for *A Song of Ice and Fire* portrays them with four legs and a detached set of wings, George R.R. Martin insists that this is incorrect. His dragons are serpentine and slender, and they have four (not six) limbs (similar to a [wyvern](/wiki/Wyvern "Wyvern")), the front two being wings. Martin first considered having the Targaryens use a pyrotechnic effect to feign dragon powers, but decided on living dragons instead, though he refused to give them human speech. Comparing the dragons to modern\-day nuclear arsenals, Martin questions whether supreme power enables the user to reform, improve, or build society.
[ "Magic and realism\n-----------------", "Martin has said he believes in \"judicious use of [magic](/wiki/Magic_in_fiction \"Magic in fiction\")\" in epic fantasy. \"I wanted to keep the magic in my book subtle and keep our sense of it growing, and it stops being magical if you see too much of it.\" Effective magic in literature, Martin claims, needs to be \"unknowable and strange and dangerous with forces that can't be predicted or controlled.\" Before *A Song of Ice and Fire*, Martin initially considered writing an [alternate historical](/wiki/Alternate_history \"Alternate history\") novel without any magic. He therefore avoided overtly magical elements in the series. While the amount of magic gradually increases, Martin claims the series will end with less magic than many other fantasies have.", "Since all fiction is essentially untrue, Martin believes it needs to reflect reality at least in its core. He agrees with [William Faulkner](/wiki/William_Faulkner \"William Faulkner\")'s statement in his Nobel Prize speech that \"the human heart in conflict with itself\" is the only thing worth writing about, regardless of the genre. He thus tried to give the story a little more [historical fiction](/wiki/Historical_fiction \"Historical fiction\") feel than a fantastic feel like previous authors' books, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more emphasis on swordplay and battles and political intrigue. *The Atlantic* noted that the series attempts to mash together fantasy and realism as two seemingly contradictory genres of literature, and Martin's books are generally praised for their realism. *The Atlantic* saw the realist heart of the *Ice and Fire* books in that \"magic lingers only on the periphery of the world in which the characters dwell, and is something more terrifying than wondrous. ... It's a fantasy story that defies expectations by ultimately being less about a world we'd like to escape, at times becoming uncomfortably familiar to the one we live in.\"", "The unresolved larger narrative arc of *Ice and Fire* encourages speculation about future story events. According to Martin, much of the key to *Ice and Fire*{{'s}} story future lies sixteen years in the fictional past of which each volume reveals more. Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed, although Martin heeds story developments to not be predictable. The viewpoint characters, who serve as [unreliable narrators](/wiki/Unreliable_narrator \"Unreliable narrator\"), may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events. What the readers believe to be true may therefore not necessarily be true.", "### World", "{{main\\|World of A Song of Ice and Fire}}\n{{see\\|Heptarchy}}\nMartin intentionally avoids most overt fantasy elements in *Ice and Fire*, preferring to instead have \"carefully rationed magic\". He set the *Ice and Fire* story in an alternate version of Earth or a \"secondary world\". The story takes place primarily on a continent called [Westeros](/wiki/Westeros \"Westeros\"), but also on another continent to the east, known as [Essos](/wiki/Essos \"Essos\"). The style varies to fit each character and their setting; Daenerys's exotic realm may appear more colorful and fanciful than Westeros, which is more closely based on the familiar [medieval history](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") of Europe. Martin was intentionally vague with the size of the *Ice and Fire* world, omitting a scale on the maps to discourage prediction of travel lengths based on measured distances, though the continent of Westeros may be considered of the size of South America. Complete world maps are deliberately not made available so that readers may better identify with people of the real Middle Ages who were unaware of distant places. As each new book has added one or two maps, readers may be able to piece together a world map by the end of the series.", "[thumb\\|The Wall in the *Ice and Fire* series was inspired by [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall \"Hadrian's Wall\") in the North of England.](/wiki/File:Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg \"Milecastle 39 on Hadrian's Wall.jpg\")", "The fictional history of Westeros stretches back some twelve thousand years.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2012}} The *Ice and Fire* story can be considered to be set in a post\\-magic world where people no longer believe in dragons and the Others. The characters understand only the natural aspects of their world, and the magical elements like the Others are not within their understanding. Coming from an impoverished family background of former wealth, Martin always felt attracted to stories of fallen civilizations and lost empires. The lost empire of Valyria in *Ice and Fire* was once a high civilization similar to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") before the Dark Ages. These elements may give the story a poignant sadness. The Wall, which Martin believes to be unique in fantasy, was inspired by Martin's visit to [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall \"Hadrian's Wall\") in the North of England close to the border with Scotland. Looking out over the hills, Martin wondered what a Roman [centurion](/wiki/Centurion \"Centurion\") from the Mediterranean would feel, not knowing what threats might come from the north. The size, length and magical powers of the wall were adjusted for genre demands. Similarly the Titan, an extremely large statue in the city of Braavos, is comparable to the historical [Colossus of Rhodes](/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes \"Colossus of Rhodes\").", "One of the most conspicuous aspects of the world of Westeros is the long and random nature of the seasons. Fans have developed lengthy scientific theories for the seasons, but Martin insists there is a supernatural fantasy explanation instead of a scientific one. Martin rather enjoyed the symbolism of the seasons, with summer as a time of growth and plenty and joy and winter is a dark time where one has to struggle for survival.", "The world of *A Song of Ice and Fire* is primarily populated by humans, although [giants](/wiki/Giant_%28mythology%29 \"Giant (mythology)\"), the so\\-called \"Others\" and the Children of the Forest appear as other sentient species in the extreme North of Westeros, beyond the Wall. In addition to ordinary animals such as dogs, cats, and horses, some species of animals inhabiting Martin's world are similar to real\\-world [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene \"Pleistocene\") [megafauna](/wiki/Megafauna \"Megafauna\") such as [aurochs](/wiki/Aurochs \"Aurochs\"), [direwolves](/wiki/Dire_wolf \"Dire wolf\"), and [mammoths](/wiki/Mammoths \"Mammoths\"). Of these megafauna, only aurochs are commonly encountered throughout Westeros, as a domesticated herd animal. Direwolves and mammoths are only found in the Lands Beyond the Wall in the extreme north. The direwolves adopted by the Stark children exhibit signs of being far more intelligent than common dogs or wolves. Each wolf pup grows to reflect the temperament of the child they bond with. Mythical creatures such as [mermaids](/wiki/Mermaid \"Mermaid\"), [unicorns](/wiki/Unicorns \"Unicorns\"), [manticores](/wiki/Manticores \"Manticores\"), [kraken](/wiki/Kraken \"Kraken\"), [leviathans](/wiki/Leviathans \"Leviathans\"), [basilisks](/wiki/Basilisks \"Basilisks\"), and most prominently [dragons](/wiki/Dragons \"Dragons\") (although their description is more akin to [wyverns](/wiki/Wyverns \"Wyverns\")) also appear or are mentioned.", "### Children of the Forest", "Children of the Forest are presented as the original inhabitants of Westeros, but unseen for thousands of years. They are thought to be diminutive humanoid creatures, dark and beautiful, with mysterious powers over dreams and nature. They were graceful, quick and agile, able to move with quiet swiftness on land as well as through mountains and trees. George R. R. Martin has said: \"The children are ... well, the children. Elves have been done to death\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Month/2008/04/ \\|title\\=Targaryen History \\|publisher\\=westeros.org \\|date\\=April 20, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=20 October 2010}}", "In the background of the series, the Children of the Forest fought a series of wars against the First Men (a civilization of primitive warriors wielding [bronze](/wiki/Bronze \"Bronze\") weapons and riding horses), until the Pact of the Isle of Faces, wherein the First Men obtained control of the open lands and the Children that of the forests. The Pact was weakened after four thousand years by the emergence of the Others, who were vanquished by the combined use of [obsidian](/wiki/Obsidian \"Obsidian\"), fire, the magic of the old gods, and the building of the Wall. In the following centuries the Children gradually disappeared, and it was presumed that they left Westeros or became extinct. Little of their legacy is present in the series beyond their worship of nameless gods, still practiced by some in the North, and the remaining Weirwoods through which the Children communicated telepathically.", "### The Others {{Anchor\\|Others\\|The Others\\|}}", "{{main\\|White Walker}}\nThe **Others** (referred to as **White Walkers** in the [television series](/wiki/Game_of_Thrones \"Game of Thrones\")) are mysterious creatures that dwell in the northern regions of Westeros, beyond the Wall.", "The Others resurface at the beginning of *A Game of Thrones* after the War for the Dawn, which led to the construction of the Wall.{{cite book \\|url\\=http://www.randomhouse.com/book/108360/the\\-world\\-of\\-ice\\-fire\\-by\\-george\\-rr\\-martin\\-elio\\-garcia\\-and\\-linda\\-antonsson \\|title\\=''The World of Ice \\& Fire''. \\|first\\=George R.R. \\|last\\=Martin \\|date\\=October 28, 2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bantam Books]]\\|display\\-authors\\=etal}}{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/features/10\\-craziest\\-things\\-we\\-learned\\-from\\-world\\-of\\-ice\\-and\\-fire\\-20141103 \\|title\\=10 Craziest Things We Learned From ''World of Ice \\& Fire'' \\|first\\=Sean T. \\|last\\=Collins \\|date\\=November 3, 2014 \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2014}} They appear as tall, gaunt, graceful [humanoids](/wiki/Humanoid \"Humanoid\") with glowing blue eyes and pale skin. They wear armor that shifts in color with every step, and wield thin crystal swords capable of shattering [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\").", "### Dragons", "In the backstory of *A Song of Ice and Fire*, Aegon the Conqueror brought three [dragons](/wiki/Dragon \"Dragon\") to Westeros and used them to unify the Seven Kingdoms. His descendants bred them in captivity; but most were killed in a civil war between rival Targaryen heirs 150 years before the story begins. At the beginning of the story, they are considered extinct until late in *A Game of Thrones* when Daenerys hatches her three dragon eggs in the funeral pyre of Khal Drogo.", "The dragons in the story are scaled, fire\\-spewing, reptilian creatures with animal\\-level intelligence. Though some accompanying artwork for *A Song of Ice and Fire* portrays them with four legs and a detached set of wings, George R.R. Martin insists that this is incorrect. His dragons are serpentine and slender, and they have four (not six) limbs (similar to a [wyvern](/wiki/Wyvern \"Wyvern\")), the front two being wings. Martin first considered having the Targaryens use a pyrotechnic effect to feign dragon powers, but decided on living dragons instead, though he refused to give them human speech. Comparing the dragons to modern\\-day nuclear arsenals, Martin questions whether supreme power enables the user to reform, improve, or build society.", "" ]
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta --------------------------------------------- McClellan was first elected to the [Alberta Legislature](/wiki/Alberta_Legislature "Alberta Legislature") in a [by\-election](/wiki/By-election "By-election") held on November 23, 1987\. In 1989, she was re\-elected to a second term, and appointed Associate Minister of Agriculture. On February 24, 1992, she was appointed Minister Responsible for Rural Development (gaining the style "the Honourable" for the duration of her membership in the [Executive Council of Alberta](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta "Executive Council of Alberta")). On December 15, 1992, McClellan was appointed Minister of Health for the province. Shirley McClellan was re\-elected to a third term on June 15, 1993\. On June 30, 1993, she was re\-appointed Minister of Health as well as Minister Responsible for the Wild Rose Foundation. On December 15, 1993, she was appointed Minister Responsible for the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. On October 21, 1994, she was appointed Minister Responsible for the Seniors Advisory Council for Alberta. On May 31, 1996, McClellan was appointed Minister of Community Development. On March 11, 1997, McClellan was re\-elected to a fourth term and re\-appointed Minister of Community Development on March 26, 1997\. On May 26, 1999, McClellan was appointed Minister of International and Intergovernmental Relations. She was also appointed as a member of Agenda and Priorities and the Standing Policy Committee on Finance and Intergovernmental Relations. On March 12, 2001, McClellan was elected for a fifth term and on March 19, 2001, was appointed Deputy Premier and Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. She was also the vice\-chair of the Agenda and Priorities Committee and a member of the Standing Policy Committee on Agriculture and Municipal Affairs. On November 22, 2004, McClellan was elected to her sixth, and final, term as Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the constituency of [Drumheller\-Stettler](/wiki/Drumheller-Stettler "Drumheller-Stettler"). In addition to Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance, she served the Assembly as Chair of the Treasury Board and vice\-chair of Agenda and Priorities Committee. McClellan was actively involved in bringing further education to rural areas, serving as a member of the board of directors for the Alberta Association of Continuing Education (AACE) and the Canadian Association for Continuing Education (CACE). She was co\-ordinator of the Big Country Further Education Council for 12 years, a representative of the Ministers Advisory Committee on Further Education for five years, and sat on the Ministers Advisory Committee on College Affairs for two years. She resigned her seat in the legislature on January 15, 2007, the same day that former premier [Ralph Klein](/wiki/Ralph_Klein "Ralph Klein") resigned his. On February 5, 2011, McClellan was selected to be the 12th Chancellor of the [University of Lethbridge](/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge "University of Lethbridge") by the Senate of that institution. Her term commenced March 15, 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.uleth.ca/unews/content/dr\-shirley\-mcclellan\-u\-ls\-12th\-chancellor \|title\=Dr. Shirley McClellan is the U of L's 12th Chancellor \| University of Lethbridge uNews \|accessdate\=2011\-02\-08 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927175053/http://www.uleth.ca/unews/content/dr\-shirley\-mcclellan\-u\-ls\-12th\-chancellor \|archivedate\=2011\-09\-27 }}
[ "Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta\n---------------------------------------------", "McClellan was first elected to the [Alberta Legislature](/wiki/Alberta_Legislature \"Alberta Legislature\") in a [by\\-election](/wiki/By-election \"By-election\") held on November 23, 1987\\.", "In 1989, she was re\\-elected to a second term, and appointed Associate Minister of Agriculture. On February 24, 1992, she was appointed Minister Responsible for Rural Development (gaining the style \"the Honourable\" for the duration of her membership in the [Executive Council of Alberta](/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta \"Executive Council of Alberta\")). On December 15, 1992, McClellan was appointed Minister of Health for the province.", "Shirley McClellan was re\\-elected to a third term on June 15, 1993\\. On June 30, 1993, she was re\\-appointed Minister of Health as well as Minister Responsible for the Wild Rose Foundation. On December 15, 1993, she was appointed Minister Responsible for the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. On October 21, 1994, she was appointed Minister Responsible for the Seniors Advisory Council for Alberta. On May 31, 1996, McClellan was appointed Minister of Community Development.", "On March 11, 1997, McClellan was re\\-elected to a fourth term and re\\-appointed Minister of Community Development on March 26, 1997\\. On May 26, 1999, McClellan was appointed Minister of International and Intergovernmental Relations. She was also appointed as a member of Agenda and Priorities and the Standing Policy Committee on Finance and Intergovernmental Relations.", "On March 12, 2001, McClellan was elected for a fifth term and on March 19, 2001, was appointed Deputy Premier and Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. She was also the vice\\-chair of the Agenda and Priorities Committee and a member of the Standing Policy Committee on Agriculture and Municipal Affairs.", "On November 22, 2004, McClellan was elected to her sixth, and final, term as Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the constituency of [Drumheller\\-Stettler](/wiki/Drumheller-Stettler \"Drumheller-Stettler\"). In addition to Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance, she served the Assembly as Chair of the Treasury Board and vice\\-chair of Agenda and Priorities Committee.", "McClellan was actively involved in bringing further education to rural areas, serving as a member of the board of directors for the Alberta Association of Continuing Education (AACE) and the Canadian Association for Continuing Education (CACE). She was co\\-ordinator of the Big Country Further Education Council for 12 years, a representative of the Ministers Advisory Committee on Further Education for five years, and sat on the Ministers Advisory Committee on College Affairs for two years.", "She resigned her seat in the legislature on January 15, 2007, the same day that former premier [Ralph Klein](/wiki/Ralph_Klein \"Ralph Klein\") resigned his.", "On February 5, 2011, McClellan was selected to be the 12th Chancellor of the [University of Lethbridge](/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge \"University of Lethbridge\") by the Senate of that institution. Her term commenced March 15, 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uleth.ca/unews/content/dr\\-shirley\\-mcclellan\\-u\\-ls\\-12th\\-chancellor \\|title\\=Dr. Shirley McClellan is the U of L's 12th Chancellor \\| University of Lethbridge uNews \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-02\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927175053/http://www.uleth.ca/unews/content/dr\\-shirley\\-mcclellan\\-u\\-ls\\-12th\\-chancellor \\|archivedate\\=2011\\-09\\-27 }}", "" ]
Service ------- At Cape Town the three companies went to a remount camp at [Maitland](/wiki/Maitland%2C_Cape_Town "Maitland, Cape Town") until 24 April, and then began a long rail journey with other IY units, reaching [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein "Bloemfontein") on 12 May. On 16 May they joined a column tasked with clearing the Boers out of the district between Abraham's Kraal and [Boshof](/wiki/Boshof "Boshof"). On 23 May the column returned with its prisoners to Bloemfontein. From now on the companies were detached on separate duty, and 9th Bn was not re\-assembled until February 1901\. ### White's Column On 24 May 1900 the 31st Company moved south\-east to [Dewetsdorp](/wiki/Dewetsdorp "Dewetsdorp"), where the [Orange River Colony](/wiki/Orange_River_Colony "Orange River Colony") (ORC) was proclaimed. It remained there until 8 August, when it moved to rendezvous with the 30th Company, and they trekked via Thabanchu back to Bloemfontein. On 18 August the two companies joined up with the 29th Company in [Lieutenant\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)") White's Flying Column, which also included two field guns of 38th Battery, [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery "Royal Artillery"), and two infantry companies from the [Royal Irish Rifles](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rifles "Royal Irish Rifles"). The column moved by train to Ventersburg West, then marched to [Ventersburg](/wiki/Ventersburg "Ventersburg") where there were contacts between the scouts and Haasbroek's Commando, leading to some casualties. The column then entrained again for [Winburg](/wiki/Winburg "Winburg") where patrols were sent out to find Olivier's Commando but there were no contacts as the column scoured the [veldt](/wiki/Veld "Veld") back to Bloemfontein. At Bloemfontein on 1 September the column was attached to [Major\-General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Major-general (United Kingdom)") [Bruce Hamilton](/wiki/Bruce_Hamilton_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Bruce Hamilton (British Army officer)")'s brigade for a {{convert\|70\|mi\|km}} march to relieve a garrison of the [Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry](/wiki/Royal_Wiltshire_Yeomanry "Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry") besieged at [Ladybrand](/wiki/Ladybrand "Ladybrand") by Fourie's Commando. After this was accomplished the column (reinforced by the Royal Wiltshires and a detachment of the [16th Lancers](/wiki/16th_Lancers "16th Lancers")) accompanied [Lieutenant\-General](/wiki/Lieutenant-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)") Sir [Archibald Hunter](/wiki/Archibald_Hunter "Archibald Hunter")'s column in a sweep over the veldt to [Brandfort](/wiki/Brandfort "Brandfort") and then into the Doornberg uplands. During the trek some members of the Pembroke Company were ambushed and captured, but released to make their way on foot to Ladysmith. From 23 September [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Major (United Kingdom)") Wentworth Forbes (31st Company) was in command of the three Welsh IY companies in the column. [thumb\|300px\|right\|Imperial Yeomanry galloping over a plain during the Second Boer War.](/wiki/File:The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_Q72318.jpg "The Second Anglo - Boer War, South Africa 1899 - 1902 Q72318.jpg") From mid\-September White's Column was active in the [Bethulie](/wiki/Bethulie "Bethulie") district, organising town defences and provisioning British garrisons. On 6 October the column's yeomanry played a prominent part in the relief of [Philippolis](/wiki/Philippolis "Philippolis") and later engaged Haasbroek's and [De Wet](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet "Christiaan de Wet")'s commandos in a sharp action at Aasvogel Kop and Quagga Laaghte. On 8 December the column arrived at [Smithfield](/wiki/Smithfield%2C_South_Africa "Smithfield, South Africa") after a forced march from Bethulie; the Welsh Yeomanry companies now totalled 185 fit and mounted men. Here White linked up with Maj\-Gen [Charles Knox](/wiki/Charles_Edmond_Knox "Charles Edmond Knox")'s Column to drive the scattered Boers northwards into a planned encirclement (the 'Second de Wet Hunt'). From 11 to 14 December the column maintained contact with De Wet's rearguard, but De Wet then used Haasbroek's Commando to draw off the pursuers while he broke through the trap at Springhaan's Nek. The Welsh Yeomanry companies and 16th Lancers charged home, using their rifles as clubs against Haasbroek's men and causing considerable casualties, but De Wet and the main body got away. The pursuit continued across north\-east ORC to Winburg and [Heilbron](/wiki/Heilbron "Heilbron"). White's Column was withdrawn on 21 January 1901 and returned to Bloemfontein, then went by rail back to Bethulie to rejoin Hamilton's brigade in a further drive. On 9 February 1901 the column, with 29th, 30th, 31st Companies, IY, reached Silk Spruit.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 38–43\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-01.pdf)Kruger, pp. 393–4\. ### Rundle's Column Meanwhile, the 49th Company and MG Section had been left at Bloemfontein, suffering several casualties from [Enteric fever](/wiki/Enteric_fever "Enteric fever") before marching out on 29 May 1900 to join Lt\-Gen Sir [Leslie Rundle](/wiki/Leslie_Rundle "Leslie Rundle")'s Column at [Senekal](/wiki/Senekal "Senekal"). In July an operation involving several columns to drive the Boers out of the eastern ORC and prevent them infiltrating south saw the 49th Company active in the Senekal, Winburg, Trommel and [Witteberg](/wiki/Witteberg "Witteberg") districts. The operation succeeded in capturing [Marthinus Prinsloo](/wiki/Marthinus_Prinsloo "Marthinus Prinsloo") and about 4000 Boers, but De Wet and his men got away, leading to a series of 'De Wet Hunts' (*see above*).Kruger, pp. 327–36\. ### Hickman's Column [thumb\|300px\|right\|Colt machine\-gun on a 'galloping carriage' during the Boer War.](/wiki/File:The_Second_Boer_War%2C_1899-1902_Q71993.jpg "The Second Boer War, 1899-1902 Q71993.jpg") In early August the 49th Company went by train from Winburg to [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria") where with other IY companies and the MG section they were formed into a Provisional Battalion under the command of Col Howard. On 16 August this battalion, together with a squadron of Tasmanian Mounted Infantry, became the mounted arm of Col Hickman's Flying Column operating under Maj\-Gen [Arthur Paget](/wiki/Arthur_Paget_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Arthur Paget (British Army officer)")'s division. The yeomen were soon in action, clashing with the Boers at Dredepoort, [Onderstepoort](/wiki/Onderstepoort "Onderstepoort") and Haman's Kraal between 17 and 20 August, 49th Company suffering a number of casualties. From Haman's Kraal Hickman's Column took part in the pursuit of De Wet north of Pretoria, with clashes at [Pienaar's River](/wiki/Pienaarsrivier "Pienaarsrivier"),[Warm Baths](/wiki/Bela-Bela "Bela-Bela") and [Nylstroom](/wiki/Nylstroom "Nylstroom"), and 49th Company engaged in a sharp fight at Buiskop. During September the column was in almost constant action, protecting [Lord Roberts](/wiki/Frederick_Roberts%2C_1st_Earl_Roberts "Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts")' flank as he marched on [Lydenburg](/wiki/Lydenburg "Lydenburg"). Later the column operated along the Pretoria to [Pietersburg](/wiki/Pietersburg "Pietersburg") railway.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 60–4\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-02.pdf) There was a perception that the war was almost over and future operations would be of a police nature. Lord Roberts handed over command to [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener"). On 2 October 49th Company was ordered back to Pretoria to begin the journey home, but this was quickly countermanded. Depleted by sickness and transfers to the British [South African Constabulary](/wiki/South_African_Constabulary "South African Constabulary") (BSAC), the company continued in service with Hickman's Column. During October and November it operated in western [Transvaal](/wiki/South_African_Republic "South African Republic"), including Hickman's successful raid on [Jericho](/wiki/Jericho%2C_South_Africa "Jericho, South Africa"). On 29 November Paget made a frontal attack on [Ben Viljoen](/wiki/Ben_Viljoen "Ben Viljoen")'s force at Rhenoster Nek with his infantry while swinging his mounted troops round the Boers' right flank. Hickman's column of yeomanry and Queensland Mounted Infantry came up on the flank of the infantry but was held in check. Although the attack was ultimately successful, casualties were heavy and the Boers got away. The column then moved by forced marches to Hebron to take part in operations against [Koos de la Rey](/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey "Koos de la Rey"). On 29 December 49th Company was sent back to Elandsfontein, near Johannesburg, to rest and refit. On 2 February 1901 it entrained for Bethulie and then joined the 29th, 30th and 31st Companies at Silk Spruit to unite the 9th (Welsh) Battalion for the first time. ### Great de Wet Hunt During early February 1901 De Wet broke back through the British lines and invaded [Cape Colony](/wiki/Cape_Colony "Cape Colony"), sparking off the 'Great de Wet Hunt'. On 10 February White's Column including most of 9th (Welsh) Bn moved through Bethulie to the [Orange River](/wiki/Orange_River "Orange River"), where the mounted men swam their horses across, and pursued the Boers non\-stop. By 3 March the men were on half rations and their clothes were in tatters, but De Wet had retreated back across the river, losing his guns and waggons. The column continued through [Aliwal North](/wiki/Aliwal_North "Aliwal North") sweeping up stragglers as far as the [Basutoland](/wiki/Basutoland "Basutoland") border, then returned to the ORC. At different times, detachments of 9th (Welsh) Bn also served with columns under Maj\-Gen [John Maxwell](/wiki/John_Maxwell_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Maxwell (British Army officer)") (29th and 49th Companies) and Lt\-Col G.E. Benson. The battalion was concentrated at [Edenburg](/wiki/Edenburg "Edenburg") in May.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 131–53\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-05.pdf)[Amery, Vol V, pp. 218–20\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-09.pdf)Kruger, pp. 402–11\.
[ "Service\n-------", "At Cape Town the three companies went to a remount camp at [Maitland](/wiki/Maitland%2C_Cape_Town \"Maitland, Cape Town\") until 24 April, and then began a long rail journey with other IY units, reaching [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein \"Bloemfontein\") on 12 May. On 16 May they joined a column tasked with clearing the Boers out of the district between Abraham's Kraal and [Boshof](/wiki/Boshof \"Boshof\"). On 23 May the column returned with its prisoners to Bloemfontein. From now on the companies were detached on separate duty, and 9th Bn was not re\\-assembled until February 1901\\.", "### White's Column", "On 24 May 1900 the 31st Company moved south\\-east to [Dewetsdorp](/wiki/Dewetsdorp \"Dewetsdorp\"), where the [Orange River Colony](/wiki/Orange_River_Colony \"Orange River Colony\") (ORC) was proclaimed. It remained there until 8 August, when it moved to rendezvous with the 30th Company, and they trekked via Thabanchu back to Bloemfontein. On 18 August the two companies joined up with the 29th Company in [Lieutenant\\-Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\") White's Flying Column, which also included two field guns of 38th Battery, [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery \"Royal Artillery\"), and two infantry companies from the [Royal Irish Rifles](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rifles \"Royal Irish Rifles\"). The column moved by train to Ventersburg West, then marched to [Ventersburg](/wiki/Ventersburg \"Ventersburg\") where there were contacts between the scouts and Haasbroek's Commando, leading to some casualties. The column then entrained again for [Winburg](/wiki/Winburg \"Winburg\") where patrols were sent out to find Olivier's Commando but there were no contacts as the column scoured the [veldt](/wiki/Veld \"Veld\") back to Bloemfontein. At Bloemfontein on 1 September the column was attached to [Major\\-General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major-general (United Kingdom)\") [Bruce Hamilton](/wiki/Bruce_Hamilton_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Bruce Hamilton (British Army officer)\")'s brigade for a {{convert\\|70\\|mi\\|km}} march to relieve a garrison of the [Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry](/wiki/Royal_Wiltshire_Yeomanry \"Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry\") besieged at [Ladybrand](/wiki/Ladybrand \"Ladybrand\") by Fourie's Commando. After this was accomplished the column (reinforced by the Royal Wiltshires and a detachment of the [16th Lancers](/wiki/16th_Lancers \"16th Lancers\")) accompanied [Lieutenant\\-General](/wiki/Lieutenant-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)\") Sir [Archibald Hunter](/wiki/Archibald_Hunter \"Archibald Hunter\")'s column in a sweep over the veldt to [Brandfort](/wiki/Brandfort \"Brandfort\") and then into the Doornberg uplands. During the trek some members of the Pembroke Company were ambushed and captured, but released to make their way on foot to Ladysmith. From 23 September [Major](/wiki/Major_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major (United Kingdom)\") Wentworth Forbes (31st Company) was in command of the three Welsh IY companies in the column.\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Imperial Yeomanry galloping over a plain during the Second Boer War.](/wiki/File:The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_Q72318.jpg \"The Second Anglo - Boer War, South Africa 1899 - 1902 Q72318.jpg\")\nFrom mid\\-September White's Column was active in the [Bethulie](/wiki/Bethulie \"Bethulie\") district, organising town defences and provisioning British garrisons. On 6 October the column's yeomanry played a prominent part in the relief of [Philippolis](/wiki/Philippolis \"Philippolis\") and later engaged Haasbroek's and [De Wet](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet \"Christiaan de Wet\")'s commandos in a sharp action at Aasvogel Kop and Quagga Laaghte. On 8 December the column arrived at [Smithfield](/wiki/Smithfield%2C_South_Africa \"Smithfield, South Africa\") after a forced march from Bethulie; the Welsh Yeomanry companies now totalled 185 fit and mounted men. Here White linked up with Maj\\-Gen [Charles Knox](/wiki/Charles_Edmond_Knox \"Charles Edmond Knox\")'s Column to drive the scattered Boers northwards into a planned encirclement (the 'Second de Wet Hunt'). From 11 to 14 December the column maintained contact with De Wet's rearguard, but De Wet then used Haasbroek's Commando to draw off the pursuers while he broke through the trap at Springhaan's Nek. The Welsh Yeomanry companies and 16th Lancers charged home, using their rifles as clubs against Haasbroek's men and causing considerable casualties, but De Wet and the main body got away. The pursuit continued across north\\-east ORC to Winburg and [Heilbron](/wiki/Heilbron \"Heilbron\"). White's Column was withdrawn on 21 January 1901 and returned to Bloemfontein, then went by rail back to Bethulie to rejoin Hamilton's brigade in a further drive. On 9 February 1901 the column, with 29th, 30th, 31st Companies, IY, reached Silk Spruit.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 38–43\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-01.pdf)Kruger, pp. 393–4\\.", "### Rundle's Column", "Meanwhile, the 49th Company and MG Section had been left at Bloemfontein, suffering several casualties from [Enteric fever](/wiki/Enteric_fever \"Enteric fever\") before marching out on 29 May 1900 to join Lt\\-Gen Sir [Leslie Rundle](/wiki/Leslie_Rundle \"Leslie Rundle\")'s Column at [Senekal](/wiki/Senekal \"Senekal\"). In July an operation involving several columns to drive the Boers out of the eastern ORC and prevent them infiltrating south saw the 49th Company active in the Senekal, Winburg, Trommel and [Witteberg](/wiki/Witteberg \"Witteberg\") districts. The operation succeeded in capturing [Marthinus Prinsloo](/wiki/Marthinus_Prinsloo \"Marthinus Prinsloo\") and about 4000 Boers, but De Wet and his men got away, leading to a series of 'De Wet Hunts' (*see above*).Kruger, pp. 327–36\\.", "### Hickman's Column", "[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Colt machine\\-gun on a 'galloping carriage' during the Boer War.](/wiki/File:The_Second_Boer_War%2C_1899-1902_Q71993.jpg \"The Second Boer War, 1899-1902 Q71993.jpg\")\nIn early August the 49th Company went by train from Winburg to [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\") where with other IY companies and the MG section they were formed into a Provisional Battalion under the command of Col Howard. On 16 August this battalion, together with a squadron of Tasmanian Mounted Infantry, became the mounted arm of Col Hickman's Flying Column operating under Maj\\-Gen [Arthur Paget](/wiki/Arthur_Paget_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Arthur Paget (British Army officer)\")'s division. The yeomen were soon in action, clashing with the Boers at Dredepoort, [Onderstepoort](/wiki/Onderstepoort \"Onderstepoort\") and Haman's Kraal between 17 and 20 August, 49th Company suffering a number of casualties. From Haman's Kraal Hickman's Column took part in the pursuit of De Wet north of Pretoria, with clashes at [Pienaar's River](/wiki/Pienaarsrivier \"Pienaarsrivier\"),[Warm Baths](/wiki/Bela-Bela \"Bela-Bela\") and [Nylstroom](/wiki/Nylstroom \"Nylstroom\"), and 49th Company engaged in a sharp fight at Buiskop. During September the column was in almost constant action, protecting [Lord Roberts](/wiki/Frederick_Roberts%2C_1st_Earl_Roberts \"Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts\")' flank as he marched on [Lydenburg](/wiki/Lydenburg \"Lydenburg\"). Later the column operated along the Pretoria to [Pietersburg](/wiki/Pietersburg \"Pietersburg\") railway.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 60–4\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-02.pdf)", "There was a perception that the war was almost over and future operations would be of a police nature. Lord Roberts handed over command to [Lord Kitchener](/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener \"Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener\"). On 2 October 49th Company was ordered back to Pretoria to begin the journey home, but this was quickly countermanded. Depleted by sickness and transfers to the British [South African Constabulary](/wiki/South_African_Constabulary \"South African Constabulary\") (BSAC), the company continued in service with Hickman's Column. During October and November it operated in western [Transvaal](/wiki/South_African_Republic \"South African Republic\"), including Hickman's successful raid on [Jericho](/wiki/Jericho%2C_South_Africa \"Jericho, South Africa\"). On 29 November Paget made a frontal attack on [Ben Viljoen](/wiki/Ben_Viljoen \"Ben Viljoen\")'s force at Rhenoster Nek with his infantry while swinging his mounted troops round the Boers' right flank. Hickman's column of yeomanry and Queensland Mounted Infantry came up on the flank of the infantry but was held in check. Although the attack was ultimately successful, casualties were heavy and the Boers got away. The column then moved by forced marches to Hebron to take part in operations against [Koos de la Rey](/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey \"Koos de la Rey\"). On 29 December 49th Company was sent back to Elandsfontein, near Johannesburg, to rest and refit. On 2 February 1901 it entrained for Bethulie and then joined the 29th, 30th and 31st Companies at Silk Spruit to unite the 9th (Welsh) Battalion for the first time.", "### Great de Wet Hunt", "During early February 1901 De Wet broke back through the British lines and invaded [Cape Colony](/wiki/Cape_Colony \"Cape Colony\"), sparking off the 'Great de Wet Hunt'. On 10 February White's Column including most of 9th (Welsh) Bn moved through Bethulie to the [Orange River](/wiki/Orange_River \"Orange River\"), where the mounted men swam their horses across, and pursued the Boers non\\-stop. By 3 March the men were on half rations and their clothes were in tatters, but De Wet had retreated back across the river, losing his guns and waggons. The column continued through [Aliwal North](/wiki/Aliwal_North \"Aliwal North\") sweeping up stragglers as far as the [Basutoland](/wiki/Basutoland \"Basutoland\") border, then returned to the ORC. At different times, detachments of 9th (Welsh) Bn also served with columns under Maj\\-Gen [John Maxwell](/wiki/John_Maxwell_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Maxwell (British Army officer)\") (29th and 49th Companies) and Lt\\-Col G.E. Benson. The battalion was concentrated at [Edenburg](/wiki/Edenburg \"Edenburg\") in May.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 131–53\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-05.pdf)[Amery, Vol V, pp. 218–20\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-09.pdf)Kruger, pp. 402–11\\.", "" ]
Second Contingent ----------------- [thumb\|right\|300px\|Imperial yeoman on the Veldt.](/wiki/File:Boer_War_Q71976.jpg "Boer War Q71976.jpg") The men of the first IY contingent were now free to return home after their one\-year term of service, a Second Contingent having arrived from home to replace them. Where enough veterans volunteered to extend their service, existing companies in South Africa were reinforced by relief companies from home, but many new Second Contingent companies were raised directly by the War Office, bypassing the Yeomanry regiments, and the recruits were often of poor quality. The new 88th (Welsh Yeomanry) and 89th (Montgomeryshire) Companies were exceptional in being formed and trained by the Montgomeryshire Yeomanry at Wynnstay at the same time as the relief companies for the 31st and 49th (Montgomery) Companies (sometimes referred to as the 'New' 31st and 49th, or '2/31st' and '2/49th'). The Second Contingent of the IY landed in South Africa by the end of April 1901\. On 23 May the original 29th and 49th Companies set off for Cape Town, followed by the 30th and 31st on 1 June.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 72, 79–82\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-03.pdf)[Amery, Vol V, p. 246\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-10.pdf)Kruger, p 387\. The relief companies were not destined to serve together as 9th Bn, but were sent off in pairs to join various columns. 29th and 49th Companies remained with White's Column and saw action at Macabe's Nek on 3 June when the column attempted to relieve Jamestown. The two companies were transferred on 26 June to Col Rochfort's Column operating under Bruce Hamilton in the southern ORC. The 30th and 31st Companies were placed with Maxwell's Column in central and eastern Transvaal. After sweeping backwards and forwards between Aliwal North and the [blockhouse](/wiki/Blockhouse%23Second_Boer_War "Blockhouse#Second Boer War") line that he been established across the veldt the two Welsh companies were transferred to Maj Frederick Damant's Column. The two new companies, 88th and 89th, were under Lt\-Gen [Lord Methuen](/wiki/Paul_Methuen%2C_3rd_Baron_Methuen "Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen") in western Transvaal. ### Rochfort's Column As part of a major new British drive beginning in July 1901, Hamilton positioned Rochfort's Column, including 302 yeomen under 9th Bn, as one of a cordon of mobile detachments behind the line of BSAC posts from Wegdraai Drift on the [Riet River](/wiki/Riet_River "Riet River") to Emmaus. While other columns drove the Boers towards this stop line, Hamilton's columns also harried and raided.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 304–8\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-11.pdf) Once this operation was concluded, Rochfort's Column was almost continually on the move for the rest of the year, over difficult country and on short rations. In November and December the column pursued Brand's, Ackermann's and Loetzee's Commandos, capturing 170 prisoners. In January 1902 it pursued Mainboult's Commando in the area between Bloemfontein and [Kimberley](/wiki/Kimberley%2C_Northern_Cape "Kimberley, Northern Cape"). From 27 January, as part of a larger force, the column began a month\-long sweep from Bloemfontein to Winburg and then on to Heilbron, which netted over 800 Boers and 2000 horses as well as livestock, weapons and waggons. ### Damant's Column Damant's Column consisted of his own 'Damant's Tigers' (formerly [Rimington's Guides](/wiki/Rimington%27s_Guides "Rimington's Guides")) together with the 30th and 31st Companies IY under Capt Campbell, and two field guns. On the nights of 29/20 and 30/31 July the column without waggons and living off the country made rapid night marches, then lay up during daylight, to surround [Fauresmith](/wiki/Fauresmith "Fauresmith") before dawn. Unfortunately the Boers had just left, and after a morning pursuit the column just failed to catch [J. B. M. Hertzog](/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog "J. B. M. Hertzog") and his bodyguard. On 1 August Damant left Fauresmith with 50 men to signal across to Maj Boyle Smith's distant column. Coming across a small party of Boers Damant charged, only to find it to be a large force of round 500 Boers. Damant drove back one of the commandos, and skirmishing continued until reinforcements arrived from Fauresmith with a [pom\-pom gun](/wiki/QF_1-pounder_pom-pom "QF 1-pounder pom-pom"); the force then drove the Boers out of their position and they fled. The column moved to block the Riet River at Kalabash Drift on 7 August but ran into the [Jacobsdal Commando](/wiki/Jacobsdal_Commando "Jacobsdal Commando") hidden in the kopjes. The yeomanry charged them out of this position and the column captured a number of waggons with Boer families. There was continuous skirmishing over the following days. In August 1901 several Boer commandos were reported moving through the ORC to invade Cape Colony again. Knox positioned his columns across this line of advance and was strengthened by Damant's Column from Hamilton's force. On 23 August Damant's Column attacked a detachment of De La Rey's Commando near Smithfield and drove them into the Mersfontein hills where they scattered.[Damant's Horse at Anglo\-Boer War.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/south-african-units/463-damants-horse) In October 1901 the British began extending the blockhouse line to the foothills of the [Drakensberg](/wiki/Drakensberg "Drakensberg"). Damant and Wilson's columns were assigned to protect this work, backed by the ciolumns of Lt\-Col ['Mike' Rimington](/wiki/Michael_Rimington "Michael Rimington") and Col Sir [Henry Rawlinson](/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson%2C_1st_Baron_Rawlinson "Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson"). During the second week of October Damant made a night march against a concentration of Boers on the [Vaal River](/wiki/Vaal_River "Vaal River") near [Villiersdorp](/wiki/Villiersdorp "Villiersdorp"), but the Boers escaped with the loss of some casualties. On 15 October the column attacked 500 Boers near [Blaauwkranz](/wiki/Blaauwkrantz_Pass "Blaauwkrantz Pass"), forcing them back to Roodeval where they broke up in disorder in the face of a second attack, losing livestock, waggons and prisoners. In December the column was part of a sweep between [Frankfort](/wiki/Frankfort%2C_Free_State "Frankfort, Free State") and [Reitz](/wiki/Reitz%2C_Free_State "Reitz, Free State") aimed at forcing the Boers back against the blockhouse line, which succeeded in capturing more waggons and horses, and a few prisoners. Damant's and Rimington's columns returned to Heilbron to rest and refit. They were ordered out again on 17 December to clear out Wessel Wessels' Commando, which was harassing the work on the blockhouse line. On 20 December, Damant and Rimington, after a difficult night march from Frankfort, were a little to the north of the [Tafel Kop](/wiki/Tafelkop "Tafelkop"), a prominent hill with a commanding view over the [Wilge River](/wiki/Wilge_River "Wilge River") valley. Receiving a report of 300 Boers between the Tafel Kop and the Wilge, the two columns swept round the eastern end of the hill to drive them towards the river. Damant's Column (Damant's Horse, 30th, 31st and [91st](/wiki/91st_%28Sharpshooters%29_Company%2C_Imperial_Yeomanry "91st (Sharpshooters) Company, Imperial Yeomanry") Companies IY, a total of 550 rifles with two field guns of 30th Battry, RA, a [Maxim gun](/wiki/Maxim_gun "Maxim gun") and a pom\-pom) advanced in a widely extended line along the Riet Spruit. Reaching a long flat\-topped hill with a steep descent overlooking the river, Damant halted with his staff, escort, guns, and 91st Co to await Rimington. The rest of Damant's Horse were out on the flanks, with 30th and 31st Cos even further to the right. About a mile away they could see formed bodies of mounted troops in khaki, which they presumed were the yeomanry covering the blockhouse construction parties. Only when these got close did Damant's party realise they were Boers masquerading as yeomanry. The Boers galloped to reach the highest point of the hill, from where they commenced heavy fire on the HQ party and guns. The whole party was soon overrun: Damant was wounded and all his staff were disabled, most of the gunners were shot down while serving their guns, but the wounded artillery officer managed to get his gun teams away to Rimington's column. Without limbers the Boers could not move the captured guns, but they smashed the Maxim and pom\-pom, and [pillaged](/wiki/Looting "Looting") the dead and wounded (leading to allegations of [War crimes](/wiki/War_crime "War crime")). It was some time before the 30th and 31st Companies could be called in to join two squadrons of Damant's Horse in re\-taking the hill; with Rimington's Column also approaching, the Boers did not stay to fight.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 423–7\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-15.pdf)Kruger, pp. 467–8\. In January 1902 the 30th and 31st Companies continued protecting the blockhouse construction parties, the carried out more sweeps with Damant's and Rimington's columns, but in early March they joined a large concentration of forces at Klerksdorp (*see below*). ### Methuen's Column The 88th and 89th Companies arrived at Cape Town aboard SS *Norman* on 23 April 1901, and were sent by rail to [Bulawayo](/wiki/Bulawayo "Bulawayo") in [Rhodesia](/wiki/Rhodesia_%28region%29 "Rhodesia (region)"). Here Maj P.M. Sykes ([2nd Dragoon Guards](/wiki/2nd_Dragoon_Guards "2nd Dragoon Guards")) took command of the two companies and on 13 July they set off to join Lord Methuen's Column at [Mafeking](/wiki/Mafikeng "Mafikeng") in Transvaal. On this long march they had several clashes with Boers and suffered a few casualties. Methuen set out from Mafeking to sweep south\-west Transvaal, searching the Marokani mountains for Boer arms and supply dumps. The column captured waggons, livestock and a few Boers. On 15 August a 400\-strong Boer commando attacked the column's transport at Reitvlei and a there were a number of casualties among the Montgomeryshire yeomen before the Boers were driven off. In September Methuen's Column moved out from [Klerksdorp](/wiki/Klerksdorp "Klerksdorp") to search for [Jan Kemp](/wiki/Jan_Kemp_%28general%29 "Jan Kemp (general)")'s Commando. Kemp evaded the columns closing in on him, with the loss of his waggons, ammunition and dismounted men. Methuen pursued to [Zeerust](/wiki/Zeerust "Zeerust"), capturing part of Van Tonder's Commando, but on 4 September found himself hemmed into the close country of the [Marico River](/wiki/Marico_River "Marico River") near Wonderfontein by De la Rey's large force. According to Amery[Amery, Vol V, p. 327\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-11.pdf) 'Methuen and his Yeomanry, whom he had infected with his own spirit, were equal to the occasion. Forty men, chiefly of the Welsh companies, were killed or wounded in a fight which ... \[was among] ... the severest as yet experienced by any of the new Yeomanry'. In their unsuccessful attempts to destroy the column, the Boers lost many of their own supply waggons in the skirmishing. Methuen had too few troops to hold down western Transvaal, but after returning to Mafekinghe reorganised his force to increase its effectiveness. On 14 September he created the '1st Divisional Scouts', a provisional regiment consisting of the 88th and 89th Companies, IY, the Bechuanaland Rifles, and the Mounted Infantry Company of the [4th (Hertfordshire Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment](/wiki/4th_%28Hertfordshire_Militia%29_Battalion%2C_Bedfordshire_Regiment "4th (Hertfordshire Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment"), with pom\-poms and Maxims, under the command of Maj B.W. Cowan of the Bechuanaland Rifles. The Scouts' role was to be the point and flank guards of the column. Methuen's next sweep beginning on 2 October aimed to prevent the Biers gathering the harvest and to cover the extension of the blockhouse line from [Rustenburg](/wiki/Rustenburg "Rustenburg") to Mafeking. During October and November Methuen's other columns suffered setbacks, but his own saw little contact with the enemy. Sweeping towards [Wolmaransstad](/wiki/Wolmaransstad "Wolmaransstad") in December Methuen surprised two Boer [Laagers](/wiki/Laager "Laager"), taking numerous prisoners and waggons, but on 22 December his mounted screen was attacked by [Jan Celliers](/wiki/Jan_Celliers "Jan Celliers") near [Lichtenburg](/wiki/Lichtenburg%2C_North_West "Lichtenburg, North West") and suffered heavy casualties. On 30 January 1902 the column was again in action against Celliers ear Knoppenfontein, but he withdrew before becoming heavily engaged.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 326–7\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-11.pdf)[Amery, Vol V, pp. 496–7\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-18.pdf)Kruger, pp. 441–2\.Miller, pp. 222–4\.
[ "Second Contingent\n-----------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Imperial yeoman on the Veldt.](/wiki/File:Boer_War_Q71976.jpg \"Boer War Q71976.jpg\")\nThe men of the first IY contingent were now free to return home after their one\\-year term of service, a Second Contingent having arrived from home to replace them. Where enough veterans volunteered to extend their service, existing companies in South Africa were reinforced by relief companies from home, but many new Second Contingent companies were raised directly by the War Office, bypassing the Yeomanry regiments, and the recruits were often of poor quality. The new 88th (Welsh Yeomanry) and 89th (Montgomeryshire) Companies were exceptional in being formed and trained by the Montgomeryshire Yeomanry at Wynnstay at the same time as the relief companies for the 31st and 49th (Montgomery) Companies (sometimes referred to as the 'New' 31st and 49th, or '2/31st' and '2/49th'). The Second Contingent of the IY landed in South Africa by the end of April 1901\\. On 23 May the original 29th and 49th Companies set off for Cape Town, followed by the 30th and 31st on 1 June.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 72, 79–82\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-03.pdf)[Amery, Vol V, p. 246\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-10.pdf)Kruger, p 387\\.", "The relief companies were not destined to serve together as 9th Bn, but were sent off in pairs to join various columns. 29th and 49th Companies remained with White's Column and saw action at Macabe's Nek on 3 June when the column attempted to relieve Jamestown. The two companies were transferred on 26 June to Col Rochfort's Column operating under Bruce Hamilton in the southern ORC. The 30th and 31st Companies were placed with Maxwell's Column in central and eastern Transvaal. After sweeping backwards and forwards between Aliwal North and the [blockhouse](/wiki/Blockhouse%23Second_Boer_War \"Blockhouse#Second Boer War\") line that he been established across the veldt the two Welsh companies were transferred to Maj Frederick Damant's Column. The two new companies, 88th and 89th, were under Lt\\-Gen [Lord Methuen](/wiki/Paul_Methuen%2C_3rd_Baron_Methuen \"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\") in western Transvaal.", "### Rochfort's Column", "As part of a major new British drive beginning in July 1901, Hamilton positioned Rochfort's Column, including 302 yeomen under 9th Bn, as one of a cordon of mobile detachments behind the line of BSAC posts from Wegdraai Drift on the [Riet River](/wiki/Riet_River \"Riet River\") to Emmaus. While other columns drove the Boers towards this stop line, Hamilton's columns also harried and raided.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 304–8\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-11.pdf) Once this operation was concluded, Rochfort's Column was almost continually on the move for the rest of the year, over difficult country and on short rations. In November and December the column pursued Brand's, Ackermann's and Loetzee's Commandos, capturing 170 prisoners. In January 1902 it pursued Mainboult's Commando in the area between Bloemfontein and [Kimberley](/wiki/Kimberley%2C_Northern_Cape \"Kimberley, Northern Cape\"). From 27 January, as part of a larger force, the column began a month\\-long sweep from Bloemfontein to Winburg and then on to Heilbron, which netted over 800 Boers and 2000 horses as well as livestock, weapons and waggons.", "### Damant's Column", "Damant's Column consisted of his own 'Damant's Tigers' (formerly [Rimington's Guides](/wiki/Rimington%27s_Guides \"Rimington's Guides\")) together with the 30th and 31st Companies IY under Capt Campbell, and two field guns. On the nights of 29/20 and 30/31 July the column without waggons and living off the country made rapid night marches, then lay up during daylight, to surround [Fauresmith](/wiki/Fauresmith \"Fauresmith\") before dawn. Unfortunately the Boers had just left, and after a morning pursuit the column just failed to catch [J. B. M. Hertzog](/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog \"J. B. M. Hertzog\") and his bodyguard. On 1 August Damant left Fauresmith with 50 men to signal across to Maj Boyle Smith's distant column. Coming across a small party of Boers Damant charged, only to find it to be a large force of round 500 Boers. Damant drove back one of the commandos, and skirmishing continued until reinforcements arrived from Fauresmith with a [pom\\-pom gun](/wiki/QF_1-pounder_pom-pom \"QF 1-pounder pom-pom\"); the force then drove the Boers out of their position and they fled. The column moved to block the Riet River at Kalabash Drift on 7 August but ran into the [Jacobsdal Commando](/wiki/Jacobsdal_Commando \"Jacobsdal Commando\") hidden in the kopjes. The yeomanry charged them out of this position and the column captured a number of waggons with Boer families. There was continuous skirmishing over the following days. In August 1901 several Boer commandos were reported moving through the ORC to invade Cape Colony again. Knox positioned his columns across this line of advance and was strengthened by Damant's Column from Hamilton's force. On 23 August Damant's Column attacked a detachment of De La Rey's Commando near Smithfield and drove them into the Mersfontein hills where they scattered.[Damant's Horse at Anglo\\-Boer War.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/south-african-units/463-damants-horse)", "In October 1901 the British began extending the blockhouse line to the foothills of the [Drakensberg](/wiki/Drakensberg \"Drakensberg\"). Damant and Wilson's columns were assigned to protect this work, backed by the ciolumns of Lt\\-Col ['Mike' Rimington](/wiki/Michael_Rimington \"Michael Rimington\") and Col Sir [Henry Rawlinson](/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson%2C_1st_Baron_Rawlinson \"Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson\"). During the second week of October Damant made a night march against a concentration of Boers on the [Vaal River](/wiki/Vaal_River \"Vaal River\") near [Villiersdorp](/wiki/Villiersdorp \"Villiersdorp\"), but the Boers escaped with the loss of some casualties. On 15 October the column attacked 500 Boers near [Blaauwkranz](/wiki/Blaauwkrantz_Pass \"Blaauwkrantz Pass\"), forcing them back to Roodeval where they broke up in disorder in the face of a second attack, losing livestock, waggons and prisoners. In December the column was part of a sweep between [Frankfort](/wiki/Frankfort%2C_Free_State \"Frankfort, Free State\") and [Reitz](/wiki/Reitz%2C_Free_State \"Reitz, Free State\") aimed at forcing the Boers back against the blockhouse line, which succeeded in capturing more waggons and horses, and a few prisoners. Damant's and Rimington's columns returned to Heilbron to rest and refit. They were ordered out again on 17 December to clear out Wessel Wessels' Commando, which was harassing the work on the blockhouse line. On 20 December, Damant and Rimington, after a difficult night march from Frankfort, were a little to the north of the [Tafel Kop](/wiki/Tafelkop \"Tafelkop\"), a prominent hill with a commanding view over the [Wilge River](/wiki/Wilge_River \"Wilge River\") valley. Receiving a report of 300 Boers between the Tafel Kop and the Wilge, the two columns swept round the eastern end of the hill to drive them towards the river. Damant's Column (Damant's Horse, 30th, 31st and [91st](/wiki/91st_%28Sharpshooters%29_Company%2C_Imperial_Yeomanry \"91st (Sharpshooters) Company, Imperial Yeomanry\") Companies IY, a total of 550 rifles with two field guns of 30th Battry, RA, a [Maxim gun](/wiki/Maxim_gun \"Maxim gun\") and a pom\\-pom) advanced in a widely extended line along the Riet Spruit. Reaching a long flat\\-topped hill with a steep descent overlooking the river, Damant halted with his staff, escort, guns, and 91st Co to await Rimington. The rest of Damant's Horse were out on the flanks, with 30th and 31st Cos even further to the right. About a mile away they could see formed bodies of mounted troops in khaki, which they presumed were the yeomanry covering the blockhouse construction parties. Only when these got close did Damant's party realise they were Boers masquerading as yeomanry. The Boers galloped to reach the highest point of the hill, from where they commenced heavy fire on the HQ party and guns. The whole party was soon overrun: Damant was wounded and all his staff were disabled, most of the gunners were shot down while serving their guns, but the wounded artillery officer managed to get his gun teams away to Rimington's column. Without limbers the Boers could not move the captured guns, but they smashed the Maxim and pom\\-pom, and [pillaged](/wiki/Looting \"Looting\") the dead and wounded (leading to allegations of [War crimes](/wiki/War_crime \"War crime\")). It was some time before the 30th and 31st Companies could be called in to join two squadrons of Damant's Horse in re\\-taking the hill; with Rimington's Column also approaching, the Boers did not stay to fight.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 423–7\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-15.pdf)Kruger, pp. 467–8\\.", "In January 1902 the 30th and 31st Companies continued protecting the blockhouse construction parties, the carried out more sweeps with Damant's and Rimington's columns, but in early March they joined a large concentration of forces at Klerksdorp (*see below*).", "### Methuen's Column", "The 88th and 89th Companies arrived at Cape Town aboard SS *Norman* on 23 April 1901, and were sent by rail to [Bulawayo](/wiki/Bulawayo \"Bulawayo\") in [Rhodesia](/wiki/Rhodesia_%28region%29 \"Rhodesia (region)\"). Here Maj P.M. Sykes ([2nd Dragoon Guards](/wiki/2nd_Dragoon_Guards \"2nd Dragoon Guards\")) took command of the two companies and on 13 July they set off to join Lord Methuen's Column at [Mafeking](/wiki/Mafikeng \"Mafikeng\") in Transvaal. On this long march they had several clashes with Boers and suffered a few casualties. Methuen set out from Mafeking to sweep south\\-west Transvaal, searching the Marokani mountains for Boer arms and supply dumps. The column captured waggons, livestock and a few Boers. On 15 August a 400\\-strong Boer commando attacked the column's transport at Reitvlei and a there were a number of casualties among the Montgomeryshire yeomen before the Boers were driven off. In September Methuen's Column moved out from [Klerksdorp](/wiki/Klerksdorp \"Klerksdorp\") to search for [Jan Kemp](/wiki/Jan_Kemp_%28general%29 \"Jan Kemp (general)\")'s Commando. Kemp evaded the columns closing in on him, with the loss of his waggons, ammunition and dismounted men. Methuen pursued to [Zeerust](/wiki/Zeerust \"Zeerust\"), capturing part of Van Tonder's Commando, but on 4 September found himself hemmed into the close country of the [Marico River](/wiki/Marico_River \"Marico River\") near Wonderfontein by De la Rey's large force. According to Amery[Amery, Vol V, p. 327\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-11.pdf) 'Methuen and his Yeomanry, whom he had infected with his own spirit, were equal to the occasion. Forty men, chiefly of the Welsh companies, were killed or wounded in a fight which ... \\[was among] ... the severest as yet experienced by any of the new Yeomanry'. In their unsuccessful attempts to destroy the column, the Boers lost many of their own supply waggons in the skirmishing. Methuen had too few troops to hold down western Transvaal, but after returning to Mafekinghe reorganised his force to increase its effectiveness. On 14 September he created the '1st Divisional Scouts', a provisional regiment consisting of the 88th and 89th Companies, IY, the Bechuanaland Rifles, and the Mounted Infantry Company of the [4th (Hertfordshire Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment](/wiki/4th_%28Hertfordshire_Militia%29_Battalion%2C_Bedfordshire_Regiment \"4th (Hertfordshire Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment\"), with pom\\-poms and Maxims, under the command of Maj B.W. Cowan of the Bechuanaland Rifles. The Scouts' role was to be the point and flank guards of the column. Methuen's next sweep beginning on 2 October aimed to prevent the Biers gathering the harvest and to cover the extension of the blockhouse line from [Rustenburg](/wiki/Rustenburg \"Rustenburg\") to Mafeking. During October and November Methuen's other columns suffered setbacks, but his own saw little contact with the enemy. Sweeping towards [Wolmaransstad](/wiki/Wolmaransstad \"Wolmaransstad\") in December Methuen surprised two Boer [Laagers](/wiki/Laager \"Laager\"), taking numerous prisoners and waggons, but on 22 December his mounted screen was attacked by [Jan Celliers](/wiki/Jan_Celliers \"Jan Celliers\") near [Lichtenburg](/wiki/Lichtenburg%2C_North_West \"Lichtenburg, North West\") and suffered heavy casualties. On 30 January 1902 the column was again in action against Celliers ear Knoppenfontein, but he withdrew before becoming heavily engaged.[Amery, Vol V, pp. 326–7\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-11.pdf)[Amery, Vol V, pp. 496–7\\.](https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-18.pdf)Kruger, pp. 441–2\\.Miller, pp. 222–4\\.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Acting {{Main\|List of Brian Blessed performances}} One of Blessed's earliest roles was that of PC "Fancy" Smith in the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") television series *[Z\-Cars](/wiki/Z-Cars "Z-Cars")*, between 1962 and 1965\.{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f3c56a1d1bd747fe942a1ea1d39f6ff0 \|title\=Z Cars: 5: Big Catch – BBC Television – 30 January 1962 \|date\=30 January 1962 \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Genome]]}} In 1966, he appeared in a production of *[Incident at Vichy](/wiki/Incident_at_Vichy "Incident at Vichy")* at the [Phoenix Theatre](/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_%28London%29 "Phoenix Theatre (London)") in London. Also in 1966, he was offered the titular role of [the Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Doctor (Doctor Who)") in BBC's [sci\-fi](/wiki/Sci-fi "Sci-fi") drama, *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")*, to take over from [William Hartnell](/wiki/William_Hartnell "William Hartnell"), but had to turn it down due to conflicting projects.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/aug/05/brian\-blessed\-turned\-down\-doctor\-who\-bbc\|title\=Brian Blessed: I turned down Doctor Who\|date\=5 August 2014\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=11 November 2018}} In 1967, he played Porthos in a 10\-part BBC adaptation of *[The Three Musketeers](/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers "The Three Musketeers")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/80ee1436ca7f44ea942296349c236416 \|title\=The Three Musketeers – BBC One London – 8 January 1967 \|date\=8 January 1967 \|publisher\=BBC Genome}} Blessed also had minor roles in cult TV series such as *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%28TV_series%29 "The Avengers (TV series)")* (1967, 1969\) and the original *[Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)](/wiki/Randall_and_Hopkirk_%28Deceased%29 "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)")* (1969\). He interpreted the role of King [Mark of Cornwall](/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall "Mark of Cornwall") in the [HTV](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") television series *[Arthur of the Britons](/wiki/Arthur_of_the_Britons "Arthur of the Britons")* (1972–1973\). He appeared as William Woodcock in the [Yorkshire Television](/wiki/Yorkshire_Television "Yorkshire Television") series *Boy Dominic* (1974\). He played [Caesar Augustus](/wiki/Caesar_Augustus "Caesar Augustus") in the [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") drama series *[I, Claudius](/wiki/I%2C_Claudius_%28TV_series%29 "I, Claudius (TV series)")* (1976\),{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/114be1caa91c438c92a85fd33d037a9b \|title\=I, Claudius – BBC Two England – 6 December 1976 \|date\=6 December 1976 \|publisher\=BBC Genome}} Vargas in the *[Blake's 7](/wiki/Blake%27s_7 "Blake's 7")* episode Cygnus Alpha (1978\) and Basileos in *[The Aphrodite Inheritance](/wiki/The_Aphrodite_Inheritance "The Aphrodite Inheritance")* (1979\).{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/af32c1fb31c84ee1ac59f3ed1a38ac30 \|title\=The Aphrodite Inheritance – BBC One London – 14 February 1979 \|date\=14 February 1979 \|publisher\=BBC Genome}} He hosted a docudrama on the life of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") called *The Joy of Bach* (1978\), in which he also played Bach in a number of scenes. Blessed also appeared in two episodes of the British science fiction television series *[Space:1999](/wiki/Space:1999 "1999")*. He played scientist Dr. Rowland Cabot in the 1975 episode *[Death's Other Dominion](/wiki/Death%27s_Other_Dominion "Death's Other Dominion")* and as Mentor in the 1976 episode *[The Metamorph](/wiki/The_Metamorph "The Metamorph")*. Blessed played Long John Silver in the 10\-part serial *[Return to Treasure Island](/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_%28TV_series%29 "Return to Treasure Island (TV series)")* (1986\), King Yrcanos in the *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")* serial *[Mindwarp](/wiki/Mindwarp "Mindwarp")* (1986\), General Yevlenko in the mini\-series *[War and Remembrance](/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_%28miniseries%29 "War and Remembrance (miniseries)")* (1988\), and Lord Loxley, the father of [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood "Robin Hood"), in the Hollywood film *[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves](/wiki/Robin_Hood:Prince_of_Thieves "Prince of Thieves")* (1991\). In 1981, Blessed appeared in [Andrew Lloyd Webber](/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber "Andrew Lloyd Webber")'s musical, *[Cats](/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 "Cats (musical)")*, as both [Old Deuteronomy](/wiki/Old_Deuteronomy "Old Deuteronomy") and [Bustopher Jones](/wiki/Bustopher_Jones "Bustopher Jones"), for the original [West End theatre](/wiki/West_End_theatre "West End theatre") production.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jan/13/brian\-blessed\-rosalind\-blessed\-interview\-cats\-astronaut\|title\=Brian Blessed: 'All my life, 90% of men have bored the arse off me'\|date\=13 January 2020\|website\=The Guardian\|accessdate\=1 November 2022}} Blessed has appeared in a number of [Shakespearean](/wiki/Shakespearean "Shakespearean") roles on both stage and screen, including four of the five Shakespeare films directed by [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh "Kenneth Branagh"): as the [Duke of Exeter](/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort%2C_Duke_of_Exeter "Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter") in *[Henry V](/wiki/Henry_V_%281989_film%29 "Henry V (1989 film)")* (1989\), Antonio in *[Much Ado About Nothing](/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_%281993_film%29 "Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)")* (1993\), the [Ghost of Hamlet's Father](/wiki/Ghost_%28Hamlet%29 "Ghost (Hamlet)") in *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%281996_film%29 "Hamlet (1996 film)")* (1996\), and both [Duke Frederick](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Frederick "Characters in As You Like It#Duke Frederick") and [Duke Senior](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Senior "Characters in As You Like It#Duke Senior") in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It_%282006_film%29 "As You Like It (2006 film)")* (2006\). In comedies, Blessed portrayed [Prince Vultan](/wiki/Prince_Vultan "Prince Vultan") in the film *[Flash Gordon](/wiki/Flash_Gordon_%28film%29 "Flash Gordon (film)")* (1980\);{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\-Blessed\-Picasso\-gave\-me\-a\-50m\-picture.\-I\-threw\-it\-away.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\-Blessed\-Picasso\-gave\-me\-a\-50m\-picture.\-I\-threw\-it\-away.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Brian Blessed: 'Picasso Gave me a £50m picture – I threw it away' \|newspaper\=The Telegraph \|date\=8 November 2015}}{{cbignore}} the mad, comical figure of [Richard IV](/wiki/Richard_IV_of_England_%28Blackadder%29 "Richard IV of England (Blackadder)") in the first series of *[The Black Adder](/wiki/The_Black_Adder "The Black Adder")* (1983\), a role Blessed has claimed to be one of his most cherished{{citationneeded\|date\=June 2024}}; and Spiro Halikiopoulos in the TV mini\-series *[My Family and Other Animals](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals_%28TV_series%29 "My Family and Other Animals (TV series)")* (1987\), a BBC adaptation of [Gerald Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Durrell "Gerald Durrell")'s [book by the same name](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals "My Family and Other Animals").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5339326\.stm \|date\=15 September 2006 \|title\=Gerald Durrell's Lasting Legacy \|access\-date\=5 May 2008 \| work\=\[\[BBC News Online]]}} Blessed has joked that he was due to appear in *[Blackadder II](/wiki/Blackadder_II "Blackadder II")* (1986\) as [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I"), but was unavailable for filming.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/aug/22/climbingholidays.livechats?page\=3 \|date\=22 August 2001 \|title\=Brian Blessed Web Chat \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=1 September 2008 }} In 1989, he made an appearance in the comedy/drama *[Minder](/wiki/Minder_%28TV_series%29 "Minder (TV series)")*, as [Detective Inspector](/wiki/Detective_Inspector "Detective Inspector") Freddie Dyer of the [Serious Crime Squad](/wiki/Serious_Crime_Squad "Serious Crime Squad") in the episode *The Last Video Show.*{{cite web\|url\=https://www.minder.org/episodeguide/S07E04\_TheLastVideoShow.htm\|title\=\#7\.4 The Last Video Show\|website\=www.minder.org\|access\-date\=8 August 2020}} In 1997, Blessed portrayed Squire Western in the [BBC adaptation](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones:A_Foundling_%28TV_series%29 "A Foundling (TV series)") of [Henry Fielding](/wiki/Henry_Fielding "Henry Fielding")'s 1749 comic novel *[Tom Jones](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones%2C_a_Foundling "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling")*. He later recalled accidentally punching [Peter Capaldi](/wiki/Peter_Capaldi "Peter Capaldi") whilst filming and said of the event, "I thought I'd killed the poor bastard."{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014\-10\-09/the\-day\-brian\-blessed\-punched\-and\-knocked\-out\-peter\-capaldi \|date\=9 October 2014 \|title\=The day Brian Blessed punched and knocked out Peter Capaldi \|magazine\=\[\[Radio Times]] \|access\-date\=2 November 2016}} In 1999, Blessed provided both the voice and live\-action reference for the [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery "Computer-generated imagery") character [Boss Nass](/wiki/Boss_Nass "Boss Nass") in *[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace](/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace "Episode I – The Phantom Menace")*, and also provided the voice of the villainous hunter Clayton in Disney's animated feature film *[Tarzan](/wiki/Tarzan_%281999_film%29 "Tarzan (1999 film)")*, a role he later reprised in the video game based on the film and in the critically acclaimed *[Kingdom Hearts](/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_%28video_game%29 "Kingdom Hearts (video game)")* in 2002; he also did the [Tarzan yell](/wiki/Tarzan_yell "Tarzan yell") after [Tony Goldwyn](/wiki/Tony_Goldwyn "Tony Goldwyn") was unable to do it himself. He voiced "Sir Morris" in the 1999 cartoon series *[The Big Knights](/wiki/The_Big_Knights "The Big Knights")*. He read the story "The White City" for the album series *[Late Night Tales](/wiki/Late_Night_Tales "Late Night Tales")*, recording it in four parts released over four albums,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.discogs.com/artist/290589\-Brian\-Blessed?type\=Appearances \| title\=Brian Blessed discography.\| website\=\[\[Discogs]]}} and was also the voice of [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean "Jean Valjean") in [Focus on the Family](/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family "Focus on the Family") Radio Theatre's audio adaptation of [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo")'s *[Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables "Les Misérables")*. Blessed was one of the narrators for *[Story Teller](/wiki/Story_Teller_%28Marshall_Cavendish%29 "Story Teller (Marshall Cavendish)")*, a children's magazine partwork series in the 1980s. He has further provided vocal links for the [Sony\-Award](/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awards "Sony Radio Academy Awards")\-winning [Christian O'Connell](/wiki/Christian_O%27Connell "Christian O'Connell") Breakfast Show on [Virgin Radio](/wiki/Virgin_Radio "Virgin Radio"), and introduced advertisements for [Orange](/wiki/Orange_%28telecommunications%29 "Orange (telecommunications)") mobile phones. [thumb\|right\|200px\|Blessed at the [Cambridge Film Festival](/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival "Cambridge Film Festival") in 2007](/wiki/Image:Brian_Blessed_by_Offwhitehouse.jpg "Brian Blessed by Offwhitehouse.jpg") In 2002, under the direction of [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") director [Adrian Noble](/wiki/Adrian_Noble "Adrian Noble"), he originated the role of [Baron Bomburst](/wiki/Baron_Bomburst "Baron Bomburst") for the stage musical version of *[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_%28musical%29 "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)")*. From December 2005 to January 2006, Blessed headlined the [Christmas pantomime](/wiki/Christmas_pantomime "Christmas pantomime") production of *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan")*, alongside [CBBC](/wiki/CBBC "CBBC") presenter [Kirsten O'Brien](/wiki/Kirsten_O%27Brien "Kirsten O'Brien"), at [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich "Ipswich")'s [Regent Theatre](/wiki/Regent_Theatre_%28Ipswich%29 "Regent Theatre (Ipswich)").{{cn\|date\=March 2024}} From 2007 to 2008, he appeared in the same play as [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook "Captain Hook") at the Grove Theatre in [Dunstable](/wiki/Dunstable "Dunstable"); he reprised the role for the Christmas 2008 season at the [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls "Fairfield Halls"), [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon "Croydon"). For Christmas 2006, he presented a production of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella "Cinderella")* for Virgin Radio, starring [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant "David Tennant"), [Thandiwe Newton](/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton "Thandiwe Newton") and others. Since October 2008, Blessed has presented the English\-language dub of the Japanese TV game show *[Unbeatable Banzuke](/wiki/Unbeatable_Banzuke "Unbeatable Banzuke")* on [Challenge](/wiki/Challenge_TV "Challenge TV"), under the pseudonym "Banzuke Brian". He was the narrator of the [Sky 1](/wiki/Sky_1 "Sky 1") series *Crash Test Dummies*, starring [Steve Marsh](/wiki/Steve_Marsh_%28comedian%29 "Steve Marsh (comedian)") and Dan Wright. In animation, he has provided the voices of Bob in *Kika \& Bob* (2008\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.kikaandbob.com/castandcrew.html\|title\=KIKA \& BOB :: submarine productions\|website\=www.kikaandbob.com\|access\-date\=8 August 2020}} and Grampy Rabbit in *[Peppa Pig](/wiki/Peppa_Pig "Peppa Pig")* (2004–present). In 2009 Blessed starred with his wife, Hildegarde Neil, in the short film Mr Bojagi.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1487977/\|title\=IMDB\|website\=www.imdb.com\|access\-date\=30 September 2024}} Following a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") campaign, [satellite navigation](/wiki/Satellite_navigation "Satellite navigation") manufacturer [TomTom](/wiki/TomTom "TomTom") recorded Blessed's voice for use in its products; he has been available as a voice command option since October 2010\.{{cite web\|last\=Wallop \|first\=Harry \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\-Blessed\-new\-voice\-of\-TomTom\-Sat\-Nav.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\-Blessed\-new\-voice\-of\-TomTom\-Sat\-Nav.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Brian Blessed new voice of TomTom Sat Nav \|publisher\= Telegraph Media Group Limited \|date\=6 August 2010 \|access\-date\=19 September 2017}}{{cbignore}} In September 2010, Blessed recorded the voice of Great Sultan Shahryār for *Sheherazade, or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!*, an album of children's stories set to [Nikolai Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov")'s classical music composition *[Scheherazade](/wiki/Scheherazade_%28Rimsky-Korsakov%29 "Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)")*, co\-starring [Rory Bremner](/wiki/Rory_Bremner "Rory Bremner") and released as an instalment of *Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales* in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.GrandmaDingley.com \|title\=''Sheherazade or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!'' \| ''Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales'' \|publisher\=Grandmadingley.com \|date\=21 March 2011 \|access\-date\=8 July 2011}} In 2018, Blessed voiced German military engineer [Konrad Kyeser](/wiki/Konrad_Kyeser "Konrad Kyeser") in the open\-world medieval [RPG](/wiki/Role-playing_video_game "Role-playing video game"), *[Kingdom Come: Deliverance](/wiki/Kingdom_Come:Deliverance "Deliverance")*.{{cite web\|title\=Kingdom Come: Deliverance presents: Brian Blessed as Lord Konrad Kyeser\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=CWdx0o8mrAY\&t\=0s\|website\=YouTube\| date\=5 May 2017 \|publisher\=Warhorse Studios\|access\-date\=5 May 2017}} He voiced the megalomaniacal Red Ivan in the 2021 base building game *[Evil Genius 2: World Domination](/wiki/Evil_Genius_2:World_Domination "World Domination")*.{{cite web\|title\=Evil Genius 2 Voice Cast Announced Featuring Samantha Bond and Brian Blessed\|url\=https://gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/378048/EVIL\_GENIUS\_2\_VOICE\_CAST\_ANNOUNCED\_FEATURING\_SAMANTHA\_BOND\_\_BRIAN\_BLESSED.php\|website\=Gamasutra\|access\-date\=30 March 2021}} ### Expeditions [thumb\|Everest climbers receive [Tengboche Monastery](/wiki/Tengboche_Monastery "Tengboche Monastery") blessings from Ngawang Tenzing Jangpo. [Ginette Harrison](/wiki/Ginette_Harrison "Ginette Harrison"), Sir [David Hempleman\-Adams](/wiki/David_Hempleman-Adams "David Hempleman-Adams"), Dr [David Callaway](/wiki/David_Callaway "David Callaway"), Scott McIvor, Lee Nobmann, Brian Blessed.](/wiki/File:Everestblessings.jpg "Everestblessings.jpg") Blessed has attempted to climb [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") three times without supplemental oxygen,{{cite news\|first\=Matt \|last\=Dickinson \|url\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/how\-we\-met\-matt\-dickinson\-\-brian\-blessed\-6988621\.html \|title\=How We Met: Matt Dickinson and Brian Blessed\|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|date\= 19 February 2012\|access\-date\=24 April 2013\|quote\= Dickinson: "But as for going back to Everest with Brian: in truth, he's too old now to try again."}} reaching heights of {{convert\|28,200\|ft\|m}} in 1993 and {{convert\|25,200\|ft\|m}} in 1996, but without reaching the summit.{{cite news\|first\=Charles \|last\=Arthur \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/blessed\-launches\-bitter\-attack\-on\-human\-lemmings\-of\-everest\-1349787\.html \|title\=Blessed Launches Bitter Attack on 'Human Lemmings' of Everest \|work\=The Independent\|date\=30 May 1996\|access\-date\=24 April 2013}} Blessed has reached the tops of [Aconcagua](/wiki/Aconcagua "Aconcagua") in Argentina and [Mount Kilimanjaro](/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro "Mount Kilimanjaro") in Tanzania,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.shropshirestar.com/entertainment/theatre\-and\-comedy/2019/09/06/blessed\-are\-the\-meek\-brian\-blessed\-talks\-ahead\-of\-shrewsbury\-show/\|title\=Blessed are the meek: Brian Blessed talks ahead of Shrewsbury show – Shropshire Star\|date\=6 September 2019 \|access\-date\=4 December 2020}} and has undertaken an expedition into the jungles of [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"), during which he survived a plane crash.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/things\-to\-do/weston\-s\-playhouse\-to\-host\-an\-evening\-with\-brian\-blessed\-4553728 \|title\=An Evening with Brian Blessed at Weston's Playhouse Theatre – Weston Mercury \|date\=3 March 2020 \|access\-date\=4 December 2020}} Blessed is the oldest man to have reached the [North Magnetic Pole](/wiki/North_Magnetic_Pole "North Magnetic Pole") on foot,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/jul/29/features11\.g23 \|title\=Why I Love Brian Blessed \|first\=Leo \|last\=Benedictus \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=29 July 2003 \|access\-date\=5 May 2008 }} where he says he punched a [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear "Polar bear") on the nose.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/membership/video/2015/dec/02/did\-brian\-blessed\-really\-punch\-a\-polar\-bear\-video \|title\=Did Brian Blessed really punch a polar bear? – video – Stage \|work\= The Guardian\|date\=2 December 2015 \|access\-date\=4 December 2020\|last1\=Blessed \|first1\=Brian \|last2\=Morgan \|first2\=Richie }} ### Music In 2009, Blessed featured in the song "Army of the Damned" from the album *Beneath the Veiled Embrace* by British [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal "Power metal") band [Pythia](/wiki/Pythia_%28band%29 "Pythia (band)"), reciting the poem "[Suicide in the Trenches](/wiki/Suicide_in_the_Trenches "Suicide in the Trenches")" by [Siegfried Sassoon](/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon "Siegfried Sassoon").{{cite web \|author1\=naverhtrad \[Matthew Cooper] \|title\=Pythia – Beneath the Veiled Embrace – Reviews \|url\=https://www.metal\-archives.com/reviews/Pythia/Beneath\_the\_Veiled\_Embrace/248538/ \|website\=Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives \|publisher\=Encyclopaedia Metallum \|access\-date\=30 June 2021 \|date\=9 February 2011 \|quote\="...some \[songs] are inexplicably followed by Brian Blessed's stentorian narrations of British anti\-war poetry..."}} Blessed also appeared on their 2014 album *Shadows of a Broken Past*. He had previously contributed to the song "The Joust" by Christian band [Eden Burning](/wiki/Eden_Burning "Eden Burning") in 1994\.Eden Burning *Mirth and Matter* sleeve notes. Blessed contributed vocals to the track 'Sonic Attack' on the 2015 Hawkwind album 'Space Ritual Live'. In 2017, Blessed was featured in "If you remember" music video, singles from British indie band, The Ramona Flowers. As of December 2023, the video had reached over 693,000 views.{{cite web \|title\=The Ramona Flowers – If You Remember \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=28 June 2017 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=JD8VB9nmscE \|access\-date\=17 June 2023 }} It is also his first appearance in a music video, though he didn't contribute for the song vocal.{{cite web \|title\=The Ramona Flowers\- The making of 'If You Remember' featuring Brian Blessed \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=28 June 2017 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=oNa974Zp1zI \|access\-date\=20 August 2023 }} The music video was directed by [Roger Sargent](/wiki/Roger_Sargent_%28photographer%29 "Roger Sargent (photographer)") and produced by Connor Simmons. ### Other work Blessed has completed 800 hours of space training at [Star City](/wiki/Star_City%2C_Russia "Star City, Russia") in Russia. Blessed served as President of the [Television and Radio Industries Club](/wiki/Television_and_Radio_Industries_Club "Television and Radio Industries Club") (TRIC) from 2007 to 2008 and presented the 2008 [TRIC Awards](/wiki/TRIC_Awards "TRIC Awards") at [Grosvenor House](/wiki/Grosvenor_House "Grosvenor House"), [London](/wiki/London "London").{{cite web\|url\=https://dougsocyork.wordpress.com/committee/\|title\=DougSoc Committee\|access\-date\=8 July 2011}} In 2004, Blessed appeared on and won an episode of *[Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes](/wiki/Celebrity_Stars_in_Their_Eyes "Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes")*, impersonating the opera singer [Luciano Pavarotti](/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti "Luciano Pavarotti"). He appeared as an expert and commentator on the satellite channel [UKTV G2](/wiki/UKTV_G2 "UKTV G2") during the [2006 World Cup](/wiki/2006_World_Cup "2006 World Cup"). Blessed also appeared on *[A Question of Sport](/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport "A Question of Sport")* in 2006 and 2011, and was a guest host on the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC")'s satirical quiz show *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You "Have I Got News for You")* in May 2008 and April 2013 (also making a surprise appearance in the 2008 Christmas special).{{cn\|date\=March 2024}} [Downloadable content](/wiki/Downloadable_content "Downloadable content") for the computer game *[War of the Roses](/wiki/War_of_the_Roses_%28video_game%29 "War of the Roses (video game)")* featured narration by Blessed.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.pcgamer.com/2013/02/01/war\-of\-the\-roses\-details\-brian\-blessed\-dlc\-free\-content\-and\-kingmaker\-gold\-edition/\|title\=War of the Roses Details Brian Blessed DLC, Free Content and Kingmaker Gold Edition\|date\=1 February 2013\|magazine\=\[\[PC Gamer]]\|access\-date\=25 April 2013}} In 2013, he received the Spirit of Hammer Award at the *[Metal Hammer](/wiki/Metal_Hammer "Metal Hammer")* magazine's [Golden Gods Awards](/wiki/Metal_Hammer_Golden_Gods_Awards "Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards").{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/metal\-hammer\-golden\-gods\-2013\-all\-the\-winners/ \|title\=Metal Hammer Golden Gods Winners \|date\=17 June 2013 \|magazine\=Metal Hammer \|access\-date\=19 June 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203717/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/metal\-hammer\-golden\-gods\-2013\-all\-the\-winners/ \|archive\-date\=4 April 2014 }} On 14 August 2014, Blessed was the subject of an episode of the BBC documentary series *[Who Do You Think You Are?](/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_%28British_TV_series%29 "Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)")*, tracing the lives of his ancestors. In October 2016 the BBC broadcast a 3\-hour compilation of interviews with Blessed, *Brian Blessed's Radio Adventures*, featuring interviews with him where he discusses his life and career.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07y77x3\|title\=Brian Blessed's Radio Adventures\|website\=BBC}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Acting", "{{Main\\|List of Brian Blessed performances}}\nOne of Blessed's earliest roles was that of PC \"Fancy\" Smith in the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") television series *[Z\\-Cars](/wiki/Z-Cars \"Z-Cars\")*, between 1962 and 1965\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f3c56a1d1bd747fe942a1ea1d39f6ff0 \\|title\\=Z Cars: 5: Big Catch – BBC Television – 30 January 1962 \\|date\\=30 January 1962 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Genome]]}} In 1966, he appeared in a production of *[Incident at Vichy](/wiki/Incident_at_Vichy \"Incident at Vichy\")* at the [Phoenix Theatre](/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_%28London%29 \"Phoenix Theatre (London)\") in London. Also in 1966, he was offered the titular role of [the Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Doctor (Doctor Who)\") in BBC's [sci\\-fi](/wiki/Sci-fi \"Sci-fi\") drama, *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")*, to take over from [William Hartnell](/wiki/William_Hartnell \"William Hartnell\"), but had to turn it down due to conflicting projects.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/aug/05/brian\\-blessed\\-turned\\-down\\-doctor\\-who\\-bbc\\|title\\=Brian Blessed: I turned down Doctor Who\\|date\\=5 August 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} In 1967, he played Porthos in a 10\\-part BBC adaptation of *[The Three Musketeers](/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers \"The Three Musketeers\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/80ee1436ca7f44ea942296349c236416 \\|title\\=The Three Musketeers – BBC One London – 8 January 1967 \\|date\\=8 January 1967 \\|publisher\\=BBC Genome}} Blessed also had minor roles in cult TV series such as *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%28TV_series%29 \"The Avengers (TV series)\")* (1967, 1969\\) and the original *[Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)](/wiki/Randall_and_Hopkirk_%28Deceased%29 \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\")* (1969\\). He interpreted the role of King [Mark of Cornwall](/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall \"Mark of Cornwall\") in the [HTV](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") television series *[Arthur of the Britons](/wiki/Arthur_of_the_Britons \"Arthur of the Britons\")* (1972–1973\\). He appeared as William Woodcock in the [Yorkshire Television](/wiki/Yorkshire_Television \"Yorkshire Television\") series *Boy Dominic* (1974\\). He played [Caesar Augustus](/wiki/Caesar_Augustus \"Caesar Augustus\") in the [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") drama series *[I, Claudius](/wiki/I%2C_Claudius_%28TV_series%29 \"I, Claudius (TV series)\")* (1976\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/114be1caa91c438c92a85fd33d037a9b \\|title\\=I, Claudius – BBC Two England – 6 December 1976 \\|date\\=6 December 1976 \\|publisher\\=BBC Genome}} Vargas in the *[Blake's 7](/wiki/Blake%27s_7 \"Blake's 7\")* episode Cygnus Alpha (1978\\) and Basileos in *[The Aphrodite Inheritance](/wiki/The_Aphrodite_Inheritance \"The Aphrodite Inheritance\")* (1979\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/af32c1fb31c84ee1ac59f3ed1a38ac30 \\|title\\=The Aphrodite Inheritance – BBC One London – 14 February 1979 \\|date\\=14 February 1979 \\|publisher\\=BBC Genome}} He hosted a docudrama on the life of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") called *The Joy of Bach* (1978\\), in which he also played Bach in a number of scenes.", "Blessed also appeared in two episodes of the British science fiction television series *[Space:1999](/wiki/Space:1999 \"1999\")*. He played scientist Dr. Rowland Cabot in the 1975 episode *[Death's Other Dominion](/wiki/Death%27s_Other_Dominion \"Death's Other Dominion\")* and as Mentor in the 1976 episode *[The Metamorph](/wiki/The_Metamorph \"The Metamorph\")*.", "Blessed played Long John Silver in the 10\\-part serial *[Return to Treasure Island](/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_%28TV_series%29 \"Return to Treasure Island (TV series)\")* (1986\\), King Yrcanos in the *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")* serial *[Mindwarp](/wiki/Mindwarp \"Mindwarp\")* (1986\\), General Yevlenko in the mini\\-series *[War and Remembrance](/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_%28miniseries%29 \"War and Remembrance (miniseries)\")* (1988\\), and Lord Loxley, the father of [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood \"Robin Hood\"), in the Hollywood film *[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves](/wiki/Robin_Hood:Prince_of_Thieves \"Prince of Thieves\")* (1991\\).", "In 1981, Blessed appeared in [Andrew Lloyd Webber](/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber \"Andrew Lloyd Webber\")'s musical, *[Cats](/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 \"Cats (musical)\")*, as both [Old Deuteronomy](/wiki/Old_Deuteronomy \"Old Deuteronomy\") and [Bustopher Jones](/wiki/Bustopher_Jones \"Bustopher Jones\"), for the original [West End theatre](/wiki/West_End_theatre \"West End theatre\") production.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jan/13/brian\\-blessed\\-rosalind\\-blessed\\-interview\\-cats\\-astronaut\\|title\\=Brian Blessed: 'All my life, 90% of men have bored the arse off me'\\|date\\=13 January 2020\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|accessdate\\=1 November 2022}}", "Blessed has appeared in a number of [Shakespearean](/wiki/Shakespearean \"Shakespearean\") roles on both stage and screen, including four of the five Shakespeare films directed by [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh \"Kenneth Branagh\"): as the [Duke of Exeter](/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort%2C_Duke_of_Exeter \"Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter\") in *[Henry V](/wiki/Henry_V_%281989_film%29 \"Henry V (1989 film)\")* (1989\\), Antonio in *[Much Ado About Nothing](/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_%281993_film%29 \"Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)\")* (1993\\), the [Ghost of Hamlet's Father](/wiki/Ghost_%28Hamlet%29 \"Ghost (Hamlet)\") in *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%281996_film%29 \"Hamlet (1996 film)\")* (1996\\), and both [Duke Frederick](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Frederick \"Characters in As You Like It#Duke Frederick\") and [Duke Senior](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Senior \"Characters in As You Like It#Duke Senior\") in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It_%282006_film%29 \"As You Like It (2006 film)\")* (2006\\).", "In comedies, Blessed portrayed [Prince Vultan](/wiki/Prince_Vultan \"Prince Vultan\") in the film *[Flash Gordon](/wiki/Flash_Gordon_%28film%29 \"Flash Gordon (film)\")* (1980\\);{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\\-Blessed\\-Picasso\\-gave\\-me\\-a\\-50m\\-picture.\\-I\\-threw\\-it\\-away.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\\-Blessed\\-Picasso\\-gave\\-me\\-a\\-50m\\-picture.\\-I\\-threw\\-it\\-away.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Brian Blessed: 'Picasso Gave me a £50m picture – I threw it away' \\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph \\|date\\=8 November 2015}}{{cbignore}} the mad, comical figure of [Richard IV](/wiki/Richard_IV_of_England_%28Blackadder%29 \"Richard IV of England (Blackadder)\") in the first series of *[The Black Adder](/wiki/The_Black_Adder \"The Black Adder\")* (1983\\), a role Blessed has claimed to be one of his most cherished{{citationneeded\\|date\\=June 2024}}; and Spiro Halikiopoulos in the TV mini\\-series *[My Family and Other Animals](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals_%28TV_series%29 \"My Family and Other Animals (TV series)\")* (1987\\), a BBC adaptation of [Gerald Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Durrell \"Gerald Durrell\")'s [book by the same name](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals \"My Family and Other Animals\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5339326\\.stm \\|date\\=15 September 2006 \\|title\\=Gerald Durrell's Lasting Legacy \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2008 \\| work\\=\\[\\[BBC News Online]]}} Blessed has joked that he was due to appear in *[Blackadder II](/wiki/Blackadder_II \"Blackadder II\")* (1986\\) as [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\"), but was unavailable for filming.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/aug/22/climbingholidays.livechats?page\\=3 \\|date\\=22 August 2001 \\|title\\=Brian Blessed Web Chat \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2008 }} In 1989, he made an appearance in the comedy/drama *[Minder](/wiki/Minder_%28TV_series%29 \"Minder (TV series)\")*, as [Detective Inspector](/wiki/Detective_Inspector \"Detective Inspector\") Freddie Dyer of the [Serious Crime Squad](/wiki/Serious_Crime_Squad \"Serious Crime Squad\") in the episode *The Last Video Show.*{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.minder.org/episodeguide/S07E04\\_TheLastVideoShow.htm\\|title\\=\\#7\\.4 The Last Video Show\\|website\\=www.minder.org\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2020}}", "In 1997, Blessed portrayed Squire Western in the [BBC adaptation](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones:A_Foundling_%28TV_series%29 \"A Foundling (TV series)\") of [Henry Fielding](/wiki/Henry_Fielding \"Henry Fielding\")'s 1749 comic novel *[Tom Jones](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones%2C_a_Foundling \"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling\")*. He later recalled accidentally punching [Peter Capaldi](/wiki/Peter_Capaldi \"Peter Capaldi\") whilst filming and said of the event, \"I thought I'd killed the poor bastard.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014\\-10\\-09/the\\-day\\-brian\\-blessed\\-punched\\-and\\-knocked\\-out\\-peter\\-capaldi \\|date\\=9 October 2014 \\|title\\=The day Brian Blessed punched and knocked out Peter Capaldi \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Radio Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2016}}", "In 1999, Blessed provided both the voice and live\\-action reference for the [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery \"Computer-generated imagery\") character [Boss Nass](/wiki/Boss_Nass \"Boss Nass\") in *[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace](/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace \"Episode I – The Phantom Menace\")*, and also provided the voice of the villainous hunter Clayton in Disney's animated feature film *[Tarzan](/wiki/Tarzan_%281999_film%29 \"Tarzan (1999 film)\")*, a role he later reprised in the video game based on the film and in the critically acclaimed *[Kingdom Hearts](/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_%28video_game%29 \"Kingdom Hearts (video game)\")* in 2002; he also did the [Tarzan yell](/wiki/Tarzan_yell \"Tarzan yell\") after [Tony Goldwyn](/wiki/Tony_Goldwyn \"Tony Goldwyn\") was unable to do it himself. He voiced \"Sir Morris\" in the 1999 cartoon series *[The Big Knights](/wiki/The_Big_Knights \"The Big Knights\")*. He read the story \"The White City\" for the album series *[Late Night Tales](/wiki/Late_Night_Tales \"Late Night Tales\")*, recording it in four parts released over four albums,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/artist/290589\\-Brian\\-Blessed?type\\=Appearances \\| title\\=Brian Blessed discography.\\| website\\=\\[\\[Discogs]]}} and was also the voice of [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean \"Jean Valjean\") in [Focus on the Family](/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family \"Focus on the Family\") Radio Theatre's audio adaptation of [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo \"Victor Hugo\")'s *[Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables \"Les Misérables\")*. Blessed was one of the narrators for *[Story Teller](/wiki/Story_Teller_%28Marshall_Cavendish%29 \"Story Teller (Marshall Cavendish)\")*, a children's magazine partwork series in the 1980s. He has further provided vocal links for the [Sony\\-Award](/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awards \"Sony Radio Academy Awards\")\\-winning [Christian O'Connell](/wiki/Christian_O%27Connell \"Christian O'Connell\") Breakfast Show on [Virgin Radio](/wiki/Virgin_Radio \"Virgin Radio\"), and introduced advertisements for [Orange](/wiki/Orange_%28telecommunications%29 \"Orange (telecommunications)\") mobile phones.", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Blessed at the [Cambridge Film Festival](/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival \"Cambridge Film Festival\") in 2007](/wiki/Image:Brian_Blessed_by_Offwhitehouse.jpg \"Brian Blessed by Offwhitehouse.jpg\")\nIn 2002, under the direction of [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") director [Adrian Noble](/wiki/Adrian_Noble \"Adrian Noble\"), he originated the role of [Baron Bomburst](/wiki/Baron_Bomburst \"Baron Bomburst\") for the stage musical version of *[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_%28musical%29 \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)\")*. From December 2005 to January 2006, Blessed headlined the [Christmas pantomime](/wiki/Christmas_pantomime \"Christmas pantomime\") production of *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\")*, alongside [CBBC](/wiki/CBBC \"CBBC\") presenter [Kirsten O'Brien](/wiki/Kirsten_O%27Brien \"Kirsten O'Brien\"), at [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich \"Ipswich\")'s [Regent Theatre](/wiki/Regent_Theatre_%28Ipswich%29 \"Regent Theatre (Ipswich)\").{{cn\\|date\\=March 2024}} From 2007 to 2008, he appeared in the same play as [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook \"Captain Hook\") at the Grove Theatre in [Dunstable](/wiki/Dunstable \"Dunstable\"); he reprised the role for the Christmas 2008 season at the [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls \"Fairfield Halls\"), [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon \"Croydon\"). For Christmas 2006, he presented a production of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella \"Cinderella\")* for Virgin Radio, starring [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant \"David Tennant\"), [Thandiwe Newton](/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton \"Thandiwe Newton\") and others.", "Since October 2008, Blessed has presented the English\\-language dub of the Japanese TV game show *[Unbeatable Banzuke](/wiki/Unbeatable_Banzuke \"Unbeatable Banzuke\")* on [Challenge](/wiki/Challenge_TV \"Challenge TV\"), under the pseudonym \"Banzuke Brian\". He was the narrator of the [Sky 1](/wiki/Sky_1 \"Sky 1\") series *Crash Test Dummies*, starring [Steve Marsh](/wiki/Steve_Marsh_%28comedian%29 \"Steve Marsh (comedian)\") and Dan Wright. In animation, he has provided the voices of Bob in *Kika \\& Bob* (2008\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kikaandbob.com/castandcrew.html\\|title\\=KIKA \\& BOB :: submarine productions\\|website\\=www.kikaandbob.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2020}} and Grampy Rabbit in *[Peppa Pig](/wiki/Peppa_Pig \"Peppa Pig\")* (2004–present).", "In 2009 Blessed starred with his wife, Hildegarde Neil, in the short film Mr Bojagi.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1487977/\\|title\\=IMDB\\|website\\=www.imdb.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2024}}", "Following a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") campaign, [satellite navigation](/wiki/Satellite_navigation \"Satellite navigation\") manufacturer [TomTom](/wiki/TomTom \"TomTom\") recorded Blessed's voice for use in its products; he has been available as a voice command option since October 2010\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Wallop \\|first\\=Harry \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\\-Blessed\\-new\\-voice\\-of\\-TomTom\\-Sat\\-Nav.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\\-Blessed\\-new\\-voice\\-of\\-TomTom\\-Sat\\-Nav.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Brian Blessed new voice of TomTom Sat Nav\n\\|publisher\\= Telegraph Media Group Limited \\|date\\=6 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2017}}{{cbignore}} In September 2010, Blessed recorded the voice of Great Sultan Shahryār for *Sheherazade, or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!*, an album of children's stories set to [Nikolai Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\")'s classical music composition *[Scheherazade](/wiki/Scheherazade_%28Rimsky-Korsakov%29 \"Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)\")*, co\\-starring [Rory Bremner](/wiki/Rory_Bremner \"Rory Bremner\") and released as an instalment of *Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales* in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.GrandmaDingley.com \\|title\\=''Sheherazade or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!'' \\| ''Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales'' \\|publisher\\=Grandmadingley.com \\|date\\=21 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2011}}", "In 2018, Blessed voiced German military engineer [Konrad Kyeser](/wiki/Konrad_Kyeser \"Konrad Kyeser\") in the open\\-world medieval [RPG](/wiki/Role-playing_video_game \"Role-playing video game\"), *[Kingdom Come: Deliverance](/wiki/Kingdom_Come:Deliverance \"Deliverance\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kingdom Come: Deliverance presents: Brian Blessed as Lord Konrad Kyeser\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=CWdx0o8mrAY\\&t\\=0s\\|website\\=YouTube\\| date\\=5 May 2017 \\|publisher\\=Warhorse Studios\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2017}} He voiced the megalomaniacal Red Ivan in the 2021 base building game *[Evil Genius 2: World Domination](/wiki/Evil_Genius_2:World_Domination \"World Domination\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Evil Genius 2 Voice Cast Announced Featuring Samantha Bond and Brian Blessed\\|url\\=https://gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/378048/EVIL\\_GENIUS\\_2\\_VOICE\\_CAST\\_ANNOUNCED\\_FEATURING\\_SAMANTHA\\_BOND\\_\\_BRIAN\\_BLESSED.php\\|website\\=Gamasutra\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2021}}", "### Expeditions", "[thumb\\|Everest climbers receive [Tengboche Monastery](/wiki/Tengboche_Monastery \"Tengboche Monastery\")\nblessings from Ngawang Tenzing Jangpo. [Ginette Harrison](/wiki/Ginette_Harrison \"Ginette Harrison\"), Sir [David Hempleman\\-Adams](/wiki/David_Hempleman-Adams \"David Hempleman-Adams\"), Dr [David Callaway](/wiki/David_Callaway \"David Callaway\"), Scott McIvor, Lee Nobmann, Brian Blessed.](/wiki/File:Everestblessings.jpg \"Everestblessings.jpg\")\nBlessed has attempted to climb [Mount Everest](/wiki/Mount_Everest \"Mount Everest\") three times without supplemental oxygen,{{cite news\\|first\\=Matt \\|last\\=Dickinson \\|url\\= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/how\\-we\\-met\\-matt\\-dickinson\\-\\-brian\\-blessed\\-6988621\\.html \\|title\\=How We Met: Matt Dickinson and Brian Blessed\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|date\\= 19 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2013\\|quote\\= Dickinson: \"But as for going back to Everest with Brian: in truth, he's too old now to try again.\"}} reaching heights of {{convert\\|28,200\\|ft\\|m}} in 1993 and {{convert\\|25,200\\|ft\\|m}} in 1996, but without reaching the summit.{{cite news\\|first\\=Charles \\|last\\=Arthur \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/blessed\\-launches\\-bitter\\-attack\\-on\\-human\\-lemmings\\-of\\-everest\\-1349787\\.html \\|title\\=Blessed Launches Bitter Attack on 'Human Lemmings' of Everest \\|work\\=The Independent\\|date\\=30 May 1996\\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2013}}", "Blessed has reached the tops of [Aconcagua](/wiki/Aconcagua \"Aconcagua\") in Argentina and [Mount Kilimanjaro](/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro \"Mount Kilimanjaro\") in Tanzania,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.shropshirestar.com/entertainment/theatre\\-and\\-comedy/2019/09/06/blessed\\-are\\-the\\-meek\\-brian\\-blessed\\-talks\\-ahead\\-of\\-shrewsbury\\-show/\\|title\\=Blessed are the meek: Brian Blessed talks ahead of Shrewsbury show – Shropshire Star\\|date\\=6 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2020}} and has undertaken an expedition into the jungles of [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\"), during which he survived a plane crash.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/things\\-to\\-do/weston\\-s\\-playhouse\\-to\\-host\\-an\\-evening\\-with\\-brian\\-blessed\\-4553728 \\|title\\=An Evening with Brian Blessed at Weston's Playhouse Theatre – Weston Mercury \\|date\\=3 March 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2020}}", "Blessed is the oldest man to have reached the [North Magnetic Pole](/wiki/North_Magnetic_Pole \"North Magnetic Pole\") on foot,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/jul/29/features11\\.g23 \\|title\\=Why I Love Brian Blessed \\|first\\=Leo \\|last\\=Benedictus \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=29 July 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2008 }} where he says he punched a [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\") on the nose.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/membership/video/2015/dec/02/did\\-brian\\-blessed\\-really\\-punch\\-a\\-polar\\-bear\\-video \\|title\\=Did Brian Blessed really punch a polar bear? – video – Stage \\|work\\= The Guardian\\|date\\=2 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2020\\|last1\\=Blessed \\|first1\\=Brian \\|last2\\=Morgan \\|first2\\=Richie }}", "### Music", "In 2009, Blessed featured in the song \"Army of the Damned\" from the album *Beneath the Veiled Embrace* by British [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal \"Power metal\") band [Pythia](/wiki/Pythia_%28band%29 \"Pythia (band)\"), reciting the poem \"[Suicide in the Trenches](/wiki/Suicide_in_the_Trenches \"Suicide in the Trenches\")\" by [Siegfried Sassoon](/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon \"Siegfried Sassoon\").{{cite web \\|author1\\=naverhtrad \\[Matthew Cooper] \\|title\\=Pythia – Beneath the Veiled Embrace – Reviews \\|url\\=https://www.metal\\-archives.com/reviews/Pythia/Beneath\\_the\\_Veiled\\_Embrace/248538/ \\|website\\=Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives \\|publisher\\=Encyclopaedia Metallum \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2021 \\|date\\=9 February 2011 \\|quote\\=\"...some \\[songs] are inexplicably followed by Brian Blessed's stentorian narrations of British anti\\-war poetry...\"}} Blessed also appeared on their 2014 album *Shadows of a Broken Past*.", "He had previously contributed to the song \"The Joust\" by Christian band [Eden Burning](/wiki/Eden_Burning \"Eden Burning\") in 1994\\.Eden Burning *Mirth and Matter* sleeve notes.", "Blessed contributed vocals to the track 'Sonic Attack' on the 2015 Hawkwind album 'Space Ritual Live'.", "In 2017, Blessed was featured in \"If you remember\" music video, singles from British indie band, The Ramona Flowers. As of December 2023, the video had reached over 693,000 views.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Ramona Flowers – If You Remember \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=28 June 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=JD8VB9nmscE \\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2023 }} It is also his first appearance in a music video, though he didn't contribute for the song vocal.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Ramona Flowers\\- The making of 'If You Remember' featuring Brian Blessed \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=28 June 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=oNa974Zp1zI \\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023 }} The music video was directed by [Roger Sargent](/wiki/Roger_Sargent_%28photographer%29 \"Roger Sargent (photographer)\") and produced by Connor Simmons.", "### Other work", "Blessed has completed 800 hours of space training at [Star City](/wiki/Star_City%2C_Russia \"Star City, Russia\") in Russia.", "Blessed served as President of the [Television and Radio Industries Club](/wiki/Television_and_Radio_Industries_Club \"Television and Radio Industries Club\") (TRIC) from 2007 to 2008 and presented the 2008 [TRIC Awards](/wiki/TRIC_Awards \"TRIC Awards\") at [Grosvenor House](/wiki/Grosvenor_House \"Grosvenor House\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://dougsocyork.wordpress.com/committee/\\|title\\=DougSoc Committee\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2011}}", "In 2004, Blessed appeared on and won an episode of *[Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes](/wiki/Celebrity_Stars_in_Their_Eyes \"Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes\")*, impersonating the opera singer [Luciano Pavarotti](/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti \"Luciano Pavarotti\"). He appeared as an expert and commentator on the satellite channel [UKTV G2](/wiki/UKTV_G2 \"UKTV G2\") during the [2006 World Cup](/wiki/2006_World_Cup \"2006 World Cup\"). Blessed also appeared on *[A Question of Sport](/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport \"A Question of Sport\")* in 2006 and 2011, and was a guest host on the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")'s satirical quiz show *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You \"Have I Got News for You\")* in May 2008 and April 2013 (also making a surprise appearance in the 2008 Christmas special).{{cn\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "[Downloadable content](/wiki/Downloadable_content \"Downloadable content\") for the computer game *[War of the Roses](/wiki/War_of_the_Roses_%28video_game%29 \"War of the Roses (video game)\")* featured narration by Blessed.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.pcgamer.com/2013/02/01/war\\-of\\-the\\-roses\\-details\\-brian\\-blessed\\-dlc\\-free\\-content\\-and\\-kingmaker\\-gold\\-edition/\\|title\\=War of the Roses Details Brian Blessed DLC, Free Content and Kingmaker Gold Edition\\|date\\=1 February 2013\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[PC Gamer]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2013}} In 2013, he received the Spirit of Hammer Award at the *[Metal Hammer](/wiki/Metal_Hammer \"Metal Hammer\")* magazine's [Golden Gods Awards](/wiki/Metal_Hammer_Golden_Gods_Awards \"Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/metal\\-hammer\\-golden\\-gods\\-2013\\-all\\-the\\-winners/ \\|title\\=Metal Hammer Golden Gods Winners \\|date\\=17 June 2013 \\|magazine\\=Metal Hammer \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203717/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/metal\\-hammer\\-golden\\-gods\\-2013\\-all\\-the\\-winners/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2014 }}", "On 14 August 2014, Blessed was the subject of an episode of the BBC documentary series *[Who Do You Think You Are?](/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)\")*, tracing the lives of his ancestors.", "In October 2016 the BBC broadcast a 3\\-hour compilation of interviews with Blessed, *Brian Blessed's Radio Adventures*, featuring interviews with him where he discusses his life and career.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07y77x3\\|title\\=Brian Blessed's Radio Adventures\\|website\\=BBC}}", "" ]
### Acting {{Main\|List of Brian Blessed performances}} One of Blessed's earliest roles was that of PC "Fancy" Smith in the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") television series *[Z\-Cars](/wiki/Z-Cars "Z-Cars")*, between 1962 and 1965\.{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f3c56a1d1bd747fe942a1ea1d39f6ff0 \|title\=Z Cars: 5: Big Catch – BBC Television – 30 January 1962 \|date\=30 January 1962 \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Genome]]}} In 1966, he appeared in a production of *[Incident at Vichy](/wiki/Incident_at_Vichy "Incident at Vichy")* at the [Phoenix Theatre](/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_%28London%29 "Phoenix Theatre (London)") in London. Also in 1966, he was offered the titular role of [the Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Doctor_Who%29 "The Doctor (Doctor Who)") in BBC's [sci\-fi](/wiki/Sci-fi "Sci-fi") drama, *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")*, to take over from [William Hartnell](/wiki/William_Hartnell "William Hartnell"), but had to turn it down due to conflicting projects.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/aug/05/brian\-blessed\-turned\-down\-doctor\-who\-bbc\|title\=Brian Blessed: I turned down Doctor Who\|date\=5 August 2014\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=11 November 2018}} In 1967, he played Porthos in a 10\-part BBC adaptation of *[The Three Musketeers](/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers "The Three Musketeers")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/80ee1436ca7f44ea942296349c236416 \|title\=The Three Musketeers – BBC One London – 8 January 1967 \|date\=8 January 1967 \|publisher\=BBC Genome}} Blessed also had minor roles in cult TV series such as *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%28TV_series%29 "The Avengers (TV series)")* (1967, 1969\) and the original *[Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)](/wiki/Randall_and_Hopkirk_%28Deceased%29 "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)")* (1969\). He interpreted the role of King [Mark of Cornwall](/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall "Mark of Cornwall") in the [HTV](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") television series *[Arthur of the Britons](/wiki/Arthur_of_the_Britons "Arthur of the Britons")* (1972–1973\). He appeared as William Woodcock in the [Yorkshire Television](/wiki/Yorkshire_Television "Yorkshire Television") series *Boy Dominic* (1974\). He played [Caesar Augustus](/wiki/Caesar_Augustus "Caesar Augustus") in the [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") drama series *[I, Claudius](/wiki/I%2C_Claudius_%28TV_series%29 "I, Claudius (TV series)")* (1976\),{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/114be1caa91c438c92a85fd33d037a9b \|title\=I, Claudius – BBC Two England – 6 December 1976 \|date\=6 December 1976 \|publisher\=BBC Genome}} Vargas in the *[Blake's 7](/wiki/Blake%27s_7 "Blake's 7")* episode Cygnus Alpha (1978\) and Basileos in *[The Aphrodite Inheritance](/wiki/The_Aphrodite_Inheritance "The Aphrodite Inheritance")* (1979\).{{cite web \|url\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/af32c1fb31c84ee1ac59f3ed1a38ac30 \|title\=The Aphrodite Inheritance – BBC One London – 14 February 1979 \|date\=14 February 1979 \|publisher\=BBC Genome}} He hosted a docudrama on the life of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") called *The Joy of Bach* (1978\), in which he also played Bach in a number of scenes. Blessed also appeared in two episodes of the British science fiction television series *[Space:1999](/wiki/Space:1999 "1999")*. He played scientist Dr. Rowland Cabot in the 1975 episode *[Death's Other Dominion](/wiki/Death%27s_Other_Dominion "Death's Other Dominion")* and as Mentor in the 1976 episode *[The Metamorph](/wiki/The_Metamorph "The Metamorph")*. Blessed played Long John Silver in the 10\-part serial *[Return to Treasure Island](/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_%28TV_series%29 "Return to Treasure Island (TV series)")* (1986\), King Yrcanos in the *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who "Doctor Who")* serial *[Mindwarp](/wiki/Mindwarp "Mindwarp")* (1986\), General Yevlenko in the mini\-series *[War and Remembrance](/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_%28miniseries%29 "War and Remembrance (miniseries)")* (1988\), and Lord Loxley, the father of [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood "Robin Hood"), in the Hollywood film *[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves](/wiki/Robin_Hood:Prince_of_Thieves "Prince of Thieves")* (1991\). In 1981, Blessed appeared in [Andrew Lloyd Webber](/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber "Andrew Lloyd Webber")'s musical, *[Cats](/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 "Cats (musical)")*, as both [Old Deuteronomy](/wiki/Old_Deuteronomy "Old Deuteronomy") and [Bustopher Jones](/wiki/Bustopher_Jones "Bustopher Jones"), for the original [West End theatre](/wiki/West_End_theatre "West End theatre") production.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jan/13/brian\-blessed\-rosalind\-blessed\-interview\-cats\-astronaut\|title\=Brian Blessed: 'All my life, 90% of men have bored the arse off me'\|date\=13 January 2020\|website\=The Guardian\|accessdate\=1 November 2022}} Blessed has appeared in a number of [Shakespearean](/wiki/Shakespearean "Shakespearean") roles on both stage and screen, including four of the five Shakespeare films directed by [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh "Kenneth Branagh"): as the [Duke of Exeter](/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort%2C_Duke_of_Exeter "Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter") in *[Henry V](/wiki/Henry_V_%281989_film%29 "Henry V (1989 film)")* (1989\), Antonio in *[Much Ado About Nothing](/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_%281993_film%29 "Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)")* (1993\), the [Ghost of Hamlet's Father](/wiki/Ghost_%28Hamlet%29 "Ghost (Hamlet)") in *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%281996_film%29 "Hamlet (1996 film)")* (1996\), and both [Duke Frederick](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Frederick "Characters in As You Like It#Duke Frederick") and [Duke Senior](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Senior "Characters in As You Like It#Duke Senior") in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It_%282006_film%29 "As You Like It (2006 film)")* (2006\). In comedies, Blessed portrayed [Prince Vultan](/wiki/Prince_Vultan "Prince Vultan") in the film *[Flash Gordon](/wiki/Flash_Gordon_%28film%29 "Flash Gordon (film)")* (1980\);{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\-Blessed\-Picasso\-gave\-me\-a\-50m\-picture.\-I\-threw\-it\-away.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\-Blessed\-Picasso\-gave\-me\-a\-50m\-picture.\-I\-threw\-it\-away.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Brian Blessed: 'Picasso Gave me a £50m picture – I threw it away' \|newspaper\=The Telegraph \|date\=8 November 2015}}{{cbignore}} the mad, comical figure of [Richard IV](/wiki/Richard_IV_of_England_%28Blackadder%29 "Richard IV of England (Blackadder)") in the first series of *[The Black Adder](/wiki/The_Black_Adder "The Black Adder")* (1983\), a role Blessed has claimed to be one of his most cherished{{citationneeded\|date\=June 2024}}; and Spiro Halikiopoulos in the TV mini\-series *[My Family and Other Animals](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals_%28TV_series%29 "My Family and Other Animals (TV series)")* (1987\), a BBC adaptation of [Gerald Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Durrell "Gerald Durrell")'s [book by the same name](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals "My Family and Other Animals").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5339326\.stm \|date\=15 September 2006 \|title\=Gerald Durrell's Lasting Legacy \|access\-date\=5 May 2008 \| work\=\[\[BBC News Online]]}} Blessed has joked that he was due to appear in *[Blackadder II](/wiki/Blackadder_II "Blackadder II")* (1986\) as [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I"), but was unavailable for filming.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/aug/22/climbingholidays.livechats?page\=3 \|date\=22 August 2001 \|title\=Brian Blessed Web Chat \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|access\-date\=1 September 2008 }} In 1989, he made an appearance in the comedy/drama *[Minder](/wiki/Minder_%28TV_series%29 "Minder (TV series)")*, as [Detective Inspector](/wiki/Detective_Inspector "Detective Inspector") Freddie Dyer of the [Serious Crime Squad](/wiki/Serious_Crime_Squad "Serious Crime Squad") in the episode *The Last Video Show.*{{cite web\|url\=https://www.minder.org/episodeguide/S07E04\_TheLastVideoShow.htm\|title\=\#7\.4 The Last Video Show\|website\=www.minder.org\|access\-date\=8 August 2020}} In 1997, Blessed portrayed Squire Western in the [BBC adaptation](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones:A_Foundling_%28TV_series%29 "A Foundling (TV series)") of [Henry Fielding](/wiki/Henry_Fielding "Henry Fielding")'s 1749 comic novel *[Tom Jones](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones%2C_a_Foundling "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling")*. He later recalled accidentally punching [Peter Capaldi](/wiki/Peter_Capaldi "Peter Capaldi") whilst filming and said of the event, "I thought I'd killed the poor bastard."{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014\-10\-09/the\-day\-brian\-blessed\-punched\-and\-knocked\-out\-peter\-capaldi \|date\=9 October 2014 \|title\=The day Brian Blessed punched and knocked out Peter Capaldi \|magazine\=\[\[Radio Times]] \|access\-date\=2 November 2016}} In 1999, Blessed provided both the voice and live\-action reference for the [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery "Computer-generated imagery") character [Boss Nass](/wiki/Boss_Nass "Boss Nass") in *[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace](/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace "Episode I – The Phantom Menace")*, and also provided the voice of the villainous hunter Clayton in Disney's animated feature film *[Tarzan](/wiki/Tarzan_%281999_film%29 "Tarzan (1999 film)")*, a role he later reprised in the video game based on the film and in the critically acclaimed *[Kingdom Hearts](/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_%28video_game%29 "Kingdom Hearts (video game)")* in 2002; he also did the [Tarzan yell](/wiki/Tarzan_yell "Tarzan yell") after [Tony Goldwyn](/wiki/Tony_Goldwyn "Tony Goldwyn") was unable to do it himself. He voiced "Sir Morris" in the 1999 cartoon series *[The Big Knights](/wiki/The_Big_Knights "The Big Knights")*. He read the story "The White City" for the album series *[Late Night Tales](/wiki/Late_Night_Tales "Late Night Tales")*, recording it in four parts released over four albums,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.discogs.com/artist/290589\-Brian\-Blessed?type\=Appearances \| title\=Brian Blessed discography.\| website\=\[\[Discogs]]}} and was also the voice of [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean "Jean Valjean") in [Focus on the Family](/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family "Focus on the Family") Radio Theatre's audio adaptation of [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo")'s *[Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables "Les Misérables")*. Blessed was one of the narrators for *[Story Teller](/wiki/Story_Teller_%28Marshall_Cavendish%29 "Story Teller (Marshall Cavendish)")*, a children's magazine partwork series in the 1980s. He has further provided vocal links for the [Sony\-Award](/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awards "Sony Radio Academy Awards")\-winning [Christian O'Connell](/wiki/Christian_O%27Connell "Christian O'Connell") Breakfast Show on [Virgin Radio](/wiki/Virgin_Radio "Virgin Radio"), and introduced advertisements for [Orange](/wiki/Orange_%28telecommunications%29 "Orange (telecommunications)") mobile phones. [thumb\|right\|200px\|Blessed at the [Cambridge Film Festival](/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival "Cambridge Film Festival") in 2007](/wiki/Image:Brian_Blessed_by_Offwhitehouse.jpg "Brian Blessed by Offwhitehouse.jpg") In 2002, under the direction of [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company "Royal Shakespeare Company") director [Adrian Noble](/wiki/Adrian_Noble "Adrian Noble"), he originated the role of [Baron Bomburst](/wiki/Baron_Bomburst "Baron Bomburst") for the stage musical version of *[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_%28musical%29 "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)")*. From December 2005 to January 2006, Blessed headlined the [Christmas pantomime](/wiki/Christmas_pantomime "Christmas pantomime") production of *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan "Peter Pan")*, alongside [CBBC](/wiki/CBBC "CBBC") presenter [Kirsten O'Brien](/wiki/Kirsten_O%27Brien "Kirsten O'Brien"), at [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich "Ipswich")'s [Regent Theatre](/wiki/Regent_Theatre_%28Ipswich%29 "Regent Theatre (Ipswich)").{{cn\|date\=March 2024}} From 2007 to 2008, he appeared in the same play as [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook "Captain Hook") at the Grove Theatre in [Dunstable](/wiki/Dunstable "Dunstable"); he reprised the role for the Christmas 2008 season at the [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls "Fairfield Halls"), [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon "Croydon"). For Christmas 2006, he presented a production of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella "Cinderella")* for Virgin Radio, starring [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant "David Tennant"), [Thandiwe Newton](/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton "Thandiwe Newton") and others. Since October 2008, Blessed has presented the English\-language dub of the Japanese TV game show *[Unbeatable Banzuke](/wiki/Unbeatable_Banzuke "Unbeatable Banzuke")* on [Challenge](/wiki/Challenge_TV "Challenge TV"), under the pseudonym "Banzuke Brian". He was the narrator of the [Sky 1](/wiki/Sky_1 "Sky 1") series *Crash Test Dummies*, starring [Steve Marsh](/wiki/Steve_Marsh_%28comedian%29 "Steve Marsh (comedian)") and Dan Wright. In animation, he has provided the voices of Bob in *Kika \& Bob* (2008\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.kikaandbob.com/castandcrew.html\|title\=KIKA \& BOB :: submarine productions\|website\=www.kikaandbob.com\|access\-date\=8 August 2020}} and Grampy Rabbit in *[Peppa Pig](/wiki/Peppa_Pig "Peppa Pig")* (2004–present). In 2009 Blessed starred with his wife, Hildegarde Neil, in the short film Mr Bojagi.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1487977/\|title\=IMDB\|website\=www.imdb.com\|access\-date\=30 September 2024}} Following a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") campaign, [satellite navigation](/wiki/Satellite_navigation "Satellite navigation") manufacturer [TomTom](/wiki/TomTom "TomTom") recorded Blessed's voice for use in its products; he has been available as a voice command option since October 2010\.{{cite web\|last\=Wallop \|first\=Harry \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\-Blessed\-new\-voice\-of\-TomTom\-Sat\-Nav.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\-Blessed\-new\-voice\-of\-TomTom\-Sat\-Nav.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Brian Blessed new voice of TomTom Sat Nav \|publisher\= Telegraph Media Group Limited \|date\=6 August 2010 \|access\-date\=19 September 2017}}{{cbignore}} In September 2010, Blessed recorded the voice of Great Sultan Shahryār for *Sheherazade, or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!*, an album of children's stories set to [Nikolai Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov")'s classical music composition *[Scheherazade](/wiki/Scheherazade_%28Rimsky-Korsakov%29 "Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)")*, co\-starring [Rory Bremner](/wiki/Rory_Bremner "Rory Bremner") and released as an instalment of *Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales* in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.GrandmaDingley.com \|title\=''Sheherazade or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!'' \| ''Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales'' \|publisher\=Grandmadingley.com \|date\=21 March 2011 \|access\-date\=8 July 2011}} In 2018, Blessed voiced German military engineer [Konrad Kyeser](/wiki/Konrad_Kyeser "Konrad Kyeser") in the open\-world medieval [RPG](/wiki/Role-playing_video_game "Role-playing video game"), *[Kingdom Come: Deliverance](/wiki/Kingdom_Come:Deliverance "Deliverance")*.{{cite web\|title\=Kingdom Come: Deliverance presents: Brian Blessed as Lord Konrad Kyeser\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=CWdx0o8mrAY\&t\=0s\|website\=YouTube\| date\=5 May 2017 \|publisher\=Warhorse Studios\|access\-date\=5 May 2017}} He voiced the megalomaniacal Red Ivan in the 2021 base building game *[Evil Genius 2: World Domination](/wiki/Evil_Genius_2:World_Domination "World Domination")*.{{cite web\|title\=Evil Genius 2 Voice Cast Announced Featuring Samantha Bond and Brian Blessed\|url\=https://gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/378048/EVIL\_GENIUS\_2\_VOICE\_CAST\_ANNOUNCED\_FEATURING\_SAMANTHA\_BOND\_\_BRIAN\_BLESSED.php\|website\=Gamasutra\|access\-date\=30 March 2021}}
[ "### Acting", "{{Main\\|List of Brian Blessed performances}}\nOne of Blessed's earliest roles was that of PC \"Fancy\" Smith in the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") television series *[Z\\-Cars](/wiki/Z-Cars \"Z-Cars\")*, between 1962 and 1965\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f3c56a1d1bd747fe942a1ea1d39f6ff0 \\|title\\=Z Cars: 5: Big Catch – BBC Television – 30 January 1962 \\|date\\=30 January 1962 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Genome]]}} In 1966, he appeared in a production of *[Incident at Vichy](/wiki/Incident_at_Vichy \"Incident at Vichy\")* at the [Phoenix Theatre](/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_%28London%29 \"Phoenix Theatre (London)\") in London. Also in 1966, he was offered the titular role of [the Doctor](/wiki/The_Doctor_%28Doctor_Who%29 \"The Doctor (Doctor Who)\") in BBC's [sci\\-fi](/wiki/Sci-fi \"Sci-fi\") drama, *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")*, to take over from [William Hartnell](/wiki/William_Hartnell \"William Hartnell\"), but had to turn it down due to conflicting projects.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/aug/05/brian\\-blessed\\-turned\\-down\\-doctor\\-who\\-bbc\\|title\\=Brian Blessed: I turned down Doctor Who\\|date\\=5 August 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2018}} In 1967, he played Porthos in a 10\\-part BBC adaptation of *[The Three Musketeers](/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers \"The Three Musketeers\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/80ee1436ca7f44ea942296349c236416 \\|title\\=The Three Musketeers – BBC One London – 8 January 1967 \\|date\\=8 January 1967 \\|publisher\\=BBC Genome}} Blessed also had minor roles in cult TV series such as *[The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%28TV_series%29 \"The Avengers (TV series)\")* (1967, 1969\\) and the original *[Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)](/wiki/Randall_and_Hopkirk_%28Deceased%29 \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\")* (1969\\). He interpreted the role of King [Mark of Cornwall](/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall \"Mark of Cornwall\") in the [HTV](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") television series *[Arthur of the Britons](/wiki/Arthur_of_the_Britons \"Arthur of the Britons\")* (1972–1973\\). He appeared as William Woodcock in the [Yorkshire Television](/wiki/Yorkshire_Television \"Yorkshire Television\") series *Boy Dominic* (1974\\). He played [Caesar Augustus](/wiki/Caesar_Augustus \"Caesar Augustus\") in the [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") drama series *[I, Claudius](/wiki/I%2C_Claudius_%28TV_series%29 \"I, Claudius (TV series)\")* (1976\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/114be1caa91c438c92a85fd33d037a9b \\|title\\=I, Claudius – BBC Two England – 6 December 1976 \\|date\\=6 December 1976 \\|publisher\\=BBC Genome}} Vargas in the *[Blake's 7](/wiki/Blake%27s_7 \"Blake's 7\")* episode Cygnus Alpha (1978\\) and Basileos in *[The Aphrodite Inheritance](/wiki/The_Aphrodite_Inheritance \"The Aphrodite Inheritance\")* (1979\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/af32c1fb31c84ee1ac59f3ed1a38ac30 \\|title\\=The Aphrodite Inheritance – BBC One London – 14 February 1979 \\|date\\=14 February 1979 \\|publisher\\=BBC Genome}} He hosted a docudrama on the life of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") called *The Joy of Bach* (1978\\), in which he also played Bach in a number of scenes.", "Blessed also appeared in two episodes of the British science fiction television series *[Space:1999](/wiki/Space:1999 \"1999\")*. He played scientist Dr. Rowland Cabot in the 1975 episode *[Death's Other Dominion](/wiki/Death%27s_Other_Dominion \"Death's Other Dominion\")* and as Mentor in the 1976 episode *[The Metamorph](/wiki/The_Metamorph \"The Metamorph\")*.", "Blessed played Long John Silver in the 10\\-part serial *[Return to Treasure Island](/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_%28TV_series%29 \"Return to Treasure Island (TV series)\")* (1986\\), King Yrcanos in the *[Doctor Who](/wiki/Doctor_Who \"Doctor Who\")* serial *[Mindwarp](/wiki/Mindwarp \"Mindwarp\")* (1986\\), General Yevlenko in the mini\\-series *[War and Remembrance](/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_%28miniseries%29 \"War and Remembrance (miniseries)\")* (1988\\), and Lord Loxley, the father of [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood \"Robin Hood\"), in the Hollywood film *[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves](/wiki/Robin_Hood:Prince_of_Thieves \"Prince of Thieves\")* (1991\\).", "In 1981, Blessed appeared in [Andrew Lloyd Webber](/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber \"Andrew Lloyd Webber\")'s musical, *[Cats](/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 \"Cats (musical)\")*, as both [Old Deuteronomy](/wiki/Old_Deuteronomy \"Old Deuteronomy\") and [Bustopher Jones](/wiki/Bustopher_Jones \"Bustopher Jones\"), for the original [West End theatre](/wiki/West_End_theatre \"West End theatre\") production.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jan/13/brian\\-blessed\\-rosalind\\-blessed\\-interview\\-cats\\-astronaut\\|title\\=Brian Blessed: 'All my life, 90% of men have bored the arse off me'\\|date\\=13 January 2020\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|accessdate\\=1 November 2022}}", "Blessed has appeared in a number of [Shakespearean](/wiki/Shakespearean \"Shakespearean\") roles on both stage and screen, including four of the five Shakespeare films directed by [Kenneth Branagh](/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh \"Kenneth Branagh\"): as the [Duke of Exeter](/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort%2C_Duke_of_Exeter \"Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter\") in *[Henry V](/wiki/Henry_V_%281989_film%29 \"Henry V (1989 film)\")* (1989\\), Antonio in *[Much Ado About Nothing](/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_%281993_film%29 \"Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)\")* (1993\\), the [Ghost of Hamlet's Father](/wiki/Ghost_%28Hamlet%29 \"Ghost (Hamlet)\") in *[Hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%281996_film%29 \"Hamlet (1996 film)\")* (1996\\), and both [Duke Frederick](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Frederick \"Characters in As You Like It#Duke Frederick\") and [Duke Senior](/wiki/Characters_in_As_You_Like_It%23Duke_Senior \"Characters in As You Like It#Duke Senior\") in *[As You Like It](/wiki/As_You_Like_It_%282006_film%29 \"As You Like It (2006 film)\")* (2006\\).", "In comedies, Blessed portrayed [Prince Vultan](/wiki/Prince_Vultan \"Prince Vultan\") in the film *[Flash Gordon](/wiki/Flash_Gordon_%28film%29 \"Flash Gordon (film)\")* (1980\\);{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\\-Blessed\\-Picasso\\-gave\\-me\\-a\\-50m\\-picture.\\-I\\-threw\\-it\\-away.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/11977486/Brian\\-Blessed\\-Picasso\\-gave\\-me\\-a\\-50m\\-picture.\\-I\\-threw\\-it\\-away.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Brian Blessed: 'Picasso Gave me a £50m picture – I threw it away' \\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph \\|date\\=8 November 2015}}{{cbignore}} the mad, comical figure of [Richard IV](/wiki/Richard_IV_of_England_%28Blackadder%29 \"Richard IV of England (Blackadder)\") in the first series of *[The Black Adder](/wiki/The_Black_Adder \"The Black Adder\")* (1983\\), a role Blessed has claimed to be one of his most cherished{{citationneeded\\|date\\=June 2024}}; and Spiro Halikiopoulos in the TV mini\\-series *[My Family and Other Animals](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals_%28TV_series%29 \"My Family and Other Animals (TV series)\")* (1987\\), a BBC adaptation of [Gerald Durrell](/wiki/Gerald_Durrell \"Gerald Durrell\")'s [book by the same name](/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals \"My Family and Other Animals\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5339326\\.stm \\|date\\=15 September 2006 \\|title\\=Gerald Durrell's Lasting Legacy \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2008 \\| work\\=\\[\\[BBC News Online]]}} Blessed has joked that he was due to appear in *[Blackadder II](/wiki/Blackadder_II \"Blackadder II\")* (1986\\) as [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\"), but was unavailable for filming.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/aug/22/climbingholidays.livechats?page\\=3 \\|date\\=22 August 2001 \\|title\\=Brian Blessed Web Chat \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2008 }} In 1989, he made an appearance in the comedy/drama *[Minder](/wiki/Minder_%28TV_series%29 \"Minder (TV series)\")*, as [Detective Inspector](/wiki/Detective_Inspector \"Detective Inspector\") Freddie Dyer of the [Serious Crime Squad](/wiki/Serious_Crime_Squad \"Serious Crime Squad\") in the episode *The Last Video Show.*{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.minder.org/episodeguide/S07E04\\_TheLastVideoShow.htm\\|title\\=\\#7\\.4 The Last Video Show\\|website\\=www.minder.org\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2020}}", "In 1997, Blessed portrayed Squire Western in the [BBC adaptation](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones:A_Foundling_%28TV_series%29 \"A Foundling (TV series)\") of [Henry Fielding](/wiki/Henry_Fielding \"Henry Fielding\")'s 1749 comic novel *[Tom Jones](/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones%2C_a_Foundling \"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling\")*. He later recalled accidentally punching [Peter Capaldi](/wiki/Peter_Capaldi \"Peter Capaldi\") whilst filming and said of the event, \"I thought I'd killed the poor bastard.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014\\-10\\-09/the\\-day\\-brian\\-blessed\\-punched\\-and\\-knocked\\-out\\-peter\\-capaldi \\|date\\=9 October 2014 \\|title\\=The day Brian Blessed punched and knocked out Peter Capaldi \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Radio Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2016}}", "In 1999, Blessed provided both the voice and live\\-action reference for the [CGI](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery \"Computer-generated imagery\") character [Boss Nass](/wiki/Boss_Nass \"Boss Nass\") in *[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace](/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace \"Episode I – The Phantom Menace\")*, and also provided the voice of the villainous hunter Clayton in Disney's animated feature film *[Tarzan](/wiki/Tarzan_%281999_film%29 \"Tarzan (1999 film)\")*, a role he later reprised in the video game based on the film and in the critically acclaimed *[Kingdom Hearts](/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_%28video_game%29 \"Kingdom Hearts (video game)\")* in 2002; he also did the [Tarzan yell](/wiki/Tarzan_yell \"Tarzan yell\") after [Tony Goldwyn](/wiki/Tony_Goldwyn \"Tony Goldwyn\") was unable to do it himself. He voiced \"Sir Morris\" in the 1999 cartoon series *[The Big Knights](/wiki/The_Big_Knights \"The Big Knights\")*. He read the story \"The White City\" for the album series *[Late Night Tales](/wiki/Late_Night_Tales \"Late Night Tales\")*, recording it in four parts released over four albums,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.discogs.com/artist/290589\\-Brian\\-Blessed?type\\=Appearances \\| title\\=Brian Blessed discography.\\| website\\=\\[\\[Discogs]]}} and was also the voice of [Jean Valjean](/wiki/Jean_Valjean \"Jean Valjean\") in [Focus on the Family](/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family \"Focus on the Family\") Radio Theatre's audio adaptation of [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo \"Victor Hugo\")'s *[Les Misérables](/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables \"Les Misérables\")*. Blessed was one of the narrators for *[Story Teller](/wiki/Story_Teller_%28Marshall_Cavendish%29 \"Story Teller (Marshall Cavendish)\")*, a children's magazine partwork series in the 1980s. He has further provided vocal links for the [Sony\\-Award](/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awards \"Sony Radio Academy Awards\")\\-winning [Christian O'Connell](/wiki/Christian_O%27Connell \"Christian O'Connell\") Breakfast Show on [Virgin Radio](/wiki/Virgin_Radio \"Virgin Radio\"), and introduced advertisements for [Orange](/wiki/Orange_%28telecommunications%29 \"Orange (telecommunications)\") mobile phones.", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Blessed at the [Cambridge Film Festival](/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival \"Cambridge Film Festival\") in 2007](/wiki/Image:Brian_Blessed_by_Offwhitehouse.jpg \"Brian Blessed by Offwhitehouse.jpg\")\nIn 2002, under the direction of [Royal Shakespeare Company](/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company \"Royal Shakespeare Company\") director [Adrian Noble](/wiki/Adrian_Noble \"Adrian Noble\"), he originated the role of [Baron Bomburst](/wiki/Baron_Bomburst \"Baron Bomburst\") for the stage musical version of *[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang](/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_%28musical%29 \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)\")*. From December 2005 to January 2006, Blessed headlined the [Christmas pantomime](/wiki/Christmas_pantomime \"Christmas pantomime\") production of *[Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan \"Peter Pan\")*, alongside [CBBC](/wiki/CBBC \"CBBC\") presenter [Kirsten O'Brien](/wiki/Kirsten_O%27Brien \"Kirsten O'Brien\"), at [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich \"Ipswich\")'s [Regent Theatre](/wiki/Regent_Theatre_%28Ipswich%29 \"Regent Theatre (Ipswich)\").{{cn\\|date\\=March 2024}} From 2007 to 2008, he appeared in the same play as [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook \"Captain Hook\") at the Grove Theatre in [Dunstable](/wiki/Dunstable \"Dunstable\"); he reprised the role for the Christmas 2008 season at the [Fairfield Halls](/wiki/Fairfield_Halls \"Fairfield Halls\"), [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon \"Croydon\"). For Christmas 2006, he presented a production of *[Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella \"Cinderella\")* for Virgin Radio, starring [David Tennant](/wiki/David_Tennant \"David Tennant\"), [Thandiwe Newton](/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton \"Thandiwe Newton\") and others.", "Since October 2008, Blessed has presented the English\\-language dub of the Japanese TV game show *[Unbeatable Banzuke](/wiki/Unbeatable_Banzuke \"Unbeatable Banzuke\")* on [Challenge](/wiki/Challenge_TV \"Challenge TV\"), under the pseudonym \"Banzuke Brian\". He was the narrator of the [Sky 1](/wiki/Sky_1 \"Sky 1\") series *Crash Test Dummies*, starring [Steve Marsh](/wiki/Steve_Marsh_%28comedian%29 \"Steve Marsh (comedian)\") and Dan Wright. In animation, he has provided the voices of Bob in *Kika \\& Bob* (2008\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kikaandbob.com/castandcrew.html\\|title\\=KIKA \\& BOB :: submarine productions\\|website\\=www.kikaandbob.com\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2020}} and Grampy Rabbit in *[Peppa Pig](/wiki/Peppa_Pig \"Peppa Pig\")* (2004–present).", "In 2009 Blessed starred with his wife, Hildegarde Neil, in the short film Mr Bojagi.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1487977/\\|title\\=IMDB\\|website\\=www.imdb.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2024}}", "Following a [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") campaign, [satellite navigation](/wiki/Satellite_navigation \"Satellite navigation\") manufacturer [TomTom](/wiki/TomTom \"TomTom\") recorded Blessed's voice for use in its products; he has been available as a voice command option since October 2010\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Wallop \\|first\\=Harry \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\\-Blessed\\-new\\-voice\\-of\\-TomTom\\-Sat\\-Nav.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/7930644/Brian\\-Blessed\\-new\\-voice\\-of\\-TomTom\\-Sat\\-Nav.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Brian Blessed new voice of TomTom Sat Nav\n\\|publisher\\= Telegraph Media Group Limited \\|date\\=6 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2017}}{{cbignore}} In September 2010, Blessed recorded the voice of Great Sultan Shahryār for *Sheherazade, or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!*, an album of children's stories set to [Nikolai Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\")'s classical music composition *[Scheherazade](/wiki/Scheherazade_%28Rimsky-Korsakov%29 \"Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)\")*, co\\-starring [Rory Bremner](/wiki/Rory_Bremner \"Rory Bremner\") and released as an instalment of *Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales* in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.GrandmaDingley.com \\|title\\=''Sheherazade or The Princess, the Pirate and the Baboon!'' \\| ''Grandma Dingley's Ingeniously Musical Tales'' \\|publisher\\=Grandmadingley.com \\|date\\=21 March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2011}}", "In 2018, Blessed voiced German military engineer [Konrad Kyeser](/wiki/Konrad_Kyeser \"Konrad Kyeser\") in the open\\-world medieval [RPG](/wiki/Role-playing_video_game \"Role-playing video game\"), *[Kingdom Come: Deliverance](/wiki/Kingdom_Come:Deliverance \"Deliverance\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Kingdom Come: Deliverance presents: Brian Blessed as Lord Konrad Kyeser\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=CWdx0o8mrAY\\&t\\=0s\\|website\\=YouTube\\| date\\=5 May 2017 \\|publisher\\=Warhorse Studios\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2017}} He voiced the megalomaniacal Red Ivan in the 2021 base building game *[Evil Genius 2: World Domination](/wiki/Evil_Genius_2:World_Domination \"World Domination\")*.{{cite web\\|title\\=Evil Genius 2 Voice Cast Announced Featuring Samantha Bond and Brian Blessed\\|url\\=https://gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/378048/EVIL\\_GENIUS\\_2\\_VOICE\\_CAST\\_ANNOUNCED\\_FEATURING\\_SAMANTHA\\_BOND\\_\\_BRIAN\\_BLESSED.php\\|website\\=Gamasutra\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2021}}", "" ]
Channels listed by frequency ---------------------------- ### Analogue television #### 28 January 1963 – 28 October 1965 The ITV 405\-line television service commenced with Teledu Cymru on 28 January 1963\. One year later, Wales (West and North) Limited had collapsed financially, and the ITA awarded the franchise to provide the service from 27 January 1964 for the West and North Wales region to Television Wales and West, the holder of the franchise for the South Wales and West of England region.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.78rpm.co.uk/wwn.htm\|title\=Teledu Cymru (WWN)\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-26\|publisher\=DinoDiscs}} | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK System A\|ch\=11}} | 11 | 25 | [Teledu Cymru](/wiki/Wales_West_and_North_Television "Wales West and North Television") until 1964 [TWW](/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West "Television Wales and the West") from 1964 | #### 28 October 1965 – 5 July 1969 BBC 405\-line TV was added, obtaining its signal from an [SHF](/wiki/Super_high_frequency "Super high frequency") link on the [Great Orme](/wiki/Great_Orme "Great Orme") which picked up the signal from [Llanddona](/wiki/Llanddona_transmitting_station "Llanddona transmitting station") on [Anglesey](/wiki/Anglesey "Anglesey"). Until the mid\-1960s, it had been common practice for BBC and ITV transmitters to be hosted from different masts. Moel\-y\-Parc had been engineered to take both services and be capable of the UHF transmission when they arrived. Additionally (and unusually) the BBC's VHF television transmissions were on Band III as were the ITA's transmissions. Having both services on the same mast meant that the region's viewers only needed one aerial. This was the final BBC VHF television "main station" to be commissioned. The BBC published a technical report{{cite web\|url\=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/reports/1966\-59\.pdf\|title\=BAND III TRANSMITTING AERIAL FOR THE MOEL\-Y\-PARC V.U.F. TELEVISION STATION\|date\=October 1966\|website\=BBC}} on the mast and its aerials. | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK System A\|ch\=6}} | 6 | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales "BBC One Wales") | | {{UK System A\|ch\=11}} | 11 | 25 | [TWW](/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West "Television Wales and the West") until March 1968 | [ITSWW](/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West "Independent Television Service for Wales and the West") from March 1968 until May 1968{{cite web\|url\=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2017/10/23/itsww\|title\=Independent Television Service for Wales and the West\|date\=2017\-10\-23\|publisher\=Kif Bowden\-Smith, Transdiffusion}} [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") from May 1968 #### 5 July 1969 \- 1973 | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK System A\|ch\=6}} | 6 | — | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales "BBC One Wales") | | {{UK System A\|ch\=11}} | 11 | — | 25 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=45}} | — | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales "BBC Two Wales") | #### 1973 \- 1 November 1982 | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK System A\|ch\=6}} | 6 | — | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales "BBC One Wales") | | {{UK System A\|ch\=11}} | 11 | — | 25 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=45}} | — | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales "BBC Two Wales") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=49}} | — | 49 | 100 | HTV Wales | | {{UK System I\|ch\=52}} | — | 52 | 100 | BBC1 Wales | #### 1 November 1982 – 3 January 1985 | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK System A\|ch\=6}} | 6 | — | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales "BBC One Wales") | | {{UK System A\|ch\=11}} | 11 | — | 25 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=42}} | — | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C "S4C") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=45}} | — | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales "BBC Two Wales") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=49}} | — | 49 | 100 | HTV Wales | | {{UK System I\|ch\=52}} | — | 52 | 100 | BBC1 Wales | #### 3 January 1985 – 15 November 1998 405\-line television was switched off across the UK and both Moel\-y\-Parc's VHF transmitters ceased operation after 20 and 22 years of service for the BBC and ITV respectively. | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK System I\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C "S4C") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales "BBC Two Wales") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=49}} | 49 | 100 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") | | {{UK System I\|ch\=52}} | 52 | 100 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales "BBC One Wales") | ### Analogue and digital television #### 15 November 1998 – 28 October 2009 | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | {{no2}}System | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=30}} | 30 | 0\.25 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") (Mux C) | [DVB\-T](/wiki/DVB-T "DVB-T") | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=34}} | 34 | 0\.25 | Arqiva (Mux D) | DVB\-T | | {{UK System I\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C "S4C") | [PAL](/wiki/PAL "PAL") System I | | {{UK System I\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC2_Wales "BBC2 Wales") | PAL System I | | {{UK System I\|ch\=49}} | 49 | 100 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") | PAL System I | | {{UK System I\|ch\=52}} | 52 | 100 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC1_Wales "BBC1 Wales") | PAL System I | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=54}} | 54 | 1 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") (Mux 1\) | DVB\-T | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=58}} | 58 | 1 | [Digital 3\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 "Digital 3&4") (Mux 2\) | DVB\-T | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=61}} | 61 | 1 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks "S4C Digital Networks") (Mux A) | DVB\-T | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=64}} | 64 | 1 | BBC (Mux B) | DVB\-T | #### 28 October 2009 – 25 November 2009 | {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | {{no2}}System | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=30}} | 30 | 0\.25 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") (Mux C) | [DVB\-T](/wiki/DVB-T "DVB-T") | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=34}} | 34 | 0\.25 | Arqiva (Mux D) | DVB\-T | | {{UK System I\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C "S4C") | [PAL](/wiki/PAL "PAL") System I | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") A | DVB\-T | | {{UK System I\|ch\=49}} | 49 | 100 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West "ITV Wales & West") | PAL System I | | {{UK System I\|ch\=52}} | 52 | 100 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC1_Wales "BBC1 Wales") | PAL System I | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=58}} | 58 | 1 | [Digital 3\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 "Digital 3&4") (Mux 2\) | DVB\-T | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=61}} | 61 | 1 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks "S4C Digital Networks") (Mux A) | DVB\-T | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=64}} | 64 | 1 | BBC (Mux B) | DVB\-T | ### Digital television #### 25 November 2009 – 14 November 2012 As part of the digital switchover, analogue BBC2 Wales ceased transmission on 28 October 2009, followed by analogue BBC1 Wales, HTV Wales and S4C on 25 November 2009\. They were replaced by higher powered digital transmissions. | {{No2}}Frequency | {{No2}}UHF | {{No2}}kWTelevision Viewers Guide 2009 | {{No2}}Operator | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") B | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=48\|off\=neg}} | 48\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") B | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=49\|off\=pos}} | 49\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 "Digital 3&4") | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=51\|off\=neg}} | 51\- | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks "S4C Digital Networks") | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=52}} | 52 | 12\.5 | Arqiva A | #### 14 November 2012 – 26 February 2019 In coordination with changes to transmission frequencies elsewhere in the UK arising from the clearance of the 800 MHz band for [4G](/wiki/4G "4G") mobile phone use,{{cite web\|last\=Summers \|first\=Nick \|url\=https://thenextweb.com/eu/2012/02/15/eu\-states\-must\-allow\-4g\-internet\-use\-on\-analogue\-tv\-spectrum\-by\-january\-2013/ \|title\=EU States Must Allow 4G on Analogue TV Spectrum \|publisher\=Thenextweb.com \|date\=2012\-02\-15 \|access\-date\=2013\-05\-28}} Moel\-y\-Parc's "Digital 3\&4" multiplex was moved from channel 49\+ to channel 39\+.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.a516digital.com/p/4g\-clearance\-retunes.html \|title\=4G clearance retunes \|publisher\=a516digital \|access\-date\=2013\-05\-28}} | Frequency | UHF | kWTelevision Viewers Guide 2009 | Operator | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=39\|off\=pos}} | 39\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 "Digital 3&4") | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") B | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=48\|off\=neg}} | 48\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") B | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=51\|off\=neg}} | 51\- | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks "S4C Digital Networks") | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=52}} | 52 | 12\.5 | Arqiva A | #### 26 April 2017 The transmission of the local television "LOC1" multiplex (DVB\-t system with [QPSK](/wiki/QPSK "QPSK") modulation) from Moel\-y\-Parc on UHF channel 56 with ERP of 2 kW commenced.{{cite web \|title\=Table of Broadcasting Stations for Multiplex L\|url\=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0036/189729/comux\-licence\-technical\-plan\-v13\.pdf\|date\=2019\-03\-27\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-20\|publisher\=Ofcom}} Although a licence had been issued in January 2014 to [Bay TV Clwyd](/wiki/North_Wales_TV "North Wales TV"){{cite web \|title\=Liverpool news agency to launch TV stations in Mold and Swansea \- full breakdown of first 25 local TV licences\|url\=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/bay\-tv\-wins\-roadcasting\-licences\-mold\-and\-swansea\-full\-breakdown\-first\-25\-local\-tv\-stations\|date\=2014\-01\-24\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-26\|publisher\=Dominic Ponsford, Press Gazette}} (subsequent to the launch of [Bay TV Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_TV "Liverpool TV")) to start a local television service for North East Wales from studios in [Mold](/wiki/Mold%2C_Flintshire "Mold, Flintshire"), it was not until 26 April 2017 that the successor company Made TV which had taken over the operations of bankrupt Bay TV, was able to launch the local television "LOC1" multiplex to carry the "Made in North Wales TV" service. Local reaction to the launch was highly critical because production of programing was no longer to be in Mold within the licensed service area, but at the studios of ["Made in Liverpool"](/wiki/Liverpool_TV "Liverpool TV") in [Toxteth](/wiki/Toxteth "Toxteth"), Liverpool.{{cite web \|title\=New channel Made in North Wales TV slammed for making its programmes...in Liverpool\|url\=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/new\-channel\-made\-north\-wales\-12877064\|date\=2017\-04\-12\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-26\|publisher\=Shane Brennan, NorthWalesLive, Daily Post}} #### 27 February 2019 – 11 August 2020 In coordination with changes to transmission frequencies elsewhere in the UK arising from the clearance of the 700 MHz band for 5G mobile phone use, the following changes were implemented. The local TV "LOC1" multiplex (carrying North Wales TV) was moved from UHF channel 56 to UHF channel 27, and the transmission ERP increased from 2 kW to 3 kW. The "Arqiva A" multiplex was moved from UHF channel 52 to UHF channel 36\. The national "COM7" multiplex was moved from UHF channel 32 to UHF channel 55 and the transmission ERP increased from 14 kW to 16 kW.{{cite web \|title\=Trade and Industry Information, 700MHz Clearance Events, Wales Region \|url\=https://www.freeview.co.uk/sites/default/files/2019\-09/700MHz\-clearance\-wales\-apr2019\.pdf \|website\=Digital UK \|access\-date\=8 July 2020}} | Frequency | UHF | kW | Operator | System | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=27}} | 27 | 3 | LTV ([North Wales TV](/wiki/North_Wales_TV "North Wales TV")) | [DVB\-T](/wiki/DVB-T "DVB-T") (QPSK) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=34}} | 34 | 14 | COM8 | DVB\-T2 (QAM/256\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=36}} | 36 | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") A | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=39\|off\=pos}} | 39\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 "Digital 3&4") | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") B | [DVB\-T2](/wiki/DVB-T2 "DVB-T2") (QAM/256\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=48\|off\=neg}} | 48\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") B | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=51\|off\=neg}} | 51\- | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks "S4C Digital Networks") | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=55\|}} | 55 | 16 | COM7 | DVB\-T2 (QAM/256\) | With the changes on 27 February 2009, the corresponding frequency of each public service multiplex transmitted from Storeton was also changed to the same as that transmitted from Moel\-y\-Parc, thereby making each site a constituent part of a [single\-frequency network](/wiki/Single-frequency_network "Single-frequency network") (SFN), resulting in a significant improvement in reception quality at locations where signals were being received from both sites but where neither was consistently adequate. #### June 30, 2020 The transmission of the national "COM8" multiplex from Moel\-y\-Parc on UHF channel 34 ceased. A commercial decision had been taken by Arqiva to discontinue transmission of the national "COM8" multiplex having failed to obtain a response from Ofcom concerning the duration of the future availability of the transmission frequencies used.{{cite web \|title\=22 Jun 2020 \- Important channel broadcast changes\|url\=https://www.freeview.co.uk/help/22\-jun\-2020\-channel\-broadcast\-changes\|website\=Freeview\|date\=2020\-06\-22\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-26\|publisher\=Freeview}}{{cite web \|title\=DTT Changes 20th June 2020\|url\=https://www.cai.org.uk/index.php/contact/news/17\-dtt\-freeview\-updates\|date\=2020\-06\-22\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-26\|publisher\=Confederation of Aerial Installers}} #### 12 August 2020 \- present In coordination with changes to transmission frequencies elsewhere in the UK arising from the clearance of the 700 MHz band for [5G](/wiki/5G "5G") mobile phone use, Moel\-y\-Parc's "SDN" multiplex was moved from UHF channel 51 to UHF channel 33\.{{cite web \|title\=Trade and Industry Information, 700MHz Clearance Events, Wales Region \|url\=https://www.freeview.co.uk/sites/default/files/2020\-07/700mhz\-clearance\-events\-wales\-july\-2020\.pdf \|website\=Freeview \|access\-date\=12 August 2020}} | Frequency | UHF | kW | Operator | System | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=27}} | 27 | 3 | LTV ([North Wales TV](/wiki/North_Wales_TV "North Wales TV")) | [DVB\-T](/wiki/DVB-T "DVB-T") (QPSK) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=33}} | 33 | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks "S4C Digital Networks") | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=36}} | 36 | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") A | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=39\|off\=pos}} | 39\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 "Digital 3&4") | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") B | [DVB\-T2](/wiki/DVB-T2 "DVB-T2") (QAM/256\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=48\|off\=neg}} | 48\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva "Arqiva") B | DVB\-T (QAM/64\) | | {{UK DVB\-T\|ch\=55\|}} | 55 | 16 | COM7 | DVB\-T2 (QAM/256\) | ### Analogue radio (FM VHF) | Frequency | kW | Service | | --- | --- | --- | | 106\.9 MHz | 0\.44 | [Heart North and Mid Wales](/wiki/Heart_North_and_Mid_Wales "Heart North and Mid Wales") | ### Digital radio (DAB) | Frequency | Block | kW | Operator | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 213\.360 MHz | 10C | 1\.2† | [Bauer Liverpool](/wiki/Bauer_Liverpool "Bauer Liverpool") | | 215\.072 MHz | 10D | 3kW | [MuxCo Wrexham, Chester and Liverpool](/wiki/MuxCo "MuxCo")† | | 216\.928 MHz | 11A | 10 | [Sound Digital](/wiki/Sound_Digital "Sound Digital") | | 222\.064 MHz | 11D | 9\.5 | [Digital One](/wiki/Digital_One "Digital One") | | 225\.648 MHz | 12B | 10 | [BBC National DAB](/wiki/BBC_National_DAB "BBC National DAB") | On air date March 2013Radio Listeners Guide 2010 † Relay of [Winter Hill](/wiki/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station "Winter Hill transmitting station")
[ "Channels listed by frequency\n----------------------------", "### Analogue television", "#### 28 January 1963 – 28 October 1965", "The ITV 405\\-line television service commenced with Teledu Cymru on 28 January 1963\\.", "One year later, Wales (West and North) Limited had collapsed financially, and the ITA awarded the franchise to provide the service from 27 January 1964 for the West and North Wales region to Television Wales and West, the holder of the franchise for the South Wales and West of England region.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.78rpm.co.uk/wwn.htm\\|title\\=Teledu Cymru (WWN)\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-26\\|publisher\\=DinoDiscs}}", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=11}} | 11 | 25 | [Teledu Cymru](/wiki/Wales_West_and_North_Television \"Wales West and North Television\") until 1964 [TWW](/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West \"Television Wales and the West\") from 1964 |", "#### 28 October 1965 – 5 July 1969", "BBC 405\\-line TV was added, obtaining its signal from an [SHF](/wiki/Super_high_frequency \"Super high frequency\") link on the [Great Orme](/wiki/Great_Orme \"Great Orme\") which picked up the signal from [Llanddona](/wiki/Llanddona_transmitting_station \"Llanddona transmitting station\") on [Anglesey](/wiki/Anglesey \"Anglesey\").", "Until the mid\\-1960s, it had been common practice for BBC and ITV transmitters to be hosted from different masts. Moel\\-y\\-Parc had been engineered to take both services and be capable of the UHF transmission when they arrived. Additionally (and unusually) the BBC's VHF television transmissions were on Band III as were the ITA's transmissions. Having both services on the same mast meant that the region's viewers only needed one aerial.", "This was the final BBC VHF television \"main station\" to be commissioned. The BBC published a technical report{{cite web\\|url\\=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/reports/1966\\-59\\.pdf\\|title\\=BAND III TRANSMITTING AERIAL FOR THE MOEL\\-Y\\-PARC V.U.F. TELEVISION STATION\\|date\\=October 1966\\|website\\=BBC}} on the mast and its aerials.", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=6}} | 6 | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales \"BBC One Wales\") |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=11}} | 11 | 25 | [TWW](/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West \"Television Wales and the West\") until March 1968 |", "[ITSWW](/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West \"Independent Television Service for Wales and the West\") from March 1968 until May 1968{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2017/10/23/itsww\\|title\\=Independent Television Service for Wales and the West\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-23\\|publisher\\=Kif Bowden\\-Smith, Transdiffusion}}\n[HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") from May 1968", "#### 5 July 1969 \\- 1973", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=6}} | 6 | — | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales \"BBC One Wales\") |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=11}} | 11 | — | 25 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=45}} | — | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales \"BBC Two Wales\") |", "#### 1973 \\- 1 November 1982", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=6}} | 6 | — | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales \"BBC One Wales\") |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=11}} | 11 | — | 25 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=45}} | — | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales \"BBC Two Wales\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=49}} | — | 49 | 100 | HTV Wales |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=52}} | — | 52 | 100 | BBC1 Wales |", "#### 1 November 1982 – 3 January 1985", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}VHF | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=6}} | 6 | — | 15 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales \"BBC One Wales\") |\n| {{UK System A\\|ch\\=11}} | 11 | — | 25 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=42}} | — | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C \"S4C\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=45}} | — | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales \"BBC Two Wales\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=49}} | — | 49 | 100 | HTV Wales |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=52}} | — | 52 | 100 | BBC1 Wales |", "#### 3 January 1985 – 15 November 1998", "405\\-line television was switched off across the UK and both Moel\\-y\\-Parc's VHF transmitters ceased operation after 20 and 22 years of service for the BBC and ITV respectively.", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C \"S4C\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC_Two_Wales \"BBC Two Wales\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=49}} | 49 | 100 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=52}} | 52 | 100 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC_One_Wales \"BBC One Wales\") |", "### Analogue and digital television", "#### 15 November 1998 – 28 October 2009", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | {{no2}}System |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=30}} | 30 | 0\\.25 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") (Mux C) | [DVB\\-T](/wiki/DVB-T \"DVB-T\") |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=34}} | 34 | 0\\.25 | Arqiva (Mux D) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C \"S4C\") | [PAL](/wiki/PAL \"PAL\") System I |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 100 | [BBC2 Wales](/wiki/BBC2_Wales \"BBC2 Wales\") | PAL System I |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=49}} | 49 | 100 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") | PAL System I |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=52}} | 52 | 100 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC1_Wales \"BBC1 Wales\") | PAL System I |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=54}} | 54 | 1 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") (Mux 1\\) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=58}} | 58 | 1 | [Digital 3\\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 \"Digital 3&4\") (Mux 2\\) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=61}} | 61 | 1 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks \"S4C Digital Networks\") (Mux A) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=64}} | 64 | 1 | BBC (Mux B) | DVB\\-T |", "#### 28 October 2009 – 25 November 2009", "", "| {{no2}}Frequency | {{no2}}UHF | {{no2}}kW | {{no2}}Service | {{no2}}System |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=30}} | 30 | 0\\.25 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") (Mux C) | [DVB\\-T](/wiki/DVB-T \"DVB-T\") |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=34}} | 34 | 0\\.25 | Arqiva (Mux D) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 100 | [S4C](/wiki/S4C \"S4C\") | [PAL](/wiki/PAL \"PAL\") System I |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") A | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=49}} | 49 | 100 | [HTV Wales](/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West \"ITV Wales & West\") | PAL System I |\n| {{UK System I\\|ch\\=52}} | 52 | 100 | [BBC1 Wales](/wiki/BBC1_Wales \"BBC1 Wales\") | PAL System I |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=58}} | 58 | 1 | [Digital 3\\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 \"Digital 3&4\") (Mux 2\\) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=61}} | 61 | 1 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks \"S4C Digital Networks\") (Mux A) | DVB\\-T |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=64}} | 64 | 1 | BBC (Mux B) | DVB\\-T |", "### Digital television", "#### 25 November 2009 – 14 November 2012", "As part of the digital switchover, analogue BBC2 Wales ceased transmission on 28 October 2009, followed by analogue BBC1 Wales, HTV Wales and S4C on 25 November 2009\\. They were replaced by higher powered digital transmissions.", "", "| {{No2}}Frequency | {{No2}}UHF | {{No2}}kWTelevision Viewers Guide 2009 | {{No2}}Operator |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") B |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=48\\|off\\=neg}} | 48\\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") B |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=49\\|off\\=pos}} | 49\\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 \"Digital 3&4\") |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=51\\|off\\=neg}} | 51\\- | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks \"S4C Digital Networks\") |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=52}} | 52 | 12\\.5 | Arqiva A |", "#### 14 November 2012 – 26 February 2019", "In coordination with changes to transmission frequencies elsewhere in the UK arising from the clearance of the 800 MHz band for [4G](/wiki/4G \"4G\") mobile phone use,{{cite web\\|last\\=Summers \\|first\\=Nick \\|url\\=https://thenextweb.com/eu/2012/02/15/eu\\-states\\-must\\-allow\\-4g\\-internet\\-use\\-on\\-analogue\\-tv\\-spectrum\\-by\\-january\\-2013/ \\|title\\=EU States Must Allow 4G on Analogue TV Spectrum \\|publisher\\=Thenextweb.com \\|date\\=2012\\-02\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-28}} Moel\\-y\\-Parc's \"Digital 3\\&4\" multiplex was moved from channel 49\\+ to channel 39\\+.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.a516digital.com/p/4g\\-clearance\\-retunes.html \\|title\\=4G clearance retunes \\|publisher\\=a516digital \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-28}}", "", "| Frequency | UHF | kWTelevision Viewers Guide 2009 | Operator |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=39\\|off\\=pos}} | 39\\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 \"Digital 3&4\") |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") B |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=48\\|off\\=neg}} | 48\\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") B |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=51\\|off\\=neg}} | 51\\- | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks \"S4C Digital Networks\") |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=52}} | 52 | 12\\.5 | Arqiva A |", "#### 26 April 2017", "The transmission of the local television \"LOC1\" multiplex (DVB\\-t system with [QPSK](/wiki/QPSK \"QPSK\") modulation) from Moel\\-y\\-Parc on UHF channel 56 with ERP of 2 kW commenced.{{cite web \\|title\\=Table of Broadcasting Stations for Multiplex L\\|url\\=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/\\_\\_data/assets/pdf\\_file/0036/189729/comux\\-licence\\-technical\\-plan\\-v13\\.pdf\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-27\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-20\\|publisher\\=Ofcom}}", "Although a licence had been issued in January 2014 to [Bay TV Clwyd](/wiki/North_Wales_TV \"North Wales TV\"){{cite web \\|title\\=Liverpool news agency to launch TV stations in Mold and Swansea \\- full breakdown of first 25 local TV licences\\|url\\=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/bay\\-tv\\-wins\\-roadcasting\\-licences\\-mold\\-and\\-swansea\\-full\\-breakdown\\-first\\-25\\-local\\-tv\\-stations\\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-24\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-26\\|publisher\\=Dominic Ponsford, Press Gazette}} (subsequent to the launch of [Bay TV Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_TV \"Liverpool TV\")) to start a local television service for North East Wales from studios in [Mold](/wiki/Mold%2C_Flintshire \"Mold, Flintshire\"), it was not until 26 April 2017 that the successor company Made TV which had taken over the operations of bankrupt Bay TV, was able to launch the local television \"LOC1\" multiplex to carry the \"Made in North Wales TV\" service.", "Local reaction to the launch was highly critical because production of programing was no longer to be in Mold within the licensed service area, but at the studios of [\"Made in Liverpool\"](/wiki/Liverpool_TV \"Liverpool TV\") in [Toxteth](/wiki/Toxteth \"Toxteth\"), Liverpool.{{cite web \\|title\\=New channel Made in North Wales TV slammed for making its programmes...in Liverpool\\|url\\=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/new\\-channel\\-made\\-north\\-wales\\-12877064\\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-12\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-26\\|publisher\\=Shane Brennan, NorthWalesLive, Daily Post}}", "#### 27 February 2019 – 11 August 2020", "In coordination with changes to transmission frequencies elsewhere in the UK arising from the clearance of the 700 MHz band for 5G mobile phone use, the following changes were implemented. The local TV \"LOC1\" multiplex (carrying North Wales TV) was moved from UHF channel 56 to UHF channel 27, and the transmission ERP increased from 2 kW to 3 kW. The \"Arqiva A\" multiplex was moved from UHF channel 52 to UHF channel 36\\. The national \"COM7\" multiplex was moved from UHF channel 32 to UHF channel 55 and the transmission ERP increased from 14 kW to 16 kW.{{cite web \\|title\\=Trade and Industry Information, 700MHz Clearance Events, Wales Region \\|url\\=https://www.freeview.co.uk/sites/default/files/2019\\-09/700MHz\\-clearance\\-wales\\-apr2019\\.pdf \\|website\\=Digital UK \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020}}", "", "| Frequency | UHF | kW | Operator | System |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=27}} | 27 | 3 | LTV ([North Wales TV](/wiki/North_Wales_TV \"North Wales TV\")) | [DVB\\-T](/wiki/DVB-T \"DVB-T\") (QPSK) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=34}} | 34 | 14 | COM8 | DVB\\-T2 (QAM/256\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=36}} | 36 | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") A | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=39\\|off\\=pos}} | 39\\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 \"Digital 3&4\") | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") B | [DVB\\-T2](/wiki/DVB-T2 \"DVB-T2\") (QAM/256\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=48\\|off\\=neg}} | 48\\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") B | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=51\\|off\\=neg}} | 51\\- | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks \"S4C Digital Networks\") | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=55\\|}} | 55 | 16 | COM7 | DVB\\-T2 (QAM/256\\) |", "With the changes on 27 February 2009, the corresponding frequency of each public service multiplex transmitted from Storeton was also changed to the same as that transmitted from Moel\\-y\\-Parc, thereby making each site a constituent part of a [single\\-frequency network](/wiki/Single-frequency_network \"Single-frequency network\") (SFN), resulting in a significant improvement in reception quality at locations where signals were being received from both sites but where neither was consistently adequate.", "#### June 30, 2020", "The transmission of the national \"COM8\" multiplex from Moel\\-y\\-Parc on UHF channel 34 ceased.", "A commercial decision had been taken by Arqiva to discontinue transmission of the national \"COM8\" multiplex having failed to obtain a response from Ofcom concerning the duration of the future availability of the transmission frequencies used.{{cite web \\|title\\=22 Jun 2020 \\- Important channel broadcast changes\\|url\\=https://www.freeview.co.uk/help/22\\-jun\\-2020\\-channel\\-broadcast\\-changes\\|website\\=Freeview\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-26\\|publisher\\=Freeview}}{{cite web \\|title\\=DTT Changes 20th June 2020\\|url\\=https://www.cai.org.uk/index.php/contact/news/17\\-dtt\\-freeview\\-updates\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-22\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-26\\|publisher\\=Confederation of Aerial Installers}}", "#### 12 August 2020 \\- present", "In coordination with changes to transmission frequencies elsewhere in the UK arising from the clearance of the 700 MHz band for [5G](/wiki/5G \"5G\") mobile phone use, Moel\\-y\\-Parc's \"SDN\" multiplex was moved from UHF channel 51 to UHF channel 33\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Trade and Industry Information, 700MHz Clearance Events, Wales Region \\|url\\=https://www.freeview.co.uk/sites/default/files/2020\\-07/700mhz\\-clearance\\-events\\-wales\\-july\\-2020\\.pdf \\|website\\=Freeview \\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2020}}", "", "| Frequency | UHF | kW | Operator | System |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=27}} | 27 | 3 | LTV ([North Wales TV](/wiki/North_Wales_TV \"North Wales TV\")) | [DVB\\-T](/wiki/DVB-T \"DVB-T\") (QPSK) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=33}} | 33 | 10 | [SDN](/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks \"S4C Digital Networks\") | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=36}} | 36 | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") A | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=39\\|off\\=pos}} | 39\\+ | 20 | [Digital 3\\&4](/wiki/Digital_3%264 \"Digital 3&4\") | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=42}} | 42 | 20 | [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") B | [DVB\\-T2](/wiki/DVB-T2 \"DVB-T2\") (QAM/256\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=45}} | 45 | 20 | BBC A | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=48\\|off\\=neg}} | 48\\- | 10 | [Arqiva](/wiki/Arqiva \"Arqiva\") B | DVB\\-T (QAM/64\\) |\n| {{UK DVB\\-T\\|ch\\=55\\|}} | 55 | 16 | COM7 | DVB\\-T2 (QAM/256\\) |", "### Analogue radio (FM VHF)", "", "| Frequency | kW | Service |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 106\\.9 MHz | 0\\.44 | [Heart North and Mid Wales](/wiki/Heart_North_and_Mid_Wales \"Heart North and Mid Wales\") |", "### Digital radio (DAB)", "", "| Frequency | Block | kW | Operator |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 213\\.360 MHz | 10C | 1\\.2† | [Bauer Liverpool](/wiki/Bauer_Liverpool \"Bauer Liverpool\") |\n| 215\\.072 MHz | 10D | 3kW | [MuxCo Wrexham, Chester and Liverpool](/wiki/MuxCo \"MuxCo\")† |\n| 216\\.928 MHz | 11A | 10 | [Sound Digital](/wiki/Sound_Digital \"Sound Digital\") |\n| 222\\.064 MHz | 11D | 9\\.5 | [Digital One](/wiki/Digital_One \"Digital One\") |\n| 225\\.648 MHz | 12B | 10 | [BBC National DAB](/wiki/BBC_National_DAB \"BBC National DAB\") |", "On air date March 2013Radio Listeners Guide 2010\n \n† Relay of [Winter Hill](/wiki/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station \"Winter Hill transmitting station\")", "" ]
Reception area -------------- In terms of land area and population, Moel\-y\-Parc delivers a receivable signal to a greater area, and a greater number of potential viewers, in [North West England](/wiki/North_West_England "North West England") than in its intended [coverage](/wiki/Coverage_map "Coverage map") area of north\-east Wales. Transmissions can be received using standard aerials in most of [Merseyside](/wiki/Merseyside "Merseyside"), parts of [Greater Manchester](/wiki/Greater_Manchester "Greater Manchester"), parts of [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire "Lancashire") as far north as [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool "Blackpool"), and Wales\-facing coastal areas of [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria "Cumbria") and the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man"). In the past, some English viewers have erected a second aerial for Moel\-y\-Parc in order to receive a slightly increased choice of viewing, although this practice has declined with the introduction of satellite television and the reduction in schedule variations between different ITV regions. Liverpool is located directly between the [Winter Hill transmitter](/wiki/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station "Winter Hill transmitting station") and Moel\-y\-Parc. Many homes across Merseyside county obtain an adequate signal through their TV aerial from Moel\-y\-Parc, even though the aerial is pointing at Winter Hill. With the advent of digital television, this has resulted in television tuners detecting the multiplexes broadcast from Moel\-y\-Parc on the lower frequencies before those on the higher frequencies from Winter Hill during the scanning/retune operation, and without viewer intervention where software allows region selection or by manual re\-ordering, placing the Welsh variants on the allocated Freeview EPG logical channel number entries. The Welsh variations of services (BBC One Wales, BBC Two Wales, ITV Wales) transmitted from Moel\-y\-Parc contend with the North West variations of services (BBC One North West, BBC Two, ITV Granada) transmitted from Winter Hill, which can also be received in the Wrexham area and along the [North Wales](/wiki/North_Wales "North Wales") coast. Until 28 January 1963 and the start of transmissions of Teledu Cymru/WWN (Wales West and North Television) on VHF channel 11 from Moel\-y\-Parc, the only official ITV providers for North East Wales were [Granada Television](/wiki/Granada_Television "Granada Television") (in Manchester) during the week and [ABC Television](/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV "ABC Weekend TV") at the weekend, both transmitted on VHF channel 9 from Winter Hill. Pressure for a distinctly Welsh TV station was one of the driving forces behind the construction of the Moel\-y\-Parc mast, along with the need to deliver television to the more mountainous interior of Wales, which was out of range of English transmitters. As late as the 1980s, Granada Television continued to claim parts of North Wales as within its editorial coverage area, in competition with HTV Cymru Wales, who had been awarded the franchise for the whole of Wales since 1968\. However, after a series of mergers in the 1990s following deregulation of commercial television, Granada and HTV Cymru Wales were subsumed into [ITV plc](/wiki/ITV_plc "ITV plc"), and thus there is no longer commercial competition between the two services. ITV Granada no longer provides any regional news, weather or local interest programmes related to North Wales. Whereas in times past the official ITV Regions map distinctly showed areas of North Wales as being part of the ITV Granada region, the only known publicly accessible official ITV map showing the borders of the ITV regions, the [ITV Regional Advertising](https://www.itvmedia.co.uk/advertising-on-itv/regional-advertising) map, shows the boundary between ITV Granada and ITV Wales as lying on the national boundary line between England and Wales. For many homes across North East and Mid Wales, it is also possible to receive the [ITV Central](/wiki/ITV_Central "ITV Central") (West) service from [The Wrekin Transmitter](/wiki/The_Wrekin_Transmitter "The Wrekin Transmitter"). Unlike what was once the case for ITV Granada, these areas were never included in ITV Central's editorial coverage area for regional news, weather, or local interest programmes.
[ "Reception area\n--------------", "In terms of land area and population, Moel\\-y\\-Parc delivers a receivable signal to a greater area, and a greater number of potential viewers, in [North West England](/wiki/North_West_England \"North West England\") than in its intended [coverage](/wiki/Coverage_map \"Coverage map\") area of north\\-east Wales. Transmissions can be received using standard aerials in most of [Merseyside](/wiki/Merseyside \"Merseyside\"), parts of [Greater Manchester](/wiki/Greater_Manchester \"Greater Manchester\"), parts of [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire \"Lancashire\") as far north as [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool \"Blackpool\"), and Wales\\-facing coastal areas of [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria \"Cumbria\") and the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\"). In the past, some English viewers have erected a second aerial for Moel\\-y\\-Parc in order to receive a slightly increased choice of viewing, although this practice has declined with the introduction of satellite television and the reduction in schedule variations between different ITV regions. Liverpool is located directly between the [Winter Hill transmitter](/wiki/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station \"Winter Hill transmitting station\") and Moel\\-y\\-Parc. Many homes across Merseyside county obtain an adequate signal through their TV aerial from Moel\\-y\\-Parc, even though the aerial is pointing at Winter Hill. With the advent of digital television, this has resulted in television tuners detecting the multiplexes broadcast from Moel\\-y\\-Parc on the lower frequencies before those on the higher frequencies from Winter Hill during the scanning/retune operation, and without viewer intervention where software allows region selection or by manual re\\-ordering, placing the Welsh variants on the allocated Freeview EPG logical channel number entries.", "The Welsh variations of services (BBC One Wales, BBC Two Wales, ITV Wales) transmitted from Moel\\-y\\-Parc contend with the North West variations of services (BBC One North West, BBC Two, ITV Granada) transmitted from Winter Hill, which can also be received in the Wrexham area and along the [North Wales](/wiki/North_Wales \"North Wales\") coast.", "Until 28 January 1963 and the start of transmissions of Teledu Cymru/WWN (Wales West and North Television) on VHF channel 11 from Moel\\-y\\-Parc, the only official ITV providers for North East Wales were [Granada Television](/wiki/Granada_Television \"Granada Television\") (in Manchester) during the week and [ABC Television](/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV \"ABC Weekend TV\") at the weekend, both transmitted on VHF channel 9 from Winter Hill. Pressure for a distinctly Welsh TV station was one of the driving forces behind the construction of the Moel\\-y\\-Parc mast, along with the need to deliver television to the more mountainous interior of Wales, which was out of range of English transmitters.", "As late as the 1980s, Granada Television continued to claim parts of North Wales as within its editorial coverage area, in competition with HTV Cymru Wales, who had been awarded the franchise for the whole of Wales since 1968\\. However, after a series of mergers in the 1990s following deregulation of commercial television, Granada and HTV Cymru Wales were subsumed into [ITV plc](/wiki/ITV_plc \"ITV plc\"), and thus there is no longer commercial competition between the two services. ITV Granada no longer provides any regional news, weather or local interest programmes related to North Wales. Whereas in times past the official ITV Regions map distinctly showed areas of North Wales as being part of the ITV Granada region, the only known publicly accessible official ITV map showing the borders of the ITV regions, the [ITV Regional Advertising](https://www.itvmedia.co.uk/advertising-on-itv/regional-advertising) map, shows the boundary between ITV Granada and ITV Wales as lying on the national boundary line between England and Wales.", "For many homes across North East and Mid Wales, it is also possible to receive the [ITV Central](/wiki/ITV_Central \"ITV Central\") (West) service from [The Wrekin Transmitter](/wiki/The_Wrekin_Transmitter \"The Wrekin Transmitter\"). Unlike what was once the case for ITV Granada, these areas were never included in ITV Central's editorial coverage area for regional news, weather, or local interest programmes.", "" ]
Geography --------- The Auckland Islands lie {{cvt\|360\|km}} south of [Stewart Island](/wiki/Stewart_Island "Stewart Island"), and {{cvt\|465\|km}} from the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island "South Island") port of [Bluff](/wiki/Bluff%2C_New_Zealand "Bluff, New Zealand"), between the latitudes 50° 30' and 50° 55' S and longitudes 165° 50' and 166° 20' E. They include [Auckland Island](/wiki/Auckland_Island "Auckland Island"), [Adams Island](/wiki/Adams_Island%2C_New_Zealand "Adams Island, New Zealand"), [Enderby Island](/wiki/Enderby_Island%2C_New_Zealand "Enderby Island, New Zealand"), [Disappointment Island](/wiki/Disappointment_Island "Disappointment Island"), [Ewing Island](/wiki/Ewing_Island%2C_New_Zealand "Ewing Island, New Zealand"), [Rose Island](/wiki/Rose_Island%2C_New_Zealand "Rose Island, New Zealand"), Dundas Island, and Green Island, with a combined area of {{cvt\|570\|km2}}. The islands are close to each other, separated by narrow channels, and the coastline is rugged, with numerous deep inlets. Auckland Island, the main island, has an approximate land area of {{convert\|510\|km2\|0\|abbr\=on}}, and a length of {{convert\|42\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}}. It is notable for its steep cliffs and rugged terrain, which rises to over {{convert\|600\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on}}. Prominent peaks include Cavern Peak ({{convert\|659\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or}}), Mount Raynal ({{convert\|635\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or}}), [Mount D'Urville](/wiki/Mount_D%27Urville "Mount D'Urville") ({{convert\|630\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or}}), Mount Easton ({{convert\|610\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or}}), and the Tower of Babel ({{convert\|550\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=or}}). The southern end of the island broadens to a width of {{convert\|26\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks\-and\-recreation/places\-to\-go/southland/places/subantarctic\-islands/auckland\-islands/map\-of\-the\-auckland\-islands/\|title\=Map of the Auckland Islands\|publisher\=\[\[New Zealand Department of Conservation\|Department of Conservation]]\|access\-date\=17 October 2017}} Here, the narrow channel of [Carnley Harbour](/wiki/Carnley_Harbour "Carnley Harbour") (the Adams Straits on some maps) separates the main island from the roughly triangular Adams Island ({{cvt\|97\|km2}}), which is even more mountainous, reaching a height of {{cvt\|705\|m}} at [Mount Dick](/wiki/Mount_Dick "Mount Dick"). The channel is the remains of the crater of an extinct [volcano](/wiki/Volcano "Volcano"), and Adams Island and the southern part of the main island form the crater rim. The main island features many sharply incised inlets, notably [Port Ross](/wiki/Port_Ross "Port Ross") at the northern end. The group includes numerous other smaller islands, notably Disappointment Island (northwest of the main island) and Enderby Island (off the northern tip of the main island), altogether covering {{cvt\|12\|km2}}. Most of the islands have a volcanic origin, with the archipelago dominated by two 12\-million\-year\-old [Miocene](/wiki/Miocene "Miocene") [shield volcanoes](/wiki/Shield_volcano "Shield volcano"), subsequently eroded and dissected.{{cite book\|last\=Shirihai \|first\=H \|year\=2002 \|title\=A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife \|publisher\=Alua Press \|location\=Degerby, Finland \|isbn\=951\-98947\-0\-5}}{{cite journal\|title\=Volcanic geology of Carnley volcano, Auckland Islands\|year\=1985 \|doi\=10\.1080/00288306\.1985\.10422275 \|last1\=Gamble \|first1\=J.A. \|last2\=Adams \|first2\=C.J. \|journal\=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics \|volume\=28 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=43–54 \|doi\-access\=free \|bibcode\=1985NZJGG..28\...43G }} These rest on older volcanic rocks 15–25 million years old with some older [granites](/wiki/Granite "Granite") and fossil\-bearing [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock") from around 100 million years ago.{{cite journal \|last\=Denison \|first\=R.E. \|author2\=Coombs, D.S. \|year\=1977 \|title\=Radiometric ages for some rocks from Snares and Auckland Islands, Campbell Plateau \|journal\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \|volume\=34 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=23–29 \|doi\=10\.1016/0012\-821X(77\)90101\-7 \|bibcode\=1977E\&PSL..34\...23D}} ### Islands The following table includes named islands according to [Land Information New Zealand](/wiki/Land_Information_New_Zealand "Land Information New Zealand").{{cite web \|url \= https://data.linz.govt.nz/mapviewer/?mv.centre\=166\.2%2C\-50\.8\&mv.content\=layer.50772\&mv.zoom\=10 \|title \= NZ Primary Parcels \|website \= linz.govt.nz \|access\-date \= 7 Feb 2024}} {{table alignment}} | Location | Area {{br}} (ha) | | --- | --- | | [Auckland Island](/wiki/Auckland_Island "Auckland Island") | 45,916\.6 | | [Adams Island](/wiki/Adams_Island%2C_New_Zealand "Adams Island, New Zealand") | 9,695\.8 | | [Enderby Island](/wiki/Enderby_Island "Enderby Island") | 695\.9 | | [Disappointment Island](/wiki/Disappointment_Island "Disappointment Island") | 289\.5 | | [Rose Island](/wiki/Rose_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 "Rose Island (New Zealand)") | 80\.2 | | [Ewing Island](/wiki/Ewing_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 "Ewing Island (New Zealand)") | 58\.3 | | Ocean Island | 11\.9 | | Detached Rock | 7\.5 | | Adams Rocks | 7\.5 | | Masked Island | 5\.7 | | Figure of Eight Island | 5\.3 | | Column Rocks | 5\.2 | | Dundas Island | 4\.9 | | Sugar Loaf Rocks | 4\.8 | | Monumental Island | 4\.3 | | Lantern Rocks | 3\.9 | | Green Island | 3\.0 | | Compadre Rock | 2\.8 | | Frenchs Island | 1\.9 | | Five Sisters Rocks | 1\.9 | | Yule Island | 1\.6 | | Friday Island | 1\.6 | | Pinnacle Rocks | 1\.5 | | Pillar Rock | 1\.2 | | Blanche Rock | 1\.0 | | Amherst Rock | 0\.8 | | Shag Rock | 0\.5 | | Beehive Rock | 0\.4 | | Beacon Rock | 0\.3 | | Davis Island | 0\.1 | | Archer Rock | 0\.1 | | {{center\|Total}} | 56,816\.1 | ### Climate Port Ross features a [subpolar oceanic climate](/wiki/Oceanic_climate%23Subpolar_variety_%28Cfc%2C_Cwc%29 "Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)") (*Cfc* according to the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification") system). Like many other Subpolar oceanic climates, Port Ross, along with the Auckland Islands in general, are characterised by the near\-constant overcast weather and never being too hot or too cold. This borders on an extremely mild\-wintered, maritime\-influenced [tundra climate](/wiki/Tundra_climate "Tundra climate"). {{Weather box\|width \= 70% \|location \= \[\[Port Ross]] (1941–1945\) \|metric first \= yes \|single line \= yes \|Jan record high F \= 65\.0 \|Feb record high F \= 66\.8 \|Mar record high F \= 65\.3 \|Apr record high F \= 57\.7 \|May record high F \= 54\.2 \|Jun record high F \= 51\.4 \|Jul record high F \= 54\.4 \|Aug record high F \= 53\.7 \|Sep record high F \= 57\.4 \|Oct record high F \= 60\.5 \|Nov record high F \= 60\.0 \|Dec record high F \= 63\.2 \|Jan high F \= 58\.6 \|Feb high F \= 58\.0 \|Mar high F \= 55\.2 \|Apr high F \= 51\.3 \|May high F \= 48\.4 \|Jun high F \= 46\.1 \|Jul high F \= 47\.8 \|Aug high F \= 47\.8 \|Sep high F \= 49\.9 \|Oct high F \= 52\.3 \|Nov high F \= 53\.7 \|Dec high F \= 56\.1 \|Jan mean F \= 52\.1 \|Feb mean F \= 51\.8 \|Mar mean F \= 49\.7 \|Apr mean F \= 47\.8 \|May mean F \= 43\.7 \|Jun mean F \= 41\.7 \|Jul mean F \= 42\.9 \|Aug mean F \= 42\.5 \|Sep mean F \= 44\.4 \|Oct mean F \= 46\.1 \|Nov mean F \= 47\.2 \|Dec mean F \= 49\.7 \|Jan low F \= 45\.7 \|Feb low F \= 45\.5 \|Mar low F \= 44\.2 \|Apr low F \= 43\.5 \|May low F \= 39\.3 \|Jun low F \= 37\.8 \|Jul low F \= 37\.9 \|Aug low F \= 37\.2 \|Sep low F \= 38\.9 \|Oct low F \= 39\.9 \|Nov low F \= 41\.0 \|Dec low F \= 43\.3 \|Jan record low F \= 35\.8 \|Feb record low F \= 36\.3 \|Mar record low F \= 34\.5 \|Apr record low F \= 33\.4 \|May record low F \= 29\.1 \|Jun record low F \= 28\.7 \|Jul record low F \= 27\.4 \|Aug record low F \= 28\.9 \|Sep record low F \= 28\.7 \|Oct record low F \= 29\.1 \|Nov record low F \= 31\.5 \|Dec record low F \= 32\.4 \|precipitation colour \= green \|Jan precipitation inch \= 4\.2 \|Feb precipitation inch \= 4\.8 \|Mar precipitation inch \= 5\.5 \|Apr precipitation inch \= 7\.0 \|May precipitation inch \= 5\.9 \|Jun precipitation inch \= 5\.8 \|Jul precipitation inch \= 3\.3 \|Aug precipitation inch \= 4\.3 \|Sep precipitation inch \= 4\.9 \|Oct precipitation inch \= 4\.1 \|Nov precipitation inch \= 4\.4 \|Dec precipitation inch \= 4\.9 \|Jan precipitation days \= 22 \|Feb precipitation days \= 22 \|Mar precipitation days \= 27 \|Apr precipitation days \= 27 \|May precipitation days \= 26 \|Jun precipitation days \= 26 \|Jul precipitation days \= 28 \|Aug precipitation days \= 28 \|Sep precipitation days \= 27 \|Oct precipitation days \= 27 \|Nov precipitation days \= 25 \|Dec precipitation days \= 26 \|source 1 \= https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/ProNZES12\_37\.pdf }} |Climate data for [Port Ross](/wiki/Port_Ross "Port Ross") (1941–1945\) | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |Year | Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 10\.4(50\.8\) | 10\.5(51\.0\) | 10\.2(50\.5\) | 9\.6(49\.3\) | 8\.5(47\.4\) | 7\.8(46\.1\) | 7\.6(45\.7\) | 7\.2(45\.1\) | 7\.7(46\.0\) | 8\.2(46\.8\) | 8\.8(47\.9\) | 9\.5(49\.2\) | 8\.8(47\.9\) | {{Weather box\|width \= 70% \|location \= \[\[Carnley Harbour]] (1941–1945\) \|metric first \= yes \|single line \= yes \|Jan record high F \= 62\.0 \|Feb record high F \= 65\.8 \|Mar record high F \= 64\.5 \|Apr record high F \= 58\.3 \|May record high F \= 52\.1 \|Jun record high F \= 53\.6 \|Jul record high F \= 55\.6 \|Aug record high F \= 54\.0 \|Sep record high F \= 57\.2 \|Oct record high F \= 58\.2 \|Nov record high F \= 58\.4 \|Dec record high F \= 60\.2 \|Jan high F \= 55\.3 \|Feb high F \= 56\.2 \|Mar high F \= 55\.2 \|Apr high F \= 51\.2 \|May high F \= 47\.1 \|Jun high F \= 46\.3 \|Jul high F \= 47\.5 \|Aug high F \= 47\.1 \|Sep high F \= 48\.5 \|Oct high F \= 50\.4 \|Nov high F \= 51\.0 \|Dec high F \= 52\.8 \|Jan mean F \= 50\.2 \|Feb mean F \= 50\.7 \|Mar mean F \= 50\.2 \|Apr mean F \= 46\.6 \|May mean F \= 42\.6 \|Jun mean F \= 42\.2 \|Jul mean F \= 42\.9 \|Aug mean F \= 42\.0 \|Sep mean F \= 43\.6 \|Oct mean F \= 44\.3 \|Nov mean F \= 44\.7 \|Dec mean F \= 46\.7 \|Jan low F \= 45\.0 \|Feb low F \= 45\.2 \|Mar low F \= 45\.2 \|Apr low F \= 42\.0 \|May low F \= 38\.0 \|Jun low F \= 38\.1 \|Jul low F \= 38\.2 \|Aug low F \= 37\.0 \|Sep low F \= 38\.9 \|Oct low F \= 39\.3 \|Nov low F \= 39\.5 \|Dec low F \= 41\.1 \|Jan record low F \= 37\.9 \|Feb record low F \= 37\.9 \|Mar record low F \= 37\.3 \|Apr record low F \= 34\.1 \|May record low F \= 29\.0 \|Jun record low F \= 31\.9 \|Jul record low F \= 29\.5 \|Aug record low F \= 29\.1 \|Sep record low F \= 30\.5 \|Oct record low F \= 32\.5 \|Nov record low F \= 31\.2 \|Dec record low F \= 31\.6 \|precipitation colour \= green \|Jan precipitation inch \= 7\.2 \|Feb precipitation inch \= 5\.7 \|Mar precipitation inch \= 5\.7 \|Apr precipitation inch \= 9\.8 \|May precipitation inch \= 9\.3 \|Jun precipitation inch \= 7\.4 \|Jul precipitation inch \= 5\.3 \|Aug precipitation inch \= 7\.3 \|Sep precipitation inch \= 5\.9 \|Oct precipitation inch \= 5\.1 \|Nov precipitation inch \= 5\.4 \|Dec precipitation inch \= 8\.6 \|Jan precipitation days \= 25 \|Feb precipitation days \= 24 \|Mar precipitation days \= 26 \|Apr precipitation days \= 28 \|May precipitation days \= 29 \|Jun precipitation days \= 29 \|Jul precipitation days \= 29 \|Aug precipitation days \= 30 \|Sep precipitation days \= 29 \|Oct precipitation days \= 29 \|Nov precipitation days \= 25 \|Dec precipitation days \= 28 \|source 1 \= https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/ProNZES12\_37\.pdf }} Carnley Harbour also features a [subpolar oceanic climate](/wiki/Oceanic_climate%23Subpolar_variety_%28Cfc%2C_Cwc%29 "Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)") (*Cfc* according to the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification") system), though it exaggerates the features shown in Port Ross, as it is much wetter and a lot more affected by ocean\-moderation. The Auckland Islands have a fairly constant cool and wet weather year\-round, with neither winter being excessively cold nor summer excessively hot. The climate is most similar to that seen in the [Faroe Islands](/wiki/Faroe_Islands "Faroe Islands") and [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands "Aleutian Islands").
[ "Geography\n---------", "The Auckland Islands lie {{cvt\\|360\\|km}} south of [Stewart Island](/wiki/Stewart_Island \"Stewart Island\"), and {{cvt\\|465\\|km}} from the [South Island](/wiki/South_Island \"South Island\") port of [Bluff](/wiki/Bluff%2C_New_Zealand \"Bluff, New Zealand\"), between the latitudes 50° 30' and 50° 55' S and longitudes 165° 50' and 166° 20' E.", "They include [Auckland Island](/wiki/Auckland_Island \"Auckland Island\"), [Adams Island](/wiki/Adams_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Adams Island, New Zealand\"), [Enderby Island](/wiki/Enderby_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Enderby Island, New Zealand\"), [Disappointment Island](/wiki/Disappointment_Island \"Disappointment Island\"), [Ewing Island](/wiki/Ewing_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Ewing Island, New Zealand\"), [Rose Island](/wiki/Rose_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Rose Island, New Zealand\"), Dundas Island, and Green Island, with a combined area of {{cvt\\|570\\|km2}}. The islands are close to each other, separated by narrow channels, and the coastline is rugged, with numerous deep inlets.", "Auckland Island, the main island, has an approximate land area of {{convert\\|510\\|km2\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, and a length of {{convert\\|42\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. It is notable for its steep cliffs and rugged terrain, which rises to over {{convert\\|600\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. Prominent peaks include Cavern Peak ({{convert\\|659\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or}}), Mount Raynal ({{convert\\|635\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or}}), [Mount D'Urville](/wiki/Mount_D%27Urville \"Mount D'Urville\") ({{convert\\|630\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or}}), Mount Easton ({{convert\\|610\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or}}), and the Tower of Babel ({{convert\\|550\\|m\\|ft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=or}}). The southern end of the island broadens to a width of {{convert\\|26\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks\\-and\\-recreation/places\\-to\\-go/southland/places/subantarctic\\-islands/auckland\\-islands/map\\-of\\-the\\-auckland\\-islands/\\|title\\=Map of the Auckland Islands\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Zealand Department of Conservation\\|Department of Conservation]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2017}}", "Here, the narrow channel of [Carnley Harbour](/wiki/Carnley_Harbour \"Carnley Harbour\") (the Adams Straits on some maps) separates the main island from the roughly triangular Adams Island ({{cvt\\|97\\|km2}}), which is even more mountainous, reaching a height of {{cvt\\|705\\|m}} at [Mount Dick](/wiki/Mount_Dick \"Mount Dick\"). The channel is the remains of the crater of an extinct [volcano](/wiki/Volcano \"Volcano\"), and Adams Island and the southern part of the main island form the crater rim. The main island features many sharply incised inlets, notably [Port Ross](/wiki/Port_Ross \"Port Ross\") at the northern end.", "The group includes numerous other smaller islands, notably Disappointment Island (northwest of the main island) and Enderby Island (off the northern tip of the main island), altogether covering {{cvt\\|12\\|km2}}.", "Most of the islands have a volcanic origin, with the archipelago dominated by two 12\\-million\\-year\\-old [Miocene](/wiki/Miocene \"Miocene\") [shield volcanoes](/wiki/Shield_volcano \"Shield volcano\"), subsequently eroded and dissected.{{cite book\\|last\\=Shirihai \\|first\\=H \\|year\\=2002 \\|title\\=A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife \\|publisher\\=Alua Press \\|location\\=Degerby, Finland \\|isbn\\=951\\-98947\\-0\\-5}}{{cite journal\\|title\\=Volcanic geology of Carnley volcano, Auckland Islands\\|year\\=1985 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/00288306\\.1985\\.10422275 \\|last1\\=Gamble \\|first1\\=J.A. \\|last2\\=Adams \\|first2\\=C.J. \\|journal\\=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=43–54 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|bibcode\\=1985NZJGG..28\\...43G }} These rest on older volcanic rocks 15–25 million years old with some older [granites](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") and fossil\\-bearing [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock \"Sedimentary rock\") from around 100 million years ago.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Denison \\|first\\=R.E. \\|author2\\=Coombs, D.S. \\|year\\=1977 \\|title\\=Radiometric ages for some rocks from Snares and Auckland Islands, Campbell Plateau \\|journal\\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=23–29 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/0012\\-821X(77\\)90101\\-7 \\|bibcode\\=1977E\\&PSL..34\\...23D}}", "### Islands", "The following table includes named islands according to [Land Information New Zealand](/wiki/Land_Information_New_Zealand \"Land Information New Zealand\").{{cite web \\|url \\= https://data.linz.govt.nz/mapviewer/?mv.centre\\=166\\.2%2C\\-50\\.8\\&mv.content\\=layer.50772\\&mv.zoom\\=10 \\|title \\= NZ Primary Parcels \\|website \\= linz.govt.nz \\|access\\-date \\= 7 Feb 2024}}", "{{table alignment}}", "| Location | Area {{br}} (ha) |\n| --- | --- |\n| [Auckland Island](/wiki/Auckland_Island \"Auckland Island\") | 45,916\\.6 |\n| [Adams Island](/wiki/Adams_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Adams Island, New Zealand\") | 9,695\\.8 |\n| [Enderby Island](/wiki/Enderby_Island \"Enderby Island\") | 695\\.9 |\n| [Disappointment Island](/wiki/Disappointment_Island \"Disappointment Island\") | 289\\.5 |\n| [Rose Island](/wiki/Rose_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Rose Island (New Zealand)\") | 80\\.2 |\n| [Ewing Island](/wiki/Ewing_Island_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Ewing Island (New Zealand)\") | 58\\.3 |\n| Ocean Island | 11\\.9 |\n| Detached Rock | 7\\.5 |\n| Adams Rocks | 7\\.5 |\n| Masked Island | 5\\.7 |\n| Figure of Eight Island | 5\\.3 |\n| Column Rocks | 5\\.2 |\n| Dundas Island | 4\\.9 |\n| Sugar Loaf Rocks | 4\\.8 |\n| Monumental Island | 4\\.3 |\n| Lantern Rocks | 3\\.9 |\n| Green Island | 3\\.0 |\n| Compadre Rock | 2\\.8 |\n| Frenchs Island | 1\\.9 |\n| Five Sisters Rocks | 1\\.9 |\n| Yule Island | 1\\.6 |\n| Friday Island | 1\\.6 |\n| Pinnacle Rocks | 1\\.5 |\n| Pillar Rock | 1\\.2 |\n| Blanche Rock | 1\\.0 |\n| Amherst Rock | 0\\.8 |\n| Shag Rock | 0\\.5 |\n| Beehive Rock | 0\\.4 |\n| Beacon Rock | 0\\.3 |\n| Davis Island | 0\\.1 |\n| Archer Rock | 0\\.1 |\n| {{center\\|Total}} | 56,816\\.1 |", "", "### Climate", "Port Ross features a [subpolar oceanic climate](/wiki/Oceanic_climate%23Subpolar_variety_%28Cfc%2C_Cwc%29 \"Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)\") (*Cfc* according to the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\") system). Like many other Subpolar oceanic climates, Port Ross, along with the Auckland Islands in general, are characterised by the near\\-constant overcast weather and never being too hot or too cold.", "This borders on an extremely mild\\-wintered, maritime\\-influenced [tundra climate](/wiki/Tundra_climate \"Tundra climate\").", "{{Weather box\\|width \\= 70%\n\\|location \\= \\[\\[Port Ross]] (1941–1945\\)\n\\|metric first \\= yes\n\\|single line \\= yes\n\\|Jan record high F \\= 65\\.0\n\\|Feb record high F \\= 66\\.8\n\\|Mar record high F \\= 65\\.3\n\\|Apr record high F \\= 57\\.7\n\\|May record high F \\= 54\\.2\n\\|Jun record high F \\= 51\\.4\n\\|Jul record high F \\= 54\\.4\n\\|Aug record high F \\= 53\\.7\n\\|Sep record high F \\= 57\\.4\n\\|Oct record high F \\= 60\\.5\n\\|Nov record high F \\= 60\\.0\n\\|Dec record high F \\= 63\\.2\n\\|Jan high F \\= 58\\.6\n\\|Feb high F \\= 58\\.0\n\\|Mar high F \\= 55\\.2\n\\|Apr high F \\= 51\\.3\n\\|May high F \\= 48\\.4\n\\|Jun high F \\= 46\\.1\n\\|Jul high F \\= 47\\.8\n\\|Aug high F \\= 47\\.8\n\\|Sep high F \\= 49\\.9\n\\|Oct high F \\= 52\\.3\n\\|Nov high F \\= 53\\.7\n\\|Dec high F \\= 56\\.1\n\\|Jan mean F \\= 52\\.1\n\\|Feb mean F \\= 51\\.8\n\\|Mar mean F \\= 49\\.7\n\\|Apr mean F \\= 47\\.8\n\\|May mean F \\= 43\\.7\n\\|Jun mean F \\= 41\\.7\n\\|Jul mean F \\= 42\\.9\n\\|Aug mean F \\= 42\\.5\n\\|Sep mean F \\= 44\\.4\n\\|Oct mean F \\= 46\\.1\n\\|Nov mean F \\= 47\\.2\n\\|Dec mean F \\= 49\\.7\n\\|Jan low F \\= 45\\.7\n\\|Feb low F \\= 45\\.5\n\\|Mar low F \\= 44\\.2\n\\|Apr low F \\= 43\\.5\n\\|May low F \\= 39\\.3\n\\|Jun low F \\= 37\\.8\n\\|Jul low F \\= 37\\.9\n\\|Aug low F \\= 37\\.2\n\\|Sep low F \\= 38\\.9\n\\|Oct low F \\= 39\\.9\n\\|Nov low F \\= 41\\.0\n\\|Dec low F \\= 43\\.3\n\\|Jan record low F \\= 35\\.8\n\\|Feb record low F \\= 36\\.3\n\\|Mar record low F \\= 34\\.5\n\\|Apr record low F \\= 33\\.4\n\\|May record low F \\= 29\\.1\n\\|Jun record low F \\= 28\\.7\n\\|Jul record low F \\= 27\\.4\n\\|Aug record low F \\= 28\\.9\n\\|Sep record low F \\= 28\\.7\n\\|Oct record low F \\= 29\\.1\n\\|Nov record low F \\= 31\\.5\n\\|Dec record low F \\= 32\\.4\n\\|precipitation colour \\= green\n\\|Jan precipitation inch \\= 4\\.2\n\\|Feb precipitation inch \\= 4\\.8\n\\|Mar precipitation inch \\= 5\\.5\n\\|Apr precipitation inch \\= 7\\.0\n\\|May precipitation inch \\= 5\\.9\n\\|Jun precipitation inch \\= 5\\.8\n\\|Jul precipitation inch \\= 3\\.3\n\\|Aug precipitation inch \\= 4\\.3\n\\|Sep precipitation inch \\= 4\\.9\n\\|Oct precipitation inch \\= 4\\.1\n\\|Nov precipitation inch \\= 4\\.4\n\\|Dec precipitation inch \\= 4\\.9\n\\|Jan precipitation days \\= 22\n\\|Feb precipitation days \\= 22\n\\|Mar precipitation days \\= 27\n\\|Apr precipitation days \\= 27\n\\|May precipitation days \\= 26\n\\|Jun precipitation days \\= 26\n\\|Jul precipitation days \\= 28\n\\|Aug precipitation days \\= 28\n\\|Sep precipitation days \\= 27\n\\|Oct precipitation days \\= 27\n\\|Nov precipitation days \\= 25\n\\|Dec precipitation days \\= 26\n\\|source 1 \\= https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/ProNZES12\\_37\\.pdf\n}}", "|Climate data for [Port Ross](/wiki/Port_Ross \"Port Ross\") (1941–1945\\)", "| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |Year", "| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 10\\.4(50\\.8\\) | 10\\.5(51\\.0\\) | 10\\.2(50\\.5\\) | 9\\.6(49\\.3\\) | 8\\.5(47\\.4\\) | 7\\.8(46\\.1\\) | 7\\.6(45\\.7\\) | 7\\.2(45\\.1\\) | 7\\.7(46\\.0\\) | 8\\.2(46\\.8\\) | 8\\.8(47\\.9\\) | 9\\.5(49\\.2\\) | 8\\.8(47\\.9\\) |", "", "{{Weather box\\|width \\= 70%\n\\|location \\= \\[\\[Carnley Harbour]] (1941–1945\\)\n\\|metric first \\= yes\n\\|single line \\= yes\n\\|Jan record high F \\= 62\\.0\n\\|Feb record high F \\= 65\\.8\n\\|Mar record high F \\= 64\\.5\n\\|Apr record high F \\= 58\\.3\n\\|May record high F \\= 52\\.1\n\\|Jun record high F \\= 53\\.6\n\\|Jul record high F \\= 55\\.6\n\\|Aug record high F \\= 54\\.0\n\\|Sep record high F \\= 57\\.2\n\\|Oct record high F \\= 58\\.2\n\\|Nov record high F \\= 58\\.4\n\\|Dec record high F \\= 60\\.2\n\\|Jan high F \\= 55\\.3\n\\|Feb high F \\= 56\\.2\n\\|Mar high F \\= 55\\.2\n\\|Apr high F \\= 51\\.2\n\\|May high F \\= 47\\.1\n\\|Jun high F \\= 46\\.3\n\\|Jul high F \\= 47\\.5\n\\|Aug high F \\= 47\\.1\n\\|Sep high F \\= 48\\.5\n\\|Oct high F \\= 50\\.4\n\\|Nov high F \\= 51\\.0\n\\|Dec high F \\= 52\\.8\n\\|Jan mean F \\= 50\\.2\n\\|Feb mean F \\= 50\\.7\n\\|Mar mean F \\= 50\\.2\n\\|Apr mean F \\= 46\\.6\n\\|May mean F \\= 42\\.6\n\\|Jun mean F \\= 42\\.2\n\\|Jul mean F \\= 42\\.9\n\\|Aug mean F \\= 42\\.0\n\\|Sep mean F \\= 43\\.6\n\\|Oct mean F \\= 44\\.3\n\\|Nov mean F \\= 44\\.7\n\\|Dec mean F \\= 46\\.7\n\\|Jan low F \\= 45\\.0\n\\|Feb low F \\= 45\\.2\n\\|Mar low F \\= 45\\.2\n\\|Apr low F \\= 42\\.0\n\\|May low F \\= 38\\.0\n\\|Jun low F \\= 38\\.1\n\\|Jul low F \\= 38\\.2\n\\|Aug low F \\= 37\\.0\n\\|Sep low F \\= 38\\.9\n\\|Oct low F \\= 39\\.3\n\\|Nov low F \\= 39\\.5\n\\|Dec low F \\= 41\\.1\n\\|Jan record low F \\= 37\\.9\n\\|Feb record low F \\= 37\\.9\n\\|Mar record low F \\= 37\\.3\n\\|Apr record low F \\= 34\\.1\n\\|May record low F \\= 29\\.0\n\\|Jun record low F \\= 31\\.9\n\\|Jul record low F \\= 29\\.5\n\\|Aug record low F \\= 29\\.1\n\\|Sep record low F \\= 30\\.5\n\\|Oct record low F \\= 32\\.5\n\\|Nov record low F \\= 31\\.2\n\\|Dec record low F \\= 31\\.6\n\\|precipitation colour \\= green\n\\|Jan precipitation inch \\= 7\\.2\n\\|Feb precipitation inch \\= 5\\.7\n\\|Mar precipitation inch \\= 5\\.7\n\\|Apr precipitation inch \\= 9\\.8\n\\|May precipitation inch \\= 9\\.3\n\\|Jun precipitation inch \\= 7\\.4\n\\|Jul precipitation inch \\= 5\\.3\n\\|Aug precipitation inch \\= 7\\.3\n\\|Sep precipitation inch \\= 5\\.9\n\\|Oct precipitation inch \\= 5\\.1\n\\|Nov precipitation inch \\= 5\\.4\n\\|Dec precipitation inch \\= 8\\.6\n\\|Jan precipitation days \\= 25\n\\|Feb precipitation days \\= 24\n\\|Mar precipitation days \\= 26\n\\|Apr precipitation days \\= 28\n\\|May precipitation days \\= 29\n\\|Jun precipitation days \\= 29\n\\|Jul precipitation days \\= 29\n\\|Aug precipitation days \\= 30\n\\|Sep precipitation days \\= 29\n\\|Oct precipitation days \\= 29\n\\|Nov precipitation days \\= 25\n\\|Dec precipitation days \\= 28\n\\|source 1 \\= https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/ProNZES12\\_37\\.pdf\n}}", "Carnley Harbour also features a [subpolar oceanic climate](/wiki/Oceanic_climate%23Subpolar_variety_%28Cfc%2C_Cwc%29 \"Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)\") (*Cfc* according to the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\") system), though it exaggerates the features shown in Port Ross, as it is much wetter and a lot more affected by ocean\\-moderation.", "The Auckland Islands have a fairly constant cool and wet weather year\\-round, with neither winter being excessively cold nor summer excessively hot. The climate is most similar to that seen in the [Faroe Islands](/wiki/Faroe_Islands \"Faroe Islands\") and [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands \"Aleutian Islands\").", "" ]
Early life and career --------------------- Bailey was born in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") on March 26, 1962\. He went to high school at [Reynolds High School](/wiki/Reynolds_High_School_%28Troutdale%2C_Oregon%29 "Reynolds High School (Troutdale, Oregon)"), and later attended [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts "California Institute of the Arts"). He worked at [Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios "Walt Disney Animation Studios") as an animator for *[The Great Mouse Detective](/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective "The Great Mouse Detective")* (1986\){{cite web \| url\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\=Aco4hYJMW4c \| title\=Chris Bailey: Animator and Director \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] }} *[Sport Goofy in Soccermania](/wiki/Sport_Goofy_in_Soccermania "Sport Goofy in Soccermania")* (1987\), *[Oliver \& Company](/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company "Oliver & Company")* (1988\), *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 "The Little Mermaid (1989 film)")* (1989\), *[The Rescuers Down Under](/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under "The Rescuers Down Under")* (1990\), *[The Lion King](/wiki/The_Lion_King "The Lion King")* (1994\), and *[Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%281997_film%29 "Hercules (1997 film)")* (1997\). He also animated the children for the World Chorus post\-show area for [It's a Small World](/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World "It's a Small World") at [Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Paris "Disneyland Paris"). Prior to Disney, Bailey worked with [Don Bluth](/wiki/Don_Bluth "Don Bluth") on the *[Space Ace](/wiki/Space_Ace "Space Ace")* and *[Dragon's Lair](/wiki/Dragon%27s_Lair_%281983_video_game%29 "Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)")* video games and also on *[Starchaser: The Legend of Orin](/wiki/Starchaser:The_Legend_of_Orin "The Legend of Orin")*. He became one of the first traditional animators to adapt to computer graphics. He directed the animation for [Paula Abdul](/wiki/Paula_Abdul "Paula Abdul")'s *[Opposites Attract](/wiki/Opposites_Attract "Opposites Attract")* music video, the 1995 [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse "Mickey Mouse") cartoon, *[Runaway Brain](/wiki/Runaway_Brain "Runaway Brain")*, which was screened out of competition at the [1996 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1996_Cannes_Film_Festival "1996 Cannes Film Festival"),{{cite web \|url\=http://www.festival\-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4733/year/1996\.html \|title\=Festival de Cannes: Runaway Brain \|accessdate\=2009\-09\-20\|work\=festival\-cannes.com}} the 3D theme park attraction *[It's Tough to Be a Bug!](/wiki/It%27s_Tough_to_Be_a_Bug%21 "It's Tough to Be a Bug!")* located at [Disney's Animal Kingdom](/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom "Disney's Animal Kingdom") and [Disney California Adventure](/wiki/Disney_California_Adventure "Disney California Adventure"), and the television series *[Kim Possible](/wiki/Kim_Possible "Kim Possible")*. He served as animation director for *[Garfield: The Movie](/wiki/Garfield:The_Movie "The Movie")*, *[Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties](/wiki/Garfield:A_Tail_of_Two_Kitties "A Tail of Two Kitties")*, *[Alvin and the Chipmunks](/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_%28film%29 "Alvin and the Chipmunks (film)")*, and *[2 Stupid Dogs](/wiki/2_Stupid_Dogs "2 Stupid Dogs")*, supervising producer and supervising director for *[Clerks: The Animated Series](/wiki/Clerks:The_Animated_Series "The Animated Series")* and animation supervisor for *[Inspector Gadget](/wiki/Inspector_Gadget_%28film%29 "Inspector Gadget (film)")*, *[Mighty Joe Young](/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29 "Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)")*, *[Fat Albert](/wiki/Fat_Albert_%28film%29 "Fat Albert (film)")* and *[X2](/wiki/X2_%28film%29 "X2 (film)")*. *Major Damage,* Bailey's animated short, was posted on his [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") channel on October 28, 2016\. Back in 2001, *Major Damage* was a groundbreaking achievement because of his use of the Internet to collaborate with other artists and contributors.{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.wired.com/2001/11/major\-damage/ \|title\=Major Damage The Gist: Co\-op Animation \|accessdate\=2016\-11\-03\|magazine\=wired.com\|date\=November 2001 \|last1\=Menzies \|first1\=Tank }}
[ "Early life and career\n---------------------", "Bailey was born in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\") on March 26, 1962\\.", "He went to high school at [Reynolds High School](/wiki/Reynolds_High_School_%28Troutdale%2C_Oregon%29 \"Reynolds High School (Troutdale, Oregon)\"), and later attended [California Institute of the Arts](/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts \"California Institute of the Arts\").\nHe worked at [Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\") as an animator for *[The Great Mouse Detective](/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective \"The Great Mouse Detective\")* (1986\\){{cite web \\| url\\=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Aco4hYJMW4c \\| title\\=Chris Bailey: Animator and Director \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] }} *[Sport Goofy in Soccermania](/wiki/Sport_Goofy_in_Soccermania \"Sport Goofy in Soccermania\")* (1987\\), *[Oliver \\& Company](/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company \"Oliver & Company\")* (1988\\), *[The Little Mermaid](/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29 \"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)\")* (1989\\), *[The Rescuers Down Under](/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under \"The Rescuers Down Under\")* (1990\\), *[The Lion King](/wiki/The_Lion_King \"The Lion King\")* (1994\\), and *[Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%281997_film%29 \"Hercules (1997 film)\")* (1997\\). He also animated the children for the World Chorus post\\-show area for [It's a Small World](/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World \"It's a Small World\") at [Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Paris \"Disneyland Paris\").", "Prior to Disney, Bailey worked with [Don Bluth](/wiki/Don_Bluth \"Don Bluth\") on the *[Space Ace](/wiki/Space_Ace \"Space Ace\")* and *[Dragon's Lair](/wiki/Dragon%27s_Lair_%281983_video_game%29 \"Dragon's Lair (1983 video game)\")* video games and also on *[Starchaser: The Legend of Orin](/wiki/Starchaser:The_Legend_of_Orin \"The Legend of Orin\")*. He became one of the first traditional animators to adapt to computer graphics.", "He directed the animation for [Paula Abdul](/wiki/Paula_Abdul \"Paula Abdul\")'s *[Opposites Attract](/wiki/Opposites_Attract \"Opposites Attract\")* music video, the 1995 [Mickey Mouse](/wiki/Mickey_Mouse \"Mickey Mouse\") cartoon, *[Runaway Brain](/wiki/Runaway_Brain \"Runaway Brain\")*, which was screened out of competition at the [1996 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1996_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1996 Cannes Film Festival\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.festival\\-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4733/year/1996\\.html \\|title\\=Festival de Cannes: Runaway Brain \\|accessdate\\=2009\\-09\\-20\\|work\\=festival\\-cannes.com}} the 3D theme park attraction *[It's Tough to Be a Bug!](/wiki/It%27s_Tough_to_Be_a_Bug%21 \"It's Tough to Be a Bug!\")* located at [Disney's Animal Kingdom](/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom \"Disney's Animal Kingdom\") and [Disney California Adventure](/wiki/Disney_California_Adventure \"Disney California Adventure\"), and the television series *[Kim Possible](/wiki/Kim_Possible \"Kim Possible\")*.", "He served as animation director for *[Garfield: The Movie](/wiki/Garfield:The_Movie \"The Movie\")*, *[Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties](/wiki/Garfield:A_Tail_of_Two_Kitties \"A Tail of Two Kitties\")*, *[Alvin and the Chipmunks](/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_%28film%29 \"Alvin and the Chipmunks (film)\")*, and *[2 Stupid Dogs](/wiki/2_Stupid_Dogs \"2 Stupid Dogs\")*, supervising producer and supervising director for *[Clerks: The Animated Series](/wiki/Clerks:The_Animated_Series \"The Animated Series\")* and animation supervisor for *[Inspector Gadget](/wiki/Inspector_Gadget_%28film%29 \"Inspector Gadget (film)\")*, *[Mighty Joe Young](/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29 \"Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)\")*, *[Fat Albert](/wiki/Fat_Albert_%28film%29 \"Fat Albert (film)\")* and *[X2](/wiki/X2_%28film%29 \"X2 (film)\")*.", "*Major Damage,* Bailey's animated short, was posted on his [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") channel on October 28, 2016\\. Back in 2001, *Major Damage* was a groundbreaking achievement because of his use of the Internet to collaborate with other artists and contributors.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/2001/11/major\\-damage/ \\|title\\=Major Damage The Gist: Co\\-op Animation \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-11\\-03\\|magazine\\=wired.com\\|date\\=November 2001 \\|last1\\=Menzies \\|first1\\=Tank }}", "" ]
History ------- In the closing stage of the war, nine of the Grossfuss Sturmgewehr prototypes were captured by the advancing Red Army; five of these were found at the [Kummersdorf](/wiki/Kummersdorf "Kummersdorf") testing site. These guns were given the name "Avtomat Horn" (Horn assault rifle) in the Soviet documents analyzing them. The Soviets also captured schematics for the gun and the designer himself. (Horn spent most of his time in the USSR at factory Number 74, later known as [Izmash](/wiki/Izmash "Izmash"), where other famous German weapons designers were held, including [Hugo Schmeisser](/wiki/Hugo_Schmeisser "Hugo Schmeisser"), etc.И. Шайдуров, "[Хуго Шмайссер в Ижевске (Часть 1\)](http://master-gun.com/velikie-oruzhejniki/xugo-shmajsser-v-izhevske-chast-1)", *МАСТЕРРУЖЬЁ*, November 2009) Although the total number of Grossfuss Sturmgewehrs manufactured is not known, the numerous differences (noted by the Soviets) in part dimensions between the blueprints and the captured exemplars pointed to the experimental nature of the guns, suggesting that design adjustments were still being made.Юрий Пономарёв "[Автомат Хорна](http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/44a/020_026.pdf)", *КАЛАШНИКОВ. ОРУЖИЕ, БОЕПРИПАСЫ, СНАРЯЖЕНИЕ* 2006/9, pages 20–26 According to the personal notes of Horn, the [Heereswaffenamt](/wiki/Heereswaffenamt "Heereswaffenamt") requirements for this gun were as follows: it had to use the [blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28firearms%29 "Blowback (firearms)") principle of operation, use the ammunition and magazines of the [MKb 42(H)](/wiki/MKb_42%28H%29 "MKb 42(H)"), have a cyclic rate of fire of 500 rounds per minute, a mass of 4 kg, and have the same barrel and overall length as the MKb 42(H). The requirement to use blowback as principle of operation was interpreted as asking for a gun that was cheap to build, because it translated in a simple design with few parts. The [7\.92×33mm Kurz](/wiki/7.92%C3%9733mm_Kurz "7.92×33mm Kurz") cartridge was however considerably more powerful than the pistol rounds used in [submachine guns](/wiki/Submachine_gun "Submachine gun"), so it would have normally required a [bolt](/wiki/Bolt_%28firearms%29 "Bolt (firearms)") weighing about 1\.5 kg, which was difficult to reconcile with the target weight for the gun. Kurt Horn found an innovative solution to this problem, the [gas delayed blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28firearms%29%23Gas-delayed "Blowback (firearms)#Gas-delayed") (German: Gasdruckverschluss). The idea was relatively simple: part of the gases escaping from the chamber were redirected in the direction opposite to the rearward movement of the bolt; their pressure pushed against a piston connected to the bolt itself, thus decelerating the rearward movement of the latter. This method of operation allowed Horn to reduce the weight of the bolt to about 0\.8–0\.9 kg. More or less the same idea was employed by Karl Barnitzke in the design of the better known Gustloff [VG 1\-5](/wiki/VG_1-5 "VG 1-5") (MP 507\). However Barnitzke's design was far less efficient. Whereas Horn's design captured gas escaping from the breech, in Barnitzke's the gas was collected through four small holes near the muzzle, far too late to have much impact on the initial rearward acceleration of the bolt, which in the VG 1\-5 weighted 1\.4 kg. [thumb\|Kinematics of the Grossfuß Sturmgewehr's operating systemIn](/wiki/File:Kinematics_blow_back_operated_gas_retarded_firearm_Gross_Fuss_Sturmgewehr_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg "Kinematics blow back operated gas retarded firearm Gross Fuss Sturmgewehr CC BY-SA 4.0 by Grasyl.svg") Horn's gun, one end of the piston is connected to the bolt by a joint and the other end is connected to the receiver by a small spring. The piston also exhibits an interesting sideways motion. As the bolt moves further backward, the piston moved slightly sideways as well, allowing most of the gas to escape without exercising further pressure. The role of the small spring was to ensure the return of the piston's head into position on the counter\-recoil. The gun's sights are fixed to 300 meters. It has a three\-way selector between single, automatic fire, and [safe](/wiki/Safety_%28firearms%29 "Safety (firearms)") position. The bolt has two handles, one on each side and these resemble horns. They were found rather unergonomical by the Soviet testers because they could hit the hand on automatic fire. The length of the draw for the bolt in order to cock the gun was also found to be unpleasantly long, especially from the prone position. The weapon would have been cheap to manufacture en masse. The only [milled](/wiki/Milling_%28machining%29 "Milling (machining)") parts were the barrel and the bolt head. One of captured Grossfuss Sturmgewehrs was tested by the [GAU](/wiki/GRAU "GRAU"). It fired about 1,900 rounds without stoppages. Its accuracy was basically on par with the [MP 43](/wiki/MP_43 "MP 43"), even though the length of its sighting line was considerably shorter (266 vs. 418 mm). Although the existence of the Grossfuss Sturmgewehr and its basic principle of operation became known in the West in the decade following the end of the war, hardly anything else transpired from behind the Iron Curtain. According to a 1958 book of the [Army Ordnance Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps "United States Army Ordnance Corps"): > The firm of Grossfuss in Dobelin produced a unique retarded blowback gas\-actuated system, no specimens of which has ever been seen. The Grossfuss weapon was reported exhibited to the Spree \[sic] Ministry Waffenkommission, but apparently never reached WaPruf 2 \[Dept. for Development and Testing of the Heereswaffenamt]. Development was dated late 1944 or early 1945\.[Springfield Armory Museum entry on the MP43](http://ww2.rediscov.com/spring/VFPCGI.exe?IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=16551,DATABASE=objects,) quoting from U.S. Army Ordnance School. *Submachine Guns* Volume I. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, 1958\. A single, slightly incomplete exemplar remains in existence at the [Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps](/wiki/Military_Historical_Museum_of_Artillery%2C_Engineers_and_Signal_Corps "Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps") in Saint Petersburg. Immediately after the war, the gas\-delayed blowback principle was used by some Soviet prototypes, for example the TKB\-454 made by the Tula designer German A. Korobov.{{Cite web\|url\=http://world.guns.ru/assault/rus/korobov\-tkb\-517\-e.html\|title \= Korobov TKB\-517\|date \= 27 October 2010}}
[ "History\n-------", "In the closing stage of the war, nine of the Grossfuss Sturmgewehr prototypes were captured by the advancing Red Army; five of these were found at the [Kummersdorf](/wiki/Kummersdorf \"Kummersdorf\") testing site. These guns were given the name \"Avtomat Horn\" (Horn assault rifle) in the Soviet documents analyzing them. The Soviets also captured schematics for the gun and the designer himself. (Horn spent most of his time in the USSR at factory Number 74, later known as [Izmash](/wiki/Izmash \"Izmash\"), where other famous German weapons designers were held, including [Hugo Schmeisser](/wiki/Hugo_Schmeisser \"Hugo Schmeisser\"), etc.И. Шайдуров, \"[Хуго Шмайссер в Ижевске (Часть 1\\)](http://master-gun.com/velikie-oruzhejniki/xugo-shmajsser-v-izhevske-chast-1)\", *МАСТЕРРУЖЬЁ*, November 2009)", "Although the total number of Grossfuss Sturmgewehrs manufactured is not known, the numerous differences (noted by the Soviets) in part dimensions between the blueprints and the captured exemplars pointed to the experimental nature of the guns, suggesting that design adjustments were still being made.Юрий Пономарёв \"[Автомат Хорна](http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/44a/020_026.pdf)\", *КАЛАШНИКОВ. ОРУЖИЕ, БОЕПРИПАСЫ, СНАРЯЖЕНИЕ* 2006/9, pages 20–26", "According to the personal notes of Horn, the [Heereswaffenamt](/wiki/Heereswaffenamt \"Heereswaffenamt\") requirements for this gun were as follows: it had to use the [blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28firearms%29 \"Blowback (firearms)\") principle of operation, use the ammunition and magazines of the [MKb 42(H)](/wiki/MKb_42%28H%29 \"MKb 42(H)\"), have a cyclic rate of fire of 500 rounds per minute, a mass of 4 kg, and have the same barrel and overall length as the MKb 42(H). The requirement to use blowback as principle of operation was interpreted as asking for a gun that was cheap to build, because it translated in a simple design with few parts. The [7\\.92×33mm Kurz](/wiki/7.92%C3%9733mm_Kurz \"7.92×33mm Kurz\") cartridge was however considerably more powerful than the pistol rounds used in [submachine guns](/wiki/Submachine_gun \"Submachine gun\"), so it would have normally required a [bolt](/wiki/Bolt_%28firearms%29 \"Bolt (firearms)\") weighing about 1\\.5 kg, which was difficult to reconcile with the target weight for the gun.", "Kurt Horn found an innovative solution to this problem, the [gas delayed blowback](/wiki/Blowback_%28firearms%29%23Gas-delayed \"Blowback (firearms)#Gas-delayed\") (German: Gasdruckverschluss). The idea was relatively simple: part of the gases escaping from the chamber were redirected in the direction opposite to the rearward movement of the bolt; their pressure pushed against a piston connected to the bolt itself, thus decelerating the rearward movement of the latter. This method of operation allowed Horn to reduce the weight of the bolt to about 0\\.8–0\\.9 kg.", "More or less the same idea was employed by Karl Barnitzke in the design of the better known Gustloff [VG 1\\-5](/wiki/VG_1-5 \"VG 1-5\") (MP 507\\). However Barnitzke's design was far less efficient. Whereas Horn's design captured gas escaping from the breech, in Barnitzke's the gas was collected through four small holes near the muzzle, far too late to have much impact on the initial rearward acceleration of the bolt, which in the VG 1\\-5 weighted 1\\.4 kg.", "[thumb\\|Kinematics of the Grossfuß Sturmgewehr's operating systemIn](/wiki/File:Kinematics_blow_back_operated_gas_retarded_firearm_Gross_Fuss_Sturmgewehr_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg \"Kinematics blow back operated gas retarded firearm Gross Fuss Sturmgewehr CC BY-SA 4.0 by Grasyl.svg\") Horn's gun, one end of the piston is connected to the bolt by a joint and the other end is connected to the receiver by a small spring. The piston also exhibits an interesting sideways motion. As the bolt moves further backward, the piston moved slightly sideways as well, allowing most of the gas to escape without exercising further pressure. The role of the small spring was to ensure the return of the piston's head into position on the counter\\-recoil.", "The gun's sights are fixed to 300 meters. It has a three\\-way selector between single, automatic fire, and [safe](/wiki/Safety_%28firearms%29 \"Safety (firearms)\") position. The bolt has two handles, one on each side and these resemble horns. They were found rather unergonomical by the Soviet testers because they could hit the hand on automatic fire. The length of the draw for the bolt in order to cock the gun was also found to be unpleasantly long, especially from the prone position. The weapon would have been cheap to manufacture en masse. The only [milled](/wiki/Milling_%28machining%29 \"Milling (machining)\") parts were the barrel and the bolt head.", "One of captured Grossfuss Sturmgewehrs was tested by the [GAU](/wiki/GRAU \"GRAU\"). It fired about 1,900 rounds without stoppages. Its accuracy was basically on par with the [MP 43](/wiki/MP_43 \"MP 43\"), even though the length of its sighting line was considerably shorter (266 vs. 418 mm).", "Although the existence of the Grossfuss Sturmgewehr and its basic principle of operation became known in the West in the decade following the end of the war, hardly anything else transpired from behind the Iron Curtain. According to a 1958 book of the [Army Ordnance Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps \"United States Army Ordnance Corps\"):", "", "> The firm of Grossfuss in Dobelin produced a unique retarded blowback gas\\-actuated system, no specimens of which has ever been seen. The Grossfuss weapon was reported exhibited to the Spree \\[sic] Ministry Waffenkommission, but apparently never reached WaPruf 2 \\[Dept. for Development and Testing of the Heereswaffenamt]. Development was dated late 1944 or early 1945\\.[Springfield Armory Museum entry on the MP43](http://ww2.rediscov.com/spring/VFPCGI.exe?IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=16551,DATABASE=objects,) quoting from U.S. Army Ordnance School. *Submachine Guns* Volume I. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, 1958\\.", "A single, slightly incomplete exemplar remains in existence at the [Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps](/wiki/Military_Historical_Museum_of_Artillery%2C_Engineers_and_Signal_Corps \"Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps\") in Saint Petersburg.", "Immediately after the war, the gas\\-delayed blowback principle was used by some Soviet prototypes, for example the TKB\\-454 made by the Tula designer German A. Korobov.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://world.guns.ru/assault/rus/korobov\\-tkb\\-517\\-e.html\\|title \\= Korobov TKB\\-517\\|date \\= 27 October 2010}}", "" ]
Music ----- 2009 saw the release of one of Sam's music projects, [N.A.S.A](/wiki/N.A.S.A._%28musical_group%29 "N.A.S.A. (musical group)").'s (North America South America) landmark debut LP, [The Spirit of Apollo](/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Apollo "The Spirit of Apollo"). Created with long time Brazilian music partner DJ [Zegon](/wiki/Ze_Gonzales "Ze Gonzales"). *The Spirit of Apollo* includes [Kanye West](/wiki/Kanye_West "Kanye West"), Karen O and [Nick Zinner](/wiki/Nick_Zinner "Nick Zinner") of Yeah Yeah Yeahs, [Lykke Li](/wiki/Lykke_Li "Lykke Li"), [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante "John Frusciante") of [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers "Red Hot Chili Peppers"), [Tom Waits](/wiki/Tom_Waits "Tom Waits"), [Nina Persson](/wiki/Nina_Persson "Nina Persson") of [The Cardigans](/wiki/The_Cardigans "The Cardigans"), [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 "George Clinton (funk musician)"), [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne "David Byrne"), [M.I.A.](/wiki/M.I.A._%28artist%29 "M.I.A. (artist)"), [RZA](/wiki/RZA "RZA"), [Method Man](/wiki/Method_Man "Method Man"), [Ghostface Killah](/wiki/Ghostface_Killah "Ghostface Killah"), and [Ol' Dirty Bastard](/wiki/Ol%27_Dirty_Bastard "Ol' Dirty Bastard") of [Wu\-Tang Clan](/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan "Wu-Tang Clan") while the corresponding music videos feature animated/live action collaborations by visual artists including [Shepard Fairey](/wiki/Shepard_Fairey "Shepard Fairey"), Sage Vaughn, [Marcel Dzama](/wiki/Marcel_Dzama "Marcel Dzama"), and The Date Farmers. Such collaborations earned Spiegel the title "King Sam" on *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*{{'}}s annual "Hot List" in 2008\. The album was "a conscious effort by NASA to show how people can be brought together by music and art." Spiegel's project, Maximum Hedrum, brought him together with [Harold Faltermeyer](/wiki/Harold_Faltermeyer "Harold Faltermeyer") and [Derrick Green](/wiki/Derrick_Green "Derrick Green") (of [Sepultura](/wiki/Sepultura "Sepultura")). In 2011 "Keep in Touch (Feel Me)" feat. [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 "George Clinton (funk musician)"), was licensed to a [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry "BlackBerry") commercial. In November 2012 "Keep in Touch (Feel Me)" and "Synthesize", two tracks from the upcoming album, were released commercially on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") and [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com"), as well as via free download from [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud "SoundCloud") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"). "Synthesize" was featured in [Girl Skateboards](/wiki/Girl_Skateboards "Girl Skateboards") film, Pretty Sweet.{{cite web\|url\=https://soundcloud.com/maximum\-hedrum\|title\=Maximum Hedrum\|website\=SoundCloud}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\-et\-ms\-sam\-spiegel\-maximum\-hedrum\-20121129\-story.html\|title\=Sam Spiegel announces zany Maximum Hedrum project\|date\=November 29, 2012\|website\=Los Angeles Times}} In 2016, Spiegel began releasing music under his own name, Sam Spiegel. The first release under this new moniker was "Mutant Brain (feat. Assassin)" which he produced with Miami\-based DJ and producer, [Ape Drums](/wiki/Ape_Drums "Ape Drums") and released through [Interscope Records](/wiki/Interscope_Records "Interscope Records"). "Mutant Brain" was featured in the Spike Jonze\-directed short film, "Kenzo World, A New Fragrance", for the French brand [Kenzo](/wiki/Kenzo_%28brand%29 "Kenzo (brand)"). This music went on to win gold for the Use of Original Music in Film Craft at the [Cannes Lions](/wiki/Cannes_Lions_International_Festival_of_Creativity "Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity"), as well as winning the Best Music category at the AICP One Show and Best Use of Original Music by a Music House at the [Guild of Music Supervisors Awards](/wiki/Guild_of_Music_Supervisors_Awards "Guild of Music Supervisors Awards"). In 2020, Spiegel changed his name to Sam i and released his first solo album, Random Shit From The Internet Era. The album was a critical success and featured notable talent including Sia, Busta Rhymes, CeeLo Green, Anderson .Paak, Doja Cat, RZA and many more. In addition, Sam has been working frequently with artist [Jean Paul Goude](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude "Jean-Paul Goude") in creating music for Jean Paul's work with [Chanel](/wiki/Chanel "Chanel"), [Lacoste](/wiki/Lacoste "Lacoste"), [Kenzo](/wiki/Kenzo_%28brand%29 "Kenzo (brand)") X [H\&M](/wiki/H%26M "H&M"), [Roger Vivier](/wiki/Roger_Vivier "Roger Vivier"), and Pompidou. Sam continues to release his own music, produce for other artists while directing and growing Squeak E. Clean Studios.
[ "Music\n-----", "2009 saw the release of one of Sam's music projects, [N.A.S.A](/wiki/N.A.S.A._%28musical_group%29 \"N.A.S.A. (musical group)\").'s (North America South America) landmark debut LP, [The Spirit of Apollo](/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Apollo \"The Spirit of Apollo\"). Created with long time Brazilian music partner DJ [Zegon](/wiki/Ze_Gonzales \"Ze Gonzales\").", "*The Spirit of Apollo* includes [Kanye West](/wiki/Kanye_West \"Kanye West\"), Karen O and [Nick Zinner](/wiki/Nick_Zinner \"Nick Zinner\") of Yeah Yeah Yeahs, [Lykke Li](/wiki/Lykke_Li \"Lykke Li\"), [John Frusciante](/wiki/John_Frusciante \"John Frusciante\") of [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\"), [Tom Waits](/wiki/Tom_Waits \"Tom Waits\"), [Nina Persson](/wiki/Nina_Persson \"Nina Persson\") of [The Cardigans](/wiki/The_Cardigans \"The Cardigans\"), [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 \"George Clinton (funk musician)\"), [David Byrne](/wiki/David_Byrne \"David Byrne\"), [M.I.A.](/wiki/M.I.A._%28artist%29 \"M.I.A. (artist)\"), [RZA](/wiki/RZA \"RZA\"), [Method Man](/wiki/Method_Man \"Method Man\"), [Ghostface Killah](/wiki/Ghostface_Killah \"Ghostface Killah\"), and [Ol' Dirty Bastard](/wiki/Ol%27_Dirty_Bastard \"Ol' Dirty Bastard\") of [Wu\\-Tang Clan](/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan \"Wu-Tang Clan\") while the corresponding music videos feature animated/live action collaborations by visual artists including [Shepard Fairey](/wiki/Shepard_Fairey \"Shepard Fairey\"), Sage Vaughn, [Marcel Dzama](/wiki/Marcel_Dzama \"Marcel Dzama\"), and The Date Farmers. Such collaborations earned Spiegel the title \"King Sam\" on *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*{{'}}s annual \"Hot List\" in 2008\\. The album was \"a conscious effort by NASA to show how people can be brought together by music and art.\"", "Spiegel's project, Maximum Hedrum, brought him together with [Harold Faltermeyer](/wiki/Harold_Faltermeyer \"Harold Faltermeyer\") and [Derrick Green](/wiki/Derrick_Green \"Derrick Green\") (of [Sepultura](/wiki/Sepultura \"Sepultura\")). In 2011 \"Keep in Touch (Feel Me)\" feat. [George Clinton](/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29 \"George Clinton (funk musician)\"), was licensed to a [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry \"BlackBerry\") commercial. In November 2012 \"Keep in Touch (Feel Me)\" and \"Synthesize\", two tracks from the upcoming album, were released commercially on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") and [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\"), as well as via free download from [SoundCloud](/wiki/SoundCloud \"SoundCloud\") and [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\"). \"Synthesize\" was featured in [Girl Skateboards](/wiki/Girl_Skateboards \"Girl Skateboards\") film, Pretty Sweet.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://soundcloud.com/maximum\\-hedrum\\|title\\=Maximum Hedrum\\|website\\=SoundCloud}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la\\-et\\-ms\\-sam\\-spiegel\\-maximum\\-hedrum\\-20121129\\-story.html\\|title\\=Sam Spiegel announces zany Maximum Hedrum project\\|date\\=November 29, 2012\\|website\\=Los Angeles Times}}", "In 2016, Spiegel began releasing music under his own name, Sam Spiegel. The first release under this new moniker was \"Mutant Brain (feat. Assassin)\" which he produced with Miami\\-based DJ and producer, [Ape Drums](/wiki/Ape_Drums \"Ape Drums\") and released through [Interscope Records](/wiki/Interscope_Records \"Interscope Records\"). \"Mutant Brain\" was featured in the Spike Jonze\\-directed short film, \"Kenzo World, A New Fragrance\", for the French brand [Kenzo](/wiki/Kenzo_%28brand%29 \"Kenzo (brand)\").", "This music went on to win gold for the Use of Original Music in Film Craft at the [Cannes Lions](/wiki/Cannes_Lions_International_Festival_of_Creativity \"Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity\"), as well as winning the Best Music category at the AICP One Show and Best Use of Original Music by a Music House at the [Guild of Music Supervisors Awards](/wiki/Guild_of_Music_Supervisors_Awards \"Guild of Music Supervisors Awards\").", "In 2020, Spiegel changed his name to Sam i and released his first solo album, Random Shit From The Internet Era. The album was a critical success and featured notable talent including Sia, Busta Rhymes, CeeLo Green, Anderson .Paak, Doja Cat, RZA and many more.", "In addition, Sam has been working frequently with artist [Jean Paul Goude](/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude \"Jean-Paul Goude\") in creating music for Jean Paul's work with [Chanel](/wiki/Chanel \"Chanel\"), [Lacoste](/wiki/Lacoste \"Lacoste\"), [Kenzo](/wiki/Kenzo_%28brand%29 \"Kenzo (brand)\") X [H\\&M](/wiki/H%26M \"H&M\"), [Roger Vivier](/wiki/Roger_Vivier \"Roger Vivier\"), and Pompidou.", "Sam continues to release his own music, produce for other artists while directing and growing Squeak E. Clean Studios.", "" ]
Career ------ Gillick first ran for Ireland at the [European Athletics U23 Championships](/wiki/European_Athletics_U23_Championships "European Athletics U23 Championships") in 2003, however it was not a successful international debut for Gillick. At the [2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships](/wiki/2004_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships "2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships") Gillick won a bronze medal as part of the Irish 4x400 metres [relay](/wiki/Relay_race "Relay race") team (along with [Robert Daly](/wiki/Robert_Daly_%28sprinter%29 "Robert Daly (sprinter)"), [David McCarthy](/wiki/David_McCarthy_%28born_1983%29 "David McCarthy (born 1983)") and [Gary Ryan](/wiki/Gary_Ryan_%28athlete%29 "Gary Ryan (athlete)")). Despite improving his personal best, Gillick did not qualify for the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics"). When he was young he lived in [Ballinteer](/wiki/Ballinteer "Ballinteer") and played football for Ballinteer St John's GAA Club. He was educated at Our Lady's National School in Ballinteer and then St Benildus College, Kilmacud. In the [2005 European Indoor Championships](/wiki/2005_European_Indoor_Athletics_Championships "2005 European Indoor Athletics Championships") Gillick produced two outstanding runs to first win his heat and then win the gold medal in a personal best time of 46\.30, beating the favourite, Spain's [David Canal](/wiki/David_Canal "David Canal"), into second place. It was Ireland's first gold medal in a sprinting event in 75 years. Injury forced Gillick to miss the [2005 World outdoor Championships](/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics "2005 World Championships in Athletics"). In 2006, Gillick again suffered an injury hit season but did win the Irish National 400 m Championship in a time of 45\.67\. He also won the Irish National Indoor 200 m Championship (21\.45\). He qualified with ease through the first round at the [2006 European Championships](/wiki/2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics "2006 European Championships in Athletics") before running poorly in his semi\-final and being eliminated. In October 2006, Gillick became a full\-time athlete and relocated to [Loughborough](/wiki/Loughborough "Loughborough") in the English midlands to link up with English 400 m coach Nick Dakin and a group that included a number of top British 400 m athletes. Loughborough University has a great tradition in athletics and is viewed by many as one of Europe's top sporting universities. Early in 2007, Gillick ran a time of 45\.91 at an indoor meeting in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf"), a performance which made him the world leader over 400 m indoors and bettered the Irish record, previously held by [Belfast's](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast") [Paul McKee](/wiki/Paul_McKee_%28sprinter%29 "Paul McKee (sprinter)"). In March 2007, he successfully defended his [European Indoor title](/wiki/2007_European_Indoor_Athletics_Championships "2007 European Indoor Athletics Championships"), running a new Irish record of 45\.52\. On 4 July 2009 Gillick won at the Meeting de Madrid, which is part of the IAAF World Athletics Tour. His time of 44\.77 sliced a significant amount off his previous Irish record of 45\.12 to set a new Irish outdoor record. He followed this up with 2nd place (44\.82\) at the Golden League meet in Rome. At the [World Athletics Championships](/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics "2009 World Championships in Athletics") in Berlin in August 2009, Gillick qualified for the semi\-finals of the [men's 400 m](/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres "2009 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres") after he finished second in his heat in a time of 45\.54\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0818/hessionp.html\|title\=Gillick progresses to semi\-final\|date\=2009\-08\-18\|work\=RTÉ Sport\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-18\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821064516/http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0818/hessionp.html\|archivedate\=2009\-08\-21}} In the semi\-final Gillick placed fourth in a time of 44\.88, which was good enough to make the World Championship final as the second fastest loser. In the final he finished 6th in a time of 45\.53\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0821/gillickd.html\|title\=Gillick sixth in 400m final\|date\=2009\-08\-21\|work\=RTÉ Sport\|accessdate\=2009\-08\-22\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824084453/http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0821/gillickd.html\|archivedate\=2009\-08\-24}} Gillick followed up with two good runs in the 2009 IAAF Golden League meetings in Zurich and Brussels. He finished fourth in 45\.25 behind world champion [LaShawn Merritt](/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt "LaShawn Merritt") in the Weltklasse. A week later, he finished fourth in 45\.73 behind [Jeremy Wariner](/wiki/Jeremy_Wariner "Jeremy Wariner") in Brussels. Gillick finished the Golden League series with 30 points and finished in fourth position. In the [2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships](/wiki/2010_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships "2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships") Gillick was the second fastest qualifier in both the heats and semi\-finals but finished 5th in the final and was later disqualified as a result of a collision with the American [Bershawn Jackson](/wiki/Bershawn_Jackson "Bershawn Jackson") with 200 metres to go.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2010/0313/262278\-gillickd/\|title\=David Gillick disqualified in World 400m final\|date\=13 March 2010\|work\=RTE Sport\|accessdate\= 1 July 2021}} At the [European outdoors](/wiki/2010_European_Athletics_Championships "2010 European Athletics Championships") that year he became the first Irishman to reach the final of the 400m where he again finished 5th.
[ "Career\n------", "Gillick first ran for Ireland at the [European Athletics U23 Championships](/wiki/European_Athletics_U23_Championships \"European Athletics U23 Championships\") in 2003, however it was not a successful international debut for Gillick. At the [2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships](/wiki/2004_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships \"2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships\") Gillick won a bronze medal as part of the Irish 4x400 metres [relay](/wiki/Relay_race \"Relay race\") team (along with [Robert Daly](/wiki/Robert_Daly_%28sprinter%29 \"Robert Daly (sprinter)\"), [David McCarthy](/wiki/David_McCarthy_%28born_1983%29 \"David McCarthy (born 1983)\") and [Gary Ryan](/wiki/Gary_Ryan_%28athlete%29 \"Gary Ryan (athlete)\")). Despite improving his personal best, Gillick did not qualify for the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\").", "When he was young he lived in [Ballinteer](/wiki/Ballinteer \"Ballinteer\") and played football for Ballinteer St John's GAA Club. He was educated at Our Lady's National School in Ballinteer and then St Benildus College, Kilmacud.", "In the [2005 European Indoor Championships](/wiki/2005_European_Indoor_Athletics_Championships \"2005 European Indoor Athletics Championships\") Gillick produced two outstanding runs to first win his heat and then win the gold medal in a personal best time of 46\\.30, beating the favourite, Spain's [David Canal](/wiki/David_Canal \"David Canal\"), into second place. It was Ireland's first gold medal in a sprinting event in 75 years. Injury forced Gillick to miss the [2005 World outdoor Championships](/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"2005 World Championships in Athletics\").", "In 2006, Gillick again suffered an injury hit season but did win the Irish National 400 m Championship in a time of 45\\.67\\. He also won the Irish National Indoor 200 m Championship (21\\.45\\). He qualified with ease through the first round at the [2006 European Championships](/wiki/2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics \"2006 European Championships in Athletics\") before running poorly in his semi\\-final and being eliminated.", "In October 2006, Gillick became a full\\-time athlete and relocated to [Loughborough](/wiki/Loughborough \"Loughborough\") in the English midlands to link up with English 400 m coach Nick Dakin and a group that included a number of top British 400 m athletes. Loughborough University has a great tradition in athletics and is viewed by many as one of Europe's top sporting universities.", "Early in 2007, Gillick ran a time of 45\\.91 at an indoor meeting in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\"), a performance which made him the world leader over 400 m indoors and bettered the Irish record, previously held by [Belfast's](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") [Paul McKee](/wiki/Paul_McKee_%28sprinter%29 \"Paul McKee (sprinter)\"). In March 2007, he successfully defended his [European Indoor title](/wiki/2007_European_Indoor_Athletics_Championships \"2007 European Indoor Athletics Championships\"), running a new Irish record of 45\\.52\\.", "On 4 July 2009 Gillick won at the Meeting de Madrid, which is part of the IAAF World Athletics Tour. His time of 44\\.77 sliced a significant amount off his previous Irish record of 45\\.12 to set a new Irish outdoor record. He followed this up with 2nd place (44\\.82\\) at the Golden League meet in Rome. \nAt the [World Athletics Championships](/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"2009 World Championships in Athletics\") in Berlin in August 2009, Gillick qualified for the semi\\-finals of the [men's 400 m](/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres \"2009 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres\") after he finished second in his heat in a time of 45\\.54\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0818/hessionp.html\\|title\\=Gillick progresses to semi\\-final\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-18\\|work\\=RTÉ Sport\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-18\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821064516/http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0818/hessionp.html\\|archivedate\\=2009\\-08\\-21}} In the semi\\-final Gillick placed fourth in a time of 44\\.88, which was good enough to make the World Championship final as the second fastest loser. In the final he finished 6th in a time of 45\\.53\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0821/gillickd.html\\|title\\=Gillick sixth in 400m final\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-21\\|work\\=RTÉ Sport\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-08\\-22\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824084453/http://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0821/gillickd.html\\|archivedate\\=2009\\-08\\-24}}", "Gillick followed up with two good runs in the 2009 IAAF Golden League meetings in Zurich and Brussels. He finished fourth in 45\\.25 behind world champion [LaShawn Merritt](/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt \"LaShawn Merritt\") in the Weltklasse. A week later, he finished fourth in 45\\.73 behind [Jeremy Wariner](/wiki/Jeremy_Wariner \"Jeremy Wariner\") in Brussels. Gillick finished the Golden League series with 30 points and finished in fourth position.", "In the [2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships](/wiki/2010_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships \"2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships\") Gillick was the second fastest qualifier in both the heats and semi\\-finals but finished 5th in the final and was later disqualified as a result of a collision with the American [Bershawn Jackson](/wiki/Bershawn_Jackson \"Bershawn Jackson\") with 200 metres to go.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2010/0313/262278\\-gillickd/\\|title\\=David Gillick disqualified in World 400m final\\|date\\=13 March 2010\\|work\\=RTE Sport\\|accessdate\\= 1 July 2021}}\nAt the [European outdoors](/wiki/2010_European_Athletics_Championships \"2010 European Athletics Championships\") that year he became the first Irishman to reach the final of the 400m where he again finished 5th.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Šibenik Nadoveza started his youth and senior career at [HNK Šibenik](/wiki/HNK_%C5%A0ibenik "HNK Šibenik"). In Šibenik's youth academy he was under the guidance of Stojan Mileta who created a lot of talented footballers from that region. At that time [Slavko Luštica](/wiki/Slavko_Lu%C5%A1tica "Slavko Luštica") was the manager of Šibenik and with him Šibenik was a fierce club in the [Yugoslav Second League](/wiki/Yugoslav_Second_League "Yugoslav Second League"). ### Hajduk Split In 1963 Nadoveza moved to [Hajduk Split](/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split "HNK Hajduk Split") where he would spend the next ten years of his career. He was a real "killer" on the field. He had amazing speed and a real instinct for the goal. Nadoveza was not a very disciplined player which resulted in many arguments with his managers, especially with [Branko Zebec](/wiki/Branko_Zebec "Branko Zebec") but on the pitch he showed his commitment to the club and to the game. He was loved by the fans and the club personnel. His famous incident was in 1964 when he assaulted a football referee called Strmčeg. This resulted in a six\-month ban from playing football. During the 1960s Hajduk was not doing so well in the [Yugoslav First League](/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League "Yugoslav First League") and many times they were facing relegation to the second league. In the [1965–66 Yugoslav First League](/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Yugoslav_First_League "1965–66 Yugoslav First League") Hajduk was accused of match fixing and was facing relegation. The match fixing case was dropped but Hajduk was still facing relegation in the league. Thanks to Nadoveza who scored 21 goals that season[JEDAN OD NAJVEĆIH NAPADAČA U POVIJESTI HAJDUKA, GOLGETER KOJEG SU NAVIJAČI OBOŽAVALI](https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/100-najboljih/jedan-od-najvecih-napadaca-u-povijesti-hajduka-golgeter-kojeg-su-navijaci-obozavali-15006928) \- Sportske Jutarnji {{in lang\|hr}} Hajduk was saved and managed to stay in the first league. Nadoveza became the top goalscorer that season. In 1967, he helped Hajduk win their first [Yugoslav Cup](/wiki/Yugoslav_Cup "Yugoslav Cup"). He played in the [1967–68 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "1967–68 European Cup Winners' Cup") which was Hajduk's first real participation in a UEFA competition. At the end of the 1960s many young talented players such as [Jerković](/wiki/Jurica_Jerkovi%C4%87 "Jurica Jerković"), [Džoni](/wiki/Vilson_D%C5%BEoni "Vilson Džoni") and [Mužinić](/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Mu%C5%BEini%C4%87 "Dražen Mužinić") joined the club and alongside the "old guard" with Nadoveza they managed to create a new Hajduk. Their first success was the [1970–71 Yugoslav First League](/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Yugoslav_First_League "1970–71 Yugoslav First League") which they won dramatically. The most famous game that season was against [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan "FK Partizan") in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade") where Hajduk needed 2 points to secure the trophy. Hajduk was losing 0–3 but in the second half Nadoveza managed to score two goals and motivate his team to turn the result around. Hajduk won the game 4–3 and secured the championship. Nadoveza also became the top goalscorer that season with 20 goals. Nadoveza won his second Yugoslav Cup in 1972\. In his last season for the club he won his third Yugoslav Cup and helped Hajduk reach the [1972–73 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "1972–73 European Cup Winners' Cup") semi\-final where they lost to [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United "Leeds United"). In 1973, after ten years with Hajduk, he left the club and went to play for [Lokeren](/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren_Oost-Vlaanderen "K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen"). Nadoveza made 460 appearances for Hajduk in which he scored 296 goals which makes him the 5th best goalscorer in Hajduk history. He retired in 1975\. ### International Nadoveza made his debut for [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team "Yugoslavia national football team") in a May 1967 [European qualification](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1968_qualifying "UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying") match away against [Albania](/wiki/Albania_national_football_team "Albania national football team"), his sole international appearance.{{cite web\|url\=https://eu\-football.info/\_player.php?id\=14733\|title\=Player Database\|accessdate\=5 November 2022\|website\=EU\-football}}
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Šibenik", "Nadoveza started his youth and senior career at [HNK Šibenik](/wiki/HNK_%C5%A0ibenik \"HNK Šibenik\"). In Šibenik's youth academy he was under the guidance of Stojan Mileta who created a lot of talented footballers from that region. At that time [Slavko Luštica](/wiki/Slavko_Lu%C5%A1tica \"Slavko Luštica\") was the manager of Šibenik and with him Šibenik was a fierce club in the [Yugoslav Second League](/wiki/Yugoslav_Second_League \"Yugoslav Second League\").", "### Hajduk Split", "In 1963 Nadoveza moved to [Hajduk Split](/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split \"HNK Hajduk Split\") where he would spend the next ten years of his career. He was a real \"killer\" on the field. He had amazing speed and a real instinct for the goal. Nadoveza was not a very disciplined player which resulted in many arguments with his managers, especially with [Branko Zebec](/wiki/Branko_Zebec \"Branko Zebec\") but on the pitch he showed his commitment to the club and to the game. He was loved by the fans and the club personnel. His famous incident was in 1964 when he assaulted a football referee called Strmčeg. This resulted in a six\\-month ban from playing football.", "During the 1960s Hajduk was not doing so well in the [Yugoslav First League](/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League \"Yugoslav First League\") and many times they were facing relegation to the second league. In the [1965–66 Yugoslav First League](/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Yugoslav_First_League \"1965–66 Yugoslav First League\") Hajduk was accused of match fixing and was facing relegation. The match fixing case was dropped but Hajduk was still facing relegation in the league. Thanks to Nadoveza who scored 21 goals that season[JEDAN OD NAJVEĆIH NAPADAČA U POVIJESTI HAJDUKA, GOLGETER KOJEG SU NAVIJAČI OBOŽAVALI](https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/100-najboljih/jedan-od-najvecih-napadaca-u-povijesti-hajduka-golgeter-kojeg-su-navijaci-obozavali-15006928) \\- Sportske Jutarnji {{in lang\\|hr}} Hajduk was saved and managed to stay in the first league. Nadoveza became the top goalscorer that season.\nIn 1967, he helped Hajduk win their first [Yugoslav Cup](/wiki/Yugoslav_Cup \"Yugoslav Cup\"). He played in the [1967–68 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"1967–68 European Cup Winners' Cup\") which was Hajduk's first real participation in a UEFA competition.", "At the end of the 1960s many young talented players such as [Jerković](/wiki/Jurica_Jerkovi%C4%87 \"Jurica Jerković\"), [Džoni](/wiki/Vilson_D%C5%BEoni \"Vilson Džoni\") and [Mužinić](/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Mu%C5%BEini%C4%87 \"Dražen Mužinić\") joined the club and alongside the \"old guard\" with Nadoveza they managed to create a new Hajduk. Their first success was the [1970–71 Yugoslav First League](/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Yugoslav_First_League \"1970–71 Yugoslav First League\") which they won dramatically. The most famous game that season was against [FK Partizan](/wiki/FK_Partizan \"FK Partizan\") in [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") where Hajduk needed 2 points to secure the trophy. Hajduk was losing 0–3 but in the second half Nadoveza managed to score two goals and motivate his team to turn the result around. Hajduk won the game 4–3 and secured the championship. Nadoveza also became the top goalscorer that season with 20 goals. Nadoveza won his second Yugoslav Cup in 1972\\. In his last season for the club he won his third Yugoslav Cup and helped Hajduk reach the [1972–73 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"1972–73 European Cup Winners' Cup\") semi\\-final where they lost to [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United \"Leeds United\").", "In 1973, after ten years with Hajduk, he left the club and went to play for [Lokeren](/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren_Oost-Vlaanderen \"K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen\"). Nadoveza made 460 appearances for Hajduk in which he scored 296 goals which makes him the 5th best goalscorer in Hajduk history. He retired in 1975\\.", "### International", "Nadoveza made his debut for [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team \"Yugoslavia national football team\") in a May 1967 [European qualification](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1968_qualifying \"UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying\") match away against [Albania](/wiki/Albania_national_football_team \"Albania national football team\"), his sole international appearance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://eu\\-football.info/\\_player.php?id\\=14733\\|title\\=Player Database\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2022\\|website\\=EU\\-football}}", "" ]
History ------- {{Main\|Chronology of Planoise}} The first traces of life in Planoise date back to 3000 BCE, during the [Middle Paleolithic](/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic "Middle Paleolithic") era. Objects were found in the Epoisses area during archaeological excavations, including a flint point dating to the Middle Paleolithic, three bracelets dating to the end of the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") (500 BCE), and an [oil lamp](/wiki/Oil_lamp "Oil lamp") dating to [Hellenistic Greece](/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece "Hellenistic Greece") (between the first and fourth century BCE.) The objects are conserved in the [Musée des Beaux\-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_Besan%C3%A7on "Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon") (Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology.) During the 13th century the territory of Planoise officially became part of the [Imperial city of Besançon](/wiki/Imperial_city_of_Besan%C3%A7on "Imperial city of Besançon"), according to Jean de Chalon (earl of [Bourgogne](/wiki/Bourgogne "Bourgogne")). In the 15th century the clergy of Besançon bought the territory and the hill of Planoise. The name "Planoise" first appears officially in records in 1435\. The name comes from the Latin word "planesium", which means "plain." At that time, the sector consisted of a large wood and had few inhabitants, mostly farmers. Between the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") and the modern era, the area was almost uninhabited. It was an agricultural area, farming mainly potatoes. The prince of [Liechtenstein](/wiki/Liechtenstein "Liechtenstein") wanted to take the city of Besançon in 1815\. He sent an army, which was stopped at Planoise. They abandoned their plans to take the city. Many farms were built in the area at the beginning of the 20th century. As the population grew, agriculture became a major sector of the economy. The First and Second World Wars did not greatly impact Planoise, although an American soldier was killed there. At the end of the 1950s, Planoise became a new urban area of Besançon. Construction began in 1962 on 13,000 new dwellings in Planoise, and continued until 1985\. The first inhabitants settled in the new buildings in 1968\. At the beginning of the 1970s, the first shops were under construction, and the church of Planoise was built in 1972\. Soon after, Diderot school was built, and the Cassin sector expanded. This period is known as the "golden age" of Planoise. In 1977, the population was 12,000 inhabitants. [thumb\|Riots in Planoise (2009\)](/wiki/File:Voiture_en_feu_-_Planoise.JPG "Voiture en feu - Planoise.JPG") Like other areas of France at the time, Planoise came into economic and social difficulties. Since 1985 the area has been classed as a "sensitive urban zone" by the municipality, and 40% of the inhabitants aged 18–25 years are unemployed.[INSEE.fr](http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/duicq/pdf/rp99/rp99_Z_4301060.pdf) Access date 7 October 2009\. In 2005, during the [2005 civil unrest in France](/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France "2005 civil unrest in France"), the "Forum" building was burned. [Salah Gaham](/wiki/Salah_Gaham "Salah Gaham") died in the fire.[Besancon.fr: Square Salah Gaham](http://www.besancon.fr/gallery_files/site_1/346/348/364/8812/13258/16janvier37.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205656/http://www.besancon.fr/gallery\_files/site\_1/346/348/364/8812/13258/16janvier37\.pdf \|date\=2011\-07\-20 }} Access date 13 October 2009\. A policeman was attacked in the Cassin sector in 2009[Macommune.info: Aggression of policemans in Planoise](http://www.macommune.info/actualite/policier-agresse-que-s-est-il-passe-a-planoise-mardi--10996.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922213929/http://www.macommune.info/actualite/policier\-agresse\-que\-s\-est\-il\-passe\-a\-planoise\-mardi\-\-10996\.html \|date\=2009\-09\-22 }} Access date 13 October 2009\.[Bivouac\-id.com](http://www.bivouac-id.com/2009/09/18/enrichissement-culturel-a-besancon-%C2%AB-fait-pas-chier-cest-ramadan-%C2%BB/) Access date 13 October 2009\. who was attempting to stop a riot, and there was a hold\-up of a bus at the Planoise bus stop in 2008\. This followed many strikes by the bus conductors of Besançon public transport.[Lepoint.fr : Hold\-up in Planoise](http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2009-01-19/chauffeur-de-bus-agresse-a-besancon-2-mineurs-en-garde-a-vue/920/0/308223) Access date 13 October 2009\. To stop the civil unrest in Planoise, the municipality tried to react promptly by opening a commissionership in Cassin sector. However, it was burned in 2007\.[Commissariat de Planoise: Youtube (fr3\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lisbhdJ7ubM) Access date 13 October 2009\. Police presence has been increased in the area. Since 2000, an area of the neighborhood was classed as a "zone franche urbaine" (exoneration of taxes for new firms created over the following 10 years), enabling the establishment of many new companies and businesses.
[ "History\n-------", "{{Main\\|Chronology of Planoise}}", "The first traces of life in Planoise date back to 3000 BCE, during the [Middle Paleolithic](/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic \"Middle Paleolithic\") era. Objects were found in the Epoisses area during archaeological excavations, including a flint point dating to the Middle Paleolithic, three bracelets dating to the end of the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") (500 BCE), and an [oil lamp](/wiki/Oil_lamp \"Oil lamp\") dating to [Hellenistic Greece](/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece \"Hellenistic Greece\") (between the first and fourth century BCE.) The objects are conserved in the [Musée des Beaux\\-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_Besan%C3%A7on \"Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon\") (Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology.)", "During the 13th century the territory of Planoise officially became part of the [Imperial city of Besançon](/wiki/Imperial_city_of_Besan%C3%A7on \"Imperial city of Besançon\"), according to Jean de Chalon (earl of [Bourgogne](/wiki/Bourgogne \"Bourgogne\")). In the 15th century the clergy of Besançon bought the territory and the hill of Planoise. The name \"Planoise\" first appears officially in records in 1435\\. The name comes from the Latin word \"planesium\", which means \"plain.\" At that time, the sector consisted of a large wood and had few inhabitants, mostly farmers.", "Between the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") and the modern era, the area was almost uninhabited. It was an agricultural area, farming mainly potatoes. The prince of [Liechtenstein](/wiki/Liechtenstein \"Liechtenstein\") wanted to take the city of Besançon in 1815\\. He sent an army, which was stopped at Planoise. They abandoned their plans to take the city.", "Many farms were built in the area at the beginning of the 20th century. As the population grew, agriculture became a major sector of the economy. The First and Second World Wars did not greatly impact Planoise, although an American soldier was killed there. At the end of the 1950s, Planoise became a new urban area of Besançon.", "Construction began in 1962 on 13,000 new dwellings in Planoise, and continued until 1985\\. The first inhabitants settled in the new buildings in 1968\\.", "At the beginning of the 1970s, the first shops were under construction, and the church of Planoise was built in 1972\\. Soon after, Diderot school was built, and the Cassin sector expanded. This period is known as the \"golden age\" of Planoise. In 1977, the population was 12,000 inhabitants.\n[thumb\\|Riots in Planoise (2009\\)](/wiki/File:Voiture_en_feu_-_Planoise.JPG \"Voiture en feu - Planoise.JPG\")", "Like other areas of France at the time, Planoise came into economic and social difficulties. Since 1985 the area has been classed as a \"sensitive urban zone\" by the municipality, and 40% of the inhabitants aged 18–25 years are unemployed.[INSEE.fr](http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/duicq/pdf/rp99/rp99_Z_4301060.pdf) Access date 7 October 2009\\.", "In 2005, during the [2005 civil unrest in France](/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France \"2005 civil unrest in France\"), the \"Forum\" building was burned. [Salah Gaham](/wiki/Salah_Gaham \"Salah Gaham\") died in the fire.[Besancon.fr: Square Salah Gaham](http://www.besancon.fr/gallery_files/site_1/346/348/364/8812/13258/16janvier37.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205656/http://www.besancon.fr/gallery\\_files/site\\_1/346/348/364/8812/13258/16janvier37\\.pdf \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-20 }} Access date 13 October 2009\\. A policeman was attacked in the Cassin sector in 2009[Macommune.info: Aggression of policemans in Planoise](http://www.macommune.info/actualite/policier-agresse-que-s-est-il-passe-a-planoise-mardi--10996.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922213929/http://www.macommune.info/actualite/policier\\-agresse\\-que\\-s\\-est\\-il\\-passe\\-a\\-planoise\\-mardi\\-\\-10996\\.html \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-22 }} Access date 13 October 2009\\.[Bivouac\\-id.com](http://www.bivouac-id.com/2009/09/18/enrichissement-culturel-a-besancon-%C2%AB-fait-pas-chier-cest-ramadan-%C2%BB/) Access date 13 October 2009\\. who was attempting to stop a riot, and there was a hold\\-up of a bus at the Planoise bus stop in 2008\\. This followed many strikes by the bus conductors of Besançon public transport.[Lepoint.fr : Hold\\-up in Planoise](http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2009-01-19/chauffeur-de-bus-agresse-a-besancon-2-mineurs-en-garde-a-vue/920/0/308223) Access date 13 October 2009\\.", "To stop the civil unrest in Planoise, the municipality tried to react promptly by opening a commissionership in Cassin sector. However, it was burned in 2007\\.[Commissariat de Planoise: Youtube (fr3\\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lisbhdJ7ubM) Access date 13 October 2009\\. Police presence has been increased in the area. Since 2000, an area of the neighborhood was classed as a \"zone franche urbaine\" (exoneration of taxes for new firms created over the following 10 years), enabling the establishment of many new companies and businesses.", "" ]
Outbreak and spread ------------------- {{one source\|section\|date\=June 2022}} Modern transport infrastructure assisted the spread of the 1889 pandemic. The 19 largest European countries, including the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), had about 200,000 km of railroads, and transatlantic travel by sea took less than six days (not significantly different from current travel time by air, given the timescale of the global spread of a pandemic). It was the first pandemic to spread not just through a region such as [Eurasia](/wiki/Eurasia "Eurasia"), but worldwide. It is conventionally believed that the disease was first reported in May 1889 in the [Central Asian](/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia") city of [Bukhara](/wiki/Bukhara "Bukhara") (modern Uzbekistan), then the capital of the [Emirate of Bukhara](/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara "Emirate of Bukhara"), a protectorate of the Russian Empire.{{Cite book \|title\=The flu: a brief history of influenza in U.S. America, Europe, Hawaii\|first\=A.\|last\=Mouritz\|author\-link\=Arthur Albert St. Mouritz\|via\=US National Library of Medicine – Digital Collections \|date\=1921 \|publisher\=Advertiser Publishing Co. \|place\=Honolulu, Hawaii, US \|url\= https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid\-101283076\-bk }}{{Cite book\|last\=River\|first\=Charles \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZFjAzQEACAAJ \|title\=The 1889–1890 Flu Pandemic: The History of the 19th Century's Last Major Global Outbreak\|date\=June 16, 2020\|publisher\=\[\[Charles River Editors]]\|isbn\=9798654504951}} This goes back to publications of a local physician and follower of the [miasma theory](/wiki/Miasma_theory "Miasma theory") Oskar Heyfelder, who ignored the lack of catarrhal symptoms in the outbreak.{{Cite journal \|first1\=Sergey V.\|last1\=Ryazantsev\|first2\=Alexey V.\|last2\=Smirnov \|date\=1 March 2023 \|title\=Was the Bukhara Epidemic the Onset of the 1889–1890 "Russian Flu" Pandemic? (Socio\-Demographic Study) \|url\=https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals\_n/1677735523\.pdf\|access\-date\=9 January 2024\|journal\=Bylye Gody \|volume\=18 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=353–366 \|issn\=2310\-0028}} Both a local independent commission of four doctors in August 1889 and historians in 2023 identified the infectious agent in Bukhara from May to August 1889 as not influenza, but malaria, which is endemic in the region, and the latter suggested anomalously cold and snowy winter and anomalously high ground water levels as possible reasons for the severeness of the outbeak. | \+Differences between the Bukhara epidemic and the Russian flu | Bukhara epidemic | Russian flu | | --- | --- | --- | | Incubation period | | | 1–2 weeks | 1–3 days | | Symptoms | | | High body temperature; loss of strength; reduction of body temperature ended with profuse sweating, no sweating at high temperature; enlargement of spleen and liver after the disease, anaemia. Absence of cough and respiratory system complications | High body temperature, collapse of strength, during the course of the disease the patient either sweated or did not sweat; cough; complications of the disease ended in bronchitis and pneumonia. | | Lethality | | | 5 % or more | 0,2% | Most likely the first outbreak of Russian flu occurred in Western Siberia – Tomsk province. It was preceded by an epizootic of pneumonia in cattle.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Ryazantsev\|last2\=Smirnov\|first1\=Sergey Vasilevich\|first2\=Alexey Viktorovich\|year\=2023\|lang\=ru\|title\=The Pandemic of the "Russian Flu" of 1889–1890: Occurrence, Spread, Demographic Losses \|url\=https://journals.tsu.ru/siberia/en/\&journal\_page\=archive\&id\=2373\|journal\=Sibirskie Istoricheskie Issledovaniia – Siberian Historical Research\|volume\=2023\|issue\=2\|pages\=27–54 \|doi\=10\.17223/2312461X/40/2\|doi\-broken\-date\=18 September 2024\|access\-date\=9 January 2024}} [thumb\|Spread of influenza within the Russian Empire in October 1889It](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_spread_of_influenza_in_October_1889.jpg "Map of the spread of influenza in October 1889.jpg") is also conventionally believed that the newly built [Trans\-Caspian railway](/wiki/Trans-Caspian_railway "Trans-Caspian railway") enabled the disease to spread farther into [Samarkand](/wiki/Samarkand "Samarkand") by August, and [Tomsk](/wiki/Tomsk "Tomsk"), 3,200 km away, by October. However, the Russian military had not detected any flu in Samarkand in August, and despite a significant military presence along the railway the first flu cases were not diagnosed in the [Turkestan Military District](/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District "Turkestan Military District") at all until late November.[На страницу книги](https://kp.rusneb.ru/item/reader/otchet-o-grippoznoy-epidemii-v-russkoy-armii-v-1889-i-1890-g) kp.rusneb.ru (in Russian) Retrieved 9 April 2023 Despite the fact that the [Trans\-Siberian Railway](/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway "Trans-Siberian Railway") had not yet been constructed (which is often cited as the reason for slow transmission of the virus to European Russia), the anomalous rise in flu cases was detected in the military in the second half of October from multiple European cities all the way to [108th meridian east](/wiki/108th_meridian_east "108th meridian east"). By November the pandemic had reached [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") (infecting 180,000 of the city's under one million inhabitants) and [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow").{{cite web \|title\=The 1889 Russian Flu In The News \|url\=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/13/the\-1889\-russian\-flu\-in\-the\-news/ \|work\=Circulating Now from the N.I.H. \|publisher\=\[\[National Institutes of Health]] \|access\-date\=25 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203055658/https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/13/the\-1889\-russian\-flu\-in\-the\-news/ \|archive\-date\=3 February 2020 \|date\=13 August 2014 \|quote\=In November 1889, a rash of cases of influenza\-like\-illness appeared in St. Petersburg, Russia. Soon, the "Russia Influenza" spread}} By mid\-November [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") was infected, and the next month the [Lake Baikal](/wiki/Lake_Baikal "Lake Baikal") region was as well, followed by the rest of [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia") and [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin "Sakhalin") by the end of the year. From St. Petersburg, the infection spread via the Baltic shipping trade to [Vaxholm](/wiki/Vaxholm "Vaxholm") in early November 1889, and then to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") and the rest of Sweden, infecting 60% of the population within eight weeks. Norway, and then Denmark, followed soon after. The [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") first received it in [Posen](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań") in December, and on 12 November 600 workers were reported sick in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") and [Spandau](/wiki/Spandau "Spandau"), with the cases in the city reaching 150,000 within a few days, and ultimately half of its 1\.5 million inhabitants. [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") was infected around the same time. Rome was reached by 17 December. The flu also arrived in Paris in December, and towards the end of the month had spread to [Grenoble](/wiki/Grenoble "Grenoble"), [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon"), [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse") and [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon") on the mainland, and [Ajaccio](/wiki/Ajaccio "Ajaccio") on [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica"). At this point Spain was also infected, killing up to 300 a day in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"). It reached London at the same time, from where it spread quickly within Great Britain and Ireland to [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"), and [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"). [thumb\|Monthly number of deaths in Livonia province in 1888\-1894{{Cite journal \|last\=Ryazantsev \|first\=Sergey \|title\=Demography of Pandemics in Governorate of Livonia during Late Imperial Period \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382181680 \|journal\=Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History \|date\=2024 \|volume\=69 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=431–456\|doi\=10\.21638/spbu02\.2024\.212 }}](/wiki/File:Monthly_number_of_deaths_in_Livonia_province_in_1888-1894.png "Monthly number of deaths in Livonia province in 1888-1894.png") [thumb\|Number of deaths of different age groups in December in Livonia province from 1888 to 1895](/wiki/File:Number_of_deaths_of_different_age_groups_in_December_in_Livonia_province_from_1888_to_1895.png "Number of deaths of different age groups in December in Livonia province from 1888 to 1895.png") The most satisfactory statistical data in the Russian Empire were observed in Livonia province. At the end of November 1889, the newspaper ‘Riga Herald’ reported: ‘Influenza has visited Riga \- this is beyond any doubt. There are quite a lot of diseases, especially in places where many people are crowded together. By the way, the disease appeared in the non\-commissioned officers' battalion.... Fortunately, the course of the disease is quite easy, but it is unpleasant in that it distracts the sick from classes’. Doctors \- contemporaries of the epidemic \- noted that after the peak of morbidity, pneumonia began to be observed, often leading to the death of the patient. ‘An accountant fell ill with Influenza, but paid no attention to it, and remained on his feet all the time; he died in three days with pneumonia. Yesterday they buried two ordinary workers, who also caught cold after Influenza and died on the fourth day’. Among the complications of the disease were prolonged weakness, adverse effects on cognitive ability, neuroses, otitis media, veins, lymphatic vessels and glands. Influenza affected members of all classes. From the middle of December 1889 the general morbidity of the population in the town began to decline, but the number of cases of pneumonia increased.The estimate of excess mortality in Livonia province in November 1889 showed an increase of 8 per cent in November 1889 and 67 per cent in December 1889, compared to the average for the seven\-year period 1888\-1895\.The highest mortality was observed in the population over 35 years of age . Influenza also had an impact on fertility: the birth rate in September 1890 (conceived in December 1889\) was the lowest for the period 1888 to 1895\. The first case on American soil was reported on 18 December 1889\. It then quickly spread throughout the East Coast and all the way to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas") in days. The first American death, Thomas Smith of [Canton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Canton%2C_Massachusetts "Canton, Massachusetts"), was reported on 25 December. San Francisco and other cities were also reached before the month was over, with the total US death toll at about 13,000\. From there it spread to Mexico and to South America, reaching [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") by 2 February. India received it in February 1890, and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") and the [Dutch East Indies](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies "Dutch East Indies") (now Indonesia) did by March. These were followed by Japan, Australia, and New Zealand by April, and then [China](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") in May; the infection continued to spread, reaching its original starting point in Central Asia. Cases in Africa began to appear in port cities in late December 1889 and in January 1890, although there may have been an early outbreak in [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban"), South Africa, in November 1889\. In four months it had spread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Deaths peaked in Saint Petersburg on 1 December 1889, and in the United States during the week of 12 January 1890\. The median time between the first reported case and peak mortality was five weeks. In Malta, the Asiatic flu took hold between January 1889 and March 1890, with a fatality rate of 4% (39 deaths), and a resurgence in January to May 1892 with 66 fatalities (3\.3% case fatality rate).{{cite journal \|last\=Savona\-Ventura \|first\=Charles \|title\=Past Influenza pandemics and their effect in Malta \|journal\=Malta Medical Journal \|date\=2005 \|volume\=17 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=16–19 \|url\=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/651 \|access\-date\=25 March 2020 \|quote\=1889–90 pandemic – The Asiatic Flu \[...] by the end of March 1890\. The case fatality rate approximated 4\.0% \[Table 1]. A resurgence of the infection became apparent in January–May 1892 with a total of 2017 reported cases and 66 deaths \[case fatality rate 3\.3%]}} When this flu began, it was debated whether it was in fact a [human\-to\-human](/wiki/Human-to-human_transmission "Human-to-human transmission") contagious disease; its virulence and rapid spread across all climates and terrains demonstrated that it was. {{Panorama \|image \= File:Report on the influenza epidemic of 1889\-90 Wellcome L0032790\.jpg \|height \= 500 \|alt \= A line map of the world, with dates in red (1889\) and blue (1890\) indicating when the pandemic arrived in various cities. \|caption \= Map showing recorded dates of the epidemic in 1889 and 1890 }}
[ "Outbreak and spread\n-------------------", "{{one source\\|section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\nModern transport infrastructure assisted the spread of the 1889 pandemic. The 19 largest European countries, including the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), had about 200,000 km of railroads, and transatlantic travel by sea took less than six days (not significantly different from current travel time by air, given the timescale of the global spread of a pandemic). It was the first pandemic to spread not just through a region such as [Eurasia](/wiki/Eurasia \"Eurasia\"), but worldwide.", "It is conventionally believed that the disease was first reported in May 1889 in the [Central Asian](/wiki/Central_Asia \"Central Asia\") city of [Bukhara](/wiki/Bukhara \"Bukhara\") (modern Uzbekistan), then the capital of the [Emirate of Bukhara](/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara \"Emirate of Bukhara\"), a protectorate of the Russian Empire.{{Cite book \\|title\\=The flu: a brief history of influenza in U.S. America, Europe, Hawaii\\|first\\=A.\\|last\\=Mouritz\\|author\\-link\\=Arthur Albert St. Mouritz\\|via\\=US National Library of Medicine – Digital Collections \\|date\\=1921 \\|publisher\\=Advertiser Publishing Co. \\|place\\=Honolulu, Hawaii, US \\|url\\= https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid\\-101283076\\-bk }}{{Cite book\\|last\\=River\\|first\\=Charles \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZFjAzQEACAAJ \\|title\\=The 1889–1890 Flu Pandemic: The History of the 19th Century's Last Major Global Outbreak\\|date\\=June 16, 2020\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Charles River Editors]]\\|isbn\\=9798654504951}} This goes back to publications of a local physician and follower of the [miasma theory](/wiki/Miasma_theory \"Miasma theory\") Oskar Heyfelder, who ignored the lack of catarrhal symptoms in the outbreak.{{Cite journal \\|first1\\=Sergey V.\\|last1\\=Ryazantsev\\|first2\\=Alexey V.\\|last2\\=Smirnov \\|date\\=1 March 2023 \\|title\\=Was the Bukhara Epidemic the Onset of the 1889–1890 \"Russian Flu\" Pandemic? (Socio\\-Demographic Study) \\|url\\=https://bg.cherkasgu.press/journals\\_n/1677735523\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2024\\|journal\\=Bylye Gody \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=353–366 \\|issn\\=2310\\-0028}} Both a local independent commission of four doctors in August 1889 and historians in 2023 identified the infectious agent in Bukhara from May to August 1889 as not influenza, but malaria, which is endemic in the region, and the latter suggested anomalously cold and snowy winter and anomalously high ground water levels as possible reasons for the severeness of the outbeak.", "| \\+Differences between the Bukhara epidemic and the Russian flu | Bukhara epidemic | Russian flu |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Incubation period | |\n| 1–2 weeks | 1–3 days |\n| Symptoms | |\n| High body temperature; loss of strength; reduction of body temperature ended with profuse sweating, no sweating at high temperature; enlargement of spleen and liver after the disease, anaemia. Absence of cough and respiratory system complications | High body temperature, collapse of strength, during the course of the disease the patient either sweated or did not sweat; cough; complications of the disease ended in bronchitis and pneumonia. |\n| Lethality | |\n| 5 % or more | 0,2% |", "", "Most likely the first outbreak of Russian flu occurred in Western Siberia – Tomsk province. It was preceded by an epizootic of pneumonia in cattle.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Ryazantsev\\|last2\\=Smirnov\\|first1\\=Sergey Vasilevich\\|first2\\=Alexey Viktorovich\\|year\\=2023\\|lang\\=ru\\|title\\=The Pandemic of the \"Russian Flu\" of 1889–1890: Occurrence, Spread, Demographic Losses \\|url\\=https://journals.tsu.ru/siberia/en/\\&journal\\_page\\=archive\\&id\\=2373\\|journal\\=Sibirskie Istoricheskie Issledovaniia – Siberian Historical Research\\|volume\\=2023\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=27–54 \\|doi\\=10\\.17223/2312461X/40/2\\|doi\\-broken\\-date\\=18 September 2024\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2024}}\n[thumb\\|Spread of influenza within the Russian Empire in October 1889It](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_spread_of_influenza_in_October_1889.jpg \"Map of the spread of influenza in October 1889.jpg\") is also conventionally believed that the newly built [Trans\\-Caspian railway](/wiki/Trans-Caspian_railway \"Trans-Caspian railway\") enabled the disease to spread farther into [Samarkand](/wiki/Samarkand \"Samarkand\") by August, and [Tomsk](/wiki/Tomsk \"Tomsk\"), 3,200 km away, by October. However, the Russian military had not detected any flu in Samarkand in August, and despite a significant military presence along the railway the first flu cases were not diagnosed in the [Turkestan Military District](/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District \"Turkestan Military District\") at all until late November.[На страницу книги](https://kp.rusneb.ru/item/reader/otchet-o-grippoznoy-epidemii-v-russkoy-armii-v-1889-i-1890-g) kp.rusneb.ru (in Russian) Retrieved 9 April 2023", "Despite the fact that the [Trans\\-Siberian Railway](/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway \"Trans-Siberian Railway\") had not yet been constructed (which is often cited as the reason for slow transmission of the virus to European Russia), the anomalous rise in flu cases was detected in the military in the second half of October from multiple European cities all the way to [108th meridian east](/wiki/108th_meridian_east \"108th meridian east\").", "By November the pandemic had reached [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") (infecting 180,000 of the city's under one million inhabitants) and [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\").{{cite web \\|title\\=The 1889 Russian Flu In The News \\|url\\=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/13/the\\-1889\\-russian\\-flu\\-in\\-the\\-news/ \\|work\\=Circulating Now from the N.I.H. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Institutes of Health]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203055658/https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/13/the\\-1889\\-russian\\-flu\\-in\\-the\\-news/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2020 \\|date\\=13 August 2014 \\|quote\\=In November 1889, a rash of cases of influenza\\-like\\-illness appeared in St. Petersburg, Russia. Soon, the \"Russia Influenza\" spread}} By mid\\-November [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") was infected, and the next month the [Lake Baikal](/wiki/Lake_Baikal \"Lake Baikal\") region was as well, followed by the rest of [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\") and [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin \"Sakhalin\") by the end of the year.", "From St. Petersburg, the infection spread via the Baltic shipping trade to [Vaxholm](/wiki/Vaxholm \"Vaxholm\") in early November 1889, and then to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") and the rest of Sweden, infecting 60% of the population within eight weeks. Norway, and then Denmark, followed soon after. The [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") first received it in [Posen](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\") in December, and on 12 November 600 workers were reported sick in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") and [Spandau](/wiki/Spandau \"Spandau\"), with the cases in the city reaching 150,000 within a few days, and ultimately half of its 1\\.5 million inhabitants. [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") was infected around the same time. Rome was reached by 17 December. The flu also arrived in Paris in December, and towards the end of the month had spread to [Grenoble](/wiki/Grenoble \"Grenoble\"), [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\"), [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\") and [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\") on the mainland, and [Ajaccio](/wiki/Ajaccio \"Ajaccio\") on [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\"). At this point Spain was also infected, killing up to 300 a day in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"). It reached London at the same time, from where it spread quickly within Great Britain and Ireland to [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"), and [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\").\n[thumb\\|Monthly number of deaths in Livonia province in 1888\\-1894{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ryazantsev \\|first\\=Sergey \\|title\\=Demography of Pandemics in Governorate of Livonia during Late Imperial Period \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382181680 \\|journal\\=Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History \\|date\\=2024 \\|volume\\=69 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=431–456\\|doi\\=10\\.21638/spbu02\\.2024\\.212 }}](/wiki/File:Monthly_number_of_deaths_in_Livonia_province_in_1888-1894.png \"Monthly number of deaths in Livonia province in 1888-1894.png\")\n[thumb\\|Number of deaths of different age groups in December in Livonia province from 1888 to 1895](/wiki/File:Number_of_deaths_of_different_age_groups_in_December_in_Livonia_province_from_1888_to_1895.png \"Number of deaths of different age groups in December in Livonia province from 1888 to 1895.png\")\nThe most satisfactory statistical data in the Russian Empire were observed in Livonia province. At the end of November 1889, the newspaper ‘Riga Herald’ reported: ‘Influenza has visited Riga \\- this is beyond any doubt. There are quite a lot of diseases, especially in places where many people are crowded together. By the way, the disease appeared in the non\\-commissioned officers' battalion.... Fortunately, the course of the disease is quite easy, but it is unpleasant in that it distracts the sick from classes’. Doctors \\- contemporaries of the epidemic \\- noted that after the peak of morbidity, pneumonia began to be observed, often leading to the death of the patient. ‘An accountant fell ill with Influenza, but paid no attention to it, and remained on his feet all the time; he died in three days with pneumonia. Yesterday they buried two ordinary workers, who also caught cold after Influenza and died on the fourth day’. Among the complications of the disease were prolonged weakness, adverse effects on cognitive ability, neuroses, otitis media, veins, lymphatic vessels and glands. Influenza affected members of all classes. From the middle of December 1889 the general morbidity of the population in the town began to decline, but the number of cases of pneumonia increased.The estimate of excess mortality in Livonia province in November 1889 showed an increase of 8 per cent in November 1889 and 67 per cent in December 1889, compared to the average for the seven\\-year period 1888\\-1895\\.The highest mortality was observed in the population over 35 years of age . Influenza also had an impact on fertility: the birth rate in September 1890 (conceived in December 1889\\) was the lowest for the period 1888 to 1895\\.", "", "The first case on American soil was reported on 18 December 1889\\. It then quickly spread throughout the East Coast and all the way to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") in days. The first American death, Thomas Smith of [Canton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Canton%2C_Massachusetts \"Canton, Massachusetts\"), was reported on 25 December. San Francisco and other cities were also reached before the month was over, with the total US death toll at about 13,000\\. From there it spread to Mexico and to South America, reaching [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires \"Buenos Aires\") by 2 February.", "India received it in February 1890, and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") and the [Dutch East Indies](/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies \"Dutch East Indies\") (now Indonesia) did by March. These were followed by Japan, Australia, and New Zealand by April, and then [China](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") in May; the infection continued to spread, reaching its original starting point in Central Asia.", "Cases in Africa began to appear in port cities in late December 1889 and in January 1890, although there may have been an early outbreak in [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"), South Africa, in November 1889\\.", "In four months it had spread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Deaths peaked in Saint Petersburg on 1 December 1889, and in the United States during the week of 12 January 1890\\. The median time between the first reported case and peak mortality was five weeks. In Malta, the Asiatic flu took hold between January 1889 and March 1890, with a fatality rate of 4% (39 deaths), and a resurgence in January to May 1892 with 66 fatalities (3\\.3% case fatality rate).{{cite journal \\|last\\=Savona\\-Ventura \\|first\\=Charles \\|title\\=Past Influenza pandemics and their effect in Malta \\|journal\\=Malta Medical Journal \\|date\\=2005 \\|volume\\=17 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=16–19 \\|url\\=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/651 \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2020 \\|quote\\=1889–90 pandemic – The Asiatic Flu \\[...] by the end of March 1890\\. The case fatality rate approximated 4\\.0% \\[Table 1]. A resurgence of the infection became apparent in January–May 1892 with a total of 2017 reported cases and 66 deaths \\[case fatality rate 3\\.3%]}} When this flu began, it was debated whether it was in fact a [human\\-to\\-human](/wiki/Human-to-human_transmission \"Human-to-human transmission\") contagious disease; its virulence and rapid spread across all climates and terrains demonstrated that it was.", "{{Panorama\n\\|image \\= File:Report on the influenza epidemic of 1889\\-90 Wellcome L0032790\\.jpg\n\\|height \\= 500\n\\|alt \\= A line map of the world, with dates in red (1889\\) and blue (1890\\) indicating when the pandemic arrived in various cities.\n\\|caption \\= Map showing recorded dates of the epidemic in 1889 and 1890\n}}", "", "", "" ]
Etiology -------- What causes factitious disorder is not well understood, however there is a handful of possible motives that drive this pattern of behavior. Individuals may experience a heightened thrill from medical procedures, a desire for attention and care, or feelings of control or accomplishment when deceiving medical professionals.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Jafferany M, Khalid Z, McDonald KA, Shelley AJ \| title \= Psychological Aspects of Factitious Disorder \| language \= English \| journal \= The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders \| volume \= 20 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 27174 \| date \= February 2018 \| pmid \= 29489075 \| doi \= 10\.4088/PCC.17nr02229 }} They may partake in this behavior in order to seek and maintain relationships or use the sick\-patient role as a coping strategy in response to stressful life events.{{cite book \| vauthors \= Carnahan KT, Jha A \| chapter \= Factitious Disorder \|date\=2022 \| chapter\-url\= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557547/ \| title \= StatPearls \|place\=Treasure Island (FL) \|publisher\=StatPearls Publishing \|pmid\=32491479 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-21 }} If an individual did not form a healthy attachment to a caregiver as a child, there is a possibility that the person may develop factitious disorder in order to fulfill the need of receiving care. Attention from medical professionals may act as a replacement in satisfying important needs that the person never received as a child. Individuals may also use invasive or painful tests or procedures as a way to punish oneself for past mistakes or to cope with guilt associated with abuse. This is considered masochistic behavior. Individuals diagnosed with this disorder are more likely to have a history of emotional or physical abuse, neglect, and/or turbulent childhoods. This upbringing can cause an unstable sense of identity and low self\-esteem. Abuse may prompt a feeling of lack of control, and the person may use faked symptoms and a fabricated medical history to gain back a sense of autonomy. Those with factitious disorder are also more likely to have experienced a severe illness in childhood, with the early exposure to healthcare being a major contributor to the onset of the disorder. There is a significant correlation found between the comorbidity of factitious disorder and personality disorders, specifically borderline personality disorder. Depressive disorders are also often diagnosed concurrently with factitious disorder.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Caselli I, Poloni N, Ielmini M, Diurni M, Callegari C \| title \= Epidemiology and evolution of the diagnostic classification of factitious disorders in ''DSM\-5'' \| language \= English \| journal \= Psychology Research and Behavior Management \| volume \= 10 \| pages \= 387–394 \| date \= 2017\-12\-11 \| pmid \= 29270035 \| pmc \= 5729833 \| doi \= 10\.2147/PRBM.S153377 \| doi\-access \= free }} The causality cannot be known about whether one disorder causes the other, but it can be deduced that these diagnoses share similar etiologies and some overlapping symptoms. Each particular case of factitious disorder presents itself differently and is derived from various etiologies. However, there is an overarching belief that patients experience the uncontrollable urge to maintain the sick\-patient role, acting as a type of behavioral addiction. This contributes to the prolonged behaviors associated with the disorder.
[ "Etiology\n--------", "What causes factitious disorder is not well understood, however there is a handful of possible motives that drive this pattern of behavior.", "Individuals may experience a heightened thrill from medical procedures, a desire for attention and care, or feelings of control or accomplishment when deceiving medical professionals.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Jafferany M, Khalid Z, McDonald KA, Shelley AJ \\| title \\= Psychological Aspects of Factitious Disorder \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders \\| volume \\= 20 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 27174 \\| date \\= February 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29489075 \\| doi \\= 10\\.4088/PCC.17nr02229 }} They may partake in this behavior in order to seek and maintain relationships or use the sick\\-patient role as a coping strategy in response to stressful life events.{{cite book \\| vauthors \\= Carnahan KT, Jha A \\| chapter \\= Factitious Disorder \\|date\\=2022 \\| chapter\\-url\\= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557547/ \\| title \\= StatPearls \\|place\\=Treasure Island (FL) \\|publisher\\=StatPearls Publishing \\|pmid\\=32491479 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-21 }}", "If an individual did not form a healthy attachment to a caregiver as a child, there is a possibility that the person may develop factitious disorder in order to fulfill the need of receiving care. Attention from medical professionals may act as a replacement in satisfying important needs that the person never received as a child. Individuals may also use invasive or painful tests or procedures as a way to punish oneself for past mistakes or to cope with guilt associated with abuse. This is considered masochistic behavior.", "Individuals diagnosed with this disorder are more likely to have a history of emotional or physical abuse, neglect, and/or turbulent childhoods. This upbringing can cause an unstable sense of identity and low self\\-esteem. Abuse may prompt a feeling of lack of control, and the person may use faked symptoms and a fabricated medical history to gain back a sense of autonomy.", "Those with factitious disorder are also more likely to have experienced a severe illness in childhood, with the early exposure to healthcare being a major contributor to the onset of the disorder.", "There is a significant correlation found between the comorbidity of factitious disorder and personality disorders, specifically borderline personality disorder. Depressive disorders are also often diagnosed concurrently with factitious disorder.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Caselli I, Poloni N, Ielmini M, Diurni M, Callegari C \\| title \\= Epidemiology and evolution of the diagnostic classification of factitious disorders in ''DSM\\-5'' \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Psychology Research and Behavior Management \\| volume \\= 10 \\| pages \\= 387–394 \\| date \\= 2017\\-12\\-11 \\| pmid \\= 29270035 \\| pmc \\= 5729833 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2147/PRBM.S153377 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} The causality cannot be known about whether one disorder causes the other, but it can be deduced that these diagnoses share similar etiologies and some overlapping symptoms.", "Each particular case of factitious disorder presents itself differently and is derived from various etiologies. However, there is an overarching belief that patients experience the uncontrollable urge to maintain the sick\\-patient role, acting as a type of behavioral addiction. This contributes to the prolonged behaviors associated with the disorder.", "" ]
Research career --------------- Rayner and Watson aimed to make family life reflect an empirical environment, based on the belief that behaviors were not hardwired at birth, but instead were acquired through conditioning. Rayner and Watson claimed to have studied over 500 children, with the [Little Albert experiment](/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment "Little Albert experiment") being their only attempt at a psychological experiment (it would not be categorised as an experiment today). The basis of their study was conditioning a 9\-month old baby, referred to as "Albert", to fear a white rat, which had previously been a neutral stimulus. Textbooks often claim that the fear was generalized to other white, furry stimuli, such as [fur coats](/wiki/Fur_coat "Fur coat"), [rabbits](/wiki/Rabbit "Rabbit"), and a [Santa Claus](/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") mask, but the rabbit was brown and the strength and duration of the fear do not seem impressive in retrospect (and to careful viewers of the film that Watson made).Harris, B. (2011\). Letting go of little Albert: Disciplinary memory, history, and the uses of myth. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1\-17\. The results of the study were published in the *[Journal of Experimental Psychology](/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology "Journal of Experimental Psychology")*. Despite its prominence, the "Little Albert" study would be deemed highly unethical by modern standards. ### Publications Rayner and Watson worked together on an article in which they say they studied over 500 children at different stages of [development](/wiki/Child_development "Child development"). This article drew conclusions about behavior and how it is always the result of some type of stimulus. It also stated that if the relationship between a stimulus and behavior could be seen, more forms of emotional expression could be taught. Rayner and Watson believed that children could have a personality set by the age of two.Napier, V. "[Sex Scandals and Psychology: John Watson, Rosalie Rayner, and the Emergence of Behaviorism](http://www.vicnapier.com/MyArticles/PsychEssays/WatsonSexScandel.html)". Retrieved May 8, 2014\. Rayner also contributed to a how\-to book called *Psychological Care of Infant and Child*. This book encouraged mothers to approach child\-rearing with scientific principles. In the chapter "Too Much Motherly Love", the maternal bond was addressed. Rayner described how too much tenderness and love towards a child could be detrimental for development. Rayner went so far as to say that it could negatively affect a child's future marital satisfaction. In 1930, Rayner's first article written without Watson, "I Am the Mother of a Behaviorist's Son", was published. In the article, Rayner encouraged breaking the bonds of mother attachment as early as possible. However, in the article she also affirmed her affection toward her own sons. Recently, University of New Hampshire psychologist and historian Ben Harris revealed another article by Rosalie Rayner Watson that shows her view of marriage and the family, which some might say presents a feminist analysis.Harris, B. (2014\). Rosalie Rayner, feminist? Revista de Historia de la Psicología, 35, 61\-69\.
[ "Research career\n---------------", "Rayner and Watson aimed to make family life reflect an empirical environment, based on the belief that behaviors were not hardwired at birth, but instead were acquired through conditioning.", "Rayner and Watson claimed to have studied over 500 children, with the [Little Albert experiment](/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment \"Little Albert experiment\") being their only attempt at a psychological experiment (it would not be categorised as an experiment today). The basis of their study was conditioning a 9\\-month old baby, referred to as \"Albert\", to fear a white rat, which had previously been a neutral stimulus. Textbooks often claim that the fear was generalized to other white, furry stimuli, such as [fur coats](/wiki/Fur_coat \"Fur coat\"), [rabbits](/wiki/Rabbit \"Rabbit\"), and a [Santa Claus](/wiki/Santa_Claus \"Santa Claus\") mask, but the rabbit was brown and the strength and duration of the fear do not seem impressive in retrospect (and to careful viewers of the film that Watson made).Harris, B. (2011\\). Letting go of little Albert: Disciplinary memory, history, and the uses of myth. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1\\-17\\. The results of the study were published in the *[Journal of Experimental Psychology](/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology \"Journal of Experimental Psychology\")*. Despite its prominence, the \"Little Albert\" study would be deemed highly unethical by modern standards.", "### Publications", "Rayner and Watson worked together on an article in which they say they studied over 500 children at different stages of [development](/wiki/Child_development \"Child development\"). This article drew conclusions about behavior and how it is always the result of some type of stimulus. It also stated that if the relationship between a stimulus and behavior could be seen, more forms of emotional expression could be taught. Rayner and Watson believed that children could have a personality set by the age of two.Napier, V. \"[Sex Scandals and Psychology: John Watson, Rosalie Rayner, and the Emergence of Behaviorism](http://www.vicnapier.com/MyArticles/PsychEssays/WatsonSexScandel.html)\". Retrieved May 8, 2014\\.", "Rayner also contributed to a how\\-to book called *Psychological Care of Infant and Child*. This book encouraged mothers to approach child\\-rearing with scientific principles. In the chapter \"Too Much Motherly Love\", the maternal bond was addressed. Rayner described how too much tenderness and love towards a child could be detrimental for development. Rayner went so far as to say that it could negatively affect a child's future marital satisfaction.", "In 1930, Rayner's first article written without Watson, \"I Am the Mother of a Behaviorist's Son\", was published. In the article, Rayner encouraged breaking the bonds of mother attachment as early as possible. However, in the article she also affirmed her affection toward her own sons.", "Recently, University of New Hampshire psychologist and historian Ben Harris revealed another article by Rosalie Rayner Watson that shows her view of marriage and the family, which some might say presents a feminist analysis.Harris, B. (2014\\). Rosalie Rayner, feminist? Revista de Historia de la Psicología, 35, 61\\-69\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Creation WMPTE was created by the [Transport Act 1968](/wiki/Transport_Act_1968 "Transport Act 1968") and came into being on 1 October 1969 to operate and coordinate public transport in the large [West Midlands conurbation](/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation "West Midlands conurbation").[W Midlands PTE set up](http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-august-1969/21/w-midlands-pte-set-up) *[Commercial Motor](/wiki/Commercial_Motor "Commercial Motor")* 15 August 1969 At that time, the West Midlands Passenger Transport Area comprised the City of Birmingham, the [County Boroughs](/wiki/County_Borough "County Borough") of [Dudley](/wiki/County_Borough_of_Dudley "County Borough of Dudley"), [Solihull](/wiki/Solihull "Solihull"), [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall "Walsall"), [Warley](/wiki/County_Borough_of_Warley "County Borough of Warley"), [West Bromwich](/wiki/West_Bromwich "West Bromwich"), and [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton "Wolverhampton"), and nearby parts of northern [Worcestershire](/wiki/Worcestershire "Worcestershire"), northern [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire "Warwickshire"), and southern [Staffordshire](/wiki/Staffordshire "Staffordshire"). ### Bus operations [thumb\|Buses in WMPTE livery, in 1975](/wiki/File:Hill_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1757541.jpg "Hill Street - geograph.org.uk - 1757541.jpg") On its formation in 1969 the WMPTE acquired the vehicles and other assets of the [municipal bus](/wiki/Municipal_bus_company "Municipal bus company") fleets of [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"), [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall "Walsall"), [West Bromwich](/wiki/West_Bromwich "West Bromwich") and [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton "Wolverhampton"). The former [Birmingham City Transport](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Transport "Birmingham City Transport") was by far the largest constituent part of the combined fleet, accounting for around two thirds of the new 2100\-strong fleet and 8500 employees, and so a modified version of that operator's blue and cream livery was adopted by the WMPTE. The ex\-Birmingham assets became 'South Division', with the others forming the Walsall\-based 'North Division'. The buses subsequently became known as *Wumpty buses* by the public, in reference to the WMPTE initials.{{cite web\|title\=A Century of Transport – More Recent Design Developments\|url\=http://www.wythall.org.uk/transhisb.asp\|publisher\=Transport Museum Wythall\|access\-date\=21 June 2016}} When the creation of the West Midlands County Council expanded the WMPTE's operating area into [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry"), WMPTE absorbed the vehicles and assets of that city's municipal transport undertaking, Coventry Transport,{{cite web\|title\=WMPTE in Coventry\|url\=http://www.cct\-society.org.uk/post/wmpte/history.htm\|publisher\=Coventry Corporation Transport Society\|access\-date\=20 June 2016}} which became its 'East Division'. Although it was tasked with planning and coordinating bus and rail transport in the Passenger Transport Area, the Executive's activities in its early years were largely confined to integrating the inherited municipal bus operations. Much of the Passenger Transport Area was not served by WMPTE buses, many bus services continued to be run by the [Midland Red](/wiki/Midland_Red "Midland Red") bus company. This was considered undesirable by WMPTE, so it entered into negotiations to partly buy them out. On 3 December 1973, there was a transfer of assets and services between the Midland Red and the Executive involving routes that operated wholly (or almost wholly) within the proposed [West Midlands](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28county%29 "West Midlands (county)") county.[Transfer of Services and Assets to WMPTE](http://www.midlandred.net/history/wmpte.php) Midlandred.net By April 1974, the WMPTE's fleet numbered around 2,600 vehicles.{{cite book\|author\=Malcolm Keeley\|title\=West Midlands – A History of West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive\|year\=1988\|publisher\=Capital Transport Publishing \|isbn\=1\-85414\-100\-7\|page\=57}} ### Revised operating area The [1972 Local Government Act](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972 "Local Government Act 1972") led to the creation, on 1 April 1974, of the [West Midlands metropolitan county](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28county%29 "West Midlands (county)"). As a result, WMPTE's operating area was adjusted to match that of the new county, most notably adding [Meriden](/wiki/Meriden%2C_West_Midlands "Meriden, West Midlands") and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry "Coventry"). While it continued to operate a handful of out\-of\-county services to nearby towns, original plans to include adjoining areas such as [Bromsgrove](/wiki/Bromsgrove "Bromsgrove") and [Redditch](/wiki/Redditch "Redditch") within WMPTE's operating area were dropped. ### Railway services [thumb\|[Class 323](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_323 "British Rail Class 323") in the original Centro livery at [Birmingham New Street](/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station "Birmingham New Street railway station") in January 2008](/wiki/File:Hugh_llewelyn_323_221_%286276990462%29.jpg "Hugh llewelyn 323 221 (6276990462).jpg") [thumb\|[Class 150](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150 "British Rail Class 150") in the later Centro livery at [Brmingham Moor Street](/wiki/Birmingham_Moor_Street_railway_station "Birmingham Moor Street railway station") in September 2007](/wiki/File:150014_Birmingham_MS_2007.jpg "150014 Birmingham MS 2007.jpg") {{See also\|Urban rail in the United Kingdom\#Birmingham}} In 1973 WMPTE entered into an agreement with [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail "British Rail") to take on responsibility for managing and developing local rail services within its area, and to the 'natural terminus' of each line. They became responsible for setting fares and service frequencies, and providing grants for local services, but the operation of the services continued to be in the hands of British Rail, later passing to [Central Trains](/wiki/Central_Trains "Central Trains") and then [London Midland](/wiki/London_Midland "London Midland") following privatisation. Rail services supported by the PTE carried WMPTE (and later Centro) livery.{{cite book\|last1\=Boynton\|first1\=John\|title\=A Century of Railways around Birmingham and the West Midlands, Volume Three 1973\-1999\|date\=October 1999\|publisher\=Mid England Books\|isbn\=0\-9522248\-6\-0}} From the mid\-1970s onwards, WMPTE took on a more active role in the development of local railway services: Service frequencies were improved on many local lines: One of the first improvements made under WMPTE's auspices, was to the local services between {{rws\|Birmingham Moor Street}}, {{rws\|Dorridge}} and {{rws\|Shirley\|England}} which were doubled in frequency to half\-hourly in 1975\. Efforts were also undertaken to create new services: The flagship [Cross\-City Line](/wiki/Cross-City_Line "Cross-City Line"), implemented in 1978, which included new stations serving [Birmingham University](/wiki/University_%28Birmingham%29_railway_station "University (Birmingham) railway station") and {{rws\|Longbridge}}, plus the reopening of {{rws\|Five Ways}} station, was a joint BR/WMPTE project. In the 1980s, WMPTE decided to reopen and restore rail services through [Birmingham Snow Hill station](/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station "Birmingham Snow Hill railway station"), which had closed in 1972\. The restoration process took place in two stages: The first stage, completed in 1987, saw the opening of new Snow Hill station for services to the south. The second stage, completed in 1995, saw the restoration of the rail link between Snow Hill and the [line to Kidderminster and Worcester](/wiki/Birmingham_to_Worcester_via_Kidderminster_Line "Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line"). In 1999 the former [Snow Hill to Wolverhampton line](/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_to_Wolverhampton_Low_Level_Line "Birmingham Snow Hill to Wolverhampton Low Level Line"), was reopened as part of the [Midland Metro](/wiki/Midland_Metro "Midland Metro") [tram](/wiki/Tram "Tram") line. Restoration of passenger services on the [Chase Line](/wiki/Chase_Line "Chase Line") between Walsall and Rugeley, between 1989 and 1998 was a joint project of WMPTE and [Staffordshire County Council](/wiki/Staffordshire_County_Council "Staffordshire County Council"). Passenger services on the [Walsall to Wolverhampton Line](/wiki/Walsall_to_Wolverhampton_Line "Walsall to Wolverhampton Line") were also restored in 1998, although these were not a success, and were withdrawn in 2008 due to low patronage. ### Bus deregulation {{see also\|History of the PTE bus operations}} As a result of the [Transport Act 1985](/wiki/Transport_Act_1985 "Transport Act 1985"), bus services were [deregulated](/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_the_United_Kingdom "Bus deregulation in the United Kingdom"). This resulted in the transfer of the bus services to a separate legal entity, [West Midlands Travel Ltd](/wiki/National_Express_West_Midlands "National Express West Midlands") (WMT),[Companies House extract company no 2652253](http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/02652253) West Midlands Travel Limited which took over the bus assets and services of the WMPTE on 26 October 1986\.[Three Directors for West Midlands](http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-august-1986/19/three-directors-for-west-midlands) *Commercial Motor* 16 August 1986 WMT remained in public ownership under the West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority until 1991, when it was sold to its management and employees for £60 million. WMT was subsequently purchased by [National Express](/wiki/National_Express "National Express") in April 1995\. However, WMT could have been purchased by [Stagecoach](/wiki/Stagecoach "Stagecoach") instead if [Brian Souter](/wiki/Brian_Souter "Brian Souter")'s £85 million was accepted. It was rejected on the grounds of the PTE being reluctant sellers and taking concern over the quality of bus services. [Our History](http://www.nationalexpressgroup.com/about-us/our-history/uk-bus/) National Express ### Midland Metro [thumb\|[Midland Metro](/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro "West Midlands Metro") [AnsaldoBreda T\-69](/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_T-69 "AnsaldoBreda T-69") in June 2008](/wiki/File:Midland_Metro_2008_3.JPG "Midland Metro 2008 3.JPG") {{Main\|West Midlands Metro}} The WMPTE was also responsible for the reintroduction of [tram](/wiki/Tram "Tram") services to the West Midlands, with the development of the [Midland Metro](/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro "West Midlands Metro"). Plans for a multi\-line [light rail](/wiki/Light_rail "Light rail") system for the West Midlands were first drawn up in the early 1980s. However the first (and so far only) line of the Midland Metro was opened in 1999 between [Birmingham Snow Hill](/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station%23Former_terminus "Birmingham Snow Hill railway station#Former terminus") and [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton_St_George%27s_tram_stop "Wolverhampton St George's tram stop").{{cite book\|last1\=Boynton\|first1\=John\|title\=Main Line to Metro: Train and tram on the Great Western route: Birmingham Snow Hill – Wolverhampton. Kidderminster\|date\=2001\|publisher\=Mid England Books\|isbn\=978\-0\-9522248\-9\-1}} In 2016 the line was extended into the streets of the [Birmingham city centre](/wiki/Birmingham_city_centre "Birmingham city centre"), from its original terminus at Birmingham Snow Hill to [Birmingham New Street](/wiki/Grand_Central_tram_stop "Grand Central tram stop").{{cite web\|title\=Midland Metro Grand Central extension opens\|url\=http://www.britishtramsonline.co.uk/news/?p\=14758\|publisher\=British Trams Online\|access\-date\=21 June 2016}} In 2019, it was extended to [Library](/wiki/Library_tram_stop "Library tram stop") with an extension to [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_tram_stop "Edgbaston tram stop") scheduled to open in 2021\.[Birmingham Eastside light rail extension set for approval](https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/birmingham-eastside-light-rail-extension-set-for-approval/) *[International Railway Journal](/wiki/International_Railway_Journal "International Railway Journal")* 9 February 2020 ### Dissolution Following the creation of the [West Midlands Combined Authority](/wiki/West_Midlands_Combined_Authority "West Midlands Combined Authority") and its transport arm, [Transport for West Midlands](/wiki/Transport_for_West_Midlands "Transport for West Midlands") (TfWM), the WMPTE and the WMITA were abolished on 16 June 2016, and their responsibilities, functions, assets, and staff were transferred to the Combined Authority.[Centro to be abolished as WMCA takes charge of transport](http://www.thechamberlainfiles.com/centro-to-be-abolished-as-wmca-takes-charge-of-transport//) *The Chamberlain Files* 28 October 2015 The WMPTE's *Network West Midlands* brand was initially retained by TfWM as the public\-facing brand for public transport information in the region. However this has since been relaunched as *West Midlands Network* with a new hexagonal *W M* logo. This has been applied to most bus stops (on an ongoing roll\-out) and timetables. Certain bus routes have been branded *Network Bus* with buses painted an identical shade of red, irrespective of operator and with tickets valid on either operator on the route. Similarly the enquiry office at Wolverhampton Interchange has received new signage *West Midlands Network*.
[ "History\n-------", "### Creation", "WMPTE was created by the [Transport Act 1968](/wiki/Transport_Act_1968 \"Transport Act 1968\") and came into being on 1 October 1969 to operate and coordinate public transport in the large [West Midlands conurbation](/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation \"West Midlands conurbation\").[W Midlands PTE set up](http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-august-1969/21/w-midlands-pte-set-up) *[Commercial Motor](/wiki/Commercial_Motor \"Commercial Motor\")* 15 August 1969 At that time, the West Midlands Passenger Transport Area comprised the City of Birmingham, the [County Boroughs](/wiki/County_Borough \"County Borough\") of [Dudley](/wiki/County_Borough_of_Dudley \"County Borough of Dudley\"), [Solihull](/wiki/Solihull \"Solihull\"), [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall \"Walsall\"), [Warley](/wiki/County_Borough_of_Warley \"County Borough of Warley\"), [West Bromwich](/wiki/West_Bromwich \"West Bromwich\"), and [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton \"Wolverhampton\"), and nearby parts of northern [Worcestershire](/wiki/Worcestershire \"Worcestershire\"), northern [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire \"Warwickshire\"), and southern [Staffordshire](/wiki/Staffordshire \"Staffordshire\").", "### Bus operations", "[thumb\\|Buses in WMPTE livery, in 1975](/wiki/File:Hill_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1757541.jpg \"Hill Street - geograph.org.uk - 1757541.jpg\")\nOn its formation in 1969 the WMPTE acquired the vehicles and other assets of the [municipal bus](/wiki/Municipal_bus_company \"Municipal bus company\") fleets of [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\"), [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall \"Walsall\"), [West Bromwich](/wiki/West_Bromwich \"West Bromwich\") and [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton \"Wolverhampton\"). The former [Birmingham City Transport](/wiki/Birmingham_City_Transport \"Birmingham City Transport\") was by far the largest constituent part of the combined fleet, accounting for around two thirds of the new 2100\\-strong fleet and 8500 employees, and so a modified version of that operator's blue and cream livery was adopted by the WMPTE. The ex\\-Birmingham assets became 'South Division', with the others forming the Walsall\\-based 'North Division'. The buses subsequently became known as *Wumpty buses* by the public, in reference to the WMPTE initials.{{cite web\\|title\\=A Century of Transport – More Recent Design Developments\\|url\\=http://www.wythall.org.uk/transhisb.asp\\|publisher\\=Transport Museum Wythall\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2016}} When the creation of the West Midlands County Council expanded the WMPTE's operating area into [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\"), WMPTE absorbed the vehicles and assets of that city's municipal transport undertaking, Coventry Transport,{{cite web\\|title\\=WMPTE in Coventry\\|url\\=http://www.cct\\-society.org.uk/post/wmpte/history.htm\\|publisher\\=Coventry Corporation Transport Society\\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2016}} which became its 'East Division'.", "Although it was tasked with planning and coordinating bus and rail transport in the Passenger Transport Area, the Executive's activities in its early years were largely confined to integrating the inherited municipal bus operations. Much of the Passenger Transport Area was not served by WMPTE buses, many bus services continued to be run by the [Midland Red](/wiki/Midland_Red \"Midland Red\") bus company. This was considered undesirable by WMPTE, so it entered into negotiations to partly buy them out. On 3 December 1973, there was a transfer of assets and services between the Midland Red and the Executive involving routes that operated wholly (or almost wholly) within the proposed [West Midlands](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28county%29 \"West Midlands (county)\") county.[Transfer of Services and Assets to WMPTE](http://www.midlandred.net/history/wmpte.php) Midlandred.net By April 1974, the WMPTE's fleet numbered around 2,600 vehicles.{{cite book\\|author\\=Malcolm Keeley\\|title\\=West Midlands – A History of West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive\\|year\\=1988\\|publisher\\=Capital Transport Publishing \\|isbn\\=1\\-85414\\-100\\-7\\|page\\=57}}", "### Revised operating area", "The [1972 Local Government Act](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972 \"Local Government Act 1972\") led to the creation, on 1 April 1974, of the [West Midlands metropolitan county](/wiki/West_Midlands_%28county%29 \"West Midlands (county)\"). As a result, WMPTE's operating area was adjusted to match that of the new county, most notably adding [Meriden](/wiki/Meriden%2C_West_Midlands \"Meriden, West Midlands\") and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry \"Coventry\"). While it continued to operate a handful of out\\-of\\-county services to nearby towns, original plans to include adjoining areas such as [Bromsgrove](/wiki/Bromsgrove \"Bromsgrove\") and [Redditch](/wiki/Redditch \"Redditch\") within WMPTE's operating area were dropped.", "### Railway services", "[thumb\\|[Class 323](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_323 \"British Rail Class 323\") in the original Centro livery at [Birmingham New Street](/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station \"Birmingham New Street railway station\") in January 2008](/wiki/File:Hugh_llewelyn_323_221_%286276990462%29.jpg \"Hugh llewelyn 323 221 (6276990462).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Class 150](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150 \"British Rail Class 150\") in the later Centro livery at [Brmingham Moor Street](/wiki/Birmingham_Moor_Street_railway_station \"Birmingham Moor Street railway station\") in September 2007](/wiki/File:150014_Birmingham_MS_2007.jpg \"150014 Birmingham MS 2007.jpg\")\n{{See also\\|Urban rail in the United Kingdom\\#Birmingham}}\nIn 1973 WMPTE entered into an agreement with [British Rail](/wiki/British_Rail \"British Rail\") to take on responsibility for managing and developing local rail services within its area, and to the 'natural terminus' of each line. They became responsible for setting fares and service frequencies, and providing grants for local services, but the operation of the services continued to be in the hands of British Rail, later passing to [Central Trains](/wiki/Central_Trains \"Central Trains\") and then [London Midland](/wiki/London_Midland \"London Midland\") following privatisation. Rail services supported by the PTE carried WMPTE (and later Centro) livery.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Boynton\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=A Century of Railways around Birmingham and the West Midlands, Volume Three 1973\\-1999\\|date\\=October 1999\\|publisher\\=Mid England Books\\|isbn\\=0\\-9522248\\-6\\-0}}", "From the mid\\-1970s onwards, WMPTE took on a more active role in the development of local railway services: Service frequencies were improved on many local lines: One of the first improvements made under WMPTE's auspices, was to the local services between {{rws\\|Birmingham Moor Street}}, {{rws\\|Dorridge}} and {{rws\\|Shirley\\|England}} which were doubled in frequency to half\\-hourly in 1975\\. Efforts were also undertaken to create new services: The flagship [Cross\\-City Line](/wiki/Cross-City_Line \"Cross-City Line\"), implemented in 1978, which included new stations serving [Birmingham University](/wiki/University_%28Birmingham%29_railway_station \"University (Birmingham) railway station\") and {{rws\\|Longbridge}}, plus the reopening of {{rws\\|Five Ways}} station, was a joint BR/WMPTE project.", "In the 1980s, WMPTE decided to reopen and restore rail services through [Birmingham Snow Hill station](/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station \"Birmingham Snow Hill railway station\"), which had closed in 1972\\. The restoration process took place in two stages: The first stage, completed in 1987, saw the opening of new Snow Hill station for services to the south. The second stage, completed in 1995, saw the restoration of the rail link between Snow Hill and the [line to Kidderminster and Worcester](/wiki/Birmingham_to_Worcester_via_Kidderminster_Line \"Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line\"). In 1999 the former [Snow Hill to Wolverhampton line](/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_to_Wolverhampton_Low_Level_Line \"Birmingham Snow Hill to Wolverhampton Low Level Line\"), was reopened as part of the [Midland Metro](/wiki/Midland_Metro \"Midland Metro\") [tram](/wiki/Tram \"Tram\") line.", "Restoration of passenger services on the [Chase Line](/wiki/Chase_Line \"Chase Line\") between Walsall and Rugeley, between 1989 and 1998 was a joint project of WMPTE and [Staffordshire County Council](/wiki/Staffordshire_County_Council \"Staffordshire County Council\"). Passenger services on the [Walsall to Wolverhampton Line](/wiki/Walsall_to_Wolverhampton_Line \"Walsall to Wolverhampton Line\") were also restored in 1998, although these were not a success, and were withdrawn in 2008 due to low patronage.", "### Bus deregulation", "{{see also\\|History of the PTE bus operations}}\nAs a result of the [Transport Act 1985](/wiki/Transport_Act_1985 \"Transport Act 1985\"), bus services were [deregulated](/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Bus deregulation in the United Kingdom\"). This resulted in the transfer of the bus services to a separate legal entity, [West Midlands Travel Ltd](/wiki/National_Express_West_Midlands \"National Express West Midlands\") (WMT),[Companies House extract company no 2652253](http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/02652253) West Midlands Travel Limited which took over the bus assets and services of the WMPTE on 26 October 1986\\.[Three Directors for West Midlands](http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-august-1986/19/three-directors-for-west-midlands) *Commercial Motor* 16 August 1986 WMT remained in public ownership under the West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority until 1991, when it was sold to its management and employees for £60 million. WMT was subsequently purchased by [National Express](/wiki/National_Express \"National Express\") in April 1995\\. However, WMT could have been purchased by [Stagecoach](/wiki/Stagecoach \"Stagecoach\") instead if [Brian Souter](/wiki/Brian_Souter \"Brian Souter\")'s £85 million was accepted. It was rejected on the grounds of the PTE being reluctant sellers and taking concern over the quality of bus services. [Our History](http://www.nationalexpressgroup.com/about-us/our-history/uk-bus/) National Express", "### Midland Metro", "[thumb\\|[Midland Metro](/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro \"West Midlands Metro\") [AnsaldoBreda T\\-69](/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_T-69 \"AnsaldoBreda T-69\") in June 2008](/wiki/File:Midland_Metro_2008_3.JPG \"Midland Metro 2008 3.JPG\")\n{{Main\\|West Midlands Metro}}\nThe WMPTE was also responsible for the reintroduction of [tram](/wiki/Tram \"Tram\") services to the West Midlands, with the development of the [Midland Metro](/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro \"West Midlands Metro\"). Plans for a multi\\-line [light rail](/wiki/Light_rail \"Light rail\") system for the West Midlands were first drawn up in the early 1980s. However the first (and so far only) line of the Midland Metro was opened in 1999 between [Birmingham Snow Hill](/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station%23Former_terminus \"Birmingham Snow Hill railway station#Former terminus\") and [Wolverhampton](/wiki/Wolverhampton_St_George%27s_tram_stop \"Wolverhampton St George's tram stop\").{{cite book\\|last1\\=Boynton\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=Main Line to Metro: Train and tram on the Great Western route: Birmingham Snow Hill – Wolverhampton. Kidderminster\\|date\\=2001\\|publisher\\=Mid England Books\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9522248\\-9\\-1}} In 2016 the line was extended into the streets of the [Birmingham city centre](/wiki/Birmingham_city_centre \"Birmingham city centre\"), from its original terminus at Birmingham Snow Hill to [Birmingham New Street](/wiki/Grand_Central_tram_stop \"Grand Central tram stop\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Midland Metro Grand Central extension opens\\|url\\=http://www.britishtramsonline.co.uk/news/?p\\=14758\\|publisher\\=British Trams Online\\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2016}} In 2019, it was extended to [Library](/wiki/Library_tram_stop \"Library tram stop\") with an extension to [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_tram_stop \"Edgbaston tram stop\") scheduled to open in 2021\\.[Birmingham Eastside light rail extension set for approval](https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/birmingham-eastside-light-rail-extension-set-for-approval/) *[International Railway Journal](/wiki/International_Railway_Journal \"International Railway Journal\")* 9 February 2020", "### Dissolution", "Following the creation of the [West Midlands Combined Authority](/wiki/West_Midlands_Combined_Authority \"West Midlands Combined Authority\") and its transport arm, [Transport for West Midlands](/wiki/Transport_for_West_Midlands \"Transport for West Midlands\") (TfWM), the WMPTE and the WMITA were abolished on 16 June 2016, and their responsibilities, functions, assets, and staff were transferred to the Combined Authority.[Centro to be abolished as WMCA takes charge of transport](http://www.thechamberlainfiles.com/centro-to-be-abolished-as-wmca-takes-charge-of-transport//) *The Chamberlain Files* 28 October 2015 The WMPTE's *Network West Midlands* brand was initially retained by TfWM as the public\\-facing brand for public transport information in the region. However this has since been relaunched as *West Midlands Network* with a new hexagonal *W M* logo. This has been applied to most bus stops (on an ongoing roll\\-out) and timetables. Certain bus routes have been branded *Network Bus* with buses painted an identical shade of red, irrespective of operator and with tickets valid on either operator on the route. Similarly the enquiry office at Wolverhampton Interchange has received new signage *West Midlands Network*.", "" ]
Archaeology and history ----------------------- {{Further\|Levantine archaeology}} ### Overview {{See also\|Prehistory of the Levant\|History of Palestine}} There are several periodization systems for Canaan.{{clarify\|Using the term "Canaan" for the time before the appearance of the Canaanites may be problematic. Source? \|date\= March 2024}} One of them is the following.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} * Prior to 4500 BC (prehistory – [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age "Stone Age")): hunter\-gatherer societies slowly giving way to farming and herding societies * 4500–3500 BC ([Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic")): early metal\-working and farming * 3500–2000 BC (Early Bronze): prior to written records in the area{{dubious\|More recent dates, now preferred: c. 3,200–2,200\. Left out: it's the first urban period. Essential development!\|date\=November 2021}} * 2000–1550 BC (Middle Bronze): [city\-states](/wiki/City-state "City-state"){{Cite web \|title\=Canaanites \|url\=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo\-9780195393361/obo\-9780195393361\-0216\.xml \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-01 \|website\=obo \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2023\-04\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403082451/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo\-9780195393361/obo\-9780195393361\-0216\.xml \|url\-status\=live }}{{Citation \|last\=Glassman \|first\=Ronald M. \|title\=The Political Structure of the Canaanite City\-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy \|date\=2017 \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1007/978\-3\-319\-51695\-0\_49 \|work\=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City\-States and Nation\-States \|pages\=473–477 \|editor\-last\=Glassman \|editor\-first\=Ronald M. \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-01 \|place\=Cham \|publisher\=Springer International Publishing \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-319\-51695\-0\_49 \|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-51695\-0 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061941/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10\.1007/978\-3\-319\-51695\-0\_49 \|url\-status\=live }} * 1550–1200 BC (Late Bronze): Egyptian hegemony * 1200–various dates by region ([Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age")) After the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") the periods are named after the various empires that ruled the region: [Assyrian](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire"), [Babylonian](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire "Neo-Babylonian Empire"), [Persian](/wiki/Persian_Empire "Persian Empire"), [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic "Hellenistic") (related to [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece")) and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome").{{harvnb\|Noll\|2001\|p\=26}} Canaanite culture developed [*in situ*](/wiki/In_situ_conservation_%28archaeology%29 "In situ conservation (archaeology)") from multiple waves of migration merging with the earlier [Circum\-Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex](/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism%23Origin_and_history "Nomadic pastoralism#Origin and history"), which in turn developed from a fusion of their ancestral [Natufian](/wiki/Natufian_culture "Natufian culture") and [Harifian cultures](/wiki/Harifian_culture "Harifian culture") with [Pre\-Pottery Neolithic B](/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B "Pre-Pottery Neolithic B") (PPNB) farming cultures, practicing [animal domestication](/wiki/Animal_domestication "Animal domestication"), during the [6200 BC climatic crisis](/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event "8.2-kiloyear event") which led to the [Neolithic Revolution/First Agricultural Revolution](/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution "Neolithic Revolution") in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant").{{cite book\|last\=Zarins\|first\=Juris\|title\=Pastoralism in the Levant\|year\=1992\|editor1\-last\=Bar\-Yosef\|editor1\-first\=Ofer\|chapter\=Pastoral nomadism in Arabia: ethnoarchaeology and the archaeological record—a case study\|publisher\=Prehistory Press\|isbn\=9780962911088\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|editor2\-last\=Khazanov\|editor2\-first\=Anatoly\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZjoR7vCdQh4C\|archive\-date\=29 April 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061902/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZjoR7vCdQh4C\|url\-status\=live}} The majority of Canaan is covered by the [Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests](/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer%E2%80%93sclerophyllous%E2%80%93broadleaf_forests "Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests") ecoregion.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2020}} ### Chalcolithic (4500–3500 BC) [thumb\|The Ghassulian star](/wiki/File:The_Ghassulian_star.jpg "The Ghassulian star.jpg") [thumb\|Ghassulian dolmen, Kueijiyeh hill near [Madaba](/wiki/Madaba "Madaba"), Jordan](/wiki/File:Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg "Dolmen kueijiyeh.jpg") The first wave of migration, called [Ghassulian](/wiki/Ghassulian "Ghassulian") culture, entered Canaan circa 4500 BC.{{cite journal \|last1\=Steiglitz \|first1\=Robert \|title\=Migrations in the Ancient Near East \|journal\=Anthropological Science \|date\=1992 \|volume\=3 \|issue\=101 \|page\=263 \|url\=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101\_3\_263/\_pdf \|access\-date\=12 June 2020 \|archive\-date\=26 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034549/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101\_3\_263/\_pdf \|url\-status\=live }} This is the start of the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") in Canaan. From their unknown homeland, they brought an already complete craft tradition of metalwork. They were expert coppersmiths; in fact, their work was the most advanced [metal technology](/wiki/Metallurgy "Metallurgy") in the ancient world.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2023}} Their work is similar to artifacts from the later [Maykop culture](/wiki/Maykop_culture "Maykop culture"), leading some scholars to believe they represent two branches of an original metalworking tradition. Their main copper mine was at [Wadi Feynan](/wiki/Wadi_Feynan "Wadi Feynan"). The copper was mined from the Cambrian Burj Dolomite Shale Unit in the form of the mineral [malachite](/wiki/Malachite "Malachite"). All of the copper was smelted at sites in [Beersheba culture](/wiki/Beersheba_culture "Beersheba culture"). Genetic analysis has shown that the Ghassulians belonged to the [West Asian](/wiki/West_Asian "West Asian") [haplogroup T\-M184](/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184 "Haplogroup T-M184").{{cite journal \|doi\=10\.1038/s41467\-018\-05649\-9\|title\=Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation\|year\=2018\|last1\=Harney\|first1\=Éadaoin\|last2\=May\|first2\=Hila\|last3\=Shalem\|first3\=Dina\|last4\=Rohland\|first4\=Nadin\|last5\=Mallick\|first5\=Swapan\|last6\=Lazaridis\|first6\=Iosif\|last7\=Sarig\|first7\=Rachel\|last8\=Stewardson\|first8\=Kristin\|last9\=Nordenfelt\|first9\=Susanne\|last10\=Patterson\|first10\=Nick\|last11\=Hershkovitz\|first11\=Israel\|last12\=Reich\|first12\=David\|journal\=Nature Communications\|volume\=9\|issue\=1\|page\=3336\|pmid\=30127404\|pmc\=6102297\|bibcode\=2018NatCo...9\.3336H}} The end of the Chalcolithic period saw the rise of the urban settlement of ['En Esur](/wiki/%27En_Esur "'En Esur") on the southern Mediterranean coast.{{Cite journal\|last\=Itai Elad and Yitzhak Paz\|date\=2018\|title\='En Esur (Asawir): Preliminary Report\|journal\=Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel\|volume\=130\|pages\=2\|jstor\=26691671}} ### Early Bronze Age (3500–2000 BC) [thumb\|[Tell es\-Sakan](/wiki/Tell_es-Sakan "Tell es-Sakan") in Gaza was inhabited from approximately 3300 BC to 2400/2350 BC.{{Cite web \|title\=Territoires autonomes palestiniens : Tell es\-Sakan {{!}} Du village à l'Etat au Proche et Moyen\-Orient {{!}} \|url\=http://www.arscan.fr/vepmo/chypre\-au\-neolithique/le\-levant\-sud/tell\-es\-sakan/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-07 \|website\=www.arscan.fr}}](/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg "موقع تل السكن الأثري.jpg") By the [Early Bronze Age](/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age "Early Bronze Age") other sites had developed, such as [Ebla](/wiki/Ebla "Ebla") (where an [East Semitic language](/wiki/East_Semitic_languages "East Semitic languages"), [Eblaite](/wiki/Eblaite_language "Eblaite language"), was spoken), which by {{circa\|2300}} BC was incorporated into the [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia")\-based [Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire") of [Sargon the Great](/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad "Sargon of Akkad") and [Naram\-Sin of Akkad](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad "Naram-Sin of Akkad") (biblical Accad). Sumerian references to the *Mar.tu* ("tent dwellers", later *Amurru*, i.e. [Amorite](/wiki/Amorites "Amorites")) country west of the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates "Euphrates") River date from even earlier than Sargon, at least to the reign of the [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer") king, [Enshakushanna](/wiki/Enshakushanna "Enshakushanna") of [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk "Uruk"), and one tablet credits the early Sumerian king [Lugal\-Anne\-Mundu](/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu "Lugal-Anne-Mundu") withholding sway in the region, although this tablet is considered less credible because it was produced centuries later.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} Amorites at [Hazor](/wiki/Tel_Hazor "Tel Hazor"), [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 "Kadesh (Syria)") (Qadesh\-on\-the\-Orontes), and elsewhere in [Amurru](/wiki/Amurru_kingdom "Amurru kingdom") (Syria) bordered Canaan in the north and northeast. (Ugarit may be included among these Amoritic entities.){{cite book \|editor\-last\=Woodard \|editor\-first\=Roger D. \|title\=The Ancient Languages of Syria\-Palestine and Arabia \|chapter\=Ugaritic \|first\=Dennis \|last\=Pardee \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vTrT\-bZyuPcC\&pg\=PA5 \|access\-date\=5 May 2013 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-139\-46934\-0 \|page\=5 \|date\=2008\-04\-10 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061903/https://books.google.com/books?id\=vTrT\-bZyuPcC\&pg\=PA5\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} The collapse of the Akkadian Empire in 2154 BC saw the arrival of peoples using [Khirbet Kerak](/wiki/Khirbet_Kerak "Khirbet Kerak") ware (pottery),{{cite journal \|last1\=Richard \|first1\=Suzanne \|year\=1987 \|title\=Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The Rise and Collapse of Urbanism \|journal\=The Biblical Archaeologist \|volume\=50 \|issue\=1 \|jstor\=3210081 \|pages\=22–43 \|doi\=10\.2307/3210081 \|s2cid\=135293163 }} coming originally from the [Zagros Mountains](/wiki/Zagros_Mountains "Zagros Mountains") (in modern [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran")) east of the [Tigris](/wiki/Tigris "Tigris"). In addition, [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") analysis revealed that between 2500–1000 BC, populations from the Chalcolithic Zagros and Bronze Age [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") migrated to the Southern Levant.{{cite news\|author\=Lily Agranat\-Tamir\|display\-authors\=etal\|title\=The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant\|publisher\=Cell\|year\=2020\|volume\=181\|issue\=5\|pages\=1146–1157\|doi\=10\.1016/j.cell.2020\.04\.024}} The first cities in the southern Levant arose during this period. The major sites were ['En Esur](/wiki/%27En_Esur "'En Esur") and [Meggido](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo "Tel Megiddo"). These "proto\-Canaanites" were in regular contact with the other peoples to their south such as [Egypt](/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt "Prehistoric Egypt"), and to the north [Asia Minor](/wiki/Asia_Minor "Asia Minor") ([Hurrians](/wiki/Hurrians "Hurrians"), [Hattians](/wiki/Hattians "Hattians"), [Hittites](/wiki/Hittites "Hittites"), [Luwians](/wiki/Luwians "Luwians")) and [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia "Mesopotamia") ([Sumer](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer"), [Akkad](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire"), [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria")), a trend that continued through the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age"). The end of the period is marked by the abandonment of the cities and a return to lifestyles based on farming villages and semi\-nomadic herding, although specialised craft production continued and trade routes remained open.{{harvnb\|Golden\|2009\|p\=5}} Archaeologically, the Late Bronze Age state of [Ugarit](/wiki/Ugarit "Ugarit") (at [Ras Shamra](/wiki/Ras_Shamra "Ras Shamra") in [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria")) is considered quintessentially Canaanite, even though its [Ugaritic language](/wiki/Ugaritic_language "Ugaritic language") does not belong to the [Canaanite language group](/wiki/Canaanite_languages "Canaanite languages") proper.{{cite book\|title\=The Ancient Languages of Syria\-Palestine and Arabia\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=2008\|isbn\=9780511486890\|editor\-last\=Woodard\|editor\-first\=Roger D.\|doi\=10\.1017/CBO9780511486890}}.{{cite book\|last\=Naveh\|first\=Joseph\|url\=https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse/page/101\|title\=Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross\|publisher\=Fortress Press\|year\=1987\|isbn\=9780800608316\|editor1\-last\=Miller\|editor1\-first\=Patrick D.\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse/page/101 101]\|chapter\=Proto\-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|editor2\-last\=Hanson\|editor2\-first\=Paul D.\|display\-editors\=etal\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4lvbAAAAMAAJ}}{{cite book\|last\=Coulmas\|first\=Florian\|title\=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems\|publisher\=Blackwell\|year\=1996\|isbn\=978\-0\-631\-21481\-6\|location\=Oxford}} A disputed reference to a "Lord of *ga\-na\-na*" in the Semitic [Ebla tablets](/wiki/Ebla_tablets "Ebla tablets") (dated 2350 BC) from the archive of [Tell Mardikh](/wiki/Tell_Mardikh "Tell Mardikh") has been interpreted by some scholars to mention the deity [Dagon](/wiki/Dagon "Dagon") by the title "Lord of Canaan"{{cite book \|first\=Gösta Werner \|last\=Ahlström \|title\=The History of Ancient Palestine \|page\=141 \|isbn\=9780800627706 \|publisher\=Fortress Press \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5cSAlLBZKaAC \|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|year\=1993 }} If correct, this would suggest that Eblaites were conscious of Canaan as an entity by 2500 BC.{{cite book \|first\=Mitchell J. \|last\=Dahood \|year\=1978 \|chapter\=Ebla, Ugarit and the Old Testament \|title\=Congress Volume, International Organization for Study of the Old Testament \|page\=83 \|publisher\=Brill \|isbn\=9789004058354 \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=daVAAQAAIAAJ \|access\-date\=9 October 2018 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061955/https://books.google.com/books?id\=daVAAQAAIAAJ \|url\-status\=live }}. Jonathan Tubb states that the term *ga\-na\-na* "may provide a third\-millennium reference to *Canaanite*", while at the same time stating that the first certain reference is in the 18th century BC.{{cite book \|last\=Tubb \|first\=Johnathan N. \|year\=1998 \|title\=Canaanites \|publisher\=University of Oklahoma Press \|series\=British Museum People of the Past, vol. 2 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|isbn\=9780806131085 }}{{rp\|15}} See [Ebla\-Biblical controversy](/wiki/Ebla-Biblical_controversy "Ebla-Biblical controversy") for further details. ### Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC) [thumb\|upright\=1\.25\|Map of the Near East by [Robert de Vaugondy](/wiki/Robert_de_Vaugondy "Robert de Vaugondy") (1762\), indicating "Canaan" as limited to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"), to the exclusion of Lebanon and Syria](/wiki/File:Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg "Middle East by Robert de Vaugondy.jpg") Urbanism returned and the region was divided among small city\-states, the most important of which seems to have been Hazor.{{harvnb\|Golden\|2009\|pp\=5–6}} Many aspects of Canaanite material culture now reflected a Mesopotamian influence, and the entire region became more tightly integrated into a vast international trading network. As early as [Naram\-Sin of Akkad](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad "Naram-Sin of Akkad")'s reign ({{circa\|2240}} BC), *Amurru* was called one of the "four quarters" surrounding [Akkad](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire"), along with [Subartu](/wiki/Subartu "Subartu")/[Assyria](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria"), [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer"), and [Elam](/wiki/Elam "Elam").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} Amorite dynasties also came to dominate in much of Mesopotamia, including in [Larsa](/wiki/Larsa "Larsa"), [Isin](/wiki/Isin "Isin") and founding the state of Babylon in 1894 BC. Later on, *Amurru* became the Assyrian/Akkadian term for the interior of south as well as for northerly Canaan. At this time the Canaanite area seemed divided between two confederacies, one centred upon [Megiddo](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo "Tel Megiddo") in the [Jezreel Valley](/wiki/Jezreel_Valley "Jezreel Valley"), the second on the more northerly city of [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 "Kadesh (Syria)") on the Orontes River.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2017}} An Amorite chieftain named [Sumu\-abum](/wiki/Sumu-abum "Sumu-abum") founded Babylon as an independent city\-state in 1894 BC. One Amorite king of Babylonia, [Hammurabi](/wiki/Hammurabi "Hammurabi") (1792–1750 BC), founded the [First Babylonian Empire](/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire "First Babylonian Empire"), which lasted only as long as his lifetime. Upon his death the Amorites were driven from Assyria but remained masters of Babylonia until 1595 BC, when they were ejected by the Hittites.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} The semi\-fictional *[Story of Sinuhe](/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe "Story of Sinuhe")* describes an Egyptian officer, Sinuhe, conducting military activities in the area of "Upper [Retjenu](/wiki/Retjenu "Retjenu")" and "[Fenekhu](/wiki/Phoenicia "Phoenicia")" during the reign of [Senusret I](/wiki/Senusret_I "Senusret I") ({{circa\|1950}} BC). The earliest *bona fide* Egyptian report of a campaign to "Mentu", "Retjenu" and "Sekmem" ([Shechem](/wiki/Shechem "Shechem")) is the [Sebek\-khu Stele](/wiki/Sebek-khu_Stele "Sebek-khu Stele"), dated to the reign of [Senusret III](/wiki/Senusret_III "Senusret III") ({{circa\|1862}} BC).{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} A letter from [Mut\-bisir](/wiki/Mut-bisir "Mut-bisir") to [Shamshi\-Adad I](/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I "Shamshi-Adad I") ({{circa\|1809–1776}} BC) of the [Old Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire "Old Assyrian Empire") (2025–1750 BC) has been translated: "It is in Rahisum that the brigands (habbatum) and the Canaanites (Kinahnum) are situated". It was found in 1973 in the ruins of [Mari](/wiki/Mari%2C_Syria "Mari, Syria"), an [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria") outpost at that time in [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria").{{cite journal \|jstor\=4197896 \|title\=Une mention de Cananéens dans une lettre de Mari \|journal\=Syria \|volume\=50 \|issue\=3/4 \|pages\=277–282 \|first\=Georges \|last\=Dossin \|publisher\=Institut Francais du Proche\-Orient \|year\=1973 \|language\=fr \|doi\=10\.3406/syria.1973\.6403 \|url\=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/275963/4/b2a54ba1\-ff44\-4c8e\-9001\-3d4f49524ace.txt \|access\-date\=2020\-11\-09 \|archive\-date\=2021\-04\-28 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428103025/https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/275963/4/b2a54ba1\-ff44\-4c8e\-9001\-3d4f49524ace.txt \|url\-status\=live }} Additional unpublished references to Kinahnum in the Mari letters refer to the same episode.{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}} Whether the term Kinahnum refers to people from a specific region or rather people of "foreign origin" has been disputed,{{sfn\|Lemche\|1991\|pp\=27–28\|ps\=: "However, all but one of the references belong to the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, the one exception being the mention of some Canaanites in a document from Marl from the 18th century BC. In this document, we find a reference to LUhabbatum u LUKi\-na\-ah\-num. The wording of this passage creates some problems as to the identity of these 'Canaanites', because of the parallelism between LUKh\-na\-ah\-num and LUhabbatum, which is unexpected. The Akkadian word habbatum, the meaning of which is actually 'brigands', is sometimes used to translate the \[\[Sumerian language\|Sumerian]] expression SA.GAZ, which is normally thought to be a logogram for habiru, 'Hebrews'. Thus there is some reason to question the identity of the 'Canaanites' who appear in this text from Marl We may ask whether these people were called 'Canaanites' because they were ethnically of another stock than the ordinary population of Mari, or whether it was because they came from a specific geographical area, the land of Canaan. However, because of the parallelism in this text between LUhabbatum and LUKi\-na\-ah\-num, we cannot exclude the possibility that the expression 'Canaanites' was used here with a sociological meaning. It could be that the word 'Canaanites' was in this case understood as a sociological designation of some sort which shared at least some connotations with the sociological term habiru. Should this be the case, the Canaanites of Marl may well have been refugees or outlaws rather than ordinary foreigners from a certain country (from Canaan). Worth considering is also Manfred Weippert's interpretation of the passage LUhabbatum u LUKi\-na\-ah\-num—literally 'Canaanites and brigands'—as 'Canaanite brigands', which may welt mean 'highwaymen of foreign origin', whether or not they were actually Canaanites coming from Phoenicia."}}{{cite book \|title\=Reallexikon der Assyriologie \|chapter\=Kanaan \|first\=Manfred \|last\=Weippert \|year\=1928 \|volume\=5 \|page\=352 \|publisher\=W. de Gruyter \|isbn\=9783110071924 \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cEB1Z\_c50qgC \|access\-date\=9 October 2018 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062000/https://books.google.com/books?id\=cEB1Z\_c50qgC \|url\-status\=live }} such that Robert Drews states that the "first certain cuneiform reference" to Canaan is found on the Alalakh statue of King Idrimi (below).{{sfn\|Drews\|1998\|p\=46\|ps\=: "An eighteenth\-century letter from Mari may refer to Canaan, but the first certain cuneiform reference appears on a statue base of \[\[Idrimi]], king of \[\[Alalakh]] {{circa\|1500}} BC."}} A reference to Ammiya being "in the land of Canaan" is found on the [Statue of Idrimi](/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi "Statue of Idrimi") (16th century BC) from [Alalakh](/wiki/Alalakh "Alalakh") in modern Syria. After a popular uprising against his rule, Idrimi was forced into exile with his mother's relatives to seek refuge in "the land of Canaan", where he prepared for an eventual attack to recover his city. The other references in the Alalakh texts are:{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}}{{multiple image \| perrow \= 2 \| total\_width \= 400 \| caption\_align \= center \| align \= right \| direction \= vertical \| header \= West Asian visitors to Egypt ({{circa\|1900}} BC) \| image1 \= Procession of the Aamu, Tomb of Khnumhotep II (composite).jpg \| image2 \= Drawing of the procession of the Aamu group tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan.jpg \| footer \= A group of West Asian foreigners, possibly Canaanites, labelled as ''\[\[Aamu]]'' ({{lang\|egy\|ꜥꜣmw}}), with the leader labelled as a ''Hyksos'', visiting the Egyptian official \[\[Khnumhotep II]] {{circa\|1900}} BC. Tomb of \[\[12th dynasty]] official Khnumhotep II, at \[\[Beni Hasan]].{{cite book \|last1\=Mieroop \|first1\=Marc Van De \|title\=A History of Ancient Egypt \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons \|isbn\=978\-1\-4051\-6070\-4 \|page\=131 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JADDYAZ9GIIC\&pg\=PA131 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-29 \|archive\-date\=2023\-08\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817063835/https://books.google.com/books?id\=JADDYAZ9GIIC\&pg\=PA131 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite book \|last1\=Bard \|first1\=Kathryn A. \|author\-link\=Kathryn A. Bard \|title\=An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons \|isbn\=978\-1\-118\-89611\-2 \|page\=188 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lFscBgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA188 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-29 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061957/https://books.google.com/books?id\=lFscBgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA188\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Kamrin \|first1\=Janice \|title\=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan \|journal\=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections \|date\=2009 \|volume\= 1 \|issue\=3 \|s2cid\=199601200 }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Curry \|first1\=Andrew \|title\=The Rulers of Foreign Lands – Archaeology Magazine \|website\=www.archaeology.org \|date\=2018 \|url\=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309\-1809/features/6855\-egypt\-hyksos\-foreign\-dynasty \|access\-date\=2020\-06\-29 \|archive\-date\=2020\-12\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201044702/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309\-1809/features/6855\-egypt\-hyksos\-foreign\-dynasty \|url\-status\=live }} }} * AT 154 (unpublished) * AT 181: A list of 'Apiru people with their origins. All are towns, except for Canaan * AT 188: A list of Muskenu people with their origins. All are towns, except for three lands including Canaan * AT 48: A contract with a Canaanite hunter. Around 1650 BC, Canaanites invaded the eastern [Nile delta](/wiki/Nile_delta "Nile delta"), where, known as the [Hyksos](/wiki/Hyksos "Hyksos"), they became the dominant power.{{harvnb\|Golden\|2009\|pp\=6–7}} In Egyptian inscriptions, *Amar* and *Amurru* ([Amorites](/wiki/Amorite "Amorite")) are applied strictly to the more northerly mountain region east of Phoenicia, extending to the [Orontes](/wiki/Orontes_River "Orontes River"). [left\|thumb\|Canaanite [Anra scarab](/wiki/Anra_scarab "Anra scarab") showing Egyptian [nswt\-bjt](/wiki/Nswt-bjt "Nswt-bjt") and [ankh](/wiki/Ankh "Ankh") symbols bordering a [cartouche](/wiki/Cartouche "Cartouche") with an [undeciphered](/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems "Undeciphered writing systems") sequence of hieroglyphs c. 1648\-1540](/wiki/File:Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg "Canaanite Scarab of the ") Archaeological excavations of a number of sites, later identified as Canaanite, show that prosperity of the region reached its apogee during this Middle [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") period, under the leadership of the city of [Hazor](/wiki/Tel_Hazor "Tel Hazor"), at least nominally [tributary](/wiki/Tributary_state "Tributary state") to Egypt for much of the period. In the north, the cities of [Yamkhad](/wiki/Yamkhad "Yamkhad") and [Qatna](/wiki/Qatna "Qatna") were [hegemons](/wiki/Hegemons "Hegemons") of important [confederacies](/wiki/Confederation "Confederation"), and it would appear that biblical Hazor was the chief city of another important [coalition](/wiki/Coalition "Coalition") in the south.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} ### Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BC) In the early Late Bronze Age, Canaanite confederacies centered on [Megiddo](/wiki/Megiddo_%28place%29 "Megiddo (place)") and [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 "Kadesh (Syria)"), before being fully brought into the [Egyptian Empire](/wiki/New_Egyptian_Kingdom "New Egyptian Kingdom") and Hittite Empire. Later still, the [Neo\-Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire") assimilated the region.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2020}} According to the Bible, the migrant [ancient Semitic\-speaking peoples](/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples "Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples") who appear to have settled in the region included (among others) the [Amorites](/wiki/Amorites "Amorites"), who had earlier controlled Babylonia. The [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible") mentions the *Amorites* in the *[Table of Peoples](/wiki/Table_of_Nations "Table of Nations")* ([Book of Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") 10:16–18a). Evidently, the Amorites played a significant role in the early history of Canaan. In Book of Genesis 14:7 *f*., [Book of Joshua](/wiki/Book_of_Joshua "Book of Joshua") 10:5 *f*., [Book of Deuteronomy](/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy "Book of Deuteronomy") 1:19 *f*., 27, 44, we find them located in the southern mountain country, while verses such as [Book of Numbers](/wiki/Book_of_Numbers "Book of Numbers") 21:13, Book of Joshua 9:10, 24:8, 12, etc., tell of two great Amorite kings residing at [Heshbon](/wiki/Heshbon "Heshbon") and [Ashteroth](/wiki/Ashteroth_Karnaim "Ashteroth Karnaim"), east of the Jordan. Other passages, including Book of Genesis 15:16, 48:22, Book of Joshua 24:15, [Book of Judges](/wiki/Book_of_Judges "Book of Judges") 1:34, regard the name *Amorite* as synonymous with "Canaanite". The name *Amorite* is, however, never used for the population on the coast.{{sfn\|Cheyne\|1911\|p\=141}} [thumb\|350px\|Map of the [Ancient Near East](/wiki/Ancient_Near_East "Ancient Near East") around 1400 BC](/wiki/File:Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg "Ancient Near East 1400BC.svg") In the centuries preceding the appearance of the biblical Hebrews, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to the Egyptian [pharaohs](/wiki/Pharaoh "Pharaoh"), although domination by the Egyptians remained sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter\-city struggles. Other areas such as northern Canaan and northern Syria came to be ruled by the Assyrians during this period.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2020}} Under [Thutmose III](/wiki/Thutmose_III "Thutmose III") (1479–1426 BC) and [Amenhotep II](/wiki/Amenhotep_II "Amenhotep II") (1427–1400 BC), the regular presence of the strong hand of the Egyptian ruler and his armies kept the Amorites and Canaanites sufficiently loyal. Nevertheless, Thutmose III reported a new and troubling element in the population. [Habiru](/wiki/Habiru "Habiru") or (in Egyptian) 'Apiru, are reported for the first time. These seem to have been mercenaries, brigands, or outlaws, who may have at one time led a settled life, but with bad luck or due to the force of circumstances, contributed a rootless element to the population, prepared to hire themselves to whichever local mayor, king, or princeling would pay for their support.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2020}} Although Habiru {{transliteration\|Xsux\|SA\-GAZ}} (a [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumerian_language "Sumerian language") [ideogram](/wiki/Ideogram "Ideogram") [glossed](/wiki/Gloss_%28annotation%29 "Gloss (annotation)") as "brigand" in [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language")), and sometimes {{transliteration\|akk\|\[\[Habiru\|Habiri]]}} (an Akkadian word) had been reported in Mesopotamia from the reign of the [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer") king, [Shulgi](/wiki/Shulgi "Shulgi") of [Ur III](/wiki/Ur_III "Ur III"), their appearance in Canaan appears to have been due to the arrival of a new state based in Asia Minor to the north of Assyria and based upon a [Maryannu](/wiki/Maryannu "Maryannu") aristocracy of horse\-drawn [charioteers](/wiki/Chariot "Chariot"), associated with the [Indo\-Aryan](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples "Indo-Aryan peoples") rulers of the [Hurrians](/wiki/Hurrians "Hurrians"), known as [Mitanni](/wiki/Mitanni "Mitanni").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} [thumb\|Basalt lions from the [Orthostat](/wiki/Orthostat "Orthostat") Temple of [Hazor](/wiki/Tel_Hazor "Tel Hazor") (c. 1500–1300 BC){{Cite web\|date\=2021\-10\-07\|title\=Lion reliefs\|url\=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394173\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-03\|website\=www.imj.org.il\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=2022\-01\-03\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103155548/https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394173\|url\-status\=live}} Hazor was violently destroyed during the Bronze Age collapse.{{Cite web\|title\=The Hazor Excavations Project\|url\=http://unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il/\~hatsor/hazor.html\|access\-date\=2022\-01\-03\|website\=unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507092552/http://unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il/\~hatsor/hazor.html\|url\-status\=dead}}](/wiki/File:Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg "Basalt Lion, Holy of Holies, Orthostat Temple, Hazor, 15th-13th C. BC (43217868001).jpg") The Habiru seem to have been more a social class than an ethnic group.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2018}} One analysis shows that the majority were Hurrian, although there were a number of Semites and even some [Kassite](/wiki/Kassites "Kassites") and [Luwian](/wiki/Luwian "Luwian") adventurers amongst their number.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} The reign of [Amenhotep III](/wiki/Amenhotep_III "Amenhotep III"), as a result, was not quite so tranquil for the Asiatic province, as Habiru/'Apiru contributed to greater political instability. It is believed{{By whom\|date\= February 2012}} that turbulent chiefs began to seek their opportunities, although as a rule they could not find them without the help of a neighbouring king. The boldest of the disaffected nobles was [Aziru](/wiki/Aziru "Aziru"), son of [Abdi\-Ashirta](/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta "Abdi-Ashirta"), who endeavoured to extend his power into the plain of [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"). [Akizzi](/wiki/Akizzi "Akizzi"), governor of Katna ([Qatna](/wiki/Qatna "Qatna")?) (near [Hamath](/wiki/Hama%23Hama_in_the_Bible "Hama#Hama in the Bible")), reported this to Amenhotep III, who seems to have sought to frustrate Aziru's attempts.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} In the reign of the next pharaoh, [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten "Akhenaten") (reigned {{circa}} 1352 to {{circa}} 1335 BC) both father and son caused infinite trouble to loyal servants of Egypt like [Rib\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda "Rib-Hadda"), governor of [Gubla](/wiki/Byblos "Byblos") (Gebal),{{sfn\|Cheyne\|1911\|p\=141}} by transferring their loyalty from the Egyptian crown to the Hittite Empire under [Suppiluliuma I](/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I "Suppiluliuma I") (reigned {{circa}} 1344–1322 BC).{{cite book \|first\=A. Leo \|last\=Oppenheim \|title\=Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2yxOCgAAQBAJ \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|isbn\=9780226177670 \|year\=2013 \|access\-date\=9 October 2018 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061904/https://books.google.com/books?id\=2yxOCgAAQBAJ \|url\-status\=live }} Egyptian power in Canaan thus suffered a major setback when the Hittites (or Hat.ti) advanced into Syria in the reign of Amenhotep III, and when they became even more threatening in that of his successor, displacing the Amorites and prompting a resumption of Semitic migration. Abdi\-Ashirta and his son Aziru, at first afraid of the Hittites, afterwards made a treaty with their king, and joining with the Hittites, attacked and conquered the districts remaining loyal to Egypt. In vain did Rib\-Hadda send touching appeals for aid to the distant Pharaoh, who was far too engaged in his religious innovations to attend to such messages.{{sfn\|Cheyne\|1911\|p\=141}} The Amarna letters tell of the Habiri in northern Syria. [Etakkama](/wiki/Etakkama "Etakkama") wrote thus to the Pharaoh: {{blockquote\|Behold, \[\[Biryawaza\|Namyawaza]] has surrendered all the cities of the king, my lord to the {{transliteration\|Xsux\|SA\-GAZ}} in the land of \[\[Kadesh (Syria)\|Kadesh]] and in \[\[Upu\|Ubi]]. But I will go, and if thy gods and thy sun go before me, I will bring back the cities to the king, my lord, from the Habiri, to show myself subject to him; and I will expel the {{transliteration\|Xsux\|SA\-GAZ}}.}} [thumb\|Canaanite sarcophagi ([Israel Museum](/wiki/Israel_Museum "Israel Museum"))](/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg "Sarcophagus of Canaanites.jpg") Similarly, [Zimrida](/wiki/Zimredda_%28Sidon_mayor%29 "Zimredda (Sidon mayor)"), king of [Sidon](/wiki/Sidon "Sidon") (named 'Siduna'), declared, "All my cities which the king has given into my hand, have come into the hand of the Habiri." The king of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), [Abdi\-Heba](/wiki/Abdi-Heba "Abdi-Heba"), reported to the Pharaoh: {{blockquote\|If (Egyptian) troops come this year, lands and princes will remain to the king, my lord; but if troops come not, these lands and princes will not remain to the king, my lord.}} Abdi\-heba's principal trouble arose from persons called [Iilkili](/wiki/Iilkili "Iilkili") and the sons of [Labaya](/wiki/Labaya "Labaya"), who are said to have entered into a treasonable league with the Habiri. Apparently this restless warrior found his death at the siege of [Gina](/wiki/Gina_%28Canaan%29 "Gina (Canaan)"). All these princes, however, maligned each other in their letters to the Pharaoh, and protested their own innocence of traitorous intentions. Namyawaza, for instance, whom Etakkama (see above) accused of disloyalty, wrote thus to the Pharaoh,{{sfn\|Cheyne\|1911\|p\=141}} {{blockquote\|Behold, I and my warriors and my chariots, together with my brethren and my {{transliteration\|Xsux\|SA\-GAZ}}, and my \[\[Sutean\|Suti]] ?9 are at the disposal of the (royal) troops to go whithersoever the king, my lord, commands."El Amarna letter, EA 189\.}} [thumb\|Merneptah Stele (JE 31408\) from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo](/wiki/File:Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg "Merneptah Steli (cropped).jpg") Around the beginning of the [New Kingdom](/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt "New Kingdom of Egypt") period, Egypt exerted rule over much of the Levant. Rule remained strong during the [Eighteenth Dynasty](/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt"), but Egypt's rule became precarious during the [Nineteenth](/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty "Nineteenth Dynasty") and [Twentieth Dynasties](/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty "Twentieth Dynasty"). [Ramses II](/wiki/Ramses_II "Ramses II") was able to maintain control over it in the [stalemated battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh "Battle of Kadesh") against the Hittites at [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 "Kadesh (Syria)") in 1275 BC, but soon thereafter, the Hittites successfully took over the northern Levant (Syria and Amurru). Ramses II, obsessed with his own building projects while neglecting Asiatic contacts, allowed control over the region to continue dwindling. During the reign of his successor [Merneptah](/wiki/Merneptah "Merneptah"), the [Merneptah Stele](/wiki/Merneptah_Stele "Merneptah Stele") was issued which claimed to have destroyed various sites in the southern Levant, including a people known as "Israel". However, archaeological findings show no destruction at any of the sites mentioned in the Merneptah Stele and so it is considered to be an exercise in propaganda, and the campaign most likely avoided the central highlands in the southern Levant. Egypt's withdrawal from the [southern Levant](/wiki/Southern_Levant "Southern Levant") was a protracted process lasting some one hundred years beginning in the late 13th century BC and ending close to the end of the 12th century BC. The reason for the Egypt's withdrawal was most likely a product of the political turmoil in Egypt proper rather than the invasion by the [Sea Peoples](/wiki/Sea_Peoples "Sea Peoples") as there is little evidence that the Sea Peoples caused much destruction ca. 1200 BC. Many Egyptian garrisons or sites with an “Egyptian governor's residence” in the southern Levant were abandoned without destruction including [Deir al\-Balah](/wiki/Deir_al-Balah "Deir al-Balah"), [Ascalon](/wiki/Ascalon "Ascalon"), Tel Mor, [Tell el\-Far'ah (South)](/wiki/Tell_el-Far%27ah_%28South%29 "Tell el-Far'ah (South)"), [Tel Gerisa](/wiki/Tel_Gerisa "Tel Gerisa"), [Tell Jemmeh](/wiki/Tell_Jemmeh "Tell Jemmeh"), [Tel Masos](/wiki/Tel_Masos "Tel Masos"), and Qubur el\-Walaydah.{{Cite journal \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse Michael \|date\=2018 \|title\=Destruction and the Fall of Egyptian Hegemony Over the Southern Levant \|url\=http://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/id/1347/ \|journal\=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections \|volume\=19 \|issue\=1 \|issn\=1944\-2815 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-11\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103165106/https://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/id/1347/ \|url\-status\=live }} Not all Egyptian sites in the southern Levant were abandoned without destruction. The Egyptian garrison at [Aphek](/wiki/Aphek_%28biblical%29 "Aphek (biblical)") was destroyed, likely in an act of warfare at the end of the 13th century.{{Cite book \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \|title\=Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. In Fischer, P. And T.Burge (eds.), "Sea Peoples" Up\-to\-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th–11th Centuries BC. 113–140\. \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \|jstor\=j.ctt1v2xvsn \|isbn\=978\-3\-7001\-7963\-4 \|edition\=1 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2023\-02\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105036/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \|url\-status\=live }} The Egyptian gate complex uncovered at [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa "Jaffa") was destroyed at the end of the 12th century between 1134\-1115 based on C14 dates,{{Cite web \|last\=Burke \|first\=Aaron \|date\=2017 \|title\=Burke et al. Excavations of the New Kingdom Fortress in Jaffa, 2011–2014: Traces of Resistance to Egyptian Rule in Canaan {{!}} American Journal of Archaeology: 85–133 \|url\=https://www.ajaonline.org/field\-report/3356 \|access\-date\= \|website\=American Journal of Archaeology \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2022\-11\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103125132/https://www.ajaonline.org/field\-report/3356 \|url\-status\=live }} while [Beth\-Shean](/wiki/Beit_She%27an "Beit She'an") was partially though not completely destroyed, possibly by an earthquake, in the mid\-12th century. #### Amarna letters [thumbnail\|Amarna tablet EA 9](/wiki/File:BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg "BM 29785 EA 9 Reverse v2.jpg") References to Canaanites are also found throughout the Amarna letters of Pharaoh [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten "Akhenaten") {{circa\|1350}} BC. In these letters, some of which were sent by governors and princes of Canaan to their Egyptian overlord [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten "Akhenaten") (Amenhotep IV) in the 14th century BC, are found, beside *Amar* and *Amurru* ([Amorites](/wiki/Amorites "Amorites")), the two forms *Kinahhi* and *Kinahni*, corresponding to *Kena* and *Kena'an* respectively, and including [Syria in its widest extent](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 "Syria (region)"), as [Eduard Meyer](/wiki/Eduard_Meyer "Eduard Meyer") has shown. The letters are written in the official and diplomatic [East Semitic](/wiki/East_Semitic "East Semitic") [Akkadian language](/wiki/Akkadian_language "Akkadian language") of [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria "Assyria") and [Babylonia](/wiki/Babylonia "Babylonia"), though "Canaanitish" words and idioms are also in evidence.{{sfn\|Cheyne\|1911\|p\=140 fn. 3}} The known references are:{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}} * EA 8: Letter from [Burna\-Buriash II](/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II "Burna-Buriash II") to [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten "Akhenaten"), explaining that his merchants "were detained in Canaan for business matters", robbed and killed "in Hinnatuna of the land of Canaan" by the rulers of [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel "Acre, Israel") and Shamhuna, and asks for compensation because "Canaan is your country" * [EA 9](/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_9 "Amarna letter EA 9"): Letter from [Burna\-Buriash II](/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II "Burna-Buriash II") to [Tutankhamun](/wiki/Tutankhamun "Tutankhamun"), "all the Canaanites wrote to [Kurigalzu](/wiki/Kurigalzu_I "Kurigalzu I") saying 'come to the border of the country so we can revolt and be allied with you'" * EA 30: Letter from [Tushratta](/wiki/Tushratta "Tushratta"): "To the kings of Canaan... Provide \[my messenger] with safe entry into Egypt" * EA 109: Letter of [Rib\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda "Rib-Hadda"): "Previously, on seeing a man from Egypt, the kings of Canaan fled before him, but now the sons of [Abdi\-Ashirta](/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta "Abdi-Ashirta") make men from Egypt prowl about like dogs" * EA 110: Letter of [Rib\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda "Rib-Hadda"): "No ship of the army is to leave Canaan" * EA 131: Letter of [Rib\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda "Rib-Hadda"): "If he does not send archers, they will take \[Byblos] and all the other cities and the lands of Canaan will not belong to the king. May the king ask [Yanhamu](/wiki/Yanhamu "Yanhamu") about these matters." * EA 137: Letter of [Rib\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda "Rib-Hadda"): "If the king neglects [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos "Byblos"), of all the cities of Canaan, not one will be his" * [EA 367](/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_367 "Amarna letter EA 367"): "Hani son (of) Mairēya, "chief of the stable" of the king in Canaan" * EA 162: Letter to [Aziru](/wiki/Aziru "Aziru"): "You yourself know that the king does not want to go against all of Canaan when he rages" * EA 148: Letter from [Abimilku](/wiki/Abimilku "Abimilku") to the Pharaoh: "\[The king] has taken over the land of the king for the 'Apiru. May the king ask his commissioner, who is familiar with Canaan" * EA 151: Letter from [Abimilku](/wiki/Abimilku "Abimilku") to the Pharaoh: "The king, my lord wrote to me: 'write to me what you have heard from Canaan'." Abimilku describes in response what has happened in eastern [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia "Cilicia") ([Danuna](/wiki/Danuna "Danuna")), the northern coast of Syria ([Ugarit](/wiki/Ugarit "Ugarit")), in Syria ([Qadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 "Kadesh (Syria)"), [Amurru](/wiki/Amurru_kingdom "Amurru kingdom"), and [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus")) as well as in [Sidon](/wiki/Sidon "Sidon"). #### Other Late Bronze Age mentions Text RS 20\.182 from [Ugarit](/wiki/Ugarit "Ugarit") is a copy of a letter of the king of Ugarit to [Ramesses II](/wiki/Ramesses_II "Ramesses II") concerning money paid by "the sons of the land of Ugarit" to the "foreman of the sons of the land of Canaan (*\*kn'ny*)" According to Jonathan Tubb, this suggests that the people of Ugarit, contrary to much modern opinion, considered themselves to be non\-Canaanite.{{rp\|16}} The other Ugarit reference, KTU 4\.96, shows a list of traders assigned to royal estates, one of the estates having three Ugaritans, an Ashdadite, an Egyptian and a Canaanite.{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}} ##### Ashur tablets A Middle [Assyrian](/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri "Ktav Ashuri") letter during the reign of [Shalmaneser I](/wiki/Shalmaneser_I "Shalmaneser I") includes a reference to the "travel to Canaan" of an Assyrian official.{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}} ##### Hattusa letters Four references are known from Hattusa:{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}} * An evocation to the Cedar Gods: Includes reference to Canaan alongside Sidon, Tyre and possibly Amurru * KBo XXVIII 1: [Ramesses II](/wiki/Ramesses_II "Ramesses II") letter to [Hattusili III](/wiki/Hattusili_III "Hattusili III"), in which Ramesses suggested he would meet "his brother" in Canaan and bring him to Egypt * KUB III 57 (also KUB III 37 \+ KBo I 17\): Broken text which may refer to Canaan as an Egyptian sub\-district * KBo I 15\+19: [Ramesses II](/wiki/Ramesses_II "Ramesses II") letter to [Hattusili III](/wiki/Hattusili_III "Hattusili III"), describing Ramesses' visit to the "land of Canaan on his way to Kinza and Harita ### Bronze Age collapse {{main\|Late Bronze Age collapse}} [thumb\|Map of Canaan during the Late Bronze Age](/wiki/File:CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg "CarteCanaanAuBronzeRécent.jpg") Ann Killebrew has shown that cities such as [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") were large and important walled settlements in the pre\-Israelite [Middle Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age") IIB and the Israelite Iron Age IIC period ({{circa\|1800–1550}} and {{circa\|720–586}} BC), but that during the intervening [Late Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse "Bronze Age collapse") (LB) and [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") I and IIA/B Ages sites like [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") were small and relatively insignificant and unfortified towns.{{cite book \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=yYS4VEu08h4C \|editor1\-last\=Killebrew \|editor1\-first\=Ann E. \|chapter\=Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment \|editor2\-first\=Andrew G. \|editor2\-last\=Vaughn \|first\=Ann E. \|last\=Killebrew \|title\=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period \|publisher\=Society of Biblical Literature \|year\=2003 \|isbn\=9781589830660 \|access\-date\=9 October 2018 \|archive\-date\=1 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id\=yYS4VEu08h4C \|url\-status\=live }} Just after the Amarna period, a new problem arose which was to trouble the Egyptian control of southern Canaan (the rest of the region then being under Assyrian control). Pharaoh Horemhab campaigned against [Shasu](/wiki/Shasu "Shasu") (Egyptian \= "wanderers"){{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} living in [nomadic pastoralist](/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralist "Nomadic pastoralist") tribes, who had moved across the [Jordan River](/wiki/Jordan_River "Jordan River") to threaten Egyptian trade through [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee "Galilee") and [Jezreel](/wiki/Jezreel_%28city%29 "Jezreel (city)"). [Seti I](/wiki/Seti_I "Seti I") ({{circa\|1290}} BC) is said to have conquered these Shasu, Semitic\-speaking nomads living just south and east of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea"), from the fortress of Taru (Shtir?) to "*Ka\-n\-'\-na*". After the near collapse of the [Battle of Kadesh](/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh "Battle of Kadesh"), [Rameses II](/wiki/Rameses_II "Rameses II") had to campaign vigorously in Canaan to maintain Egyptian power. Egyptian forces penetrated into [Moab](/wiki/Moab "Moab") and [Ammon](/wiki/Ammon "Ammon"), where a permanent fortress garrison (called simply "Rameses") was established. Some believe the "[Habiru](/wiki/Habiru "Habiru")" signified generally all the nomadic tribes known as "Hebrews", and particularly the early [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites "Israelites") of the period of the "[judges](/wiki/Biblical_judges "Biblical judges")", who sought to appropriate the fertile region for themselves.{{cite web \|last\=Wolfe \|first\=Robert \|title\=From Habiru to Hebrews: The Roots of the Jewish Tradition \|work\=New English Review \|url\=https://www.newenglishreview.org/Robert\_Wolfe/From\_Habiru\_to\_Hebrews%3A\_The\_Roots\_of\_the\_Jewish\_Tradition/ \|access\-date\=9 October 2018 \|archive\-date\=22 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522082405/https://www.newenglishreview.org/Robert\_Wolfe/From\_Habiru\_to\_Hebrews:\_The\_Roots\_of\_the\_Jewish\_Tradition/ \|url\-status\=dead }} However, the term was rarely used to describe the Shasu. Whether the term may also include other related ancient Semitic\-speaking peoples such as the [Moabites](/wiki/Moab "Moab"), [Ammonites](/wiki/Ammon "Ammon") and [Edomites](/wiki/Edom "Edom") is uncertain.{{cite book \|last1\=Boyer \|first1\=P. J. \|title\=The Book of Joshua \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-107\-65095\-4 \|pages\=xiv–xv \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=V9dkAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PR14 \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-02\-24 \|archive\-date\=2024\-04\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061904/https://books.google.com/books?id\=V9dkAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PR14\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false \|url\-status\=live }} There is little evidence that any major city or settlement in the southern Levant was destroyed around 1200 BC.{{Cite journal \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|date\=2018 \|title\=Millek, J.M. 2018\. Just how much was destroyed? The end of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. Ugarit\-Forschungen 49: 239–274\. \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/42097042 \|journal\=Ugarit\-Forschungen \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/42097042 \|url\-status\=live }} At [Lachish](/wiki/Lachish "Lachish"), The Fosse Temple III was ritually terminated while a house in Area S appears to have burned in a house fire as the most severe evidence of burning was next to two ovens while no other part of the city had evidence of burning. After this though the city was rebuilt in a grander fashion than before.{{Cite book \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \|title\=Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. in Fischer, P. and T. Burge (eds.), "Sea Peoples" Up\-to\-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th–11th Centuries BC. \|date\=2017 \|publisher\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \|isbn\=978\-3\-7001\-7963\-4 \|edition\=1 \|pages\=127–128 \|jstor\=j.ctt1v2xvsn \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2023\-02\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105036/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \|url\-status\=live }} For [Megiddo](/wiki/Megiddo%2C_Israel "Megiddo, Israel"), most parts of the city did not have any signs of damage and it is only possible that the palace in Area AA might have been destroyed though this is not certain. While the monumental structures at Hazor were indeed destroyed, this destruction was in the mid\-13th century BC long before the end of the Late Bronze Age began.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Ben\-Tor \|first1\=Amnon \|last2\=Zuckerman \|first2\=Sharon \|date\=2008 \|title\=Hazor at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Back to Basics \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263 \|journal\=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research \|volume\=350 \|issue\=350 \|pages\=1–6 \|doi\=10\.1086/BASOR25609263 \|jstor\=25609263 \|s2cid\=163208536 \|issn\=0003\-097X \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-11\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104132835/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263 \|url\-status\=live }} However, many sites were not burned to the ground around 1200 BC including: [Asqaluna](/wiki/Ascalon "Ascalon"), [Ashdod\_(ancient\_city)](/wiki/Ashdod_%28ancient_city%29 "Ashdod (ancient city)"), [Tell es\-Safi](/wiki/Tell_es-Safi "Tell es-Safi"), [Tel Batash](/wiki/Timnah "Timnah"), [Tel Burna](/wiki/Tel_Burna "Tel Burna"), [Tel Dor](/wiki/Tel_Dor "Tel Dor"), [Tel Gerisa](/wiki/Tel_Gerisa "Tel Gerisa"), [Tell Jemmeh](/wiki/Tell_Jemmeh "Tell Jemmeh"), Khirbet Rabud, [Tel Zeror](/wiki/Tel_Zeror "Tel Zeror"), and [Tell Abu Hawam](/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hawam "Tell Abu Hawam") among others. Despite many theories which claim that trade relations broke down after 1200 BC in the southern Levant, there is ample evidence that trade with other regions continued after the end of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant.{{Cite book \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \|title\=Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9\. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. \|date\=2019 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite journal \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|date\=2022 \|title\=The Impact of Destruction on Trade at the End of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. In: F. Hagemeyer (ed.), Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 39–60\. \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/74756865 \|journal\=Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods New Studies on Jerusalem's Relations with the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel/Palestine (C. 1200–300 BC) Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times IV \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160557/https://www.academia.edu/74756865 \|url\-status\=live }} Archaeologist Jesse Millek has shown that while the common assumption is that trade in Cypriot and Mycenaean pottery ended around 1200 BC, trade in [Cypriot pottery](/wiki/Cypriot_pottery "Cypriot pottery") actually largely came to an end at 1300, while for [Mycenaean pottery](/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery "Mycenaean pottery"), this trade ended at 1250 BC, and destruction around 1200 BC could not have affected either pattern of international trade since it ended before the end of the Late Bronze Age.{{Cite book \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \|title\=Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9\. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. \|date\=2019 \|pages\=180–212 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \|url\-status\=live }} He has also demonstrated that trade with [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") continued after 1200 BC.{{Cite book \|last\=Millek \|first\=Jesse \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \|title\=Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9\. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. \|date\=2019 \|pages\=217–238 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \|url\-status\=live }} Archaeometallurgical studies performed by various teams have also shown that trade in [tin](/wiki/Tin "Tin"), a non\-local metal necessary to make [bronze](/wiki/Bronze "Bronze"), did not stop or decrease after 1200 BC, even though the closest source of the metal were modern Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, or perhaps even Cornwall, England.{{Cite journal \|last\=Yahalom\-Mack \|first\=N. \|date\=2014 \|title\=N. Yahalom\-Mack, E. Galili, E., I. Segal, A. Eliyahu\-Behar, E. Boaretto, S. Shilstein and I. Finkelstein, New Insights to Levantine Copper Trade: Analysis of Ingots from the Bronze and Iron Ages in Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 45 (2014\), pp. 159–177\. \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/30800615 \|journal\=Journal of Archaeological Science \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160554/https://www.academia.edu/30800615 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite journal \|last\=Ashkenazi \|first\=D. \|date\=2016 \|title\=Ashkenazi, D., Bunimovitz, S. and Stern, A. 2016\. Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Thirteenth\-Twelfth Centuries BC Bronze Objects from Tel Beth\-Shemesh, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6: 170–181 \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/28132010 \|journal\=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160552/https://www.academia.edu/28132010 \|url\-status\=live }} [Lead](/wiki/Lead "Lead") from [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia "Sardinia") was still being imported to the southern Levant after 1200 BC during the early Iron Age.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Yagel \|first1\=Omri \|last2\=Ben\-Yosef \|first2\=Erez \|title\=Lead in the Levant during the Late Bronze and early Iron Ages \|url\=https://www.academia.edu/88829580 \|journal\=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports \|year\=2022 \|volume\=46 \|pages\=103649 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.jasrep.2022\.103649 \|bibcode\=2022JArSR..46j3649Y \|issn\=2352\-409X \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-11 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160554/https://www.academia.edu/88829580 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Iron Age [thumb\|Levant (c. 830 BC)](/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png "Kingdoms of the Levant Map 830.png") {{Main\|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} By the [Early Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age"), the southern Levant came to be dominated by the [kingdoms of Israel and Judah](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah "History of ancient Israel and Judah"), besides the [Philistine](/wiki/Philistines "Philistines") city\-states on the Mediterranean coast, and the kingdoms of [Moab](/wiki/Moab "Moab"), [Ammon](/wiki/Ammon "Ammon"), and [Aram\-Damascus](/wiki/Aram-Damascus "Aram-Damascus") east of the Jordan River, and [Edom](/wiki/Edom "Edom") to the south. The northern Levant was divided into various petty kingdoms, the so\-called [Syro\-Hittite states](/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states "Syro-Hittite states") and the Phoenician city\-states.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} The entire region (including all Phoenician/Canaanite and [Aramean](/wiki/Arameans "Arameans") states, together with [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), [Philistia](/wiki/Philistia "Philistia"), and [Samaria](/wiki/Samaria "Samaria")) was conquered by the [Neo\-Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire") during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, and would remain so for three hundred years until the end of the 7th century BC.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} Emperor\-kings such as [Ashurnasirpal](/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II "Ashurnasirpal II"), [Adad\-nirari II](/wiki/Adad-nirari_II "Adad-nirari II"), [Sargon II](/wiki/Sargon_II "Sargon II"), [Tiglath\-Pileser III](/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III "Tiglath-Pileser III"), [Esarhaddon](/wiki/Esarhaddon "Esarhaddon"), [Sennacherib](/wiki/Sennacherib "Sennacherib") and [Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Ashurbanipal "Ashurbanipal") came to dominate Canaanite affairs. During the [Twenty\-fifth Dynasty](/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt") the Egyptians made a failed attempt to regain a foothold in the region but were vanquished by the Neo\-Assyrian Empire, leading to an [Assyrian conquest of Egypt](/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt "Assyrian conquest of Egypt"). Between 616 and 605 BC the Neo\-Assyrian Empire collapsed due to a series of bitter civil wars, followed by an attack by an alliance of [Babylonians](/wiki/Babylonians "Babylonians"), [Medes](/wiki/Medes "Medes"), and Persians and the [Scythians](/wiki/Scythians "Scythians"). The [Neo\-Babylonian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire "Neo-Babylonian Empire") inherited the western part of the empire, including all the lands in Canaan and [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"), together with [Kingdom of Israel](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28Samaria%29 "Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)") and the [Kingdom of Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah "Kingdom of Judah").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} They successfully defeated the Egyptians and remained in the region in an attempt to regain a foothold in the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East "Near East"). The Neo\-Babylonian Empire itself collapsed in 539 BC, and the region became a part of the [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire "Achaemenid Empire"). It remained so until in 332 BC it was conquered by the [Greeks](/wiki/Greeks "Greeks") under [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great"), later to fall to the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") in the late 2nd century BC, and then [Byzantium](/wiki/Byzantium "Byzantium"), until the [Arab](/wiki/Arab "Arab") conquest in the 7th century AD.{{cite book \|first\=Georges \|last\=Roux \|title\=Ancient Iraq \|isbn\=9780141938257 \|year\=1992 \|publisher\=Penguin Books \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=klZX8B\_RzzYC \|access\-date\=9 October 2018}} ### Egyptian hieroglyphic and hieratic (1500–1000 BC) {{Further\|Timeline of the name Palestine}} [thumb\|right\|150px\|The name "Canaan" occurs in [hieroglyphs](/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs "Egyptian hieroglyphs") as {{transliteration\|egy\|k3nˁnˁ}} on the [Merneptah Stele](/wiki/Merneptah_Stele "Merneptah Stele") in the 13th century BC](/wiki/File:KAnana.gif "KAnana.gif") During the 2nd millennium BC, [Ancient Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt "Ancient Egypt") texts use the term "Canaan" to refer to an Egyptian\-ruled colony, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible"), bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of [Hamath](/wiki/Hama%23Hama_in_the_Bible "Hama#Hama in the Bible") in Syria, to the east by the [Jordan Valley](/wiki/Jordan_Valley_%28Middle_East%29 "Jordan Valley (Middle East)"), and to the south by a line extended from the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea") to around [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_City "Gaza City"). Nevertheless, the Egyptian and [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language "Hebrew language") uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of [Qadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 "Kadesh (Syria)") in northwest Syria near Turkey as part of the "Land of Canaan", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire [Levantine](/wiki/Levant "Levant") coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, [Retjenu](/wiki/Retjenu "Retjenu").{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} Lebanon, in northern Canaan, bordered by the [Litani river](/wiki/Litani_River "Litani River") to the watershed of the [Orontes River](/wiki/Orontes_River "Orontes River"), was known by the Egyptians as upper [Retjenu](/wiki/Retjenu "Retjenu").{{cite book \|last\=Breasted \|first\=J.H. \|year\=1906 \|title\=Ancient records of Egypt \|publisher\=University of Illinois Press}} In Egyptian campaign accounts, the term [Djahi](/wiki/Djahi "Djahi") was used to refer to the watershed of the Jordan river. Many earlier Egyptian sources also mention numerous military campaigns conducted in *Ka\-na\-na*, just inside Asia.{{cite book \|last\=Redford \|first\=Donald B. \|year\=1993 \|title\=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times \|publisher\=Princeton University Press \|isbn\=9780691000862 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=gkN9QgAACAAJ \|access\-date\=9 October 2018}} [thumb\|[Ramesses III prisoner tiles](/wiki/Ramesses_III_prisoner_tiles "Ramesses III prisoner tiles") depicting {{citation needed span\|Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives\|date\=March 2019}}](/wiki/File:Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png "Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives from Ramses III's tile collection; By Niv Lugassi.png") Archaeological attestation of the name "Canaan" in [Ancient Near Eastern](/wiki/Ancient_Near_East "Ancient Near East") sources relates almost exclusively to the period in which the region operated as a colony of the [New Kingdom of Egypt](/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt "New Kingdom of Egypt") (16th–11th centuries BC), with usage of the name almost disappearing following the [Late Bronze Age collapse](/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse "Late Bronze Age collapse") ({{circa\|1206–1150}} BC).{{sfn\|Drews\|1998\|p\=61\|ps\=: "The name 'Canaan', never very popular, went out of vogue with the collapse of the Egyptian empire."}} The references suggest that during this period the term was familiar to the region's neighbors on all sides, although scholars have disputed to what extent such references provide a coherent description of its location and boundaries, and regarding whether the inhabitants used the term to describe themselves.For details of the disputes, see the works of Lemche and Na'aman, the main protagonists. 16 references are known in Egyptian sources, from the [Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt](/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt "Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt") onwards.{{sfn\|Na'aman\|2005\|pp\=110–120}} * [Amenhotep II](/wiki/Amenhotep_II "Amenhotep II") inscriptions: Canaanites are included in a list of prisoners of war * Three topographical lists * [Papyrus Anastasi I](/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_I "Papyrus Anastasi I") 27,1" refers to the route from Sile to Gaza "the \[foreign countries] of the end of the land of Canaan" * [Merneptah Stele](/wiki/Merneptah_Stele "Merneptah Stele") * [Papyrus Anastasi IIIA](/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_IIIA "Papyrus Anastasi IIIA") 5–6 and [Papyrus Anastasi IV](/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_IV "Papyrus Anastasi IV") 16,4 refer to "Canaanite slaves from Hurru" * [Papyrus Harris](/wiki/Papyrus_Harris "Papyrus Harris"){{cite book \|last\=Higginbotham \|first\=Carolyn \|title\=Egyptianization and Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine: Governance and Accommodation on the Imperial Periphery \|year\=2000 \|publisher\=Brill Academic Pub. \|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-11768\-6 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iiTbEFrLSc8C\&pg\=PA57 \|page\=57 \|access\-date\=9 October 2018}} After the collapse of the Levant under the so\-called "[Peoples of the Sea](/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Sea "Peoples of the Sea")" [Ramesses III](/wiki/Ramesses_III "Ramesses III") ({{circa\|1194}} BC) is said to have built a temple to the god [Amen](/wiki/Amun "Amun") to receive tribute from the southern Levant. This was described as being built in *Pa\-Canaan*, a geographical reference whose meaning is disputed, with suggestions that it may refer to the city of Gaza or to the entire Egyptian\-occupied territory in the southwest corner of the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East "Near East").{{cite journal \|last1\=Hasel \|first1\=Michael G. \|title\=Pa\-Canaan in the Egyptian New Kingdom: Canaan or Gaza? \|journal\=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections \|date\=2009 \|volume\=1 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=8–17 \|url\=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/5 \|access\-date\=9 October 2018 \|doi\=10\.2458/azu\_jaei\_v01i1\_hasel \|archive\-date\=2 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103017/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/5 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Greco\-Roman historiography {{Further\|Syria Phoenicia (disambiguation){{!}}Syria Phoenicia\|Palestine (region){{!}}Palestine}} The Greek term *Phoenicia* is first attested in the first two works of [Western literature](/wiki/Western_literature "Western literature"), [Homer](/wiki/Homer "Homer")'s *[Iliad](/wiki/Iliad "Iliad")* and *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey")*. It does not occur in the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible "Hebrew Bible"), but occurs three times in the [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament "New Testament") in the [Book of Acts](/wiki/Book_of_Acts "Book of Acts").[The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopaedia](https://archive.org/stream/popularandcriti01willgoog/popularandcriti01willgoog_djvu.txt), The three occasions are {{Bibleverse\|Acts\|11:19}}, {{Bibleverse\|Acts\|15:3}} and {{Bibleverse\|Acts\|21:2}} In the 6th century BC, [Hecataeus of Miletus](/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus "Hecataeus of Miletus") affirms that Phoenicia was formerly called {{Lang\|grc\|χνα}}, a name that [Philo of Byblos](/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos "Philo of Byblos") subsequently adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called [Phoinix](/wiki/Phoenicians "Phoenicians")". Quoting fragments attributed to [Sanchuniathon](/wiki/Sanchuniathon "Sanchuniathon"), he relates that [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos "Byblos"), [Berytus](/wiki/Berytus "Berytus") and [Tyre](/wiki/Tyre_%28Lebanon%29 "Tyre (Lebanon)") were among the first cities ever built, under the rule of the mythical [Cronus](/wiki/Cronus "Cronus"), and credits the inhabitants with developing fishing, hunting, agriculture, shipbuilding and writing. Coins of the city of [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") / Laodicea bear the legend, "Of Laodicea, a metropolis in Canaan"; these coins are dated to the reign of [Antiochus IV](/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Syria "Antiochus IV of Syria") (175–164 BC) and his successors until 123 BC. [thumb\|Coin of [Alexander II Zabinas](/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas "Alexander II Zabinas") with the inscription "Laodikeia, metropole of Canaan"{{cite book\|last\=Cohen\|first\=Getzel M.\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RqdPcxuNthcC\&pg\=PA205\|title\=The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa\|publisher\=University of California Press\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-93102\-2\|page\=205\|quote\=Berytos, being part of Phoenicia, was under Ptolemaic control until 200 BC. After the battle of Panion Phoenicia and southern Syria passed to the Seleucids. In the second century BC, Laodikeia issued both autonomous as well as quasi\-autonomous coins. The autonomous bronze coins had a Tyche on the obverse. The reverse often had Poseidon or Astarte standing on the prow of a ship, the letters BH or \[lambda alpha] and the monogram \[phi], that is, the initials of Berytos/Laodikeia and Phoenicia, and, on a few coins, the Phoenician legend LL'DK' 'S BKN 'N or LL'DK' 'M BKN ’N, which has been read as "Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan" or "Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan." The quasi\-municipal coins—issued under Antiochos IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC) and continuing with Alexander I Balas (150–145 BC), Demetrios II Nikator (146–138 BC), and Alexander II Zabinas (128–123 n.c.)—contained the king's head on the obverse, and on the reverse the name of the king in Greek, the city name in Phoenician (LL'DK' 'S BKN ’N or LL'DK’ 'M BKN 'N), the Greek letters \[lambda alpha], and the monogram \[phi]. After {{circa\|123}} BC, the Phoenician "Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan" / "Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan" is no longer attested\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|archive\-date\=29 April 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062427/https://books.google.com/books?id\=RqdPcxuNthcC\&pg\=PA205\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}](/wiki/File:Laodikeia_Canaan.png "Laodikeia Canaan.png")[Saint Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo "Augustine of Hippo") also mentions that one of the terms the seafaring Phoenicians called their homeland was "Canaan". Augustine also records that the rustic people of [Hippo](/wiki/Hippo_Regius "Hippo Regius") in North Africa retained the [Punic](/wiki/Punic_language "Punic language") self\-designation *Chanani*.*Epistulae ad Romanos expositio inchoate expositio,* 13 (Migne, [Patrologia Latina](/wiki/Patrologia_Latina "Patrologia Latina"), vol.35 p.2096\):'Interrogati rustici nostri quid sint, punice respondents chanani.'{{cite book\|last\=Shaw\|first\=Brent D.\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=F8ZRPTgcjrcC\|title\=Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9780521196055\|page\=431\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|archive\-date\=29 April 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062428/https://books.google.com/books?id\=F8ZRPTgcjrcC\|url\-status\=live}} Since 'punic' in Latin also meant 'non\-Roman', some scholars, however, argue that the language referred to as Punic in Augustine may have been [Libyan](/wiki/Berber_languages "Berber languages").{{cite book\|last\=Ellingsen\|first\=Mark\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZeU4uCL8DfUC\&pg\=PA9\|title\=The Richness of Augustine: His Contextual and Pastoral Theology\|publisher\=Westminster John Knox Press\|year\=2005\|isbn\=9780664226183\|page\=9\|access\-date\=9 October 2018}} The Greeks also popularized the term *Palestine*, named after the Philistines or the Aegean [Pelasgians](/wiki/Pelasgians "Pelasgians"), for roughly the region of Canaan, excluding Phoenicia, with [Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus "Herodotus")' first recorded use of *[Palaistinê](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine "Timeline of the name Palestine")*, {{circa\|480}} BC. From 110 BC, the [Hasmoneans](/wiki/Hasmoneans "Hasmoneans") extended their authority over much of the region, creating a [Judean](/wiki/Judean "Judean")\-[Samaritan](/wiki/Samaritan "Samaritan")\-[Idumaean](/wiki/Idumaean "Idumaean")\-[Ituraean](/wiki/Ituraean "Ituraean")\-[Galilean](/wiki/Galilean "Galilean") alliance. The Judean (Jewish, see [Ioudaioi](/wiki/Ioudaioi "Ioudaioi")) control over the wider area resulted in it also becoming known as [Judaea](/wiki/Judaea "Judaea"), a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the [Judean Mountains](/wiki/Judean_Mountains "Judean Mountains"), the allotment of the [Tribe of Judah](/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah "Tribe of Judah") and heartland of the former [Kingdom of Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah "Kingdom of Judah").{{cite book\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge\-history\-of\-judaism/6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB\|title\=The Cambridge History of Judaism\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=2008\|isbn\=9781139053662\|editor1\-last\=Horbury\|editor1\-first\=William\|volume\=3\|page\=210\|doi\=10\.1017/CHOL9780521243773\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|editor2\-last\=Davies\|editor2\-first\=W. D.\|editor3\-last\=Sturdy\|editor3\-first\=John\|archive\-date\=10 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010121333/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge\-history\-of\-judaism/6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB\|url\-status\=live}} "In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'"{{cite book\|url\=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv\|title\=A History of the Jewish People\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|year\=1976\|isbn\=9780674397316\|editor\-last\=Ben\-Sasson\|editor\-first\=Haim Hillel\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/226 226]\|quote\=The name Judea no longer referred only to....\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|url\-access\=registration}} Between 73–63 BC, the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic") extended its influence into the region in the [Third Mithridatic War](/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War "Third Mithridatic War"), conquering Judea in 63 BC, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. Around 130–135 AD, as a result of the suppression of the [Bar Kochba](/wiki/Bar_Kochba "Bar Kochba") revolt, the province of Iudaea was joined with [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee "Galilee") to form a new province of [Syria Palaestina](/wiki/Syria_Palaestina "Syria Palaestina"). There is [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence "Circumstantial evidence") linking [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian") with the name change,{{cite journal\|last1\=Feldman\|first1\=Louis\|year\=1990\|title\=Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pACJYw0bg3QC\&pg\=PA553\|journal\=Hebrew Union College Annual\|volume\=61\|pages\=1–23\|isbn\=978\-9004104181\|access\-date\=9 October 2018}} although the precise date is not certain, and the interpretation of some scholars that the name change may have been intended "to complete the dissociation with Judaea"{{cite encyclopedia\|url\=http://www.usd.edu/\~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm\#135\-337\|title\=Palestine: History\|last\=Lehmann\|first\=Clayton Miles\|date\=Summer 1998\|publisher\=University of South Dakota\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811054625/http://www.usd.edu/\~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm\|archive\-date\=11 August 2009\|access\-date\=9 October 2018\|encyclopedia\=The On\-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces}}[Sharon](/wiki/Moshe_Sharon "Moshe Sharon"), 1998, p. 4\. According to [Moshe Sharon](/wiki/Moshe_Sharon "Moshe Sharon"), "Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious [Judaea](/wiki/Iudaea_Province "Iudaea Province")", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it *Palaestina* or *Syria Palaestina*. is disputed.{{cite journal\|last1\=Jacobson\|first1\=David M.\|year\=1999\|title\=Palestine and Israel\|journal\=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research\|volume\=313\|issue\=313\|pages\=65–74\|doi\=10\.2307/1357617\|jstor\=1357617\|s2cid\=163303829}} ### Later sources [Padiiset's Statue](/wiki/Padiiset%27s_Statue "Padiiset's Statue") is the last known Egyptian reference to Canaan, a small statuette labelled "Envoy of the Canaan and of [Peleset](/wiki/Peleset "Peleset"), Pa\-di\-Eset, the son of Apy". The inscription is dated to 900–850 BC, more than 300 years after the preceding known inscription.{{sfn\|Drews\|1998\|p\=49a\|ps\= :"In the Papyrus Harris, from the middle of the twelfth century, the late Ramesses III claims to have built for Amon a temple in 'the Canaan' of Djahi. More than three centuries later comes the next—and very last—Egyptian reference to 'Canaan' or 'the Canaan': a basalt statuette, usually assigned to the Twenty\-Second Dynasty, is labeled, 'Envoy of the Canaan and of Palestine, Pa\-di\-Eset, the son of Apy'."}} During the period from {{circa\|900–330}} BC, the dominant [Neo\-Assyrian](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire") and [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire "Achaemenid Empire") make no mention of Canaan.{{sfn\|Drews\|1998\|p\=49b\|ps\= :"Although New Assyrian inscriptions frequently refer to the Levant, they make no mention of 'Canaan'. Nor do Persian and Greek sources refer to it."}}
[ "Archaeology and history\n-----------------------", "{{Further\\|Levantine archaeology}}", "### Overview", "{{See also\\|Prehistory of the Levant\\|History of Palestine}}", "There are several periodization systems for Canaan.{{clarify\\|Using the term \"Canaan\" for the time before the appearance of the Canaanites may be problematic. Source? \\|date\\= March 2024}} One of them is the following.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}\n* Prior to 4500 BC (prehistory – [Stone Age](/wiki/Stone_Age \"Stone Age\")): hunter\\-gatherer societies slowly giving way to farming and herding societies\n* 4500–3500 BC ([Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\")): early metal\\-working and farming\n* 3500–2000 BC (Early Bronze): prior to written records in the area{{dubious\\|More recent dates, now preferred: c. 3,200–2,200\\. Left out: it's the first urban period. Essential development!\\|date\\=November 2021}}\n* 2000–1550 BC (Middle Bronze): [city\\-states](/wiki/City-state \"City-state\"){{Cite web \\|title\\=Canaanites \\|url\\=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo\\-9780195393361/obo\\-9780195393361\\-0216\\.xml \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-01 \\|website\\=obo \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403082451/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo\\-9780195393361/obo\\-9780195393361\\-0216\\.xml \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Citation \\|last\\=Glassman \\|first\\=Ronald M. \\|title\\=The Political Structure of the Canaanite City\\-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy \\|date\\=2017 \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-319\\-51695\\-0\\_49 \\|work\\=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City\\-States and Nation\\-States \\|pages\\=473–477 \\|editor\\-last\\=Glassman \\|editor\\-first\\=Ronald M. \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-01 \\|place\\=Cham \\|publisher\\=Springer International Publishing \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-319\\-51695\\-0\\_49 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-51695\\-0 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061941/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-319\\-51695\\-0\\_49 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n* 1550–1200 BC (Late Bronze): Egyptian hegemony\n* 1200–various dates by region ([Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\"))", "After the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") the periods are named after the various empires that ruled the region: [Assyrian](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire \"Neo-Assyrian Empire\"), [Babylonian](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire \"Neo-Babylonian Empire\"), [Persian](/wiki/Persian_Empire \"Persian Empire\"), [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic \"Hellenistic\") (related to [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\")) and [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\").{{harvnb\\|Noll\\|2001\\|p\\=26}}", "Canaanite culture developed [*in situ*](/wiki/In_situ_conservation_%28archaeology%29 \"In situ conservation (archaeology)\") from multiple waves of migration merging with the earlier [Circum\\-Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex](/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism%23Origin_and_history \"Nomadic pastoralism#Origin and history\"), which in turn developed from a fusion of their ancestral [Natufian](/wiki/Natufian_culture \"Natufian culture\") and [Harifian cultures](/wiki/Harifian_culture \"Harifian culture\") with [Pre\\-Pottery Neolithic B](/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B \"Pre-Pottery Neolithic B\") (PPNB) farming cultures, practicing [animal domestication](/wiki/Animal_domestication \"Animal domestication\"), during the [6200 BC climatic crisis](/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event \"8.2-kiloyear event\") which led to the [Neolithic Revolution/First Agricultural Revolution](/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution \"Neolithic Revolution\") in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Zarins\\|first\\=Juris\\|title\\=Pastoralism in the Levant\\|year\\=1992\\|editor1\\-last\\=Bar\\-Yosef\\|editor1\\-first\\=Ofer\\|chapter\\=Pastoral nomadism in Arabia: ethnoarchaeology and the archaeological record—a case study\\|publisher\\=Prehistory Press\\|isbn\\=9780962911088\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|editor2\\-last\\=Khazanov\\|editor2\\-first\\=Anatoly\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZjoR7vCdQh4C\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061902/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZjoR7vCdQh4C\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The majority of Canaan is covered by the [Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests](/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer%E2%80%93sclerophyllous%E2%80%93broadleaf_forests \"Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests\") ecoregion.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2020}}", "### Chalcolithic (4500–3500 BC)", "[thumb\\|The Ghassulian star](/wiki/File:The_Ghassulian_star.jpg \"The Ghassulian star.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Ghassulian dolmen, Kueijiyeh hill near [Madaba](/wiki/Madaba \"Madaba\"), Jordan](/wiki/File:Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg \"Dolmen kueijiyeh.jpg\")", "The first wave of migration, called [Ghassulian](/wiki/Ghassulian \"Ghassulian\") culture, entered Canaan circa 4500 BC.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Steiglitz \\|first1\\=Robert \\|title\\=Migrations in the Ancient Near East \\|journal\\=Anthropological Science \\|date\\=1992 \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=101 \\|page\\=263 \\|url\\=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101\\_3\\_263/\\_pdf \\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034549/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101\\_3\\_263/\\_pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This is the start of the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") in Canaan. From their unknown homeland, they brought an already complete craft tradition of metalwork. They were expert coppersmiths; in fact, their work was the most advanced [metal technology](/wiki/Metallurgy \"Metallurgy\") in the ancient world.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2023}} Their work is similar to artifacts from the later [Maykop culture](/wiki/Maykop_culture \"Maykop culture\"), leading some scholars to believe they represent two branches of an original metalworking tradition. Their main copper mine was at [Wadi Feynan](/wiki/Wadi_Feynan \"Wadi Feynan\"). The copper was mined from the Cambrian Burj Dolomite Shale Unit in the form of the mineral [malachite](/wiki/Malachite \"Malachite\"). All of the copper was smelted at sites in [Beersheba culture](/wiki/Beersheba_culture \"Beersheba culture\").", "Genetic analysis has shown that the Ghassulians belonged to the [West Asian](/wiki/West_Asian \"West Asian\") [haplogroup T\\-M184](/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184 \"Haplogroup T-M184\").{{cite journal \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41467\\-018\\-05649\\-9\\|title\\=Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation\\|year\\=2018\\|last1\\=Harney\\|first1\\=Éadaoin\\|last2\\=May\\|first2\\=Hila\\|last3\\=Shalem\\|first3\\=Dina\\|last4\\=Rohland\\|first4\\=Nadin\\|last5\\=Mallick\\|first5\\=Swapan\\|last6\\=Lazaridis\\|first6\\=Iosif\\|last7\\=Sarig\\|first7\\=Rachel\\|last8\\=Stewardson\\|first8\\=Kristin\\|last9\\=Nordenfelt\\|first9\\=Susanne\\|last10\\=Patterson\\|first10\\=Nick\\|last11\\=Hershkovitz\\|first11\\=Israel\\|last12\\=Reich\\|first12\\=David\\|journal\\=Nature Communications\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=3336\\|pmid\\=30127404\\|pmc\\=6102297\\|bibcode\\=2018NatCo...9\\.3336H}}", "The end of the Chalcolithic period saw the rise of the urban settlement of ['En Esur](/wiki/%27En_Esur \"'En Esur\") on the southern Mediterranean coast.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Itai Elad and Yitzhak Paz\\|date\\=2018\\|title\\='En Esur (Asawir): Preliminary Report\\|journal\\=Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel\\|volume\\=130\\|pages\\=2\\|jstor\\=26691671}}", "### Early Bronze Age (3500–2000 BC)", "[thumb\\|[Tell es\\-Sakan](/wiki/Tell_es-Sakan \"Tell es-Sakan\") in Gaza was inhabited from approximately 3300 BC to 2400/2350 BC.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Territoires autonomes palestiniens : Tell es\\-Sakan {{!}} Du village à l'Etat au Proche et Moyen\\-Orient {{!}} \\|url\\=http://www.arscan.fr/vepmo/chypre\\-au\\-neolithique/le\\-levant\\-sud/tell\\-es\\-sakan/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-07 \\|website\\=www.arscan.fr}}](/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg \"موقع تل السكن الأثري.jpg\")\nBy the [Early Bronze Age](/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age \"Early Bronze Age\") other sites had developed, such as [Ebla](/wiki/Ebla \"Ebla\") (where an [East Semitic language](/wiki/East_Semitic_languages \"East Semitic languages\"), [Eblaite](/wiki/Eblaite_language \"Eblaite language\"), was spoken), which by {{circa\\|2300}} BC was incorporated into the [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\")\\-based [Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire \"Akkadian Empire\") of [Sargon the Great](/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad \"Sargon of Akkad\") and [Naram\\-Sin of Akkad](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad \"Naram-Sin of Akkad\") (biblical Accad). Sumerian references to the *Mar.tu* (\"tent dwellers\", later *Amurru*, i.e. [Amorite](/wiki/Amorites \"Amorites\")) country west of the [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\") River date from even earlier than Sargon, at least to the reign of the [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\") king, [Enshakushanna](/wiki/Enshakushanna \"Enshakushanna\") of [Uruk](/wiki/Uruk \"Uruk\"), and one tablet credits the early Sumerian king [Lugal\\-Anne\\-Mundu](/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu \"Lugal-Anne-Mundu\") withholding sway in the region, although this tablet is considered less credible because it was produced centuries later.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "Amorites at [Hazor](/wiki/Tel_Hazor \"Tel Hazor\"), [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 \"Kadesh (Syria)\") (Qadesh\\-on\\-the\\-Orontes), and elsewhere in [Amurru](/wiki/Amurru_kingdom \"Amurru kingdom\") (Syria) bordered Canaan in the north and northeast. (Ugarit may be included among these Amoritic entities.){{cite book \\|editor\\-last\\=Woodard \\|editor\\-first\\=Roger D. \\|title\\=The Ancient Languages of Syria\\-Palestine and Arabia \\|chapter\\=Ugaritic \\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Pardee \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vTrT\\-bZyuPcC\\&pg\\=PA5 \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2013 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-139\\-46934\\-0 \\|page\\=5 \\|date\\=2008\\-04\\-10 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061903/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vTrT\\-bZyuPcC\\&pg\\=PA5\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The collapse of the Akkadian Empire in 2154 BC saw the arrival of peoples using [Khirbet Kerak](/wiki/Khirbet_Kerak \"Khirbet Kerak\") ware (pottery),{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Richard \\|first1\\=Suzanne \\|year\\=1987 \\|title\\=Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The Rise and Collapse of Urbanism \\|journal\\=The Biblical Archaeologist \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=1 \\|jstor\\=3210081 \\|pages\\=22–43 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3210081 \\|s2cid\\=135293163 }} coming originally from the [Zagros Mountains](/wiki/Zagros_Mountains \"Zagros Mountains\") (in modern [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\")) east of the [Tigris](/wiki/Tigris \"Tigris\"). In addition, [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\") analysis revealed that between 2500–1000 BC, populations from the Chalcolithic Zagros and Bronze Age [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") migrated to the Southern Levant.{{cite news\\|author\\=Lily Agranat\\-Tamir\\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|title\\=The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant\\|publisher\\=Cell\\|year\\=2020\\|volume\\=181\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=1146–1157\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.cell.2020\\.04\\.024}}", "The first cities in the southern Levant arose during this period. The major sites were ['En Esur](/wiki/%27En_Esur \"'En Esur\") and [Meggido](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo \"Tel Megiddo\"). These \"proto\\-Canaanites\" were in regular contact with the other peoples to their south such as [Egypt](/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt \"Prehistoric Egypt\"), and to the north [Asia Minor](/wiki/Asia_Minor \"Asia Minor\") ([Hurrians](/wiki/Hurrians \"Hurrians\"), [Hattians](/wiki/Hattians \"Hattians\"), [Hittites](/wiki/Hittites \"Hittites\"), [Luwians](/wiki/Luwians \"Luwians\")) and [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") ([Sumer](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\"), [Akkad](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire \"Akkadian Empire\"), [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\")), a trend that continued through the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\"). The end of the period is marked by the abandonment of the cities and a return to lifestyles based on farming villages and semi\\-nomadic herding, although specialised craft production continued and trade routes remained open.{{harvnb\\|Golden\\|2009\\|p\\=5}} Archaeologically, the Late Bronze Age state of [Ugarit](/wiki/Ugarit \"Ugarit\") (at [Ras Shamra](/wiki/Ras_Shamra \"Ras Shamra\") in [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\")) is considered quintessentially Canaanite, even though its [Ugaritic language](/wiki/Ugaritic_language \"Ugaritic language\") does not belong to the [Canaanite language group](/wiki/Canaanite_languages \"Canaanite languages\") proper.{{cite book\\|title\\=The Ancient Languages of Syria\\-Palestine and Arabia\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=2008\\|isbn\\=9780511486890\\|editor\\-last\\=Woodard\\|editor\\-first\\=Roger D.\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/CBO9780511486890}}.{{cite book\\|last\\=Naveh\\|first\\=Joseph\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse/page/101\\|title\\=Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross\\|publisher\\=Fortress Press\\|year\\=1987\\|isbn\\=9780800608316\\|editor1\\-last\\=Miller\\|editor1\\-first\\=Patrick D.\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse/page/101 101]\\|chapter\\=Proto\\-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|editor2\\-last\\=Hanson\\|editor2\\-first\\=Paul D.\\|display\\-editors\\=etal\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4lvbAAAAMAAJ}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Coulmas\\|first\\=Florian\\|title\\=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems\\|publisher\\=Blackwell\\|year\\=1996\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-631\\-21481\\-6\\|location\\=Oxford}}", "A disputed reference to a \"Lord of *ga\\-na\\-na*\" in the Semitic [Ebla tablets](/wiki/Ebla_tablets \"Ebla tablets\") (dated 2350 BC) from the archive of [Tell Mardikh](/wiki/Tell_Mardikh \"Tell Mardikh\") has been interpreted by some scholars to mention the deity [Dagon](/wiki/Dagon \"Dagon\") by the title \"Lord of Canaan\"{{cite book \\|first\\=Gösta Werner \\|last\\=Ahlström \\|title\\=The History of Ancient Palestine \\|page\\=141 \\|isbn\\=9780800627706 \\|publisher\\=Fortress Press \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5cSAlLBZKaAC \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|year\\=1993 }} If correct, this would suggest that Eblaites were conscious of Canaan as an entity by 2500 BC.{{cite book \\|first\\=Mitchell J. \\|last\\=Dahood \\|year\\=1978 \\|chapter\\=Ebla, Ugarit and the Old Testament \\|title\\=Congress Volume, International Organization for Study of the Old Testament \\|page\\=83 \\|publisher\\=Brill \\|isbn\\=9789004058354 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=daVAAQAAIAAJ \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061955/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=daVAAQAAIAAJ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}. Jonathan Tubb states that the term *ga\\-na\\-na* \"may provide a third\\-millennium reference to *Canaanite*\", while at the same time stating that the first certain reference is in the 18th century BC.{{cite book \\|last\\=Tubb \\|first\\=Johnathan N. \\|year\\=1998 \\|title\\=Canaanites \\|publisher\\=University of Oklahoma Press \\|series\\=British Museum People of the Past, vol. 2 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|isbn\\=9780806131085 }}{{rp\\|15}} See [Ebla\\-Biblical controversy](/wiki/Ebla-Biblical_controversy \"Ebla-Biblical controversy\") for further details.", "### Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC)", "[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|Map of the Near East by [Robert de Vaugondy](/wiki/Robert_de_Vaugondy \"Robert de Vaugondy\") (1762\\), indicating \"Canaan\" as limited to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"), to the exclusion of Lebanon and Syria](/wiki/File:Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg \"Middle East by Robert de Vaugondy.jpg\")", "Urbanism returned and the region was divided among small city\\-states, the most important of which seems to have been Hazor.{{harvnb\\|Golden\\|2009\\|pp\\=5–6}} Many aspects of Canaanite material culture now reflected a Mesopotamian influence, and the entire region became more tightly integrated into a vast international trading network.", "As early as [Naram\\-Sin of Akkad](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad \"Naram-Sin of Akkad\")'s reign ({{circa\\|2240}} BC), *Amurru* was called one of the \"four quarters\" surrounding [Akkad](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire \"Akkadian Empire\"), along with [Subartu](/wiki/Subartu \"Subartu\")/[Assyria](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\"), [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\"), and [Elam](/wiki/Elam \"Elam\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} Amorite dynasties also came to dominate in much of Mesopotamia, including in [Larsa](/wiki/Larsa \"Larsa\"), [Isin](/wiki/Isin \"Isin\") and founding the state of Babylon in 1894 BC. Later on, *Amurru* became the Assyrian/Akkadian term for the interior of south as well as for northerly Canaan. At this time the Canaanite area seemed divided between two confederacies, one centred upon [Megiddo](/wiki/Tel_Megiddo \"Tel Megiddo\") in the [Jezreel Valley](/wiki/Jezreel_Valley \"Jezreel Valley\"), the second on the more northerly city of [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 \"Kadesh (Syria)\") on the Orontes River.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017}} An Amorite chieftain named [Sumu\\-abum](/wiki/Sumu-abum \"Sumu-abum\") founded Babylon as an independent city\\-state in 1894 BC. One Amorite king of Babylonia, [Hammurabi](/wiki/Hammurabi \"Hammurabi\") (1792–1750 BC), founded the [First Babylonian Empire](/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire \"First Babylonian Empire\"), which lasted only as long as his lifetime. Upon his death the Amorites were driven from Assyria but remained masters of Babylonia until 1595 BC, when they were ejected by the Hittites.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "The semi\\-fictional *[Story of Sinuhe](/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe \"Story of Sinuhe\")* describes an Egyptian officer, Sinuhe, conducting military activities in the area of \"Upper [Retjenu](/wiki/Retjenu \"Retjenu\")\" and \"[Fenekhu](/wiki/Phoenicia \"Phoenicia\")\" during the reign of [Senusret I](/wiki/Senusret_I \"Senusret I\") ({{circa\\|1950}} BC). The earliest *bona fide* Egyptian report of a campaign to \"Mentu\", \"Retjenu\" and \"Sekmem\" ([Shechem](/wiki/Shechem \"Shechem\")) is the [Sebek\\-khu Stele](/wiki/Sebek-khu_Stele \"Sebek-khu Stele\"), dated to the reign of [Senusret III](/wiki/Senusret_III \"Senusret III\") ({{circa\\|1862}} BC).{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "A letter from [Mut\\-bisir](/wiki/Mut-bisir \"Mut-bisir\") to [Shamshi\\-Adad I](/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I \"Shamshi-Adad I\") ({{circa\\|1809–1776}} BC) of the [Old Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire \"Old Assyrian Empire\") (2025–1750 BC) has been translated: \"It is in Rahisum that the brigands (habbatum) and the Canaanites (Kinahnum) are situated\". It was found in 1973 in the ruins of [Mari](/wiki/Mari%2C_Syria \"Mari, Syria\"), an [Assyrian](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\") outpost at that time in [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\").{{cite journal \\|jstor\\=4197896 \\|title\\=Une mention de Cananéens dans une lettre de Mari \\|journal\\=Syria \\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\=3/4 \\|pages\\=277–282 \\|first\\=Georges \\|last\\=Dossin \\|publisher\\=Institut Francais du Proche\\-Orient \\|year\\=1973 \\|language\\=fr \\|doi\\=10\\.3406/syria.1973\\.6403 \\|url\\=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/275963/4/b2a54ba1\\-ff44\\-4c8e\\-9001\\-3d4f49524ace.txt \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-09 \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-28 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428103025/https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/275963/4/b2a54ba1\\-ff44\\-4c8e\\-9001\\-3d4f49524ace.txt \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Additional unpublished references to Kinahnum in the Mari letters refer to the same episode.{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}} Whether the term Kinahnum refers to people from a specific region or rather people of \"foreign origin\" has been disputed,{{sfn\\|Lemche\\|1991\\|pp\\=27–28\\|ps\\=: \"However, all but one of the references belong to the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, the one exception being the mention of some Canaanites in a document from Marl from the 18th century BC. In this document, we find a reference to LUhabbatum u LUKi\\-na\\-ah\\-num. The wording of this passage creates some problems as to the identity of these 'Canaanites', because of the parallelism between LUKh\\-na\\-ah\\-num and LUhabbatum, which is unexpected. The Akkadian word habbatum, the meaning of which is actually 'brigands', is sometimes used to translate the \\[\\[Sumerian language\\|Sumerian]] expression SA.GAZ, which is normally thought to be a logogram for habiru, 'Hebrews'. Thus there is some reason to question the identity of the 'Canaanites' who appear in this text from Marl We may ask whether these people were called 'Canaanites' because they were ethnically of another stock than the ordinary population of Mari, or whether it was because they came from a specific geographical area, the land of Canaan. However, because of the parallelism in this text between LUhabbatum and LUKi\\-na\\-ah\\-num, we cannot exclude the possibility that the expression 'Canaanites' was used here with a sociological meaning. It could be that the word 'Canaanites' was in this case understood as a sociological designation of some sort which shared at least some connotations with the sociological term habiru. Should this be the case, the Canaanites of Marl may well have been refugees or outlaws rather than ordinary foreigners from a certain country (from Canaan). Worth considering is also Manfred Weippert's interpretation of the passage LUhabbatum u LUKi\\-na\\-ah\\-num—literally 'Canaanites and brigands'—as 'Canaanite brigands', which may welt mean 'highwaymen of foreign origin', whether or not they were actually Canaanites coming from Phoenicia.\"}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Reallexikon der Assyriologie \\|chapter\\=Kanaan \\|first\\=Manfred \\|last\\=Weippert \\|year\\=1928 \\|volume\\=5 \\|page\\=352 \\|publisher\\=W. de Gruyter \\|isbn\\=9783110071924 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cEB1Z\\_c50qgC \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062000/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cEB1Z\\_c50qgC \\|url\\-status\\=live }} such that Robert Drews states that the \"first certain cuneiform reference\" to Canaan is found on the Alalakh statue of King Idrimi (below).{{sfn\\|Drews\\|1998\\|p\\=46\\|ps\\=: \"An eighteenth\\-century letter from Mari may refer to Canaan, but the first certain cuneiform reference appears on a statue base of \\[\\[Idrimi]], king of \\[\\[Alalakh]] {{circa\\|1500}} BC.\"}}", "A reference to Ammiya being \"in the land of Canaan\" is found on the [Statue of Idrimi](/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi \"Statue of Idrimi\") (16th century BC) from [Alalakh](/wiki/Alalakh \"Alalakh\") in modern Syria. After a popular uprising against his rule, Idrimi was forced into exile with his mother's relatives to seek refuge in \"the land of Canaan\", where he prepared for an eventual attack to recover his city. The other references in the Alalakh texts are:{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}}{{multiple image\n\\| perrow \\= 2\n\\| total\\_width \\= 400\n\\| caption\\_align \\= center\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| header \\= West Asian visitors to Egypt ({{circa\\|1900}} BC)\n\\| image1 \\= Procession of the Aamu, Tomb of Khnumhotep II (composite).jpg\n\\| image2 \\= Drawing of the procession of the Aamu group tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan.jpg\n\\| footer \\= A group of West Asian foreigners, possibly Canaanites, labelled as ''\\[\\[Aamu]]'' ({{lang\\|egy\\|ꜥꜣmw}}), with the leader labelled as a ''Hyksos'', visiting the Egyptian official \\[\\[Khnumhotep II]] {{circa\\|1900}} BC. Tomb of \\[\\[12th dynasty]] official Khnumhotep II, at \\[\\[Beni Hasan]].{{cite book \\|last1\\=Mieroop \\|first1\\=Marc Van De \\|title\\=A History of Ancient Egypt \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4051\\-6070\\-4 \\|page\\=131 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JADDYAZ9GIIC\\&pg\\=PA131 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817063835/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JADDYAZ9GIIC\\&pg\\=PA131 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bard \\|first1\\=Kathryn A. \\|author\\-link\\=Kathryn A. Bard \\|title\\=An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-118\\-89611\\-2 \\|page\\=188 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lFscBgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA188 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061957/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lFscBgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA188\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kamrin \\|first1\\=Janice \\|title\\=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan \\|journal\\=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections \\|date\\=2009 \\|volume\\= 1 \\|issue\\=3 \\|s2cid\\=199601200 }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Curry \\|first1\\=Andrew \\|title\\=The Rulers of Foreign Lands – Archaeology Magazine \\|website\\=www.archaeology.org \\|date\\=2018 \\|url\\=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309\\-1809/features/6855\\-egypt\\-hyksos\\-foreign\\-dynasty \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-29 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201044702/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309\\-1809/features/6855\\-egypt\\-hyksos\\-foreign\\-dynasty \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n}}\n* AT 154 (unpublished)\n* AT 181: A list of 'Apiru people with their origins. All are towns, except for Canaan\n* AT 188: A list of Muskenu people with their origins. All are towns, except for three lands including Canaan\n* AT 48: A contract with a Canaanite hunter.", "Around 1650 BC, Canaanites invaded the eastern [Nile delta](/wiki/Nile_delta \"Nile delta\"), where, known as the [Hyksos](/wiki/Hyksos \"Hyksos\"), they became the dominant power.{{harvnb\\|Golden\\|2009\\|pp\\=6–7}} In Egyptian inscriptions, *Amar* and *Amurru* ([Amorites](/wiki/Amorite \"Amorite\")) are applied strictly to the more northerly mountain region east of Phoenicia, extending to the [Orontes](/wiki/Orontes_River \"Orontes River\").", "[left\\|thumb\\|Canaanite [Anra scarab](/wiki/Anra_scarab \"Anra scarab\") showing Egyptian [nswt\\-bjt](/wiki/Nswt-bjt \"Nswt-bjt\") and [ankh](/wiki/Ankh \"Ankh\") symbols bordering a [cartouche](/wiki/Cartouche \"Cartouche\") with an [undeciphered](/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems \"Undeciphered writing systems\") sequence of hieroglyphs c. 1648\\-1540](/wiki/File:Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg \"Canaanite Scarab of the \")\nArchaeological excavations of a number of sites, later identified as Canaanite, show that prosperity of the region reached its apogee during this Middle [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") period, under the leadership of the city of [Hazor](/wiki/Tel_Hazor \"Tel Hazor\"), at least nominally [tributary](/wiki/Tributary_state \"Tributary state\") to Egypt for much of the period. In the north, the cities of [Yamkhad](/wiki/Yamkhad \"Yamkhad\") and [Qatna](/wiki/Qatna \"Qatna\") were [hegemons](/wiki/Hegemons \"Hegemons\") of important [confederacies](/wiki/Confederation \"Confederation\"), and it would appear that biblical Hazor was the chief city of another important [coalition](/wiki/Coalition \"Coalition\") in the south.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "### Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BC)", "In the early Late Bronze Age, Canaanite confederacies centered on [Megiddo](/wiki/Megiddo_%28place%29 \"Megiddo (place)\") and [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 \"Kadesh (Syria)\"), before being fully brought into the [Egyptian Empire](/wiki/New_Egyptian_Kingdom \"New Egyptian Kingdom\") and Hittite Empire. Later still, the [Neo\\-Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire \"Neo-Assyrian Empire\") assimilated the region.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2020}}", "According to the Bible, the migrant [ancient Semitic\\-speaking peoples](/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples \"Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples\") who appear to have settled in the region included (among others) the [Amorites](/wiki/Amorites \"Amorites\"), who had earlier controlled Babylonia. The [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\") mentions the *Amorites* in the *[Table of Peoples](/wiki/Table_of_Nations \"Table of Nations\")* ([Book of Genesis](/wiki/Book_of_Genesis \"Book of Genesis\") 10:16–18a). Evidently, the Amorites played a significant role in the early history of Canaan. In Book of Genesis 14:7 *f*., [Book of Joshua](/wiki/Book_of_Joshua \"Book of Joshua\") 10:5 *f*., [Book of Deuteronomy](/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy \"Book of Deuteronomy\") 1:19 *f*., 27, 44, we find them located in the southern mountain country, while verses such as [Book of Numbers](/wiki/Book_of_Numbers \"Book of Numbers\") 21:13, Book of Joshua 9:10, 24:8, 12, etc., tell of two great Amorite kings residing at [Heshbon](/wiki/Heshbon \"Heshbon\") and [Ashteroth](/wiki/Ashteroth_Karnaim \"Ashteroth Karnaim\"), east of the Jordan. Other passages, including Book of Genesis 15:16, 48:22, Book of Joshua 24:15, [Book of Judges](/wiki/Book_of_Judges \"Book of Judges\") 1:34, regard the name *Amorite* as synonymous with \"Canaanite\". The name *Amorite* is, however, never used for the population on the coast.{{sfn\\|Cheyne\\|1911\\|p\\=141}}", "[thumb\\|350px\\|Map of the [Ancient Near East](/wiki/Ancient_Near_East \"Ancient Near East\") around 1400 BC](/wiki/File:Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg \"Ancient Near East 1400BC.svg\")\nIn the centuries preceding the appearance of the biblical Hebrews, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to the Egyptian [pharaohs](/wiki/Pharaoh \"Pharaoh\"), although domination by the Egyptians remained sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter\\-city struggles. Other areas such as northern Canaan and northern Syria came to be ruled by the Assyrians during this period.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2020}}", "Under [Thutmose III](/wiki/Thutmose_III \"Thutmose III\") (1479–1426 BC) and [Amenhotep II](/wiki/Amenhotep_II \"Amenhotep II\") (1427–1400 BC), the regular presence of the strong hand of the Egyptian ruler and his armies kept the Amorites and Canaanites sufficiently loyal. Nevertheless, Thutmose III reported a new and troubling element in the population. [Habiru](/wiki/Habiru \"Habiru\") or (in Egyptian) 'Apiru, are reported for the first time. These seem to have been mercenaries, brigands, or outlaws, who may have at one time led a settled life, but with bad luck or due to the force of circumstances, contributed a rootless element to the population, prepared to hire themselves to whichever local mayor, king, or princeling would pay for their support.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2020}}", "Although Habiru {{transliteration\\|Xsux\\|SA\\-GAZ}} (a [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumerian_language \"Sumerian language\") [ideogram](/wiki/Ideogram \"Ideogram\") [glossed](/wiki/Gloss_%28annotation%29 \"Gloss (annotation)\") as \"brigand\" in [Akkadian](/wiki/Akkadian_language \"Akkadian language\")), and sometimes {{transliteration\\|akk\\|\\[\\[Habiru\\|Habiri]]}} (an Akkadian word) had been reported in Mesopotamia from the reign of the [Sumerian](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\") king, [Shulgi](/wiki/Shulgi \"Shulgi\") of [Ur III](/wiki/Ur_III \"Ur III\"), their appearance in Canaan appears to have been due to the arrival of a new state based in Asia Minor to the north of Assyria and based upon a [Maryannu](/wiki/Maryannu \"Maryannu\") aristocracy of horse\\-drawn [charioteers](/wiki/Chariot \"Chariot\"), associated with the [Indo\\-Aryan](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples \"Indo-Aryan peoples\") rulers of the [Hurrians](/wiki/Hurrians \"Hurrians\"), known as [Mitanni](/wiki/Mitanni \"Mitanni\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "[thumb\\|Basalt lions from the [Orthostat](/wiki/Orthostat \"Orthostat\") Temple of [Hazor](/wiki/Tel_Hazor \"Tel Hazor\") (c. 1500–1300 BC){{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-07\\|title\\=Lion reliefs\\|url\\=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394173\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-03\\|website\\=www.imj.org.il\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-03\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103155548/https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394173\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Hazor was violently destroyed during the Bronze Age collapse.{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Hazor Excavations Project\\|url\\=http://unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il/\\~hatsor/hazor.html\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-03\\|website\\=unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507092552/http://unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il/\\~hatsor/hazor.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}](/wiki/File:Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg \"Basalt Lion, Holy of Holies, Orthostat Temple, Hazor, 15th-13th C. BC (43217868001).jpg\")", "The Habiru seem to have been more a social class than an ethnic group.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}} One analysis shows that the majority were Hurrian, although there were a number of Semites and even some [Kassite](/wiki/Kassites \"Kassites\") and [Luwian](/wiki/Luwian \"Luwian\") adventurers amongst their number.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} The reign of [Amenhotep III](/wiki/Amenhotep_III \"Amenhotep III\"), as a result, was not quite so tranquil for the Asiatic province, as Habiru/'Apiru contributed to greater political instability. It is believed{{By whom\\|date\\= February 2012}} that turbulent chiefs began to seek their opportunities, although as a rule they could not find them without the help of a neighbouring king. The boldest of the disaffected nobles was [Aziru](/wiki/Aziru \"Aziru\"), son of [Abdi\\-Ashirta](/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta \"Abdi-Ashirta\"), who endeavoured to extend his power into the plain of [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"). [Akizzi](/wiki/Akizzi \"Akizzi\"), governor of Katna ([Qatna](/wiki/Qatna \"Qatna\")?) (near [Hamath](/wiki/Hama%23Hama_in_the_Bible \"Hama#Hama in the Bible\")), reported this to Amenhotep III, who seems to have sought to frustrate Aziru's attempts.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} In the reign of the next pharaoh, [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten \"Akhenaten\") (reigned {{circa}} 1352 to {{circa}} 1335 BC) both father and son caused infinite trouble to loyal servants of Egypt like [Rib\\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda \"Rib-Hadda\"), governor of [Gubla](/wiki/Byblos \"Byblos\") (Gebal),{{sfn\\|Cheyne\\|1911\\|p\\=141}} by transferring their loyalty from the Egyptian crown to the Hittite Empire under [Suppiluliuma I](/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I \"Suppiluliuma I\") (reigned {{circa}} 1344–1322 BC).{{cite book \\|first\\=A. Leo \\|last\\=Oppenheim \\|title\\=Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2yxOCgAAQBAJ \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|isbn\\=9780226177670 \\|year\\=2013 \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061904/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2yxOCgAAQBAJ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Egyptian power in Canaan thus suffered a major setback when the Hittites (or Hat.ti) advanced into Syria in the reign of Amenhotep III, and when they became even more threatening in that of his successor, displacing the Amorites and prompting a resumption of Semitic migration. Abdi\\-Ashirta and his son Aziru, at first afraid of the Hittites, afterwards made a treaty with their king, and joining with the Hittites, attacked and conquered the districts remaining loyal to Egypt. In vain did Rib\\-Hadda send touching appeals for aid to the distant Pharaoh, who was far too engaged in his religious innovations to attend to such messages.{{sfn\\|Cheyne\\|1911\\|p\\=141}}", "The Amarna letters tell of the Habiri in northern Syria. [Etakkama](/wiki/Etakkama \"Etakkama\") wrote thus to the Pharaoh:\n{{blockquote\\|Behold, \\[\\[Biryawaza\\|Namyawaza]] has surrendered all the cities of the king, my lord to the {{transliteration\\|Xsux\\|SA\\-GAZ}} in the land of \\[\\[Kadesh (Syria)\\|Kadesh]] and in \\[\\[Upu\\|Ubi]]. But I will go, and if thy gods and thy sun go before me, I will bring back the cities to the king, my lord, from the Habiri, to show myself subject to him; and I will expel the {{transliteration\\|Xsux\\|SA\\-GAZ}}.}}", "[thumb\\|Canaanite sarcophagi ([Israel Museum](/wiki/Israel_Museum \"Israel Museum\"))](/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg \"Sarcophagus of Canaanites.jpg\")\nSimilarly, [Zimrida](/wiki/Zimredda_%28Sidon_mayor%29 \"Zimredda (Sidon mayor)\"), king of [Sidon](/wiki/Sidon \"Sidon\") (named 'Siduna'), declared, \"All my cities which the king has given into my hand, have come into the hand of the Habiri.\" The king of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), [Abdi\\-Heba](/wiki/Abdi-Heba \"Abdi-Heba\"), reported to the Pharaoh:\n{{blockquote\\|If (Egyptian) troops come this year, lands and princes will remain to the king, my lord; but if troops come not, these lands and princes will not remain to the king, my lord.}}", "Abdi\\-heba's principal trouble arose from persons called [Iilkili](/wiki/Iilkili \"Iilkili\") and the sons of [Labaya](/wiki/Labaya \"Labaya\"), who are said to have entered into a treasonable league with the Habiri. Apparently this restless warrior found his death at the siege of [Gina](/wiki/Gina_%28Canaan%29 \"Gina (Canaan)\"). All these princes, however, maligned each other in their letters to the Pharaoh, and protested their own innocence of traitorous intentions. Namyawaza, for instance, whom Etakkama (see above) accused of disloyalty, wrote thus to the Pharaoh,{{sfn\\|Cheyne\\|1911\\|p\\=141}}\n{{blockquote\\|Behold, I and my warriors and my chariots, together with my brethren and my {{transliteration\\|Xsux\\|SA\\-GAZ}}, and my \\[\\[Sutean\\|Suti]] ?9 are at the disposal of the (royal) troops to go whithersoever the king, my lord, commands.\"El Amarna letter, EA 189\\.}}", "[thumb\\|Merneptah Stele (JE 31408\\) from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo](/wiki/File:Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Merneptah Steli (cropped).jpg\")\nAround the beginning of the [New Kingdom](/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt \"New Kingdom of Egypt\") period, Egypt exerted rule over much of the Levant. Rule remained strong during the [Eighteenth Dynasty](/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt\"), but Egypt's rule became precarious during the [Nineteenth](/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty \"Nineteenth Dynasty\") and [Twentieth Dynasties](/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty \"Twentieth Dynasty\"). [Ramses II](/wiki/Ramses_II \"Ramses II\") was able to maintain control over it in the [stalemated battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh \"Battle of Kadesh\") against the Hittites at [Kadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 \"Kadesh (Syria)\") in 1275 BC, but soon thereafter, the Hittites successfully took over the northern Levant (Syria and Amurru). Ramses II, obsessed with his own building projects while neglecting Asiatic contacts, allowed control over the region to continue dwindling. During the reign of his successor [Merneptah](/wiki/Merneptah \"Merneptah\"), the [Merneptah Stele](/wiki/Merneptah_Stele \"Merneptah Stele\") was issued which claimed to have destroyed various sites in the southern Levant, including a people known as \"Israel\". However, archaeological findings show no destruction at any of the sites mentioned in the Merneptah Stele and so it is considered to be an exercise in propaganda, and the campaign most likely avoided the central highlands in the southern Levant. Egypt's withdrawal from the [southern Levant](/wiki/Southern_Levant \"Southern Levant\") was a protracted process lasting some one hundred years beginning in the late 13th century BC and ending close to the end of the 12th century BC. The reason for the Egypt's withdrawal was most likely a product of the political turmoil in Egypt proper rather than the invasion by the [Sea Peoples](/wiki/Sea_Peoples \"Sea Peoples\") as there is little evidence that the Sea Peoples caused much destruction ca. 1200 BC. Many Egyptian garrisons or sites with an “Egyptian governor's residence” in the southern Levant were abandoned without destruction including [Deir al\\-Balah](/wiki/Deir_al-Balah \"Deir al-Balah\"), [Ascalon](/wiki/Ascalon \"Ascalon\"), Tel Mor, [Tell el\\-Far'ah (South)](/wiki/Tell_el-Far%27ah_%28South%29 \"Tell el-Far'ah (South)\"), [Tel Gerisa](/wiki/Tel_Gerisa \"Tel Gerisa\"), [Tell Jemmeh](/wiki/Tell_Jemmeh \"Tell Jemmeh\"), [Tel Masos](/wiki/Tel_Masos \"Tel Masos\"), and Qubur el\\-Walaydah.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse Michael \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Destruction and the Fall of Egyptian Hegemony Over the Southern Levant \\|url\\=http://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/id/1347/ \\|journal\\=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections \\|volume\\=19 \\|issue\\=1 \\|issn\\=1944\\-2815 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103165106/https://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/id/1347/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Not all Egyptian sites in the southern Levant were abandoned without destruction. The Egyptian garrison at [Aphek](/wiki/Aphek_%28biblical%29 \"Aphek (biblical)\") was destroyed, likely in an act of warfare at the end of the 13th century.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \\|title\\=Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. In Fischer, P. And T.Burge (eds.), \"Sea Peoples\" Up\\-to\\-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th–11th Centuries BC. 113–140\\. \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \\|jstor\\=j.ctt1v2xvsn \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-7001\\-7963\\-4 \\|edition\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105036/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Egyptian gate complex uncovered at [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa \"Jaffa\") was destroyed at the end of the 12th century between 1134\\-1115 based on C14 dates,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Burke \\|first\\=Aaron \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=Burke et al. Excavations of the New Kingdom Fortress in Jaffa, 2011–2014: Traces of Resistance to Egyptian Rule in Canaan {{!}} American Journal of Archaeology: 85–133 \\|url\\=https://www.ajaonline.org/field\\-report/3356 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=American Journal of Archaeology \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103125132/https://www.ajaonline.org/field\\-report/3356 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while [Beth\\-Shean](/wiki/Beit_She%27an \"Beit She'an\") was partially though not completely destroyed, possibly by an earthquake, in the mid\\-12th century.", "#### Amarna letters", "[thumbnail\\|Amarna tablet EA 9](/wiki/File:BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg \"BM 29785 EA 9 Reverse v2.jpg\")", "References to Canaanites are also found throughout the Amarna letters of Pharaoh [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten \"Akhenaten\") {{circa\\|1350}} BC. In these letters, some of which were sent by governors and princes of Canaan to their Egyptian overlord [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten \"Akhenaten\") (Amenhotep IV) in the 14th century BC, are found, beside *Amar* and *Amurru* ([Amorites](/wiki/Amorites \"Amorites\")), the two forms *Kinahhi* and *Kinahni*, corresponding to *Kena* and *Kena'an* respectively, and including [Syria in its widest extent](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 \"Syria (region)\"), as [Eduard Meyer](/wiki/Eduard_Meyer \"Eduard Meyer\") has shown. The letters are written in the official and diplomatic [East Semitic](/wiki/East_Semitic \"East Semitic\") [Akkadian language](/wiki/Akkadian_language \"Akkadian language\") of [Assyria](/wiki/Assyria \"Assyria\") and [Babylonia](/wiki/Babylonia \"Babylonia\"), though \"Canaanitish\" words and idioms are also in evidence.{{sfn\\|Cheyne\\|1911\\|p\\=140 fn. 3}} The known references are:{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}}\n* EA 8: Letter from [Burna\\-Buriash II](/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II \"Burna-Buriash II\") to [Akhenaten](/wiki/Akhenaten \"Akhenaten\"), explaining that his merchants \"were detained in Canaan for business matters\", robbed and killed \"in Hinnatuna of the land of Canaan\" by the rulers of [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel \"Acre, Israel\") and Shamhuna, and asks for compensation because \"Canaan is your country\"\n* [EA 9](/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_9 \"Amarna letter EA 9\"): Letter from [Burna\\-Buriash II](/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II \"Burna-Buriash II\") to [Tutankhamun](/wiki/Tutankhamun \"Tutankhamun\"), \"all the Canaanites wrote to [Kurigalzu](/wiki/Kurigalzu_I \"Kurigalzu I\") saying 'come to the border of the country so we can revolt and be allied with you'\"\n* EA 30: Letter from [Tushratta](/wiki/Tushratta \"Tushratta\"): \"To the kings of Canaan... Provide \\[my messenger] with safe entry into Egypt\"\n* EA 109: Letter of [Rib\\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda \"Rib-Hadda\"): \"Previously, on seeing a man from Egypt, the kings of Canaan fled before him, but now the sons of [Abdi\\-Ashirta](/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta \"Abdi-Ashirta\") make men from Egypt prowl about like dogs\"\n* EA 110: Letter of [Rib\\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda \"Rib-Hadda\"): \"No ship of the army is to leave Canaan\"\n* EA 131: Letter of [Rib\\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda \"Rib-Hadda\"): \"If he does not send archers, they will take \\[Byblos] and all the other cities and the lands of Canaan will not belong to the king. May the king ask [Yanhamu](/wiki/Yanhamu \"Yanhamu\") about these matters.\"\n* EA 137: Letter of [Rib\\-Hadda](/wiki/Rib-Hadda \"Rib-Hadda\"): \"If the king neglects [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos \"Byblos\"), of all the cities of Canaan, not one will be his\"\n* [EA 367](/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_367 \"Amarna letter EA 367\"): \"Hani son (of) Mairēya, \"chief of the stable\" of the king in Canaan\"\n* EA 162: Letter to [Aziru](/wiki/Aziru \"Aziru\"): \"You yourself know that the king does not want to go against all of Canaan when he rages\"\n* EA 148: Letter from [Abimilku](/wiki/Abimilku \"Abimilku\") to the Pharaoh: \"\\[The king] has taken over the land of the king for the 'Apiru. May the king ask his commissioner, who is familiar with Canaan\"\n* EA 151: Letter from [Abimilku](/wiki/Abimilku \"Abimilku\") to the Pharaoh: \"The king, my lord wrote to me: 'write to me what you have heard from Canaan'.\" Abimilku describes in response what has happened in eastern [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia \"Cilicia\") ([Danuna](/wiki/Danuna \"Danuna\")), the northern coast of Syria ([Ugarit](/wiki/Ugarit \"Ugarit\")), in Syria ([Qadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 \"Kadesh (Syria)\"), [Amurru](/wiki/Amurru_kingdom \"Amurru kingdom\"), and [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\")) as well as in [Sidon](/wiki/Sidon \"Sidon\").", "#### Other Late Bronze Age mentions", "Text RS 20\\.182 from [Ugarit](/wiki/Ugarit \"Ugarit\") is a copy of a letter of the king of Ugarit to [Ramesses II](/wiki/Ramesses_II \"Ramesses II\") concerning money paid by \"the sons of the land of Ugarit\" to the \"foreman of the sons of the land of Canaan (*\\*kn'ny*)\" According to Jonathan Tubb, this suggests that the people of Ugarit, contrary to much modern opinion, considered themselves to be non\\-Canaanite.{{rp\\|16}} The other Ugarit reference, KTU 4\\.96, shows a list of traders assigned to royal estates, one of the estates having three Ugaritans, an Ashdadite, an Egyptian and a Canaanite.{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}}", "##### Ashur tablets", "A Middle [Assyrian](/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri \"Ktav Ashuri\") letter during the reign of [Shalmaneser I](/wiki/Shalmaneser_I \"Shalmaneser I\") includes a reference to the \"travel to Canaan\" of an Assyrian official.{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}}", "##### Hattusa letters", "Four references are known from Hattusa:{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}}\n* An evocation to the Cedar Gods: Includes reference to Canaan alongside Sidon, Tyre and possibly Amurru\n* KBo XXVIII 1: [Ramesses II](/wiki/Ramesses_II \"Ramesses II\") letter to [Hattusili III](/wiki/Hattusili_III \"Hattusili III\"), in which Ramesses suggested he would meet \"his brother\" in Canaan and bring him to Egypt\n* KUB III 57 (also KUB III 37 \\+ KBo I 17\\): Broken text which may refer to Canaan as an Egyptian sub\\-district\n* KBo I 15\\+19: [Ramesses II](/wiki/Ramesses_II \"Ramesses II\") letter to [Hattusili III](/wiki/Hattusili_III \"Hattusili III\"), describing Ramesses' visit to the \"land of Canaan on his way to Kinza and Harita", "### Bronze Age collapse", "{{main\\|Late Bronze Age collapse}}\n[thumb\\|Map of Canaan during the Late Bronze Age](/wiki/File:CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg \"CarteCanaanAuBronzeRécent.jpg\")\nAnn Killebrew has shown that cities such as [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") were large and important walled settlements in the pre\\-Israelite\n[Middle Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\") IIB and the Israelite Iron Age IIC period ({{circa\\|1800–1550}} and {{circa\\|720–586}} BC), but that during the intervening [Late Bronze](/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse \"Bronze Age collapse\") (LB) and [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") I and IIA/B Ages sites like [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") were small and relatively insignificant and unfortified towns.{{cite book \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=yYS4VEu08h4C \\|editor1\\-last\\=Killebrew \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ann E. \\|chapter\\=Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment \\|editor2\\-first\\=Andrew G. \\|editor2\\-last\\=Vaughn \\|first\\=Ann E. \\|last\\=Killebrew \\|title\\=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period \\|publisher\\=Society of Biblical Literature \\|year\\=2003 \\|isbn\\=9781589830660 \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=yYS4VEu08h4C \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Just after the Amarna period, a new problem arose which was to trouble the Egyptian control of southern Canaan (the rest of the region then being under Assyrian control). Pharaoh Horemhab campaigned against [Shasu](/wiki/Shasu \"Shasu\") (Egyptian \\= \"wanderers\"){{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} living in [nomadic pastoralist](/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralist \"Nomadic pastoralist\") tribes, who had moved across the [Jordan River](/wiki/Jordan_River \"Jordan River\") to threaten Egyptian trade through [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\") and [Jezreel](/wiki/Jezreel_%28city%29 \"Jezreel (city)\"). [Seti I](/wiki/Seti_I \"Seti I\") ({{circa\\|1290}} BC) is said to have conquered these Shasu, Semitic\\-speaking nomads living just south and east of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\"), from the fortress of Taru (Shtir?) to \"*Ka\\-n\\-'\\-na*\". After the near collapse of the [Battle of Kadesh](/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh \"Battle of Kadesh\"), [Rameses II](/wiki/Rameses_II \"Rameses II\") had to campaign vigorously in Canaan to maintain Egyptian power. Egyptian forces penetrated into [Moab](/wiki/Moab \"Moab\") and [Ammon](/wiki/Ammon \"Ammon\"), where a permanent fortress garrison (called simply \"Rameses\") was established.", "Some believe the \"[Habiru](/wiki/Habiru \"Habiru\")\" signified generally all the nomadic tribes known as \"Hebrews\", and particularly the early [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites \"Israelites\") of the period of the \"[judges](/wiki/Biblical_judges \"Biblical judges\")\", who sought to appropriate the fertile region for themselves.{{cite web \\|last\\=Wolfe \\|first\\=Robert \\|title\\=From Habiru to Hebrews: The Roots of the Jewish Tradition \\|work\\=New English Review \\|url\\=https://www.newenglishreview.org/Robert\\_Wolfe/From\\_Habiru\\_to\\_Hebrews%3A\\_The\\_Roots\\_of\\_the\\_Jewish\\_Tradition/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522082405/https://www.newenglishreview.org/Robert\\_Wolfe/From\\_Habiru\\_to\\_Hebrews:\\_The\\_Roots\\_of\\_the\\_Jewish\\_Tradition/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} However, the term was rarely used to describe the Shasu. Whether the term may also include other related ancient Semitic\\-speaking peoples such as the [Moabites](/wiki/Moab \"Moab\"), [Ammonites](/wiki/Ammon \"Ammon\") and [Edomites](/wiki/Edom \"Edom\") is uncertain.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Boyer \\|first1\\=P. J. \\|title\\=The Book of Joshua \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-107\\-65095\\-4 \\|pages\\=xiv–xv \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V9dkAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PR14 \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-24 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061904/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V9dkAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PR14\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "There is little evidence that any major city or settlement in the southern Levant was destroyed around 1200 BC.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Millek, J.M. 2018\\. Just how much was destroyed? The end of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. Ugarit\\-Forschungen 49: 239–274\\. \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/42097042 \\|journal\\=Ugarit\\-Forschungen \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/42097042 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At [Lachish](/wiki/Lachish \"Lachish\"), The Fosse Temple III was ritually terminated while a house in Area S appears to have burned in a house fire as the most severe evidence of burning was next to two ovens while no other part of the city had evidence of burning. After this though the city was rebuilt in a grander fashion than before.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \\|title\\=Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. in Fischer, P. and T. Burge (eds.), \"Sea Peoples\" Up\\-to\\-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th–11th Centuries BC. \\|date\\=2017 \\|publisher\\=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-7001\\-7963\\-4 \\|edition\\=1 \\|pages\\=127–128 \\|jstor\\=j.ctt1v2xvsn \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105036/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn \\|url\\-status\\=live }} For [Megiddo](/wiki/Megiddo%2C_Israel \"Megiddo, Israel\"), most parts of the city did not have any signs of damage and it is only possible that the palace in Area AA might have been destroyed though this is not certain. While the monumental structures at Hazor were indeed destroyed, this destruction was in the mid\\-13th century BC long before the end of the Late Bronze Age began.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Ben\\-Tor \\|first1\\=Amnon \\|last2\\=Zuckerman \\|first2\\=Sharon \\|date\\=2008 \\|title\\=Hazor at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Back to Basics \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263 \\|journal\\=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research \\|volume\\=350 \\|issue\\=350 \\|pages\\=1–6 \\|doi\\=10\\.1086/BASOR25609263 \\|jstor\\=25609263 \\|s2cid\\=163208536 \\|issn\\=0003\\-097X \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104132835/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, many sites were not burned to the ground around 1200 BC including: [Asqaluna](/wiki/Ascalon \"Ascalon\"), [Ashdod\\_(ancient\\_city)](/wiki/Ashdod_%28ancient_city%29 \"Ashdod (ancient city)\"), [Tell es\\-Safi](/wiki/Tell_es-Safi \"Tell es-Safi\"), [Tel Batash](/wiki/Timnah \"Timnah\"), [Tel Burna](/wiki/Tel_Burna \"Tel Burna\"), [Tel Dor](/wiki/Tel_Dor \"Tel Dor\"), [Tel Gerisa](/wiki/Tel_Gerisa \"Tel Gerisa\"), [Tell Jemmeh](/wiki/Tell_Jemmeh \"Tell Jemmeh\"), Khirbet Rabud, [Tel Zeror](/wiki/Tel_Zeror \"Tel Zeror\"), and [Tell Abu Hawam](/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hawam \"Tell Abu Hawam\") among others.", "Despite many theories which claim that trade relations broke down after 1200 BC in the southern Levant, there is ample evidence that trade with other regions continued after the end of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \\|title\\=Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9\\. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. \\|date\\=2019 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=The Impact of Destruction on Trade at the End of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. In: F. Hagemeyer (ed.), Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 39–60\\. \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/74756865 \\|journal\\=Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods New Studies on Jerusalem's Relations with the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel/Palestine (C. 1200–300 BC) Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times IV \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160557/https://www.academia.edu/74756865 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Archaeologist Jesse Millek has shown that while the common assumption is that trade in Cypriot and Mycenaean pottery ended around 1200 BC, trade in [Cypriot pottery](/wiki/Cypriot_pottery \"Cypriot pottery\") actually largely came to an end at 1300, while for [Mycenaean pottery](/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery \"Mycenaean pottery\"), this trade ended at 1250 BC, and destruction around 1200 BC could not have affected either pattern of international trade since it ended before the end of the Late Bronze Age.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \\|title\\=Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9\\. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. \\|date\\=2019 \\|pages\\=180–212 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He has also demonstrated that trade with [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") continued after 1200 BC.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Millek \\|first\\=Jesse \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \\|title\\=Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9\\. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. \\|date\\=2019 \\|pages\\=217–238 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Archaeometallurgical studies performed by various teams have also shown that trade in [tin](/wiki/Tin \"Tin\"), a non\\-local metal necessary to make [bronze](/wiki/Bronze \"Bronze\"), did not stop or decrease after 1200 BC, even though the closest source of the metal were modern Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, or perhaps even Cornwall, England.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Yahalom\\-Mack \\|first\\=N. \\|date\\=2014 \\|title\\=N. Yahalom\\-Mack, E. Galili, E., I. Segal, A. Eliyahu\\-Behar, E. Boaretto, S. Shilstein and I. Finkelstein, New Insights to Levantine Copper Trade: Analysis of Ingots from the Bronze and Iron Ages in Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 45 (2014\\), pp. 159–177\\. \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/30800615 \\|journal\\=Journal of Archaeological Science \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160554/https://www.academia.edu/30800615 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ashkenazi \\|first\\=D. \\|date\\=2016 \\|title\\=Ashkenazi, D., Bunimovitz, S. and Stern, A. 2016\\. Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Thirteenth\\-Twelfth Centuries BC Bronze Objects from Tel Beth\\-Shemesh, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6: 170–181 \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/28132010 \\|journal\\=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160552/https://www.academia.edu/28132010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") from [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\") was still being imported to the southern Levant after 1200 BC during the early Iron Age.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Yagel \\|first1\\=Omri \\|last2\\=Ben\\-Yosef \\|first2\\=Erez \\|title\\=Lead in the Levant during the Late Bronze and early Iron Ages \\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/88829580 \\|journal\\=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports \\|year\\=2022 \\|volume\\=46 \\|pages\\=103649 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.jasrep.2022\\.103649 \\|bibcode\\=2022JArSR..46j3649Y \\|issn\\=2352\\-409X \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160554/https://www.academia.edu/88829580 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Iron Age", "[thumb\\|Levant (c. 830 BC)](/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png \"Kingdoms of the Levant Map 830.png\")", "{{Main\\|History of ancient Israel and Judah}}\nBy the [Early Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\"), the southern Levant came to be dominated by the [kingdoms of Israel and Judah](/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah \"History of ancient Israel and Judah\"), besides the [Philistine](/wiki/Philistines \"Philistines\") city\\-states on the Mediterranean coast, and the kingdoms of [Moab](/wiki/Moab \"Moab\"), [Ammon](/wiki/Ammon \"Ammon\"), and [Aram\\-Damascus](/wiki/Aram-Damascus \"Aram-Damascus\") east of the Jordan River, and [Edom](/wiki/Edom \"Edom\") to the south. The northern Levant was divided into various petty kingdoms, the so\\-called [Syro\\-Hittite states](/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states \"Syro-Hittite states\") and the Phoenician city\\-states.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "The entire region (including all Phoenician/Canaanite and [Aramean](/wiki/Arameans \"Arameans\") states, together with [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Philistia](/wiki/Philistia \"Philistia\"), and [Samaria](/wiki/Samaria \"Samaria\")) was conquered by the [Neo\\-Assyrian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire \"Neo-Assyrian Empire\") during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, and would remain so for three hundred years until the end of the 7th century BC.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} Emperor\\-kings such as [Ashurnasirpal](/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II \"Ashurnasirpal II\"), [Adad\\-nirari II](/wiki/Adad-nirari_II \"Adad-nirari II\"), [Sargon II](/wiki/Sargon_II \"Sargon II\"), [Tiglath\\-Pileser III](/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III \"Tiglath-Pileser III\"), [Esarhaddon](/wiki/Esarhaddon \"Esarhaddon\"), [Sennacherib](/wiki/Sennacherib \"Sennacherib\") and [Ashurbanipal](/wiki/Ashurbanipal \"Ashurbanipal\") came to dominate Canaanite affairs. During the [Twenty\\-fifth Dynasty](/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt\") the Egyptians made a failed attempt to regain a foothold in the region but were vanquished by the Neo\\-Assyrian Empire, leading to an [Assyrian conquest of Egypt](/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt \"Assyrian conquest of Egypt\").", "Between 616 and 605 BC the Neo\\-Assyrian Empire collapsed due to a series of bitter civil wars, followed by an attack by an alliance of [Babylonians](/wiki/Babylonians \"Babylonians\"), [Medes](/wiki/Medes \"Medes\"), and Persians and the [Scythians](/wiki/Scythians \"Scythians\"). The [Neo\\-Babylonian Empire](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire \"Neo-Babylonian Empire\") inherited the western part of the empire, including all the lands in Canaan and [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), together with [Kingdom of Israel](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28Samaria%29 \"Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)\") and the [Kingdom of Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah \"Kingdom of Judah\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}} They successfully defeated the Egyptians and remained in the region in an attempt to regain a foothold in the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\").", "The Neo\\-Babylonian Empire itself collapsed in 539 BC, and the region became a part of the [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire \"Achaemenid Empire\"). It remained so until in 332 BC it was conquered by the [Greeks](/wiki/Greeks \"Greeks\") under [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great \"Alexander the Great\"), later to fall to the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") in the late 2nd century BC, and then [Byzantium](/wiki/Byzantium \"Byzantium\"), until the [Arab](/wiki/Arab \"Arab\") conquest in the 7th century AD.{{cite book \\|first\\=Georges \\|last\\=Roux \\|title\\=Ancient Iraq \\|isbn\\=9780141938257 \\|year\\=1992 \\|publisher\\=Penguin Books \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=klZX8B\\_RzzYC \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018}}", "### Egyptian hieroglyphic and hieratic (1500–1000 BC)", "{{Further\\|Timeline of the name Palestine}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|The name \"Canaan\" occurs in [hieroglyphs](/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs \"Egyptian hieroglyphs\") as {{transliteration\\|egy\\|k3nˁnˁ}} on the [Merneptah Stele](/wiki/Merneptah_Stele \"Merneptah Stele\") in the 13th century BC](/wiki/File:KAnana.gif \"KAnana.gif\")", "During the 2nd millennium BC, [Ancient Egyptian](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt \"Ancient Egypt\") texts use the term \"Canaan\" to refer to an Egyptian\\-ruled colony, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\"), bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of [Hamath](/wiki/Hama%23Hama_in_the_Bible \"Hama#Hama in the Bible\") in Syria, to the east by the [Jordan Valley](/wiki/Jordan_Valley_%28Middle_East%29 \"Jordan Valley (Middle East)\"), and to the south by a line extended from the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\") to around [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_City \"Gaza City\"). Nevertheless, the Egyptian and [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\") uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of [Qadesh](/wiki/Kadesh_%28Syria%29 \"Kadesh (Syria)\") in northwest Syria near Turkey as part of the \"Land of Canaan\", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire [Levantine](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\") coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, [Retjenu](/wiki/Retjenu \"Retjenu\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "Lebanon, in northern Canaan, bordered by the [Litani river](/wiki/Litani_River \"Litani River\") to the watershed of the [Orontes River](/wiki/Orontes_River \"Orontes River\"), was known by the Egyptians as upper [Retjenu](/wiki/Retjenu \"Retjenu\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Breasted \\|first\\=J.H. \\|year\\=1906 \\|title\\=Ancient records of Egypt \\|publisher\\=University of Illinois Press}} In Egyptian campaign accounts, the term [Djahi](/wiki/Djahi \"Djahi\") was used to refer to the watershed of the Jordan river. Many earlier Egyptian sources also mention numerous military campaigns conducted in *Ka\\-na\\-na*, just inside Asia.{{cite book \\|last\\=Redford \\|first\\=Donald B. \\|year\\=1993 \\|title\\=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times \\|publisher\\=Princeton University Press \\|isbn\\=9780691000862 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gkN9QgAACAAJ \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018}}", "[thumb\\|[Ramesses III prisoner tiles](/wiki/Ramesses_III_prisoner_tiles \"Ramesses III prisoner tiles\") depicting {{citation needed span\\|Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives\\|date\\=March 2019}}](/wiki/File:Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png \"Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives from Ramses III's tile collection; By Niv Lugassi.png\")\nArchaeological attestation of the name \"Canaan\" in [Ancient Near Eastern](/wiki/Ancient_Near_East \"Ancient Near East\") sources relates almost exclusively to the period in which the region operated as a colony of the [New Kingdom of Egypt](/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt \"New Kingdom of Egypt\") (16th–11th centuries BC), with usage of the name almost disappearing following the [Late Bronze Age collapse](/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse \"Late Bronze Age collapse\") ({{circa\\|1206–1150}} BC).{{sfn\\|Drews\\|1998\\|p\\=61\\|ps\\=: \"The name 'Canaan', never very popular, went out of vogue with the collapse of the Egyptian empire.\"}} The references suggest that during this period the term was familiar to the region's neighbors on all sides, although scholars have disputed to what extent such references provide a coherent description of its location and boundaries, and regarding whether the inhabitants used the term to describe themselves.For details of the disputes, see the works of Lemche and Na'aman, the main protagonists.", "16 references are known in Egyptian sources, from the [Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt](/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt \"Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt\") onwards.{{sfn\\|Na'aman\\|2005\\|pp\\=110–120}}\n* [Amenhotep II](/wiki/Amenhotep_II \"Amenhotep II\") inscriptions: Canaanites are included in a list of prisoners of war\n* Three topographical lists\n* [Papyrus Anastasi I](/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_I \"Papyrus Anastasi I\") 27,1\" refers to the route from Sile to Gaza \"the \\[foreign countries] of the end of the land of Canaan\"\n* [Merneptah Stele](/wiki/Merneptah_Stele \"Merneptah Stele\")\n* [Papyrus Anastasi IIIA](/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_IIIA \"Papyrus Anastasi IIIA\") 5–6 and [Papyrus Anastasi IV](/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_IV \"Papyrus Anastasi IV\") 16,4 refer to \"Canaanite slaves from Hurru\"\n* [Papyrus Harris](/wiki/Papyrus_Harris \"Papyrus Harris\"){{cite book \\|last\\=Higginbotham \\|first\\=Carolyn \\|title\\=Egyptianization and Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine: Governance and Accommodation on the Imperial Periphery \\|year\\=2000 \\|publisher\\=Brill Academic Pub. \\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-11768\\-6 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iiTbEFrLSc8C\\&pg\\=PA57 \\|page\\=57 \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018}} After the collapse of the Levant under the so\\-called \"[Peoples of the Sea](/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Sea \"Peoples of the Sea\")\" [Ramesses III](/wiki/Ramesses_III \"Ramesses III\") ({{circa\\|1194}} BC) is said to have built a temple to the god [Amen](/wiki/Amun \"Amun\") to receive tribute from the southern Levant. This was described as being built in *Pa\\-Canaan*, a geographical reference whose meaning is disputed, with suggestions that it may refer to the city of Gaza or to the entire Egyptian\\-occupied territory in the southwest corner of the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Hasel \\|first1\\=Michael G. \\|title\\=Pa\\-Canaan in the Egyptian New Kingdom: Canaan or Gaza? \\|journal\\=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections \\|date\\=2009 \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=8–17 \\|url\\=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/5 \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018 \\|doi\\=10\\.2458/azu\\_jaei\\_v01i1\\_hasel \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103017/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/5 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Greco\\-Roman historiography", "{{Further\\|Syria Phoenicia (disambiguation){{!}}Syria Phoenicia\\|Palestine (region){{!}}Palestine}}\nThe Greek term *Phoenicia* is first attested in the first two works of [Western literature](/wiki/Western_literature \"Western literature\"), [Homer](/wiki/Homer \"Homer\")'s *[Iliad](/wiki/Iliad \"Iliad\")* and *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey \"Odyssey\")*. It does not occur in the [Hebrew Bible](/wiki/Hebrew_Bible \"Hebrew Bible\"), but occurs three times in the [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament \"New Testament\") in the [Book of Acts](/wiki/Book_of_Acts \"Book of Acts\").[The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopaedia](https://archive.org/stream/popularandcriti01willgoog/popularandcriti01willgoog_djvu.txt), The three occasions are {{Bibleverse\\|Acts\\|11:19}}, {{Bibleverse\\|Acts\\|15:3}} and {{Bibleverse\\|Acts\\|21:2}} In the 6th century BC, [Hecataeus of Miletus](/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus \"Hecataeus of Miletus\") affirms that Phoenicia was formerly called {{Lang\\|grc\\|χνα}}, a name that [Philo of Byblos](/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos \"Philo of Byblos\") subsequently adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: \"Khna who was afterwards called [Phoinix](/wiki/Phoenicians \"Phoenicians\")\". Quoting fragments attributed to [Sanchuniathon](/wiki/Sanchuniathon \"Sanchuniathon\"), he relates that [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos \"Byblos\"), [Berytus](/wiki/Berytus \"Berytus\") and [Tyre](/wiki/Tyre_%28Lebanon%29 \"Tyre (Lebanon)\") were among the first cities ever built, under the rule of the mythical [Cronus](/wiki/Cronus \"Cronus\"), and credits the inhabitants with developing fishing, hunting, agriculture, shipbuilding and writing.", "Coins of the city of [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") / Laodicea bear the legend, \"Of Laodicea, a metropolis in Canaan\"; these coins are dated to the reign of [Antiochus IV](/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Syria \"Antiochus IV of Syria\") (175–164 BC) and his successors until 123 BC.", "[thumb\\|Coin of [Alexander II Zabinas](/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas \"Alexander II Zabinas\") with the inscription \"Laodikeia, metropole of Canaan\"{{cite book\\|last\\=Cohen\\|first\\=Getzel M.\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RqdPcxuNthcC\\&pg\\=PA205\\|title\\=The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-93102\\-2\\|page\\=205\\|quote\\=Berytos, being part of Phoenicia, was under Ptolemaic control until 200 BC. After the battle of Panion Phoenicia and southern Syria passed to the Seleucids. In the second century BC, Laodikeia issued both autonomous as well as quasi\\-autonomous coins. The autonomous bronze coins had a Tyche on the obverse. The reverse often had Poseidon or Astarte standing on the prow of a ship, the letters BH or \\[lambda alpha] and the monogram \\[phi], that is, the initials of Berytos/Laodikeia and Phoenicia, and, on a few coins, the Phoenician legend LL'DK' 'S BKN 'N or LL'DK' 'M BKN ’N, which has been read as \"Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan\" or \"Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan.\" The quasi\\-municipal coins—issued under Antiochos IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC) and continuing with Alexander I Balas (150–145 BC), Demetrios II Nikator (146–138 BC), and Alexander II Zabinas (128–123 n.c.)—contained the king's head on the obverse, and on the reverse the name of the king in Greek, the city name in Phoenician (LL'DK' 'S BKN ’N or LL'DK’ 'M BKN 'N), the Greek letters \\[lambda alpha], and the monogram \\[phi]. After {{circa\\|123}} BC, the Phoenician \"Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan\" / \"Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan\" is no longer attested\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062427/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RqdPcxuNthcC\\&pg\\=PA205\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}](/wiki/File:Laodikeia_Canaan.png \"Laodikeia Canaan.png\")[Saint Augustine](/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo \"Augustine of Hippo\") also mentions that one of the terms the seafaring Phoenicians called their homeland was \"Canaan\". Augustine also records that the rustic people of [Hippo](/wiki/Hippo_Regius \"Hippo Regius\") in North Africa retained the [Punic](/wiki/Punic_language \"Punic language\") self\\-designation *Chanani*.*Epistulae ad Romanos expositio inchoate expositio,* 13 (Migne, [Patrologia Latina](/wiki/Patrologia_Latina \"Patrologia Latina\"), vol.35 p.2096\\):'Interrogati rustici nostri quid sint, punice respondents chanani.'{{cite book\\|last\\=Shaw\\|first\\=Brent D.\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=F8ZRPTgcjrcC\\|title\\=Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9780521196055\\|page\\=431\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062428/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=F8ZRPTgcjrcC\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Since 'punic' in Latin also meant 'non\\-Roman', some scholars, however, argue that the language referred to as Punic in Augustine may have been [Libyan](/wiki/Berber_languages \"Berber languages\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Ellingsen\\|first\\=Mark\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZeU4uCL8DfUC\\&pg\\=PA9\\|title\\=The Richness of Augustine: His Contextual and Pastoral Theology\\|publisher\\=Westminster John Knox Press\\|year\\=2005\\|isbn\\=9780664226183\\|page\\=9\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018}}", "The Greeks also popularized the term *Palestine*, named after the Philistines or the Aegean [Pelasgians](/wiki/Pelasgians \"Pelasgians\"), for roughly the region of Canaan, excluding Phoenicia, with [Herodotus](/wiki/Herodotus \"Herodotus\")' first recorded use of *[Palaistinê](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine \"Timeline of the name Palestine\")*, {{circa\\|480}} BC. From 110 BC, the [Hasmoneans](/wiki/Hasmoneans \"Hasmoneans\") extended their authority over much of the region, creating a [Judean](/wiki/Judean \"Judean\")\\-[Samaritan](/wiki/Samaritan \"Samaritan\")\\-[Idumaean](/wiki/Idumaean \"Idumaean\")\\-[Ituraean](/wiki/Ituraean \"Ituraean\")\\-[Galilean](/wiki/Galilean \"Galilean\") alliance. The Judean (Jewish, see [Ioudaioi](/wiki/Ioudaioi \"Ioudaioi\")) control over the wider area resulted in it also becoming known as [Judaea](/wiki/Judaea \"Judaea\"), a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the [Judean Mountains](/wiki/Judean_Mountains \"Judean Mountains\"), the allotment of the [Tribe of Judah](/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah \"Tribe of Judah\") and heartland of the former [Kingdom of Judah](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah \"Kingdom of Judah\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge\\-history\\-of\\-judaism/6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB\\|title\\=The Cambridge History of Judaism\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=2008\\|isbn\\=9781139053662\\|editor1\\-last\\=Horbury\\|editor1\\-first\\=William\\|volume\\=3\\|page\\=210\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/CHOL9780521243773\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|editor2\\-last\\=Davies\\|editor2\\-first\\=W. D.\\|editor3\\-last\\=Sturdy\\|editor3\\-first\\=John\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010121333/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge\\-history\\-of\\-judaism/6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB\\|url\\-status\\=live}} \"In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'\"{{cite book\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv\\|title\\=A History of the Jewish People\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|year\\=1976\\|isbn\\=9780674397316\\|editor\\-last\\=Ben\\-Sasson\\|editor\\-first\\=Haim Hillel\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/226 226]\\|quote\\=The name Judea no longer referred only to....\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|url\\-access\\=registration}} Between 73–63 BC, the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\") extended its influence into the region in the [Third Mithridatic War](/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War \"Third Mithridatic War\"), conquering Judea in 63 BC, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. Around 130–135 AD, as a result of the suppression of the [Bar Kochba](/wiki/Bar_Kochba \"Bar Kochba\") revolt, the province of Iudaea was joined with [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\") to form a new province of [Syria Palaestina](/wiki/Syria_Palaestina \"Syria Palaestina\"). There is [circumstantial evidence](/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence \"Circumstantial evidence\") linking [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\") with the name change,{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Feldman\\|first1\\=Louis\\|year\\=1990\\|title\\=Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pACJYw0bg3QC\\&pg\\=PA553\\|journal\\=Hebrew Union College Annual\\|volume\\=61\\|pages\\=1–23\\|isbn\\=978\\-9004104181\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018}} although the precise date is not certain, and the interpretation of some scholars that the name change may have been intended \"to complete the dissociation with Judaea\"{{cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=http://www.usd.edu/\\~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm\\#135\\-337\\|title\\=Palestine: History\\|last\\=Lehmann\\|first\\=Clayton Miles\\|date\\=Summer 1998\\|publisher\\=University of South Dakota\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811054625/http://www.usd.edu/\\~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=11 August 2009\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|encyclopedia\\=The On\\-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces}}[Sharon](/wiki/Moshe_Sharon \"Moshe Sharon\"), 1998, p. 4\\. According to [Moshe Sharon](/wiki/Moshe_Sharon \"Moshe Sharon\"), \"Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious [Judaea](/wiki/Iudaea_Province \"Iudaea Province\")\", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it *Palaestina* or *Syria Palaestina*. is disputed.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Jacobson\\|first1\\=David M.\\|year\\=1999\\|title\\=Palestine and Israel\\|journal\\=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research\\|volume\\=313\\|issue\\=313\\|pages\\=65–74\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1357617\\|jstor\\=1357617\\|s2cid\\=163303829}}", "### Later sources", "[Padiiset's Statue](/wiki/Padiiset%27s_Statue \"Padiiset's Statue\") is the last known Egyptian reference to Canaan, a small statuette labelled \"Envoy of the Canaan and of [Peleset](/wiki/Peleset \"Peleset\"), Pa\\-di\\-Eset, the son of Apy\". The inscription is dated to 900–850 BC, more than 300 years after the preceding known inscription.{{sfn\\|Drews\\|1998\\|p\\=49a\\|ps\\= :\"In the Papyrus Harris, from the middle of the twelfth century, the late Ramesses III claims to have built for Amon a temple in 'the Canaan' of Djahi. More than three centuries later comes the next—and very last—Egyptian reference to 'Canaan' or 'the Canaan': a basalt statuette, usually assigned to the Twenty\\-Second Dynasty, is labeled, 'Envoy of the Canaan and of Palestine, Pa\\-di\\-Eset, the son of Apy'.\"}}", "During the period from {{circa\\|900–330}} BC, the dominant [Neo\\-Assyrian](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire \"Neo-Assyrian Empire\") and [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire \"Achaemenid Empire\") make no mention of Canaan.{{sfn\\|Drews\\|1998\\|p\\=49b\\|ps\\= :\"Although New Assyrian inscriptions frequently refer to the Levant, they make no mention of 'Canaan'. Nor do Persian and Greek sources refer to it.\"}}", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\|upright\|Eleanor Roosevelt at United Nations for Human Rights Commission meeting in Lake Success, New York, in 1947](/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_United_Nations_for_Human_Rights_Commission_meeting_in_Lake_Success%2C_New_York_-_NARA_-_196772.jpg "Eleanor Roosevelt at United Nations for Human Rights Commission meeting in Lake Success, New York - NARA - 196772.jpg") The UNHRC was established in 1946 by [ECOSOC](/wiki/ECOSOC "ECOSOC"), and was one of the first two "Functional Commissions" set up within the early UN structure (the other being the [Commission on the Status of Women](/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women "United Nations Commission on the Status of Women")). It was a body created under the terms of the [United Nations Charter](/wiki/United_Nations_Charter "United Nations Charter") (specifically, under *Article 68*) to which all [UN member states](/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations "Member states of the United Nations") are signatories. It met for the first time in January 1947 and established a drafting committee for the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights "Universal Declaration of Human Rights"), which was adopted by the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") on December 10, 1948\. The body went through two distinct phases. From 1947 to 1967, it concentrated on promoting human rights and helping states elaborate treaties, but not on investigating or condemning violators.{{cite web \|title\=Brief historic overview of the Commission \|url\=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CHR/Pages/Background.aspx \|website\=United Nations Human Rights Council \|access\-date\=22 June 2018}} It was a period of strict observance of the [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty "Sovereignty") principle. In 1967, the Commission adopted [interventionism](/wiki/Interventionism_%28politics%29 "Interventionism (politics)") as its policy. The context of the decade was of [Decolonization of Africa](/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa "Decolonisation of Africa") and [Asia](/wiki/Decolonization_of_Asia "Decolonization of Asia"), and many countries of the continent pressed for a more active UN policy on human rights issues, especially in light of massive violations in [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid") [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"). The new policy meant that the Commission would also investigate and produce reports on violations. To allow better fulfillment of this new policy, other changes took place. In the 1970s, the possibility of geographically oriented workgroups was created. These groups would specialize in investigating violations in a particular region or even a single country, as was the case with [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"). With the 1980s came the creation of theme\-oriented workgroups, which would specialize in specific types of abuses. None of these measures, however, were able to make the Commission as effective as desired, mainly because of the presence of human rights violators and the politicization of the body. During the following years until its extinction, the UNCHR became increasingly discredited among activists and governments alike. The Commission held its final meeting in Geneva on March 27, 2006, and was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in the same year.
[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Eleanor Roosevelt at United Nations for Human Rights Commission meeting in Lake Success, New York, in 1947](/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_United_Nations_for_Human_Rights_Commission_meeting_in_Lake_Success%2C_New_York_-_NARA_-_196772.jpg \"Eleanor Roosevelt at United Nations for Human Rights Commission meeting in Lake Success, New York - NARA - 196772.jpg\")", "The UNHRC was established in 1946 by [ECOSOC](/wiki/ECOSOC \"ECOSOC\"), and was one of the first two \"Functional Commissions\" set up within the early UN structure (the other being the [Commission on the Status of Women](/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women \"United Nations Commission on the Status of Women\")). It was a body created under the terms of the [United Nations Charter](/wiki/United_Nations_Charter \"United Nations Charter\") (specifically, under *Article 68*) to which all [UN member states](/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations \"Member states of the United Nations\") are signatories.", "It met for the first time in January 1947 and established a drafting committee for the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"), which was adopted by the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") on December 10, 1948\\.", "The body went through two distinct phases. From 1947 to 1967, it concentrated on promoting human rights and helping states elaborate treaties, but not on investigating or condemning violators.{{cite web \\|title\\=Brief historic overview of the Commission \\|url\\=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CHR/Pages/Background.aspx \\|website\\=United Nations Human Rights Council \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2018}} It was a period of strict observance of the [sovereignty](/wiki/Sovereignty \"Sovereignty\") principle.", "In 1967, the Commission adopted [interventionism](/wiki/Interventionism_%28politics%29 \"Interventionism (politics)\") as its policy. The context of the decade was of [Decolonization of Africa](/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa \"Decolonisation of Africa\") and [Asia](/wiki/Decolonization_of_Asia \"Decolonization of Asia\"), and many countries of the continent pressed for a more active UN policy on human rights issues, especially in light of massive violations in [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\") [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"). The new policy meant that the Commission would also investigate and produce reports on violations.", "To allow better fulfillment of this new policy, other changes took place. In the 1970s, the possibility of geographically oriented workgroups was created. These groups would specialize in investigating violations in a particular region or even a single country, as was the case with [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"). With the 1980s came the creation of theme\\-oriented workgroups, which would specialize in specific types of abuses.", "None of these measures, however, were able to make the Commission as effective as desired, mainly because of the presence of human rights violators and the politicization of the body. During the following years until its extinction, the UNCHR became increasingly discredited among activists and governments alike.", "The Commission held its final meeting in Geneva on March 27, 2006, and was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in the same year.", "" ]
History ------- Okinawa Autotech was incepted in 2015 by Jeetender Sharma{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa to launch high\-speed electric scooter, motorcycle this year: Founder Jeetender Sharma\|url\=https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/okinawa\-to\-launch\-high\-speed\-electric\-scooter\-motorcycle\-this\-year\-founder\-jeetender\-sharma\-308721\-2021\-10\-07\|work\=Business Today}} a veteran in the two\-wheeler automobile industry and his wife Dr Rupali Sharma.{{cite news\|title\=Rupali Sharma, Okinawa \- Women Were, Are \& Will Always Remain Empowered\|url\=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/videos/rupali\-sharma\-women\-were\-are\-will\-always\-remain\-empowered\-110883/\|work\=Mobility Outlook}} In 2017 Okinawa Launched India's first high\-speed electric scooter, the Okinawa Ridge.{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa Electric Scooters launched in India; to invest Rs 275 crore over next 3 years\|url\=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two\-wheelers/scooters\-mopeds/okinawa\-electric\-scooters\-launched\-in\-india\-to\-invest\-rs\-275\-crore\-over\-next\-3\-years/56729957\|work\=ET Auto}} The first electric scooter was followed by the Okinawa iPraise in December 2017\. After two years of market research, the first prototype of Okinawa's electric scooter was tested for 25,000 km on different road conditions across India. In May 2019 Okinawa became the first company to get the FAME\-II{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa first electric scooter to get FAME\-II incentives: Big savings on offer!\|url\=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike\-news/okinawa\-first\-electric\-scooter\-to\-get\-fame\-ii\-incentives\-big\-savings\-on\-offer/1564496/\|work\=Financial Express}} subsidy on its iPraise{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa launches i\-Praise e\-scooter for Rs 1\.15 lakh\|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/new\-launches/story/okinawa\-launch\-i\-praise\-e\-scooter\-rs\-1\-15\-lakh\-1438554\-2019\-01\-24\|work\=India Today}} and Ridge\+ models,{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa Ridge\+ e\-scooter launched at Rs 64,988\|url\=https://www.autocarindia.com/bike\-news/okinawa\-ridge\-e\-scooter\-launched\-at\-rs\-64988\-410035\|work\=Auto Car India}} both of which feature [lithium\-ion battries](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery"). Its next electric scooter, the Okinawa Praise Pro{{cite news\|title\=110 km माइलेज देना वाला Okinawa PraisePro स्कूटर हुआ लॉन्च, 180 मिनट में होगा फुल चार्ज\|url\=https://www.amarujala.com/automobiles/auto\-news/okinawa\-praisepro\-electric\-scooter\-launched\-at\-rs\-71\-990\|work\=Amar Ujala}} was launched in September the same year, followed by the Okinawa Lite{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa Lite electric scooter launched in India at Rs 59,990: Range, top speed, features\|url\=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike\-news/okinawa\-lite\-electric\-scooter\-launched\-in\-india\-at\-rs\-59990\-range\-top\-speed\-features/1757569/\|work\=Financial Express}} in November and the Okinawa R30{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa R30 Electric Scooter Launched In India; Priced At Rs. 58,992\|url\=https://www.carandbike.com/news/okinawa\-r30\-electric\-scooter\-launched\-in\-india\-priced\-at\-rs\-58\-992\-2284904\|work\=Car \& Bike}} in August 2019\. In January 2021, the company launched its first B2B electric scooter \- the Okinawa Dual{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa Dual B2B e scooter launched at ₹58,998\|url\=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/bike\-news/article/okinawa\-dual\-b2b\-e\-scooter\-launched\-at/710511\|work\=Times Now News}} \- with a view to propel services on wheels. In June 2021, Okinawa received [International Automotive Task Force](/wiki/International_Automotive_Task_Force "International Automotive Task Force") (IATF) Certification,{{Cite news \|date\=28 Jun 2021 \|title\=Okinawa Autotech Receives International Automotive Task Force Certification \|work\=Car and Bike \|url\=https://www.carandbike.com/news/okinawa\-autotech\-receives\-international\-automotive\-task\-force\-certification\-2474112}} becoming the first EV manufacturer to attain this feat. In March 2022, Okinawa launched the OKHI\-90{{cite news\|title\=Okinawa Okhi\-90 electric scooter launched in India, prices start at Rs 1\.21 lakh\|url\=https://zeenews.india.com/electric\-vehicles/okinawa\-okhi\-90\-electric\-scooter\-launched\-in\-india\-prices\-start\-at\-rs\-1\-21\-lakh\-2447816\.html\|work\=Zee News}} electric scooter. The scooter an amalgamation of a scooter and a motorcycle.
[ "History\n-------", "Okinawa Autotech was incepted in 2015 by Jeetender Sharma{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa to launch high\\-speed electric scooter, motorcycle this year: Founder Jeetender Sharma\\|url\\=https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/okinawa\\-to\\-launch\\-high\\-speed\\-electric\\-scooter\\-motorcycle\\-this\\-year\\-founder\\-jeetender\\-sharma\\-308721\\-2021\\-10\\-07\\|work\\=Business Today}} a veteran in the two\\-wheeler automobile industry and his wife Dr Rupali Sharma.{{cite news\\|title\\=Rupali Sharma, Okinawa \\- Women Were, Are \\& Will Always Remain Empowered\\|url\\=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/videos/rupali\\-sharma\\-women\\-were\\-are\\-will\\-always\\-remain\\-empowered\\-110883/\\|work\\=Mobility Outlook}} In 2017 Okinawa Launched India's first high\\-speed electric scooter, the Okinawa Ridge.{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa Electric Scooters launched in India; to invest Rs 275 crore over next 3 years\\|url\\=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two\\-wheelers/scooters\\-mopeds/okinawa\\-electric\\-scooters\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-to\\-invest\\-rs\\-275\\-crore\\-over\\-next\\-3\\-years/56729957\\|work\\=ET Auto}} The first electric scooter was followed by the Okinawa iPraise in December 2017\\. After two years of market research, the first prototype of Okinawa's electric scooter was tested for 25,000 km on different road conditions across India.", "In May 2019 Okinawa became the first company to get the FAME\\-II{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa first electric scooter to get FAME\\-II incentives: Big savings on offer!\\|url\\=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike\\-news/okinawa\\-first\\-electric\\-scooter\\-to\\-get\\-fame\\-ii\\-incentives\\-big\\-savings\\-on\\-offer/1564496/\\|work\\=Financial Express}} subsidy on its iPraise{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa launches i\\-Praise e\\-scooter for Rs 1\\.15 lakh\\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/new\\-launches/story/okinawa\\-launch\\-i\\-praise\\-e\\-scooter\\-rs\\-1\\-15\\-lakh\\-1438554\\-2019\\-01\\-24\\|work\\=India Today}} and Ridge\\+ models,{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa Ridge\\+ e\\-scooter launched at Rs 64,988\\|url\\=https://www.autocarindia.com/bike\\-news/okinawa\\-ridge\\-e\\-scooter\\-launched\\-at\\-rs\\-64988\\-410035\\|work\\=Auto Car India}} both of which feature [lithium\\-ion battries](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery \"Lithium-ion battery\").", "Its next electric scooter, the Okinawa Praise Pro{{cite news\\|title\\=110 km माइलेज देना वाला Okinawa PraisePro स्कूटर हुआ लॉन्च, 180 मिनट में होगा फुल चार्ज\\|url\\=https://www.amarujala.com/automobiles/auto\\-news/okinawa\\-praisepro\\-electric\\-scooter\\-launched\\-at\\-rs\\-71\\-990\\|work\\=Amar Ujala}} was launched in September the same year, followed by the Okinawa Lite{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa Lite electric scooter launched in India at Rs 59,990: Range, top speed, features\\|url\\=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike\\-news/okinawa\\-lite\\-electric\\-scooter\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-at\\-rs\\-59990\\-range\\-top\\-speed\\-features/1757569/\\|work\\=Financial Express}} in November and the Okinawa R30{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa R30 Electric Scooter Launched In India; Priced At Rs. 58,992\\|url\\=https://www.carandbike.com/news/okinawa\\-r30\\-electric\\-scooter\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-priced\\-at\\-rs\\-58\\-992\\-2284904\\|work\\=Car \\& Bike}} in August 2019\\. In January 2021, the company launched its first B2B electric scooter \\- the Okinawa Dual{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa Dual B2B e scooter launched at ₹58,998\\|url\\=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/bike\\-news/article/okinawa\\-dual\\-b2b\\-e\\-scooter\\-launched\\-at/710511\\|work\\=Times Now News}} \\- with a view to propel services on wheels.", "In June 2021, Okinawa received [International Automotive Task Force](/wiki/International_Automotive_Task_Force \"International Automotive Task Force\") (IATF) Certification,{{Cite news \\|date\\=28 Jun 2021 \\|title\\=Okinawa Autotech Receives International Automotive Task Force Certification \\|work\\=Car and Bike \\|url\\=https://www.carandbike.com/news/okinawa\\-autotech\\-receives\\-international\\-automotive\\-task\\-force\\-certification\\-2474112}} becoming the first EV manufacturer to attain this feat.", "In March 2022, Okinawa launched the OKHI\\-90{{cite news\\|title\\=Okinawa Okhi\\-90 electric scooter launched in India, prices start at Rs 1\\.21 lakh\\|url\\=https://zeenews.india.com/electric\\-vehicles/okinawa\\-okhi\\-90\\-electric\\-scooter\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-prices\\-start\\-at\\-rs\\-1\\-21\\-lakh\\-2447816\\.html\\|work\\=Zee News}} electric scooter. The scooter an amalgamation of a scooter and a motorcycle.", "" ]
Products -------- ### Okhi\-90 The Okinawa Okhi\-90 electric scooter launched on 25 March 2022 is an amalgamation of a motorcycle and a scooter aimed at city dwellers. The scooter has 16\-inch aluminum alloy wheels. It is powered by 72V 50AH [lithium\-ion battery](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery"). It is powered by 3800 watt, central mounting motor with belt driven ([IP\-65](/wiki/IP_code "IP code")), with a speed of 80\-90 km/h. ### iPraise\+ The iPraise\+ electric scooter is light e\-scooter with a range of 137 km per charge and a top speed of 50 km/h under ideal testing conditions and comes with a detachable battery. It is powered by 72V 50AH lithium\-ion battery with 2700 watt [BLDC motor](/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor "Brushless DC electric motor"). ### PraisePro The Okinawa PraisePro launched on 4 Sep 2022{{Cite news \|date\=5 Sep 2022 \|title\=Okinawa PraisePro electric scooter launched at Rs 71,990 with keyless entry, walking assist \& more \|work\=Financial Express \|url\=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike\-news/okinawa\-praisepro\-electric\-scooter\-launched\-at\-rs\-71990\-with\-keyless\-entry\-walking\-assist\-more/1697101/}} is powered by 1000W BLDC motor with a 2\.0 kWh [lithium\-ion](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") detachable battery as well as a micro\-charger with auto cut function. ### Ridge\+ The Okinawa Ridge\+{{Cite news \|date\=10 Oct 2018 \|title\=Okinawa Ridge\+ भारत में 64988 रुपये में हुआ लॉन्च, सिंगल चार्ज पर चलेगा 120 KM \|work\=Jagran \|url\=https://www.jagran.com/automobile/new\-car\-launches\-okinawa\-ridge\-plus\-launched\-in\-india\-know\-price\-and\-other\-details\-18520135\.html}} is powered by 60V 28AH lithium\-ion battery with 800W [BLDC motor](/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor "Brushless DC electric motor"). It comes with features like keyless entry, an anti theft alarm, e\-ABS and "Find My Scooter" features. ### Lite The Okinawa Lite is the slow speed vehicle, powered by 250W waterproof [BLDC motor](/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor "Brushless DC electric motor") with a top speed of 25 km/h and the ability to ascend a 7\-degree grade. Its design had rounded corners, and it includes danger lights, and LED speedometer. Unique features on the Okinawa Lite include an anti\-theft battery lock system and build\-in pillion rider footrests. ### R30 The Okinawa R30 has a 250W BLDC motor and 1\.25kWh lithium\-ion battery. It can be fully charged in 4 to 5 hours using standard outlet. On a full charge the Okinawa R30 has a top speed of 25 km/h and a range of roughly 60 km. ### Dual Dual is Okinawa's first B2B electric scooter launched on 21 January 2021\.{{Cite news \|date\=21 Jan 2021 \|title\=Okinawa Dual, India's first customisable B2B electric scooter, launched \|work\=HT Auto \|url\=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/two\-wheelers/okinawa\-dual\-india\-s\-first\-customisable\-b2b\-electric\-scooter\-launched\-41611228255925\.html}} With dual loading capacity on the front as well as the rear side of the vehicle, Okinawa Dual is designed to the requirements of the delivery industry. Okinawa Autotech also offers additional customized accessories such as delivery box, stackable crates, cold storage boxes for medicines, cylinder carrier and Lab on wheels that can carry these products.
[ "Products\n--------", "### Okhi\\-90", "The Okinawa Okhi\\-90 electric scooter launched on 25 March 2022 is an amalgamation of a motorcycle and a scooter aimed at city dwellers. The scooter has 16\\-inch aluminum alloy wheels. It is powered by 72V 50AH [lithium\\-ion battery](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery \"Lithium-ion battery\"). It is powered by 3800 watt, central mounting motor with belt driven ([IP\\-65](/wiki/IP_code \"IP code\")), with a speed of 80\\-90 km/h.", "### iPraise\\+", "The iPraise\\+ electric scooter is light e\\-scooter with a range of 137 km per charge and a top speed of 50 km/h under ideal testing conditions and comes with a detachable battery. It is powered by 72V 50AH lithium\\-ion battery with 2700 watt [BLDC motor](/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor \"Brushless DC electric motor\").", "### PraisePro", "The Okinawa PraisePro launched on 4 Sep 2022{{Cite news \\|date\\=5 Sep 2022 \\|title\\=Okinawa PraisePro electric scooter launched at Rs 71,990 with keyless entry, walking assist \\& more \\|work\\=Financial Express \\|url\\=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike\\-news/okinawa\\-praisepro\\-electric\\-scooter\\-launched\\-at\\-rs\\-71990\\-with\\-keyless\\-entry\\-walking\\-assist\\-more/1697101/}} is powered by 1000W BLDC motor with a 2\\.0 kWh [lithium\\-ion](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery \"Lithium-ion battery\") detachable battery as well as a micro\\-charger with auto cut function.", "### Ridge\\+", "The Okinawa Ridge\\+{{Cite news \\|date\\=10 Oct 2018 \\|title\\=Okinawa Ridge\\+ भारत में 64988 रुपये में हुआ लॉन्च, सिंगल चार्ज पर चलेगा 120 KM \\|work\\=Jagran \\|url\\=https://www.jagran.com/automobile/new\\-car\\-launches\\-okinawa\\-ridge\\-plus\\-launched\\-in\\-india\\-know\\-price\\-and\\-other\\-details\\-18520135\\.html}} is powered by 60V 28AH lithium\\-ion battery with 800W [BLDC motor](/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor \"Brushless DC electric motor\"). It comes with features like keyless entry, an anti theft alarm, e\\-ABS and \"Find My Scooter\" features.", "### Lite", "The Okinawa Lite is the slow speed vehicle, powered by 250W waterproof [BLDC motor](/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor \"Brushless DC electric motor\") with a top speed of 25 km/h and the ability to ascend a 7\\-degree grade. Its design had rounded corners, and it includes danger lights, and LED speedometer. Unique features on the Okinawa Lite include an anti\\-theft battery lock system and build\\-in pillion rider footrests.", "### R30", "The Okinawa R30 has a 250W BLDC motor and 1\\.25kWh lithium\\-ion battery. It can be fully charged in 4 to 5 hours using standard outlet. On a full charge the Okinawa R30 has a top speed of 25 km/h and a range of roughly 60 km.", "### Dual", "Dual is Okinawa's first B2B electric scooter launched on 21 January 2021\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=21 Jan 2021 \\|title\\=Okinawa Dual, India's first customisable B2B electric scooter, launched \\|work\\=HT Auto \\|url\\=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/two\\-wheelers/okinawa\\-dual\\-india\\-s\\-first\\-customisable\\-b2b\\-electric\\-scooter\\-launched\\-41611228255925\\.html}} With dual loading capacity on the front as well as the rear side of the vehicle, Okinawa Dual is designed to the requirements of the delivery industry. Okinawa Autotech also offers additional customized accessories such as delivery box, stackable crates, cold storage boxes for medicines, cylinder carrier and Lab on wheels that can carry these products.", "" ]
Issues related to the third EAS ------------------------------- The outcomes are summarised in the [Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007](http://www.aseansec.org/21127.htm). ### Myanmar The issue of [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar") or Burma, following the [2007 Myanmar anti\-government protests](/wiki/2007_Myanmar_anti-government_protests "2007 Myanmar anti-government protests"), was to be on the agenda for the third EAS[The Hindu (India) \- U.N. official in Myanmar](https://web.archive.org/web/20071114044527/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/12/stories/2007111254131400.htm) It was originally suggested that the [UN Secretary\-General](/wiki/UN_Secretary-General "UN Secretary-General")'s Special Advisor Dr. [Ibrahim Gambari](/wiki/Ibrahim_Gambari "Ibrahim Gambari") has been invited to brief the leaders at the summit.[Channel News Asia \- UN envoy Gambari calls on PM Lee to exchange views on Myanmar](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/310633/1/.html) However, following the [ASEAN Summit](/wiki/ASEAN_Summit "ASEAN Summit") the preceding day a pressure from Myanmar, ASEAN decided that Dr. Gambari will not brief the leaders but rather Burmese Prime Minister [Thein Sein](/wiki/Thein_Sein "Thein Sein") will address the ASEAN Summit and ASEAN would facilitate briefings with other interested parties.[Channel News Asia \- ASEAN stands ready to help Myanmar: Singapore PM Lee](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/312568/1/.html) Dr. Gambari was available for private briefings of the leaders. ### Climate change The third EAS was expected to make an announcement on [tackling climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation "Climate change mitigation").[Channel NewsAsia: ASEAN to issue 2 statements on tackling climate change](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/311071/1/.html) At the Summit the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment](http://www.aseansec.org/21116.htm) was signed establishing aspirational targets on climate change, energy and the environment. ### Trade The Summit agreed to receive at the [Fourth EAS](/wiki/Fourth_EAS "Fourth EAS") the further report on the [Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia](/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_in_East_Asia "Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia") (CEPEA) proposed at the [Second EAS](/wiki/Second_EAS "Second EAS"). The Summit also agreed to the establishment of the [Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia](/wiki/Economic_Research_Institute_for_ASEAN_and_East_Asia "Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia") (ERIA). The [Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007](http://www.aseansec.org/21127.htm) said: > 13\. We agreed to the establishment of the Economic Research Institute of ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) to be accommodated temporarily at the ASEAN Secretariat. We welcomed the report submitted to us by the Expert Group, which focuses on research topics of strategic interest to the EAS countries. We encouraged the Expert Group to continue its research work and we looked forward to practical policy recommendations to further regional integration and strengthen partnerships in East Asia. > > > > 14\. We welcomed the progress report of the study by scholars and academics on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA), and encouraged them to maintain good momentum in their work towards submitting a final report of recommendations through the Economic Ministers to us at the 4th East Asia Summit. It would be useful to incorporate the views of the private sector in the work process. The CEPEA should build upon and add value to our existing FTAs. We encouraged the expeditious conclusion of our ASEAN Plus 1 FTAs.
[ "Issues related to the third EAS\n-------------------------------", "The outcomes are summarised in the [Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007](http://www.aseansec.org/21127.htm).", "### Myanmar", "The issue of [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\") or Burma, following the [2007 Myanmar anti\\-government protests](/wiki/2007_Myanmar_anti-government_protests \"2007 Myanmar anti-government protests\"), was to be on the agenda for the third EAS[The Hindu (India) \\- U.N. official in Myanmar](https://web.archive.org/web/20071114044527/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/12/stories/2007111254131400.htm) It was originally suggested that the [UN Secretary\\-General](/wiki/UN_Secretary-General \"UN Secretary-General\")'s Special Advisor Dr. [Ibrahim Gambari](/wiki/Ibrahim_Gambari \"Ibrahim Gambari\") has been invited to brief the leaders at the summit.[Channel News Asia \\- UN envoy Gambari calls on PM Lee to exchange views on Myanmar](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/310633/1/.html) However, following the [ASEAN Summit](/wiki/ASEAN_Summit \"ASEAN Summit\") the preceding day a pressure from Myanmar, ASEAN decided that Dr. Gambari will not brief the leaders but rather Burmese Prime Minister [Thein Sein](/wiki/Thein_Sein \"Thein Sein\") will address the ASEAN Summit and ASEAN would facilitate briefings with other interested parties.[Channel News Asia \\- ASEAN stands ready to help Myanmar: Singapore PM Lee](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/312568/1/.html) Dr. Gambari was available for private briefings of the leaders.", "### Climate change", "The third EAS was expected to make an announcement on [tackling climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation \"Climate change mitigation\").[Channel NewsAsia: ASEAN to issue 2 statements on tackling climate change](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/311071/1/.html) At the Summit the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment](http://www.aseansec.org/21116.htm) was signed establishing aspirational targets on climate change, energy and the environment.", "### Trade", "The Summit agreed to receive at the [Fourth EAS](/wiki/Fourth_EAS \"Fourth EAS\") the further report on the [Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia](/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_in_East_Asia \"Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia\") (CEPEA) proposed at the [Second EAS](/wiki/Second_EAS \"Second EAS\").", "The Summit also agreed to the establishment of the [Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia](/wiki/Economic_Research_Institute_for_ASEAN_and_East_Asia \"Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia\") (ERIA).", "The [Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007](http://www.aseansec.org/21127.htm) said:", "", "> 13\\. We agreed to the establishment of the Economic Research Institute of ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) to be accommodated temporarily at the ASEAN Secretariat. We welcomed the report submitted to us by the Expert Group, which focuses on research topics of strategic interest to the EAS countries. We encouraged the Expert Group to continue its research work and we looked forward to practical policy recommendations to further regional integration and strengthen partnerships in East Asia.\n> \n> \n> \n> 14\\. We welcomed the progress report of the study by scholars and academics on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA), and encouraged them to maintain good momentum in their work towards submitting a final report of recommendations through the Economic Ministers to us at the 4th East Asia Summit. It would be useful to incorporate the views of the private sector in the work process. The CEPEA should build upon and add value to our existing FTAs. We encouraged the expeditious conclusion of our ASEAN Plus 1 FTAs.", "" ]
Election results ---------------- ### Summary | Election | [Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 "The Left (Poland)")L / ZL / SLD / LiD /SLD\-UP / SLD | | | [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland")SDPL / UP / RDS | | | [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl")PD / UW / UD | | | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 "Civic Coalition (Poland)")KO / PO / KLD | | | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action "Solidarity Electoral Action")AWS / NSZZS | | | [Third Way](/wiki/Third_Way_%28Poland%29 "Third Way (Poland)")TD / KP / PSL | | | [Self\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland")SRP / ND / SRP /PS / S\-L / SR | | | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)")ZP / PiS / PC / POC | | | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence")KWN / KORWiN / NP | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|The Left (Poland)}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Third Way (Poland)}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | colspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | [2023](/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election "2023 Polish parliamentary election") | 230,648 | 13\.45% | 3 | | | | | | | **741,286** | **43\.23%** | **9** | | | | 227,127 | 13\.25% | 3 | | | | 345,380 | 20\.14% | 4 | 124,220 | 7\.24% | 1 | [2019](/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election "2019 Polish parliamentary election") | 251,434 | 18\.19% | 3 | | | | | | | **581,077** | **42\.05%** | **9** | | | | 65,683 | 4\.75% | 1 | | | | 379,880 | 27\.49% | 6 | 103,843 | 7\.51% | 1 | [2015](/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election "2015 Polish parliamentary election") | 93,666 | 8\.55% | 0 | | | | | | | 301,672 | 27\.54% | 7 | | | | 7,882 | 0\.72% | 0 | | | | **327,342** | **29\.89%** | **8** | 67,700 | 6\.18% | 0 | [2011](/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election "2011 Polish parliamentary election") | 78,020 | 7\.67% | 1 | | | | | | | **498,599** | **49\.00%** | **11** | | | | 17,755 | 1\.74% | 0 | | | | 277,577 | 27\.28% | 6 | | | | [2007](/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election "2007 Polish parliamentary election") | 145,072 | 12\.66% | 2 | | | | | | | **618,942** | **54\.01%** | **11** | | | | 26,678 | 2\.33% | 0 | 4,540 | 0\.40% | 0 | 316,977 | 27\.66% | 6 | | | | [2005](/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election "2005 Polish parliamentary election") | 87,477 | 11\.53% | 3 | 49,361 | 6\.50% | 0 | 37,262 | 4\.91% | 0 | **250,981** | **33\.07%** | **8** | | | | 7,098 | 0\.94% | 0 | 17,771 | 2\.34% | 0 | 227,153 | 29\.93% | 7 | | | | [2001](/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election "2001 Polish parliamentary election") | **270,062** | **36\.77%** | **8** | | | | 48,296 | 6\.58% | 0 | 138,636 | 18\.87% | 4 | 29,497 | 4\.02% | 0 | 11,910 | 1\.62% | 0 | 22,398 | 3\.05% | 0 | 158,426 | 21\.57% | 5 | | | | [1997](/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election "1997 Polish parliamentary election") | 205,955 | 25\.90% | 5 | 39,607 | 4\.98% | 0 | 172,823 | 21\.73% | 4 | | | | **253,539** | **31\.88%** | **6** | 7,451 | 0\.94% | 0 | 223 | 0\.03% | 0 | | | | | | | [1993](/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election "1993 Polish parliamentary election") | **177,788** | **22\.37%** | **7** | 94,946 | 11\.94% | 3 | 133,790 | 16\.83% | 5 | 72,827 | 9\.16% | 2 | 26,981 | 3\.39% | 0 | 22,050 | 2\.77% | 0 | 8,831 | 1\.11% | 0 | 61,991 | 7\.80% | 0 | | | | [1991](/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election "1991 Polish parliamentary election") | 95,666 | 13\.30% | 2 | 12,897 | 1\.79% | 1 | **135,789** | **18\.88%** | **3** | 119,194 | 16\.57% | 3 | 10,429 | 1\.45% | 0 | 12,096 | 1\.68% | 0 | | | | 102,804 | 14\.29% | 3 | | | | (Excludes national list seats) ### Detailed {{legend\|\#CEE0F2\|List has reached relevant threshold and is entitled to compete for constituency seats.}} #### 2020s ##### 2023 Results of the [2023 parliamentary election](/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election "2023 Polish parliamentary election") held on 15 October 2023:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 2234 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 17 października 2023 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 15 października 2023 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=18 October 2023 \|volume\=2023 \|issue\= \|pages\=130–140 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20230002234 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020201253/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20230002234 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Results \- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=21 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017112002/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for candidates \- for counties Sejm \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_kandydatow\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \- Candidates \- Sejm \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101183730/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|archive\-date\=1 November 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for Sejm lists \- for counties \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_listy\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021093901/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_listy\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|archive\-date\=21 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | Ships | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 "Civic Coalition (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW\|Coalition list}} | KO | 430,875 | 234,351 | 133 | **665,359** | 38\.80% | 4 | 741,286 | 43\.23% | 9 | {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | 19,063 | 7,091 | 4 | **26,158** | 1\.53% | 1 | {{party color cell\|The Greens (Poland)}} | [The Greens](/wiki/The_Greens_%28Poland%29 "The Greens (Poland)") | Z | 15,680 | 9,958 | 4 | **25,642** | 1\.50% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KO | 11,587 | 3,790 | 2 | **15,379** | 0\.90% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Polish Initiative}} | [Polish Initiative](/wiki/Polish_Initiative "Polish Initiative") | iPL | 6,627 | 2,120 | 1 | **8,748** | 0\.51% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)") | ZP | 190,038 | 66,049 | 38 | **256,125** | 14\.94% | 2 | 345,380 | 20\.14% | 4 | {{party color cell\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 "Kukiz'15") | Kukiz | 25,661 | 13,479 | 11 | **39,151** | 2\.28% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Sovereign Poland}} | [Sovereign Poland](/wiki/Sovereign_Poland "Sovereign Poland") | SP | 23,292 | 8,073 | 4 | **31,369** | 1\.83% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZP | 13,755 | 4,975 | 5 | **18,735** | 1\.09% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together "Left Together") | LR | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|The Left (Poland)}} | [The Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 "The Left (Poland)") | L | 81,610 | 47,589 | 24 | **129,223** | 7\.54% | 2 | 230,648 | 13\.45% | 3 | {{party color cell\|New Left (Poland)}} | [New Left](/wiki/New_Left_%28Poland%29 "New Left (Poland)") | NL | 60,126 | 30,772 | 15 | **90,913** | 5\.30% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind L | 5,343 | 3,478 | 2 | **8,823** | 0\.51% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 1,037 | 650 | 2 | **1,689** | 0\.10% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Poland 2050}} | [Poland 2050](/wiki/Poland_2050 "Poland 2050") | PL2050 | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Third Way (Poland)}} | [Third Way](/wiki/Third_Way_%28Poland%29 "Third Way (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | TD | 91,809 | 40,632 | 37 | **132,478** | 7\.73% | 2 | 227,127 | 13\.25% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 34,259 | 13,000 | 12 | **47,271** | 2\.76% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind TD | 29,194 | 14,850 | 6 | **44,050** | 2\.57% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Centre for Poland}} | [Centre for Poland](/wiki/Centre_for_Poland "Centre for Poland") | CdP | 2,483 | 844 | 1 | **3,328** | 0\.19% | 0 | {{party color cell\|New Hope (Poland)}} | [New Hope](/wiki/New_Hope_%28Poland%29 "New Hope (Poland)") | NN | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | 64,971 | 47,270 | 59 | **112,300** | 6\.55% | 1 | 124,220 | 7\.24% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Confederation of the Polish Crown}} | [Confederation of thePolish Crown](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown "Confederation of the Polish Crown") | KKP | 2,991 | 1,401 | 2 | **4,394** | 0\.26% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KWN | 2,362 | 1,144 | 1 | **3,507** | 0\.20% | 0 | {{party color cell\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 "National Movement (Poland)") | RN | 1,687 | 899 | 1 | **2,587** | 0\.15% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | 1,072 | 360 | 0 | **1,432** | 0\.08% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind BS | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Nonpartisan Local Government Activists}} | [Non\-Partisan](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Local_Government_Activists "Nonpartisan Local Government Activists") | BS | 16,832 | 6,202 | 13 | **23,047** | 1\.34% | 0 | 23,450 | 1\.37% | 0 | | | Social Interest | SI | 189 | 103 | 0 | **292** | 0\.02% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Good Movement}} | [Good Movement](/wiki/Good_Movement "Good Movement") | DR | 72 | 39 | 0 | **111** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland "There is One Poland") | PJJ | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland "There is One Poland") | PJJ | 7,975 | 6,630 | 5 | **14,610** | 0\.85% | 0 | 22,608 | 1\.32% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PJJ | 4,354 | 3,643 | 1 | **7,998** | 0\.47% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,144,944 | 569,392 | 383 | 1,714,719 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,714,719 | 100\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 4,077 | 2,793 | 0 | **6,870** | 0\.40% | | | | | | Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 3,562 | 2,488 | 6 | **6,056** | 0\.35% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,152,583 | 574,673 | 389 | **1,727,645** | 86\.65% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,357,214 | 636,099 | 410 | **1,993,723** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 84\.92% | 90\.34% | 94\.88% | **86\.65%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski "Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski") (PSL), 34,563 votes; [Andrzej Domański](/wiki/Andrzej_Doma%C5%84ski "Andrzej Domański") (PO), 6,848 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 "Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)") (PO), 49,428 votes; [Piotr Gliński](/wiki/Piotr_Gli%C5%84ski "Piotr Gliński") (PiS), 135,339 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 36,523 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira "Klaudia Jachira") (Z), 9,172 votes; [Marek Jakubiak](/wiki/Marek_Jakubiak "Marek Jakubiak") (Kukiz), 39,151 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta "Sebastian Kaleta") (SP), 31,369 votes; [Michał Kobosko](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kobosko "Michał Kobosko") (PL2050\), 61,452 votes; [Dorota Łoboda](/wiki/Dorota_%C5%81oboda "Dorota Łoboda") (Ind KO), 10,510 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer "Katarzyna Lubnauer") (.N), 22,529 votes; [Sławomir Mentzen](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mentzen "Sławomir Mentzen") (NN), 101,269 votes; [Dorota Olko](/wiki/Dorota_Olko "Dorota Olko") (LR), 44,188 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru "Ryszard Petru") (PL2050\), 24,192 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (iPL), 8,748 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 28,653 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") (PO), 538,634 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg "Adrian Zandberg") (LR), 64,435 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska "Urszula Zielińska") (Z), 16,470 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska "Anna Maria Żukowska") (NL), 38,426 votes. #### 2010s ##### 2019 Results of the [2019 parliamentary election](/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election "2019 Polish parliamentary election") held on 13 October 2019:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1955 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 14 października 2019 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 13 października 2019 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=15 October 2019 \|volume\=2019 \|issue\= \|pages\=88–94 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20190001955 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113071428/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20190001955 \|archive\-date\=13 January 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Results Sejm \- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \[Warszawa] \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912234135/https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \|archive\-date\=12 September 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for candidates \- for counties Sejm \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_kand\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \- Candidates \- Sejm \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/kandydaci\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for Sejm lists \- for counties \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_listy\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | Ships | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 "Civic Coalition (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | KO | 381,053 | 97,922 | 60 | **479,035** | 34\.66% | 4 | 581,077 | 42\.05% | 9 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KO | 49,008 | 14,936 | 10 | **63,954** | 4\.63% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | 23,077 | 7,469 | 6 | **30,552** | 2\.21% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 "Green Party (Poland)") | PZ | 5,473 | 2,062 | 1 | **7,536** | 0\.55% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)") | ZP | 287,008 | 74,953 | 35 | **361,996** | 26\.20% | 6 | 379,880 | 27\.49% | 6 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZP | 11,384 | 2,555 | 1 | **13,940** | 1\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Jarosław Gowin's Agreement}} | [Jarosław Gowin's Agreement](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Gowin%27s_Agreement "Jarosław Gowin's Agreement") | PJG | 3,232 | 710 | 2 | **3,944** | 0\.29% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together "Left Together") | LR | rowspan\=6 {{party color cell\|The Left (Poland)}} | [Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 "The Left (Poland)") | L | 126,866 | 45,136 | 15 | **172,017** | 12\.45% | 2 | 251,434 | 18\.19% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 21,394 | 6,896 | 2 | **28,292** | 2\.05% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Spring (political party)}} | [Spring](/wiki/Spring_%28political_party%29 "Spring (political party)") | W | 18,045 | 7,131 | 2 | **25,178** | 1\.82% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind L | 19,463 | 5,481 | 2 | **24,946** | 1\.81% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement "Your Movement") | TR | 382 | 122 | 0 | **504** | 0\.04% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 303 | 194 | 0 | **497** | 0\.04% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | 45,652 | 24,348 | 19 | **70,019** | 5\.07% | 1 | 103,843 | 7\.51% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KWN | 17,652 | 9,286 | 3 | **26,941** | 1\.95% | 0 | {{party color cell\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 "National Movement (Poland)") | RN | 2,622 | 1,109 | 1 | **3,732** | 0\.27% | 0 | {{party color cell\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN "KORWiN") | KORWiN | 2,115 | 1,036 | 0 | **3,151** | 0\.23% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KP | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Polish Coalition}} | [Polish Coalition](/wiki/Polish_Coalition "Polish Coalition") | KP | 42,892 | 10,194 | 10 | **53,096** | 3\.84% | 1 | 65,683 | 4\.75% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 8,322 | 2,361 | 3 | **10,686** | 0\.77% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Union of European Democrats}} | [Union of European Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats "Union of European Democrats") | UED | 1,540 | 360 | 1 | **1,901** | 0\.14% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,067,483 | 314,261 | 173 | 1,381,917 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,381,917 | 100\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,105 | 1,025 | 0 | **4,130** | 0\.30% | | | | | | Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 2,602 | 874 | 0 | **3,476** | 0\.25% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,073,190 | 316,160 | 173 | **1,389,523** | 79\.75% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,392,416 | 349,810 | 174 | **1,742,400** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 77\.07% | 90\.38% | 99\.43% | **79\.75%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski "Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski") (Ind KP), 30,405 votes; [Magdalena Biejat](/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat "Magdalena Biejat") (LR), 19,501 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 5,347 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 "Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)") (PO), 10,228 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 12,693 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira "Klaudia Jachira") (Ind KO), 9,172 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 248,935 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta "Sebastian Kaleta") (SP), 17,459 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 19,797 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 416,030 votes; [Janusz Korwin\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke "Janusz Korwin-Mikke") (KWN), 60,385 votes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski "Jarosław Krajewski") (PiS), 15,121 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki "Paweł Lisiecki") (PiS), 13,093 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer "Katarzyna Lubnauer") (.N), 28,205 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (Ind KO), 8,780 votes; [Dariusz Rosati](/wiki/Dariusz_Rosati "Dariusz Rosati") (Ind KO), 25,061 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 13,747 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg "Adrian Zandberg") (LR), 140,898 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska "Urszula Zielińska") (PZ), 7,536 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska "Anna Maria Żukowska") (SLD), 38,426 votes. ##### 2015 Results of the [2015 parliamentary election](/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election "2015 Polish parliamentary election") held on 25 October 2015:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1731 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 października 2015 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 października 2015 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=28 October 2015 \|volume\=2015 \|issue\= \|pages\=133–145 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20150001731 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328041138/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20150001731 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \- Wyniki Sejm \- Okręg nr 19 \|url\=https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/349\_Wyniki\_Sejm/0/0/19\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024180011/https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/349\_Wyniki\_Sejm/0/0/19\.html \|archive\-date\=24 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \- Wyniki Sejm XLS \- Wyniki z podziałem na okręgi \- 19 \|url\=https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\_okr\_sejm/19\.xlsx \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142242/https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\_okr\_sejm/19\.xlsx \|archive\-date\=3 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \- Dane kandydatów na posłów z oznaczeniem liczby głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-kand\-sejm.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090649/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-kand\-sejm.xls \|archive\-date\=22 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \- Głosowanie na listy kandydatów na posłów w ujęciu liczbowym na poziomie powiatów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|archive\-date\=22 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)") | ZP | 241,640 | 61,439 | **303,079** | 27\.67% | 7 | 327,342 | 29\.89% | 8 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZP | 14,930 | 4,676 | **19,606** | 1\.79% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic "Right Wing of the Republic") | PR | 3,069 | 391 | **3,460** | 0\.32% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Poland Together United Right}} | [Poland Together United Right](/wiki/Poland_Together_United_Right "Poland Together United Right") | PRZP | 1,074 | 123 | **1,197** | 0\.11% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 254,215 | 40,100 | **294,315** | 26\.87% | 6 | 301,672 | 27\.54% | 7 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 6,470 | 887 | **7,357** | 0\.67% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | 111,121 | 17,967 | **129,088** | 11\.79% | 1 | 146,629 | 13\.39% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind .N | 15,153 | 2,388 | **17,541** | 1\.60% | 2 || {{party color cell\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement "Your Movement") | TR | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|United Left (Poland)}} | [United Left](/wiki/United_Left_%28Poland%29 "United Left (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | ZL | 67,810 | 8,368 | **76,178** | 6\.96% | 0 | 93,666 | 8\.55% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 11,042 | 949 | **11,991** | 1\.09% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZL | 3,597 | 658 | **4,255** | 0\.39% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 "Green Party (Poland)") | PZ | 929 | 246 | **1,175** | 0\.11% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 61 | 6 | **67** | 0\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind Kukiz | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 "Kukiz'15") | Kukiz | 54,050 | 27,003 | **81,053** | 7\.40% | 1 | 84,937 | 7\.76% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right "Congress of the New Right") | KNP | 1,854 | 566 | **2,420** | 0\.22% | 1 | {{party color cell\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 "National Movement (Poland)") | RN | 693 | 290 | **983** | 0\.09% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Direct Democracy (Poland)}} | [Direct Democracy](/wiki/Direct_Democracy_%28Poland%29 "Direct Democracy (Poland)") | DB | 227 | 50 | **277** | 0\.03% | 0 | | Libertarian Party | PL | 170 | 34 | **204** | 0\.02% | 0 || {{party color cell\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN "KORWiN") | KORWiN | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN "KORWiN") | KORWiN | 38,081 | 20,974 | **59,055** | 5\.39% | 0 | 67,700 | 6\.18% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KORWiN | 6,390 | 2,109 | **8,499** | 0\.78% | 0 | | | Libertarian Party | PL | 68 | 20 | **88** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right "Congress of the New Right") | KNP | 46 | 12 | **58** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 "Together (Poland)") | R | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 "Together (Poland)") | R | 49,128 | 11,332 | **60,460** | 5\.52% | 0 | 60,663 | 5\.54% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind R | 165 | 38 | **203** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 5,458 | 759 | **6,217** | 0\.57% | 0 | 7,882 | 0\.72% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | 1,471 | 194 | **1,665** | 0\.15% | 0 || | Social Justice Movement | RSS | | Social Movement | RSRP | 2,466 | 239 | **2,705** | 0\.25% | 0 | 2,760 | 0\.25% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind RSRP | 9 | 6 | **45** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Freedom and Equality}} | [Freedom and Equality](/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality "Freedom and Equality") | WiR | 9 | 1 | **10** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind WOP | | Citizens | WOP | 1,503 | 287 | **1,790** | 0\.16% | 0 | 1,964 | 0\.18% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | 124 | 31 | **155** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 18 | 1 | **19** | 0\.00% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 893,071 | 202,144 | 1,095,215 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,095,215 | 100\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,243 | 584 | **3,827** | 0\.35% | | | | | | Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 5,489 | 898 | **6,387** | 0\.58% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 901,803 | 203,626 | **1,105,429** | 70\.80% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,321,573 | 239,716 | **1,561,289** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 68\.24% | 84\.94% | **70\.80%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (Ind ZP), 6,262 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 13,976 votes; [Zbigniew Gryglas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Gryglas "Zbigniew Gryglas") (Ind .N), 1,011 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki "Andrzej Halicki") (PO), 13,859 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 202,424 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 29,654 votes; [Joanna Kluzik\-Rostkowska](/wiki/Joanna_Kluzik-Rostkowska "Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska") (PO), 12,807 votes; [Ewa Kopacz](/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz "Ewa Kopacz") (PO), 230,894 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 3,258 voyes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski "Jarosław Krajewski") (PiS), 4,753 votes; [Paweł Kukiz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Kukiz "Paweł Kukiz") (Ind), 76,675 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki "Paweł Lisiecki") (PiS), 6,865 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru "Ryszard Petru") (.N), 129,088 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki "Marcin Święcicki") (PO), 8,329 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 4,919 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska "Ewa Tomaszewska") (PiS), 5,114 votes; [Jacek Wilk](/wiki/Jacek_Wilk "Jacek Wilk") (KNP), 2,420 votes; [Kornelia Wróblewska](/wiki/Kornelia_Wr%C3%B3blewska "Kornelia Wróblewska") (Ind .N), 3,945 votes; and [Małgorzata Wypych](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Wypych "Małgorzata Wypych") (Ind ZP), 7,496 votes. ##### 2011 Results of the [2011 parliamentary election](/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election "2011 Polish parliamentary election") held on 9 October 2011:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1294 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 11 października 2011 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 9 października 2011 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=12 October 2011 \|volume\=2011 \|issue\=218 \|pages\=12666–12674 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20112181294 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052431/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20112181294 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Elections 2011: Voting results \- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \|url\=https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\-19\.html?tab\=2\#tabs\-1 \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=23 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019222725/https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\-19\.html?tab\=2\#tabs\-1 \|archive\-date\=19 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Elections 2011: Election results \- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \|url\=https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\-19\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=23 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125223/https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\-19\.html \|archive\-date\=8 April 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Elections 2011: Downloads \- Candidates \- Candidates to Sejm\- CSV file (ZIP) \|url\=https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\_sejm.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812154936/https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\_sejm.zip \|archive\-date\=12 August 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2011 \- Wyniki głosowania w wyborach do Sejmu na poziomie powiatów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|archive\-date\=22 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 485,091 | 47\.67% | 9 | 498,599 | 49\.00% | 11 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 13,508 | 1\.33% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 265,356 | 26\.08% | 5 | 277,577 | 27\.28% | 6 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PiS | 11,931 | 1\.17% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 290 | 0\.03% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement "Palikot's Movement") | RP | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement "Palikot's Movement") | RP | 99,697 | 9\.80% | 1 | 110,589 | 10\.87% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind RP | 10,414 | 1\.02% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Reason of the Polish Left}} | [Reason of the Polish Left](/wiki/Reason_of_the_Polish_Left "Reason of the Polish Left") | RACJA PL | 478 | 0\.05% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 62,875 | 6\.18% | 1 | 78,020 | 7\.67% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SLD | 11,879 | 1\.17% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 "Greens 2004") | Z2004 | 3,023 | 0\.30% | 0 | {{party color cell\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners "National Party of Retirees and Pensioners") | KPEiR | 198 | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 45 | 0\.00% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First "Poland Comes First") | PJN | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First "Poland Comes First") | PJN | 27,880 | 2\.74% | 0 | 30,964 | 3\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PJN | 2,701 | 0\.27% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Conservative People's Party (Poland)}} | [Conservative People's Party](/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 "Conservative People's Party (Poland)") | SKL | 286 | 0\.03% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | 97 | 0\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 11,815 | 1\.16% | 0 | 17,755 | 1\.74% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 5,940 | 0\.58% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party \- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party \- August 80](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 "Polish Labour Party - August 80") | PPP | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party \- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 "Polish Labour Party - August 80") | PPP | 2,631 | 0\.26% | 0 | 4,060 | 0\.40% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PPP | 1,429 | 0\.14% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,017,564 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,017,564 | 100\.00% | 20 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 19,222 | 1\.85% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,036,786 | 69\.44% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,493,055 | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska "Alicja Dąbrowska") (PO), 4,622 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 6,739 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (Ind ZP), 4,762 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 8,129 votes; [Leszek Jastrzębski](/wiki/Leszek_Jastrz%C4%99bski "Leszek Jastrzębski") (PO), 3,075 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 202,297 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD), 53,451 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 17,535 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 45,027 votes; [Marcin Kierwiński](/wiki/Marcin_Kierwi%C5%84ski "Marcin Kierwiński") (PO), 3,580 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 4,603 voyes; [Ligia Krajewska](/wiki/Ligia_Krajewska "Ligia Krajewska") (PO), 3,590 votes; [Adam Kwiatkowski](/wiki/Adam_Kwiatkowski "Adam Kwiatkowski") (PiS), 6,284 votes; [Wanda Nowicka](/wiki/Wanda_Nowicka "Wanda Nowicka") (Ind RP), 7,065 votes; [Janusz Palikot](/wiki/Janusz_Palikot "Janusz Palikot") (RP), 94,811 votes; [Jacek Rostowski](/wiki/Jacek_Rostowski "Jacek Rostowski") (PO), 10,743 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki "Marcin Święcicki") (Ind PO), 6,246 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 4,137 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") (PO), 374,920 votes; and [Przemysław Wipler](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Wipler "Przemysław Wipler") (Ind PiS), 4,615 votes. #### 2000s ##### 2007 Results of the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election "2007 Polish parliamentary election") held on 21 October 2007:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1438 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 października 2007 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 października 2007 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=26 October 2007 \|volume\=2007 \|issue\=198 \|pages\=13789–13798 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20071981438 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\=}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2007: Results \- Voting results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184903/https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=30 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2007 \- Results \- Election results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119173840/https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=19 November 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \- Wykaz wszystkich kandydatów z oznaczeniem liczby uzyskanych głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104559/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\.xls \|archive\-date\=17 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \- Dane dotyczące wyników głosowania na listy kandydatów w wyborach do Sejmu RP w roku 2007 według powiatów w ujęciu liczbowym \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\-pow\-listy.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104648/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\-pow\-listy.xls \|archive\-date\=17 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 527,924 | 84,171 | **612,095** | 53\.41% | 10 | 618,942 | 54\.01% | 11 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 6,343 | 504 | **6,847** | 0\.60% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 263,510 | 41,574 | **305,084** | 26\.62% | 4 | 316,977 | 27\.66% | 6 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PiS | 9,019 | 2,004 | **11,023** | 0\.96% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 568 | 36 | **604** | 0\.05% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Organisation of the Polish Nation \- Polish League}} | [Organisation of the Polish Nation \-Polish League](/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Polish_Nation_-_Polish_League "Organisation of the Polish Nation - Polish League") | ONP\-LP | 30 | 36 | **266** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland") | SDPL | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Left and Democrats}} | [Left and Democrats](/wiki/Left_and_Democrats "Left and Democrats"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | LiD | 69,823 | 7,399 | **77,222** | 6\.74% | 1 | 145,072 | 12\.66% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 59,121 | 4,436 | **63,557** | 5\.55% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl") | PD | 3,641 | 436 | **4,077** | 0\.36% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind LiD | 187 | 29 | **216** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 11,122 | 931 | **12,053** | 1\.05% | 0 | 26,678 | 2\.33% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 10,053 | 718 | **10,771** | 0\.94% | 0 | | Children and Youth Party | PdiM | 3,751 | 103 | **3,854** | 0\.34% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 6,352 | 1,158 | **7,510** | 0\.66% | 0 | 14,264 | 1\.24% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind LPR | 4,182 | 561 | **4,743** | 0\.41% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 1,427 | 122 | **1,549** | 0\.14% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic "Right Wing of the Republic") | PR | 426 | 36 | **462** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 "Women's Party (Poland)") | PK | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 "Women's Party (Poland)") | PK | 11,535 | 1,593 | **13,128** | 1\.15% | 0 | 13,992 | 1\.22% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PK | 795 | 69 | **864** | 0\.08% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | rowspan\=6 {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | 3,210 | 330 | **3,540** | 0\.31% | 0 | 5,518 | 0\.48% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PPP | 810 | 92 | **902** | 0\.08% | 0 | | | Green Party | PZ | 448 | 51 | **499** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 "Union of the Left (Poland)") | UL | 321 | 58 | **379** | 0\.03% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Communist Party (2002\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 "Polish Communist Party (2002)") | KPP | 129 | 13 | **142** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 50 | 6 | **56** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | New Left | NL | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} |[Self\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") SRP | 2,506 | 129 | **2,635** | 0\.23% | 0 | 4,540 | 0\.40% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | 1,565 | 146 | **1,711** | 0\.15% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SRP | 181 | 13 | **194** | 0\.02% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 999,229 | 146,754 | 1,145,983 | 100\.00% | 19 | 1,145,983 | 100\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 9,269 | 2,192 | **11,461** | 0\.99% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,008,498 | 148,946 | **1,157,444** | 73\.86% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,376,401 | 190,637 | **1,567,038** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 73\.27% | 78\.13% | **73\.86%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski "Marek Borowski") (SDPL), 75,493 votes; [Andrzej Czuma](/wiki/Andrzej_Czuma "Andrzej Czuma") (PO), 4,344 votes; [Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska "Alicja Dąbrowska") (PO), 2,885 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 7,552 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (PiS), 3,070 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki "Andrzej Halicki") (PO), 3,369 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner "Jolanta Hibner") (PO), 6,816 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 273,684 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD), 37,623 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski "Karol Karski") (PiS), 3,524 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 13,057 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 6,847 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski "Jan Ołdakowski") (Ind PiS), 3,106 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz "Paweł Poncyljusz") (PiS), 4,647 votes; [Nelli Rokita](/wiki/Nelli_Rokita "Nelli Rokita") (Ind PiS), 6,367 votes; [Tadeusz Ross](/wiki/Tadeusz_Ross "Tadeusz Ross") (PO), 2,712 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 2,372 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") (PO), 534,241 votes; and [Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz](/wiki/Krzysztof_Tyszkiewicz "Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz") (PO), 3,330 votes. ##### 2005 Results of the [2005 parliamentary election](/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election "2005 Polish parliamentary election") held on 25 September 2005:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1626 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 września 2005 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 września 2005 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=7 October 2005 \|volume\=2005 \|issue\=195 \|pages\=12339–12354 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20051951626 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161149/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20051951626 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2005: Results \- Voting results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204251/https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=19 August 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2005 \- Results \- Election results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111130642/https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=11 January 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 171,234 | 10,737 | **181,971** | 23\.98% | 5 | 250,981 | 33\.07% | 8 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 66,033 | 2,492 | **68,525** | 9\.03% | 3 | | Other | | 465 | 20 | **485** | 0\.06% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 208,021 | 9,837 | **217,858** | 28\.70% | 6 | 227,153 | 29\.93% | 7 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent politician](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PiS | 9,066 | 229 | **9,295** | 1\.22% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 83,232 | 2,092 | **85,324** | 11\.24% | 3 | 87,477 | 11\.53% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SLD | 1,125 | 26 | **1,151** | 0\.15% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 "Union of the Left (Poland)") | UL | 769 | 20 | **789** | 0\.10% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement}} | [Edward Gierek'sEconomic Revival Movement](/wiki/Edward_Gierek%27s_Economic_Revival_Movement "Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement") | ROG | 121 | 0 | **121** | 0\.02% | 0 | | Forum of Pensioners | FEiR | 88 | 4 | **92** | 0\.01% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland") | SDPL | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland") | SDPL | 46,503 | 1,411 | **47,914** | 6\.31% | 0 | 49,361 | 6\.50% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 "Greens 2004") | Z2004 | 879 | 56 | **935** | 0\.12% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 343 | 7 | **350** | 0\.05% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SDPL | 155 | 7 | **162** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 40,230 | 2,790 | **43,020** | 5\.67% | 1 | 44,376 | 5\.85% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind LPR | 1,205 | 151 | **1,356** | 0\.18% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl") | PD | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl") | PD | 34,743 | 2,267 | **37,010** | 4\.88% | 0 | 37,262 | 4\.91% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland "Initiative for Poland") | IdP | 244 | 8 | **252** | 0\.03% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Janusz Korwin\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform "Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform") | PJKM | 18,906 | 871 | **19,777** | 2\.61% | 0 | 20,452 | 2\.69% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PJKM | 591 | 25 | **616** | 0\.08% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Janusz Korwin\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\-Mikke Platform](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform "Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform") | PJKM | 55 | 4 | **59** | 0\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | 17,348 | 423 | **17,771** | 2\.34% | 0 | 17,771 | 2\.34% | 0 || | Patriotic Movement | RP | | Patriotic Movement | RP | 3,116 | 159 | **3,275** | 0\.43% | 0 | 8,051 | 1\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|National\-Catholic Movement}} | [National\-Catholic Movement](/wiki/National-Catholic_Movement "National-Catholic Movement") | RKN | 2,578 | 215 | **2,793** | 0\.37% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 921 | 57 | **978** | 0\.13% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind RP | 803 | 43 | **846** | 0\.11% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Alliance for Poland}} | [Alliance for Poland](/wiki/Alliance_for_Poland "Alliance for Poland") | PdP | 153 | 6 | **159** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 3,666 | 148 | **3,814** | 0\.50% | 0 | 7,098 | 0\.94% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 3,141 | 143 | **3,284** | 0\.43% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PPP | rowspan\=6 {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | 2,818 | 126 | **2,944** | 0\.39% | 0 | 4,072 | 0\.54% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | 417 | 20 | **437** | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 329 | 14 | **343** | 0\.05% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON}} | [Anticlerical Party ofProgress REASON](/wiki/Anticlerical_Party_of_Progress_REASON "Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON") | APPR | 278 | 10 | **288** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Communist Party (2002\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 "Polish Communist Party (2002)") | KPP | 31 | 2 | **33** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Polish Ecological Party – Greens | PPE\-Z | 26 | 1 | **27** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party "Polish National Party") | PPN | {{party color cell\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party "Polish National Party") | PPN | 1,572 | 143 | **1,715** | 0\.23% | 0 | 1,715 | 0\.23% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home "Ancestral Home") | DO | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home "Ancestral Home") | DO | 539 | 22 | **561** | 0\.07% | 0 | 947 | 0\.12% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind DO | 319 | 15 | **334** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Labour Party (Poland)}} | [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Poland%29 "Labour Party (Poland)") | SP | 30 | 1 | **31** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Movement for the Defenceof the Unemployed | ROB | 11 | 0 | **11** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Republican Forum | FR | 10 | 0 | **10** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 "Centre Party (Poland)") | PC | 478 | 26 | **504** | 0\.07% | 0 | 758 | 0\.10% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 "Centre Party (Poland)") | PC | 115 | 8 | **123** | 0\.02% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PC | 73 | 11 | **84** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland "Initiative for Poland") | IdP | 44 | 1 | **45** | 0\.01% | 0 | | | Other | | 1 | 1 | **2** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | 448 | 25 | **473** | 0\.06% | 0 | 473 | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland "National Revival of Poland") | NOP | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland "National Revival of Poland") | NOP | 285 | 32 | **317** | 0\.04% | 0 | 429 | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind NOP | 106 | 6 | **112** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind OKO | | All\-Poland Civic Coalition | OKO | 323 | 31 | **354** | 0\.05% | 0 | 419 | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners "National Party of Retirees and Pensioners") | KPEiR | 65 | 0 | **65** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind IRP | {{party color cell\|Initiative of the Republic of Poland}} | [Initiative](/wiki/Initiative_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Initiative of the Republic of Poland") | IRP | 187 | 18 | **205** | 0\.03% | 0 | 205 | 0\.03% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 724,239 | 34,761 | 759,000 | 100\.00% | 19 | 759,000 | 100\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 18,372 | 850 | **19,222** | 2\.47% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 742,611 | 35,611 | **778,222** | 55\.84% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,343,728 | 49,840 | **1,393,568** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 55\.26% | 71\.45% | **55\.84%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 6,693 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski "Piotr Gadzinowski") (SLD), 11,650 votes; [Roman Giertych](/wiki/Roman_Giertych "Roman Giertych") (LPR), 35,812 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (PiS), 2,850 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 4,251 votes; [Hanna Gronkiewicz\-Waltz](/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz "Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz") (PO), 137,280 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner "Jolanta Hibner") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 171,129 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD), 36,013 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 9,142 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski "Karol Karski") (PiS), 2,953 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 4,615 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 4,395 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski "Jan Ołdakowski") (Ind PiS), 3,939 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (SLD), 26,511 votes; [Julia Pitera](/wiki/Julia_Pitera "Julia Pitera") (Ind PO), 39,815 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz "Paweł Poncyljusz") (PiS), 4,232 votes; [Paweł Śpiewak](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_%C5%9Apiewak "Paweł Śpiewak") (Ind PO), 18,403 votes; and [Jacek Wojciechowicz](/wiki/Jacek_Wojciechowicz "Jacek Wojciechowicz") (PO), 3,380 votes. ##### 2001 Results of the [2001 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election "2001 Polish parliamentary election") held on 23 September 2001:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1186 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 26 września 2001 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 23 września 2001 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=4 October 2001 \|volume\=2001 \|issue\=195 \|pages\=8181–8191 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20011091186 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201720/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20011091186 \|archive\-date\=27 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki głosowania na listy i kandydatów \- mazowieckie \- 19 WARSZAWA I \|url\=https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\_o.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004225702/https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\_o.html \|archive\-date\=4 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki wyborów \- mazowieckie \- 19 WARSZAWA I \|url\=https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\_o.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505104903/https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\_o.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Ogólne dane statystyczne \- mazowieckie \- 19 WARSZAWA I \|url\=https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\_o.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505213809/https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\_o.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union}} | [Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%E2%80%93_Labour_Union "Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | SLD\-UP | 263,243 | 6,819 | **270,062** | 36\.77% | 8 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 153,436 | 4,990 | **158,426** | 21\.57% | 5 | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 134,464 | 4,172 | **138,636** | 18\.87% | 4 | {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 47,655 | 4,676 | **52,331** | 7\.12% | 2 || {{party color cell\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 "Freedom Union (Poland)") | UW | 45,670 | 2,626 | **48,296** | 6\.58% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action "Solidarity Electoral Action"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | AWS | 27,566 | 1,931 | **29,497** | 4\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | 22,039 | 359 | **22,398** | 3\.05% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 11,412 | 498 | **11,910** | 1\.62% | 0 || | Social Alternative Movement | ARS | 1,340 | 70 | **1,410** | 0\.19% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 1,147 | 64 | **1,211** | 0\.16% | 0 | | | Polish National Community | PWN | 310 | 24 | **334** | 0\.05% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | 708,282 | 26,229 | 734,511 | 100\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,350 | 520 | **13,870** | 1\.85% | | | Total Polled | | | 721,632 | 26,749 | **748,381** | 55\.89% | | | Registered Electors | | | 1,297,124 | 41,817 | **1,338,941** | | | | Turnout | | | 55\.63% | 63\.97% | **55\.89%** | | | The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \|title\=Wyniki wyborów: Wyniki głosowania na wszystkich kandydatów na posłów w układzie okręgów wyborczych \|url\=http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011204120046/http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\.html \|archive\-date\=4 December 2001 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} [Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski "Marek Borowski") (SLD\-UP), 149,233 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski "Piotr Gadzinowski") (SLD\-UP), 10,731 votes; [Jerzy Hertel](/wiki/Jerzy_Hertel "Jerzy Hertel") (PO), 6,297 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 144,343 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD\-UP), 33,392 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 5,257 votes; [Mirosława Kątna](/wiki/Miros%C5%82awa_K%C4%85tna "Mirosława Kątna") (SLD\-UP), 5,705 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski "Bronisław Komorowski") (PO), 14,493 votes; [Jerzy Kulej](/wiki/Jerzy_Kulej "Jerzy Kulej") (SLD\-UP), 3,488 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz "Antoni Macierewicz") (LPR), 24,900 votes; [Aleksander Małachowski](/wiki/Aleksander_Ma%C5%82achowski "Aleksander Małachowski") (SLD\-UP), 16,980 votes; [Hanna Mierzejewska](/wiki/Hanna_Mierzejewska "Hanna Mierzejewska") (PiS), 771 votes; [Marta Mordasewicz\-Zubrzycka](/wiki/Marta_Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka "Marta Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka") (PO), 9,601 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski "Jan Olszewski") (LPR), 13,255 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (SLD\-UP), 8,266 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski "Paweł Piskorski") (PO), 69,066 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz "Paweł Poncyljusz") (PiS), 1,138 votes; [Bartłomiej Szrajber](/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Szrajber "Bartłomiej Szrajber") (PiS), 736 votes; and [Michał Tober](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Tober "Michał Tober") (SLD\-UP), 5,680 votes. #### 1990s ##### 1997 Results of the [1997 parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election "1997 Polish parliamentary election") held on 21 September 1997:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 620 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 25 września 1997 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 września 1997 r. \|journal\=\[\[Monitor Polski]] \|date\=14 October 1997 \|volume\=1997 \|issue\=64 \|pages\=1241–1245 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19970640620 \|access\-date\=30 October 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113112510/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19970640620 \|archive\-date\=13 November 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów do Sejmu RP w układzie obwodów w ujęciu liczbowym \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021345/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \- Wykaz kandydatów z wyłączeniem kandydatów skreślonych oraz kandydatów z unieważnionych list kandydatów na posłów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021333/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | {{party color cell\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action "Solidarity Electoral Action") | AWS | 236,674 | 16,865 | **253,539** | 31\.88% | 6 | 7 | **13** | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | SLD | 199,639 | 6,316 | **205,955** | 25\.90% | 5 | 3 | **8** | {{party color cell\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 "Freedom Union (Poland)") | UW | 163,888 | 8,935 | **172,823** | 21\.73% | 4 | 0 | **4** | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstruction of Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 64,874 | 7,953 | **72,827** | 9\.16% | 2 | 0 | **2** || {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 38,210 | 1,397 | **39,607** | 4\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Union of the Right (Poland)}} | [Union of the Right](/wiki/Union_of_the_Right_%28Poland%29 "Union of the Right (Poland)") | UPR | 22,673 | 700 | **23,373** | 2\.94% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retirees and Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners "National Party of Retirees and Pensioners") | KPEiR | 7,982 | 178 | **8,160** | 1\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 6,882 | 569 | **7,451** | 0\.94% | 0 | 1 | **1** || | National Alliance of Retirees and Pensioners | KPEiR RP | 5,880 | 181 | **6,061** | 0\.76% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | National Christian Democratic Bloc for Poland | NCDBdP | 4,120 | 275 | **4,395** | 0\.55% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish National Community\-Polish National Party | PWN\-PSN | 763 | 32 | **795** | 0\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence Alliance}} | [Self\-Defence Alliance](/wiki/Self-Defence_Alliance "Self-Defence Alliance") | PS | 211 | 12 | **223** | 0\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** | Valid Votes | | | 751,796 | 43,413 | 795,209 | 100\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,351 | 1,148 | **14,499** | 1\.79% | | | | | Total Polled | | | 765,147 | 44,561 | **809,708** | 60\.86% | | | | | Registered Electors | | | 1,276,529 | 53,848 | **1,330,377** | | | | | | Turnout | | | 59\.94% | 82\.75% | **60\.86%** | | | | | The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \|title\=Archiwum: Wybory do Sejmu RP \- Okręg wyborczy nr 1 \- Warszawa \|url\=http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123105001/http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\.html \|archive\-date\=23 November 2001 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} * Constituency seats \- [Czesław Bielecki](/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Bielecki "Czesław Bielecki") (AWS), 23,489 votes; [Bogumił Borowski](/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_Borowski "Bogumił Borowski") (SLD), 7,653 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski "Piotr Gadzinowski") (SLD), 15,495 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek "Bronisław Geremek") (UW), 56,340 votes; [Piotr Ikonowicz](/wiki/Piotr_Ikonowicz "Piotr Ikonowicz") (SLD), 32,913 votes; [Maciej Jankowski](/wiki/Maciej_Jankowski_%28politician%29 "Maciej Jankowski (politician)") (AWS), 47,585 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (ROP), 8,107 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski "Bronisław Komorowski") (AWS), 20,251 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 "Jacek Kuroń") (UW), 61,887 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski "Jan Olszewski") (ROP), 59,015 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (SLD), 13,439 votes; [Maria Smereczyńska](/wiki/Maria_Smereczy%C5%84ska "Maria Smereczyńska") (AWS), 24,637 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska "Ewa Tomaszewska") (AWS), 28,515 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek "Danuta Waniek") (SLD), 99,480 votes; [Edward Wende](/wiki/Edward_Wende "Edward Wende") (UW), 16,552 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski "Andrzej Wielowieyski") (UW), 10,311 votes; and [Andrzej Zakrzewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Zakrzewski "Andrzej Zakrzewski") (AWS), 33,029 votes. * National list seats \- [Adam Bielan](/wiki/Adam_Bielan "Adam Bielan") (AWS), 886 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (AWS), 6,945 votes; [Stanisław Grzonkowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grzonkowski "Stanisław Grzonkowski") (AWS), 2,289 votes; [Jerzy Gwiżdż](/wiki/Jerzy_Gwi%C5%BCd%C5%BC "Jerzy Gwiżdż") (AWS), 13,823 votes; [Michał Janiszewski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Janiszewski_%28politician%29 "Michał Janiszewski (politician)") (AWS), 3,103 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (AWS), 5,399 votes; [Wacław Olak](/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Olak "Wacław Olak") (SLD), 342 votes; [Mirosław Pietrewicz](/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Pietrewicz "Mirosław Pietrewicz") (PSL), 2,498 votes; [Maciej Poręba](/wiki/Maciej_Por%C4%99ba "Maciej Poręba") (SLD), 495 votes; [Piotr Wojciech Wójcik](/wiki/Piotr_Wojciech_W%C3%B3jcik "Piotr Wojciech Wójcik") (AWS), 1,125 votes; and [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura "Jan Zaciura") (SLD), 2,564 votes. ##### 1993 Results of the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election "1993 Polish parliamentary election") held on 19 September 1993:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 470 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 września 1993 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 19 września 1993 r. \|journal\=\[\[Monitor Polski]] \|date\=3 October 1993 \|volume\=1993 \|issue\=50 \|pages\=614–618 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19930500470 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210257/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19930500470 \|archive\-date\=27 October 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów według okręgów wyborczych w ujęciu liczbowym \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\-okr.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020843/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\-okr.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020859/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | SLD | 177,788 | 22\.37% | 7 | 7 | **14** | {{party color cell\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Union (Poland)") | UD | 133,790 | 16\.83% | 5 | 0 | **5** | {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 94,946 | 11\.94% | 3 | 1 | **4** || {{party color cell\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress "Liberal Democratic Congress") | KLD | 63,897 | 8\.04% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Centre Agreement}} | [Centre Agreement](/wiki/Centre_Agreement "Centre Agreement") | PC | 61,991 | 7\.80% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms}} | [Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Support_of_Reforms "Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms") | BBWR | 50,773 | 6\.39% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\|Coalition for the Republic}} | [Coalition for the Republic](/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Republic "Coalition for the Republic") | KdR | 41,328 | 5\.20% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Catholic Electoral Committee "Homeland"{{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | KKWO | 37,267 | 4\.69% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | 32,072 | 4\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland "Confederation of Independent Poland") | KPN | 28,047 | 3\.53% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 "Solidarity (Polish trade union)") | NSZZS | 26,981 | 3\.39% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 22,050 | 2\.77% | 0 | 3 | **3** || {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence \- Leppera}} | [Self\-Defence \- Leppera](/wiki/Self-Defence_-_Leppera "Self-Defence - Leppera") | S\-L | 8,831 | 1\.11% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Party X}} | [Party X](/wiki/Party_X "Party X") | PX | 5,744 | 0\.72% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement}} | [Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Peasants%27_Agreement "Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement") | PSL\-PL | 3,226 | 0\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | NOT \- Technical Associations | NOT | 2,450 | 0\.31% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish National Community\-Polish National Party | PWN\-PSN | 1,423 | 0\.18% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party "Polish Beer-Lovers' Party") | PPPP | 1,184 | 0\.15% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Homeland \- Poland List | O\-LP | 1,148 | 0\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | Valid Votes | | | 794,936 | 100\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 15,684 | 1\.93% | | | | | Total Polled | | | 810,620 | 61\.09% | | | | | Registered Electors | | | 1,326,927 | | | | | The following candidates were elected: * Constituency seats \- [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj "Ryszard Bugaj") (UP), 86,708 votes; [Krzysztof Dołowy](/wiki/Krzysztof_Do%C5%82owy "Krzysztof Dołowy") (UD), 1,543 votes; [Jerzy Eysymontt](/wiki/Jerzy_Eysymontt "Jerzy Eysymontt") (BBWR), 15,235 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek "Bronisław Geremek") (UD), 57,219 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 "Krzysztof Król (politician)") (KPN), 22,943 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 "Jacek Kuroń") (UD), 49,442 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski "Aleksander Kwaśniewski") (SLD), 148,553 votes; [Tomasz Nałęcz](/wiki/Tomasz_Na%C5%82%C4%99cz "Tomasz Nałęcz") (UP), 1,314 votes; [Włodzimierz Nieporęt](/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Niepor%C4%99t "Włodzimierz Nieporęt") (SLD), 1,684 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (UD), 3,171 votes; [Beata Świerczyńska](/wiki/Beata_%C5%9Awierczy%C5%84ska "Beata Świerczyńska") (UP), 1,509 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek "Danuta Waniek") (SLD), 4,762 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr "Jerzy Wiatr") (SLD), 3,895 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski "Andrzej Wielowieyski") (UD), 14,220 votes; [Stanisław Wiśniewski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wi%C5%9Bniewski "Stanisław Wiśniewski") (SLD), 1,787 votes; [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura "Jan Zaciura") (SLD), 3,247 votes; and [Ryszard Żochowski](/wiki/Ryszard_%C5%BBochowski "Ryszard Żochowski") (SLD), 5,700 votes. * National list seats \- [Kazimierz Dejmek](/wiki/Kazimierz_Dejmek "Kazimierz Dejmek") (PSL), 3,018 votes; [Ryszard Grodzicki](/wiki/Ryszard_Grodzicki "Ryszard Grodzicki") (SLD), 249 votes; [Adam Halber](/wiki/Adam_Halber "Adam Halber") (SLD), 419 votes; [Mieczysław Krajewski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Krajewski "Mieczysław Krajewski") (SLD), 584 votes; [Bogdan Krysiewicz](/wiki/Bogdan_Krysiewicz "Bogdan Krysiewicz") (SLD), 402 votes; [Andrzej Lipski](/wiki/Andrzej_Lipski "Andrzej Lipski") (SLD), 298 votes; [Andrzej Micewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Micewski "Andrzej Micewski") (PSL), 5,000 votes; [Sławomir Nowakowski](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Nowakowski "Sławomir Nowakowski") (UP), 719 votes; [Marek Rojszyk](/wiki/Marek_Rojszyk "Marek Rojszyk") (SLD), 130 votes; [Stanisław Wójcik](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_W%C3%B3jcik_%28politician%29 "Stanisław Wójcik (politician)") (PSL), 1,179 votes; and [Władysław Żbikowski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%BBbikowski "Władysław Żbikowski") (SLD), 437 votes. ##### 1991 Results of the [1991 parliamentary election](/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election "1991 Polish parliamentary election") held on 27 October 1991:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 288 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 31 października 1991 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przeprowadzonych w dniu 27 października 1991 r. \|journal\=\[\[Monitor Polski]] \|date\=18 December 1991 \|volume\=1991 \|issue\=41 \|pages\=427–429 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19910410288 \|access\-date\=30 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174630/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19910410288 \|archive\-date\=31 October 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \- Wykaz okręgowych list kandydatów na posłów wraz z liczbą głosów i podziałem mandatów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020359/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020402/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | List | | | | | Bloc | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes | % | Seats | | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Union (Poland)") | UD | 135,789 | 18\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** | 135,789 | 18\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** | | {{party color cell\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress "Liberal Democratic Congress") | KLD | 119,194 | 16\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** | 119,194 | 16\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** | | {{party color cell\|Centre Civic Alliance}} | [Centre Civic Alliance](/wiki/Centre_Civic_Alliance "Centre Civic Alliance") | POC | 102,804 | 14\.29% | 3 | 3 | **6** | 113,233 | 15\.74% | 3 | 4 | **7** | | {{party color cell\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 "Solidarity (Polish trade union)") | NSZZS | 10,429 | 1\.45% | 0 | 1 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 95,666 | 13\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** | 95,666 | 13\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** | | {{party color cell\|Catholic Electoral Action}} | [Catholic Electoral Action](/wiki/Catholic_Electoral_Action "Catholic Electoral Action") | WAK | 48,181 | 6\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** | 48,181 | 6\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** | | {{party color cell\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland "Confederation of Independent Poland") | KPN | 31,266 | 4\.35% | 1 | 3 | **4** | 36,014 | 5\.01% | 1 | 3 | **4** | | | Polish Ecological Party \- Greens | PPE\-Z | 3,007 | 0\.42% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish Western Union | PZZ | 1,256 | 0\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | People's Christian Bloc | BLC | 485 | 0\.07% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Labour Solidarity}} | [Labour Solidarity](/wiki/Labour_Solidarity "Labour Solidarity") | SP | 35,146 | 4\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 35,146 | 4\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party "Polish Beer-Lovers' Party") | PPPP | 28,123 | 3\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 28,123 | 3\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | 17,533 | 2\.44% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 20,207 | 2\.81% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | | Universal Property Movement | RPW | 2,674 | 0\.37% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Democratic\-Social Movement (Poland)}} | [Democratic\-Social Movement](/wiki/Democratic-Social_Movement_%28Poland%29 "Democratic-Social Movement (Poland)") | RDS | 12,897 | 1\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 12,897 | 1\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 12,096 | 1\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** | 12,096 | 1\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** | | {{party color cell\|National Party (Poland, 1989\)}} | [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 "National Party (Poland, 1989)") | SN | 8,405 | 1\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 8,405 | 1\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Christian Democracy (Poland)}} | [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Poland%29 "Christian Democracy (Poland)") | ChD | 7,036 | 0\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 7,036 | 0\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Independent Self\-Governing Trade Union of Policemen | NSZZP | 6,363 | 0\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 6,363 | 0\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Healthy Poland \- Ecological Alliance | ZP\-SE | 4,636 | 0\.64% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 5,017 | 0\.70% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Conservative\-Liberal Party | PKL | 381 | 0\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Peasants' Agreement}} | [Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Peasants%27_Agreement "Peasants' Agreement") | PL | 4,363 | 0\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,363 | 0\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | 4,283 | 0\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,283 | 0\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Solidarity 80 | S80 | 4,073 | 0\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,073 | 0\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Trade Unions in Defence of Society | ZZOS | 3,759 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,759 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish Ecological Party \& Polish Green Party | PPE\-PPZ | 3,706 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,706 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Freedom Party | PW | 3,520 | 0\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,520 | 0\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Victoria Party | PV | 3,379 | 0\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,379 | 0\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish National Community\-Polish National Party | PWN\-PSN | 2,974 | 0\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 2,974 | 0\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Confederation of Employers | KP | 1,925 | 0\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,925 | 0\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Party of Christian Democrats}} | [Party of Christian Democrats](/wiki/Party_of_Christian_Democrats "Party of Christian Democrats") | PChD | 1,642 | 0\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,642 | 0\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Give Us a Chance | DNS | 1,000 | 0\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,000 | 0\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Belarusian Election Committee | | 384 | 0\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 728 | 0\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|German Minority Electoral Committee}} | [German Minority](/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee "German Minority Electoral Committee") | WDM | 344 | 0\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Minority Electoral Bloc | | 680 | 0\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 680 | 0\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** | Valid Votes 719,399 | 100\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 | 719,399 | 100\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 ||Rejected Votes 20,491 | 2\.77% | | | | | | | | | |Total Polled 739,890 | 54\.68% | | | | | | | | | |Registered Electors 1,353,200 | | | | | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: * Constituency seats \- [Jan Krzysztof Bielecki](/wiki/Jan_Krzysztof_Bielecki "Jan Krzysztof Bielecki") (KLD), 115,002 votes; [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj "Ryszard Bugaj") (SP), 30,655 votes; [Zbigniew Bujak](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak "Zbigniew Bujak") (RDS), 12,236 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek "Bronisław Geremek") (UD), 31,746 votes; [Adam Glapiński](/wiki/Adam_Glapi%C5%84ski "Adam Glapiński") (POC), 2,966 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (POC), 50,701 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 "Krzysztof Król (politician)") (KPN), 24,959 votes; [Jacek Kurczewski](/wiki/Jacek_Kurczewski "Jacek Kurczewski") (KLD), 588 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 "Jacek Kuroń") (UD), 87,131 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski "Aleksander Kwaśniewski") (SLD), 73,906 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz "Antoni Macierewicz") (WAK), 25,043 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski "Jan Olszewski") (POC), 39,560 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski "Paweł Piskorski") (KLD), 589 votes; [Lech Pruchno\-Wróblewski](/wiki/Lech_Pruchno-Wr%C3%B3blewski "Lech Pruchno-Wróblewski") (UPR), 9,267 votes; [Janusz Rewiński](/wiki/Janusz_Rewi%C5%84ski "Janusz Rewiński") (PPPP), 22,774 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr "Jerzy Wiatr") (SLD), 8,689 votes; and [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski "Andrzej Wielowieyski") (UD), 5,547 votes. * National list seats \- [Andrzej Anusz](/wiki/Andrzej_Anusz "Andrzej Anusz") (POC), 443 votes; [Marek Dąbrowski](/wiki/Marek_D%C4%85browski_%28politician%29 "Marek Dąbrowski (politician)") (UD), 3,486 votes; [Witold Gadomski](/wiki/Witold_Gadomski_%28politician%29 "Witold Gadomski (politician)") (KLD), 187 votes; [Zbigniew Janas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Janas "Zbigniew Janas") (UD), 2,454 votes; [Henryk Klata](/wiki/Henryk_Klata "Henryk Klata") (WAK), 3,011 votes; [Mikołaj Kozakiewicz](/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Kozakiewicz "Mikołaj Kozakiewicz") (PSL), 7,436 votes; [Józef Pawelec](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pawelec "Józef Pawelec") (KPN), 556 votes; [Katarzyna Pietrzyk](/wiki/Katarzyna_Pietrzyk "Katarzyna Pietrzyk") (KPN), 374 votes; {{ill\|Marcin Przybyłowicz (politician)\|pl\|Marcin Przybyłowicz\|lt\=Marcin Przybyłowicz}} (POC), 773 votes; [Barbara Różycka\-Orszulak](/wiki/Barbara_R%C3%B3%C5%BCycka-Orszulak "Barbara Różycka-Orszulak") (KPN), 961 votes; [Andrzej Smirnow](/wiki/Andrzej_Smirnow "Andrzej Smirnow") (NSZZS), 4,521 votes; [Zbigniew Sobotka](/wiki/Zbigniew_Sobotka "Zbigniew Sobotka") (SLD), 1,689 votes; [Henryk Strzelecki](/wiki/Henryk_Strzelecki_%28politician%29 "Henryk Strzelecki (politician)") (PSL), 286 votes; [Andrzej Urbański](/wiki/Andrzej_Urba%C5%84ski "Andrzej Urbański") (POC), 1,265 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek "Danuta Waniek") (SLD), 2,427 votes; and [Jacek Żochowski](/wiki/Jacek_%C5%BBochowski "Jacek Żochowski") (SLD), 2,221 votes.
[ "Election results\n----------------", "### Summary", "", "| Election | [Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 \"The Left (Poland)\")L / ZL / SLD / LiD /SLD\\-UP / SLD | | | [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\")SDPL / UP / RDS | | | [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\")PD / UW / UD | | | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 \"Civic Coalition (Poland)\")KO / PO / KLD | | | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action \"Solidarity Electoral Action\")AWS / NSZZS | | | [Third Way](/wiki/Third_Way_%28Poland%29 \"Third Way (Poland)\")TD / KP / PSL | | | [Self\\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\")SRP / ND / SRP /PS / S\\-L / SR | | | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\")ZP / PiS / PC / POC | | | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\")KWN / KORWiN / NP | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|The Left (Poland)}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Third Way (Poland)}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | colspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} |\n| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |", "[2023](/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2023 Polish parliamentary election\") | 230,648 | 13\\.45% | 3 | | | | | | | **741,286** | **43\\.23%** | **9** | | | | 227,127 | 13\\.25% | 3 | | | | 345,380 | 20\\.14% | 4 | 124,220 | 7\\.24% | 1 |\n [2019](/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2019 Polish parliamentary election\") | 251,434 | 18\\.19% | 3 | | | | | | | **581,077** | **42\\.05%** | **9** | | | | 65,683 | 4\\.75% | 1 | | | | 379,880 | 27\\.49% | 6 | 103,843 | 7\\.51% | 1 |\n [2015](/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2015 Polish parliamentary election\") | 93,666 | 8\\.55% | 0 | | | | | | | 301,672 | 27\\.54% | 7 | | | | 7,882 | 0\\.72% | 0 | | | | **327,342** | **29\\.89%** | **8** | 67,700 | 6\\.18% | 0 |\n [2011](/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2011 Polish parliamentary election\") | 78,020 | 7\\.67% | 1 | | | | | | | **498,599** | **49\\.00%** | **11** | | | | 17,755 | 1\\.74% | 0 | | | | 277,577 | 27\\.28% | 6 | | | |\n [2007](/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2007 Polish parliamentary election\") | 145,072 | 12\\.66% | 2 | | | | | | | **618,942** | **54\\.01%** | **11** | | | | 26,678 | 2\\.33% | 0 | 4,540 | 0\\.40% | 0 | 316,977 | 27\\.66% | 6 | | | |\n [2005](/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2005 Polish parliamentary election\") | 87,477 | 11\\.53% | 3 | 49,361 | 6\\.50% | 0 | 37,262 | 4\\.91% | 0 | **250,981** | **33\\.07%** | **8** | | | | 7,098 | 0\\.94% | 0 | 17,771 | 2\\.34% | 0 | 227,153 | 29\\.93% | 7 | | | |\n [2001](/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2001 Polish parliamentary election\") | **270,062** | **36\\.77%** | **8** | | | | 48,296 | 6\\.58% | 0 | 138,636 | 18\\.87% | 4 | 29,497 | 4\\.02% | 0 | 11,910 | 1\\.62% | 0 | 22,398 | 3\\.05% | 0 | 158,426 | 21\\.57% | 5 | | | |\n [1997](/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1997 Polish parliamentary election\") | 205,955 | 25\\.90% | 5 | 39,607 | 4\\.98% | 0 | 172,823 | 21\\.73% | 4 | | | | **253,539** | **31\\.88%** | **6** | 7,451 | 0\\.94% | 0 | 223 | 0\\.03% | 0 | | | | | | |\n [1993](/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1993 Polish parliamentary election\") | **177,788** | **22\\.37%** | **7** | 94,946 | 11\\.94% | 3 | 133,790 | 16\\.83% | 5 | 72,827 | 9\\.16% | 2 | 26,981 | 3\\.39% | 0 | 22,050 | 2\\.77% | 0 | 8,831 | 1\\.11% | 0 | 61,991 | 7\\.80% | 0 | | | |\n [1991](/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1991 Polish parliamentary election\") | 95,666 | 13\\.30% | 2 | 12,897 | 1\\.79% | 1 | **135,789** | **18\\.88%** | **3** | 119,194 | 16\\.57% | 3 | 10,429 | 1\\.45% | 0 | 12,096 | 1\\.68% | 0 | | | | 102,804 | 14\\.29% | 3 | | | |", "(Excludes national list seats)", "### Detailed", "{{legend\\|\\#CEE0F2\\|List has reached relevant threshold and is entitled to compete for constituency seats.}}", "#### 2020s", "##### 2023", "Results of the [2023 parliamentary election](/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2023 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 15 October 2023:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 2234 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 17 października 2023 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 15 października 2023 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=18 October 2023 \\|volume\\=2023 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=130–140 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20230002234 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020201253/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20230002234 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Results \\- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017112002/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for candidates \\- for counties Sejm \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_kandydatow\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \\- Candidates \\- Sejm \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101183730/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for Sejm lists \\- for counties \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_listy\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021093901/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_listy\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas | Ships |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 \"Civic Coalition (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW\\|Coalition list}} | KO | 430,875 | 234,351 | 133 | **665,359** | 38\\.80% | 4 | 741,286 | 43\\.23% | 9 |\n {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | 19,063 | 7,091 | 4 | **26,158** | 1\\.53% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|The Greens (Poland)}} | [The Greens](/wiki/The_Greens_%28Poland%29 \"The Greens (Poland)\") | Z | 15,680 | 9,958 | 4 | **25,642** | 1\\.50% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KO | 11,587 | 3,790 | 2 | **15,379** | 0\\.90% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish Initiative}} | [Polish Initiative](/wiki/Polish_Initiative \"Polish Initiative\") | iPL | 6,627 | 2,120 | 1 | **8,748** | 0\\.51% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\") | ZP | 190,038 | 66,049 | 38 | **256,125** | 14\\.94% | 2 | 345,380 | 20\\.14% | 4 |\n {{party color cell\\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 \"Kukiz'15\") | Kukiz | 25,661 | 13,479 | 11 | **39,151** | 2\\.28% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Sovereign Poland}} | [Sovereign Poland](/wiki/Sovereign_Poland \"Sovereign Poland\") | SP | 23,292 | 8,073 | 4 | **31,369** | 1\\.83% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZP | 13,755 | 4,975 | 5 | **18,735** | 1\\.09% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together \"Left Together\") | LR | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|The Left (Poland)}} | [The Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 \"The Left (Poland)\") | L | 81,610 | 47,589 | 24 | **129,223** | 7\\.54% | 2 | 230,648 | 13\\.45% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|New Left (Poland)}} | [New Left](/wiki/New_Left_%28Poland%29 \"New Left (Poland)\") | NL | 60,126 | 30,772 | 15 | **90,913** | 5\\.30% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind L | 5,343 | 3,478 | 2 | **8,823** | 0\\.51% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 1,037 | 650 | 2 | **1,689** | 0\\.10% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Poland 2050}} | [Poland 2050](/wiki/Poland_2050 \"Poland 2050\") | PL2050 | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Third Way (Poland)}} | [Third Way](/wiki/Third_Way_%28Poland%29 \"Third Way (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | TD | 91,809 | 40,632 | 37 | **132,478** | 7\\.73% | 2 | 227,127 | 13\\.25% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 34,259 | 13,000 | 12 | **47,271** | 2\\.76% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind TD | 29,194 | 14,850 | 6 | **44,050** | 2\\.57% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Centre for Poland}} | [Centre for Poland](/wiki/Centre_for_Poland \"Centre for Poland\") | CdP | 2,483 | 844 | 1 | **3,328** | 0\\.19% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|New Hope (Poland)}} | [New Hope](/wiki/New_Hope_%28Poland%29 \"New Hope (Poland)\") | NN | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | 64,971 | 47,270 | 59 | **112,300** | 6\\.55% | 1 | 124,220 | 7\\.24% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Confederation of the Polish Crown}} | [Confederation of thePolish Crown](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown \"Confederation of the Polish Crown\") | KKP | 2,991 | 1,401 | 2 | **4,394** | 0\\.26% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KWN | 2,362 | 1,144 | 1 | **3,507** | 0\\.20% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"National Movement (Poland)\") | RN | 1,687 | 899 | 1 | **2,587** | 0\\.15% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | 1,072 | 360 | 0 | **1,432** | 0\\.08% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind BS | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Nonpartisan Local Government Activists}} | [Non\\-Partisan](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Local_Government_Activists \"Nonpartisan Local Government Activists\") | BS | 16,832 | 6,202 | 13 | **23,047** | 1\\.34% | 0 | 23,450 | 1\\.37% | 0 |\n| | Social Interest | SI | 189 | 103 | 0 | **292** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Good Movement}} | [Good Movement](/wiki/Good_Movement \"Good Movement\") | DR | 72 | 39 | 0 | **111** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland \"There is One Poland\") | PJJ | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland \"There is One Poland\") | PJJ | 7,975 | 6,630 | 5 | **14,610** | 0\\.85% | 0 | 22,608 | 1\\.32% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PJJ | 4,354 | 3,643 | 1 | **7,998** | 0\\.47% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,144,944 | 569,392 | 383 | 1,714,719 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,714,719 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 4,077 | 2,793 | 0 | **6,870** | 0\\.40% | | | | |\n| Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 3,562 | 2,488 | 6 | **6,056** | 0\\.35% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,152,583 | 574,673 | 389 | **1,727,645** | 86\\.65% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,357,214 | 636,099 | 410 | **1,993,723** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 84\\.92% | 90\\.34% | 94\\.88% | **86\\.65%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski \"Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski\") (PSL), 34,563 votes; [Andrzej Domański](/wiki/Andrzej_Doma%C5%84ski \"Andrzej Domański\") (PO), 6,848 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 \"Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)\") (PO), 49,428 votes; [Piotr Gliński](/wiki/Piotr_Gli%C5%84ski \"Piotr Gliński\") (PiS), 135,339 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 36,523 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira \"Klaudia Jachira\") (Z), 9,172 votes; [Marek Jakubiak](/wiki/Marek_Jakubiak \"Marek Jakubiak\") (Kukiz), 39,151 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta \"Sebastian Kaleta\") (SP), 31,369 votes; [Michał Kobosko](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kobosko \"Michał Kobosko\") (PL2050\\), 61,452 votes; [Dorota Łoboda](/wiki/Dorota_%C5%81oboda \"Dorota Łoboda\") (Ind KO), 10,510 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer \"Katarzyna Lubnauer\") (.N), 22,529 votes; [Sławomir Mentzen](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mentzen \"Sławomir Mentzen\") (NN), 101,269 votes; [Dorota Olko](/wiki/Dorota_Olko \"Dorota Olko\") (LR), 44,188 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru \"Ryszard Petru\") (PL2050\\), 24,192 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (iPL), 8,748 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 28,653 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\") (PO), 538,634 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg \"Adrian Zandberg\") (LR), 64,435 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska \"Urszula Zielińska\") (Z), 16,470 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska \"Anna Maria Żukowska\") (NL), 38,426 votes.", "#### 2010s", "##### 2019", "Results of the [2019 parliamentary election](/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2019 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 13 October 2019:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1955 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 14 października 2019 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 13 października 2019 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=15 October 2019 \\|volume\\=2019 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=88–94 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20190001955 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113071428/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20190001955 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Results Sejm \\- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \\[Warszawa] \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912234135/https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for candidates \\- for counties Sejm \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_kand\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \\- Candidates \\- Sejm \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/kandydaci\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for Sejm lists \\- for counties \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_listy\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas | Ships |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 \"Civic Coalition (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | KO | 381,053 | 97,922 | 60 | **479,035** | 34\\.66% | 4 | 581,077 | 42\\.05% | 9 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KO | 49,008 | 14,936 | 10 | **63,954** | 4\\.63% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | 23,077 | 7,469 | 6 | **30,552** | 2\\.21% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Green Party (Poland)\") | PZ | 5,473 | 2,062 | 1 | **7,536** | 0\\.55% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\") | ZP | 287,008 | 74,953 | 35 | **361,996** | 26\\.20% | 6 | 379,880 | 27\\.49% | 6 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZP | 11,384 | 2,555 | 1 | **13,940** | 1\\.01% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Jarosław Gowin's Agreement}} | [Jarosław Gowin's Agreement](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Gowin%27s_Agreement \"Jarosław Gowin's Agreement\") | PJG | 3,232 | 710 | 2 | **3,944** | 0\\.29% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together \"Left Together\") | LR | rowspan\\=6 {{party color cell\\|The Left (Poland)}} | [Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 \"The Left (Poland)\") | L | 126,866 | 45,136 | 15 | **172,017** | 12\\.45% | 2 | 251,434 | 18\\.19% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 21,394 | 6,896 | 2 | **28,292** | 2\\.05% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Spring (political party)}} | [Spring](/wiki/Spring_%28political_party%29 \"Spring (political party)\") | W | 18,045 | 7,131 | 2 | **25,178** | 1\\.82% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind L | 19,463 | 5,481 | 2 | **24,946** | 1\\.81% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement \"Your Movement\") | TR | 382 | 122 | 0 | **504** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 303 | 194 | 0 | **497** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | 45,652 | 24,348 | 19 | **70,019** | 5\\.07% | 1 | 103,843 | 7\\.51% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KWN | 17,652 | 9,286 | 3 | **26,941** | 1\\.95% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"National Movement (Poland)\") | RN | 2,622 | 1,109 | 1 | **3,732** | 0\\.27% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN \"KORWiN\") | KORWiN | 2,115 | 1,036 | 0 | **3,151** | 0\\.23% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KP | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Polish Coalition}} | [Polish Coalition](/wiki/Polish_Coalition \"Polish Coalition\") | KP | 42,892 | 10,194 | 10 | **53,096** | 3\\.84% | 1 | 65,683 | 4\\.75% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 8,322 | 2,361 | 3 | **10,686** | 0\\.77% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Union of European Democrats}} | [Union of European Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats \"Union of European Democrats\") | UED | 1,540 | 360 | 1 | **1,901** | 0\\.14% | 0 |\n Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,067,483 | 314,261 | 173 | 1,381,917 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,381,917 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,105 | 1,025 | 0 | **4,130** | 0\\.30% | | | | |\n| Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 2,602 | 874 | 0 | **3,476** | 0\\.25% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,073,190 | 316,160 | 173 | **1,389,523** | 79\\.75% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,392,416 | 349,810 | 174 | **1,742,400** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 77\\.07% | 90\\.38% | 99\\.43% | **79\\.75%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski \"Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski\") (Ind KP), 30,405 votes; [Magdalena Biejat](/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat \"Magdalena Biejat\") (LR), 19,501 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 5,347 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 \"Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)\") (PO), 10,228 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 12,693 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira \"Klaudia Jachira\") (Ind KO), 9,172 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 248,935 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta \"Sebastian Kaleta\") (SP), 17,459 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 19,797 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 416,030 votes; [Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke \"Janusz Korwin-Mikke\") (KWN), 60,385 votes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski \"Jarosław Krajewski\") (PiS), 15,121 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki \"Paweł Lisiecki\") (PiS), 13,093 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer \"Katarzyna Lubnauer\") (.N), 28,205 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (Ind KO), 8,780 votes; [Dariusz Rosati](/wiki/Dariusz_Rosati \"Dariusz Rosati\") (Ind KO), 25,061 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 13,747 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg \"Adrian Zandberg\") (LR), 140,898 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska \"Urszula Zielińska\") (PZ), 7,536 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska \"Anna Maria Żukowska\") (SLD), 38,426 votes.", "##### 2015", "Results of the [2015 parliamentary election](/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2015 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 25 October 2015:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1731 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 października 2015 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 października 2015 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=28 October 2015 \\|volume\\=2015 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=133–145 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20150001731 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328041138/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20150001731 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \\- Wyniki Sejm \\- Okręg nr 19 \\|url\\=https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/349\\_Wyniki\\_Sejm/0/0/19\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024180011/https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/349\\_Wyniki\\_Sejm/0/0/19\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \\- Wyniki Sejm XLS \\- Wyniki z podziałem na okręgi \\- 19 \\|url\\=https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\\_okr\\_sejm/19\\.xlsx \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142242/https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\\_okr\\_sejm/19\\.xlsx \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \\- Dane kandydatów na posłów z oznaczeniem liczby głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-kand\\-sejm.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090649/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-kand\\-sejm.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \\- Głosowanie na listy kandydatów na posłów w ujęciu liczbowym na poziomie powiatów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\") | ZP | 241,640 | 61,439 | **303,079** | 27\\.67% | 7 | 327,342 | 29\\.89% | 8 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZP | 14,930 | 4,676 | **19,606** | 1\\.79% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic \"Right Wing of the Republic\") | PR | 3,069 | 391 | **3,460** | 0\\.32% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Poland Together United Right}} | [Poland Together United Right](/wiki/Poland_Together_United_Right \"Poland Together United Right\") | PRZP | 1,074 | 123 | **1,197** | 0\\.11% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 254,215 | 40,100 | **294,315** | 26\\.87% | 6 | 301,672 | 27\\.54% | 7 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 6,470 | 887 | **7,357** | 0\\.67% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | 111,121 | 17,967 | **129,088** | 11\\.79% | 1 | 146,629 | 13\\.39% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind .N | 15,153 | 2,388 | **17,541** | 1\\.60% | 2 || {{party color cell\\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement \"Your Movement\") | TR | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|United Left (Poland)}} | [United Left](/wiki/United_Left_%28Poland%29 \"United Left (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | ZL | 67,810 | 8,368 | **76,178** | 6\\.96% | 0 | 93,666 | 8\\.55% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 11,042 | 949 | **11,991** | 1\\.09% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZL | 3,597 | 658 | **4,255** | 0\\.39% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Green Party (Poland)\") | PZ | 929 | 246 | **1,175** | 0\\.11% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 61 | 6 | **67** | 0\\.01% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind Kukiz | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 \"Kukiz'15\") | Kukiz | 54,050 | 27,003 | **81,053** | 7\\.40% | 1 | 84,937 | 7\\.76% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right \"Congress of the New Right\") | KNP | 1,854 | 566 | **2,420** | 0\\.22% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"National Movement (Poland)\") | RN | 693 | 290 | **983** | 0\\.09% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Direct Democracy (Poland)}} | [Direct Democracy](/wiki/Direct_Democracy_%28Poland%29 \"Direct Democracy (Poland)\") | DB | 227 | 50 | **277** | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n | Libertarian Party | PL | 170 | 34 | **204** | 0\\.02% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN \"KORWiN\") | KORWiN | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN \"KORWiN\") | KORWiN | 38,081 | 20,974 | **59,055** | 5\\.39% | 0 | 67,700 | 6\\.18% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KORWiN | 6,390 | 2,109 | **8,499** | 0\\.78% | 0 |\n| | Libertarian Party | PL | 68 | 20 | **88** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right \"Congress of the New Right\") | KNP | 46 | 12 | **58** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 \"Together (Poland)\") | R | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 \"Together (Poland)\") | R | 49,128 | 11,332 | **60,460** | 5\\.52% | 0 | 60,663 | 5\\.54% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind R | 165 | 38 | **203** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 5,458 | 759 | **6,217** | 0\\.57% | 0 | 7,882 | 0\\.72% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | 1,471 | 194 | **1,665** | 0\\.15% | 0 || | Social Justice Movement | RSS | | Social Movement | RSRP | 2,466 | 239 | **2,705** | 0\\.25% | 0 | 2,760 | 0\\.25% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind RSRP | 9 | 6 | **45** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Freedom and Equality}} | [Freedom and Equality](/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality \"Freedom and Equality\") | WiR | 9 | 1 | **10** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind WOP | | Citizens | WOP | 1,503 | 287 | **1,790** | 0\\.16% | 0 | 1,964 | 0\\.18% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | 124 | 31 | **155** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 18 | 1 | **19** | 0\\.00% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 893,071 | 202,144 | 1,095,215 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,095,215 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,243 | 584 | **3,827** | 0\\.35% | | | | |\n| Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 5,489 | 898 | **6,387** | 0\\.58% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 901,803 | 203,626 | **1,105,429** | 70\\.80% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,321,573 | 239,716 | **1,561,289** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 68\\.24% | 84\\.94% | **70\\.80%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (Ind ZP), 6,262 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 13,976 votes; [Zbigniew Gryglas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Gryglas \"Zbigniew Gryglas\") (Ind .N), 1,011 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki \"Andrzej Halicki\") (PO), 13,859 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 202,424 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 29,654 votes; [Joanna Kluzik\\-Rostkowska](/wiki/Joanna_Kluzik-Rostkowska \"Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska\") (PO), 12,807 votes; [Ewa Kopacz](/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz \"Ewa Kopacz\") (PO), 230,894 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 3,258 voyes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski \"Jarosław Krajewski\") (PiS), 4,753 votes; [Paweł Kukiz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Kukiz \"Paweł Kukiz\") (Ind), 76,675 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki \"Paweł Lisiecki\") (PiS), 6,865 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru \"Ryszard Petru\") (.N), 129,088 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki \"Marcin Święcicki\") (PO), 8,329 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 4,919 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska \"Ewa Tomaszewska\") (PiS), 5,114 votes; [Jacek Wilk](/wiki/Jacek_Wilk \"Jacek Wilk\") (KNP), 2,420 votes; [Kornelia Wróblewska](/wiki/Kornelia_Wr%C3%B3blewska \"Kornelia Wróblewska\") (Ind .N), 3,945 votes; and [Małgorzata Wypych](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Wypych \"Małgorzata Wypych\") (Ind ZP), 7,496 votes.", "##### 2011", "Results of the [2011 parliamentary election](/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2011 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 9 October 2011:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1294 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 11 października 2011 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 9 października 2011 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=12 October 2011 \\|volume\\=2011 \\|issue\\=218 \\|pages\\=12666–12674 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20112181294 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052431/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20112181294 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Elections 2011: Voting results \\- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \\|url\\=https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\\-19\\.html?tab\\=2\\#tabs\\-1 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019222725/https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\\-19\\.html?tab\\=2\\#tabs\\-1 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Elections 2011: Election results \\- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \\|url\\=https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\\-19\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125223/https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\\-19\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Elections 2011: Downloads \\- Candidates \\- Candidates to Sejm\\- CSV file (ZIP) \\|url\\=https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\\_sejm.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812154936/https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\\_sejm.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2011 \\- Wyniki głosowania w wyborach do Sejmu na poziomie powiatów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 485,091 | 47\\.67% | 9 | 498,599 | 49\\.00% | 11 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 13,508 | 1\\.33% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 265,356 | 26\\.08% | 5 | 277,577 | 27\\.28% | 6 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PiS | 11,931 | 1\\.17% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 290 | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement \"Palikot's Movement\") | RP | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement \"Palikot's Movement\") | RP | 99,697 | 9\\.80% | 1 | 110,589 | 10\\.87% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind RP | 10,414 | 1\\.02% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Reason of the Polish Left}} | [Reason of the Polish Left](/wiki/Reason_of_the_Polish_Left \"Reason of the Polish Left\") | RACJA PL | 478 | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 62,875 | 6\\.18% | 1 | 78,020 | 7\\.67% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SLD | 11,879 | 1\\.17% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 \"Greens 2004\") | Z2004 | 3,023 | 0\\.30% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners \"National Party of Retirees and Pensioners\") | KPEiR | 198 | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 45 | 0\\.00% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First \"Poland Comes First\") | PJN | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First \"Poland Comes First\") | PJN | 27,880 | 2\\.74% | 0 | 30,964 | 3\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PJN | 2,701 | 0\\.27% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Conservative People's Party (Poland)}} | [Conservative People's Party](/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Conservative People's Party (Poland)\") | SKL | 286 | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | 97 | 0\\.01% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 11,815 | 1\\.16% | 0 | 17,755 | 1\\.74% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 5,940 | 0\\.58% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party \\- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party \\- August 80](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 \"Polish Labour Party - August 80\") | PPP | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party \\- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 \"Polish Labour Party - August 80\") | PPP | 2,631 | 0\\.26% | 0 | 4,060 | 0\\.40% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PPP | 1,429 | 0\\.14% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,017,564 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,017,564 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 19,222 | 1\\.85% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,036,786 | 69\\.44% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,493,055 | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska \"Alicja Dąbrowska\") (PO), 4,622 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 6,739 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (Ind ZP), 4,762 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 8,129 votes; [Leszek Jastrzębski](/wiki/Leszek_Jastrz%C4%99bski \"Leszek Jastrzębski\") (PO), 3,075 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 202,297 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD), 53,451 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 17,535 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 45,027 votes; [Marcin Kierwiński](/wiki/Marcin_Kierwi%C5%84ski \"Marcin Kierwiński\") (PO), 3,580 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 4,603 voyes; [Ligia Krajewska](/wiki/Ligia_Krajewska \"Ligia Krajewska\") (PO), 3,590 votes; [Adam Kwiatkowski](/wiki/Adam_Kwiatkowski \"Adam Kwiatkowski\") (PiS), 6,284 votes; [Wanda Nowicka](/wiki/Wanda_Nowicka \"Wanda Nowicka\") (Ind RP), 7,065 votes; [Janusz Palikot](/wiki/Janusz_Palikot \"Janusz Palikot\") (RP), 94,811 votes; [Jacek Rostowski](/wiki/Jacek_Rostowski \"Jacek Rostowski\") (PO), 10,743 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki \"Marcin Święcicki\") (Ind PO), 6,246 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 4,137 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\") (PO), 374,920 votes; and [Przemysław Wipler](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Wipler \"Przemysław Wipler\") (Ind PiS), 4,615 votes.", "#### 2000s", "##### 2007", "Results of the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2007 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 21 October 2007:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1438 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 października 2007 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 października 2007 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=26 October 2007 \\|volume\\=2007 \\|issue\\=198 \\|pages\\=13789–13798 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20071981438 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2007: Results \\- Voting results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184903/https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2007 \\- Results \\- Election results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119173840/https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \\- Wykaz wszystkich kandydatów z oznaczeniem liczby uzyskanych głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\\.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104559/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\\.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \\- Dane dotyczące wyników głosowania na listy kandydatów w wyborach do Sejmu RP w roku 2007 według powiatów w ujęciu liczbowym \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\\-pow\\-listy.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104648/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\\-pow\\-listy.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 527,924 | 84,171 | **612,095** | 53\\.41% | 10 | 618,942 | 54\\.01% | 11 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 6,343 | 504 | **6,847** | 0\\.60% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 263,510 | 41,574 | **305,084** | 26\\.62% | 4 | 316,977 | 27\\.66% | 6 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PiS | 9,019 | 2,004 | **11,023** | 0\\.96% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 568 | 36 | **604** | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Organisation of the Polish Nation \\- Polish League}} | [Organisation of the Polish Nation \\-Polish League](/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Polish_Nation_-_Polish_League \"Organisation of the Polish Nation - Polish League\") | ONP\\-LP | 30 | 36 | **266** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\") | SDPL | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Left and Democrats}} | [Left and Democrats](/wiki/Left_and_Democrats \"Left and Democrats\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | LiD | 69,823 | 7,399 | **77,222** | 6\\.74% | 1 | 145,072 | 12\\.66% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 59,121 | 4,436 | **63,557** | 5\\.55% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\") | PD | 3,641 | 436 | **4,077** | 0\\.36% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind LiD | 187 | 29 | **216** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 11,122 | 931 | **12,053** | 1\\.05% | 0 | 26,678 | 2\\.33% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 10,053 | 718 | **10,771** | 0\\.94% | 0 |\n | Children and Youth Party | PdiM | 3,751 | 103 | **3,854** | 0\\.34% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 6,352 | 1,158 | **7,510** | 0\\.66% | 0 | 14,264 | 1\\.24% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind LPR | 4,182 | 561 | **4,743** | 0\\.41% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 1,427 | 122 | **1,549** | 0\\.14% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic \"Right Wing of the Republic\") | PR | 426 | 36 | **462** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Women's Party (Poland)\") | PK | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Women's Party (Poland)\") | PK | 11,535 | 1,593 | **13,128** | 1\\.15% | 0 | 13,992 | 1\\.22% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PK | 795 | 69 | **864** | 0\\.08% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | rowspan\\=6 {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | 3,210 | 330 | **3,540** | 0\\.31% | 0 | 5,518 | 0\\.48% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PPP | 810 | 92 | **902** | 0\\.08% | 0 |\n| | Green Party | PZ | 448 | 51 | **499** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 \"Union of the Left (Poland)\") | UL | 321 | 58 | **379** | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Communist Party (2002\\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 \"Polish Communist Party (2002)\") | KPP | 129 | 13 | **142** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 50 | 6 | **56** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | New Left | NL | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} |[Self\\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") SRP | 2,506 | 129 | **2,635** | 0\\.23% | 0 | 4,540 | 0\\.40% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | 1,565 | 146 | **1,711** | 0\\.15% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SRP | 181 | 13 | **194** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 999,229 | 146,754 | 1,145,983 | 100\\.00% | 19 | 1,145,983 | 100\\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 9,269 | 2,192 | **11,461** | 0\\.99% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,008,498 | 148,946 | **1,157,444** | 73\\.86% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,376,401 | 190,637 | **1,567,038** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 73\\.27% | 78\\.13% | **73\\.86%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski \"Marek Borowski\") (SDPL), 75,493 votes; [Andrzej Czuma](/wiki/Andrzej_Czuma \"Andrzej Czuma\") (PO), 4,344 votes; [Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska \"Alicja Dąbrowska\") (PO), 2,885 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 7,552 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (PiS), 3,070 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki \"Andrzej Halicki\") (PO), 3,369 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner \"Jolanta Hibner\") (PO), 6,816 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 273,684 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD), 37,623 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski \"Karol Karski\") (PiS), 3,524 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 13,057 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 6,847 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski \"Jan Ołdakowski\") (Ind PiS), 3,106 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz \"Paweł Poncyljusz\") (PiS), 4,647 votes; [Nelli Rokita](/wiki/Nelli_Rokita \"Nelli Rokita\") (Ind PiS), 6,367 votes; [Tadeusz Ross](/wiki/Tadeusz_Ross \"Tadeusz Ross\") (PO), 2,712 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 2,372 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\") (PO), 534,241 votes; and [Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz](/wiki/Krzysztof_Tyszkiewicz \"Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz\") (PO), 3,330 votes.", "##### 2005", "Results of the [2005 parliamentary election](/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2005 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 25 September 2005:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1626 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 września 2005 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 września 2005 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=7 October 2005 \\|volume\\=2005 \\|issue\\=195 \\|pages\\=12339–12354 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20051951626 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161149/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20051951626 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2005: Results \\- Voting results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204251/https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2005 \\- Results \\- Election results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111130642/https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 171,234 | 10,737 | **181,971** | 23\\.98% | 5 | 250,981 | 33\\.07% | 8 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 66,033 | 2,492 | **68,525** | 9\\.03% | 3 |\n | Other | | 465 | 20 | **485** | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 208,021 | 9,837 | **217,858** | 28\\.70% | 6 | 227,153 | 29\\.93% | 7 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent politician](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PiS | 9,066 | 229 | **9,295** | 1\\.22% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 83,232 | 2,092 | **85,324** | 11\\.24% | 3 | 87,477 | 11\\.53% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SLD | 1,125 | 26 | **1,151** | 0\\.15% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 \"Union of the Left (Poland)\") | UL | 769 | 20 | **789** | 0\\.10% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement}} | [Edward Gierek'sEconomic Revival Movement](/wiki/Edward_Gierek%27s_Economic_Revival_Movement \"Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement\") | ROG | 121 | 0 | **121** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n | Forum of Pensioners | FEiR | 88 | 4 | **92** | 0\\.01% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\") | SDPL | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\") | SDPL | 46,503 | 1,411 | **47,914** | 6\\.31% | 0 | 49,361 | 6\\.50% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 \"Greens 2004\") | Z2004 | 879 | 56 | **935** | 0\\.12% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 343 | 7 | **350** | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SDPL | 155 | 7 | **162** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 40,230 | 2,790 | **43,020** | 5\\.67% | 1 | 44,376 | 5\\.85% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind LPR | 1,205 | 151 | **1,356** | 0\\.18% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\") | PD | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\") | PD | 34,743 | 2,267 | **37,010** | 4\\.88% | 0 | 37,262 | 4\\.91% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland \"Initiative for Poland\") | IdP | 244 | 8 | **252** | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform \"Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform\") | PJKM | 18,906 | 871 | **19,777** | 2\\.61% | 0 | 20,452 | 2\\.69% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PJKM | 591 | 25 | **616** | 0\\.08% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke Platform](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform \"Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform\") | PJKM | 55 | 4 | **59** | 0\\.01% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | 17,348 | 423 | **17,771** | 2\\.34% | 0 | 17,771 | 2\\.34% | 0 || | Patriotic Movement | RP | | Patriotic Movement | RP | 3,116 | 159 | **3,275** | 0\\.43% | 0 | 8,051 | 1\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|National\\-Catholic Movement}} | [National\\-Catholic Movement](/wiki/National-Catholic_Movement \"National-Catholic Movement\") | RKN | 2,578 | 215 | **2,793** | 0\\.37% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 921 | 57 | **978** | 0\\.13% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind RP | 803 | 43 | **846** | 0\\.11% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Alliance for Poland}} | [Alliance for Poland](/wiki/Alliance_for_Poland \"Alliance for Poland\") | PdP | 153 | 6 | **159** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 3,666 | 148 | **3,814** | 0\\.50% | 0 | 7,098 | 0\\.94% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 3,141 | 143 | **3,284** | 0\\.43% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PPP | rowspan\\=6 {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | 2,818 | 126 | **2,944** | 0\\.39% | 0 | 4,072 | 0\\.54% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | 417 | 20 | **437** | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 329 | 14 | **343** | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON}} | [Anticlerical Party ofProgress REASON](/wiki/Anticlerical_Party_of_Progress_REASON \"Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON\") | APPR | 278 | 10 | **288** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Communist Party (2002\\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 \"Polish Communist Party (2002)\") | KPP | 31 | 2 | **33** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Polish Ecological Party – Greens | PPE\\-Z | 26 | 1 | **27** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party \"Polish National Party\") | PPN | {{party color cell\\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party \"Polish National Party\") | PPN | 1,572 | 143 | **1,715** | 0\\.23% | 0 | 1,715 | 0\\.23% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home \"Ancestral Home\") | DO | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home \"Ancestral Home\") | DO | 539 | 22 | **561** | 0\\.07% | 0 | 947 | 0\\.12% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind DO | 319 | 15 | **334** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Labour Party (Poland)}} | [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Party (Poland)\") | SP | 30 | 1 | **31** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Movement for the Defenceof the Unemployed | ROB | 11 | 0 | **11** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Republican Forum | FR | 10 | 0 | **10** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Centre Party (Poland)\") | PC | 478 | 26 | **504** | 0\\.07% | 0 | 758 | 0\\.10% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Centre Party (Poland)\") | PC | 115 | 8 | **123** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PC | 73 | 11 | **84** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland \"Initiative for Poland\") | IdP | 44 | 1 | **45** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| | Other | | 1 | 1 | **2** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | 448 | 25 | **473** | 0\\.06% | 0 | 473 | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland \"National Revival of Poland\") | NOP | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland \"National Revival of Poland\") | NOP | 285 | 32 | **317** | 0\\.04% | 0 | 429 | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind NOP | 106 | 6 | **112** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind OKO | | All\\-Poland Civic Coalition | OKO | 323 | 31 | **354** | 0\\.05% | 0 | 419 | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners \"National Party of Retirees and Pensioners\") | KPEiR | 65 | 0 | **65** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind IRP | {{party color cell\\|Initiative of the Republic of Poland}} | [Initiative](/wiki/Initiative_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Initiative of the Republic of Poland\") | IRP | 187 | 18 | **205** | 0\\.03% | 0 | 205 | 0\\.03% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 724,239 | 34,761 | 759,000 | 100\\.00% | 19 | 759,000 | 100\\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 18,372 | 850 | **19,222** | 2\\.47% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 742,611 | 35,611 | **778,222** | 55\\.84% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,343,728 | 49,840 | **1,393,568** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 55\\.26% | 71\\.45% | **55\\.84%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 6,693 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski \"Piotr Gadzinowski\") (SLD), 11,650 votes; [Roman Giertych](/wiki/Roman_Giertych \"Roman Giertych\") (LPR), 35,812 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (PiS), 2,850 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 4,251 votes; [Hanna Gronkiewicz\\-Waltz](/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz \"Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz\") (PO), 137,280 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner \"Jolanta Hibner\") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 171,129 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD), 36,013 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 9,142 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski \"Karol Karski\") (PiS), 2,953 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 4,615 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 4,395 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski \"Jan Ołdakowski\") (Ind PiS), 3,939 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (SLD), 26,511 votes; [Julia Pitera](/wiki/Julia_Pitera \"Julia Pitera\") (Ind PO), 39,815 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz \"Paweł Poncyljusz\") (PiS), 4,232 votes; [Paweł Śpiewak](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_%C5%9Apiewak \"Paweł Śpiewak\") (Ind PO), 18,403 votes; and [Jacek Wojciechowicz](/wiki/Jacek_Wojciechowicz \"Jacek Wojciechowicz\") (PO), 3,380 votes.", "##### 2001", "Results of the [2001 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2001 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 23 September 2001:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1186 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 26 września 2001 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 23 września 2001 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=4 October 2001 \\|volume\\=2001 \\|issue\\=195 \\|pages\\=8181–8191 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20011091186 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201720/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20011091186 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki głosowania na listy i kandydatów \\- mazowieckie \\- 19 WARSZAWA I \\|url\\=https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\\_o.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004225702/https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\\_o.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki wyborów \\- mazowieckie \\- 19 WARSZAWA I \\|url\\=https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\\_o.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505104903/https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\\_o.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Ogólne dane statystyczne \\- mazowieckie \\- 19 WARSZAWA I \\|url\\=https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\\_o.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505213809/https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\\_o.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union}} | [Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%E2%80%93_Labour_Union \"Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | SLD\\-UP | 263,243 | 6,819 | **270,062** | 36\\.77% | 8 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 153,436 | 4,990 | **158,426** | 21\\.57% | 5 |\n {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 134,464 | 4,172 | **138,636** | 18\\.87% | 4 |\n {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 47,655 | 4,676 | **52,331** | 7\\.12% | 2 || {{party color cell\\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Freedom Union (Poland)\") | UW | 45,670 | 2,626 | **48,296** | 6\\.58% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action \"Solidarity Electoral Action\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | AWS | 27,566 | 1,931 | **29,497** | 4\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | 22,039 | 359 | **22,398** | 3\\.05% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 11,412 | 498 | **11,910** | 1\\.62% | 0 || | Social Alternative Movement | ARS | 1,340 | 70 | **1,410** | 0\\.19% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 1,147 | 64 | **1,211** | 0\\.16% | 0 |\n| | Polish National Community | PWN | 310 | 24 | **334** | 0\\.05% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | 708,282 | 26,229 | 734,511 | 100\\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,350 | 520 | **13,870** | 1\\.85% | |\n| Total Polled | | | 721,632 | 26,749 | **748,381** | 55\\.89% | |\n| Registered Electors | | | 1,297,124 | 41,817 | **1,338,941** | | |\n| Turnout | | | 55\\.63% | 63\\.97% | **55\\.89%** | | |", "The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \\|title\\=Wyniki wyborów: Wyniki głosowania na wszystkich kandydatów na posłów w układzie okręgów wyborczych \\|url\\=http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011204120046/http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2001 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}\n[Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski \"Marek Borowski\") (SLD\\-UP), 149,233 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski \"Piotr Gadzinowski\") (SLD\\-UP), 10,731 votes; [Jerzy Hertel](/wiki/Jerzy_Hertel \"Jerzy Hertel\") (PO), 6,297 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 144,343 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD\\-UP), 33,392 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 5,257 votes; [Mirosława Kątna](/wiki/Miros%C5%82awa_K%C4%85tna \"Mirosława Kątna\") (SLD\\-UP), 5,705 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski \"Bronisław Komorowski\") (PO), 14,493 votes; [Jerzy Kulej](/wiki/Jerzy_Kulej \"Jerzy Kulej\") (SLD\\-UP), 3,488 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz \"Antoni Macierewicz\") (LPR), 24,900 votes; [Aleksander Małachowski](/wiki/Aleksander_Ma%C5%82achowski \"Aleksander Małachowski\") (SLD\\-UP), 16,980 votes; [Hanna Mierzejewska](/wiki/Hanna_Mierzejewska \"Hanna Mierzejewska\") (PiS), 771 votes; [Marta Mordasewicz\\-Zubrzycka](/wiki/Marta_Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka \"Marta Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka\") (PO), 9,601 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski \"Jan Olszewski\") (LPR), 13,255 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (SLD\\-UP), 8,266 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski \"Paweł Piskorski\") (PO), 69,066 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz \"Paweł Poncyljusz\") (PiS), 1,138 votes; [Bartłomiej Szrajber](/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Szrajber \"Bartłomiej Szrajber\") (PiS), 736 votes; and [Michał Tober](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Tober \"Michał Tober\") (SLD\\-UP), 5,680 votes.", "#### 1990s", "##### 1997", "Results of the [1997 parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1997 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 21 September 1997:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 620 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 25 września 1997 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 września 1997 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Monitor Polski]] \\|date\\=14 October 1997 \\|volume\\=1997 \\|issue\\=64 \\|pages\\=1241–1245 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19970640620 \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113112510/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19970640620 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \\- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów do Sejmu RP w układzie obwodów w ujęciu liczbowym \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021345/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \\- Wykaz kandydatów z wyłączeniem kandydatów skreślonych oraz kandydatów z unieważnionych list kandydatów na posłów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021333/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas | {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} |", "{{party color cell\\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action \"Solidarity Electoral Action\") | AWS | 236,674 | 16,865 | **253,539** | 31\\.88% | 6 | 7 | **13** |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | SLD | 199,639 | 6,316 | **205,955** | 25\\.90% | 5 | 3 | **8** |\n {{party color cell\\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Freedom Union (Poland)\") | UW | 163,888 | 8,935 | **172,823** | 21\\.73% | 4 | 0 | **4** |\n {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstruction of Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 64,874 | 7,953 | **72,827** | 9\\.16% | 2 | 0 | **2** || {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 38,210 | 1,397 | **39,607** | 4\\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Union of the Right (Poland)}} | [Union of the Right](/wiki/Union_of_the_Right_%28Poland%29 \"Union of the Right (Poland)\") | UPR | 22,673 | 700 | **23,373** | 2\\.94% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retirees and Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners \"National Party of Retirees and Pensioners\") | KPEiR | 7,982 | 178 | **8,160** | 1\\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 6,882 | 569 | **7,451** | 0\\.94% | 0 | 1 | **1** || | National Alliance of Retirees and Pensioners | KPEiR RP | 5,880 | 181 | **6,061** | 0\\.76% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | National Christian Democratic Bloc for Poland | NCDBdP | 4,120 | 275 | **4,395** | 0\\.55% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish National Community\\-Polish National Party | PWN\\-PSN | 763 | 32 | **795** | 0\\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence Alliance}} | [Self\\-Defence Alliance](/wiki/Self-Defence_Alliance \"Self-Defence Alliance\") | PS | 211 | 12 | **223** | 0\\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "Valid Votes | | | 751,796 | 43,413 | 795,209 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,351 | 1,148 | **14,499** | 1\\.79% | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | 765,147 | 44,561 | **809,708** | 60\\.86% | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | 1,276,529 | 53,848 | **1,330,377** | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | 59\\.94% | 82\\.75% | **60\\.86%** | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \\|title\\=Archiwum: Wybory do Sejmu RP \\- Okręg wyborczy nr 1 \\- Warszawa \\|url\\=http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123105001/http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2001 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}\n* Constituency seats \\- [Czesław Bielecki](/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Bielecki \"Czesław Bielecki\") (AWS), 23,489 votes; [Bogumił Borowski](/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_Borowski \"Bogumił Borowski\") (SLD), 7,653 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski \"Piotr Gadzinowski\") (SLD), 15,495 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek \"Bronisław Geremek\") (UW), 56,340 votes; [Piotr Ikonowicz](/wiki/Piotr_Ikonowicz \"Piotr Ikonowicz\") (SLD), 32,913 votes; [Maciej Jankowski](/wiki/Maciej_Jankowski_%28politician%29 \"Maciej Jankowski (politician)\") (AWS), 47,585 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (ROP), 8,107 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski \"Bronisław Komorowski\") (AWS), 20,251 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 \"Jacek Kuroń\") (UW), 61,887 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski \"Jan Olszewski\") (ROP), 59,015 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (SLD), 13,439 votes; [Maria Smereczyńska](/wiki/Maria_Smereczy%C5%84ska \"Maria Smereczyńska\") (AWS), 24,637 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska \"Ewa Tomaszewska\") (AWS), 28,515 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek \"Danuta Waniek\") (SLD), 99,480 votes; [Edward Wende](/wiki/Edward_Wende \"Edward Wende\") (UW), 16,552 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski \"Andrzej Wielowieyski\") (UW), 10,311 votes; and [Andrzej Zakrzewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Zakrzewski \"Andrzej Zakrzewski\") (AWS), 33,029 votes.\n* National list seats \\- [Adam Bielan](/wiki/Adam_Bielan \"Adam Bielan\") (AWS), 886 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (AWS), 6,945 votes; [Stanisław Grzonkowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grzonkowski \"Stanisław Grzonkowski\") (AWS), 2,289 votes; [Jerzy Gwiżdż](/wiki/Jerzy_Gwi%C5%BCd%C5%BC \"Jerzy Gwiżdż\") (AWS), 13,823 votes; [Michał Janiszewski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Janiszewski_%28politician%29 \"Michał Janiszewski (politician)\") (AWS), 3,103 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (AWS), 5,399 votes; [Wacław Olak](/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Olak \"Wacław Olak\") (SLD), 342 votes; [Mirosław Pietrewicz](/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Pietrewicz \"Mirosław Pietrewicz\") (PSL), 2,498 votes; [Maciej Poręba](/wiki/Maciej_Por%C4%99ba \"Maciej Poręba\") (SLD), 495 votes; [Piotr Wojciech Wójcik](/wiki/Piotr_Wojciech_W%C3%B3jcik \"Piotr Wojciech Wójcik\") (AWS), 1,125 votes; and [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura \"Jan Zaciura\") (SLD), 2,564 votes.", "##### 1993", "Results of the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1993 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 19 September 1993:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 470 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 września 1993 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 19 września 1993 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Monitor Polski]] \\|date\\=3 October 1993 \\|volume\\=1993 \\|issue\\=50 \\|pages\\=614–618 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19930500470 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210257/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19930500470 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \\- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów według okręgów wyborczych w ujęciu liczbowym \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\\-okr.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020843/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\\-okr.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \\- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020859/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | Votes | % | Seats | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} |", "{{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | SLD | 177,788 | 22\\.37% | 7 | 7 | **14** |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Union (Poland)\") | UD | 133,790 | 16\\.83% | 5 | 0 | **5** |\n {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 94,946 | 11\\.94% | 3 | 1 | **4** || {{party color cell\\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress \"Liberal Democratic Congress\") | KLD | 63,897 | 8\\.04% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Centre Agreement}} | [Centre Agreement](/wiki/Centre_Agreement \"Centre Agreement\") | PC | 61,991 | 7\\.80% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms}} | [Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Support_of_Reforms \"Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms\") | BBWR | 50,773 | 6\\.39% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\\|Coalition for the Republic}} | [Coalition for the Republic](/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Republic \"Coalition for the Republic\") | KdR | 41,328 | 5\\.20% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Catholic Electoral Committee \"Homeland\"{{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | KKWO | 37,267 | 4\\.69% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | 32,072 | 4\\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland \"Confederation of Independent Poland\") | KPN | 28,047 | 3\\.53% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\") | NSZZS | 26,981 | 3\\.39% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 22,050 | 2\\.77% | 0 | 3 | **3** || {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence \\- Leppera}} | [Self\\-Defence \\- Leppera](/wiki/Self-Defence_-_Leppera \"Self-Defence - Leppera\") | S\\-L | 8,831 | 1\\.11% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Party X}} | [Party X](/wiki/Party_X \"Party X\") | PX | 5,744 | 0\\.72% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement}} | [Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Peasants%27_Agreement \"Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement\") | PSL\\-PL | 3,226 | 0\\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | NOT \\- Technical Associations | NOT | 2,450 | 0\\.31% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish National Community\\-Polish National Party | PWN\\-PSN | 1,423 | 0\\.18% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party \"Polish Beer-Lovers' Party\") | PPPP | 1,184 | 0\\.15% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Homeland \\- Poland List | O\\-LP | 1,148 | 0\\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "Valid Votes | | | 794,936 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 15,684 | 1\\.93% | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | 810,620 | 61\\.09% | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | 1,326,927 | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n* Constituency seats \\- [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj \"Ryszard Bugaj\") (UP), 86,708 votes; [Krzysztof Dołowy](/wiki/Krzysztof_Do%C5%82owy \"Krzysztof Dołowy\") (UD), 1,543 votes; [Jerzy Eysymontt](/wiki/Jerzy_Eysymontt \"Jerzy Eysymontt\") (BBWR), 15,235 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek \"Bronisław Geremek\") (UD), 57,219 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 \"Krzysztof Król (politician)\") (KPN), 22,943 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 \"Jacek Kuroń\") (UD), 49,442 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski \"Aleksander Kwaśniewski\") (SLD), 148,553 votes; [Tomasz Nałęcz](/wiki/Tomasz_Na%C5%82%C4%99cz \"Tomasz Nałęcz\") (UP), 1,314 votes; [Włodzimierz Nieporęt](/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Niepor%C4%99t \"Włodzimierz Nieporęt\") (SLD), 1,684 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (UD), 3,171 votes; [Beata Świerczyńska](/wiki/Beata_%C5%9Awierczy%C5%84ska \"Beata Świerczyńska\") (UP), 1,509 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek \"Danuta Waniek\") (SLD), 4,762 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr \"Jerzy Wiatr\") (SLD), 3,895 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski \"Andrzej Wielowieyski\") (UD), 14,220 votes; [Stanisław Wiśniewski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wi%C5%9Bniewski \"Stanisław Wiśniewski\") (SLD), 1,787 votes; [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura \"Jan Zaciura\") (SLD), 3,247 votes; and [Ryszard Żochowski](/wiki/Ryszard_%C5%BBochowski \"Ryszard Żochowski\") (SLD), 5,700 votes.\n* National list seats \\- [Kazimierz Dejmek](/wiki/Kazimierz_Dejmek \"Kazimierz Dejmek\") (PSL), 3,018 votes; [Ryszard Grodzicki](/wiki/Ryszard_Grodzicki \"Ryszard Grodzicki\") (SLD), 249 votes; [Adam Halber](/wiki/Adam_Halber \"Adam Halber\") (SLD), 419 votes; [Mieczysław Krajewski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Krajewski \"Mieczysław Krajewski\") (SLD), 584 votes; [Bogdan Krysiewicz](/wiki/Bogdan_Krysiewicz \"Bogdan Krysiewicz\") (SLD), 402 votes; [Andrzej Lipski](/wiki/Andrzej_Lipski \"Andrzej Lipski\") (SLD), 298 votes; [Andrzej Micewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Micewski \"Andrzej Micewski\") (PSL), 5,000 votes; [Sławomir Nowakowski](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Nowakowski \"Sławomir Nowakowski\") (UP), 719 votes; [Marek Rojszyk](/wiki/Marek_Rojszyk \"Marek Rojszyk\") (SLD), 130 votes; [Stanisław Wójcik](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_W%C3%B3jcik_%28politician%29 \"Stanisław Wójcik (politician)\") (PSL), 1,179 votes; and [Władysław Żbikowski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%BBbikowski \"Władysław Żbikowski\") (SLD), 437 votes.", "##### 1991", "Results of the [1991 parliamentary election](/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1991 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 27 October 1991:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 288 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 31 października 1991 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przeprowadzonych w dniu 27 października 1991 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Monitor Polski]] \\|date\\=18 December 1991 \\|volume\\=1991 \\|issue\\=41 \\|pages\\=427–429 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19910410288 \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174630/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19910410288 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \\- Wykaz okręgowych list kandydatów na posłów wraz z liczbą głosów i podziałem mandatów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\\.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020359/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\\.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \\- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020402/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | List | | | | | Bloc | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes | % | Seats | | | Votes | % | Seats | | |\n| {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} | {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Union (Poland)\") | UD | 135,789 | 18\\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** | 135,789 | 18\\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress \"Liberal Democratic Congress\") | KLD | 119,194 | 16\\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** | 119,194 | 16\\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Centre Civic Alliance}} | [Centre Civic Alliance](/wiki/Centre_Civic_Alliance \"Centre Civic Alliance\") | POC | 102,804 | 14\\.29% | 3 | 3 | **6** | 113,233 | 15\\.74% | 3 | 4 | **7** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\") | NSZZS | 10,429 | 1\\.45% | 0 | 1 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 95,666 | 13\\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** | 95,666 | 13\\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Catholic Electoral Action}} | [Catholic Electoral Action](/wiki/Catholic_Electoral_Action \"Catholic Electoral Action\") | WAK | 48,181 | 6\\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** | 48,181 | 6\\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland \"Confederation of Independent Poland\") | KPN | 31,266 | 4\\.35% | 1 | 3 | **4** | 36,014 | 5\\.01% | 1 | 3 | **4** |\n| | Polish Ecological Party \\- Greens | PPE\\-Z | 3,007 | 0\\.42% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish Western Union | PZZ | 1,256 | 0\\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | People's Christian Bloc | BLC | 485 | 0\\.07% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Labour Solidarity}} | [Labour Solidarity](/wiki/Labour_Solidarity \"Labour Solidarity\") | SP | 35,146 | 4\\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 35,146 | 4\\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party \"Polish Beer-Lovers' Party\") | PPPP | 28,123 | 3\\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 28,123 | 3\\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | 17,533 | 2\\.44% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 20,207 | 2\\.81% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| | Universal Property Movement | RPW | 2,674 | 0\\.37% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic\\-Social Movement (Poland)}} | [Democratic\\-Social Movement](/wiki/Democratic-Social_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic-Social Movement (Poland)\") | RDS | 12,897 | 1\\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 12,897 | 1\\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 12,096 | 1\\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** | 12,096 | 1\\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Party (Poland, 1989\\)}} | [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 \"National Party (Poland, 1989)\") | SN | 8,405 | 1\\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 8,405 | 1\\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Christian Democracy (Poland)}} | [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Poland%29 \"Christian Democracy (Poland)\") | ChD | 7,036 | 0\\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 7,036 | 0\\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Independent Self\\-Governing Trade Union of Policemen | NSZZP | 6,363 | 0\\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 6,363 | 0\\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Healthy Poland \\- Ecological Alliance | ZP\\-SE | 4,636 | 0\\.64% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 5,017 | 0\\.70% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Conservative\\-Liberal Party | PKL | 381 | 0\\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Peasants' Agreement}} | [Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Peasants%27_Agreement \"Peasants' Agreement\") | PL | 4,363 | 0\\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,363 | 0\\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | 4,283 | 0\\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,283 | 0\\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Solidarity 80 | S80 | 4,073 | 0\\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,073 | 0\\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Trade Unions in Defence of Society | ZZOS | 3,759 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,759 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish Ecological Party \\& Polish Green Party | PPE\\-PPZ | 3,706 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,706 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Freedom Party | PW | 3,520 | 0\\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,520 | 0\\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Victoria Party | PV | 3,379 | 0\\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,379 | 0\\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish National Community\\-Polish National Party | PWN\\-PSN | 2,974 | 0\\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 2,974 | 0\\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Confederation of Employers | KP | 1,925 | 0\\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,925 | 0\\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Party of Christian Democrats}} | [Party of Christian Democrats](/wiki/Party_of_Christian_Democrats \"Party of Christian Democrats\") | PChD | 1,642 | 0\\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,642 | 0\\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Give Us a Chance | DNS | 1,000 | 0\\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,000 | 0\\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Belarusian Election Committee | | 384 | 0\\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 728 | 0\\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|German Minority Electoral Committee}} | [German Minority](/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee \"German Minority Electoral Committee\") | WDM | 344 | 0\\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Minority Electoral Bloc | | 680 | 0\\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 680 | 0\\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "Valid Votes 719,399 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 | 719,399 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 ||Rejected Votes 20,491 | 2\\.77% | | | | | | | | |\n|Total Polled 739,890 | 54\\.68% | | | | | | | | |\n|Registered Electors 1,353,200 | | | | | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n* Constituency seats \\- [Jan Krzysztof Bielecki](/wiki/Jan_Krzysztof_Bielecki \"Jan Krzysztof Bielecki\") (KLD), 115,002 votes; [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj \"Ryszard Bugaj\") (SP), 30,655 votes; [Zbigniew Bujak](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak \"Zbigniew Bujak\") (RDS), 12,236 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek \"Bronisław Geremek\") (UD), 31,746 votes; [Adam Glapiński](/wiki/Adam_Glapi%C5%84ski \"Adam Glapiński\") (POC), 2,966 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (POC), 50,701 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 \"Krzysztof Król (politician)\") (KPN), 24,959 votes; [Jacek Kurczewski](/wiki/Jacek_Kurczewski \"Jacek Kurczewski\") (KLD), 588 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 \"Jacek Kuroń\") (UD), 87,131 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski \"Aleksander Kwaśniewski\") (SLD), 73,906 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz \"Antoni Macierewicz\") (WAK), 25,043 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski \"Jan Olszewski\") (POC), 39,560 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski \"Paweł Piskorski\") (KLD), 589 votes; [Lech Pruchno\\-Wróblewski](/wiki/Lech_Pruchno-Wr%C3%B3blewski \"Lech Pruchno-Wróblewski\") (UPR), 9,267 votes; [Janusz Rewiński](/wiki/Janusz_Rewi%C5%84ski \"Janusz Rewiński\") (PPPP), 22,774 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr \"Jerzy Wiatr\") (SLD), 8,689 votes; and [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski \"Andrzej Wielowieyski\") (UD), 5,547 votes.\n* National list seats \\- [Andrzej Anusz](/wiki/Andrzej_Anusz \"Andrzej Anusz\") (POC), 443 votes; [Marek Dąbrowski](/wiki/Marek_D%C4%85browski_%28politician%29 \"Marek Dąbrowski (politician)\") (UD), 3,486 votes; [Witold Gadomski](/wiki/Witold_Gadomski_%28politician%29 \"Witold Gadomski (politician)\") (KLD), 187 votes; [Zbigniew Janas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Janas \"Zbigniew Janas\") (UD), 2,454 votes; [Henryk Klata](/wiki/Henryk_Klata \"Henryk Klata\") (WAK), 3,011 votes; [Mikołaj Kozakiewicz](/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Kozakiewicz \"Mikołaj Kozakiewicz\") (PSL), 7,436 votes; [Józef Pawelec](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pawelec \"Józef Pawelec\") (KPN), 556 votes; [Katarzyna Pietrzyk](/wiki/Katarzyna_Pietrzyk \"Katarzyna Pietrzyk\") (KPN), 374 votes; {{ill\\|Marcin Przybyłowicz (politician)\\|pl\\|Marcin Przybyłowicz\\|lt\\=Marcin Przybyłowicz}} (POC), 773 votes; [Barbara Różycka\\-Orszulak](/wiki/Barbara_R%C3%B3%C5%BCycka-Orszulak \"Barbara Różycka-Orszulak\") (KPN), 961 votes; [Andrzej Smirnow](/wiki/Andrzej_Smirnow \"Andrzej Smirnow\") (NSZZS), 4,521 votes; [Zbigniew Sobotka](/wiki/Zbigniew_Sobotka \"Zbigniew Sobotka\") (SLD), 1,689 votes; [Henryk Strzelecki](/wiki/Henryk_Strzelecki_%28politician%29 \"Henryk Strzelecki (politician)\") (PSL), 286 votes; [Andrzej Urbański](/wiki/Andrzej_Urba%C5%84ski \"Andrzej Urbański\") (POC), 1,265 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek \"Danuta Waniek\") (SLD), 2,427 votes; and [Jacek Żochowski](/wiki/Jacek_%C5%BBochowski \"Jacek Żochowski\") (SLD), 2,221 votes.", "" ]
### Detailed {{legend\|\#CEE0F2\|List has reached relevant threshold and is entitled to compete for constituency seats.}} #### 2020s ##### 2023 Results of the [2023 parliamentary election](/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election "2023 Polish parliamentary election") held on 15 October 2023:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 2234 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 17 października 2023 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 15 października 2023 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=18 October 2023 \|volume\=2023 \|issue\= \|pages\=130–140 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20230002234 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020201253/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20230002234 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Results \- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=21 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017112002/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for candidates \- for counties Sejm \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_kandydatow\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \- Candidates \- Sejm \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101183730/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|archive\-date\=1 November 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for Sejm lists \- for counties \|url\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_listy\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021093901/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_listy\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|archive\-date\=21 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | Ships | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 "Civic Coalition (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW\|Coalition list}} | KO | 430,875 | 234,351 | 133 | **665,359** | 38\.80% | 4 | 741,286 | 43\.23% | 9 | {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | 19,063 | 7,091 | 4 | **26,158** | 1\.53% | 1 | {{party color cell\|The Greens (Poland)}} | [The Greens](/wiki/The_Greens_%28Poland%29 "The Greens (Poland)") | Z | 15,680 | 9,958 | 4 | **25,642** | 1\.50% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KO | 11,587 | 3,790 | 2 | **15,379** | 0\.90% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Polish Initiative}} | [Polish Initiative](/wiki/Polish_Initiative "Polish Initiative") | iPL | 6,627 | 2,120 | 1 | **8,748** | 0\.51% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)") | ZP | 190,038 | 66,049 | 38 | **256,125** | 14\.94% | 2 | 345,380 | 20\.14% | 4 | {{party color cell\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 "Kukiz'15") | Kukiz | 25,661 | 13,479 | 11 | **39,151** | 2\.28% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Sovereign Poland}} | [Sovereign Poland](/wiki/Sovereign_Poland "Sovereign Poland") | SP | 23,292 | 8,073 | 4 | **31,369** | 1\.83% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZP | 13,755 | 4,975 | 5 | **18,735** | 1\.09% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together "Left Together") | LR | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|The Left (Poland)}} | [The Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 "The Left (Poland)") | L | 81,610 | 47,589 | 24 | **129,223** | 7\.54% | 2 | 230,648 | 13\.45% | 3 | {{party color cell\|New Left (Poland)}} | [New Left](/wiki/New_Left_%28Poland%29 "New Left (Poland)") | NL | 60,126 | 30,772 | 15 | **90,913** | 5\.30% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind L | 5,343 | 3,478 | 2 | **8,823** | 0\.51% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 1,037 | 650 | 2 | **1,689** | 0\.10% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Poland 2050}} | [Poland 2050](/wiki/Poland_2050 "Poland 2050") | PL2050 | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Third Way (Poland)}} | [Third Way](/wiki/Third_Way_%28Poland%29 "Third Way (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | TD | 91,809 | 40,632 | 37 | **132,478** | 7\.73% | 2 | 227,127 | 13\.25% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 34,259 | 13,000 | 12 | **47,271** | 2\.76% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind TD | 29,194 | 14,850 | 6 | **44,050** | 2\.57% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Centre for Poland}} | [Centre for Poland](/wiki/Centre_for_Poland "Centre for Poland") | CdP | 2,483 | 844 | 1 | **3,328** | 0\.19% | 0 | {{party color cell\|New Hope (Poland)}} | [New Hope](/wiki/New_Hope_%28Poland%29 "New Hope (Poland)") | NN | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | 64,971 | 47,270 | 59 | **112,300** | 6\.55% | 1 | 124,220 | 7\.24% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Confederation of the Polish Crown}} | [Confederation of thePolish Crown](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown "Confederation of the Polish Crown") | KKP | 2,991 | 1,401 | 2 | **4,394** | 0\.26% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KWN | 2,362 | 1,144 | 1 | **3,507** | 0\.20% | 0 | {{party color cell\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 "National Movement (Poland)") | RN | 1,687 | 899 | 1 | **2,587** | 0\.15% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | 1,072 | 360 | 0 | **1,432** | 0\.08% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind BS | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Nonpartisan Local Government Activists}} | [Non\-Partisan](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Local_Government_Activists "Nonpartisan Local Government Activists") | BS | 16,832 | 6,202 | 13 | **23,047** | 1\.34% | 0 | 23,450 | 1\.37% | 0 | | | Social Interest | SI | 189 | 103 | 0 | **292** | 0\.02% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Good Movement}} | [Good Movement](/wiki/Good_Movement "Good Movement") | DR | 72 | 39 | 0 | **111** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland "There is One Poland") | PJJ | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland "There is One Poland") | PJJ | 7,975 | 6,630 | 5 | **14,610** | 0\.85% | 0 | 22,608 | 1\.32% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PJJ | 4,354 | 3,643 | 1 | **7,998** | 0\.47% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,144,944 | 569,392 | 383 | 1,714,719 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,714,719 | 100\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 4,077 | 2,793 | 0 | **6,870** | 0\.40% | | | | | | Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 3,562 | 2,488 | 6 | **6,056** | 0\.35% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,152,583 | 574,673 | 389 | **1,727,645** | 86\.65% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,357,214 | 636,099 | 410 | **1,993,723** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 84\.92% | 90\.34% | 94\.88% | **86\.65%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski "Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski") (PSL), 34,563 votes; [Andrzej Domański](/wiki/Andrzej_Doma%C5%84ski "Andrzej Domański") (PO), 6,848 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 "Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)") (PO), 49,428 votes; [Piotr Gliński](/wiki/Piotr_Gli%C5%84ski "Piotr Gliński") (PiS), 135,339 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 36,523 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira "Klaudia Jachira") (Z), 9,172 votes; [Marek Jakubiak](/wiki/Marek_Jakubiak "Marek Jakubiak") (Kukiz), 39,151 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta "Sebastian Kaleta") (SP), 31,369 votes; [Michał Kobosko](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kobosko "Michał Kobosko") (PL2050\), 61,452 votes; [Dorota Łoboda](/wiki/Dorota_%C5%81oboda "Dorota Łoboda") (Ind KO), 10,510 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer "Katarzyna Lubnauer") (.N), 22,529 votes; [Sławomir Mentzen](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mentzen "Sławomir Mentzen") (NN), 101,269 votes; [Dorota Olko](/wiki/Dorota_Olko "Dorota Olko") (LR), 44,188 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru "Ryszard Petru") (PL2050\), 24,192 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (iPL), 8,748 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 28,653 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") (PO), 538,634 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg "Adrian Zandberg") (LR), 64,435 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska "Urszula Zielińska") (Z), 16,470 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska "Anna Maria Żukowska") (NL), 38,426 votes. #### 2010s ##### 2019 Results of the [2019 parliamentary election](/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election "2019 Polish parliamentary election") held on 13 October 2019:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1955 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 14 października 2019 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 13 października 2019 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=15 October 2019 \|volume\=2019 \|issue\= \|pages\=88–94 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20190001955 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113071428/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20190001955 \|archive\-date\=13 January 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Results Sejm \- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \[Warszawa] \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912234135/https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \|archive\-date\=12 September 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for candidates \- for counties Sejm \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_kand\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \- Candidates \- Sejm \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/kandydaci\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \- Results of voting for Sejm lists \- for counties \|url\=https://sejmsenat2019\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\_gl\_na\_listy\_po\_powiatach\_sejm\_xlsx.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | Ships | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 "Civic Coalition (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | KO | 381,053 | 97,922 | 60 | **479,035** | 34\.66% | 4 | 581,077 | 42\.05% | 9 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KO | 49,008 | 14,936 | 10 | **63,954** | 4\.63% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | 23,077 | 7,469 | 6 | **30,552** | 2\.21% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 "Green Party (Poland)") | PZ | 5,473 | 2,062 | 1 | **7,536** | 0\.55% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)") | ZP | 287,008 | 74,953 | 35 | **361,996** | 26\.20% | 6 | 379,880 | 27\.49% | 6 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZP | 11,384 | 2,555 | 1 | **13,940** | 1\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Jarosław Gowin's Agreement}} | [Jarosław Gowin's Agreement](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Gowin%27s_Agreement "Jarosław Gowin's Agreement") | PJG | 3,232 | 710 | 2 | **3,944** | 0\.29% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together "Left Together") | LR | rowspan\=6 {{party color cell\|The Left (Poland)}} | [Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 "The Left (Poland)") | L | 126,866 | 45,136 | 15 | **172,017** | 12\.45% | 2 | 251,434 | 18\.19% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 21,394 | 6,896 | 2 | **28,292** | 2\.05% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Spring (political party)}} | [Spring](/wiki/Spring_%28political_party%29 "Spring (political party)") | W | 18,045 | 7,131 | 2 | **25,178** | 1\.82% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind L | 19,463 | 5,481 | 2 | **24,946** | 1\.81% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement "Your Movement") | TR | 382 | 122 | 0 | **504** | 0\.04% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 303 | 194 | 0 | **497** | 0\.04% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence "Confederation Liberty and Independence") | KWN | 45,652 | 24,348 | 19 | **70,019** | 5\.07% | 1 | 103,843 | 7\.51% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KWN | 17,652 | 9,286 | 3 | **26,941** | 1\.95% | 0 | {{party color cell\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 "National Movement (Poland)") | RN | 2,622 | 1,109 | 1 | **3,732** | 0\.27% | 0 | {{party color cell\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN "KORWiN") | KORWiN | 2,115 | 1,036 | 0 | **3,151** | 0\.23% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KP | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Polish Coalition}} | [Polish Coalition](/wiki/Polish_Coalition "Polish Coalition") | KP | 42,892 | 10,194 | 10 | **53,096** | 3\.84% | 1 | 65,683 | 4\.75% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 8,322 | 2,361 | 3 | **10,686** | 0\.77% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Union of European Democrats}} | [Union of European Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats "Union of European Democrats") | UED | 1,540 | 360 | 1 | **1,901** | 0\.14% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,067,483 | 314,261 | 173 | 1,381,917 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,381,917 | 100\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,105 | 1,025 | 0 | **4,130** | 0\.30% | | | | | | Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 2,602 | 874 | 0 | **3,476** | 0\.25% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,073,190 | 316,160 | 173 | **1,389,523** | 79\.75% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,392,416 | 349,810 | 174 | **1,742,400** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 77\.07% | 90\.38% | 99\.43% | **79\.75%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski "Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski") (Ind KP), 30,405 votes; [Magdalena Biejat](/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat "Magdalena Biejat") (LR), 19,501 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 5,347 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 "Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)") (PO), 10,228 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 12,693 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira "Klaudia Jachira") (Ind KO), 9,172 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 248,935 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta "Sebastian Kaleta") (SP), 17,459 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 19,797 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 416,030 votes; [Janusz Korwin\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke "Janusz Korwin-Mikke") (KWN), 60,385 votes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski "Jarosław Krajewski") (PiS), 15,121 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki "Paweł Lisiecki") (PiS), 13,093 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer "Katarzyna Lubnauer") (.N), 28,205 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (Ind KO), 8,780 votes; [Dariusz Rosati](/wiki/Dariusz_Rosati "Dariusz Rosati") (Ind KO), 25,061 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 13,747 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg "Adrian Zandberg") (LR), 140,898 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska "Urszula Zielińska") (PZ), 7,536 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska "Anna Maria Żukowska") (SLD), 38,426 votes. ##### 2015 Results of the [2015 parliamentary election](/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election "2015 Polish parliamentary election") held on 25 October 2015:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1731 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 października 2015 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 października 2015 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=28 October 2015 \|volume\=2015 \|issue\= \|pages\=133–145 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20150001731 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328041138/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20150001731 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \- Wyniki Sejm \- Okręg nr 19 \|url\=https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/349\_Wyniki\_Sejm/0/0/19\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024180011/https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/349\_Wyniki\_Sejm/0/0/19\.html \|archive\-date\=24 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \- Wyniki Sejm XLS \- Wyniki z podziałem na okręgi \- 19 \|url\=https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\_okr\_sejm/19\.xlsx \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142242/https://parlament2015\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\_okr\_sejm/19\.xlsx \|archive\-date\=3 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \- Dane kandydatów na posłów z oznaczeniem liczby głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-kand\-sejm.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090649/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-kand\-sejm.xls \|archive\-date\=22 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \- Głosowanie na listy kandydatów na posłów w ujęciu liczbowym na poziomie powiatów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|archive\-date\=22 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 "United Right (Poland)") | ZP | 241,640 | 61,439 | **303,079** | 27\.67% | 7 | 327,342 | 29\.89% | 8 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZP | 14,930 | 4,676 | **19,606** | 1\.79% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic "Right Wing of the Republic") | PR | 3,069 | 391 | **3,460** | 0\.32% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Poland Together United Right}} | [Poland Together United Right](/wiki/Poland_Together_United_Right "Poland Together United Right") | PRZP | 1,074 | 123 | **1,197** | 0\.11% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 254,215 | 40,100 | **294,315** | 26\.87% | 6 | 301,672 | 27\.54% | 7 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 6,470 | 887 | **7,357** | 0\.67% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 "Modern (political party)") | .N | 111,121 | 17,967 | **129,088** | 11\.79% | 1 | 146,629 | 13\.39% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind .N | 15,153 | 2,388 | **17,541** | 1\.60% | 2 || {{party color cell\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement "Your Movement") | TR | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|United Left (Poland)}} | [United Left](/wiki/United_Left_%28Poland%29 "United Left (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | ZL | 67,810 | 8,368 | **76,178** | 6\.96% | 0 | 93,666 | 8\.55% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 11,042 | 949 | **11,991** | 1\.09% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind ZL | 3,597 | 658 | **4,255** | 0\.39% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 "Green Party (Poland)") | PZ | 929 | 246 | **1,175** | 0\.11% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 61 | 6 | **67** | 0\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind Kukiz | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 "Kukiz'15") | Kukiz | 54,050 | 27,003 | **81,053** | 7\.40% | 1 | 84,937 | 7\.76% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right "Congress of the New Right") | KNP | 1,854 | 566 | **2,420** | 0\.22% | 1 | {{party color cell\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 "National Movement (Poland)") | RN | 693 | 290 | **983** | 0\.09% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Direct Democracy (Poland)}} | [Direct Democracy](/wiki/Direct_Democracy_%28Poland%29 "Direct Democracy (Poland)") | DB | 227 | 50 | **277** | 0\.03% | 0 | | Libertarian Party | PL | 170 | 34 | **204** | 0\.02% | 0 || {{party color cell\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN "KORWiN") | KORWiN | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN "KORWiN") | KORWiN | 38,081 | 20,974 | **59,055** | 5\.39% | 0 | 67,700 | 6\.18% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind KORWiN | 6,390 | 2,109 | **8,499** | 0\.78% | 0 | | | Libertarian Party | PL | 68 | 20 | **88** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right "Congress of the New Right") | KNP | 46 | 12 | **58** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 "Together (Poland)") | R | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 "Together (Poland)") | R | 49,128 | 11,332 | **60,460** | 5\.52% | 0 | 60,663 | 5\.54% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind R | 165 | 38 | **203** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 5,458 | 759 | **6,217** | 0\.57% | 0 | 7,882 | 0\.72% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | 1,471 | 194 | **1,665** | 0\.15% | 0 || | Social Justice Movement | RSS | | Social Movement | RSRP | 2,466 | 239 | **2,705** | 0\.25% | 0 | 2,760 | 0\.25% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind RSRP | 9 | 6 | **45** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Freedom and Equality}} | [Freedom and Equality](/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality "Freedom and Equality") | WiR | 9 | 1 | **10** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind WOP | | Citizens | WOP | 1,503 | 287 | **1,790** | 0\.16% | 0 | 1,964 | 0\.18% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | 124 | 31 | **155** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 18 | 1 | **19** | 0\.00% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 893,071 | 202,144 | 1,095,215 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,095,215 | 100\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,243 | 584 | **3,827** | 0\.35% | | | | | | Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 5,489 | 898 | **6,387** | 0\.58% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 901,803 | 203,626 | **1,105,429** | 70\.80% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,321,573 | 239,716 | **1,561,289** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 68\.24% | 84\.94% | **70\.80%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (Ind ZP), 6,262 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 13,976 votes; [Zbigniew Gryglas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Gryglas "Zbigniew Gryglas") (Ind .N), 1,011 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki "Andrzej Halicki") (PO), 13,859 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 202,424 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 29,654 votes; [Joanna Kluzik\-Rostkowska](/wiki/Joanna_Kluzik-Rostkowska "Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska") (PO), 12,807 votes; [Ewa Kopacz](/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz "Ewa Kopacz") (PO), 230,894 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 3,258 voyes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski "Jarosław Krajewski") (PiS), 4,753 votes; [Paweł Kukiz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Kukiz "Paweł Kukiz") (Ind), 76,675 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki "Paweł Lisiecki") (PiS), 6,865 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru "Ryszard Petru") (.N), 129,088 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki "Marcin Święcicki") (PO), 8,329 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 4,919 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska "Ewa Tomaszewska") (PiS), 5,114 votes; [Jacek Wilk](/wiki/Jacek_Wilk "Jacek Wilk") (KNP), 2,420 votes; [Kornelia Wróblewska](/wiki/Kornelia_Wr%C3%B3blewska "Kornelia Wróblewska") (Ind .N), 3,945 votes; and [Małgorzata Wypych](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Wypych "Małgorzata Wypych") (Ind ZP), 7,496 votes. ##### 2011 Results of the [2011 parliamentary election](/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election "2011 Polish parliamentary election") held on 9 October 2011:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1294 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 11 października 2011 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 9 października 2011 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=12 October 2011 \|volume\=2011 \|issue\=218 \|pages\=12666–12674 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20112181294 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052431/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20112181294 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Elections 2011: Voting results \- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \|url\=https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\-19\.html?tab\=2\#tabs\-1 \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=23 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019222725/https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\-19\.html?tab\=2\#tabs\-1 \|archive\-date\=19 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Elections 2011: Election results \- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \|url\=https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\-19\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=23 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125223/https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\-19\.html \|archive\-date\=8 April 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Elections 2011: Downloads \- Candidates \- Candidates to Sejm\- CSV file (ZIP) \|url\=https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\_sejm.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 October 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812154936/https://wybory2011\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\_sejm.zip \|archive\-date\=12 August 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2011 \- Wyniki głosowania w wyborach do Sejmu na poziomie powiatów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\-gl\-lis\-pow.zip \|archive\-date\=22 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 485,091 | 47\.67% | 9 | 498,599 | 49\.00% | 11 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 13,508 | 1\.33% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 265,356 | 26\.08% | 5 | 277,577 | 27\.28% | 6 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PiS | 11,931 | 1\.17% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 290 | 0\.03% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement "Palikot's Movement") | RP | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement "Palikot's Movement") | RP | 99,697 | 9\.80% | 1 | 110,589 | 10\.87% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind RP | 10,414 | 1\.02% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Reason of the Polish Left}} | [Reason of the Polish Left](/wiki/Reason_of_the_Polish_Left "Reason of the Polish Left") | RACJA PL | 478 | 0\.05% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 62,875 | 6\.18% | 1 | 78,020 | 7\.67% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SLD | 11,879 | 1\.17% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 "Greens 2004") | Z2004 | 3,023 | 0\.30% | 0 | {{party color cell\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners "National Party of Retirees and Pensioners") | KPEiR | 198 | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 45 | 0\.00% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First "Poland Comes First") | PJN | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First "Poland Comes First") | PJN | 27,880 | 2\.74% | 0 | 30,964 | 3\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PJN | 2,701 | 0\.27% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Conservative People's Party (Poland)}} | [Conservative People's Party](/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 "Conservative People's Party (Poland)") | SKL | 286 | 0\.03% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | 97 | 0\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 11,815 | 1\.16% | 0 | 17,755 | 1\.74% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 5,940 | 0\.58% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party \- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party \- August 80](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 "Polish Labour Party - August 80") | PPP | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party \- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 "Polish Labour Party - August 80") | PPP | 2,631 | 0\.26% | 0 | 4,060 | 0\.40% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PPP | 1,429 | 0\.14% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,017,564 | 100\.00% | 20 | 1,017,564 | 100\.00% | 20 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 19,222 | 1\.85% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,036,786 | 69\.44% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,493,055 | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska "Alicja Dąbrowska") (PO), 4,622 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 6,739 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (Ind ZP), 4,762 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 8,129 votes; [Leszek Jastrzębski](/wiki/Leszek_Jastrz%C4%99bski "Leszek Jastrzębski") (PO), 3,075 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 202,297 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD), 53,451 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 17,535 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 45,027 votes; [Marcin Kierwiński](/wiki/Marcin_Kierwi%C5%84ski "Marcin Kierwiński") (PO), 3,580 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 4,603 voyes; [Ligia Krajewska](/wiki/Ligia_Krajewska "Ligia Krajewska") (PO), 3,590 votes; [Adam Kwiatkowski](/wiki/Adam_Kwiatkowski "Adam Kwiatkowski") (PiS), 6,284 votes; [Wanda Nowicka](/wiki/Wanda_Nowicka "Wanda Nowicka") (Ind RP), 7,065 votes; [Janusz Palikot](/wiki/Janusz_Palikot "Janusz Palikot") (RP), 94,811 votes; [Jacek Rostowski](/wiki/Jacek_Rostowski "Jacek Rostowski") (PO), 10,743 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki "Marcin Święcicki") (Ind PO), 6,246 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 4,137 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") (PO), 374,920 votes; and [Przemysław Wipler](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Wipler "Przemysław Wipler") (Ind PiS), 4,615 votes. #### 2000s ##### 2007 Results of the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election "2007 Polish parliamentary election") held on 21 October 2007:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1438 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 października 2007 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 października 2007 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=26 October 2007 \|volume\=2007 \|issue\=198 \|pages\=13789–13798 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20071981438 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\=}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2007: Results \- Voting results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184903/https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=30 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2007 \- Results \- Election results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119173840/https://wybory2007\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=19 November 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \- Wykaz wszystkich kandydatów z oznaczeniem liczby uzyskanych głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104559/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\.xls \|archive\-date\=17 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \- Dane dotyczące wyników głosowania na listy kandydatów w wyborach do Sejmu RP w roku 2007 według powiatów w ujęciu liczbowym \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\-pow\-listy.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104648/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\-pow\-listy.xls \|archive\-date\=17 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 527,924 | 84,171 | **612,095** | 53\.41% | 10 | 618,942 | 54\.01% | 11 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 6,343 | 504 | **6,847** | 0\.60% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 263,510 | 41,574 | **305,084** | 26\.62% | 4 | 316,977 | 27\.66% | 6 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PiS | 9,019 | 2,004 | **11,023** | 0\.96% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 568 | 36 | **604** | 0\.05% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Organisation of the Polish Nation \- Polish League}} | [Organisation of the Polish Nation \-Polish League](/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Polish_Nation_-_Polish_League "Organisation of the Polish Nation - Polish League") | ONP\-LP | 30 | 36 | **266** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland") | SDPL | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Left and Democrats}} | [Left and Democrats](/wiki/Left_and_Democrats "Left and Democrats"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | LiD | 69,823 | 7,399 | **77,222** | 6\.74% | 1 | 145,072 | 12\.66% | 2 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 59,121 | 4,436 | **63,557** | 5\.55% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl") | PD | 3,641 | 436 | **4,077** | 0\.36% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind LiD | 187 | 29 | **216** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 11,122 | 931 | **12,053** | 1\.05% | 0 | 26,678 | 2\.33% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 10,053 | 718 | **10,771** | 0\.94% | 0 | | Children and Youth Party | PdiM | 3,751 | 103 | **3,854** | 0\.34% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 6,352 | 1,158 | **7,510** | 0\.66% | 0 | 14,264 | 1\.24% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind LPR | 4,182 | 561 | **4,743** | 0\.41% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 1,427 | 122 | **1,549** | 0\.14% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic "Right Wing of the Republic") | PR | 426 | 36 | **462** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 "Women's Party (Poland)") | PK | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 "Women's Party (Poland)") | PK | 11,535 | 1,593 | **13,128** | 1\.15% | 0 | 13,992 | 1\.22% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PK | 795 | 69 | **864** | 0\.08% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | rowspan\=6 {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | 3,210 | 330 | **3,540** | 0\.31% | 0 | 5,518 | 0\.48% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PPP | 810 | 92 | **902** | 0\.08% | 0 | | | Green Party | PZ | 448 | 51 | **499** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 "Union of the Left (Poland)") | UL | 321 | 58 | **379** | 0\.03% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Communist Party (2002\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 "Polish Communist Party (2002)") | KPP | 129 | 13 | **142** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 50 | 6 | **56** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | New Left | NL | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} |[Self\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") SRP | 2,506 | 129 | **2,635** | 0\.23% | 0 | 4,540 | 0\.40% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | 1,565 | 146 | **1,711** | 0\.15% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SRP | 181 | 13 | **194** | 0\.02% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 999,229 | 146,754 | 1,145,983 | 100\.00% | 19 | 1,145,983 | 100\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 9,269 | 2,192 | **11,461** | 0\.99% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 1,008,498 | 148,946 | **1,157,444** | 73\.86% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,376,401 | 190,637 | **1,567,038** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 73\.27% | 78\.13% | **73\.86%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski "Marek Borowski") (SDPL), 75,493 votes; [Andrzej Czuma](/wiki/Andrzej_Czuma "Andrzej Czuma") (PO), 4,344 votes; [Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska "Alicja Dąbrowska") (PO), 2,885 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 7,552 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (PiS), 3,070 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki "Andrzej Halicki") (PO), 3,369 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner "Jolanta Hibner") (PO), 6,816 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 273,684 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD), 37,623 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski "Karol Karski") (PiS), 3,524 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 13,057 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 6,847 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski "Jan Ołdakowski") (Ind PiS), 3,106 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz "Paweł Poncyljusz") (PiS), 4,647 votes; [Nelli Rokita](/wiki/Nelli_Rokita "Nelli Rokita") (Ind PiS), 6,367 votes; [Tadeusz Ross](/wiki/Tadeusz_Ross "Tadeusz Ross") (PO), 2,712 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba "Michał Szczerba") (PO), 2,372 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") (PO), 534,241 votes; and [Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz](/wiki/Krzysztof_Tyszkiewicz "Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz") (PO), 3,330 votes. ##### 2005 Results of the [2005 parliamentary election](/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election "2005 Polish parliamentary election") held on 25 September 2005:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1626 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 września 2005 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 września 2005 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=7 October 2005 \|volume\=2005 \|issue\=195 \|pages\=12339–12354 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20051951626 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161149/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20051951626 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2005: Results \- Voting results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204251/https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=19 August 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \|title\=Election to the Sejm 2005 \- Results \- Election results \- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \|url\=https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=24 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111130642/https://wybory2005\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\.htm \|archive\-date\=11 January 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland}} | Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 171,234 | 10,737 | **181,971** | 23\.98% | 5 | 250,981 | 33\.07% | 8 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PO | 66,033 | 2,492 | **68,525** | 9\.03% | 3 | | Other | | 465 | 20 | **485** | 0\.06% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 208,021 | 9,837 | **217,858** | 28\.70% | 6 | 227,153 | 29\.93% | 7 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent politician](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PiS | 9,066 | 229 | **9,295** | 1\.22% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 83,232 | 2,092 | **85,324** | 11\.24% | 3 | 87,477 | 11\.53% | 3 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SLD | 1,125 | 26 | **1,151** | 0\.15% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 "Union of the Left (Poland)") | UL | 769 | 20 | **789** | 0\.10% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement}} | [Edward Gierek'sEconomic Revival Movement](/wiki/Edward_Gierek%27s_Economic_Revival_Movement "Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement") | ROG | 121 | 0 | **121** | 0\.02% | 0 | | Forum of Pensioners | FEiR | 88 | 4 | **92** | 0\.01% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland") | SDPL | rowspan\=4 {{party color cell\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland "Social Democracy of Poland") | SDPL | 46,503 | 1,411 | **47,914** | 6\.31% | 0 | 49,361 | 6\.50% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 "Greens 2004") | Z2004 | 879 | 56 | **935** | 0\.12% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 343 | 7 | **350** | 0\.05% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind SDPL | 155 | 7 | **162** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 40,230 | 2,790 | **43,020** | 5\.67% | 1 | 44,376 | 5\.85% | 1 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind LPR | 1,205 | 151 | **1,356** | 0\.18% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl") | PD | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl "Democratic Party – demokraci.pl") | PD | 34,743 | 2,267 | **37,010** | 4\.88% | 0 | 37,262 | 4\.91% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland "Initiative for Poland") | IdP | 244 | 8 | **252** | 0\.03% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | rowspan\=3 {{party color cell\|Janusz Korwin\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform "Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform") | PJKM | 18,906 | 871 | **19,777** | 2\.61% | 0 | 20,452 | 2\.69% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PJKM | 591 | 25 | **616** | 0\.08% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Janusz Korwin\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\-Mikke Platform](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform "Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform") | PJKM | 55 | 4 | **59** | 0\.01% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | 17,348 | 423 | **17,771** | 2\.34% | 0 | 17,771 | 2\.34% | 0 || | Patriotic Movement | RP | | Patriotic Movement | RP | 3,116 | 159 | **3,275** | 0\.43% | 0 | 8,051 | 1\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|National\-Catholic Movement}} | [National\-Catholic Movement](/wiki/National-Catholic_Movement "National-Catholic Movement") | RKN | 2,578 | 215 | **2,793** | 0\.37% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 921 | 57 | **978** | 0\.13% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind RP | 803 | 43 | **846** | 0\.11% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Alliance for Poland}} | [Alliance for Poland](/wiki/Alliance_for_Poland "Alliance for Poland") | PdP | 153 | 6 | **159** | 0\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PSL | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 3,666 | 148 | **3,814** | 0\.50% | 0 | 7,098 | 0\.94% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 3,141 | 143 | **3,284** | 0\.43% | 0 || {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PPP | rowspan\=6 {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | 2,818 | 126 | **2,944** | 0\.39% | 0 | 4,072 | 0\.54% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party "Polish Labour Party") | PPP | 417 | 20 | **437** | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 329 | 14 | **343** | 0\.05% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON}} | [Anticlerical Party ofProgress REASON](/wiki/Anticlerical_Party_of_Progress_REASON "Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON") | APPR | 278 | 10 | **288** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Communist Party (2002\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 "Polish Communist Party (2002)") | KPP | 31 | 2 | **33** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Polish Ecological Party – Greens | PPE\-Z | 26 | 1 | **27** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party "Polish National Party") | PPN | {{party color cell\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party "Polish National Party") | PPN | 1,572 | 143 | **1,715** | 0\.23% | 0 | 1,715 | 0\.23% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home "Ancestral Home") | DO | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home "Ancestral Home") | DO | 539 | 22 | **561** | 0\.07% | 0 | 947 | 0\.12% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind DO | 319 | 15 | **334** | 0\.04% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Labour Party (Poland)}} | [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Poland%29 "Labour Party (Poland)") | SP | 30 | 1 | **31** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Movement for the Defenceof the Unemployed | ROB | 11 | 0 | **11** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Republican Forum | FR | 10 | 0 | **10** | 0\.00% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | rowspan\=5 {{party color cell\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 "Centre Party (Poland)") | PC | 478 | 26 | **504** | 0\.07% | 0 | 758 | 0\.10% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 "Centre Party (Poland)") | PC | 115 | 8 | **123** | 0\.02% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind PC | 73 | 11 | **84** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland "Initiative for Poland") | IdP | 44 | 1 | **45** | 0\.01% | 0 | | | Other | | 1 | 1 | **2** | 0\.00% | 0 | | | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | 448 | 25 | **473** | 0\.06% | 0 | 473 | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland "National Revival of Poland") | NOP | rowspan\=2 {{party color cell\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland "National Revival of Poland") | NOP | 285 | 32 | **317** | 0\.04% | 0 | 429 | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind NOP | 106 | 6 | **112** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind OKO | | All\-Poland Civic Coalition | OKO | 323 | 31 | **354** | 0\.05% | 0 | 419 | 0\.06% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners "National Party of Retirees and Pensioners") | KPEiR | 65 | 0 | **65** | 0\.01% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | Ind IRP | {{party color cell\|Initiative of the Republic of Poland}} | [Initiative](/wiki/Initiative_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Initiative of the Republic of Poland") | IRP | 187 | 18 | **205** | 0\.03% | 0 | 205 | 0\.03% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | | | | 724,239 | 34,761 | 759,000 | 100\.00% | 19 | 759,000 | 100\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 18,372 | 850 | **19,222** | 2\.47% | | | | | | Total Polled | | | | | | 742,611 | 35,611 | **778,222** | 55\.84% | | | | | | Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,343,728 | 49,840 | **1,393,568** | | | | | | | Turnout | | | | | | 55\.26% | 71\.45% | **55\.84%** | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (PO), 6,693 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski "Piotr Gadzinowski") (SLD), 11,650 votes; [Roman Giertych](/wiki/Roman_Giertych "Roman Giertych") (LPR), 35,812 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski "Artur Górski") (PiS), 2,850 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska "Małgorzata Gosiewska") (PiS), 4,251 votes; [Hanna Gronkiewicz\-Waltz](/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz "Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz") (PO), 137,280 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner "Jolanta Hibner") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 171,129 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD), 36,013 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 9,142 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski "Karol Karski") (PiS), 2,953 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska") (PO), 4,615 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki "Roman Kosecki") (Ind PO), 4,395 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski "Jan Ołdakowski") (Ind PiS), 3,939 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (SLD), 26,511 votes; [Julia Pitera](/wiki/Julia_Pitera "Julia Pitera") (Ind PO), 39,815 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz "Paweł Poncyljusz") (PiS), 4,232 votes; [Paweł Śpiewak](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_%C5%9Apiewak "Paweł Śpiewak") (Ind PO), 18,403 votes; and [Jacek Wojciechowicz](/wiki/Jacek_Wojciechowicz "Jacek Wojciechowicz") (PO), 3,380 votes. ##### 2001 Results of the [2001 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election "2001 Polish parliamentary election") held on 23 September 2001:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 1186 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 26 września 2001 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 23 września 2001 r. \|journal\=\[\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \|date\=4 October 2001 \|volume\=2001 \|issue\=195 \|pages\=8181–8191 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20011091186 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201720/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WDU20011091186 \|archive\-date\=27 March 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki głosowania na listy i kandydatów \- mazowieckie \- 19 WARSZAWA I \|url\=https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\_o.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004225702/https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\_o.html \|archive\-date\=4 October 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki wyborów \- mazowieckie \- 19 WARSZAWA I \|url\=https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\_o.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505104903/https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\_o.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Ogólne dane statystyczne \- mazowieckie \- 19 WARSZAWA I \|url\=https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\_o.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505213809/https://wybory2001\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\_o.html \|archive\-date\=5 May 2023 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union}} | [Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%E2%80%93_Labour_Union "Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | SLD\-UP | 263,243 | 6,819 | **270,062** | 36\.77% | 8 | {{party color cell\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 "Law and Justice (Poland)") | PiS | 153,436 | 4,990 | **158,426** | 21\.57% | 5 | {{party color cell\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform "Civic Platform") | PO | 134,464 | 4,172 | **138,636** | 18\.87% | 4 | {{party color cell\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families "League of Polish Families") | LPR | 47,655 | 4,676 | **52,331** | 7\.12% | 2 || {{party color cell\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 "Freedom Union (Poland)") | UW | 45,670 | 2,626 | **48,296** | 6\.58% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action "Solidarity Electoral Action"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | AWS | 27,566 | 1,931 | **29,497** | 4\.02% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\-Defence of the Republic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland") | SRP | 22,039 | 359 | **22,398** | 3\.05% | 0 | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 11,412 | 498 | **11,910** | 1\.62% | 0 || | Social Alternative Movement | ARS | 1,340 | 70 | **1,410** | 0\.19% | 0 | | {{party color cell\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party "Polish Socialist Party") | PPS | 1,147 | 64 | **1,211** | 0\.16% | 0 | | | Polish National Community | PWN | 310 | 24 | **334** | 0\.05% | 0 | Valid Votes | | | 708,282 | 26,229 | 734,511 | 100\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,350 | 520 | **13,870** | 1\.85% | | | Total Polled | | | 721,632 | 26,749 | **748,381** | 55\.89% | | | Registered Electors | | | 1,297,124 | 41,817 | **1,338,941** | | | | Turnout | | | 55\.63% | 63\.97% | **55\.89%** | | | The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \|title\=Wyniki wyborów: Wyniki głosowania na wszystkich kandydatów na posłów w układzie okręgów wyborczych \|url\=http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011204120046/http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\.html \|archive\-date\=4 December 2001 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} [Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski "Marek Borowski") (SLD\-UP), 149,233 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski "Piotr Gadzinowski") (SLD\-UP), 10,731 votes; [Jerzy Hertel](/wiki/Jerzy_Hertel "Jerzy Hertel") (PO), 6,297 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (PiS), 144,343 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz "Ryszard Kalisz") (SLD\-UP), 33,392 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (PiS), 5,257 votes; [Mirosława Kątna](/wiki/Miros%C5%82awa_K%C4%85tna "Mirosława Kątna") (SLD\-UP), 5,705 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski "Bronisław Komorowski") (PO), 14,493 votes; [Jerzy Kulej](/wiki/Jerzy_Kulej "Jerzy Kulej") (SLD\-UP), 3,488 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz "Antoni Macierewicz") (LPR), 24,900 votes; [Aleksander Małachowski](/wiki/Aleksander_Ma%C5%82achowski "Aleksander Małachowski") (SLD\-UP), 16,980 votes; [Hanna Mierzejewska](/wiki/Hanna_Mierzejewska "Hanna Mierzejewska") (PiS), 771 votes; [Marta Mordasewicz\-Zubrzycka](/wiki/Marta_Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka "Marta Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka") (PO), 9,601 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski "Jan Olszewski") (LPR), 13,255 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (SLD\-UP), 8,266 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski "Paweł Piskorski") (PO), 69,066 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz "Paweł Poncyljusz") (PiS), 1,138 votes; [Bartłomiej Szrajber](/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Szrajber "Bartłomiej Szrajber") (PiS), 736 votes; and [Michał Tober](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Tober "Michał Tober") (SLD\-UP), 5,680 votes. #### 1990s ##### 1997 Results of the [1997 parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election "1997 Polish parliamentary election") held on 21 September 1997:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 620 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 25 września 1997 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 września 1997 r. \|journal\=\[\[Monitor Polski]] \|date\=14 October 1997 \|volume\=1997 \|issue\=64 \|pages\=1241–1245 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19970640620 \|access\-date\=30 October 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113112510/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19970640620 \|archive\-date\=13 November 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów do Sejmu RP w układzie obwodów w ujęciu liczbowym \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021345/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \- Wykaz kandydatów z wyłączeniem kandydatów skreślonych oraz kandydatów z unieważnionych list kandydatów na posłów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021333/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") | Over\-seas | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | {{party color cell\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action "Solidarity Electoral Action") | AWS | 236,674 | 16,865 | **253,539** | 31\.88% | 6 | 7 | **13** | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | SLD | 199,639 | 6,316 | **205,955** | 25\.90% | 5 | 3 | **8** | {{party color cell\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 "Freedom Union (Poland)") | UW | 163,888 | 8,935 | **172,823** | 21\.73% | 4 | 0 | **4** | {{party color cell\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstruction of Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland "Movement for Reconstruction of Poland") | ROP | 64,874 | 7,953 | **72,827** | 9\.16% | 2 | 0 | **2** || {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 38,210 | 1,397 | **39,607** | 4\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Union of the Right (Poland)}} | [Union of the Right](/wiki/Union_of_the_Right_%28Poland%29 "Union of the Right (Poland)") | UPR | 22,673 | 700 | **23,373** | 2\.94% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retirees and Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners "National Party of Retirees and Pensioners") | KPEiR | 7,982 | 178 | **8,160** | 1\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 6,882 | 569 | **7,451** | 0\.94% | 0 | 1 | **1** || | National Alliance of Retirees and Pensioners | KPEiR RP | 5,880 | 181 | **6,061** | 0\.76% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | National Christian Democratic Bloc for Poland | NCDBdP | 4,120 | 275 | **4,395** | 0\.55% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish National Community\-Polish National Party | PWN\-PSN | 763 | 32 | **795** | 0\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence Alliance}} | [Self\-Defence Alliance](/wiki/Self-Defence_Alliance "Self-Defence Alliance") | PS | 211 | 12 | **223** | 0\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** | Valid Votes | | | 751,796 | 43,413 | 795,209 | 100\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,351 | 1,148 | **14,499** | 1\.79% | | | | | Total Polled | | | 765,147 | 44,561 | **809,708** | 60\.86% | | | | | Registered Electors | | | 1,276,529 | 53,848 | **1,330,377** | | | | | | Turnout | | | 59\.94% | 82\.75% | **60\.86%** | | | | | The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \|title\=Archiwum: Wybory do Sejmu RP \- Okręg wyborczy nr 1 \- Warszawa \|url\=http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\.html \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123105001/http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\.html \|archive\-date\=23 November 2001 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} * Constituency seats \- [Czesław Bielecki](/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Bielecki "Czesław Bielecki") (AWS), 23,489 votes; [Bogumił Borowski](/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_Borowski "Bogumił Borowski") (SLD), 7,653 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski "Piotr Gadzinowski") (SLD), 15,495 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek "Bronisław Geremek") (UW), 56,340 votes; [Piotr Ikonowicz](/wiki/Piotr_Ikonowicz "Piotr Ikonowicz") (SLD), 32,913 votes; [Maciej Jankowski](/wiki/Maciej_Jankowski_%28politician%29 "Maciej Jankowski (politician)") (AWS), 47,585 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (ROP), 8,107 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski "Bronisław Komorowski") (AWS), 20,251 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 "Jacek Kuroń") (UW), 61,887 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski "Jan Olszewski") (ROP), 59,015 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (SLD), 13,439 votes; [Maria Smereczyńska](/wiki/Maria_Smereczy%C5%84ska "Maria Smereczyńska") (AWS), 24,637 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska "Ewa Tomaszewska") (AWS), 28,515 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek "Danuta Waniek") (SLD), 99,480 votes; [Edward Wende](/wiki/Edward_Wende "Edward Wende") (UW), 16,552 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski "Andrzej Wielowieyski") (UW), 10,311 votes; and [Andrzej Zakrzewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Zakrzewski "Andrzej Zakrzewski") (AWS), 33,029 votes. * National list seats \- [Adam Bielan](/wiki/Adam_Bielan "Adam Bielan") (AWS), 886 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak "Joanna Fabisiak") (AWS), 6,945 votes; [Stanisław Grzonkowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grzonkowski "Stanisław Grzonkowski") (AWS), 2,289 votes; [Jerzy Gwiżdż](/wiki/Jerzy_Gwi%C5%BCd%C5%BC "Jerzy Gwiżdż") (AWS), 13,823 votes; [Michał Janiszewski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Janiszewski_%28politician%29 "Michał Janiszewski (politician)") (AWS), 3,103 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski "Mariusz Kamiński") (AWS), 5,399 votes; [Wacław Olak](/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Olak "Wacław Olak") (SLD), 342 votes; [Mirosław Pietrewicz](/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Pietrewicz "Mirosław Pietrewicz") (PSL), 2,498 votes; [Maciej Poręba](/wiki/Maciej_Por%C4%99ba "Maciej Poręba") (SLD), 495 votes; [Piotr Wojciech Wójcik](/wiki/Piotr_Wojciech_W%C3%B3jcik "Piotr Wojciech Wójcik") (AWS), 1,125 votes; and [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura "Jan Zaciura") (SLD), 2,564 votes. ##### 1993 Results of the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election "1993 Polish parliamentary election") held on 19 September 1993:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 470 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 września 1993 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 19 września 1993 r. \|journal\=\[\[Monitor Polski]] \|date\=3 October 1993 \|volume\=1993 \|issue\=50 \|pages\=614–618 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19930500470 \|access\-date\=26 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210257/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19930500470 \|archive\-date\=27 October 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów według okręgów wyborczych w ujęciu liczbowym \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\-okr.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020843/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\-okr.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020859/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)"){{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | SLD | 177,788 | 22\.37% | 7 | 7 | **14** | {{party color cell\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Union (Poland)") | UD | 133,790 | 16\.83% | 5 | 0 | **5** | {{party color cell\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 "Labour Union (Poland)") | UP | 94,946 | 11\.94% | 3 | 1 | **4** || {{party color cell\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress "Liberal Democratic Congress") | KLD | 63,897 | 8\.04% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Centre Agreement}} | [Centre Agreement](/wiki/Centre_Agreement "Centre Agreement") | PC | 61,991 | 7\.80% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms}} | [Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Support_of_Reforms "Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms") | BBWR | 50,773 | 6\.39% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\|Coalition for the Republic}} | [Coalition for the Republic](/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Republic "Coalition for the Republic") | KdR | 41,328 | 5\.20% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Catholic Electoral Committee "Homeland"{{Efn\|name\=KKW}} | KKWO | 37,267 | 4\.69% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | 32,072 | 4\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland "Confederation of Independent Poland") | KPN | 28,047 | 3\.53% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 "Solidarity (Polish trade union)") | NSZZS | 26,981 | 3\.39% | 0 | 0 | **0** | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 22,050 | 2\.77% | 0 | 3 | **3** || {{party color cell\|Self\-Defence \- Leppera}} | [Self\-Defence \- Leppera](/wiki/Self-Defence_-_Leppera "Self-Defence - Leppera") | S\-L | 8,831 | 1\.11% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Party X}} | [Party X](/wiki/Party_X "Party X") | PX | 5,744 | 0\.72% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement}} | [Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Peasants%27_Agreement "Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement") | PSL\-PL | 3,226 | 0\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | NOT \- Technical Associations | NOT | 2,450 | 0\.31% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish National Community\-Polish National Party | PWN\-PSN | 1,423 | 0\.18% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party "Polish Beer-Lovers' Party") | PPPP | 1,184 | 0\.15% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Homeland \- Poland List | O\-LP | 1,148 | 0\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | Valid Votes | | | 794,936 | 100\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 15,684 | 1\.93% | | | | | Total Polled | | | 810,620 | 61\.09% | | | | | Registered Electors | | | 1,326,927 | | | | | The following candidates were elected: * Constituency seats \- [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj "Ryszard Bugaj") (UP), 86,708 votes; [Krzysztof Dołowy](/wiki/Krzysztof_Do%C5%82owy "Krzysztof Dołowy") (UD), 1,543 votes; [Jerzy Eysymontt](/wiki/Jerzy_Eysymontt "Jerzy Eysymontt") (BBWR), 15,235 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek "Bronisław Geremek") (UD), 57,219 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 "Krzysztof Król (politician)") (KPN), 22,943 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 "Jacek Kuroń") (UD), 49,442 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski "Aleksander Kwaśniewski") (SLD), 148,553 votes; [Tomasz Nałęcz](/wiki/Tomasz_Na%C5%82%C4%99cz "Tomasz Nałęcz") (UP), 1,314 votes; [Włodzimierz Nieporęt](/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Niepor%C4%99t "Włodzimierz Nieporęt") (SLD), 1,684 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska "Katarzyna Piekarska") (UD), 3,171 votes; [Beata Świerczyńska](/wiki/Beata_%C5%9Awierczy%C5%84ska "Beata Świerczyńska") (UP), 1,509 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek "Danuta Waniek") (SLD), 4,762 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr "Jerzy Wiatr") (SLD), 3,895 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski "Andrzej Wielowieyski") (UD), 14,220 votes; [Stanisław Wiśniewski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wi%C5%9Bniewski "Stanisław Wiśniewski") (SLD), 1,787 votes; [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura "Jan Zaciura") (SLD), 3,247 votes; and [Ryszard Żochowski](/wiki/Ryszard_%C5%BBochowski "Ryszard Żochowski") (SLD), 5,700 votes. * National list seats \- [Kazimierz Dejmek](/wiki/Kazimierz_Dejmek "Kazimierz Dejmek") (PSL), 3,018 votes; [Ryszard Grodzicki](/wiki/Ryszard_Grodzicki "Ryszard Grodzicki") (SLD), 249 votes; [Adam Halber](/wiki/Adam_Halber "Adam Halber") (SLD), 419 votes; [Mieczysław Krajewski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Krajewski "Mieczysław Krajewski") (SLD), 584 votes; [Bogdan Krysiewicz](/wiki/Bogdan_Krysiewicz "Bogdan Krysiewicz") (SLD), 402 votes; [Andrzej Lipski](/wiki/Andrzej_Lipski "Andrzej Lipski") (SLD), 298 votes; [Andrzej Micewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Micewski "Andrzej Micewski") (PSL), 5,000 votes; [Sławomir Nowakowski](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Nowakowski "Sławomir Nowakowski") (UP), 719 votes; [Marek Rojszyk](/wiki/Marek_Rojszyk "Marek Rojszyk") (SLD), 130 votes; [Stanisław Wójcik](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_W%C3%B3jcik_%28politician%29 "Stanisław Wójcik (politician)") (PSL), 1,179 votes; and [Władysław Żbikowski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%BBbikowski "Władysław Żbikowski") (SLD), 437 votes. ##### 1991 Results of the [1991 parliamentary election](/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election "1991 Polish parliamentary election") held on 27 October 1991:{{cite journal \|title\=Poz. 288 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 31 października 1991 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przeprowadzonych w dniu 27 października 1991 r. \|journal\=\[\[Monitor Polski]] \|date\=18 December 1991 \|volume\=1991 \|issue\=41 \|pages\=427–429 \|url\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19910410288 \|access\-date\=30 November 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sejm]] \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl \|via\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174630/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP19910410288 \|archive\-date\=31 October 2023}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \- Wykaz okręgowych list kandydatów na posłów wraz z liczbą głosów i podziałem mandatów \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020359/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}}{{cite web \|title\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \|url\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \|publisher\=\[\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\|National Electoral Commission]] \|website\=Dane Wyborcze \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020402/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \|archive\-date\=12 July 2022 \|location\=Warsaw, Poland \|language\=pl}} | List | | | List | | | | | Bloc | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Votes | % | Seats | | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | {{Abbr\|Con.\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\|Nat.\|National list}} | {{Abbr\|Tot.\|Total}} | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Union (Poland)") | UD | 135,789 | 18\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** | 135,789 | 18\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** | | {{party color cell\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress "Liberal Democratic Congress") | KLD | 119,194 | 16\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** | 119,194 | 16\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** | | {{party color cell\|Centre Civic Alliance}} | [Centre Civic Alliance](/wiki/Centre_Civic_Alliance "Centre Civic Alliance") | POC | 102,804 | 14\.29% | 3 | 3 | **6** | 113,233 | 15\.74% | 3 | 4 | **7** | | {{party color cell\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 "Solidarity (Polish trade union)") | NSZZS | 10,429 | 1\.45% | 0 | 1 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)") | SLD | 95,666 | 13\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** | 95,666 | 13\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** | | {{party color cell\|Catholic Electoral Action}} | [Catholic Electoral Action](/wiki/Catholic_Electoral_Action "Catholic Electoral Action") | WAK | 48,181 | 6\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** | 48,181 | 6\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** | | {{party color cell\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland "Confederation of Independent Poland") | KPN | 31,266 | 4\.35% | 1 | 3 | **4** | 36,014 | 5\.01% | 1 | 3 | **4** | | | Polish Ecological Party \- Greens | PPE\-Z | 3,007 | 0\.42% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish Western Union | PZZ | 1,256 | 0\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | People's Christian Bloc | BLC | 485 | 0\.07% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Labour Solidarity}} | [Labour Solidarity](/wiki/Labour_Solidarity "Labour Solidarity") | SP | 35,146 | 4\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 35,146 | 4\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party "Polish Beer-Lovers' Party") | PPPP | 28,123 | 3\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 28,123 | 3\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union "Real Politics Union") | UPR | 17,533 | 2\.44% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 20,207 | 2\.81% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | | Universal Property Movement | RPW | 2,674 | 0\.37% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Democratic\-Social Movement (Poland)}} | [Democratic\-Social Movement](/wiki/Democratic-Social_Movement_%28Poland%29 "Democratic-Social Movement (Poland)") | RDS | 12,897 | 1\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 12,897 | 1\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** | | {{party color cell\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party "Polish People's Party") | PSL | 12,096 | 1\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** | 12,096 | 1\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** | | {{party color cell\|National Party (Poland, 1989\)}} | [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 "National Party (Poland, 1989)") | SN | 8,405 | 1\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 8,405 | 1\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Christian Democracy (Poland)}} | [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Poland%29 "Christian Democracy (Poland)") | ChD | 7,036 | 0\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 7,036 | 0\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Independent Self\-Governing Trade Union of Policemen | NSZZP | 6,363 | 0\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 6,363 | 0\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Healthy Poland \- Ecological Alliance | ZP\-SE | 4,636 | 0\.64% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 5,017 | 0\.70% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Conservative\-Liberal Party | PKL | 381 | 0\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Peasants' Agreement}} | [Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Peasants%27_Agreement "Peasants' Agreement") | PL | 4,363 | 0\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,363 | 0\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 "Democratic Party (Poland)") | SD | 4,283 | 0\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,283 | 0\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Solidarity 80 | S80 | 4,073 | 0\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,073 | 0\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Trade Unions in Defence of Society | ZZOS | 3,759 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,759 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish Ecological Party \& Polish Green Party | PPE\-PPZ | 3,706 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,706 | 0\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Freedom Party | PW | 3,520 | 0\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,520 | 0\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Victoria Party | PV | 3,379 | 0\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,379 | 0\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Polish National Community\-Polish National Party | PWN\-PSN | 2,974 | 0\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 2,974 | 0\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Confederation of Employers | KP | 1,925 | 0\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,925 | 0\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|Party of Christian Democrats}} | [Party of Christian Democrats](/wiki/Party_of_Christian_Democrats "Party of Christian Democrats") | PChD | 1,642 | 0\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,642 | 0\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Give Us a Chance | DNS | 1,000 | 0\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,000 | 0\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Belarusian Election Committee | | 384 | 0\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 728 | 0\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | {{party color cell\|German Minority Electoral Committee}} | [German Minority](/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee "German Minority Electoral Committee") | WDM | 344 | 0\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | | | Minority Electoral Bloc | | 680 | 0\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 680 | 0\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** | Valid Votes 719,399 | 100\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 | 719,399 | 100\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 ||Rejected Votes 20,491 | 2\.77% | | | | | | | | | |Total Polled 739,890 | 54\.68% | | | | | | | | | |Registered Electors 1,353,200 | | | | | | | | | | The following candidates were elected: * Constituency seats \- [Jan Krzysztof Bielecki](/wiki/Jan_Krzysztof_Bielecki "Jan Krzysztof Bielecki") (KLD), 115,002 votes; [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj "Ryszard Bugaj") (SP), 30,655 votes; [Zbigniew Bujak](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak "Zbigniew Bujak") (RDS), 12,236 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek "Bronisław Geremek") (UD), 31,746 votes; [Adam Glapiński](/wiki/Adam_Glapi%C5%84ski "Adam Glapiński") (POC), 2,966 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski "Jarosław Kaczyński") (POC), 50,701 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 "Krzysztof Król (politician)") (KPN), 24,959 votes; [Jacek Kurczewski](/wiki/Jacek_Kurczewski "Jacek Kurczewski") (KLD), 588 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 "Jacek Kuroń") (UD), 87,131 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski "Aleksander Kwaśniewski") (SLD), 73,906 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz "Antoni Macierewicz") (WAK), 25,043 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski "Jan Olszewski") (POC), 39,560 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski "Paweł Piskorski") (KLD), 589 votes; [Lech Pruchno\-Wróblewski](/wiki/Lech_Pruchno-Wr%C3%B3blewski "Lech Pruchno-Wróblewski") (UPR), 9,267 votes; [Janusz Rewiński](/wiki/Janusz_Rewi%C5%84ski "Janusz Rewiński") (PPPP), 22,774 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr "Jerzy Wiatr") (SLD), 8,689 votes; and [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski "Andrzej Wielowieyski") (UD), 5,547 votes. * National list seats \- [Andrzej Anusz](/wiki/Andrzej_Anusz "Andrzej Anusz") (POC), 443 votes; [Marek Dąbrowski](/wiki/Marek_D%C4%85browski_%28politician%29 "Marek Dąbrowski (politician)") (UD), 3,486 votes; [Witold Gadomski](/wiki/Witold_Gadomski_%28politician%29 "Witold Gadomski (politician)") (KLD), 187 votes; [Zbigniew Janas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Janas "Zbigniew Janas") (UD), 2,454 votes; [Henryk Klata](/wiki/Henryk_Klata "Henryk Klata") (WAK), 3,011 votes; [Mikołaj Kozakiewicz](/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Kozakiewicz "Mikołaj Kozakiewicz") (PSL), 7,436 votes; [Józef Pawelec](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pawelec "Józef Pawelec") (KPN), 556 votes; [Katarzyna Pietrzyk](/wiki/Katarzyna_Pietrzyk "Katarzyna Pietrzyk") (KPN), 374 votes; {{ill\|Marcin Przybyłowicz (politician)\|pl\|Marcin Przybyłowicz\|lt\=Marcin Przybyłowicz}} (POC), 773 votes; [Barbara Różycka\-Orszulak](/wiki/Barbara_R%C3%B3%C5%BCycka-Orszulak "Barbara Różycka-Orszulak") (KPN), 961 votes; [Andrzej Smirnow](/wiki/Andrzej_Smirnow "Andrzej Smirnow") (NSZZS), 4,521 votes; [Zbigniew Sobotka](/wiki/Zbigniew_Sobotka "Zbigniew Sobotka") (SLD), 1,689 votes; [Henryk Strzelecki](/wiki/Henryk_Strzelecki_%28politician%29 "Henryk Strzelecki (politician)") (PSL), 286 votes; [Andrzej Urbański](/wiki/Andrzej_Urba%C5%84ski "Andrzej Urbański") (POC), 1,265 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek "Danuta Waniek") (SLD), 2,427 votes; and [Jacek Żochowski](/wiki/Jacek_%C5%BBochowski "Jacek Żochowski") (SLD), 2,221 votes.
[ "### Detailed", "{{legend\\|\\#CEE0F2\\|List has reached relevant threshold and is entitled to compete for constituency seats.}}", "#### 2020s", "##### 2023", "Results of the [2023 parliamentary election](/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2023 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 15 October 2023:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 2234 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 17 października 2023 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 15 października 2023 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=18 October 2023 \\|volume\\=2023 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=130–140 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20230002234 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020201253/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20230002234 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Results \\- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017112002/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/okr/19 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for candidates \\- for counties Sejm \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_kandydatow\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \\- Candidates \\- Sejm \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101183730/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/kandydaci\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2023: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for Sejm lists \\- for counties \\|url\\=https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_listy\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021093901/https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_listy\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas | Ships |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 \"Civic Coalition (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW\\|Coalition list}} | KO | 430,875 | 234,351 | 133 | **665,359** | 38\\.80% | 4 | 741,286 | 43\\.23% | 9 |\n {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | 19,063 | 7,091 | 4 | **26,158** | 1\\.53% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|The Greens (Poland)}} | [The Greens](/wiki/The_Greens_%28Poland%29 \"The Greens (Poland)\") | Z | 15,680 | 9,958 | 4 | **25,642** | 1\\.50% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KO | 11,587 | 3,790 | 2 | **15,379** | 0\\.90% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish Initiative}} | [Polish Initiative](/wiki/Polish_Initiative \"Polish Initiative\") | iPL | 6,627 | 2,120 | 1 | **8,748** | 0\\.51% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\") | ZP | 190,038 | 66,049 | 38 | **256,125** | 14\\.94% | 2 | 345,380 | 20\\.14% | 4 |\n {{party color cell\\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 \"Kukiz'15\") | Kukiz | 25,661 | 13,479 | 11 | **39,151** | 2\\.28% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Sovereign Poland}} | [Sovereign Poland](/wiki/Sovereign_Poland \"Sovereign Poland\") | SP | 23,292 | 8,073 | 4 | **31,369** | 1\\.83% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZP | 13,755 | 4,975 | 5 | **18,735** | 1\\.09% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together \"Left Together\") | LR | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|The Left (Poland)}} | [The Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 \"The Left (Poland)\") | L | 81,610 | 47,589 | 24 | **129,223** | 7\\.54% | 2 | 230,648 | 13\\.45% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|New Left (Poland)}} | [New Left](/wiki/New_Left_%28Poland%29 \"New Left (Poland)\") | NL | 60,126 | 30,772 | 15 | **90,913** | 5\\.30% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind L | 5,343 | 3,478 | 2 | **8,823** | 0\\.51% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 1,037 | 650 | 2 | **1,689** | 0\\.10% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Poland 2050}} | [Poland 2050](/wiki/Poland_2050 \"Poland 2050\") | PL2050 | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Third Way (Poland)}} | [Third Way](/wiki/Third_Way_%28Poland%29 \"Third Way (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | TD | 91,809 | 40,632 | 37 | **132,478** | 7\\.73% | 2 | 227,127 | 13\\.25% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 34,259 | 13,000 | 12 | **47,271** | 2\\.76% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind TD | 29,194 | 14,850 | 6 | **44,050** | 2\\.57% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Centre for Poland}} | [Centre for Poland](/wiki/Centre_for_Poland \"Centre for Poland\") | CdP | 2,483 | 844 | 1 | **3,328** | 0\\.19% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|New Hope (Poland)}} | [New Hope](/wiki/New_Hope_%28Poland%29 \"New Hope (Poland)\") | NN | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | 64,971 | 47,270 | 59 | **112,300** | 6\\.55% | 1 | 124,220 | 7\\.24% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Confederation of the Polish Crown}} | [Confederation of thePolish Crown](/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown \"Confederation of the Polish Crown\") | KKP | 2,991 | 1,401 | 2 | **4,394** | 0\\.26% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KWN | 2,362 | 1,144 | 1 | **3,507** | 0\\.20% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"National Movement (Poland)\") | RN | 1,687 | 899 | 1 | **2,587** | 0\\.15% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | 1,072 | 360 | 0 | **1,432** | 0\\.08% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind BS | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Nonpartisan Local Government Activists}} | [Non\\-Partisan](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Local_Government_Activists \"Nonpartisan Local Government Activists\") | BS | 16,832 | 6,202 | 13 | **23,047** | 1\\.34% | 0 | 23,450 | 1\\.37% | 0 |\n| | Social Interest | SI | 189 | 103 | 0 | **292** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Good Movement}} | [Good Movement](/wiki/Good_Movement \"Good Movement\") | DR | 72 | 39 | 0 | **111** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland \"There is One Poland\") | PJJ | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|There is One Poland}} | [There is One Poland](/wiki/There_is_One_Poland \"There is One Poland\") | PJJ | 7,975 | 6,630 | 5 | **14,610** | 0\\.85% | 0 | 22,608 | 1\\.32% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PJJ | 4,354 | 3,643 | 1 | **7,998** | 0\\.47% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,144,944 | 569,392 | 383 | 1,714,719 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,714,719 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 4,077 | 2,793 | 0 | **6,870** | 0\\.40% | | | | |\n| Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 3,562 | 2,488 | 6 | **6,056** | 0\\.35% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,152,583 | 574,673 | 389 | **1,727,645** | 86\\.65% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,357,214 | 636,099 | 410 | **1,993,723** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 84\\.92% | 90\\.34% | 94\\.88% | **86\\.65%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski \"Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski\") (PSL), 34,563 votes; [Andrzej Domański](/wiki/Andrzej_Doma%C5%84ski \"Andrzej Domański\") (PO), 6,848 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 \"Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)\") (PO), 49,428 votes; [Piotr Gliński](/wiki/Piotr_Gli%C5%84ski \"Piotr Gliński\") (PiS), 135,339 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 36,523 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira \"Klaudia Jachira\") (Z), 9,172 votes; [Marek Jakubiak](/wiki/Marek_Jakubiak \"Marek Jakubiak\") (Kukiz), 39,151 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta \"Sebastian Kaleta\") (SP), 31,369 votes; [Michał Kobosko](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kobosko \"Michał Kobosko\") (PL2050\\), 61,452 votes; [Dorota Łoboda](/wiki/Dorota_%C5%81oboda \"Dorota Łoboda\") (Ind KO), 10,510 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer \"Katarzyna Lubnauer\") (.N), 22,529 votes; [Sławomir Mentzen](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mentzen \"Sławomir Mentzen\") (NN), 101,269 votes; [Dorota Olko](/wiki/Dorota_Olko \"Dorota Olko\") (LR), 44,188 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru \"Ryszard Petru\") (PL2050\\), 24,192 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (iPL), 8,748 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 28,653 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\") (PO), 538,634 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg \"Adrian Zandberg\") (LR), 64,435 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska \"Urszula Zielińska\") (Z), 16,470 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska \"Anna Maria Żukowska\") (NL), 38,426 votes.", "#### 2010s", "##### 2019", "Results of the [2019 parliamentary election](/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2019 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 13 October 2019:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1955 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 14 października 2019 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 13 października 2019 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=15 October 2019 \\|volume\\=2019 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=88–94 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20190001955 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113071428/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20190001955 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Results Sejm \\- Sejm Constituency no. 19 \\[Warszawa] \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912234135/https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/okr/19 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 September 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for candidates \\- for counties Sejm \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_kand\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \\- Candidates \\- Sejm \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/kandydaci\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019: Data in sheets \\- Results of voting for Sejm lists \\- for counties \\|url\\=https://sejmsenat2019\\.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/data/csv/wyniki\\_gl\\_na\\_listy\\_po\\_powiatach\\_sejm\\_xlsx.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas | Ships |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Civic Coalition (Poland)}} | [Civic Coalition](/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28Poland%29 \"Civic Coalition (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | KO | 381,053 | 97,922 | 60 | **479,035** | 34\\.66% | 4 | 581,077 | 42\\.05% | 9 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KO | 49,008 | 14,936 | 10 | **63,954** | 4\\.63% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | 23,077 | 7,469 | 6 | **30,552** | 2\\.21% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Green Party (Poland)\") | PZ | 5,473 | 2,062 | 1 | **7,536** | 0\\.55% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\") | ZP | 287,008 | 74,953 | 35 | **361,996** | 26\\.20% | 6 | 379,880 | 27\\.49% | 6 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZP | 11,384 | 2,555 | 1 | **13,940** | 1\\.01% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Jarosław Gowin's Agreement}} | [Jarosław Gowin's Agreement](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Gowin%27s_Agreement \"Jarosław Gowin's Agreement\") | PJG | 3,232 | 710 | 2 | **3,944** | 0\\.29% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Left Together}} | [Left Together](/wiki/Left_Together \"Left Together\") | LR | rowspan\\=6 {{party color cell\\|The Left (Poland)}} | [Left](/wiki/The_Left_%28Poland%29 \"The Left (Poland)\") | L | 126,866 | 45,136 | 15 | **172,017** | 12\\.45% | 2 | 251,434 | 18\\.19% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 21,394 | 6,896 | 2 | **28,292** | 2\\.05% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Spring (political party)}} | [Spring](/wiki/Spring_%28political_party%29 \"Spring (political party)\") | W | 18,045 | 7,131 | 2 | **25,178** | 1\\.82% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind L | 19,463 | 5,481 | 2 | **24,946** | 1\\.81% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement \"Your Movement\") | TR | 382 | 122 | 0 | **504** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 303 | 194 | 0 | **497** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation Libertyand Independence](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Confederation Liberty and Independence}} | [Confederation](/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence \"Confederation Liberty and Independence\") | KWN | 45,652 | 24,348 | 19 | **70,019** | 5\\.07% | 1 | 103,843 | 7\\.51% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KWN | 17,652 | 9,286 | 3 | **26,941** | 1\\.95% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"National Movement (Poland)\") | RN | 2,622 | 1,109 | 1 | **3,732** | 0\\.27% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN \"KORWiN\") | KORWiN | 2,115 | 1,036 | 0 | **3,151** | 0\\.23% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KP | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Polish Coalition}} | [Polish Coalition](/wiki/Polish_Coalition \"Polish Coalition\") | KP | 42,892 | 10,194 | 10 | **53,096** | 3\\.84% | 1 | 65,683 | 4\\.75% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 8,322 | 2,361 | 3 | **10,686** | 0\\.77% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Union of European Democrats}} | [Union of European Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats \"Union of European Democrats\") | UED | 1,540 | 360 | 1 | **1,901** | 0\\.14% | 0 |\n Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,067,483 | 314,261 | 173 | 1,381,917 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,381,917 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,105 | 1,025 | 0 | **4,130** | 0\\.30% | | | | |\n| Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 2,602 | 874 | 0 | **3,476** | 0\\.25% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,073,190 | 316,160 | 173 | **1,389,523** | 79\\.75% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,392,416 | 349,810 | 174 | **1,742,400** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 77\\.07% | 90\\.38% | 99\\.43% | **79\\.75%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Teofil_Bartoszewski \"Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski\") (Ind KP), 30,405 votes; [Magdalena Biejat](/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat \"Magdalena Biejat\") (LR), 19,501 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 5,347 votes; [Aleksandra Gajewska](/wiki/Aleksandra_Gajewska_%28politician%29 \"Aleksandra Gajewska (politician)\") (PO), 10,228 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 12,693 votes; [Klaudia Jachira](/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira \"Klaudia Jachira\") (Ind KO), 9,172 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 248,935 votes; [Sebastian Kaleta](/wiki/Sebastian_Kaleta \"Sebastian Kaleta\") (SP), 17,459 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 19,797 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 416,030 votes; [Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke \"Janusz Korwin-Mikke\") (KWN), 60,385 votes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski \"Jarosław Krajewski\") (PiS), 15,121 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki \"Paweł Lisiecki\") (PiS), 13,093 votes; [Katarzyna Lubnauer](/wiki/Katarzyna_Lubnauer \"Katarzyna Lubnauer\") (.N), 28,205 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (Ind KO), 8,780 votes; [Dariusz Rosati](/wiki/Dariusz_Rosati \"Dariusz Rosati\") (Ind KO), 25,061 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 13,747 votes; [Adrian Zandberg](/wiki/Adrian_Zandberg \"Adrian Zandberg\") (LR), 140,898 votes; [Urszula Zielińska](/wiki/Urszula_Zieli%C5%84ska \"Urszula Zielińska\") (PZ), 7,536 votes; and [Anna Maria Żukowska](/wiki/Anna_Maria_%C5%BBukowska \"Anna Maria Żukowska\") (SLD), 38,426 votes.", "##### 2015", "Results of the [2015 parliamentary election](/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2015 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 25 October 2015:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1731 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 października 2015 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 października 2015 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=28 October 2015 \\|volume\\=2015 \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\=133–145 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20150001731 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328041138/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20150001731 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \\- Wyniki Sejm \\- Okręg nr 19 \\|url\\=https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/349\\_Wyniki\\_Sejm/0/0/19\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024180011/https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/349\\_Wyniki\\_Sejm/0/0/19\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu 2015: Wyniki \\- Wyniki Sejm XLS \\- Wyniki z podziałem na okręgi \\- 19 \\|url\\=https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\\_okr\\_sejm/19\\.xlsx \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142242/https://parlament2015\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyniki\\_okr\\_sejm/19\\.xlsx \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \\- Dane kandydatów na posłów z oznaczeniem liczby głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-kand\\-sejm.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090649/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-kand\\-sejm.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2015 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2015 r. \\- Głosowanie na listy kandydatów na posłów w ujęciu liczbowym na poziomie powiatów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|United Right (Poland)}} | [United Right](/wiki/United_Right_%28Poland%29 \"United Right (Poland)\") | ZP | 241,640 | 61,439 | **303,079** | 27\\.67% | 7 | 327,342 | 29\\.89% | 8 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZP | 14,930 | 4,676 | **19,606** | 1\\.79% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic \"Right Wing of the Republic\") | PR | 3,069 | 391 | **3,460** | 0\\.32% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Poland Together United Right}} | [Poland Together United Right](/wiki/Poland_Together_United_Right \"Poland Together United Right\") | PRZP | 1,074 | 123 | **1,197** | 0\\.11% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 254,215 | 40,100 | **294,315** | 26\\.87% | 6 | 301,672 | 27\\.54% | 7 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 6,470 | 887 | **7,357** | 0\\.67% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Modern (political party)}} | [Modern](/wiki/Modern_%28political_party%29 \"Modern (political party)\") | .N | 111,121 | 17,967 | **129,088** | 11\\.79% | 1 | 146,629 | 13\\.39% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind .N | 15,153 | 2,388 | **17,541** | 1\\.60% | 2 || {{party color cell\\|Your Movement}} | [Your Movement](/wiki/Your_Movement \"Your Movement\") | TR | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|United Left (Poland)}} | [United Left](/wiki/United_Left_%28Poland%29 \"United Left (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | ZL | 67,810 | 8,368 | **76,178** | 6\\.96% | 0 | 93,666 | 8\\.55% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 11,042 | 949 | **11,991** | 1\\.09% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind ZL | 3,597 | 658 | **4,255** | 0\\.39% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Green Party (Poland)}} | [Green Party](/wiki/Green_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Green Party (Poland)\") | PZ | 929 | 246 | **1,175** | 0\\.11% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 61 | 6 | **67** | 0\\.01% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind Kukiz | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Kukiz'15}} | [Kukiz'15](/wiki/Kukiz%2715 \"Kukiz'15\") | Kukiz | 54,050 | 27,003 | **81,053** | 7\\.40% | 1 | 84,937 | 7\\.76% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right \"Congress of the New Right\") | KNP | 1,854 | 566 | **2,420** | 0\\.22% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Movement (Poland)}} | [National Movement](/wiki/National_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"National Movement (Poland)\") | RN | 693 | 290 | **983** | 0\\.09% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Direct Democracy (Poland)}} | [Direct Democracy](/wiki/Direct_Democracy_%28Poland%29 \"Direct Democracy (Poland)\") | DB | 227 | 50 | **277** | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n | Libertarian Party | PL | 170 | 34 | **204** | 0\\.02% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN \"KORWiN\") | KORWiN | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|KORWiN}} | [KORWiN](/wiki/KORWiN \"KORWiN\") | KORWiN | 38,081 | 20,974 | **59,055** | 5\\.39% | 0 | 67,700 | 6\\.18% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind KORWiN | 6,390 | 2,109 | **8,499** | 0\\.78% | 0 |\n| | Libertarian Party | PL | 68 | 20 | **88** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Congress of the New Right}} | [Congress of the New Right](/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right \"Congress of the New Right\") | KNP | 46 | 12 | **58** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 \"Together (Poland)\") | R | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Together (Poland)}} | [Together](/wiki/Together_%28Poland%29 \"Together (Poland)\") | R | 49,128 | 11,332 | **60,460** | 5\\.52% | 0 | 60,663 | 5\\.54% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind R | 165 | 38 | **203** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 5,458 | 759 | **6,217** | 0\\.57% | 0 | 7,882 | 0\\.72% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | 1,471 | 194 | **1,665** | 0\\.15% | 0 || | Social Justice Movement | RSS | | Social Movement | RSRP | 2,466 | 239 | **2,705** | 0\\.25% | 0 | 2,760 | 0\\.25% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind RSRP | 9 | 6 | **45** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Freedom and Equality}} | [Freedom and Equality](/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality \"Freedom and Equality\") | WiR | 9 | 1 | **10** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind WOP | | Citizens | WOP | 1,503 | 287 | **1,790** | 0\\.16% | 0 | 1,964 | 0\\.18% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | 124 | 31 | **155** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 18 | 1 | **19** | 0\\.00% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 893,071 | 202,144 | 1,095,215 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,095,215 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Blank Votes | | | | | | 3,243 | 584 | **3,827** | 0\\.35% | | | | |\n| Rejected Votes – Other | | | | | | 5,489 | 898 | **6,387** | 0\\.58% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 901,803 | 203,626 | **1,105,429** | 70\\.80% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,321,573 | 239,716 | **1,561,289** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 68\\.24% | 84\\.94% | **70\\.80%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (Ind ZP), 6,262 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 13,976 votes; [Zbigniew Gryglas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Gryglas \"Zbigniew Gryglas\") (Ind .N), 1,011 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki \"Andrzej Halicki\") (PO), 13,859 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 202,424 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 29,654 votes; [Joanna Kluzik\\-Rostkowska](/wiki/Joanna_Kluzik-Rostkowska \"Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska\") (PO), 12,807 votes; [Ewa Kopacz](/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz \"Ewa Kopacz\") (PO), 230,894 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 3,258 voyes; [Jarosław Krajewski](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Krajewski \"Jarosław Krajewski\") (PiS), 4,753 votes; [Paweł Kukiz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Kukiz \"Paweł Kukiz\") (Ind), 76,675 votes; [Paweł Lisiecki](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Lisiecki \"Paweł Lisiecki\") (PiS), 6,865 votes; [Ryszard Petru](/wiki/Ryszard_Petru \"Ryszard Petru\") (.N), 129,088 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki \"Marcin Święcicki\") (PO), 8,329 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 4,919 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska \"Ewa Tomaszewska\") (PiS), 5,114 votes; [Jacek Wilk](/wiki/Jacek_Wilk \"Jacek Wilk\") (KNP), 2,420 votes; [Kornelia Wróblewska](/wiki/Kornelia_Wr%C3%B3blewska \"Kornelia Wróblewska\") (Ind .N), 3,945 votes; and [Małgorzata Wypych](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Wypych \"Małgorzata Wypych\") (Ind ZP), 7,496 votes.", "##### 2011", "Results of the [2011 parliamentary election](/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2011 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 9 October 2011:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1294 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 11 października 2011 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 9 października 2011 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=12 October 2011 \\|volume\\=2011 \\|issue\\=218 \\|pages\\=12666–12674 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20112181294 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052431/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20112181294 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Elections 2011: Voting results \\- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \\|url\\=https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\\-19\\.html?tab\\=2\\#tabs\\-1 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019222725/https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wyn/140000/en/okr\\-19\\.html?tab\\=2\\#tabs\\-1 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Elections 2011: Election results \\- Sejm constituency no. 19 (OKW Warszawa I) \\|url\\=https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\\-19\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125223/https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/sjm\\-19\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Elections 2011: Downloads \\- Candidates \\- Candidates to Sejm\\- CSV file (ZIP) \\|url\\=https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\\_sejm.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812154936/https://wybory2011\\.pkw.gov.pl/geo/en/kandydaci\\_sejm.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2011 \\- Wyniki głosowania w wyborach do Sejmu na poziomie powiatów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722090707/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2015/sejm/2015\\-gl\\-lis\\-pow.zip \\|archive\\-date\\=22 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 485,091 | 47\\.67% | 9 | 498,599 | 49\\.00% | 11 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 13,508 | 1\\.33% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 265,356 | 26\\.08% | 5 | 277,577 | 27\\.28% | 6 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PiS | 11,931 | 1\\.17% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 290 | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement \"Palikot's Movement\") | RP | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Palikot's Movement}} | [Palikot's Movement](/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement \"Palikot's Movement\") | RP | 99,697 | 9\\.80% | 1 | 110,589 | 10\\.87% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind RP | 10,414 | 1\\.02% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Reason of the Polish Left}} | [Reason of the Polish Left](/wiki/Reason_of_the_Polish_Left \"Reason of the Polish Left\") | RACJA PL | 478 | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 62,875 | 6\\.18% | 1 | 78,020 | 7\\.67% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SLD | 11,879 | 1\\.17% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 \"Greens 2004\") | Z2004 | 3,023 | 0\\.30% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners \"National Party of Retirees and Pensioners\") | KPEiR | 198 | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 45 | 0\\.00% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First \"Poland Comes First\") | PJN | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Poland Comes First}} | [Poland Comes First](/wiki/Poland_Comes_First \"Poland Comes First\") | PJN | 27,880 | 2\\.74% | 0 | 30,964 | 3\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PJN | 2,701 | 0\\.27% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Conservative People's Party (Poland)}} | [Conservative People's Party](/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Conservative People's Party (Poland)\") | SKL | 286 | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | 97 | 0\\.01% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 11,815 | 1\\.16% | 0 | 17,755 | 1\\.74% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 5,940 | 0\\.58% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party \\- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party \\- August 80](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 \"Polish Labour Party - August 80\") | PPP | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party \\- August 80}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party_-_August_80 \"Polish Labour Party - August 80\") | PPP | 2,631 | 0\\.26% | 0 | 4,060 | 0\\.40% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PPP | 1,429 | 0\\.14% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 1,017,564 | 100\\.00% | 20 | 1,017,564 | 100\\.00% | 20 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 19,222 | 1\\.85% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,036,786 | 69\\.44% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,493,055 | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska \"Alicja Dąbrowska\") (PO), 4,622 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 6,739 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (Ind ZP), 4,762 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 8,129 votes; [Leszek Jastrzębski](/wiki/Leszek_Jastrz%C4%99bski \"Leszek Jastrzębski\") (PO), 3,075 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 202,297 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD), 53,451 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 17,535 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 45,027 votes; [Marcin Kierwiński](/wiki/Marcin_Kierwi%C5%84ski \"Marcin Kierwiński\") (PO), 3,580 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 4,603 voyes; [Ligia Krajewska](/wiki/Ligia_Krajewska \"Ligia Krajewska\") (PO), 3,590 votes; [Adam Kwiatkowski](/wiki/Adam_Kwiatkowski \"Adam Kwiatkowski\") (PiS), 6,284 votes; [Wanda Nowicka](/wiki/Wanda_Nowicka \"Wanda Nowicka\") (Ind RP), 7,065 votes; [Janusz Palikot](/wiki/Janusz_Palikot \"Janusz Palikot\") (RP), 94,811 votes; [Jacek Rostowski](/wiki/Jacek_Rostowski \"Jacek Rostowski\") (PO), 10,743 votes; [Marcin Święcicki](/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki \"Marcin Święcicki\") (Ind PO), 6,246 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 4,137 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\") (PO), 374,920 votes; and [Przemysław Wipler](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Wipler \"Przemysław Wipler\") (Ind PiS), 4,615 votes.", "#### 2000s", "##### 2007", "Results of the [2007 parliamentary election](/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2007 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 21 October 2007:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1438 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 października 2007 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 października 2007 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=26 October 2007 \\|volume\\=2007 \\|issue\\=198 \\|pages\\=13789–13798 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20071981438 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2007: Results \\- Voting results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184903/https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2007 \\- Results \\- Election results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119173840/https://wybory2007\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \\- Wykaz wszystkich kandydatów z oznaczeniem liczby uzyskanych głosów i faktu uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\\.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104559/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/kandsejm2007\\.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 2007 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 2007 r. \\- Dane dotyczące wyników głosowania na listy kandydatów w wyborach do Sejmu RP w roku 2007 według powiatów w ujęciu liczbowym \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\\-pow\\-listy.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717104648/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/2007/sejm/sejm2007\\-pow\\-listy.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 527,924 | 84,171 | **612,095** | 53\\.41% | 10 | 618,942 | 54\\.01% | 11 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 6,343 | 504 | **6,847** | 0\\.60% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 263,510 | 41,574 | **305,084** | 26\\.62% | 4 | 316,977 | 27\\.66% | 6 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PiS | 9,019 | 2,004 | **11,023** | 0\\.96% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 568 | 36 | **604** | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Organisation of the Polish Nation \\- Polish League}} | [Organisation of the Polish Nation \\-Polish League](/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Polish_Nation_-_Polish_League \"Organisation of the Polish Nation - Polish League\") | ONP\\-LP | 30 | 36 | **266** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\") | SDPL | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Left and Democrats}} | [Left and Democrats](/wiki/Left_and_Democrats \"Left and Democrats\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | LiD | 69,823 | 7,399 | **77,222** | 6\\.74% | 1 | 145,072 | 12\\.66% | 2 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 59,121 | 4,436 | **63,557** | 5\\.55% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\") | PD | 3,641 | 436 | **4,077** | 0\\.36% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind LiD | 187 | 29 | **216** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 11,122 | 931 | **12,053** | 1\\.05% | 0 | 26,678 | 2\\.33% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 10,053 | 718 | **10,771** | 0\\.94% | 0 |\n | Children and Youth Party | PdiM | 3,751 | 103 | **3,854** | 0\\.34% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 6,352 | 1,158 | **7,510** | 0\\.66% | 0 | 14,264 | 1\\.24% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind LPR | 4,182 | 561 | **4,743** | 0\\.41% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 1,427 | 122 | **1,549** | 0\\.14% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Right Wing of the Republic}} | [Right Wing of the Republic](/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic \"Right Wing of the Republic\") | PR | 426 | 36 | **462** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Women's Party (Poland)\") | PK | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Women's Party (Poland)}} | [Women's Party](/wiki/Women%27s_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Women's Party (Poland)\") | PK | 11,535 | 1,593 | **13,128** | 1\\.15% | 0 | 13,992 | 1\\.22% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PK | 795 | 69 | **864** | 0\\.08% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | rowspan\\=6 {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | 3,210 | 330 | **3,540** | 0\\.31% | 0 | 5,518 | 0\\.48% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PPP | 810 | 92 | **902** | 0\\.08% | 0 |\n| | Green Party | PZ | 448 | 51 | **499** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 \"Union of the Left (Poland)\") | UL | 321 | 58 | **379** | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Communist Party (2002\\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 \"Polish Communist Party (2002)\") | KPP | 129 | 13 | **142** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 50 | 6 | **56** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | New Left | NL | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} |[Self\\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") SRP | 2,506 | 129 | **2,635** | 0\\.23% | 0 | 4,540 | 0\\.40% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | 1,565 | 146 | **1,711** | 0\\.15% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SRP | 181 | 13 | **194** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 999,229 | 146,754 | 1,145,983 | 100\\.00% | 19 | 1,145,983 | 100\\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 9,269 | 2,192 | **11,461** | 0\\.99% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 1,008,498 | 148,946 | **1,157,444** | 73\\.86% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,376,401 | 190,637 | **1,567,038** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 73\\.27% | 78\\.13% | **73\\.86%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski \"Marek Borowski\") (SDPL), 75,493 votes; [Andrzej Czuma](/wiki/Andrzej_Czuma \"Andrzej Czuma\") (PO), 4,344 votes; [Alicja Dąbrowska](/wiki/Alicja_D%C4%85browska \"Alicja Dąbrowska\") (PO), 2,885 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 7,552 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (PiS), 3,070 votes; [Andrzej Halicki](/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki \"Andrzej Halicki\") (PO), 3,369 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner \"Jolanta Hibner\") (PO), 6,816 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 273,684 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD), 37,623 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski \"Karol Karski\") (PiS), 3,524 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 13,057 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 6,847 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski \"Jan Ołdakowski\") (Ind PiS), 3,106 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz \"Paweł Poncyljusz\") (PiS), 4,647 votes; [Nelli Rokita](/wiki/Nelli_Rokita \"Nelli Rokita\") (Ind PiS), 6,367 votes; [Tadeusz Ross](/wiki/Tadeusz_Ross \"Tadeusz Ross\") (PO), 2,712 votes; [Michał Szczerba](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szczerba \"Michał Szczerba\") (PO), 2,372 votes; [Donald Tusk](/wiki/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\") (PO), 534,241 votes; and [Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz](/wiki/Krzysztof_Tyszkiewicz \"Krzysztof Tyszkiewicz\") (PO), 3,330 votes.", "##### 2005", "Results of the [2005 parliamentary election](/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2005 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 25 September 2005:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1626 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 27 września 2005 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 25 września 2005 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=7 October 2005 \\|volume\\=2005 \\|issue\\=195 \\|pages\\=12339–12354 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20051951626 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161149/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20051951626 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2005: Results \\- Voting results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204251/https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/W/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Election to the Sejm 2005 \\- Results \\- Election results \\- Warszawa I, okr. 19 \\|url\\=https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111130642/https://wybory2005\\.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/EN/WYN/M/19\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland}}", "", "| Party | | | List | | | Party | | | | | List | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 171,234 | 10,737 | **181,971** | 23\\.98% | 5 | 250,981 | 33\\.07% | 8 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PO | 66,033 | 2,492 | **68,525** | 9\\.03% | 3 |\n | Other | | 465 | 20 | **485** | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 208,021 | 9,837 | **217,858** | 28\\.70% | 6 | 227,153 | 29\\.93% | 7 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent politician](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PiS | 9,066 | 229 | **9,295** | 1\\.22% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 83,232 | 2,092 | **85,324** | 11\\.24% | 3 | 87,477 | 11\\.53% | 3 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SLD | 1,125 | 26 | **1,151** | 0\\.15% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Union of the Left (Poland)}} | [Union of the Left](/wiki/Union_of_the_Left_%28Poland%29 \"Union of the Left (Poland)\") | UL | 769 | 20 | **789** | 0\\.10% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement}} | [Edward Gierek'sEconomic Revival Movement](/wiki/Edward_Gierek%27s_Economic_Revival_Movement \"Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement\") | ROG | 121 | 0 | **121** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n | Forum of Pensioners | FEiR | 88 | 4 | **92** | 0\\.01% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\") | SDPL | rowspan\\=4 {{party color cell\\|Social Democracy of Poland}} | [Social Democracy of Poland](/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_Poland \"Social Democracy of Poland\") | SDPL | 46,503 | 1,411 | **47,914** | 6\\.31% | 0 | 49,361 | 6\\.50% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Greens 2004}} | [Greens 2004](/wiki/Greens_2004 \"Greens 2004\") | Z2004 | 879 | 56 | **935** | 0\\.12% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 343 | 7 | **350** | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind SDPL | 155 | 7 | **162** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 40,230 | 2,790 | **43,020** | 5\\.67% | 1 | 44,376 | 5\\.85% | 1 |\n {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind LPR | 1,205 | 151 | **1,356** | 0\\.18% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party – demokraci.pl](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\") | PD | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party – demokraci.pl}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_demokraci.pl \"Democratic Party – demokraci.pl\") | PD | 34,743 | 2,267 | **37,010** | 4\\.88% | 0 | 37,262 | 4\\.91% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland \"Initiative for Poland\") | IdP | 244 | 8 | **252** | 0\\.03% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | rowspan\\=3 {{party color cell\\|Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform \"Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform\") | PJKM | 18,906 | 871 | **19,777** | 2\\.61% | 0 | 20,452 | 2\\.69% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PJKM | 591 | 25 | **616** | 0\\.08% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke Platform}} | [Janusz Korwin\\-Mikke Platform](/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke_Platform \"Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform\") | PJKM | 55 | 4 | **59** | 0\\.01% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence of theRepublic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | 17,348 | 423 | **17,771** | 2\\.34% | 0 | 17,771 | 2\\.34% | 0 || | Patriotic Movement | RP | | Patriotic Movement | RP | 3,116 | 159 | **3,275** | 0\\.43% | 0 | 8,051 | 1\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|National\\-Catholic Movement}} | [National\\-Catholic Movement](/wiki/National-Catholic_Movement \"National-Catholic Movement\") | RKN | 2,578 | 215 | **2,793** | 0\\.37% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstructionof Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 921 | 57 | **978** | 0\\.13% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind RP | 803 | 43 | **846** | 0\\.11% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Alliance for Poland}} | [Alliance for Poland](/wiki/Alliance_for_Poland \"Alliance for Poland\") | PdP | 153 | 6 | **159** | 0\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PSL | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 3,666 | 148 | **3,814** | 0\\.50% | 0 | 7,098 | 0\\.94% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 3,141 | 143 | **3,284** | 0\\.43% | 0 || {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PPP | rowspan\\=6 {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | 2,818 | 126 | **2,944** | 0\\.39% | 0 | 4,072 | 0\\.54% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Labour Party}} | [Polish Labour Party](/wiki/Polish_Labour_Party \"Polish Labour Party\") | PPP | 417 | 20 | **437** | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 329 | 14 | **343** | 0\\.05% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON}} | [Anticlerical Party ofProgress REASON](/wiki/Anticlerical_Party_of_Progress_REASON \"Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON\") | APPR | 278 | 10 | **288** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Communist Party (2002\\)}} | [Polish Communist Party](/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_%282002%29 \"Polish Communist Party (2002)\") | KPP | 31 | 2 | **33** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Polish Ecological Party – Greens | PPE\\-Z | 26 | 1 | **27** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party \"Polish National Party\") | PPN | {{party color cell\\|Polish National Party}} | [Polish National Party](/wiki/Polish_National_Party \"Polish National Party\") | PPN | 1,572 | 143 | **1,715** | 0\\.23% | 0 | 1,715 | 0\\.23% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home \"Ancestral Home\") | DO | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Ancestral Home}} | [Ancestral Home](/wiki/Ancestral_Home \"Ancestral Home\") | DO | 539 | 22 | **561** | 0\\.07% | 0 | 947 | 0\\.12% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind DO | 319 | 15 | **334** | 0\\.04% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Labour Party (Poland)}} | [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Party (Poland)\") | SP | 30 | 1 | **31** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Movement for the Defenceof the Unemployed | ROB | 11 | 0 | **11** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Republican Forum | FR | 10 | 0 | **10** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | rowspan\\=5 {{party color cell\\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Centre Party (Poland)\") | PC | 478 | 26 | **504** | 0\\.07% | 0 | 758 | 0\\.10% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Centre Party (Poland)}} | [Centre Party](/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Centre Party (Poland)\") | PC | 115 | 8 | **123** | 0\\.02% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind PC | 73 | 11 | **84** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Initiative for Poland}} | [Initiative for Poland](/wiki/Initiative_for_Poland \"Initiative for Poland\") | IdP | 44 | 1 | **45** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| | Other | | 1 | 1 | **2** | 0\\.00% | 0 |\n| | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | | Polish Confederation –Dignity and Work | PKGiD | 448 | 25 | **473** | 0\\.06% | 0 | 473 | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland \"National Revival of Poland\") | NOP | rowspan\\=2 {{party color cell\\|National Revival of Poland}} | [National Revival of Poland](/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland \"National Revival of Poland\") | NOP | 285 | 32 | **317** | 0\\.04% | 0 | 429 | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind NOP | 106 | 6 | **112** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind OKO | | All\\-Poland Civic Coalition | OKO | 323 | 31 | **354** | 0\\.05% | 0 | 419 | 0\\.06% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retireesand Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners \"National Party of Retirees and Pensioners\") | KPEiR | 65 | 0 | **65** | 0\\.01% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Independent politician}} | [Independent](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | Ind IRP | {{party color cell\\|Initiative of the Republic of Poland}} | [Initiative](/wiki/Initiative_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Initiative of the Republic of Poland\") | IRP | 187 | 18 | **205** | 0\\.03% | 0 | 205 | 0\\.03% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | | | | 724,239 | 34,761 | 759,000 | 100\\.00% | 19 | 759,000 | 100\\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | | | | 18,372 | 850 | **19,222** | 2\\.47% | | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | | | | 742,611 | 35,611 | **778,222** | 55\\.84% | | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | | | | 1,343,728 | 49,840 | **1,393,568** | | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | | | | 55\\.26% | 71\\.45% | **55\\.84%** | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n[Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (PO), 6,693 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski \"Piotr Gadzinowski\") (SLD), 11,650 votes; [Roman Giertych](/wiki/Roman_Giertych \"Roman Giertych\") (LPR), 35,812 votes; [Artur Górski](/wiki/Artur_G%C3%B3rski \"Artur Górski\") (PiS), 2,850 votes; [Małgorzata Gosiewska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Gosiewska \"Małgorzata Gosiewska\") (PiS), 4,251 votes; [Hanna Gronkiewicz\\-Waltz](/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz \"Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz\") (PO), 137,280 votes; [Jolanta Hibner](/wiki/Jolanta_Hibner \"Jolanta Hibner\") (PO), 3,512 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 171,129 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD), 36,013 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 9,142 votes; [Karol Karski](/wiki/Karol_Karski \"Karol Karski\") (PiS), 2,953 votes; [Małgorzata Kidawa\\-Błońska](/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska \"Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska\") (PO), 4,615 votes; [Roman Kosecki](/wiki/Roman_Kosecki \"Roman Kosecki\") (Ind PO), 4,395 voyes; [Jan Ołdakowski](/wiki/Jan_O%C5%82dakowski \"Jan Ołdakowski\") (Ind PiS), 3,939 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (SLD), 26,511 votes; [Julia Pitera](/wiki/Julia_Pitera \"Julia Pitera\") (Ind PO), 39,815 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz \"Paweł Poncyljusz\") (PiS), 4,232 votes; [Paweł Śpiewak](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_%C5%9Apiewak \"Paweł Śpiewak\") (Ind PO), 18,403 votes; and [Jacek Wojciechowicz](/wiki/Jacek_Wojciechowicz \"Jacek Wojciechowicz\") (PO), 3,380 votes.", "##### 2001", "Results of the [2001 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election \"2001 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 23 September 2001:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 1186 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 26 września 2001 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 23 września 2001 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Dziennik Ustaw]] \\|date\\=4 October 2001 \\|volume\\=2001 \\|issue\\=195 \\|pages\\=8181–8191 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20011091186 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201720/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WDU20011091186 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki głosowania na listy i kandydatów \\- mazowieckie \\- 19 WARSZAWA I \\|url\\=https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\\_o.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004225702/https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg2\\_o.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Wyniki wyborów \\- mazowieckie \\- 19 WARSZAWA I \\|url\\=https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\\_o.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505104903/https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjw1\\_o.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 23 września 2001: Ogólne dane statystyczne \\- mazowieckie \\- 19 WARSZAWA I \\|url\\=https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\\_o.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505213809/https://wybory2001\\.pkw.gov.pl/140000/SSSS19/sjg1\\_o.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2023 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas |", "{{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union}} | [Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%E2%80%93_Labour_Union \"Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | SLD\\-UP | 263,243 | 6,819 | **270,062** | 36\\.77% | 8 |\n {{party color cell\\|Law and Justice}} | [Law and Justice](/wiki/Law_and_Justice_%28Poland%29 \"Law and Justice (Poland)\") | PiS | 153,436 | 4,990 | **158,426** | 21\\.57% | 5 |\n {{party color cell\\|Civic Platform}} | [Civic Platform](/wiki/Civic_Platform \"Civic Platform\") | PO | 134,464 | 4,172 | **138,636** | 18\\.87% | 4 |\n {{party color cell\\|League of Polish Families}} | [League of Polish Families](/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families \"League of Polish Families\") | LPR | 47,655 | 4,676 | **52,331** | 7\\.12% | 2 || {{party color cell\\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Freedom Union (Poland)\") | UW | 45,670 | 2,626 | **48,296** | 6\\.58% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action \"Solidarity Electoral Action\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | AWS | 27,566 | 1,931 | **29,497** | 4\\.02% | 0 |", "{{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland}} | [Self\\-Defence of the Republic of Poland](/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland\") | SRP | 22,039 | 359 | **22,398** | 3\\.05% | 0 |\n {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 11,412 | 498 | **11,910** | 1\\.62% | 0 || | Social Alternative Movement | ARS | 1,340 | 70 | **1,410** | 0\\.19% | 0 |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Socialist Party}} | [Polish Socialist Party](/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party \"Polish Socialist Party\") | PPS | 1,147 | 64 | **1,211** | 0\\.16% | 0 |\n| | Polish National Community | PWN | 310 | 24 | **334** | 0\\.05% | 0 |", "Valid Votes | | | 708,282 | 26,229 | 734,511 | 100\\.00% | 19 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,350 | 520 | **13,870** | 1\\.85% | |\n| Total Polled | | | 721,632 | 26,749 | **748,381** | 55\\.89% | |\n| Registered Electors | | | 1,297,124 | 41,817 | **1,338,941** | | |\n| Turnout | | | 55\\.63% | 63\\.97% | **55\\.89%** | | |", "The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \\|title\\=Wyniki wyborów: Wyniki głosowania na wszystkich kandydatów na posłów w układzie okręgów wyborczych \\|url\\=http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011204120046/http://www.pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16318\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 December 2001 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}\n[Marek Borowski](/wiki/Marek_Borowski \"Marek Borowski\") (SLD\\-UP), 149,233 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski \"Piotr Gadzinowski\") (SLD\\-UP), 10,731 votes; [Jerzy Hertel](/wiki/Jerzy_Hertel \"Jerzy Hertel\") (PO), 6,297 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (PiS), 144,343 votes; [Ryszard Kalisz](/wiki/Ryszard_Kalisz \"Ryszard Kalisz\") (SLD\\-UP), 33,392 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (PiS), 5,257 votes; [Mirosława Kątna](/wiki/Miros%C5%82awa_K%C4%85tna \"Mirosława Kątna\") (SLD\\-UP), 5,705 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski \"Bronisław Komorowski\") (PO), 14,493 votes; [Jerzy Kulej](/wiki/Jerzy_Kulej \"Jerzy Kulej\") (SLD\\-UP), 3,488 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz \"Antoni Macierewicz\") (LPR), 24,900 votes; [Aleksander Małachowski](/wiki/Aleksander_Ma%C5%82achowski \"Aleksander Małachowski\") (SLD\\-UP), 16,980 votes; [Hanna Mierzejewska](/wiki/Hanna_Mierzejewska \"Hanna Mierzejewska\") (PiS), 771 votes; [Marta Mordasewicz\\-Zubrzycka](/wiki/Marta_Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka \"Marta Mordasewicz-Zubrzycka\") (PO), 9,601 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski \"Jan Olszewski\") (LPR), 13,255 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (SLD\\-UP), 8,266 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski \"Paweł Piskorski\") (PO), 69,066 votes; [Paweł Poncyljusz](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Poncyljusz \"Paweł Poncyljusz\") (PiS), 1,138 votes; [Bartłomiej Szrajber](/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Szrajber \"Bartłomiej Szrajber\") (PiS), 736 votes; and [Michał Tober](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Tober \"Michał Tober\") (SLD\\-UP), 5,680 votes.", "#### 1990s", "##### 1997", "Results of the [1997 parliamentary election](/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1997 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 21 September 1997:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 620 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 25 września 1997 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 21 września 1997 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Monitor Polski]] \\|date\\=14 October 1997 \\|volume\\=1997 \\|issue\\=64 \\|pages\\=1241–1245 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19970640620 \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113112510/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19970640620 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \\- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów do Sejmu RP w układzie obwodów w ujęciu liczbowym \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021345/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/sejm1997obw.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1997 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1997 r. \\- Wykaz kandydatów z wyłączeniem kandydatów skreślonych oraz kandydatów z unieważnionych list kandydatów na posłów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021333/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1997/sejm/kandsejm1997kom.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | Votes per county | | TotalVotes | % | Seats | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") | Over\\-seas | {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} |", "{{party color cell\\|Solidarity Electoral Action}} | [Solidarity Electoral Action](/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action \"Solidarity Electoral Action\") | AWS | 236,674 | 16,865 | **253,539** | 31\\.88% | 6 | 7 | **13** |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | SLD | 199,639 | 6,316 | **205,955** | 25\\.90% | 5 | 3 | **8** |\n {{party color cell\\|Freedom Union (Poland)}} | [Freedom Union](/wiki/Freedom_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Freedom Union (Poland)\") | UW | 163,888 | 8,935 | **172,823** | 21\\.73% | 4 | 0 | **4** |\n {{party color cell\\|Movement for Reconstruction of Poland}} | [Movement for Reconstruction of Poland](/wiki/Movement_for_Reconstruction_of_Poland \"Movement for Reconstruction of Poland\") | ROP | 64,874 | 7,953 | **72,827** | 9\\.16% | 2 | 0 | **2** || {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 38,210 | 1,397 | **39,607** | 4\\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Union of the Right (Poland)}} | [Union of the Right](/wiki/Union_of_the_Right_%28Poland%29 \"Union of the Right (Poland)\") | UPR | 22,673 | 700 | **23,373** | 2\\.94% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Party of Retirees and Pensioners}} | [National Party of Retirees and Pensioners](/wiki/National_Party_of_Retirees_and_Pensioners \"National Party of Retirees and Pensioners\") | KPEiR | 7,982 | 178 | **8,160** | 1\\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 6,882 | 569 | **7,451** | 0\\.94% | 0 | 1 | **1** || | National Alliance of Retirees and Pensioners | KPEiR RP | 5,880 | 181 | **6,061** | 0\\.76% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | National Christian Democratic Bloc for Poland | NCDBdP | 4,120 | 275 | **4,395** | 0\\.55% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish National Community\\-Polish National Party | PWN\\-PSN | 763 | 32 | **795** | 0\\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence Alliance}} | [Self\\-Defence Alliance](/wiki/Self-Defence_Alliance \"Self-Defence Alliance\") | PS | 211 | 12 | **223** | 0\\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "Valid Votes | | | 751,796 | 43,413 | 795,209 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 13,351 | 1,148 | **14,499** | 1\\.79% | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | 765,147 | 44,561 | **809,708** | 60\\.86% | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | 1,276,529 | 53,848 | **1,330,377** | | | | |\n| Turnout | | | 59\\.94% | 82\\.75% | **60\\.86%** | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:{{cite web \\|title\\=Archiwum: Wybory do Sejmu RP \\- Okręg wyborczy nr 1 \\- Warszawa \\|url\\=http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\\.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123105001/http://pkw.gov.pl/katalog/artykul/16084\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2001 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}\n* Constituency seats \\- [Czesław Bielecki](/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Bielecki \"Czesław Bielecki\") (AWS), 23,489 votes; [Bogumił Borowski](/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_Borowski \"Bogumił Borowski\") (SLD), 7,653 votes; [Piotr Gadzinowski](/wiki/Piotr_Gadzinowski \"Piotr Gadzinowski\") (SLD), 15,495 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek \"Bronisław Geremek\") (UW), 56,340 votes; [Piotr Ikonowicz](/wiki/Piotr_Ikonowicz \"Piotr Ikonowicz\") (SLD), 32,913 votes; [Maciej Jankowski](/wiki/Maciej_Jankowski_%28politician%29 \"Maciej Jankowski (politician)\") (AWS), 47,585 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (ROP), 8,107 votes; [Bronisław Komorowski](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski \"Bronisław Komorowski\") (AWS), 20,251 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 \"Jacek Kuroń\") (UW), 61,887 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski \"Jan Olszewski\") (ROP), 59,015 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (SLD), 13,439 votes; [Maria Smereczyńska](/wiki/Maria_Smereczy%C5%84ska \"Maria Smereczyńska\") (AWS), 24,637 votes; [Ewa Tomaszewska](/wiki/Ewa_Tomaszewska \"Ewa Tomaszewska\") (AWS), 28,515 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek \"Danuta Waniek\") (SLD), 99,480 votes; [Edward Wende](/wiki/Edward_Wende \"Edward Wende\") (UW), 16,552 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski \"Andrzej Wielowieyski\") (UW), 10,311 votes; and [Andrzej Zakrzewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Zakrzewski \"Andrzej Zakrzewski\") (AWS), 33,029 votes.\n* National list seats \\- [Adam Bielan](/wiki/Adam_Bielan \"Adam Bielan\") (AWS), 886 votes; [Joanna Fabisiak](/wiki/Joanna_Fabisiak \"Joanna Fabisiak\") (AWS), 6,945 votes; [Stanisław Grzonkowski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grzonkowski \"Stanisław Grzonkowski\") (AWS), 2,289 votes; [Jerzy Gwiżdż](/wiki/Jerzy_Gwi%C5%BCd%C5%BC \"Jerzy Gwiżdż\") (AWS), 13,823 votes; [Michał Janiszewski](/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Janiszewski_%28politician%29 \"Michał Janiszewski (politician)\") (AWS), 3,103 votes; [Mariusz Kamiński](/wiki/Mariusz_Kami%C5%84ski \"Mariusz Kamiński\") (AWS), 5,399 votes; [Wacław Olak](/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Olak \"Wacław Olak\") (SLD), 342 votes; [Mirosław Pietrewicz](/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Pietrewicz \"Mirosław Pietrewicz\") (PSL), 2,498 votes; [Maciej Poręba](/wiki/Maciej_Por%C4%99ba \"Maciej Poręba\") (SLD), 495 votes; [Piotr Wojciech Wójcik](/wiki/Piotr_Wojciech_W%C3%B3jcik \"Piotr Wojciech Wójcik\") (AWS), 1,125 votes; and [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura \"Jan Zaciura\") (SLD), 2,564 votes.", "##### 1993", "Results of the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1993 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 19 September 1993:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 470 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 23 września 1993 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przeprowadzonych w dniu 19 września 1993 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Monitor Polski]] \\|date\\=3 October 1993 \\|volume\\=1993 \\|issue\\=50 \\|pages\\=614–618 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19930500470 \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210257/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19930500470 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \\- Wyniki głosowania na okręgowe listy kandydatów na posłów według okręgów wyborczych w ujęciu liczbowym \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\\-okr.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020843/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/sejm1993lis\\-okr.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1993 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1993 r. \\- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020859/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1993/sejm/kandsejm1993kom.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | Votes | % | Seats | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} |", "{{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\"){{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | SLD | 177,788 | 22\\.37% | 7 | 7 | **14** |\n {{party color cell\\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Union (Poland)\") | UD | 133,790 | 16\\.83% | 5 | 0 | **5** |\n {{party color cell\\|Labour Union (Poland)}} | [Labour Union](/wiki/Labour_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Labour Union (Poland)\") | UP | 94,946 | 11\\.94% | 3 | 1 | **4** || {{party color cell\\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress \"Liberal Democratic Congress\") | KLD | 63,897 | 8\\.04% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Centre Agreement}} | [Centre Agreement](/wiki/Centre_Agreement \"Centre Agreement\") | PC | 61,991 | 7\\.80% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms}} | [Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms](/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Support_of_Reforms \"Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms\") | BBWR | 50,773 | 6\\.39% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\\|Coalition for the Republic}} | [Coalition for the Republic](/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Republic \"Coalition for the Republic\") | KdR | 41,328 | 5\\.20% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Catholic Electoral Committee \"Homeland\"{{Efn\\|name\\=KKW}} | KKWO | 37,267 | 4\\.69% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | 32,072 | 4\\.03% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland \"Confederation of Independent Poland\") | KPN | 28,047 | 3\\.53% | 1 | 0 | **1** || {{party color cell\\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\") | NSZZS | 26,981 | 3\\.39% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "{{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 22,050 | 2\\.77% | 0 | 3 | **3** || {{party color cell\\|Self\\-Defence \\- Leppera}} | [Self\\-Defence \\- Leppera](/wiki/Self-Defence_-_Leppera \"Self-Defence - Leppera\") | S\\-L | 8,831 | 1\\.11% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Party X}} | [Party X](/wiki/Party_X \"Party X\") | PX | 5,744 | 0\\.72% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement}} | [Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Peasants%27_Agreement \"Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement\") | PSL\\-PL | 3,226 | 0\\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | NOT \\- Technical Associations | NOT | 2,450 | 0\\.31% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish National Community\\-Polish National Party | PWN\\-PSN | 1,423 | 0\\.18% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party \"Polish Beer-Lovers' Party\") | PPPP | 1,184 | 0\\.15% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Homeland \\- Poland List | O\\-LP | 1,148 | 0\\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "Valid Votes | | | 794,936 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 11 | 28 || Rejected Votes | | | 15,684 | 1\\.93% | | | |\n| Total Polled | | | 810,620 | 61\\.09% | | | |\n| Registered Electors | | | 1,326,927 | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n* Constituency seats \\- [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj \"Ryszard Bugaj\") (UP), 86,708 votes; [Krzysztof Dołowy](/wiki/Krzysztof_Do%C5%82owy \"Krzysztof Dołowy\") (UD), 1,543 votes; [Jerzy Eysymontt](/wiki/Jerzy_Eysymontt \"Jerzy Eysymontt\") (BBWR), 15,235 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek \"Bronisław Geremek\") (UD), 57,219 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 \"Krzysztof Król (politician)\") (KPN), 22,943 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 \"Jacek Kuroń\") (UD), 49,442 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski \"Aleksander Kwaśniewski\") (SLD), 148,553 votes; [Tomasz Nałęcz](/wiki/Tomasz_Na%C5%82%C4%99cz \"Tomasz Nałęcz\") (UP), 1,314 votes; [Włodzimierz Nieporęt](/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Niepor%C4%99t \"Włodzimierz Nieporęt\") (SLD), 1,684 votes; [Katarzyna Piekarska](/wiki/Katarzyna_Piekarska \"Katarzyna Piekarska\") (UD), 3,171 votes; [Beata Świerczyńska](/wiki/Beata_%C5%9Awierczy%C5%84ska \"Beata Świerczyńska\") (UP), 1,509 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek \"Danuta Waniek\") (SLD), 4,762 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr \"Jerzy Wiatr\") (SLD), 3,895 votes; [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski \"Andrzej Wielowieyski\") (UD), 14,220 votes; [Stanisław Wiśniewski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wi%C5%9Bniewski \"Stanisław Wiśniewski\") (SLD), 1,787 votes; [Jan Zaciura](/wiki/Jan_Zaciura \"Jan Zaciura\") (SLD), 3,247 votes; and [Ryszard Żochowski](/wiki/Ryszard_%C5%BBochowski \"Ryszard Żochowski\") (SLD), 5,700 votes.\n* National list seats \\- [Kazimierz Dejmek](/wiki/Kazimierz_Dejmek \"Kazimierz Dejmek\") (PSL), 3,018 votes; [Ryszard Grodzicki](/wiki/Ryszard_Grodzicki \"Ryszard Grodzicki\") (SLD), 249 votes; [Adam Halber](/wiki/Adam_Halber \"Adam Halber\") (SLD), 419 votes; [Mieczysław Krajewski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Krajewski \"Mieczysław Krajewski\") (SLD), 584 votes; [Bogdan Krysiewicz](/wiki/Bogdan_Krysiewicz \"Bogdan Krysiewicz\") (SLD), 402 votes; [Andrzej Lipski](/wiki/Andrzej_Lipski \"Andrzej Lipski\") (SLD), 298 votes; [Andrzej Micewski](/wiki/Andrzej_Micewski \"Andrzej Micewski\") (PSL), 5,000 votes; [Sławomir Nowakowski](/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Nowakowski \"Sławomir Nowakowski\") (UP), 719 votes; [Marek Rojszyk](/wiki/Marek_Rojszyk \"Marek Rojszyk\") (SLD), 130 votes; [Stanisław Wójcik](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_W%C3%B3jcik_%28politician%29 \"Stanisław Wójcik (politician)\") (PSL), 1,179 votes; and [Władysław Żbikowski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%BBbikowski \"Władysław Żbikowski\") (SLD), 437 votes.", "##### 1991", "Results of the [1991 parliamentary election](/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election \"1991 Polish parliamentary election\") held on 27 October 1991:{{cite journal \\|title\\=Poz. 288 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 31 października 1991 r. o wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przeprowadzonych w dniu 27 października 1991 r. \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Monitor Polski]] \\|date\\=18 December 1991 \\|volume\\=1991 \\|issue\\=41 \\|pages\\=427–429 \\|url\\=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19910410288 \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sejm]] \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl \\|via\\=ISAP – Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174630/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP19910410288 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2023}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \\- Wykaz okręgowych list kandydatów na posłów wraz z liczbą głosów i podziałem mandatów \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\\.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020359/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/listyokr1991\\.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Wybory do Sejmu RP i do Senatu RP: Parlament 1991 \\- Wybory do Sejmu w 1991 r. \\- Wykaz kandydatów na posłów z liczbą głosów i faktem uzyskania mandatu \\|url\\=https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Electoral Commission (Poland)\\|National Electoral Commission]] \\|website\\=Dane Wyborcze \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712020402/https://danewyborcze.kbw.gov.pl/dane/1991/sejm/kandsejm1991kom.xls \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2022 \\|location\\=Warsaw, Poland \\|language\\=pl}}", "", "| List | | | List | | | | | Bloc | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes | % | Seats | | | Votes | % | Seats | | |\n| {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} | {{Abbr\\|Con.\\|Constituency}} | {{Abbr\\|Nat.\\|National list}} | {{Abbr\\|Tot.\\|Total}} |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Union (Poland)}} | [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Union (Poland)\") | UD | 135,789 | 18\\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** | 135,789 | 18\\.88% | 3 | 2 | **5** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Liberal Democratic Congress}} | [Liberal Democratic Congress](/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress \"Liberal Democratic Congress\") | KLD | 119,194 | 16\\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** | 119,194 | 16\\.57% | 3 | 1 | **4** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Centre Civic Alliance}} | [Centre Civic Alliance](/wiki/Centre_Civic_Alliance \"Centre Civic Alliance\") | POC | 102,804 | 14\\.29% | 3 | 3 | **6** | 113,233 | 15\\.74% | 3 | 4 | **7** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Solidarity (Polish trade union)}} | [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\") | NSZZS | 10,429 | 1\\.45% | 0 | 1 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)}} | [Democratic Left Alliance](/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)\") | SLD | 95,666 | 13\\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** | 95,666 | 13\\.30% | 2 | 3 | **5** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Catholic Electoral Action}} | [Catholic Electoral Action](/wiki/Catholic_Electoral_Action \"Catholic Electoral Action\") | WAK | 48,181 | 6\\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** | 48,181 | 6\\.70% | 1 | 1 | **2** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Confederation of Independent Poland}} | [Confederation of Independent Poland](/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Poland \"Confederation of Independent Poland\") | KPN | 31,266 | 4\\.35% | 1 | 3 | **4** | 36,014 | 5\\.01% | 1 | 3 | **4** |\n| | Polish Ecological Party \\- Greens | PPE\\-Z | 3,007 | 0\\.42% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish Western Union | PZZ | 1,256 | 0\\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | People's Christian Bloc | BLC | 485 | 0\\.07% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Labour Solidarity}} | [Labour Solidarity](/wiki/Labour_Solidarity \"Labour Solidarity\") | SP | 35,146 | 4\\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 35,146 | 4\\.89% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party}} | [Polish Beer\\-Lovers' Party](/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party \"Polish Beer-Lovers' Party\") | PPPP | 28,123 | 3\\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 28,123 | 3\\.91% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Real Politics Union}} | [Real Politics Union](/wiki/Real_Politics_Union \"Real Politics Union\") | UPR | 17,533 | 2\\.44% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 20,207 | 2\\.81% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| | Universal Property Movement | RPW | 2,674 | 0\\.37% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic\\-Social Movement (Poland)}} | [Democratic\\-Social Movement](/wiki/Democratic-Social_Movement_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic-Social Movement (Poland)\") | RDS | 12,897 | 1\\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** | 12,897 | 1\\.79% | 1 | 0 | **1** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Polish People's Party}} | [Polish People's Party](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party \"Polish People's Party\") | PSL | 12,096 | 1\\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** | 12,096 | 1\\.68% | 0 | 2 | **2** |\n| {{party color cell\\|National Party (Poland, 1989\\)}} | [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28Poland%2C_1989%29 \"National Party (Poland, 1989)\") | SN | 8,405 | 1\\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 8,405 | 1\\.17% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Christian Democracy (Poland)}} | [Christian Democracy](/wiki/Christian_Democracy_%28Poland%29 \"Christian Democracy (Poland)\") | ChD | 7,036 | 0\\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 7,036 | 0\\.98% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Independent Self\\-Governing Trade Union of Policemen | NSZZP | 6,363 | 0\\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 6,363 | 0\\.88% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Healthy Poland \\- Ecological Alliance | ZP\\-SE | 4,636 | 0\\.64% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 5,017 | 0\\.70% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Conservative\\-Liberal Party | PKL | 381 | 0\\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Peasants' Agreement}} | [Peasants' Agreement](/wiki/Peasants%27_Agreement \"Peasants' Agreement\") | PL | 4,363 | 0\\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,363 | 0\\.61% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Democratic Party (Poland)}} | [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Poland%29 \"Democratic Party (Poland)\") | SD | 4,283 | 0\\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,283 | 0\\.60% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Solidarity 80 | S80 | 4,073 | 0\\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 4,073 | 0\\.57% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Trade Unions in Defence of Society | ZZOS | 3,759 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,759 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish Ecological Party \\& Polish Green Party | PPE\\-PPZ | 3,706 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,706 | 0\\.52% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Freedom Party | PW | 3,520 | 0\\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,520 | 0\\.49% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Victoria Party | PV | 3,379 | 0\\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 3,379 | 0\\.47% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Polish National Community\\-Polish National Party | PWN\\-PSN | 2,974 | 0\\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 2,974 | 0\\.41% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Confederation of Employers | KP | 1,925 | 0\\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,925 | 0\\.27% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|Party of Christian Democrats}} | [Party of Christian Democrats](/wiki/Party_of_Christian_Democrats \"Party of Christian Democrats\") | PChD | 1,642 | 0\\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,642 | 0\\.23% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Give Us a Chance | DNS | 1,000 | 0\\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 1,000 | 0\\.14% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Belarusian Election Committee | | 384 | 0\\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 728 | 0\\.10% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| {{party color cell\\|German Minority Electoral Committee}} | [German Minority](/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee \"German Minority Electoral Committee\") | WDM | 344 | 0\\.05% | 0 | 0 | **0** |\n| | Minority Electoral Bloc | | 680 | 0\\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** | 680 | 0\\.09% | 0 | 0 | **0** |", "Valid Votes 719,399 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 | 719,399 | 100\\.00% | 17 | 16 | 33 ||Rejected Votes 20,491 | 2\\.77% | | | | | | | | |\n|Total Polled 739,890 | 54\\.68% | | | | | | | | |\n|Registered Electors 1,353,200 | | | | | | | | | |", "The following candidates were elected:\n* Constituency seats \\- [Jan Krzysztof Bielecki](/wiki/Jan_Krzysztof_Bielecki \"Jan Krzysztof Bielecki\") (KLD), 115,002 votes; [Ryszard Bugaj](/wiki/Ryszard_Bugaj \"Ryszard Bugaj\") (SP), 30,655 votes; [Zbigniew Bujak](/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak \"Zbigniew Bujak\") (RDS), 12,236 votes; [Bronisław Geremek](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek \"Bronisław Geremek\") (UD), 31,746 votes; [Adam Glapiński](/wiki/Adam_Glapi%C5%84ski \"Adam Glapiński\") (POC), 2,966 votes; [Jarosław Kaczyński](/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski \"Jarosław Kaczyński\") (POC), 50,701 votes; [Krzysztof Król](/wiki/Krzysztof_Kr%C3%B3l_%28politician%29 \"Krzysztof Król (politician)\") (KPN), 24,959 votes; [Jacek Kurczewski](/wiki/Jacek_Kurczewski \"Jacek Kurczewski\") (KLD), 588 votes; [Jacek Kuroń](/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84 \"Jacek Kuroń\") (UD), 87,131 votes; [Aleksander Kwaśniewski](/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski \"Aleksander Kwaśniewski\") (SLD), 73,906 votes; [Antoni Macierewicz](/wiki/Antoni_Macierewicz \"Antoni Macierewicz\") (WAK), 25,043 votes; [Jan Olszewski](/wiki/Jan_Olszewski \"Jan Olszewski\") (POC), 39,560 votes; [Paweł Piskorski](/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski \"Paweł Piskorski\") (KLD), 589 votes; [Lech Pruchno\\-Wróblewski](/wiki/Lech_Pruchno-Wr%C3%B3blewski \"Lech Pruchno-Wróblewski\") (UPR), 9,267 votes; [Janusz Rewiński](/wiki/Janusz_Rewi%C5%84ski \"Janusz Rewiński\") (PPPP), 22,774 votes; [Jerzy Wiatr](/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr \"Jerzy Wiatr\") (SLD), 8,689 votes; and [Andrzej Wielowieyski](/wiki/Andrzej_Wielowieyski \"Andrzej Wielowieyski\") (UD), 5,547 votes.\n* National list seats \\- [Andrzej Anusz](/wiki/Andrzej_Anusz \"Andrzej Anusz\") (POC), 443 votes; [Marek Dąbrowski](/wiki/Marek_D%C4%85browski_%28politician%29 \"Marek Dąbrowski (politician)\") (UD), 3,486 votes; [Witold Gadomski](/wiki/Witold_Gadomski_%28politician%29 \"Witold Gadomski (politician)\") (KLD), 187 votes; [Zbigniew Janas](/wiki/Zbigniew_Janas \"Zbigniew Janas\") (UD), 2,454 votes; [Henryk Klata](/wiki/Henryk_Klata \"Henryk Klata\") (WAK), 3,011 votes; [Mikołaj Kozakiewicz](/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Kozakiewicz \"Mikołaj Kozakiewicz\") (PSL), 7,436 votes; [Józef Pawelec](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pawelec \"Józef Pawelec\") (KPN), 556 votes; [Katarzyna Pietrzyk](/wiki/Katarzyna_Pietrzyk \"Katarzyna Pietrzyk\") (KPN), 374 votes; {{ill\\|Marcin Przybyłowicz (politician)\\|pl\\|Marcin Przybyłowicz\\|lt\\=Marcin Przybyłowicz}} (POC), 773 votes; [Barbara Różycka\\-Orszulak](/wiki/Barbara_R%C3%B3%C5%BCycka-Orszulak \"Barbara Różycka-Orszulak\") (KPN), 961 votes; [Andrzej Smirnow](/wiki/Andrzej_Smirnow \"Andrzej Smirnow\") (NSZZS), 4,521 votes; [Zbigniew Sobotka](/wiki/Zbigniew_Sobotka \"Zbigniew Sobotka\") (SLD), 1,689 votes; [Henryk Strzelecki](/wiki/Henryk_Strzelecki_%28politician%29 \"Henryk Strzelecki (politician)\") (PSL), 286 votes; [Andrzej Urbański](/wiki/Andrzej_Urba%C5%84ski \"Andrzej Urbański\") (POC), 1,265 votes; [Danuta Waniek](/wiki/Danuta_Waniek \"Danuta Waniek\") (SLD), 2,427 votes; and [Jacek Żochowski](/wiki/Jacek_%C5%BBochowski \"Jacek Żochowski\") (SLD), 2,221 votes.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- On 7 July 1995, Barak was appointed [Minister of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_%28Israel%29 "Ministry of Interior (Israel)") by [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin"). When [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres") formed a new government following Rabin's assassination in November 1995, Barak was made [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel "Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel") (1995–96\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa\-archive/1996/pages/fm%20barak\-%20address%20to%20njcrac%20\-%20feb%2011\-%201996\.aspx\|title\=FM Barak\- Address to NJCRAC – Feb 11\- 1996\|publisher\=Mfa.gov.il\|date\=11 February 1996\|access\-date\=14 March 2013}} He was elected to [the Knesset](/wiki/The_Knesset "The Knesset") on the Labor Party list in [1996](/wiki/1996_Israeli_legislative_election "1996 Israeli legislative election"), and served as a member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. Following internal elections after Peres' defeat in the [election for Prime Minister](/wiki/1996_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election "1996 Israeli prime ministerial election") in 1996, Barak became the leader of the Labor Party. ### Prime Minister of Israel [thumb\|right\|Barak at the [Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") (1999\)](/wiki/File:Barak_pentagon_1999.jpg "Barak pentagon 1999.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Ehud Barak shaking hands with [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat"), joined by President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") (1999\)](/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_with_Prime_Minister_Ehud_Barak_of_Israel_and_Chairman_Yasser_Arafat_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg "President Bill Clinton with Prime Minister Ehud Barak of Israel and Chairman Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Authority.jpg") In the [1999 Prime Ministerial election](/wiki/1999_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election "1999 Israeli prime ministerial election"), Barak beat [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu") by a wide margin. However, he sparked controversy by deciding to form a coalition with the ultra\-Orthodox party [Shas](/wiki/Shas "Shas"), who had won an unprecedented 17 seats in the 120\-seat [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset"). Shas grudgingly agreed to Barak's terms that they eject their leader [Aryeh Deri](/wiki/Aryeh_Deri "Aryeh Deri"), a convicted felon, and enact reform to "clean up" in\-party corruption. Consequentially, the left wing [Meretz](/wiki/Meretz "Meretz") party quit the coalition after they failed to agree on the powers to be given to a Shas deputy minister in the Ministry of Education.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} In 1999 Barak gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22\-year\-long occupation of [Southern Lebanon](/wiki/Southern_Lebanon "Southern Lebanon") within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel [withdrew](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Lebanon%29 "Blue Line (Lebanon)") from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah") and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004\.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the [PLO](/wiki/PLO "PLO"), stating that "Every attempt \[by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area \[the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a nondemocratic or a non\-Jewish state. Because if the Palestinians vote, then it is a [binational state](/wiki/Binational_state "Binational state"), and if they don't vote it is an [apartheid state](/wiki/Apartheid_state "Apartheid state")."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont\-give\-up\-on\-mideast\-peace.html \|author\=\[\[Jimmy Carter]] \|title\=Don't Give Up on Mideast Peace \|newspaper\=International Herald Tribune \|date\=12 April 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415235950/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont\-give\-up\-on\-mideast\-peace.html \|archive\-date\=15 April 2012 }} As part of these negotiations, Barak took part in the [Camp David 2000 Summit](/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summit "Camp David 2000 Summit") which was meant finally to resolve the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict") but failed. Barak also allowed Foreign Minister [Shlomo Ben\-Ami](/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami "Shlomo Ben-Ami") to attend the [Taba Summit](/wiki/Taba_Summit "Taba Summit") with the leadership of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority "Palestinian Authority"), after his government had fallen.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} ### Domestic issues On 22 August 1999, Barak appointed the [Tal committee](/wiki/Tal_committee "Tal committee") which dealt with the controversial issue of ultra\-Orthodox Jews' exemption from military service.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/heb/tal.htm \|script\-title\=he:הועדה לגבוש ההסדר הראוי בנושא גיוס בני ישיבות \- דו"ח \|trans\-title\=The Committee to Formulate the Proper Arrangement Regarding the Enlistment of Yeshiva Students \- Report \|language\=he \|access\-date\=13 April 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003022722/https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/heb/tal.htm \|archive\-date\=3 October 2012 \|url\-status\=live}} Following the failure of the Camp David summit with Arafat and Bill Clinton in the summer of 2000, when the original 7 years mandate of the PNA expired, and just after Israel pulled out its last troops out of southern Lebanon in May 2000, the weeks\-long [Riots in October 2000](/wiki/October_2000_events "October 2000 events") led to the killing of twelve Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian by [Israel Police](/wiki/Israel_Police "Israel Police") and one Jewish civilian by Israeli Arabs.{{citation needed\|date\=October 2023}} ### Resignation In 2001, Barak called [an election for Prime Minister](/wiki/2001_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election "2001 Israeli prime ministerial election").{{Cite news \|last\=Staff \|date\=2001\-02\-06 \|title\=Barak concedes defeat \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/06/israel6 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-06 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}} In the contest, he was defeated by Likud leader [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon "Ariel Sharon"), and subsequently resigned as Labor leader and from the Knesset. He left Israel to work as a senior advisor with United States–based [Electronic Data Systems](/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems "Electronic Data Systems"). He also partnered with a private equity company focused on "security\-related" work. ### Return to politics [thumb\|right\|[Israeli Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Israel%29 "Ministry of Defense (Israel)") Ehud Barak, with Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu") after the [Victoria Affair](/wiki/Victoria_Affair "Victoria Affair"), March 2011](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Prime_Minister_and_Defense_Minister_at_Weaponry_Display.jpg "Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Prime Minister and Defense Minister at Weaponry Display.jpg") In 2005, Barak announced his return to Israeli politics, and ran for leadership of the Labor Party in [November](/wiki/2005_Israeli_Labor_Party_leadership_election "2005 Israeli Labor Party leadership election"). However, in light of his weak poll showings, Barak dropped out of the race early and declared his support for veteran statesman [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres"). Following his failed attempt to maintain leadership of the Labor party, Barak became a partner of the investment company SCP Private Equity Partners, [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"). He also established a company "Ehud Barak Limited" which is thought to have made over [NIS](/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel "Israeli new sheqel") 30 million.{{cite web\|last\=Blau \|first\=Uri \|access\-date\=14 March 2013 \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/ehud\-barak\-ltd\-1\.221318 \|title\=Ehud Barak Ltd \|newspaper\=Haaretz Daily Newspaper \|date\=24 May 2007 \|archive\-date\=11 March 2014 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311113557/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/ehud\-barak\-ltd\-1\.221318}} After Peres lost the race to [Amir Peretz](/wiki/Amir_Peretz "Amir Peretz") and left the Labor party, Barak announced he would stay at the party, despite his shaky relationship with its newly elected leader. He declared, however, that he would not run for a spot on the Labor party's [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset") list for the [March 2006 elections](/wiki/2006_Israel_legislative_election "2006 Israel legislative election"). Barak's attempt to return to a prominent role in Israel politics seemed to have failed. However, Peretz's hold on the Labor leadership proved unexpectedly shaky as he was badly damaged by negative views of his performance as Defense Minister during the 2006 Lebanon War, which was seen as something less than a success in Israel.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read\_news.php?newsid\=MTA3OTE5NjI0NA \|title\=Kadima nominates Peres for president \|work\=Kuwait Times }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In [January 2007](/wiki/2007_Israeli_Labor_Party_leadership_election "2007 Israeli Labor Party leadership election"), Barak launched a bid to recapture the leadership of the Labor party in a letter acknowledging "mistakes" and "inexperience" during his tenure as Prime Minister.{{cite news\|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-israel\-barak\-idUKL0776362420070107 \|title\=Former Israeli PM Barak in New Leadership Bid \|date\=7 January 2007 \|archive\-date\=17 October 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017131657/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/01/07/uk\-israel\-barak\-idUKL0776362420070107}} In early March 2007, a poll of Labor Party primary voters put Barak ahead of all other opponents, including Peretz.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/poll\-barak\-ayalon\-lead\-peretz\-in\-the\-labor\-leadership\-primaries\-1\.214656 \|title\=Poll: Barak, Ayalon lead Peretz in the Labor leadership primaries \|author\=Yossi Verter \|newspaper\=Haaretz \|date\=3 March 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120908202019/http://www.haaretz.com/news/poll\-barak\-ayalon\-lead\-peretz\-in\-the\-labor\-leadership\-primaries\-1\.214656 \|archive\-date\=8 September 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=22 September 2016}} In the first round of voting, on 28 May 2007, he gained 39% of the votes, more than his two closest rivals, but not enough to win the election.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6695007\.stm \|title\=Peretz loses Israeli party vote \|access\-date\=30 May 2007 \|work\=BBC News \|date\=3 January 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422234256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6695007\.stm \|archive\-date\=22 April 2014 \|url\-status\=live}} As a result, Barak faced a runoff against the second\-place finisher, [Ami Ayalon](/wiki/Ami_Ayalon "Ami Ayalon"), on 12 June 2007, which he won by a narrow margin.{{cite news\|title\=Barak wins Labor Party primary election: party officials\|newspaper\=\[\[International Herald Tribune]]\|date\=12 June 2007}} Barak has been critical of what he sees as racist sentiments [that have recently been expressed by](/wiki/December_2010_Rabbi_Letter_Controversies "December 2010 Rabbi Letter Controversies") some Israeli [rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi") and [rebbetzins](/wiki/Rebbetzin "Rebbetzin"); he views such statements as a threat to Israeli unity and that they may lead Israeli society into a "dark and dangerous place".{{cite news\|newspaper\=Haaretz \|access\-date\=1 January 2011 \|date\=29 December 2010 \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/barak\-anti\-arab\-letters\-by\-rabbis\-and\-rabbis\-wives\-leading\-israel\-into\-dark\-place\-1\.334093 \|title\=Barak: Anti\-Arab letters by rabbis and rabbis' wives leading Israel into dark place \|first\=Mazal \|last\=Mualem \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101124410/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/barak\-anti\-arab\-letters\-by\-rabbis\-and\-rabbis\-wives\-leading\-israel\-into\-dark\-place\-1\.334093 \|archive\-date\=1 January 2011 \|url\-status\=live}} #### Defense Minister [thumb\|right\|Ehud Barak and [Condoleezza Rice](/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice "Condoleezza Rice") (2007\)](/wiki/File:Barak_-_Rice_2007_08_01_israel3_600.jpg "Barak - Rice 2007 08 01 israel3 600.jpg") #### As head of the Labor Party After winning back the leadership of the Labor party, Barak was sworn in as [Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Israel%29 "Ministry of Defense (Israel)") on 18 June 2007, as part of Prime Minister [Olmert](/wiki/Ehud_Olmert "Ehud Olmert")'s cabinet reshuffle. However, on 1 July 2007, Barak led a successful effort in the Labor central committee to stipulate that Labor would leave the government coalition if Olmert did not resign by September or October 2007\. At that time the [Winograd Commission](/wiki/Winograd_Commission "Winograd Commission") would publish its final report on the performance of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") and its civilian leadership. The preliminary Winograd report released earlier this year laid most of the blame on Olmert for poorly planning, executing, and reviewing war strategies in the [2006 conflict](/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War "2006 Lebanon War") against [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah").{{cite news\|last1\=Harel\|first1\=Amos\|title\=Remember the Second Lebanon War\|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week\-s\-end/remember\-the\-second\-lebanon\-war\-1\.450891\|newspaper\=Haaretz\|publisher\=Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd}} From December 2008 to January 2009, Barak led the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") through [Operation Cast Lead](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 "Gaza War (2008–09)") in his capacity as Minister of Defence.{{cite web\|title\= Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict\|publisher\=United Nations Human Rights Council\|url\=http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys\-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf\|access\-date\=13 July 2014\|page\=106\|date\=15 September 2009}} Labor won only 13 out of the 120 Knesset seats in the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_Israeli_legislative_election "2009 Israeli legislative election"), making them the fourth largest party. Barak and other Labor officials initially stated they would not take part in the next government. However, over the objections of some in the Labor party, in March 2009, Barak reached an agreement under which Labor joined the governing coalition led by [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu "Benjamin Netanyahu"). Barak retained his position as Defense Minister. #### Leaving the Labor Party In January 2011, Labor Party leader Barak formed a breakaway party, [Independence](/wiki/Independence_%28Israeli_political_party%29 "Independence (Israeli political party)"), which enabled him to maintain his loyal Labor's MK faction within Netanyahu's government, and prevented the departure of Labor party as a whole from Netanyahu's coalition\-government. Labor previously threatened to force Barak to do so. After Barak's move, Netanyahu was able to maintain a majority of 66 MK (out of 120 in the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset "Knesset")), previously having 74 MKs within his majority coalition. In February 2011, Barak attended a ceremony at the UN for the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. Barak told the UN General Assembly that "an independent, strong, thriving and peaceful State of Israel is the vengeance of the dead."{{cite web\|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post \|title\=Barak at UN: Strong Israel is revenge of the Nazis' victims \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id\=207716 \|author\=Jordana Horn \|date\=10 February 2011 \|access\-date\=10 February 2011 \|archive\-date\=23 October 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011146/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id\=207716}} Barak's Independence party was due to run in a [legislative election](/wiki/2013_Israeli_legislative_election "2013 Israeli legislative election"), but decided not to in 2012, and retired from politics. Barak planned to quit since [Operation Pillar of Defense](/wiki/Operation_Pillar_of_Defense "Operation Pillar of Defense") but postponed it until later that year.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/23525/Default.aspx?archive\=article\_title \|author\=Ryan Jones \|title\=Ehud Barak drops out of Israeli politics \|newspaper\=\[\[Israel HaYom\|Israel Today]] \|date\=26 November 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022133959/http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/23525/Default.aspx?archive\=article\_title \|archive\-date\=22 October 2013}} Barak stated during an American television interview that he would "probably" strive for nuclear weapons if he were in Iran's position, adding "I don't delude myself that they are doing it just because of Israel". This comment has been criticized and compared to Barak's comment in 1998 during a television interview when he said that if he were a Palestinian he would probably have joined one of the terror organizations.{{cite news\|title\=Barak criticized over Iran comments \|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]] \|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/premium/loginpage?destination\=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/barak\-criticised\-over\-iran\-comments\-1\.13168}} In 2023 it was revealed that Barak had visited [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein") around 30 times from 2013 to 2017 and had also flown on his jet, having first met Epstein in 2003\. Barak denied any wrongdoing.{{cite news \|last\=ToI Staff \|last2\=JTA \|author\-link2\=Jewish Telegraphic Agency \|date\=4 May 2023 \|title\=Ehud Barak met with Jeffrey Epstein dozens of times, flew on private plane — report \|url\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ehud\-barak\-met\-with\-jeffrey\-epstein\-dozens\-of\-times\-flew\-on\-private\-plane\-report/ \|work\=\[\[The Times of Israel]] \|issue\= \|postscript\=. JTA article: Lapin, Andrew. Noam Chomsky, Ehud Barak, Leon Botstein and a Rothschild are among the names on Jeffrey Epstein’s newly uncovered calendar. May 1, 2023\. www.jta.org/2023/05/01/united\-states/noam\-chomsky\-ehud\-barak\-leon\-botstein\-and\-a\-rothschild\-are\-among\-the\-names\-on\-jeffrey\-epsteins\-newly\-uncovered\-calendar}}{{cite news \|title\=Noam Chomsky, Ehud Barak and Woody Allen all met with Epstein after conviction \|url\=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/noam\-chomsky\-ehud\-barak\-and\-woody\-allen\-all\-met\-with\-epstein\-after\-conviction\-vocm1y6d \|work\=\[\[The Jewish Chronicle]] \|date\=2 May 2023}} #### Return to political life On 26 June 2019, Barak announced his return to politics and his intention to form a new party named the [Israel Democratic Party](/wiki/Israel_Democratic_Party "Israel Democratic Party"), intending to challenge Netanyahu in the [September 2019 Israeli legislative election](/wiki/September_2019_Israeli_legislative_election "September 2019 Israeli legislative election"). The party ran with Meretz and other parties in the [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Israel%29 "Democratic Union (Israel)") alliance, which received five seats. Barak himself did not enter the Knesset.
[ "Political career\n----------------", "On 7 July 1995, Barak was appointed [Minister of Internal Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Interior (Israel)\") by [Yitzhak Rabin](/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin \"Yitzhak Rabin\"). When [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres \"Shimon Peres\") formed a new government following Rabin's assassination in November 1995, Barak was made [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel \"Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel\") (1995–96\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa\\-archive/1996/pages/fm%20barak\\-%20address%20to%20njcrac%20\\-%20feb%2011\\-%201996\\.aspx\\|title\\=FM Barak\\- Address to NJCRAC – Feb 11\\- 1996\\|publisher\\=Mfa.gov.il\\|date\\=11 February 1996\\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013}} He was elected to [the Knesset](/wiki/The_Knesset \"The Knesset\") on the Labor Party list in [1996](/wiki/1996_Israeli_legislative_election \"1996 Israeli legislative election\"), and served as a member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. Following internal elections after Peres' defeat in the [election for Prime Minister](/wiki/1996_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election \"1996 Israeli prime ministerial election\") in 1996, Barak became the leader of the Labor Party.", "### Prime Minister of Israel", "[thumb\\|right\\|Barak at the [Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") (1999\\)](/wiki/File:Barak_pentagon_1999.jpg \"Barak pentagon 1999.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Ehud Barak shaking hands with [Yasser Arafat](/wiki/Yasser_Arafat \"Yasser Arafat\"), joined by President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\") (1999\\)](/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_with_Prime_Minister_Ehud_Barak_of_Israel_and_Chairman_Yasser_Arafat_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg \"President Bill Clinton with Prime Minister Ehud Barak of Israel and Chairman Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Authority.jpg\")", "In the [1999 Prime Ministerial election](/wiki/1999_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election \"1999 Israeli prime ministerial election\"), Barak beat [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\") by a wide margin. However, he sparked controversy by deciding to form a coalition with the ultra\\-Orthodox party [Shas](/wiki/Shas \"Shas\"), who had won an unprecedented 17 seats in the 120\\-seat [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\"). Shas grudgingly agreed to Barak's terms that they eject their leader [Aryeh Deri](/wiki/Aryeh_Deri \"Aryeh Deri\"), a convicted felon, and enact reform to \"clean up\" in\\-party corruption. Consequentially, the left wing [Meretz](/wiki/Meretz \"Meretz\") party quit the coalition after they failed to agree on the powers to be given to a Shas deputy minister in the Ministry of Education.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}}", "In 1999 Barak gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22\\-year\\-long occupation of [Southern Lebanon](/wiki/Southern_Lebanon \"Southern Lebanon\") within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel [withdrew](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Lebanon%29 \"Blue Line (Lebanon)\") from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\") and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}}", "The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the [PLO](/wiki/PLO \"PLO\"), stating that \"Every attempt \\[by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area \\[the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a nondemocratic or a non\\-Jewish state. Because if the Palestinians vote, then it is a [binational state](/wiki/Binational_state \"Binational state\"), and if they don't vote it is an [apartheid state](/wiki/Apartheid_state \"Apartheid state\").\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont\\-give\\-up\\-on\\-mideast\\-peace.html \\|author\\=\\[\\[Jimmy Carter]] \\|title\\=Don't Give Up on Mideast Peace \\|newspaper\\=International Herald Tribune \\|date\\=12 April 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415235950/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont\\-give\\-up\\-on\\-mideast\\-peace.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2012 }} As part of these negotiations, Barak took part in the [Camp David 2000 Summit](/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summit \"Camp David 2000 Summit\") which was meant finally to resolve the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"Israeli–Palestinian conflict\") but failed. Barak also allowed Foreign Minister [Shlomo Ben\\-Ami](/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami \"Shlomo Ben-Ami\") to attend the [Taba Summit](/wiki/Taba_Summit \"Taba Summit\") with the leadership of the [Palestinian Authority](/wiki/Palestinian_Authority \"Palestinian Authority\"), after his government had fallen.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}}", "### Domestic issues", "On 22 August 1999, Barak appointed the [Tal committee](/wiki/Tal_committee \"Tal committee\") which dealt with the controversial issue of ultra\\-Orthodox Jews' exemption from military service.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/heb/tal.htm \\|script\\-title\\=he:הועדה לגבוש ההסדר הראוי בנושא גיוס בני ישיבות \\- דו\"ח \\|trans\\-title\\=The Committee to Formulate the Proper Arrangement Regarding the Enlistment of Yeshiva Students \\- Report \\|language\\=he \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003022722/https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/heb/tal.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=3 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Following the failure of the Camp David summit with Arafat and Bill Clinton in the summer of 2000, when the original 7 years mandate of the PNA expired, and just after Israel pulled out its last troops out of southern Lebanon in May 2000, the weeks\\-long [Riots in October 2000](/wiki/October_2000_events \"October 2000 events\") led to the killing of twelve Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian by [Israel Police](/wiki/Israel_Police \"Israel Police\") and one Jewish civilian by Israeli Arabs.{{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2023}}", "### Resignation", "In 2001, Barak called [an election for Prime Minister](/wiki/2001_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election \"2001 Israeli prime ministerial election\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Staff \\|date\\=2001\\-02\\-06 \\|title\\=Barak concedes defeat \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/06/israel6 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-06 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} In the contest, he was defeated by Likud leader [Ariel Sharon](/wiki/Ariel_Sharon \"Ariel Sharon\"), and subsequently resigned as Labor leader and from the Knesset. He left Israel to work as a senior advisor with United States–based [Electronic Data Systems](/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems \"Electronic Data Systems\"). He also partnered with a private equity company focused on \"security\\-related\" work.", "### Return to politics", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Israeli Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Israel)\") Ehud Barak, with Prime Minister [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\") after the [Victoria Affair](/wiki/Victoria_Affair \"Victoria Affair\"), March 2011](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Prime_Minister_and_Defense_Minister_at_Weaponry_Display.jpg \"Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Prime Minister and Defense Minister at Weaponry Display.jpg\")\nIn 2005, Barak announced his return to Israeli politics, and ran for leadership of the Labor Party in [November](/wiki/2005_Israeli_Labor_Party_leadership_election \"2005 Israeli Labor Party leadership election\"). However, in light of his weak poll showings, Barak dropped out of the race early and declared his support for veteran statesman [Shimon Peres](/wiki/Shimon_Peres \"Shimon Peres\"). Following his failed attempt to maintain leadership of the Labor party, Barak became a partner of the investment company SCP Private Equity Partners, [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). He also established a company \"Ehud Barak Limited\" which is thought to have made over [NIS](/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel \"Israeli new sheqel\") 30 million.{{cite web\\|last\\=Blau \\|first\\=Uri \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/ehud\\-barak\\-ltd\\-1\\.221318 \\|title\\=Ehud Barak Ltd \\|newspaper\\=Haaretz Daily Newspaper \\|date\\=24 May 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311113557/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/ehud\\-barak\\-ltd\\-1\\.221318}}", "After Peres lost the race to [Amir Peretz](/wiki/Amir_Peretz \"Amir Peretz\") and left the Labor party, Barak announced he would stay at the party, despite his shaky relationship with its newly elected leader. He declared, however, that he would not run for a spot on the Labor party's [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\") list for the [March 2006 elections](/wiki/2006_Israel_legislative_election \"2006 Israel legislative election\"). Barak's attempt to return to a prominent role in Israel politics seemed to have failed. However, Peretz's hold on the Labor leadership proved unexpectedly shaky as he was badly damaged by negative views of his performance as Defense Minister during the 2006 Lebanon War, which was seen as something less than a success in Israel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read\\_news.php?newsid\\=MTA3OTE5NjI0NA \\|title\\=Kadima nominates Peres for president \\|work\\=Kuwait Times }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}", "In [January 2007](/wiki/2007_Israeli_Labor_Party_leadership_election \"2007 Israeli Labor Party leadership election\"), Barak launched a bid to recapture the leadership of the Labor party in a letter acknowledging \"mistakes\" and \"inexperience\" during his tenure as Prime Minister.{{cite news\\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-israel\\-barak\\-idUKL0776362420070107 \\|title\\=Former Israeli PM Barak in New Leadership Bid \\|date\\=7 January 2007 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017131657/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/01/07/uk\\-israel\\-barak\\-idUKL0776362420070107}} In early March 2007, a poll of Labor Party primary voters put Barak ahead of all other opponents, including Peretz.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/poll\\-barak\\-ayalon\\-lead\\-peretz\\-in\\-the\\-labor\\-leadership\\-primaries\\-1\\.214656 \\|title\\=Poll: Barak, Ayalon lead Peretz in the Labor leadership primaries \\|author\\=Yossi Verter \\|newspaper\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=3 March 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120908202019/http://www.haaretz.com/news/poll\\-barak\\-ayalon\\-lead\\-peretz\\-in\\-the\\-labor\\-leadership\\-primaries\\-1\\.214656 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2016}} In the first round of voting, on 28 May 2007, he gained 39% of the votes, more than his two closest rivals, but not enough to win the election.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6695007\\.stm \\|title\\=Peretz loses Israeli party vote \\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2007 \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=3 January 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422234256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6695007\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "As a result, Barak faced a runoff against the second\\-place finisher, [Ami Ayalon](/wiki/Ami_Ayalon \"Ami Ayalon\"), on 12 June 2007, which he won by a narrow margin.{{cite news\\|title\\=Barak wins Labor Party primary election: party officials\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[International Herald Tribune]]\\|date\\=12 June 2007}}", "Barak has been critical of what he sees as racist sentiments [that have recently been expressed by](/wiki/December_2010_Rabbi_Letter_Controversies \"December 2010 Rabbi Letter Controversies\") some Israeli [rabbis](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") and [rebbetzins](/wiki/Rebbetzin \"Rebbetzin\"); he views such statements as a threat to Israeli unity and that they may lead Israeli society into a \"dark and dangerous place\".{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=Haaretz \\|access\\-date\\=1 January 2011 \\|date\\=29 December 2010 \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/barak\\-anti\\-arab\\-letters\\-by\\-rabbis\\-and\\-rabbis\\-wives\\-leading\\-israel\\-into\\-dark\\-place\\-1\\.334093 \\|title\\=Barak: Anti\\-Arab letters by rabbis and rabbis' wives leading Israel into dark place \\|first\\=Mazal \\|last\\=Mualem \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101124410/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/barak\\-anti\\-arab\\-letters\\-by\\-rabbis\\-and\\-rabbis\\-wives\\-leading\\-israel\\-into\\-dark\\-place\\-1\\.334093 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### Defense Minister", "[thumb\\|right\\|Ehud Barak and [Condoleezza Rice](/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice \"Condoleezza Rice\") (2007\\)](/wiki/File:Barak_-_Rice_2007_08_01_israel3_600.jpg \"Barak - Rice 2007 08 01 israel3 600.jpg\")", "#### As head of the Labor Party", "After winning back the leadership of the Labor party, Barak was sworn in as [Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Israel)\") on 18 June 2007, as part of Prime Minister [Olmert](/wiki/Ehud_Olmert \"Ehud Olmert\")'s cabinet reshuffle. However, on 1 July 2007, Barak led a successful effort in the Labor central committee to stipulate that Labor would leave the government coalition if Olmert did not resign by September or October 2007\\. At that time the [Winograd Commission](/wiki/Winograd_Commission \"Winograd Commission\") would publish its final report on the performance of the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") and its civilian leadership. The preliminary Winograd report released earlier this year laid most of the blame on Olmert for poorly planning, executing, and reviewing war strategies in the [2006 conflict](/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War \"2006 Lebanon War\") against [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Harel\\|first1\\=Amos\\|title\\=Remember the Second Lebanon War\\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week\\-s\\-end/remember\\-the\\-second\\-lebanon\\-war\\-1\\.450891\\|newspaper\\=Haaretz\\|publisher\\=Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd}}", "From December 2008 to January 2009, Barak led the [Israel Defense Forces](/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") through [Operation Cast Lead](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 \"Gaza War (2008–09)\") in his capacity as Minister of Defence.{{cite web\\|title\\= Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict\\|publisher\\=United Nations Human Rights Council\\|url\\=http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys\\-files/Guardian/documents/2009/09/15/UNFFMGCReport.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2014\\|page\\=106\\|date\\=15 September 2009}}", "Labor won only 13 out of the 120 Knesset seats in the [2009 elections](/wiki/2009_Israeli_legislative_election \"2009 Israeli legislative election\"), making them the fourth largest party. Barak and other Labor officials initially stated they would not take part in the next government. However, over the objections of some in the Labor party, in March 2009, Barak reached an agreement under which Labor joined the governing coalition led by [Benjamin Netanyahu](/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu \"Benjamin Netanyahu\"). Barak retained his position as Defense Minister.", "#### Leaving the Labor Party", "In January 2011, Labor Party leader Barak formed a breakaway party, [Independence](/wiki/Independence_%28Israeli_political_party%29 \"Independence (Israeli political party)\"), which enabled him to maintain his loyal Labor's MK faction within Netanyahu's government, and prevented the departure of Labor party as a whole from Netanyahu's coalition\\-government. Labor previously threatened to force Barak to do so. After Barak's move, Netanyahu was able to maintain a majority of 66 MK (out of 120 in the [Knesset](/wiki/Knesset \"Knesset\")), previously having 74 MKs within his majority coalition.", "In February 2011, Barak attended a ceremony at the UN for the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. Barak told the UN General Assembly that \"an independent, strong, thriving and peaceful State of Israel is the vengeance of the dead.\"{{cite web\\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|title\\=Barak at UN: Strong Israel is revenge of the Nazis' victims \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id\\=207716 \\|author\\=Jordana Horn \\|date\\=10 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011146/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id\\=207716}}", "Barak's Independence party was due to run in a [legislative election](/wiki/2013_Israeli_legislative_election \"2013 Israeli legislative election\"), but decided not to in 2012, and retired from politics. Barak planned to quit since [Operation Pillar of Defense](/wiki/Operation_Pillar_of_Defense \"Operation Pillar of Defense\") but postponed it until later that year.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/23525/Default.aspx?archive\\=article\\_title \\|author\\=Ryan Jones \\|title\\=Ehud Barak drops out of Israeli politics \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Israel HaYom\\|Israel Today]] \\|date\\=26 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022133959/http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/23525/Default.aspx?archive\\=article\\_title \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2013}}", "Barak stated during an American television interview that he would \"probably\" strive for nuclear weapons if he were in Iran's position, adding \"I don't delude myself that they are doing it just because of Israel\". This comment has been criticized and compared to Barak's comment in 1998 during a television interview when he said that if he were a Palestinian he would probably have joined one of the terror organizations.{{cite news\\|title\\=Barak criticized over Iran comments \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/premium/loginpage?destination\\=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/barak\\-criticised\\-over\\-iran\\-comments\\-1\\.13168}}", "In 2023 it was revealed that Barak had visited [Jeffrey Epstein](/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein \"Jeffrey Epstein\") around 30 times from 2013 to 2017 and had also flown on his jet, having first met Epstein in 2003\\. Barak denied any wrongdoing.{{cite news \\|last\\=ToI Staff \\|last2\\=JTA \\|author\\-link2\\=Jewish Telegraphic Agency \\|date\\=4 May 2023 \\|title\\=Ehud Barak met with Jeffrey Epstein dozens of times, flew on private plane — report \\|url\\=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ehud\\-barak\\-met\\-with\\-jeffrey\\-epstein\\-dozens\\-of\\-times\\-flew\\-on\\-private\\-plane\\-report/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of Israel]] \\|issue\\= \\|postscript\\=. JTA article: Lapin, Andrew. Noam Chomsky, Ehud Barak, Leon Botstein and a Rothschild are among the names on Jeffrey Epstein’s newly uncovered calendar. May 1, 2023\\. www.jta.org/2023/05/01/united\\-states/noam\\-chomsky\\-ehud\\-barak\\-leon\\-botstein\\-and\\-a\\-rothschild\\-are\\-among\\-the\\-names\\-on\\-jeffrey\\-epsteins\\-newly\\-uncovered\\-calendar}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Noam Chomsky, Ehud Barak and Woody Allen all met with Epstein after conviction \\|url\\=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/noam\\-chomsky\\-ehud\\-barak\\-and\\-woody\\-allen\\-all\\-met\\-with\\-epstein\\-after\\-conviction\\-vocm1y6d \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Jewish Chronicle]] \\|date\\=2 May 2023}}", "#### Return to political life", "On 26 June 2019, Barak announced his return to politics and his intention to form a new party named the [Israel Democratic Party](/wiki/Israel_Democratic_Party \"Israel Democratic Party\"), intending to challenge Netanyahu in the [September 2019 Israeli legislative election](/wiki/September_2019_Israeli_legislative_election \"September 2019 Israeli legislative election\"). The party ran with Meretz and other parties in the [Democratic Union](/wiki/Democratic_Union_%28Israel%29 \"Democratic Union (Israel)\") alliance, which received five seats. Barak himself did not enter the Knesset.", "" ]
The current church building --------------------------- ### The Basilica of the Mariä Geburt In the fourteenth century, a [gothic](/wiki/Gothic_%28architecture%29 "Gothic (architecture)") church stood at Mariazell with a 90 m high spire and an [ogive](/wiki/Ogive "Ogive") portal. In 1420 and 1474, the church was destroyed by fire. The church building was later expanded and redesigned in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture "Baroque architecture") style by [Domenico Sciassia](/wiki/Domenico_Sciassia "Domenico Sciassia") from 1644 to 1683\. To the left and right of the gothic spire, a baroque tower was built, the nave was lengthened and widened, and a dome was added on the eastern side. The high altar, consecrated in 1704, was designed by [Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach](/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach "Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach"). The twelve side chapels each contain a baroque altar. The plaster stucco work of the organ gallery and the 1737 organ console was created by the [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") sculptor [Johann Wagner](/wiki/Johann_Wagner "Johann Wagner") in 1740\. In front of the main entrance are two life\-sized lead statues created by [Balthasar Moll](/wiki/Balthasar_Moll "Balthasar Moll") in 1757\. To the left stands [King Ludwig I](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary "Louis I of Hungary") of [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") and to the right is [Heinrich](/wiki/Vladislaus_III_Henry_of_Bohemia "Vladislaus III Henry of Bohemia"), [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave "Margrave") of [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia"). In 1907, the [pilgrimage church](/wiki/Pilgrimage_church "Pilgrimage church") was elevated to a [basilica minor](/wiki/Basilica%23Minor_basilicas "Basilica#Minor basilicas"). The basilica has been undergoing a general restoration since 1992, which was completed in 2007\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.basilika\-mariazell.at/site/de/freundunterstuetzer/eheminitiativen\|title \= Ehemalige Initiativen}} ### Holy image and chapel The older part of the building, built in 1690, contains the Gnadenkapelle. This chapel sits on the site of the first "cell" and holds a Late [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_art "Romanesque art") miraculous image of the Virgin Mary \- the "Magna Mater Austria", a 48 cm tall statuette made of [linden](/wiki/Tilia "Tilia"). The miraculous image receives an elaborately designed merciful dress every year. The more than 150 dresses can either be viewed in the treasury or are carefully conserved. Many clothes were donated as [votive offerings](/wiki/Votive_offering "Votive offering") or by wealthy people. The design of a mercy dress is still considered a great honor today.
[ "The current church building\n---------------------------", "### The Basilica of the Mariä Geburt", "In the fourteenth century, a [gothic](/wiki/Gothic_%28architecture%29 \"Gothic (architecture)\") church stood at Mariazell with a 90 m high spire and an [ogive](/wiki/Ogive \"Ogive\") portal. In 1420 and 1474, the church was destroyed by fire. The church building was later expanded and redesigned in the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture \"Baroque architecture\") style by [Domenico Sciassia](/wiki/Domenico_Sciassia \"Domenico Sciassia\") from 1644 to 1683\\. To the left and right of the gothic spire, a baroque tower was built, the nave was lengthened and widened, and a dome was added on the eastern side. The high altar, consecrated in 1704, was designed by [Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach](/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach \"Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach\").", "The twelve side chapels each contain a baroque altar. The plaster stucco work of the organ gallery and the 1737 organ console was created by the [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") sculptor [Johann Wagner](/wiki/Johann_Wagner \"Johann Wagner\") in 1740\\.", "In front of the main entrance are two life\\-sized lead statues created by [Balthasar Moll](/wiki/Balthasar_Moll \"Balthasar Moll\") in 1757\\. To the left stands [King Ludwig I](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary \"Louis I of Hungary\") of [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") and to the right is [Heinrich](/wiki/Vladislaus_III_Henry_of_Bohemia \"Vladislaus III Henry of Bohemia\"), [Margrave](/wiki/Margrave \"Margrave\") of [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\").", "In 1907, the [pilgrimage church](/wiki/Pilgrimage_church \"Pilgrimage church\") was elevated to a [basilica minor](/wiki/Basilica%23Minor_basilicas \"Basilica#Minor basilicas\").", "The basilica has been undergoing a general restoration since 1992, which was completed in 2007\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.basilika\\-mariazell.at/site/de/freundunterstuetzer/eheminitiativen\\|title \\= Ehemalige Initiativen}}", "### Holy image and chapel", "The older part of the building, built in 1690, contains the Gnadenkapelle. This chapel sits on the site of the first \"cell\" and holds a Late [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_art \"Romanesque art\") miraculous image of the Virgin Mary \\- the \"Magna Mater Austria\", a 48 cm tall statuette made of [linden](/wiki/Tilia \"Tilia\"). The miraculous image receives an elaborately designed merciful dress every year. The more than 150 dresses can either be viewed in the treasury or are carefully conserved. Many clothes were donated as [votive offerings](/wiki/Votive_offering \"Votive offering\") or by wealthy people. The design of a mercy dress is still considered a great honor today.", "" ]
Second World War ---------------- In September 1939, *Malcolm* was deployed as leader of the [16th Destroyer Flotilla](/wiki/16th_Destroyer_Flotilla "16th Destroyer Flotilla"), based at Portsmouth and on antisubmarine patrol of the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel "English Channel") and [Southwest Approaches](/wiki/Southwest_Approaches "Southwest Approaches"). She stayed in this role until May 1940, when she was transferred to Dover Command to assist with the evacuation of the Netherlands. On 14 May 1940, she helped to transfer the Navy attaché Admiral Sir [Gerald Charles Dickens](/wiki/Gerald_Charles_Dickens "Gerald Charles Dickens") and two Dutch radar researchers (J.L.C.W Von Weiler and M. Staal) from [Scheveningen](/wiki/Scheveningen "Scheveningen") to [the Hook](/wiki/Hook_of_Holland "Hook of Holland"), where they were transferred to {{HMS\|Wessex}}. On 15 May 1940, she was deployed as part of *Operation Ordnance* off [the Hook](/wiki/Hook_of_Holland "Hook of Holland") in South Holland. From 26 May to 4 June she assisted in [the evacuation of Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation "Dunkirk evacuation"), making eight runs between [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk") and England. The ship's then commander, [Sir Thomas Halsey](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Halsey%2C_3rd_Baronet "Sir Thomas Halsey, 3rd Baronet"), was appointed a [Companion of the Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order") on 7 June 1940 "for good services in the withdrawal of the Allied Armies from the beaches at Dunkirk". {{London Gazette\|issue\=34867\|supp\=y\|page\=3500\|date\=7 June 1940}} In July, *Malcolm* was reassigned to anti\-invasion patrol with {{HMS\|Cardiff\|D58\|6}}. On 14 August 1940, *Malcolm* and {{HMS\|Verity\|D63\|6}} were attacked by six [Kriegsmarine](/wiki/Kriegsmarine "Kriegsmarine") [trawlers](/wiki/Naval_trawler "Naval trawler") and three [E\-boats](/wiki/E-boats "E-boats"). One E\-boat and one trawler were sunk in the engagement. On 10 September 1940, she attacked invasion barges in [Ostend](/wiki/Ostend "Ostend") with {{HMS\|Wild Swan\|D62\|6}} and {{HMS\|Veteran\|D72\|6}}. A few days later, the same three ships shelled [Boulogne](/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer "Boulogne-sur-Mer") in a sweep along the French coast. At the end of the year, she was deployed to the [Western Approaches](/wiki/Western_Approaches "Western Approaches") Escort Force for [Atlantic convoy defence](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic "Battle of the Atlantic"). In this role *Malcolm* was engaged in all the duties performed by escort ships; protecting convoys, searching for and attacking U\-boats which attacked ships in convoy and rescuing survivors. In twelve months service *Malcolm* escorted 29 Atlantic and 3 Gibraltar convoys, of which 10 were attacked and she was involved in two major convoy battles. In February 1941 *Malcolm* joined the newly formed 8th Escort Group as senior ship, her captain, Cdr C D Howard–Johnston, being Senior Officer Escort (SOE).Blair p 286 On 10 May, *Malcolm* rescued the eleven survivors from {{SS\|Empire Caribou\|\|2}}, which had been [torpedoed](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo") and sunk by {{GS\|U\-556\|\|2}}. They were later landed at [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk "Reykjavík").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/916\.html \|title\=Empire Caribou \|publisher\=Uboat \|access\-date\=11 March 2010}} [thumb\|left\|Typical escort duty; ship under attack from U\-boats](/wiki/File:Torpedoed_merchant_ship.jpg "Torpedoed merchant ship.jpg") [thumb\|left\|Typical escort duty: attacking a U\-boat contact](/wiki/File:HMS_Ceylon_depth_charge.jpg "HMS Ceylon depth charge.jpg") In May convoy HX 126 came under attack, losing 6 ships; *Malcolm* and 8 EG were sent as reinforcement, repelling further attacks and preventing further losses. During the action {{GS\|U\-74\|1940\|2}} was badly damaged and forced to return to base. In June 1941 *Malcolm* and her group were assigned to HX 133, which had lost five ships in one night. Over the next four days the group fought off further attacks, and on 29 June 1941, *Malcolm* helped to sink the German U\-boat {{GS\|U\-651\|\|2}}.Blair p313 45 of her crew were later rescued and interrogated by the [Admiralty](/wiki/British_Admiralty "British Admiralty"). On 3 February 1942, she collided with the {{sclass2\|Town\|destroyer\|1}} [HMS *Burnham*](/wiki/USS_Aulick_%28DD-258%29 "USS Aulick (DD-258)"). Neither ship was badly damaged and both continued in their convoy defence roles. On 11 August 1942, she was transferred to [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") and assigned to escort the aircraft carrier {{HMS\|Furious\|47\|2}} from Malta after delivering [Spitfires](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire "Supermarine Spitfire") to the [besieged island](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%28World_War_II%29 "Siege of Malta (World War II)"). Whilst escorting the carrier, on 12 August, she came under attack by the {{ship\|Italian submarine\|Dagabur}}. The submarine was later rammed and destroyed by {{HMS\|Wolverine\|D78\|6}}. On 7 September her next escort duty was the [Arctic convoy](/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II "Arctic convoys of World War II") [PQ 18](/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18 "Convoy PQ 18") to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") in which she was leader of the close escort. She arrived in [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk "Arkhangelsk") on 21 September 1942 after a seven\-day running battle, in which 13 ships were sunk, while 3 U\-boats were destroyed and 40 aircraft claimed shot down. In October she was in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") to have extra armour plating added to her bridge and bow in preparation for the invasion of [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa"). On 8 November 1942 *Malcolm* and {{HMS\|Broke\|D83\|6}} were part of [Operation Terminal](/wiki/Operation_Terminal "Operation Terminal"): an [amphibious assault](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare "Amphibious warfare") on the port of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers"). It was hoped, and expected by some of the operation's planners, that the [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_France "Vichy France") would choose not to fire on the approaching British ships, but they were proved wrong when the shore batteries opened up on both ships. *Malcolm* tried to break through the boom but was hit and severely damaged by a shell fired from the shore. Ten of her crew were killed, many more were injured and three of her four boilers were extinguished, cutting her speed to {{convert\|4\|kn}}. She was forced to retreat and played no further part in the operation. Although the operation did not go well, the main objective to take Algiers Harbour, before it could be destroyed, was achieved. *Malcolm* was repaired and returned in her convoy escorting role on 22 January 1943, escorting convoys in the [South Atlantic](/wiki/South_Atlantic "South Atlantic") from [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown "Freetown") to Gibraltar. Between 30 June and 24 August *Malcolm* was at Southampton for engine and general repairs. On 4 October *Malcolm* was deployed at [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown "Freetown") for convoy defence. In August 1944 she left Freetown and was deployed at Gibraltar for convoy defence until 11 June 1945\. On 14 June 1945 she arrived in Plymouth, at the end of July she arrived in tow at Barrow Breakers' Yard. ### Convoys escorted HMS *Malcolm* escorted the following convoys during the war. KJ 002, FS 238, OB 236, HX 082, OB 239, OB 245, HX 85/1, OG 50, HG 50, OB 283, [HX 106](/wiki/Convoy_HX_106 "Convoy HX 106"), OB 289, HX 109, OG 58, OB 311, HX 121, SC 29, HX 124, HX 126, HX 128, OB 338, HX 133, OB 344, ON 1, HX 140, ON 6, HX 143, ON 11, SC 41, ON 16, HX 149, ON 23, HX 153, ON 30, SC 51, [PQ 18](/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18 "Convoy PQ 18"), KX 4A, KMF 1, TS 40F, SR 5/1, CG 37, KMF 24, MKF 24, RS 10, SR 6/1, RS 11, SR 7/1, RS 12, SR 8, SR 9, RS 14, SR 10, RS 15, SR 12, RS 16, SR 13, RS 17, STL 23, STL 26, LTS 27 and MKF 41\.
[ "Second World War\n----------------", "In September 1939, *Malcolm* was deployed as leader of the [16th Destroyer Flotilla](/wiki/16th_Destroyer_Flotilla \"16th Destroyer Flotilla\"), based at Portsmouth and on antisubmarine patrol of the [English Channel](/wiki/English_Channel \"English Channel\") and [Southwest Approaches](/wiki/Southwest_Approaches \"Southwest Approaches\"). She stayed in this role until May 1940, when she was transferred to Dover Command to assist with the evacuation of the Netherlands.", "On 14 May 1940, she helped to transfer the Navy attaché Admiral Sir [Gerald Charles Dickens](/wiki/Gerald_Charles_Dickens \"Gerald Charles Dickens\") and two Dutch radar researchers (J.L.C.W Von Weiler and M. Staal) from [Scheveningen](/wiki/Scheveningen \"Scheveningen\") to [the Hook](/wiki/Hook_of_Holland \"Hook of Holland\"), where they were transferred to {{HMS\\|Wessex}}. On 15 May 1940, she was deployed as part of *Operation Ordnance* off [the Hook](/wiki/Hook_of_Holland \"Hook of Holland\") in South Holland. From 26 May to 4 June she assisted in [the evacuation of Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation \"Dunkirk evacuation\"), making eight runs between [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\") and England. The ship's then commander, [Sir Thomas Halsey](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Halsey%2C_3rd_Baronet \"Sir Thomas Halsey, 3rd Baronet\"), was appointed a [Companion of the Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") on 7 June 1940 \"for good services in the withdrawal of the Allied Armies from the beaches at Dunkirk\".\n{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=34867\\|supp\\=y\\|page\\=3500\\|date\\=7 June 1940}}\nIn July, *Malcolm* was reassigned to anti\\-invasion patrol with {{HMS\\|Cardiff\\|D58\\|6}}. On 14 August 1940, *Malcolm* and {{HMS\\|Verity\\|D63\\|6}} were attacked by six [Kriegsmarine](/wiki/Kriegsmarine \"Kriegsmarine\") [trawlers](/wiki/Naval_trawler \"Naval trawler\") and three [E\\-boats](/wiki/E-boats \"E-boats\"). One E\\-boat and one trawler were sunk in the engagement. On 10 September 1940, she attacked invasion barges in [Ostend](/wiki/Ostend \"Ostend\") with {{HMS\\|Wild Swan\\|D62\\|6}} and {{HMS\\|Veteran\\|D72\\|6}}. A few days later, the same three ships shelled [Boulogne](/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer \"Boulogne-sur-Mer\") in a sweep along the French coast. At the end of the year, she was deployed to the [Western Approaches](/wiki/Western_Approaches \"Western Approaches\") Escort Force for [Atlantic convoy defence](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic \"Battle of the Atlantic\"). In this role *Malcolm* was engaged in all the duties performed by escort ships; protecting convoys, searching for and attacking U\\-boats which attacked ships in convoy and rescuing survivors. In twelve months service *Malcolm* escorted 29 Atlantic and 3 Gibraltar convoys, of which 10 were attacked and she was involved in two major convoy battles. In February 1941 *Malcolm* joined the newly formed 8th Escort Group as senior ship, her captain, Cdr C D Howard–Johnston, being Senior Officer Escort (SOE).Blair p 286 On 10 May, *Malcolm* rescued the eleven survivors from {{SS\\|Empire Caribou\\|\\|2}}, which had been [torpedoed](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\") and sunk by {{GS\\|U\\-556\\|\\|2}}. They were later landed at [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk \"Reykjavík\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/916\\.html \\|title\\=Empire Caribou \\|publisher\\=Uboat \\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2010}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Typical escort duty; ship under attack from U\\-boats](/wiki/File:Torpedoed_merchant_ship.jpg \"Torpedoed merchant ship.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Typical escort duty: attacking a U\\-boat contact](/wiki/File:HMS_Ceylon_depth_charge.jpg \"HMS Ceylon depth charge.jpg\")", "In May convoy HX 126 came under attack, losing 6 ships; *Malcolm* and 8 EG were sent as reinforcement, repelling further attacks and preventing further losses. During the action {{GS\\|U\\-74\\|1940\\|2}} was badly damaged and forced to return to base. In June 1941 *Malcolm* and her group were assigned to HX 133, which had lost five ships in one night. Over the next four days the group fought off further attacks, and on 29 June 1941, *Malcolm* helped to sink the German U\\-boat {{GS\\|U\\-651\\|\\|2}}.Blair p313 45 of her crew were later rescued and interrogated by the [Admiralty](/wiki/British_Admiralty \"British Admiralty\").", "On 3 February 1942, she collided with the {{sclass2\\|Town\\|destroyer\\|1}} [HMS *Burnham*](/wiki/USS_Aulick_%28DD-258%29 \"USS Aulick (DD-258)\"). Neither ship was badly damaged and both continued in their convoy defence roles. On 11 August 1942, she was transferred to [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") and assigned to escort the aircraft carrier {{HMS\\|Furious\\|47\\|2}} from Malta after delivering [Spitfires](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire \"Supermarine Spitfire\") to the [besieged island](/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_%28World_War_II%29 \"Siege of Malta (World War II)\"). Whilst escorting the carrier, on 12 August, she came under attack by the {{ship\\|Italian submarine\\|Dagabur}}. The submarine was later rammed and destroyed by {{HMS\\|Wolverine\\|D78\\|6}}. On 7 September her next escort duty was the [Arctic convoy](/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II \"Arctic convoys of World War II\") [PQ 18](/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18 \"Convoy PQ 18\") to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") in which she was leader of the close escort. She arrived in [Arkhangelsk](/wiki/Arkhangelsk \"Arkhangelsk\") on 21 September 1942 after a seven\\-day running battle, in which 13 ships were sunk, while 3 U\\-boats were destroyed and 40 aircraft claimed shot down. In October she was in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") to have extra armour plating added to her bridge and bow in preparation for the invasion of [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\").", "On 8 November 1942 *Malcolm* and {{HMS\\|Broke\\|D83\\|6}} were part of [Operation Terminal](/wiki/Operation_Terminal \"Operation Terminal\"): an [amphibious assault](/wiki/Amphibious_warfare \"Amphibious warfare\") on the port of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\"). It was hoped, and expected by some of the operation's planners, that the [Vichy French](/wiki/Vichy_France \"Vichy France\") would choose not to fire on the approaching British ships, but they were proved wrong when the shore batteries opened up on both ships. *Malcolm* tried to break through the boom but was hit and severely damaged by a shell fired from the shore. Ten of her crew were killed, many more were injured and three of her four boilers were extinguished, cutting her speed to {{convert\\|4\\|kn}}. She was forced to retreat and played no further part in the operation. Although the operation did not go well, the main objective to take Algiers Harbour, before it could be destroyed, was achieved.", "*Malcolm* was repaired and returned in her convoy escorting role on 22 January 1943, escorting convoys in the [South Atlantic](/wiki/South_Atlantic \"South Atlantic\") from [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown \"Freetown\") to Gibraltar. Between 30 June and 24 August *Malcolm* was at Southampton for engine and general repairs. On 4 October *Malcolm* was deployed at [Freetown](/wiki/Freetown \"Freetown\") for convoy defence. In August 1944 she left Freetown and was deployed at Gibraltar for convoy defence until 11 June 1945\\. On 14 June 1945 she arrived in Plymouth, at the end of July she arrived in tow at Barrow Breakers' Yard.", "### Convoys escorted", "HMS *Malcolm* escorted the following convoys during the war.", "KJ 002, FS 238, OB 236, HX 082, OB 239, OB 245, HX 85/1, OG 50, HG 50, OB 283, [HX 106](/wiki/Convoy_HX_106 \"Convoy HX 106\"), OB 289, HX 109, OG 58, OB 311, HX 121, SC 29, HX 124, HX 126, HX 128, OB 338, HX 133, OB 344, ON 1, HX 140, ON 6, HX 143, ON 11, SC 41, ON 16, HX 149, ON 23, HX 153, ON 30, SC 51, [PQ 18](/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18 \"Convoy PQ 18\"), KX 4A, KMF 1, TS 40F, SR 5/1, CG 37, KMF 24, MKF 24, RS 10, SR 6/1, RS 11, SR 7/1, RS 12, SR 8, SR 9, RS 14, SR 10, RS 15, SR 12, RS 16, SR 13, RS 17, STL 23, STL 26, LTS 27 and MKF 41\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Historical past It is likely that the area around Sigiriya was inhabited since prehistoric times. There is clear evidence that the many rock shelters and caves in the vicinity were occupied by [Buddhist monks](/wiki/Buddhist_monk "Buddhist monk") and ascetics from as early as the 3rd century BC. The earliest evidence of human habitation at Sigiriya is the Aligala rock shelter to the east of Sigiriya rock, indicating that the area was occupied circa 3000 BC during the [Mesolithic Period](/wiki/Mesolithic_Period "Mesolithic Period"). Buddhist monastic settlements were established during the 3rd century BC in the western and northern slopes of the boulder\-strewn hills surrounding the Sigiriya rock. Several rock shelters or caves were created during this period. These shelters were made under large boulders, with carved drip ledges around the cave mouths. [Rock inscriptions](/wiki/Epigraphy "Epigraphy") are carved near the drip ledges on many of the shelters, recording the donation of the shelters to the Buddhist monastic order as residences. These were made in the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD. In 477 AD, [Kashyapa I](/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura "Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura"), the king’s son by a non\-royal consort, seized the throne from King [Dhatusena](/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Anuradhapura "Dhatusena of Anuradhapura"), following a coup assisted by Migara, the King’s nephew and army commander. The rightful heir, [Moggallana](/wiki/Moggallana_I_of_Anuradhapura "Moggallana I of Anuradhapura"), fearing for his life, fled to [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India"). Afraid of an attack by Moggallana, Kashyapa moved the capital and his residence from the traditional capital of [Anuradhapura](/wiki/Anuradhapura "Anuradhapura") to the more secure Sigiriya. During King Kashyapa’s reign (477–495 AD), Sigiriya was developed into a complex city and fortress. Most of the elaborate constructions on the rock summit and around it, including defensive structures, palaces, and gardens, date from this period. The *[Cūḷavaṃsa](/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa "Cūḷavaṃsa")* describes King Kashyapa as the son of King Dhatusena. Kashyapa murdered his father by [walling him up alive](/wiki/Immurement "Immurement") and then usurping the throne which rightfully belonged to his half\-brother Moggallana, Dhatusena's son by the true queen. Moggallana fled to [India](/wiki/India "India") to escape being assassinated by Kashyapa, but vowed revenge. In India he raised an army with the intention of returning and retaking the throne of Sri Lanka, which he considered to be rightfully his. Expecting the inevitable return of Moggallana, Kashyapa is said to have built his palace on the summit of Sigiriya as a fortress as well as a pleasure palace. Moggallana finally arrived, declared war, and defeated Kashyapa in 495 AD. During the battle Kashyapa's armies abandoned him and he committed suicide by falling on his sword. The *Cūḷavaṃsa* and folklore inform us that the [battle elephant](/wiki/Battle_elephant "Battle elephant") on which Kashyapa was mounted changed course to take a strategic advantage, but the army misinterpreted the movement as the king's having opted to retreat, prompting the army to abandon him altogether. It is said that being too proud to surrender he took his dagger from his waistband, cut his throat, raised the dagger proudly, sheathed it, and fell dead. Moggallana returned the capital to Anuradhapura, converting Sigiriya into a Buddhist monastery complex,{{cite book \| last \=Geiger\| first\= Wilhelm\| title\= Culavamsa Being The More Recent Part Of Mahavamsa \| volume\=2\| chapter\= Chapter 39\| year\= 1929\| publisher \=}} which survived until the 13th or 14th century. After this period, no records are found on Sigiriya until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was used briefly as an outpost of the [Kingdom of Kandy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy "Kingdom of Kandy"). [left\|thumb\|450px\|Sigiriya Rock from above](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg "Sigiriya Luftbild (29781064900).jpg") Alternative stories have the primary builder of Sigiriya as King Dhatusena, with Kashyapa finishing the work in honour of his father. Still other stories describe Kashyapa as a playboy king, with Sigiriya his pleasure palace. Even Kashyapa's eventual fate is uncertain. In some versions he is assassinated by poison administered by a concubine; in others he cuts his own throat when deserted in his final battle.{{cite web \| title \= The Sigiriya Story \| publisher \= \| work\= Asian Tribune \| via\= whc.unesco.org \| url \= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202 \| access\-date \= 2006\-11\-24}} Still further interpretations regard the site as the work of a Buddhist community, without a military function. This site may have been important in the competition between the [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana") and [Theravada](/wiki/Theravada "Theravada") Buddhist traditions in ancient Sri Lanka. In Professor [Senarath Paranavithana](/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana "Senarath Paranavithana")'s book *The Story of Sigiri*, King Dathusena is said to have taken the advice of the Persian Nestorian Priest Maga Brahmana on building his palace on Sigirya. According to Paranavithana, during this period over 75 ships carrying Murundi soldiers from Mangalore arrived in Sri Lanka and landed in Chilaw to protect King Dathusena, most of them Christians. King Dathusena's daughter was married to Migara, a Christian and the commander of the Singhalese army.{{cite book \|last1\=Pinto \|first1\=Leonard \|title\=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations \|date\= July 14, 2015 \|publisher\=Balboa Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1452528632 \|pages\= 55–57 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ifVMCgAAQBAJ\&dq\=senarath\+paranavithana\&pg\=PT88}} {{cite news \|last1\=Weerakoon \|first1\=Rajitha \|title\=Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka? \|url\=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110626/Plus/plus\_07\.html \|access\-date\=August 6, 2021 \|work\=Sunday Times \|publisher\= Wijeya Newspapers Ltd.\| place\= Colombo \|date\= June 26, 2011}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Historical past", "It is likely that the area around Sigiriya was inhabited since prehistoric times. There is clear evidence that the many rock shelters and caves in the vicinity were occupied by [Buddhist monks](/wiki/Buddhist_monk \"Buddhist monk\") and ascetics from as early as the 3rd century BC. The earliest evidence of human habitation at Sigiriya is the Aligala rock shelter to the east of Sigiriya rock, indicating that the area was occupied circa 3000 BC during the [Mesolithic Period](/wiki/Mesolithic_Period \"Mesolithic Period\").", "Buddhist monastic settlements were established during the 3rd century BC in the western and northern slopes of the boulder\\-strewn hills surrounding the Sigiriya rock. Several rock shelters or caves were created during this period. These shelters were made under large boulders, with carved drip ledges around the cave mouths. [Rock inscriptions](/wiki/Epigraphy \"Epigraphy\") are carved near the drip ledges on many of the shelters, recording the donation of the shelters to the Buddhist monastic order as residences. These were made in the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD.", "In 477 AD, [Kashyapa I](/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura \"Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura\"), the king’s son by a non\\-royal consort, seized the throne from King [Dhatusena](/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Anuradhapura \"Dhatusena of Anuradhapura\"), following a coup assisted by Migara, the King’s nephew and army commander. The rightful heir, [Moggallana](/wiki/Moggallana_I_of_Anuradhapura \"Moggallana I of Anuradhapura\"), fearing for his life, fled to [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\"). Afraid of an attack by Moggallana, Kashyapa moved the capital and his residence from the traditional capital of [Anuradhapura](/wiki/Anuradhapura \"Anuradhapura\") to the more secure Sigiriya. During King Kashyapa’s reign (477–495 AD), Sigiriya was developed into a complex city and fortress. Most of the elaborate constructions on the rock summit and around it, including defensive structures, palaces, and gardens, date from this period.", "The *[Cūḷavaṃsa](/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa \"Cūḷavaṃsa\")* describes King Kashyapa as the son of King Dhatusena. Kashyapa murdered his father by [walling him up alive](/wiki/Immurement \"Immurement\") and then usurping the throne which rightfully belonged to his half\\-brother Moggallana, Dhatusena's son by the true queen. Moggallana fled to [India](/wiki/India \"India\") to escape being assassinated by Kashyapa, but vowed revenge. In India he raised an army with the intention of returning and retaking the throne of Sri Lanka, which he considered to be rightfully his. Expecting the inevitable return of Moggallana, Kashyapa is said to have built his palace on the summit of Sigiriya as a fortress as well as a pleasure palace. Moggallana finally arrived, declared war, and defeated Kashyapa in 495 AD. During the battle Kashyapa's armies abandoned him and he committed suicide by falling on his sword.", "The *Cūḷavaṃsa* and folklore inform us that the [battle elephant](/wiki/Battle_elephant \"Battle elephant\") on which Kashyapa was mounted changed course to take a strategic advantage, but the army misinterpreted the movement as the king's having opted to retreat, prompting the army to abandon him altogether. It is said that being too proud to surrender he took his dagger from his waistband, cut his throat, raised the dagger proudly, sheathed it, and fell dead. Moggallana returned the capital to Anuradhapura, converting Sigiriya into a Buddhist monastery complex,{{cite book \\| last \\=Geiger\\| first\\= Wilhelm\\| title\\= Culavamsa Being The More Recent Part Of Mahavamsa \\| volume\\=2\\| chapter\\= Chapter 39\\| year\\= 1929\\| publisher \\=}} which survived until the 13th or 14th century. After this period, no records are found on Sigiriya until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was used briefly as an outpost of the [Kingdom of Kandy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy \"Kingdom of Kandy\").\n[left\\|thumb\\|450px\\|Sigiriya Rock from above](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg \"Sigiriya Luftbild (29781064900).jpg\")", "Alternative stories have the primary builder of Sigiriya as King Dhatusena, with Kashyapa finishing the work in honour of his father. Still other stories describe Kashyapa as a playboy king, with Sigiriya his pleasure palace. Even Kashyapa's eventual fate is uncertain. In some versions he is assassinated by poison administered by a concubine; in others he cuts his own throat when deserted in his final battle.{{cite web \\| title \\= The Sigiriya Story \\| publisher \\= \\| work\\= Asian Tribune \\| via\\= whc.unesco.org \\| url \\= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202 \\| access\\-date \\= 2006\\-11\\-24}} Still further interpretations regard the site as the work of a Buddhist community, without a military function. This site may have been important in the competition between the [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\") and [Theravada](/wiki/Theravada \"Theravada\") Buddhist traditions in ancient Sri Lanka.", "In Professor [Senarath Paranavithana](/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana \"Senarath Paranavithana\")'s book *The Story of Sigiri*, King Dathusena is said to have taken the advice of the Persian Nestorian Priest Maga Brahmana on building his palace on Sigirya. According to Paranavithana, during this period over 75 ships carrying Murundi soldiers from Mangalore arrived in Sri Lanka and landed in Chilaw to protect King Dathusena, most of them Christians. King Dathusena's daughter was married to Migara, a Christian and the commander of the Singhalese army.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Pinto \\|first1\\=Leonard \\|title\\=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations \\|date\\= July 14, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Balboa Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1452528632 \\|pages\\= 55–57 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ifVMCgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=senarath\\+paranavithana\\&pg\\=PT88}} {{cite news \\|last1\\=Weerakoon \\|first1\\=Rajitha \\|title\\=Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka? \\|url\\=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110626/Plus/plus\\_07\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2021 \\|work\\=Sunday Times \\|publisher\\= Wijeya Newspapers Ltd.\\| place\\= Colombo \\|date\\= June 26, 2011}}", "" ]
### Historical past It is likely that the area around Sigiriya was inhabited since prehistoric times. There is clear evidence that the many rock shelters and caves in the vicinity were occupied by [Buddhist monks](/wiki/Buddhist_monk "Buddhist monk") and ascetics from as early as the 3rd century BC. The earliest evidence of human habitation at Sigiriya is the Aligala rock shelter to the east of Sigiriya rock, indicating that the area was occupied circa 3000 BC during the [Mesolithic Period](/wiki/Mesolithic_Period "Mesolithic Period"). Buddhist monastic settlements were established during the 3rd century BC in the western and northern slopes of the boulder\-strewn hills surrounding the Sigiriya rock. Several rock shelters or caves were created during this period. These shelters were made under large boulders, with carved drip ledges around the cave mouths. [Rock inscriptions](/wiki/Epigraphy "Epigraphy") are carved near the drip ledges on many of the shelters, recording the donation of the shelters to the Buddhist monastic order as residences. These were made in the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD. In 477 AD, [Kashyapa I](/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura "Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura"), the king’s son by a non\-royal consort, seized the throne from King [Dhatusena](/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Anuradhapura "Dhatusena of Anuradhapura"), following a coup assisted by Migara, the King’s nephew and army commander. The rightful heir, [Moggallana](/wiki/Moggallana_I_of_Anuradhapura "Moggallana I of Anuradhapura"), fearing for his life, fled to [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India"). Afraid of an attack by Moggallana, Kashyapa moved the capital and his residence from the traditional capital of [Anuradhapura](/wiki/Anuradhapura "Anuradhapura") to the more secure Sigiriya. During King Kashyapa’s reign (477–495 AD), Sigiriya was developed into a complex city and fortress. Most of the elaborate constructions on the rock summit and around it, including defensive structures, palaces, and gardens, date from this period. The *[Cūḷavaṃsa](/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa "Cūḷavaṃsa")* describes King Kashyapa as the son of King Dhatusena. Kashyapa murdered his father by [walling him up alive](/wiki/Immurement "Immurement") and then usurping the throne which rightfully belonged to his half\-brother Moggallana, Dhatusena's son by the true queen. Moggallana fled to [India](/wiki/India "India") to escape being assassinated by Kashyapa, but vowed revenge. In India he raised an army with the intention of returning and retaking the throne of Sri Lanka, which he considered to be rightfully his. Expecting the inevitable return of Moggallana, Kashyapa is said to have built his palace on the summit of Sigiriya as a fortress as well as a pleasure palace. Moggallana finally arrived, declared war, and defeated Kashyapa in 495 AD. During the battle Kashyapa's armies abandoned him and he committed suicide by falling on his sword. The *Cūḷavaṃsa* and folklore inform us that the [battle elephant](/wiki/Battle_elephant "Battle elephant") on which Kashyapa was mounted changed course to take a strategic advantage, but the army misinterpreted the movement as the king's having opted to retreat, prompting the army to abandon him altogether. It is said that being too proud to surrender he took his dagger from his waistband, cut his throat, raised the dagger proudly, sheathed it, and fell dead. Moggallana returned the capital to Anuradhapura, converting Sigiriya into a Buddhist monastery complex,{{cite book \| last \=Geiger\| first\= Wilhelm\| title\= Culavamsa Being The More Recent Part Of Mahavamsa \| volume\=2\| chapter\= Chapter 39\| year\= 1929\| publisher \=}} which survived until the 13th or 14th century. After this period, no records are found on Sigiriya until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was used briefly as an outpost of the [Kingdom of Kandy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy "Kingdom of Kandy"). [left\|thumb\|450px\|Sigiriya Rock from above](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg "Sigiriya Luftbild (29781064900).jpg") Alternative stories have the primary builder of Sigiriya as King Dhatusena, with Kashyapa finishing the work in honour of his father. Still other stories describe Kashyapa as a playboy king, with Sigiriya his pleasure palace. Even Kashyapa's eventual fate is uncertain. In some versions he is assassinated by poison administered by a concubine; in others he cuts his own throat when deserted in his final battle.{{cite web \| title \= The Sigiriya Story \| publisher \= \| work\= Asian Tribune \| via\= whc.unesco.org \| url \= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202 \| access\-date \= 2006\-11\-24}} Still further interpretations regard the site as the work of a Buddhist community, without a military function. This site may have been important in the competition between the [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana") and [Theravada](/wiki/Theravada "Theravada") Buddhist traditions in ancient Sri Lanka. In Professor [Senarath Paranavithana](/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana "Senarath Paranavithana")'s book *The Story of Sigiri*, King Dathusena is said to have taken the advice of the Persian Nestorian Priest Maga Brahmana on building his palace on Sigirya. According to Paranavithana, during this period over 75 ships carrying Murundi soldiers from Mangalore arrived in Sri Lanka and landed in Chilaw to protect King Dathusena, most of them Christians. King Dathusena's daughter was married to Migara, a Christian and the commander of the Singhalese army.{{cite book \|last1\=Pinto \|first1\=Leonard \|title\=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations \|date\= July 14, 2015 \|publisher\=Balboa Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1452528632 \|pages\= 55–57 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ifVMCgAAQBAJ\&dq\=senarath\+paranavithana\&pg\=PT88}} {{cite news \|last1\=Weerakoon \|first1\=Rajitha \|title\=Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka? \|url\=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110626/Plus/plus\_07\.html \|access\-date\=August 6, 2021 \|work\=Sunday Times \|publisher\= Wijeya Newspapers Ltd.\| place\= Colombo \|date\= June 26, 2011}}
[ "### Historical past", "It is likely that the area around Sigiriya was inhabited since prehistoric times. There is clear evidence that the many rock shelters and caves in the vicinity were occupied by [Buddhist monks](/wiki/Buddhist_monk \"Buddhist monk\") and ascetics from as early as the 3rd century BC. The earliest evidence of human habitation at Sigiriya is the Aligala rock shelter to the east of Sigiriya rock, indicating that the area was occupied circa 3000 BC during the [Mesolithic Period](/wiki/Mesolithic_Period \"Mesolithic Period\").", "Buddhist monastic settlements were established during the 3rd century BC in the western and northern slopes of the boulder\\-strewn hills surrounding the Sigiriya rock. Several rock shelters or caves were created during this period. These shelters were made under large boulders, with carved drip ledges around the cave mouths. [Rock inscriptions](/wiki/Epigraphy \"Epigraphy\") are carved near the drip ledges on many of the shelters, recording the donation of the shelters to the Buddhist monastic order as residences. These were made in the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD.", "In 477 AD, [Kashyapa I](/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura \"Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura\"), the king’s son by a non\\-royal consort, seized the throne from King [Dhatusena](/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Anuradhapura \"Dhatusena of Anuradhapura\"), following a coup assisted by Migara, the King’s nephew and army commander. The rightful heir, [Moggallana](/wiki/Moggallana_I_of_Anuradhapura \"Moggallana I of Anuradhapura\"), fearing for his life, fled to [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\"). Afraid of an attack by Moggallana, Kashyapa moved the capital and his residence from the traditional capital of [Anuradhapura](/wiki/Anuradhapura \"Anuradhapura\") to the more secure Sigiriya. During King Kashyapa’s reign (477–495 AD), Sigiriya was developed into a complex city and fortress. Most of the elaborate constructions on the rock summit and around it, including defensive structures, palaces, and gardens, date from this period.", "The *[Cūḷavaṃsa](/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa \"Cūḷavaṃsa\")* describes King Kashyapa as the son of King Dhatusena. Kashyapa murdered his father by [walling him up alive](/wiki/Immurement \"Immurement\") and then usurping the throne which rightfully belonged to his half\\-brother Moggallana, Dhatusena's son by the true queen. Moggallana fled to [India](/wiki/India \"India\") to escape being assassinated by Kashyapa, but vowed revenge. In India he raised an army with the intention of returning and retaking the throne of Sri Lanka, which he considered to be rightfully his. Expecting the inevitable return of Moggallana, Kashyapa is said to have built his palace on the summit of Sigiriya as a fortress as well as a pleasure palace. Moggallana finally arrived, declared war, and defeated Kashyapa in 495 AD. During the battle Kashyapa's armies abandoned him and he committed suicide by falling on his sword.", "The *Cūḷavaṃsa* and folklore inform us that the [battle elephant](/wiki/Battle_elephant \"Battle elephant\") on which Kashyapa was mounted changed course to take a strategic advantage, but the army misinterpreted the movement as the king's having opted to retreat, prompting the army to abandon him altogether. It is said that being too proud to surrender he took his dagger from his waistband, cut his throat, raised the dagger proudly, sheathed it, and fell dead. Moggallana returned the capital to Anuradhapura, converting Sigiriya into a Buddhist monastery complex,{{cite book \\| last \\=Geiger\\| first\\= Wilhelm\\| title\\= Culavamsa Being The More Recent Part Of Mahavamsa \\| volume\\=2\\| chapter\\= Chapter 39\\| year\\= 1929\\| publisher \\=}} which survived until the 13th or 14th century. After this period, no records are found on Sigiriya until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was used briefly as an outpost of the [Kingdom of Kandy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy \"Kingdom of Kandy\").\n[left\\|thumb\\|450px\\|Sigiriya Rock from above](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg \"Sigiriya Luftbild (29781064900).jpg\")", "Alternative stories have the primary builder of Sigiriya as King Dhatusena, with Kashyapa finishing the work in honour of his father. Still other stories describe Kashyapa as a playboy king, with Sigiriya his pleasure palace. Even Kashyapa's eventual fate is uncertain. In some versions he is assassinated by poison administered by a concubine; in others he cuts his own throat when deserted in his final battle.{{cite web \\| title \\= The Sigiriya Story \\| publisher \\= \\| work\\= Asian Tribune \\| via\\= whc.unesco.org \\| url \\= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202 \\| access\\-date \\= 2006\\-11\\-24}} Still further interpretations regard the site as the work of a Buddhist community, without a military function. This site may have been important in the competition between the [Mahayana](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\") and [Theravada](/wiki/Theravada \"Theravada\") Buddhist traditions in ancient Sri Lanka.", "In Professor [Senarath Paranavithana](/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana \"Senarath Paranavithana\")'s book *The Story of Sigiri*, King Dathusena is said to have taken the advice of the Persian Nestorian Priest Maga Brahmana on building his palace on Sigirya. According to Paranavithana, during this period over 75 ships carrying Murundi soldiers from Mangalore arrived in Sri Lanka and landed in Chilaw to protect King Dathusena, most of them Christians. King Dathusena's daughter was married to Migara, a Christian and the commander of the Singhalese army.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Pinto \\|first1\\=Leonard \\|title\\=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations \\|date\\= July 14, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Balboa Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1452528632 \\|pages\\= 55–57 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ifVMCgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=senarath\\+paranavithana\\&pg\\=PT88}} {{cite news \\|last1\\=Weerakoon \\|first1\\=Rajitha \\|title\\=Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka? \\|url\\=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110626/Plus/plus\\_07\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 6, 2021 \\|work\\=Sunday Times \\|publisher\\= Wijeya Newspapers Ltd.\\| place\\= Colombo \\|date\\= June 26, 2011}}", "" ]
Gardens ------- The gardens of Sigiriya are among the oldest landscaped gardens in the world.{{cn\|date\=October 2023}} The gardens are divided into three distinct but linked forms: water gardens, cave and boulder gardens, and terraced gardens. ### Water gardens [thumb\|A pool in the garden complex](/wiki/File:SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg "SriLanka Sigiriya gardens.jpg") [thumb\|The gardens of Sigiriya, as seen from the summit of the Sigiriya rock](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg "Sigiriya garden from top.jpg") The water gardens are in the central section of the western precinct. Three principal gardens are found here. The first garden consists of a plot surrounded by water. It is connected to the main precinct using four causeways, with gateways placed at the head of each causeway. The second contains two long, deep pools set on either side of the path. Two shallow, serpentine streams lead to these pools. Fountains made of circular limestone plates are placed here. Underground water conduits supply water to these fountains which are still functional, especially during the rainy season. Two large islands are located on either side of the second water garden. Summer palaces are built on the flattened surfaces of these islands. Two more islands are located farther to the north and the south. These islands are built in a manner similar to the island in the first water garden. The third garden is situated on a higher level than the other two. It contains a large, octagonal pool with a raised podium on its northeast corner. The large brick and stone wall of the citadel is on the eastern edge of this garden. The water gardens are built symmetrically on an east\-west axis. The outer moat connects them on the west and the large artificial lake to the south of the Sigiriya rock. All the pools are also interlinked using an underground conduit network fed by the lake, and connected to the moats. A miniature water garden is located to the west of the first water garden, consisting of several small pools and watercourses. This recently discovered smaller garden appears to have been built after the Kashyapan period, possibly between the 10th and 13th centuries. ### Boulder gardens The boulder gardens consist of several large boulders linked by winding pathways. The gardens extend from the northern slopes to the southern slopes of the hills at the foot of Sigiris rock. Most of these boulders had a building or pavilion upon them; there are cuttings that were used as footings for brick walls and beams. They used to be pushed off from the top to attack enemies when they approached. [thumb\|Views from the top of Sigiriya rock](/wiki/File:On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg "On top of Sigirîya's Lion Rock (36399791715).jpg") ### Terraced gardens The terraced gardens are formed from the natural hill at the base of the Sigiriya rock. A series of terraces rises from the pathways of the boulder garden to the staircases on the rock. These have been created by the construction of brick walls, and are located in a roughly concentric plan around the rock. The path through the terraced gardens is formed by a limestone staircase. From this staircase, there is a covered path on the side of the rock, leading to the uppermost terrace where the lion staircase is situated. [center\|thumb\|Sigiriya as seen from the nearby [Pidurangala Rock](/wiki/Pidurangala_Vihara "Pidurangala Vihara").](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg "Sigiriya from Pidurangala 2023.jpg")
[ "Gardens\n-------", "The gardens of Sigiriya are among the oldest landscaped gardens in the world.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2023}} The gardens are divided into three distinct but linked forms: water gardens, cave and boulder gardens, and terraced gardens.", "### Water gardens", "[thumb\\|A pool in the garden complex](/wiki/File:SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg \"SriLanka Sigiriya gardens.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The gardens of Sigiriya, as seen from the summit of the Sigiriya rock](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg \"Sigiriya garden from top.jpg\")\nThe water gardens are in the central section of the western precinct. Three principal gardens are found here. The first garden consists of a plot surrounded by water. It is connected to the main precinct using four causeways, with gateways placed at the head of each causeway.", "The second contains two long, deep pools set on either side of the path. Two shallow, serpentine streams lead to these pools. Fountains made of circular limestone plates are placed here. Underground water conduits supply water to these fountains which are still functional, especially during the rainy season. Two large islands are located on either side of the second water garden. Summer palaces are built on the flattened surfaces of these islands. Two more islands are located farther to the north and the south. These islands are built in a manner similar to the island in the first water garden.", "The third garden is situated on a higher level than the other two. It contains a large, octagonal pool with a raised podium on its northeast corner. The large brick and stone wall of the citadel is on the eastern edge of this garden.", "The water gardens are built symmetrically on an east\\-west axis. The outer moat connects them on the west and the large artificial lake to the south of the Sigiriya rock. All the pools are also interlinked using an underground conduit network fed by the lake, and connected to the moats. A miniature water garden is located to the west of the first water garden, consisting of several small pools and watercourses. This recently discovered smaller garden appears to have been built after the Kashyapan period, possibly between the 10th and 13th centuries.", "### Boulder gardens", "The boulder gardens consist of several large boulders linked by winding pathways. The gardens extend from the northern slopes to the southern slopes of the hills at the foot of Sigiris rock. Most of these boulders had a building or pavilion upon them; there are cuttings that were used as footings for brick walls and beams. They used to be pushed off from the top to attack enemies when they approached.\n[thumb\\|Views from the top of Sigiriya rock](/wiki/File:On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg \"On top of Sigirîya's Lion Rock (36399791715).jpg\")", "### Terraced gardens", "The terraced gardens are formed from the natural hill at the base of the Sigiriya rock. A series of terraces rises from the pathways of the boulder garden to the staircases on the rock. These have been created by the construction of brick walls, and are located in a roughly concentric plan around the rock. The path through the terraced gardens is formed by a limestone staircase. From this staircase, there is a covered path on the side of the rock, leading to the uppermost terrace where the lion staircase is situated.", "", "[center\\|thumb\\|Sigiriya as seen from the nearby [Pidurangala Rock](/wiki/Pidurangala_Vihara \"Pidurangala Vihara\").](/wiki/File:Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg \"Sigiriya from Pidurangala 2023.jpg\")", "" ]
Plot ---- In 1966, [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") endures an initiation by his fellow [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") students as a [Delta Kappa Epsilon](/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon "Delta Kappa Epsilon") pledge. During the [hazing](/wiki/Hazing "Hazing"), Bush successfully recalls the names and nicknames of many of the fraternity members, and states that [his family](/wiki/Bush_family "Bush family")'s political legacy is one in which he has no interest. After Bush is jailed in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") for rowdiness following a football game, his father, [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") states that he will help him, but for the last time. Following his graduation from Yale, Bush takes a job at an [oil patch](/wiki/Oil_patch "Oil patch") back in Texas, but he quits after a few weeks. In 1971, "Junior" reveals his real aspirations in a father\-son talk: working in professional baseball. Bush is accepted into [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") with the help of his father. After a night of heavy drinking, Bush crashes his car into [his family estate](/wiki/Bush_compound "Bush compound") and challenges his father to a fistfight. His younger brother, [Jeb](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush"), stops the fight. In 1977, Bush announces he will run for [Congress](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") to represent [Texas's 19th district](/wiki/Texas%27s_19th_congressional_district "Texas's 19th congressional district"). At a barbecue, Bush meets his future wife, [Laura Lane Welch](/wiki/Laura_Bush "Laura Bush"). During a debate, Bush is criticized by his [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") opponent, [Kent Hance](/wiki/Kent_Hance "Kent Hance"), who says that Bush is not a real Texan and has spent campaign contributions to throw an alcohol\-fueled party for underage [Texas Tech University](/wiki/Texas_Tech_University "Texas Tech University") students. Bush fares poorly in the debate and loses the election, but nevertheless receives the highest number of votes for a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") candidate in the state's history. In 1986, Bush becomes a [born\-again Christian](/wiki/Born-again_Christian "Born-again Christian"), gives up alcohol, and mends his relationship with his father. The elder Bush invites him to assist with what becomes his [1988 presidential campaign](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign "George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign"), although Bush himself suspects that he only was asked because Jeb was busy. Bush's political advisor, [Karl Rove](/wiki/Karl_Rove "Karl Rove"), tells him that he has the potential to make a name for himself, but that he has not yet done anything with his life. Bush becomes a front office executive of the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)") baseball team, while his father oversees the victory of the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"). Although Allied forces liberate Kuwait within 100 hours of their ground invasion, the elder Bush decides not to invade [Iraq](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq "Ba'athist Iraq") to depose [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"). After his father loses the [1992 presidential election](/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election "1992 United States presidential election") to [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), Bush blames the loss on his decision not to depose Saddam. In [1994](/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election "1994 Texas gubernatorial election"), Bush runs for [governor of Texas](/wiki/Governor_of_Texas "Governor of Texas"). Despite his parents' objection to him entering the race, he secures a victory in the election, becoming the 46th governor of Texas on January 17, 1995\. In [2000](/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election"), he makes a [successful bid to become president](/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign "George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign"). Following the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") in 2001, Bush labels [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran"), Iraq, and [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") as the "[axis of evil](/wiki/Axis_of_evil "Axis of evil")". In 2002, Bush searches for evidence that Saddam was creating [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon"), and has the army prepared. All of Bush's [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") staff supports him except Secretary of State [Colin Powell](/wiki/Colin_Powell "Colin Powell"), who states that invading Iraq would [destabilize](/wiki/Destabilization "Destabilization") the country. Powell is generally overruled by [Vice President](/wiki/U.S._Vice_President "U.S. Vice President") [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney") and [Secretary of Defense](/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense "U.S. Secretary of Defense") [Donald Rumsfeld](/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld "Donald Rumsfeld"), who insist that the war would secure the United States' status as sole global superpower while spreading democracy throughout the Middle East. In March 2003, the [U.S. invades Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq "2003 invasion of Iraq"). The war appears to be a success, and Bush soon gives his "[Mission Accomplished](/wiki/2003_Mission_Accomplished_speech "2003 Mission Accomplished speech")" speech on an aircraft carrier. When it becomes clear that there are no [weapons of mass destruction within Iraq](/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction "Iraq and weapons of mass destruction"), Bush learns that the responsibility for finding them had been relegated far down the chain of command. Bush discovers that Saddam gambled his regime and his life on the assumption that Bush was bluffing. Bush is asked in a White House press conference what mistakes he made as President, a question that leaves him flustered and speechless. That night, Bush has a nightmare in which his father accuses him of ruining his family's legacy, which the elder Bush claims was intended for Jeb. Bush dreams of himself playing center field at a baseball game. Bush attempts to catch a [pop fly](/wiki/Pop_fly "Pop fly"), but it disappears.
[ "Plot\n----", "In 1966, [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") endures an initiation by his fellow [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\") students as a [Delta Kappa Epsilon](/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon \"Delta Kappa Epsilon\") pledge. During the [hazing](/wiki/Hazing \"Hazing\"), Bush successfully recalls the names and nicknames of many of the fraternity members, and states that [his family](/wiki/Bush_family \"Bush family\")'s political legacy is one in which he has no interest. After Bush is jailed in [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") for rowdiness following a football game, his father, [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") states that he will help him, but for the last time. Following his graduation from Yale, Bush takes a job at an [oil patch](/wiki/Oil_patch \"Oil patch\") back in Texas, but he quits after a few weeks.", "In 1971, \"Junior\" reveals his real aspirations in a father\\-son talk: working in professional baseball. Bush is accepted into [Harvard Business School](/wiki/Harvard_Business_School \"Harvard Business School\") with the help of his father. After a night of heavy drinking, Bush crashes his car into [his family estate](/wiki/Bush_compound \"Bush compound\") and challenges his father to a fistfight. His younger brother, [Jeb](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\"), stops the fight.", "In 1977, Bush announces he will run for [Congress](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") to represent [Texas's 19th district](/wiki/Texas%27s_19th_congressional_district \"Texas's 19th congressional district\"). At a barbecue, Bush meets his future wife, [Laura Lane Welch](/wiki/Laura_Bush \"Laura Bush\"). During a debate, Bush is criticized by his [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") opponent, [Kent Hance](/wiki/Kent_Hance \"Kent Hance\"), who says that Bush is not a real Texan and has spent campaign contributions to throw an alcohol\\-fueled party for underage [Texas Tech University](/wiki/Texas_Tech_University \"Texas Tech University\") students. Bush fares poorly in the debate and loses the election, but nevertheless receives the highest number of votes for a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") candidate in the state's history.", "In 1986, Bush becomes a [born\\-again Christian](/wiki/Born-again_Christian \"Born-again Christian\"), gives up alcohol, and mends his relationship with his father. The elder Bush invites him to assist with what becomes his [1988 presidential campaign](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign \"George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign\"), although Bush himself suspects that he only was asked because Jeb was busy. Bush's political advisor, [Karl Rove](/wiki/Karl_Rove \"Karl Rove\"), tells him that he has the potential to make a name for himself, but that he has not yet done anything with his life. Bush becomes a front office executive of the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\") baseball team, while his father oversees the victory of the [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"). Although Allied forces liberate Kuwait within 100 hours of their ground invasion, the elder Bush decides not to invade [Iraq](/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq \"Ba'athist Iraq\") to depose [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\"). After his father loses the [1992 presidential election](/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election \"1992 United States presidential election\") to [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), Bush blames the loss on his decision not to depose Saddam.", "In [1994](/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election \"1994 Texas gubernatorial election\"), Bush runs for [governor of Texas](/wiki/Governor_of_Texas \"Governor of Texas\"). Despite his parents' objection to him entering the race, he secures a victory in the election, becoming the 46th governor of Texas on January 17, 1995\\. In [2000](/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election \"2000 United States presidential election\"), he makes a [successful bid to become president](/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign \"George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign\"). Following the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") in 2001, Bush labels [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"), Iraq, and [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") as the \"[axis of evil](/wiki/Axis_of_evil \"Axis of evil\")\". In 2002, Bush searches for evidence that Saddam was creating [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\"), and has the army prepared. All of Bush's [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") staff supports him except Secretary of State [Colin Powell](/wiki/Colin_Powell \"Colin Powell\"), who states that invading Iraq would [destabilize](/wiki/Destabilization \"Destabilization\") the country. Powell is generally overruled by [Vice President](/wiki/U.S._Vice_President \"U.S. Vice President\") [Dick Cheney](/wiki/Dick_Cheney \"Dick Cheney\") and [Secretary of Defense](/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense \"U.S. Secretary of Defense\") [Donald Rumsfeld](/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld \"Donald Rumsfeld\"), who insist that the war would secure the United States' status as sole global superpower while spreading democracy throughout the Middle East.", "In March 2003, the [U.S. invades Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"). The war appears to be a success, and Bush soon gives his \"[Mission Accomplished](/wiki/2003_Mission_Accomplished_speech \"2003 Mission Accomplished speech\")\" speech on an aircraft carrier. When it becomes clear that there are no [weapons of mass destruction within Iraq](/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction \"Iraq and weapons of mass destruction\"), Bush learns that the responsibility for finding them had been relegated far down the chain of command. Bush discovers that Saddam gambled his regime and his life on the assumption that Bush was bluffing. Bush is asked in a White House press conference what mistakes he made as President, a question that leaves him flustered and speechless. That night, Bush has a nightmare in which his father accuses him of ruining his family's legacy, which the elder Bush claims was intended for Jeb. Bush dreams of himself playing center field at a baseball game. Bush attempts to catch a [pop fly](/wiki/Pop_fly \"Pop fly\"), but it disappears.", "" ]
Plot ---- In 1905, in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), two [carnies](/wiki/Carny "Carny"), Angus Shaw and his [infertile](/wiki/Infertile "Infertile") wife Lily, encounter a Mr. Woolrich during one of their shows. Having heard that a mermaid will be on show, he is relieved to find that it is just Lily impersonating one. They offer him a ride home, where he shows them documented sightings of merpeople and mermaids, explains that they can take human form during the full moon, and reveals to them an actual [mermaid](/wiki/Mermaid "Mermaid"), who he captured back in his admiral days and who killed his wife. Woolrich warns Angus against using her as a [freak show](/wiki/Freak_show "Freak show") attraction. Angus and his colleagues Bailey and Gifford break into Woolrich's home during the night but are caught. During the scuffle, Woolrich dies of a [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack"), allowing Angus and the crew to abduct the mermaid and smuggle her aboard their ship. Lily objects to this idea. During the voyage to America, the mermaid seems to take a liking to her. During the crew's one evening at sea, Lily is bothered by a drunken sailor, Miles. Miles was a former client of Lily's during her time as Mary Ann, a [prostitute](/wiki/Prostitute "Prostitute"). At night, she experiences prophetic nightmares. The mermaid is found tangled in the ship's nets after she attempts to escape. As she is returned to her tank, she spits out Miles' ring, prompting Lily to realize that she killed and devoured him as a favor to her. She attempts to explain this to Angus, but he dismisses it. He admits that they abducted the mermaid rather than bought her and that they didn't mean to kill Woolrich. The mermaid possesses Lily while she and Angus are making love, and Lily tries to kill him. Lily comes to her senses. Worried that the mermaid will do further harm, Lily attempts to free her, but is caught by Bailey who then is killed by the mermaid. Concerned for his wife's sanity, Angus locks her up in her room. Lily realizes she is [pregnant](/wiki/Pregnant "Pregnant"), despite her infertility. She reads the late Mrs. Teresa Woolrich's diary, which confirms her worry that the mermaid grants fertility by possessing women during sexual intercourse. She escapes and encounters the terrified mermaid, now in human form due to the full moon. Lily comforts her, but they are caught by the crew just as she passes out. When she comes to, she explains to Angus that she is pregnant, but he dismisses this as a symptom of her sickness. The crew angrily harass the mermaid before Angus intervenes. He and Gifford discuss the situation with the Captain Dunn, who confesses that the mermaid made him do things against his will before committing [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide"). A storm closes in on them and they approach the mermaid's home, The Forbidden Islands. The crew realize that their captive took control of the ship and led them off course. The mermaid reveals her true monstrous form as the Queen of the Lair and her intention to feed the remaining crew to her people. The crew fight her, but are all killed, save for Lily who is spared. Two weeks later, Lily is rescued by the crew of a passing ship. Out of respect for the mermaid, she refuses to answer their questions. Lily lives peacefully with her daughter, whose eyes resemble those of the mermaid.
[ "Plot\n----", "In 1905, in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), two [carnies](/wiki/Carny \"Carny\"), Angus Shaw and his [infertile](/wiki/Infertile \"Infertile\") wife Lily, encounter a Mr. Woolrich during one of their shows. Having heard that a mermaid will be on show, he is relieved to find that it is just Lily impersonating one. They offer him a ride home, where he shows them documented sightings of merpeople and mermaids, explains that they can take human form during the full moon, and reveals to them an actual [mermaid](/wiki/Mermaid \"Mermaid\"), who he captured back in his admiral days and who killed his wife. Woolrich warns Angus against using her as a [freak show](/wiki/Freak_show \"Freak show\") attraction.", "Angus and his colleagues Bailey and Gifford break into Woolrich's home during the night but are caught. During the scuffle, Woolrich dies of a [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\"), allowing Angus and the crew to abduct the mermaid and smuggle her aboard their ship. Lily objects to this idea. During the voyage to America, the mermaid seems to take a liking to her.", "During the crew's one evening at sea, Lily is bothered by a drunken sailor, Miles. Miles was a former client of Lily's during her time as Mary Ann, a [prostitute](/wiki/Prostitute \"Prostitute\"). At night, she experiences prophetic nightmares. The mermaid is found tangled in the ship's nets after she attempts to escape. As she is returned to her tank, she spits out Miles' ring, prompting Lily to realize that she killed and devoured him as a favor to her. She attempts to explain this to Angus, but he dismisses it. He admits that they abducted the mermaid rather than bought her and that they didn't mean to kill Woolrich.", "The mermaid possesses Lily while she and Angus are making love, and Lily tries to kill him. Lily comes to her senses. Worried that the mermaid will do further harm, Lily attempts to free her, but is caught by Bailey who then is killed by the mermaid. Concerned for his wife's sanity, Angus locks her up in her room. Lily realizes she is [pregnant](/wiki/Pregnant \"Pregnant\"), despite her infertility. She reads the late Mrs. Teresa Woolrich's diary, which confirms her worry that the mermaid grants fertility by possessing women during sexual intercourse. She escapes and encounters the terrified mermaid, now in human form due to the full moon. Lily comforts her, but they are caught by the crew just as she passes out. When she comes to, she explains to Angus that she is pregnant, but he dismisses this as a symptom of her sickness.", "The crew angrily harass the mermaid before Angus intervenes. He and Gifford discuss the situation with the Captain Dunn, who confesses that the mermaid made him do things against his will before committing [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\"). A storm closes in on them and they approach the mermaid's home, The Forbidden Islands. The crew realize that their captive took control of the ship and led them off course. The mermaid reveals her true monstrous form as the Queen of the Lair and her intention to feed the remaining crew to her people. The crew fight her, but are all killed, save for Lily who is spared.", "Two weeks later, Lily is rescued by the crew of a passing ship. Out of respect for the mermaid, she refuses to answer their questions. Lily lives peacefully with her daughter, whose eyes resemble those of the mermaid.", "" ]
History ------- Founded in 1914, the 26th is the oldest squadron{{Cite web \|title\=Oldest Reserve squadron receives 81st commander \|url\=https://www.310sw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article\-Display/Article/1863678/oldest\-reserve\-squadron\-receives\-81st\-commander/ \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-10 \|website\=310th Space Wing \|date\=2 June 2019 \|language\=en\-US}} in the [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve "Air Force Reserve") and one of the oldest in the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"). The squadron was organized as the **1st Reserve Aero Squadron** on 26 May 1917, the first squadron of what would become the [United States Air Force Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Reserve "United States Air Force Reserve") in 1948\. ### Origins Elements of the squadron date to November 1915 when it was organized as part of the [New York National Guard](/wiki/New_York_National_Guard "New York National Guard") as the Aviation Detachment, First Battalion Signal Corps, [New York National Guard](/wiki/New_York_National_Guard "New York National Guard"), and shortly thereafter as the **1st Aero Company**. The company was provisionally recognized by the federal government on 22 June 1916 and brought to U.S. service on 13 July 1916, with the objective of sending personnel and equipment to the [1st Aero Squadron](/wiki/1st_Aero_Squadron "1st Aero Squadron") in Mexico with the [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition "Punitive expedition") under General [John J. Pershing](/wiki/John_J._Pershing "John J. Pershing"). After being federalized, the company began training on 22 July at the new [Mineola Signal Corps Aviation School](/wiki/Hazelhurst_Field "Hazelhurst Field") under two Regular Army instructors assigned by the Signal Corps. The Army eventually trained 25 pilots but the 1st Aero Company was mustered out of federal service on 2 November 1916 without ever leaving Long Island, and was disbanded on 23 May 1917\.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} In the meantime, the [National Defense Act of 1916](/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916 "National Defense Act of 1916"), passed on 3 June, authorized an aviation section in the Signal Reserve Corps of 296 officers and 2,000 enlisted men as part of the Army's [Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps](/wiki/Aviation_Section%2C_U.S._Signal_Corps "Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps"). At [Fort Jay](/wiki/Fort_Jay "Fort Jay"), New York, attorney Phillip A. Carroll established the Governors Island Training Corps, a privately funded program to train civilians to pass the Reserve Military Aviator flying test and receive commissions in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps. The instructional program was under the guidance of the Army's [Eastern Department](/wiki/Department_of_the_East%23History "Department of the East#History"), commanded by Major Gen. [Leonard Wood](/wiki/Leonard_Wood "Leonard Wood"), and trained seven civilians who were commissioned as Reserve Military Aviators.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} ### World War I After the United States' entry into [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the unit, less New York guardsmen and the new Reserve military Aviators were organized into a new unit at Mineola by Major [Raynal Bolling](/wiki/Raynal_Bolling "Raynal Bolling") and now\-Captain Carroll. Federalized in June 1917, the **1st Reserve Aero Squadron** trained during the summer of 1917 and sailed for Europe aboard the [RMS *Baltic*](/wiki/RMS_Baltic_%281903%29 "RMS Baltic (1903)") on 23 August with eight other aero squadrons. Reaching France in [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre") on 17 September, it arrived at its duty station at [Issoudun Aerodrome](/wiki/Issoudun_Aerodrome "Issoudun Aerodrome"), home of the [Third Aviation Instruction Center](/wiki/Third_Aviation_Instruction_Center "Third Aviation Instruction Center"), on 21 September. After receiving further training in French schools in Pau and [Tours Aerodrome](/wiki/Tours_Aerodrome "Tours Aerodrome") until November, it assembled, serviced, and repaired aircraft. The 1st was redesignated as the **26th Aero Squadron** on 1 October 1917 as part of a reorganization of the Air Service of the AEF. The 26th Aero Squadron left Issoudun on 13 April 1919, and remained in France until May 1919 when the unit returned to the United States and was demobilized.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} ### Interwar period The **26th Squadron** (Attack) was authorized on 30 August 1921 and the following month was organized and assigned to the [3d Attack Group](/wiki/3d_Attack_Group "3d Attack Group") at [Kelly Field](/wiki/Kelly_Field "Kelly Field"), Texas. It was assigned various World War I era biplanes and experimental American aircraft of the 1920s. The squadron patrolled the Mexican Border, delivered airmail and performed other missions as assigned until inactivating in 1924, shortly after consolidating with the World War I **26th Aero Squadron**.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} The squadron was reactivated as the **26th Attack Squadron** at [Wheeler Field](/wiki/Wheeler_Field "Wheeler Field"), Hawaii in 1930 and was equipped with [Curtiss A\-3 Falcons](/wiki/Curtiss_A-3_Falcon "Curtiss A-3 Falcon"), which were used as fighter\-bombers in the 1930s as part of the defense of the islands. Although it was assigned to the [5th Composite Group](/wiki/5th_Composite_Group "5th Composite Group"), it was attached to [18th Pursuit Group](/wiki/18th_Pursuit_Group "18th Pursuit Group"). Newer [Douglas B\-18 Bolos](/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo "Douglas B-18 Bolo") were assigned in late 1939, and the unit was redesignated as the **26th Bombardment Squadron** and assigned to the [18th Wing](/wiki/18th_Air_Division "18th Air Division"). On 1 February 1940, the [11th Bombardment Group](/wiki/11th_Bombardment_Group "11th Bombardment Group") was activated at [Hickam Field](/wiki/Hickam_Field "Hickam Field"), Hawaii, and the squadron moved there to become one of the original four squadrons of the [group](/wiki/Group_%28military_aviation_unit%29 "Group (military aviation unit)").Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 76\-77, 193\-194, 531\-532 Beginning in May 1941, the squadron began training with the [Boeing B\-17D Flying Fortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-17D_Flying_Fortress "Boeing B-17D Flying Fortress"), with the capability to fly longer missions from its base at Hickam.Maurer, *Combat Units*, pp. 53\-55Williams, pp. 172\-173 ### World War II [thumb\|Squadron B\-17F Flying Fortress bombers over the Southwest Pacific in 1942{{efn\|The Boeing B\-17F\-20\-BO Flying Fortress, serial 41\-24531 visible on the right was shot down by a Japanese \[\[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter over Tonolei harbour, Buna Island, Solomon Islands on 18 November 1942\. During the attack the pilot Maj. Allen J. Seward, and the copilot Lt. Jack Lee were killed. One engine caught on fire, but Col. LaVerne Saunders made a water landing about 50 km from Tonolei harbour near a very small island. An Australian coastwatcher reached the survivors about three hours later. The crew was taken to Vella Lavella Island an picked up by a Navy \[\[Consolidated PBY\-5 Catalina]] and returned to Guadalcanal.}}](/wiki/File:B-17Fs_26BS_11BG_1942.jpg "B-17Fs 26BS 11BG 1942.jpg") The squadron was at Hickam during the [Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor") on 7 December 1941\. The squadron flew patrol and search mission from the Hawaiian Islands, including air support during the [Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway "Battle of Midway").{{cite web \|url\= http://11thbombgroup.org/historyofthe11thbg.html \|author\=No byine\|title\=History of the 11th Bombardment Group in World War II\|date\=\|publisher\=11th Bombardment Group Association\|access\-date\=January 9, 2024}} In June 1942, shortly after the [Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway "Battle of Midway"), the 11th Group was authorized as a mobile force by the [Army Air Forces](/wiki/Army_Air_Forces "Army Air Forces") in order to respond to a [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") request by [Admiral Nimitz](/wiki/Admiral_Nimitz "Admiral Nimitz") for long\-range armed search planes to locate Japanese fleets, accompanied with firepower to withstand defending Japanese [interceptors](/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft "Interceptor aircraft") while tracking the fleet. The 11th Group left Hawaii to support Navy operations in the South Pacific Theater during the [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign "Guadalcanal Campaign") and [Northern Solomon Islands Campaigns](/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign "Solomon Islands campaign"). The squadron moved to the [New Hebrides](/wiki/New_Hebrides "New Hebrides") on 25 July 1942 and became part of [Thirteenth Air Force](/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force "Thirteenth Air Force"). It bombed airfields, supply dumps, ships, docks, troop positions, and other objectives in the South Pacific from July to November 1942, and received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation "Distinguished Unit Citation") for those operations. It continued operations in the South Pacific, attacking Japanese airfields, installations, and shipping until late March 1943\. [thumb\|11th Group B\-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima on 15 December 1944](/wiki/File:B-24_Liberators_after_attacking_Iwo_Jima_15_December_1944.jpg "B-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima 15 December 1944.jpg") The squadron returned to Hawaii and the control of [Seventh Air Force](/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force "Seventh Air Force") on 11 May 1943\. In Hawaii, the squadron equipped with [Consolidated B\-24 Liberator](/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator "Consolidated B-24 Liberator") bombers, which it flew until the end of the war. Its training Included missions against [Wake Island](/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island") and other central Pacific bases held by the Japanese. It deployed to [Ellice Island](/wiki/Ellice_Island "Ellice Island") on 11 November 1943 and resumed combat participating in the Allied offensive through the [Gilbert](/wiki/Gilbert_Islands "Gilbert Islands"), [Marshall](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") and [Marianas Islands](/wiki/Marianas_Islands "Marianas Islands"), while operating from Funafuti, Tarawa, and Kwajalein. "The \[squadron] moved to [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam") on 25 October 1944 and attacked shipping and airfields in the Volcano and Bonin Islands. It moved to [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island") on 2 July 1945 to participate in the final phases of the air offensive against Japan, bombing railways, airfields, and harbor facilities on [Kyushu](/wiki/Kyushu "Kyushu") and striking Japanese airfields in Eastern China." ### Postwar operations in the Pacific After [V\-J Day](/wiki/V-J_Day "V-J Day"), the squadron flew surveillance and reconnaissance missions over China and ferried former [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoners_of_war "Prisoners of war") to the Philippines. In December 1945 the squadron moved without personnel or equipment to [Fort William McKinley](/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley "Fort William McKinley"), Philippines. At the end of April 1946, it was designated as a very heavy bomber unit. The following month, it moved to [Northwest Field](/wiki/Northwest_Field_%28Guam%29 "Northwest Field (Guam)"), Guam and began to re\-equip with [Boeing B\-29 Superfortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress "Boeing B-29 Superfortress"), but terminated all operations and training by October. The squadron remained on Guam on paper until inactivating on 20 October 1948\. ### Strategic Air Command bomber operations The squadron was activated under [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command "Strategic Air Command") in December 1948 at [Carswell Air Force Base](/wiki/Carswell_Air_Force_Base "Carswell Air Force Base"), Texas, the squadron received the new [Convair B\-36B Peacemaker](/wiki/Convair_B-36B_Peacemaker "Convair B-36B Peacemaker") intercontinental strategic bomber. It upgraded to the jet\-assisted B\-36D in 1950, then the B\-36J\-III Featherweight in 1954\. The squadron trained in heavy bombardment operations and participated in many SAC exercises and deployments. In 1958 moved to [Altus Air Force Base](/wiki/Altus_Air_Force_Base "Altus Air Force Base"), Oklahoma and was re\-equipped with new [Boeing B\-52E Stratofortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-52E_Stratofortress "Boeing B-52E Stratofortress") and continued operations as well as standing nuclear alert. Remained at Altus on alert status until B\-52Es were phased out of SAC service and consigned to storage in 1968\. Afterward the squadron was inactivated.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} ### Fighter and aggressor operations [thumb\|Northrop F\-5E Tiger IIs of the 26th Training Aggressor Squadron at Clark AB{{efn\|F\-5E serial 73\-847 in the foreground was originally scheduled for shipment to the \[\[Republic of Vietnam Air Force]], however the aircraft was retained by the USAF after the collapse of the South Vietnamese government in 1975\. With the inactivation of the 26th, this aircraft was sold to the \[\[Honduran Air Force]].}}](/wiki/File:F-5E-ClarkAB.jpg "F-5E-ClarkAB.jpg") The squadron was activated under [Pacific Air Forces](/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces "Pacific Air Forces") (PACAF) at [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base "Clark Air Base"), Philippines in 1973 with a training mission to provide dissimilar air combat training to PACAF fighter squadrons using Soviet\-style fighter tactics. It was non\-operational until the end of August 1975, by which time the [405th Fighter Wing](/wiki/405th_Fighter_Wing "405th Fighter Wing") had been replaced by the [3rd Tactical Fighter Wing](/wiki/3rd_Tactical_Fighter_Wing "3rd Tactical Fighter Wing") at Clark. Even then, it did not start training activities until January 1976, using a number of [Northrop T\-38 Talon](/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon "Northrop T-38 Talon") aircraft made surplus by the arrival of the [Northrop F\-5E Tiger IIs](/wiki/Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II "Northrop F-5E Tiger II") at [Nellis Air Force Base](/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base "Nellis Air Force Base"), Nevada. Eventually, the squadron also received the F\-5E, with some of the planes coming from stocks destined for the [Republic of Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force "Republic of Vietnam Air Force") but never delivered and an embargoed [Ethiopian Air Force](/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force "Ethiopian Air Force") order. By that time it had been redesignated the **26th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron**, and then as a tactical fighter training and aggressor squadron. Eventually, it became the **26th Aggressor Squadron**. The aggressor F\-5Es were painted in a variety of colorful camouflage schemes designed to mimic those in use by [Warsaw Pact](/wiki/Warsaw_Pact "Warsaw Pact") aircraft. Two\-digit Soviet\-style nose codes were applied to most aggressor aircraft, and these coincided with the last two digits of the serial number. When there was duplication, three digits were used. The squadron was among the first to apply the star and bar in toned\-down or stencil form.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} By the late 1980s, the aircraft were becoming worn out after years of high\-performance fighter training, with some aircraft being grounded for structural failures. In addition, the F\-5E no longer could provide the training as a new generation of Soviet aircraft were becoming operational. The 26th at Clark was scheduled to dispose of its F\-5Es in favor of [General Dynamics F\-16 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon "General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon") and move to [Kadena Air Base](/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base "Kadena Air Base"), [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"), in October 1988\. The unit was minimally manned at Kadena while the squadron awaited new aircraft, flying a few borrowed aircraft from the [18th Tactical Fighter Wing](/wiki/18th_Tactical_Fighter_Wing "18th Tactical Fighter Wing"). However, in 1990, the decision was made to terminate the entire USAF aggressor program. The 26th AS was inactivated on 21 February 1990 before it could receive its own F\-16s.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}} ### Space aggressor unit Reactivated under [Air Force Space Command](/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command "Air Force Space Command") in 2003 as the **26th Space Aggressor Squadron**, part of the [310th Space Wing](/wiki/310th_Space_Wing "310th Space Wing") at [Schriever Air Force Base](/wiki/Schriever_Air_Force_Base "Schriever Air Force Base"), Colorado. In 2007 the unit was reassigned to the [926th Group](/wiki/926th_Group "926th Group") at Nellis and was transferred to [Air Combat Command](/wiki/Air_Combat_Command "Air Combat Command"). However, the 26th remained at Schriever SFB, despite the organization as a geographically separated unit.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2024}}
[ "History\n-------", "Founded in 1914, the 26th is the oldest squadron{{Cite web \\|title\\=Oldest Reserve squadron receives 81st commander \\|url\\=https://www.310sw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article\\-Display/Article/1863678/oldest\\-reserve\\-squadron\\-receives\\-81st\\-commander/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-10 \\|website\\=310th Space Wing \\|date\\=2 June 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} in the [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve \"Air Force Reserve\") and one of the oldest in the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"). The squadron was organized as the **1st Reserve Aero Squadron** on 26 May 1917, the first squadron of what would become the [United States Air Force Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Reserve \"United States Air Force Reserve\") in 1948\\.", "### Origins", "Elements of the squadron date to November 1915 when it was organized as part of the [New York National Guard](/wiki/New_York_National_Guard \"New York National Guard\") as the Aviation Detachment, First Battalion Signal Corps, [New York National Guard](/wiki/New_York_National_Guard \"New York National Guard\"), and shortly thereafter as the **1st Aero Company**.", "The company was provisionally recognized by the federal government on 22 June 1916 and brought to U.S. service on 13 July 1916, with the objective of sending personnel and equipment to the [1st Aero Squadron](/wiki/1st_Aero_Squadron \"1st Aero Squadron\") in Mexico with the [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition \"Punitive expedition\") under General [John J. Pershing](/wiki/John_J._Pershing \"John J. Pershing\"). After being federalized, the company began training on 22 July at the new [Mineola Signal Corps Aviation School](/wiki/Hazelhurst_Field \"Hazelhurst Field\") under two Regular Army instructors assigned by the Signal Corps. The Army eventually trained 25 pilots but the 1st Aero Company was mustered out of federal service on 2 November 1916 without ever leaving Long Island, and was disbanded on 23 May 1917\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "In the meantime, the [National Defense Act of 1916](/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916 \"National Defense Act of 1916\"), passed on 3 June, authorized an aviation section in the Signal Reserve Corps of 296 officers and 2,000 enlisted men as part of the Army's [Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps](/wiki/Aviation_Section%2C_U.S._Signal_Corps \"Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps\"). At [Fort Jay](/wiki/Fort_Jay \"Fort Jay\"), New York, attorney Phillip A. Carroll established the Governors Island Training Corps, a privately funded program to train civilians to pass the Reserve Military Aviator flying test and receive commissions in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps. The instructional program was under the guidance of the Army's [Eastern Department](/wiki/Department_of_the_East%23History \"Department of the East#History\"), commanded by Major Gen. [Leonard Wood](/wiki/Leonard_Wood \"Leonard Wood\"), and trained seven civilians who were commissioned as Reserve Military Aviators.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "### World War I", "After the United States' entry into [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the unit, less New York guardsmen and the new Reserve military Aviators were organized into a new unit at Mineola by Major [Raynal Bolling](/wiki/Raynal_Bolling \"Raynal Bolling\") and now\\-Captain Carroll. Federalized in June 1917, the **1st Reserve Aero Squadron** trained during the summer of 1917 and sailed for Europe aboard the [RMS *Baltic*](/wiki/RMS_Baltic_%281903%29 \"RMS Baltic (1903)\") on 23 August with eight other aero squadrons. Reaching France in [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\") on 17 September, it arrived at its duty station at [Issoudun Aerodrome](/wiki/Issoudun_Aerodrome \"Issoudun Aerodrome\"), home of the [Third Aviation Instruction Center](/wiki/Third_Aviation_Instruction_Center \"Third Aviation Instruction Center\"), on 21 September. After receiving further training in French schools in Pau and [Tours Aerodrome](/wiki/Tours_Aerodrome \"Tours Aerodrome\") until November, it assembled, serviced, and repaired aircraft. The 1st was redesignated as the **26th Aero Squadron** on 1 October 1917 as part of a reorganization of the Air Service of the AEF. The 26th Aero Squadron left Issoudun on 13 April 1919, and remained in France until May 1919 when the unit returned to the United States and was demobilized.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "### Interwar period", "The **26th Squadron** (Attack) was authorized on 30 August 1921 and the following month was organized and assigned to the [3d Attack Group](/wiki/3d_Attack_Group \"3d Attack Group\") at [Kelly Field](/wiki/Kelly_Field \"Kelly Field\"), Texas. It was assigned various World War I era biplanes and experimental American aircraft of the 1920s. The squadron patrolled the Mexican Border, delivered airmail and performed other missions as assigned until inactivating in 1924, shortly after consolidating with the World War I **26th Aero Squadron**.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "The squadron was reactivated as the **26th Attack Squadron** at [Wheeler Field](/wiki/Wheeler_Field \"Wheeler Field\"), Hawaii in 1930 and was equipped with [Curtiss A\\-3 Falcons](/wiki/Curtiss_A-3_Falcon \"Curtiss A-3 Falcon\"), which were used as fighter\\-bombers in the 1930s as part of the defense of the islands. Although it was assigned to the [5th Composite Group](/wiki/5th_Composite_Group \"5th Composite Group\"), it was attached to [18th Pursuit Group](/wiki/18th_Pursuit_Group \"18th Pursuit Group\"). Newer [Douglas B\\-18 Bolos](/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo \"Douglas B-18 Bolo\") were assigned in late 1939, and the unit was redesignated as the **26th Bombardment Squadron** and assigned to the [18th Wing](/wiki/18th_Air_Division \"18th Air Division\").", "On 1 February 1940, the [11th Bombardment Group](/wiki/11th_Bombardment_Group \"11th Bombardment Group\") was activated at [Hickam Field](/wiki/Hickam_Field \"Hickam Field\"), Hawaii, and the squadron moved there to become one of the original four squadrons of the [group](/wiki/Group_%28military_aviation_unit%29 \"Group (military aviation unit)\").Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, pp. 76\\-77, 193\\-194, 531\\-532 Beginning in May 1941, the squadron began training with the [Boeing B\\-17D Flying Fortress](/wiki/Boeing_B-17D_Flying_Fortress \"Boeing B-17D Flying Fortress\"), with the capability to fly longer missions from its base at Hickam.Maurer, *Combat Units*, pp. 53\\-55Williams, pp. 172\\-173", "### World War II", "[thumb\\|Squadron B\\-17F Flying Fortress bombers over the Southwest Pacific in 1942{{efn\\|The Boeing B\\-17F\\-20\\-BO Flying Fortress, serial 41\\-24531 visible on the right was shot down by a Japanese \\[\\[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter over Tonolei harbour, Buna Island, Solomon Islands on 18 November 1942\\. During the attack the pilot Maj. Allen J. Seward, and the copilot Lt. Jack Lee were killed. One engine caught on fire, but Col. LaVerne Saunders made a water landing about 50 km from Tonolei harbour near a very small island. An Australian coastwatcher reached the survivors about three hours later. The crew was taken to Vella Lavella Island an picked up by a Navy \\[\\[Consolidated PBY\\-5 Catalina]] and returned to Guadalcanal.}}](/wiki/File:B-17Fs_26BS_11BG_1942.jpg \"B-17Fs 26BS 11BG 1942.jpg\")\nThe squadron was at Hickam during the [Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor\") on 7 December 1941\\. The squadron flew patrol and search mission from the Hawaiian Islands, including air support during the [Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway \"Battle of Midway\").{{cite web \\|url\\= http://11thbombgroup.org/historyofthe11thbg.html \\|author\\=No byine\\|title\\=History of the 11th Bombardment Group in World War II\\|date\\=\\|publisher\\=11th Bombardment Group Association\\|access\\-date\\=January 9, 2024}} In June 1942, shortly after the [Battle of Midway](/wiki/Battle_of_Midway \"Battle of Midway\"), the 11th Group was authorized as a mobile force by the [Army Air Forces](/wiki/Army_Air_Forces \"Army Air Forces\") in order to respond to a [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") request by [Admiral Nimitz](/wiki/Admiral_Nimitz \"Admiral Nimitz\") for long\\-range armed search planes to locate Japanese fleets, accompanied with firepower to withstand defending Japanese [interceptors](/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft \"Interceptor aircraft\") while tracking the fleet. The 11th Group left Hawaii to support Navy operations in the South Pacific Theater during the [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign \"Guadalcanal Campaign\") and [Northern Solomon Islands Campaigns](/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign \"Solomon Islands campaign\").", "The squadron moved to the [New Hebrides](/wiki/New_Hebrides \"New Hebrides\") on 25 July 1942 and became part of [Thirteenth Air Force](/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force \"Thirteenth Air Force\"). It bombed airfields, supply dumps, ships, docks, troop positions, and other objectives in the South Pacific from July to November 1942, and received a [Distinguished Unit Citation](/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation \"Distinguished Unit Citation\") for those operations. It continued operations in the South Pacific, attacking Japanese airfields, installations, and shipping until late March 1943\\.", "[thumb\\|11th Group B\\-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima on 15 December 1944](/wiki/File:B-24_Liberators_after_attacking_Iwo_Jima_15_December_1944.jpg \"B-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima 15 December 1944.jpg\")\nThe squadron returned to Hawaii and the control of [Seventh Air Force](/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force \"Seventh Air Force\") on 11 May 1943\\. In Hawaii, the squadron equipped with [Consolidated B\\-24 Liberator](/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator \"Consolidated B-24 Liberator\") bombers, which it flew until the end of the war. Its training Included missions against [Wake Island](/wiki/Wake_Island \"Wake Island\") and other central Pacific bases held by the Japanese. It deployed to [Ellice Island](/wiki/Ellice_Island \"Ellice Island\") on 11 November 1943 and resumed combat participating in the Allied offensive through the [Gilbert](/wiki/Gilbert_Islands \"Gilbert Islands\"), [Marshall](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\") and [Marianas Islands](/wiki/Marianas_Islands \"Marianas Islands\"), while operating from Funafuti, Tarawa, and Kwajalein.", "\"The \\[squadron] moved to [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\") on 25 October 1944 and attacked shipping and airfields in the Volcano and Bonin Islands. It moved to [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\") on 2 July 1945 to participate in the final phases of the air offensive against Japan, bombing railways, airfields, and harbor facilities on [Kyushu](/wiki/Kyushu \"Kyushu\") and striking Japanese airfields in Eastern China.\"", "### Postwar operations in the Pacific", "After [V\\-J Day](/wiki/V-J_Day \"V-J Day\"), the squadron flew surveillance and reconnaissance missions over China and ferried former [prisoners of war](/wiki/Prisoners_of_war \"Prisoners of war\") to the Philippines. In December 1945 the squadron moved without personnel or equipment to [Fort William McKinley](/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley \"Fort William McKinley\"), Philippines. At the end of April 1946, it was designated as a very heavy bomber unit. The following month, it moved to [Northwest Field](/wiki/Northwest_Field_%28Guam%29 \"Northwest Field (Guam)\"), Guam and began to re\\-equip with [Boeing B\\-29 Superfortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress \"Boeing B-29 Superfortress\"), but terminated all operations and training by October. The squadron remained on Guam on paper until inactivating on 20 October 1948\\.", "### Strategic Air Command bomber operations", "The squadron was activated under [Strategic Air Command](/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command \"Strategic Air Command\") in December 1948 at [Carswell Air Force Base](/wiki/Carswell_Air_Force_Base \"Carswell Air Force Base\"), Texas, the squadron received the new [Convair B\\-36B Peacemaker](/wiki/Convair_B-36B_Peacemaker \"Convair B-36B Peacemaker\") intercontinental strategic bomber. It upgraded to the jet\\-assisted B\\-36D in 1950, then the B\\-36J\\-III Featherweight in 1954\\. The squadron trained in heavy bombardment operations and participated in many SAC exercises and deployments. In 1958 moved to [Altus Air Force Base](/wiki/Altus_Air_Force_Base \"Altus Air Force Base\"), Oklahoma and was re\\-equipped with new [Boeing B\\-52E Stratofortresses](/wiki/Boeing_B-52E_Stratofortress \"Boeing B-52E Stratofortress\") and continued operations as well as standing nuclear alert. Remained at Altus on alert status until B\\-52Es were phased out of SAC service and consigned to storage in 1968\\. Afterward the squadron was inactivated.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "### Fighter and aggressor operations", "[thumb\\|Northrop F\\-5E Tiger IIs of the 26th Training Aggressor Squadron at Clark AB{{efn\\|F\\-5E serial 73\\-847 in the foreground was originally scheduled for shipment to the \\[\\[Republic of Vietnam Air Force]], however the aircraft was retained by the USAF after the collapse of the South Vietnamese government in 1975\\. With the inactivation of the 26th, this aircraft was sold to the \\[\\[Honduran Air Force]].}}](/wiki/File:F-5E-ClarkAB.jpg \"F-5E-ClarkAB.jpg\")\nThe squadron was activated under [Pacific Air Forces](/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces \"Pacific Air Forces\") (PACAF) at [Clark Air Base](/wiki/Clark_Air_Base \"Clark Air Base\"), Philippines in 1973 with a training mission to provide dissimilar air combat training to PACAF fighter squadrons using Soviet\\-style fighter tactics. It was non\\-operational until the end of August 1975, by which time the [405th Fighter Wing](/wiki/405th_Fighter_Wing \"405th Fighter Wing\") had been replaced by the [3rd Tactical Fighter Wing](/wiki/3rd_Tactical_Fighter_Wing \"3rd Tactical Fighter Wing\") at Clark. Even then, it did not start training activities until January 1976, using a number of [Northrop T\\-38 Talon](/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon \"Northrop T-38 Talon\") aircraft made surplus by the arrival of the [Northrop F\\-5E Tiger IIs](/wiki/Northrop_F-5E_Tiger_II \"Northrop F-5E Tiger II\") at [Nellis Air Force Base](/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base \"Nellis Air Force Base\"), Nevada. Eventually, the squadron also received the F\\-5E, with some of the planes coming from stocks destined for the [Republic of Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force \"Republic of Vietnam Air Force\") but never delivered and an embargoed [Ethiopian Air Force](/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force \"Ethiopian Air Force\") order. By that time it had been redesignated the **26th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron**, and then as a tactical fighter training and aggressor squadron. Eventually, it became the **26th Aggressor Squadron**. The aggressor F\\-5Es were painted in a variety of colorful camouflage schemes designed to mimic those in use by [Warsaw Pact](/wiki/Warsaw_Pact \"Warsaw Pact\") aircraft. Two\\-digit Soviet\\-style nose codes were applied to most aggressor aircraft, and these coincided with the last two digits of the serial number. When there was duplication, three digits were used. The squadron was among the first to apply the star and bar in toned\\-down or stencil form.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "By the late 1980s, the aircraft were becoming worn out after years of high\\-performance fighter training, with some aircraft being grounded for structural failures. In addition, the F\\-5E no longer could provide the training as a new generation of Soviet aircraft were becoming operational. The 26th at Clark was scheduled to dispose of its F\\-5Es in favor of [General Dynamics F\\-16 Fighting Falcon](/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon \"General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon\") and move to [Kadena Air Base](/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base \"Kadena Air Base\"), [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\"), in October 1988\\. The unit was minimally manned at Kadena while the squadron awaited new aircraft, flying a few borrowed aircraft from the [18th Tactical Fighter Wing](/wiki/18th_Tactical_Fighter_Wing \"18th Tactical Fighter Wing\"). However, in 1990, the decision was made to terminate the entire USAF aggressor program. The 26th AS was inactivated on 21 February 1990 before it could receive its own F\\-16s.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "### Space aggressor unit", "Reactivated under [Air Force Space Command](/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command \"Air Force Space Command\") in 2003 as the **26th Space Aggressor Squadron**, part of the [310th Space Wing](/wiki/310th_Space_Wing \"310th Space Wing\") at [Schriever Air Force Base](/wiki/Schriever_Air_Force_Base \"Schriever Air Force Base\"), Colorado. In 2007 the unit was reassigned to the [926th Group](/wiki/926th_Group \"926th Group\") at Nellis and was transferred to [Air Combat Command](/wiki/Air_Combat_Command \"Air Combat Command\"). However, the 26th remained at Schriever SFB, despite the organization as a geographically separated unit.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2024}}", "" ]
Composition ----------- The State Human Rights Commission was constituted by the [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India "Government of India") in 1996 to address the public grievances relating to Human Rights violations as per the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993\. | \+Members when Establish \& Current Members | | As Formed | Current | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Chairman | Justice Surendra Nath Bhargava | Vacant | | Member (J) | Justice Tarun Chandra Das | Shri Naba Kamal Bora | | Member (J) | Shri Paramanada Kalita | Vacant | | Member (NJ) | Seikh Chand Mohammad | Vacant | ### Investigation Cell The Investigation Cell is headed by a Director in the rank of Inspector General of Police. The cell comprises an SP, Inspector and Constables. The Investigation Cell investigates the cases registered with the Commission. ### Administration The administration is headed by a Secretary in the rank of Secretary to the [Government of Assam](/wiki/Government_of_Assam "Government of Assam"). He is assisted by two sets of Officers and Assistants; one set of Officers / Assistants is deputed by the Secretariat Administration Department and the other set of Officers / Assistants are appointed by the Commission itself. ### Funds The State Government provides funds to the Commission for its functioning under Grants\-in\-Aid (Salary \& non\-salary) under the Major Head of Account "2070" which is drawn and disbursed by the Secretariat Administration (Accounts) Department in favor of the Savings Bank Account of Secretary, AHRC for making payment of salary and non salary components. Funds allotted to AHRC are duly audited by AG, Assam and separate audit reports are placed in [Assam Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly "Assam Legislative Assembly"). As per Chapter V of TPHRA, 1993 (with amendment act 2006\) commission is headed by a Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice of a High Court along with an active Member who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or District Judge in the State with minimum seven year experience as a District Judge, assisted by another expert member on the matters of human rights. * Justice Aftab Hussain Saikia, former Chief Justice of the High Courts of Sikkim and Jammu \& Kashmir assumed as the Chairperson on 1 December 2011 * Shri Tarun Phookan, Former District \& Session's Judge who assumed charge as an active member on 16 December 2011 * Shri Jyoti Prasad Chaliha, assumed charge on 18 February 2008 also as an active member of the commission.
[ "Composition\n-----------", "The State Human Rights Commission was constituted by the [Government of India](/wiki/Government_of_India \"Government of India\") in 1996 to address the public grievances relating to Human Rights violations as per the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993\\.", "| \\+Members when Establish \\& Current Members | | As Formed | Current |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Chairman | Justice Surendra Nath Bhargava | Vacant |\n| Member (J) | Justice Tarun Chandra Das | Shri Naba Kamal Bora |\n| Member (J) | Shri Paramanada Kalita | Vacant |\n| Member (NJ) | Seikh Chand Mohammad | Vacant |", "", "### Investigation Cell", "The Investigation Cell is headed by a Director in the rank of Inspector General of Police. The cell comprises an SP, Inspector and Constables. The Investigation Cell investigates the cases registered with the Commission.", "### Administration", "The administration is headed by a Secretary in the rank of Secretary to the [Government of Assam](/wiki/Government_of_Assam \"Government of Assam\"). He is assisted by two sets of Officers and Assistants; one set of Officers / Assistants is deputed by the Secretariat Administration Department and the other set of Officers / Assistants are appointed by the Commission itself.", "### Funds", "The State Government provides funds to the Commission for its functioning under Grants\\-in\\-Aid (Salary \\& non\\-salary) under the Major Head of Account \"2070\" which is drawn and disbursed by the Secretariat Administration (Accounts) Department in favor of the Savings Bank Account of Secretary, AHRC for making payment of salary and non salary components.", "Funds allotted to AHRC are duly audited by AG, Assam and separate audit reports are placed in [Assam Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly \"Assam Legislative Assembly\").", "As per Chapter V of TPHRA, 1993 (with amendment act 2006\\) commission is headed by a Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice of a High Court along with an active Member who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or District Judge in the State with minimum seven year experience as a District Judge, assisted by another expert member on the matters of human rights.", "* Justice Aftab Hussain Saikia, former Chief Justice of the High Courts of Sikkim and Jammu \\& Kashmir assumed as the Chairperson on 1 December 2011\n* Shri Tarun Phookan, Former District \\& Session's Judge who assumed charge as an active member on 16 December 2011\n* Shri Jyoti Prasad Chaliha, assumed charge on 18 February 2008 also as an active member of the commission." ]
Military career --------------- ### Anglo\-Spanish War (1585\-1604\) Vere left home in 1590 to join his two elder brothers, Robert and Sir Francis, in the Netherlands, commencing his service in the infantry company of the latter during his tenure of office as sergeant\-major\-general. He was wounded [during the assault](/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_%281592%29 "Siege of Steenwijk (1592)") by English and Dutch soldiers on the fortress of [Steenwijk](/wiki/Steenwijk "Steenwijk") on 5 July 1592, was recommended by his brother for a company at the [siege of Groningen](/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_%281594%29 "Siege of Groningen (1594)") in June 1594, and was [knighted](/wiki/Knight_Bachelor "Knight Bachelor") for his gallantry at the [siege of Cadiz](/wiki/Capture_of_Cadiz "Capture of Cadiz") in June 1596\. [left\|thumb\|upright\|Horace Vere in 1594\.](/wiki/File:Horace_Vere%2C_Baron_Vere_of_Tilbury_1594.jpg "Horace Vere, Baron Vere of Tilbury 1594.jpg") The following year Horace in his brothers absence took command in the field (albeit temporarily) of the English forces in the Netherlands. With [Maurice of Orange](/wiki/Maurice%2C_Prince_of_Orange "Maurice, Prince of Orange") they took [Rheinberg](/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_%281597%29 "Siege of Rheinberg (1597)"), [Meurs](/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_%281597%29 "Siege of Meurs (1597)"), [Greonlo](/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_%281597%29 "Siege of Groenlo (1597)"), [Bredevoort](/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_%281597%29 "Siege of Bredevoort (1597)"), [Enschede](/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_%281597%29 "Capture of Enschede (1597)"), [Oldenzaal](/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_%281597%29 "Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)") and [Lingen](/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_%281597%29 "Siege of Lingen (1597)"); cities of the eastern Netherlands that created an important barrier.{{cite book \|last\=Knight \|first\=Charles Raleigh \|title\=Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment, Vol I \|location\=London \|publisher\=Gale \& Polden \|date\=1905 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog/page/n71 45]}} He commanded three hundred foot at the [battle of Nieuwpoort](/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort "Battle of Nieuwpoort") under his brother, after whose retirement from the field he helped [Sir John Ogle](/wiki/Sir_John_Ogle "Sir John Ogle") and [Sir Charles Fairfax](/wiki/Charles_Fairfax_%28soldier%29 "Charles Fairfax (soldier)") to rally the English vanguard; and at the [Siege of Ostend](/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend "Siege of Ostend") he took a conspicuous part in the repulse of the Spanish assault on 7 January 1602, being stationed (along with Fairfax) at a vital point in the defenses known as the 'Sandhill,' in command of twelve companies. He was badly hurt in the leg by a splinter. Horace then took to the field under his brother again in the spring of 1602 with Maurice's army, and after Francis was severely wounded in the head during the [siege of Grave](/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_%281602%29 "Siege of Grave (1602)") he then took over as command of English forces there. Early in April 1603 he was dispatched by his brother with a message to the new king. Upon the retirement of Sir Francis Vere, Sir Horace took his place in the Netherlands, but at first only the senior of the four colonels of the English companies, the others being Ogle, [Sir Edward Cecil](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Cecil "Sir Edward Cecil"), and [Sir Edward Harwood](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Harwood "Sir Edward Harwood"). The outset of Sir Horace's individual career in the [Dutch States Army](/wiki/Dutch_States_Army "Dutch States Army") was marked by the fall of Ostend on 24 September 1604 to the Spanish general, [Ambrosio Spinola](/wiki/Ambrosio_Spinola "Ambrosio Spinola"). As a makeweight to Ostend, [Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange](/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau%2C_Prince_of_Orange "Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange") meditated [the recapture of](/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_%281604%29 "Siege of Sluis (1604)") [Sluys](/wiki/Sluys "Sluys"). The Spanish general opposed the advance upon the town with a force of two thousand men strongly entrenched at [Damme](/wiki/Damme "Damme"), situated between Sluys and [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges "Bruges"). This force, under the Spanish general of horse, [Don Luis de Velasco](/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco_y_Velasco%2C_2nd_Count_of_Salazar "Luis de Velasco y Velasco, 2nd Count of Salazar"), had to be dislodged, a risky operation. Vere won for his command the approbation of the [States\-General](/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands "States-General of the Netherlands"). In July 1604 Spinola was foiled in an attempt to relieve the town, and on 20 August it was surrendered. ### Dutch service [left\|thumb\|225px\|1st Baron Vere of Tilbury in Holland by [Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt](/wiki/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt "Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt")](/wiki/Image:Sir_Horace_Vere_-_Horatius_Veer_%281565-1635%29.jpg "Sir Horace Vere - Horatius Veer (1565-1635).jpg") At the battle of Mülheim on 9 October 1605 the cavalry were completely outmanoeuvred, and several of the troops broke. Vere crossed the river with four companies of infantry and kept the Spaniards at bay for over an hour, while the other forces had time to rally and retreat in some order. The battle of Mülheim was followed by Vere's return to England, and by his marriage in 1607\. Two years later came the twelve years' truce between the United Provinces and Spain. In October 1609 Sir Horace succeeded his brother as governor of [the Brill](/wiki/Brielle "Brielle"). In 1609 he was promised the reversion of the [mastership of ordnance](/wiki/Mastership_of_ordnance "Mastership of ordnance"), after [Lord Carew](/wiki/George_Carew%2C_1st_Earl_of_Totnes "George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes"). In 1610 he served at the [siege of Juliers](/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_%281610%29 "Siege of Jülich (1610)") under Sir Edward Cecil. In 1616 he yielded up the [cautionary town](/wiki/Cautionary_Towns "Cautionary Towns") of [Brielle](/wiki/Brielle "Brielle") to the Dutch on the repayment by them of the loans received from England, receiving a life pension of £800 in compensation for his loss of the governorship. Two years later Sir Horace received from Maurice the governorship of Utrecht. He had previously aided the prince in disarming and suppressing the provincial levies, raised on behalf of [Johan van Oldenbarnevelt](/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt "Johan van Oldenbarnevelt"). ### Palatinate campaign In May 1620, James I was being strongly urged by popular opinion to defend the Protestant cause of his son\-in\-law, [Frederick V, Elector Palatine](/wiki/Frederick_V%2C_Elector_Palatine "Frederick V, Elector Palatine"). He allowed [Count Dohna](/wiki/Christopher_von_Dohna "Christopher von Dohna"), the Palatine envoy, to levy a body of volunteers at his own cost, and to appeal for funds. Dohna, as paymaster, selected Sir Horace Vere, as commander; [Buckingham](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham "George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham") had wanted the post for Sir Edward Cecil, and withdrew support from the expedition. News arrived of the [treaty of Ulm](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ulm_%281620%29 "Treaty of Ulm (1620)") (23 June), between the union of Catholic princes and the League, preparing the way for a Catholic invasion of the Palatinate, and money came in more rapidly. On 9 July, Vere went to [Theobalds](/wiki/Theobalds "Theobalds") to take leave of the king, and on 22 July the regiment, 2,200 strong, set sail from [Gravesend](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Kent "Gravesend, Kent") to the Netherlands, to be escorted south into Germany and to the seat of war by a body of Dutch cavalry. By this time Vere was a professional soldier, even\-tempered, brave and popular. The [Earl of Essex](/wiki/Robert_Devereux%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Essex "Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex") was one of his lieutenants. Spinola was in the field with one army, Velasco on the way with another. Vere's plan was to effect a junction with the Protestant force near [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim "Mannheim"), under the [Margrave of Ansbach](/wiki/Joachim_Ernst%2C_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach "Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach"). He marched through [Wesel](/wiki/Wesel "Wesel") into the neighbourhood of [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz "Coblenz"), and then made a detour by a route through the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus "Taunus"), on the other side of which, in the valley of the [Main River](/wiki/Main_River "Main River"), Spinola made an unsuccessful attempt to cut him off. Vere crossed the Main by a ford, near [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"), and then, by way of [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt") and [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim "Bensheim") (there resting his troops), and proceeded to [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany"), where the junction of forces actually took place. Spinola now adopted [Fabian](/wiki/Fabian_strategy "Fabian strategy") tactics in the hope of wearing the enemy out, until the approach of winter compelled the English and their allies to seek quarters. Vere divided his troops among the three most important strongholds of the Palatinate. He himself occupied Mannheim, [Gerard Herbert](/wiki/Gerard_Herbert "Gerard Herbert") he stationed in [Heidelberg Castle](/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle "Heidelberg Castle"), while [Sir John Burroughs](/wiki/Sir_John_Burroughs "Sir John Burroughs") undertook to defend [Frankenthal](/wiki/Frankenthal "Frankenthal"). Early in 1621, the Protestant Union was broken up, and the English garrisons had to give up all hope of relief. The English governors were not closely pressed that year. The garrison under Vere at Mannheim received a visit early in 1622 from the dethroned elector, who had promised them a diversion, and who, in conjunction with [Mansfelt](/wiki/Mansfelt "Mansfelt"), had inflicted a momentary check upon the imperialist army under [Johann Tserclaes von Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes_von_Tilly "Johann Tserclaes von Tilly") at [Wiesloch](/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim "Battle of Mingolsheim") (April). A few weeks later, however, Tilly, having been reinforced by [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%281585%E2%80%931635%29 "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1635)"), inflicted defeats on the Protestants, and in June the elector had finally to leave Mannheim. The English garrisons were now surrounded and threatened by a force of imperialists and Spaniards under Tilly, Cordova, and [Verdugo](/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo "Francisco Verdugo"). Vere resolved to hold out, though he knew that the military position was hopeless. On 16 September, the town of [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") was taken by storm, and the castle surrendered three days later. Sir Gerard Herbert had received a mortal wound during the siege. At Mannheim Vere, with a garrison of fourteen hundred men, without money or supplies, had to defend extensive fortifications. He retired to the citadel, but no extraneous help being forthcoming, he was forced to capitulate at the close of September, and, having marched out with the honours of war, withdrew to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"). Vere's defence was commemorated by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman "George Chapman")'Pro Vero Autumni Lachrymae . . . inscribed to the Incomparable Souldier, Sir Horatio Vere, Knight, besieged and distrest in Mainhem' (1622\), in which the poet urged that aid should be sent to the relief of the distressed garrison. At Frankenthal, Burroughs did not surrender the place to Verdugo until 14 April 1623, and then only in response to direct orders from home. The courage displayed by Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the general returned early in February 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February 1623, he was appointed master\-general of the ordnance for life, and he became a member of the council of war on 20 July 1624\. On the death of his elder brother, John, in the same year he became his residuary legatee, with the reversion of Tilbury and Kirby Hall upon the death of the widow. ### Breda and the Brabant campaign In 1624 Sir Horace Vere travelled once more to The Hague in order to second Prince Maurice in the defence of the fortress of [Breda](/wiki/Breda "Breda"), under siege by Spinola from August. Maurice died on 23 April 1625\. The only ways to approach the siege works from outside were by causeways. The new stadtholder, Maurice's brother, [Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange](/wiki/Frederick_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange "Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange"), resolved to attempt the causeways, and Vere was selected to conduct this hazardous operation. Taking with him some six thousand men, including three hundred pikemen led by his kinsman, [Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Robert_de_Vere%2C_19th_Earl_of_Oxford "Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford"), Vere started an hour before the dawn on the morning of 13 May 1625\. The English marched along the dyke, and after a sharp engagement captured the redoubt. Spinola thereupon sent strong reinforcements to the threatened point, and, incurring a very heavy loss, the English were forced to retire. On his return to England that summer Vere, high in military reputation, was created Baron Vere of Tilbury. His next enterprise in the Netherlands was in connection with the [siege of 's\-Hertogenbosch](/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch "Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch"), one of the chief military positions in [Brabant](/wiki/North_Brabant "North Brabant"), undertaken by Prince Frederic Henry in April 1629\. [Sir Edward Vere](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Vere "Sir Edward Vere") (born ca. 1580\), the illegitimate son of Horatio's first cousin [Edward, Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Edward_de_Vere%2C_17th_Earl_of_Oxford "Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford"),{{cite journal \|first\=Gwynneth \|last\=Bowen \|url\=https://sourcetext.com/the\-writings\-of\-gwynneth\-bowen\-17\-2/ \|title\=Sir Edward Vere and His Mother, Anne Vavasor \|journal\=Shakespearean Authorship Review (English) \|date\=Spring 1966}} was mortally wounded in the lines on 18 August a few weeks before the place was finally surrendered. A large number of Englishmen who were afterwards distinguished soldiers served under Vere in the trenches at [Den Bosch](/wiki/Den_Bosch "Den Bosch"). Among them were: [Thomas Fairfax](/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax%2C_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron "Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron") and [Philip Skippon](/wiki/Philip_Skippon "Philip Skippon"), the future organisers of the [New Model Army](/wiki/New_Model_Army "New Model Army"); [Jacob Astley](/wiki/Jacob_Astley%2C_1st_Baron_Astley_of_Reading "Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading"), [Thomas Glemham](/wiki/Thomas_Glemham "Thomas Glemham"), the future royalist generals; [Sir John Borlase](/wiki/John_Borlase_%28Lord_Justice_of_Ireland%29 "John Borlase (Lord Justice of Ireland)"), and [Henry Hexham](/wiki/Henry_Hexham "Henry Hexham"), the historian of the Dutch wars. Fairfax, Skippon, and [George Monck](/wiki/George_Monck "George Monck"), particularly, were his pupils in the art of war.{{cite DNB\|wstitle\=Vere, Horace\|first\=Thomas \|last\=Seccombe \|authorlink\=Thomas Seccombe \|volume\=58}} The services of the Veres in the Netherlands were closed by the [Capture of Maastricht](/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht "Capture of Maastricht") May–August 1632\. Vere commanded a powerful brigade, and posted his headquarters opposite the Brussels Gate. Among those killed during the operations were Vere's kinsman, [Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Robert_de_Vere%2C_19th_Earl_of_Oxford "Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford"), while among the wounded were his nephew, [Sir Simon Harcourt](/wiki/Simon_Harcourt_%281603-1642%29 "Simon Harcourt (1603-1642)"), and [Sir Thomas Holles](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Holles "Sir Thomas Holles").
[ "Military career\n---------------", "### Anglo\\-Spanish War (1585\\-1604\\)", "Vere left home in 1590 to join his two elder brothers, Robert and Sir Francis, in the Netherlands, commencing his service in the infantry company of the latter during his tenure of office as sergeant\\-major\\-general. He was wounded [during the assault](/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_%281592%29 \"Siege of Steenwijk (1592)\") by English and Dutch soldiers on the fortress of [Steenwijk](/wiki/Steenwijk \"Steenwijk\") on 5 July 1592, was recommended by his brother for a company at the [siege of Groningen](/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_%281594%29 \"Siege of Groningen (1594)\") in June 1594, and was [knighted](/wiki/Knight_Bachelor \"Knight Bachelor\") for his gallantry at the [siege of Cadiz](/wiki/Capture_of_Cadiz \"Capture of Cadiz\") in June 1596\\.\n[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\|Horace Vere in 1594\\.](/wiki/File:Horace_Vere%2C_Baron_Vere_of_Tilbury_1594.jpg \"Horace Vere, Baron Vere of Tilbury 1594.jpg\")", "The following year Horace in his brothers absence took command in the field (albeit temporarily) of the English forces in the Netherlands. With [Maurice of Orange](/wiki/Maurice%2C_Prince_of_Orange \"Maurice, Prince of Orange\") they took [Rheinberg](/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_%281597%29 \"Siege of Rheinberg (1597)\"), [Meurs](/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_%281597%29 \"Siege of Meurs (1597)\"), [Greonlo](/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_%281597%29 \"Siege of Groenlo (1597)\"), [Bredevoort](/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_%281597%29 \"Siege of Bredevoort (1597)\"), [Enschede](/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_%281597%29 \"Capture of Enschede (1597)\"), [Oldenzaal](/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_%281597%29 \"Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)\") and [Lingen](/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_%281597%29 \"Siege of Lingen (1597)\"); cities of the eastern Netherlands that created an important barrier.{{cite book \\|last\\=Knight \\|first\\=Charles Raleigh \\|title\\=Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment, Vol I \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=Gale \\& Polden \\|date\\=1905 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog/page/n71 45]}}", "He commanded three hundred foot at the [battle of Nieuwpoort](/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort \"Battle of Nieuwpoort\") under his brother, after whose retirement from the field he helped [Sir John Ogle](/wiki/Sir_John_Ogle \"Sir John Ogle\") and [Sir Charles Fairfax](/wiki/Charles_Fairfax_%28soldier%29 \"Charles Fairfax (soldier)\") to rally the English vanguard; and at the [Siege of Ostend](/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend \"Siege of Ostend\") he took a conspicuous part in the repulse of the Spanish assault on 7 January 1602, being stationed (along with Fairfax) at a vital point in the defenses known as the 'Sandhill,' in command of twelve companies. He was badly hurt in the leg by a splinter. Horace then took to the field under his brother again in the spring of 1602 with Maurice's army, and after Francis was severely wounded in the head during the [siege of Grave](/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_%281602%29 \"Siege of Grave (1602)\") he then took over as command of English forces there. Early in April 1603 he was dispatched by his brother with a message to the new king.", "Upon the retirement of Sir Francis Vere, Sir Horace took his place in the Netherlands, but at first only the senior of the four colonels of the English companies, the others being Ogle, [Sir Edward Cecil](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Cecil \"Sir Edward Cecil\"), and [Sir Edward Harwood](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Harwood \"Sir Edward Harwood\").", "The outset of Sir Horace's individual career in the [Dutch States Army](/wiki/Dutch_States_Army \"Dutch States Army\") was marked by the fall of Ostend on 24 September 1604 to the Spanish general, [Ambrosio Spinola](/wiki/Ambrosio_Spinola \"Ambrosio Spinola\"). As a makeweight to Ostend, [Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange](/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau%2C_Prince_of_Orange \"Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange\") meditated [the recapture of](/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_%281604%29 \"Siege of Sluis (1604)\") [Sluys](/wiki/Sluys \"Sluys\"). The Spanish general opposed the advance upon the town with a force of two thousand men strongly entrenched at [Damme](/wiki/Damme \"Damme\"), situated between Sluys and [Bruges](/wiki/Bruges \"Bruges\"). This force, under the Spanish general of horse, [Don Luis de Velasco](/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco_y_Velasco%2C_2nd_Count_of_Salazar \"Luis de Velasco y Velasco, 2nd Count of Salazar\"), had to be dislodged, a risky operation. Vere won for his command the approbation of the [States\\-General](/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands \"States-General of the Netherlands\"). In July 1604 Spinola was foiled in an attempt to relieve the town, and on 20 August it was surrendered.", "### Dutch service", "[left\\|thumb\\|225px\\|1st Baron Vere of Tilbury in Holland by [Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt](/wiki/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt \"Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt\")](/wiki/Image:Sir_Horace_Vere_-_Horatius_Veer_%281565-1635%29.jpg \"Sir Horace Vere - Horatius Veer (1565-1635).jpg\")\nAt the battle of Mülheim on 9 October 1605 the cavalry were completely outmanoeuvred, and several of the troops broke. Vere crossed the river with four companies of infantry and kept the Spaniards at bay for over an hour, while the other forces had time to rally and retreat in some order.", "The battle of Mülheim was followed by Vere's return to England, and by his marriage in 1607\\. Two years later came the twelve years' truce between the United Provinces and Spain. In October 1609 Sir Horace succeeded his brother as governor of [the Brill](/wiki/Brielle \"Brielle\"). In 1609 he was promised the reversion of the [mastership of ordnance](/wiki/Mastership_of_ordnance \"Mastership of ordnance\"), after [Lord Carew](/wiki/George_Carew%2C_1st_Earl_of_Totnes \"George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes\").", "In 1610 he served at the [siege of Juliers](/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_%281610%29 \"Siege of Jülich (1610)\") under Sir Edward Cecil. In 1616 he yielded up the [cautionary town](/wiki/Cautionary_Towns \"Cautionary Towns\") of [Brielle](/wiki/Brielle \"Brielle\") to the Dutch on the repayment by them of the loans received from England, receiving a life pension of £800 in compensation for his loss of the governorship. Two years later Sir Horace received from Maurice the governorship of Utrecht. He had previously aided the prince in disarming and suppressing the provincial levies, raised on behalf of [Johan van Oldenbarnevelt](/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt \"Johan van Oldenbarnevelt\").", "### Palatinate campaign", "In May 1620, James I was being strongly urged by popular opinion to defend the Protestant cause of his son\\-in\\-law, [Frederick V, Elector Palatine](/wiki/Frederick_V%2C_Elector_Palatine \"Frederick V, Elector Palatine\"). He allowed [Count Dohna](/wiki/Christopher_von_Dohna \"Christopher von Dohna\"), the Palatine envoy, to levy a body of volunteers at his own cost, and to appeal for funds. Dohna, as paymaster, selected Sir Horace Vere, as commander; [Buckingham](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham \"George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham\") had wanted the post for Sir Edward Cecil, and withdrew support from the expedition.", "News arrived of the [treaty of Ulm](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ulm_%281620%29 \"Treaty of Ulm (1620)\") (23 June), between the union of Catholic princes and the League, preparing the way for a Catholic invasion of the Palatinate, and money came in more rapidly. On 9 July, Vere went to [Theobalds](/wiki/Theobalds \"Theobalds\") to take leave of the king, and on 22 July the regiment, 2,200 strong, set sail from [Gravesend](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Kent \"Gravesend, Kent\") to the Netherlands, to be escorted south into Germany and to the seat of war by a body of Dutch cavalry. By this time Vere was a professional soldier, even\\-tempered, brave and popular. The [Earl of Essex](/wiki/Robert_Devereux%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Essex \"Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex\") was one of his lieutenants. Spinola was in the field with one army, Velasco on the way with another.", "Vere's plan was to effect a junction with the Protestant force near [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim \"Mannheim\"), under the [Margrave of Ansbach](/wiki/Joachim_Ernst%2C_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach \"Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach\"). He marched through [Wesel](/wiki/Wesel \"Wesel\") into the neighbourhood of [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz \"Coblenz\"), and then made a detour by a route through the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus \"Taunus\"), on the other side of which, in the valley of the [Main River](/wiki/Main_River \"Main River\"), Spinola made an unsuccessful attempt to cut him off. Vere crossed the Main by a ford, near [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\"), and then, by way of [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\") and [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim \"Bensheim\") (there resting his troops), and proceeded to [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\"), where the junction of forces actually took place.", "Spinola now adopted [Fabian](/wiki/Fabian_strategy \"Fabian strategy\") tactics in the hope of wearing the enemy out, until the approach of winter compelled the English and their allies to seek quarters. Vere divided his troops among the three most important strongholds of the Palatinate. He himself occupied Mannheim, [Gerard Herbert](/wiki/Gerard_Herbert \"Gerard Herbert\") he stationed in [Heidelberg Castle](/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle \"Heidelberg Castle\"), while [Sir John Burroughs](/wiki/Sir_John_Burroughs \"Sir John Burroughs\") undertook to defend [Frankenthal](/wiki/Frankenthal \"Frankenthal\").", "Early in 1621, the Protestant Union was broken up, and the English garrisons had to give up all hope of relief. The English governors were not closely pressed that year. The garrison under Vere at Mannheim received a visit early in 1622 from the dethroned elector, who had promised them a diversion, and who, in conjunction with [Mansfelt](/wiki/Mansfelt \"Mansfelt\"), had inflicted a momentary check upon the imperialist army under [Johann Tserclaes von Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes_von_Tilly \"Johann Tserclaes von Tilly\") at [Wiesloch](/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim \"Battle of Mingolsheim\") (April). A few weeks later, however, Tilly, having been reinforced by [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%281585%E2%80%931635%29 \"Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1635)\"), inflicted defeats on the Protestants, and in June the elector had finally to leave Mannheim.", "The English garrisons were now surrounded and threatened by a force of imperialists and Spaniards under Tilly, Cordova, and [Verdugo](/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo \"Francisco Verdugo\"). Vere resolved to hold out, though he knew that the military position was hopeless. On 16 September, the town of [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\") was taken by storm, and the castle surrendered three days later. Sir Gerard Herbert had received a mortal wound during the siege. At Mannheim Vere, with a garrison of fourteen hundred men, without money or supplies, had to defend extensive fortifications. He retired to the citadel, but no extraneous help being forthcoming, he was forced to capitulate at the close of September, and, having marched out with the honours of war, withdrew to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"). Vere's defence was commemorated by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman \"George Chapman\")'Pro Vero Autumni Lachrymae . . . inscribed to the Incomparable Souldier, Sir Horatio Vere, Knight, besieged and distrest in Mainhem' (1622\\), in which the poet urged that aid should be sent to the relief of the distressed garrison.", "At Frankenthal, Burroughs did not surrender the place to Verdugo until 14 April 1623, and then only in response to direct orders from home.", "The courage displayed by Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the general returned early in February 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February 1623, he was appointed master\\-general of the ordnance for life, and he became a member of the council of war on 20 July 1624\\. On the death of his elder brother, John, in the same year he became his residuary legatee, with the reversion of Tilbury and Kirby Hall upon the death of the widow.", "### Breda and the Brabant campaign", "In 1624 Sir Horace Vere travelled once more to The Hague in order to second Prince Maurice in the defence of the fortress of [Breda](/wiki/Breda \"Breda\"), under siege by Spinola from August. Maurice died on 23 April 1625\\. The only ways to approach the siege works from outside were by causeways. The new stadtholder, Maurice's brother, [Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange](/wiki/Frederick_Henry%2C_Prince_of_Orange \"Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange\"), resolved to attempt the causeways, and Vere was selected to conduct this hazardous operation. Taking with him some six thousand men, including three hundred pikemen led by his kinsman, [Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Robert_de_Vere%2C_19th_Earl_of_Oxford \"Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford\"), Vere started an hour before the dawn on the morning of 13 May 1625\\. The English marched along the dyke, and after a sharp engagement captured the redoubt. Spinola thereupon sent strong reinforcements to the threatened point, and, incurring a very heavy loss, the English were forced to retire. On his return to England that summer Vere, high in military reputation, was created Baron Vere of Tilbury.", "His next enterprise in the Netherlands was in connection with the [siege of 's\\-Hertogenbosch](/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch \"Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch\"), one of the chief military positions in [Brabant](/wiki/North_Brabant \"North Brabant\"), undertaken by Prince Frederic Henry in April 1629\\. [Sir Edward Vere](/wiki/Sir_Edward_Vere \"Sir Edward Vere\") (born ca. 1580\\), the illegitimate son of Horatio's first cousin [Edward, Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Edward_de_Vere%2C_17th_Earl_of_Oxford \"Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford\"),{{cite journal \\|first\\=Gwynneth \\|last\\=Bowen \\|url\\=https://sourcetext.com/the\\-writings\\-of\\-gwynneth\\-bowen\\-17\\-2/ \\|title\\=Sir Edward Vere and His Mother, Anne Vavasor \\|journal\\=Shakespearean Authorship Review (English) \\|date\\=Spring 1966}} was mortally wounded in the lines on 18 August a few weeks before the place was finally surrendered. A large number of Englishmen who were afterwards distinguished soldiers served under Vere in the trenches at [Den Bosch](/wiki/Den_Bosch \"Den Bosch\"). Among them were: [Thomas Fairfax](/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax%2C_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron \"Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron\") and [Philip Skippon](/wiki/Philip_Skippon \"Philip Skippon\"), the future organisers of the [New Model Army](/wiki/New_Model_Army \"New Model Army\"); [Jacob Astley](/wiki/Jacob_Astley%2C_1st_Baron_Astley_of_Reading \"Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading\"), [Thomas Glemham](/wiki/Thomas_Glemham \"Thomas Glemham\"), the future royalist generals; [Sir John Borlase](/wiki/John_Borlase_%28Lord_Justice_of_Ireland%29 \"John Borlase (Lord Justice of Ireland)\"), and [Henry Hexham](/wiki/Henry_Hexham \"Henry Hexham\"), the historian of the Dutch wars. Fairfax, Skippon, and [George Monck](/wiki/George_Monck \"George Monck\"), particularly, were his pupils in the art of war.{{cite DNB\\|wstitle\\=Vere, Horace\\|first\\=Thomas \\|last\\=Seccombe \\|authorlink\\=Thomas Seccombe \\|volume\\=58}}", "The services of the Veres in the Netherlands were closed by the [Capture of Maastricht](/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht \"Capture of Maastricht\") May–August 1632\\. Vere commanded a powerful brigade, and posted his headquarters opposite the Brussels Gate. Among those killed during the operations were Vere's kinsman, [Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford](/wiki/Robert_de_Vere%2C_19th_Earl_of_Oxford \"Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford\"), while among the wounded were his nephew, [Sir Simon Harcourt](/wiki/Simon_Harcourt_%281603-1642%29 \"Simon Harcourt (1603-1642)\"), and [Sir Thomas Holles](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Holles \"Sir Thomas Holles\").", "" ]
### Palatinate campaign In May 1620, James I was being strongly urged by popular opinion to defend the Protestant cause of his son\-in\-law, [Frederick V, Elector Palatine](/wiki/Frederick_V%2C_Elector_Palatine "Frederick V, Elector Palatine"). He allowed [Count Dohna](/wiki/Christopher_von_Dohna "Christopher von Dohna"), the Palatine envoy, to levy a body of volunteers at his own cost, and to appeal for funds. Dohna, as paymaster, selected Sir Horace Vere, as commander; [Buckingham](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham "George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham") had wanted the post for Sir Edward Cecil, and withdrew support from the expedition. News arrived of the [treaty of Ulm](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ulm_%281620%29 "Treaty of Ulm (1620)") (23 June), between the union of Catholic princes and the League, preparing the way for a Catholic invasion of the Palatinate, and money came in more rapidly. On 9 July, Vere went to [Theobalds](/wiki/Theobalds "Theobalds") to take leave of the king, and on 22 July the regiment, 2,200 strong, set sail from [Gravesend](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Kent "Gravesend, Kent") to the Netherlands, to be escorted south into Germany and to the seat of war by a body of Dutch cavalry. By this time Vere was a professional soldier, even\-tempered, brave and popular. The [Earl of Essex](/wiki/Robert_Devereux%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Essex "Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex") was one of his lieutenants. Spinola was in the field with one army, Velasco on the way with another. Vere's plan was to effect a junction with the Protestant force near [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim "Mannheim"), under the [Margrave of Ansbach](/wiki/Joachim_Ernst%2C_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach "Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach"). He marched through [Wesel](/wiki/Wesel "Wesel") into the neighbourhood of [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz "Coblenz"), and then made a detour by a route through the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus "Taunus"), on the other side of which, in the valley of the [Main River](/wiki/Main_River "Main River"), Spinola made an unsuccessful attempt to cut him off. Vere crossed the Main by a ford, near [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"), and then, by way of [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt") and [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim "Bensheim") (there resting his troops), and proceeded to [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany"), where the junction of forces actually took place. Spinola now adopted [Fabian](/wiki/Fabian_strategy "Fabian strategy") tactics in the hope of wearing the enemy out, until the approach of winter compelled the English and their allies to seek quarters. Vere divided his troops among the three most important strongholds of the Palatinate. He himself occupied Mannheim, [Gerard Herbert](/wiki/Gerard_Herbert "Gerard Herbert") he stationed in [Heidelberg Castle](/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle "Heidelberg Castle"), while [Sir John Burroughs](/wiki/Sir_John_Burroughs "Sir John Burroughs") undertook to defend [Frankenthal](/wiki/Frankenthal "Frankenthal"). Early in 1621, the Protestant Union was broken up, and the English garrisons had to give up all hope of relief. The English governors were not closely pressed that year. The garrison under Vere at Mannheim received a visit early in 1622 from the dethroned elector, who had promised them a diversion, and who, in conjunction with [Mansfelt](/wiki/Mansfelt "Mansfelt"), had inflicted a momentary check upon the imperialist army under [Johann Tserclaes von Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes_von_Tilly "Johann Tserclaes von Tilly") at [Wiesloch](/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim "Battle of Mingolsheim") (April). A few weeks later, however, Tilly, having been reinforced by [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%281585%E2%80%931635%29 "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1635)"), inflicted defeats on the Protestants, and in June the elector had finally to leave Mannheim. The English garrisons were now surrounded and threatened by a force of imperialists and Spaniards under Tilly, Cordova, and [Verdugo](/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo "Francisco Verdugo"). Vere resolved to hold out, though he knew that the military position was hopeless. On 16 September, the town of [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") was taken by storm, and the castle surrendered three days later. Sir Gerard Herbert had received a mortal wound during the siege. At Mannheim Vere, with a garrison of fourteen hundred men, without money or supplies, had to defend extensive fortifications. He retired to the citadel, but no extraneous help being forthcoming, he was forced to capitulate at the close of September, and, having marched out with the honours of war, withdrew to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"). Vere's defence was commemorated by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman "George Chapman")'Pro Vero Autumni Lachrymae . . . inscribed to the Incomparable Souldier, Sir Horatio Vere, Knight, besieged and distrest in Mainhem' (1622\), in which the poet urged that aid should be sent to the relief of the distressed garrison. At Frankenthal, Burroughs did not surrender the place to Verdugo until 14 April 1623, and then only in response to direct orders from home. The courage displayed by Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the general returned early in February 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February 1623, he was appointed master\-general of the ordnance for life, and he became a member of the council of war on 20 July 1624\. On the death of his elder brother, John, in the same year he became his residuary legatee, with the reversion of Tilbury and Kirby Hall upon the death of the widow.
[ "### Palatinate campaign", "In May 1620, James I was being strongly urged by popular opinion to defend the Protestant cause of his son\\-in\\-law, [Frederick V, Elector Palatine](/wiki/Frederick_V%2C_Elector_Palatine \"Frederick V, Elector Palatine\"). He allowed [Count Dohna](/wiki/Christopher_von_Dohna \"Christopher von Dohna\"), the Palatine envoy, to levy a body of volunteers at his own cost, and to appeal for funds. Dohna, as paymaster, selected Sir Horace Vere, as commander; [Buckingham](/wiki/George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham \"George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham\") had wanted the post for Sir Edward Cecil, and withdrew support from the expedition.", "News arrived of the [treaty of Ulm](/wiki/Treaty_of_Ulm_%281620%29 \"Treaty of Ulm (1620)\") (23 June), between the union of Catholic princes and the League, preparing the way for a Catholic invasion of the Palatinate, and money came in more rapidly. On 9 July, Vere went to [Theobalds](/wiki/Theobalds \"Theobalds\") to take leave of the king, and on 22 July the regiment, 2,200 strong, set sail from [Gravesend](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Kent \"Gravesend, Kent\") to the Netherlands, to be escorted south into Germany and to the seat of war by a body of Dutch cavalry. By this time Vere was a professional soldier, even\\-tempered, brave and popular. The [Earl of Essex](/wiki/Robert_Devereux%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Essex \"Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex\") was one of his lieutenants. Spinola was in the field with one army, Velasco on the way with another.", "Vere's plan was to effect a junction with the Protestant force near [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim \"Mannheim\"), under the [Margrave of Ansbach](/wiki/Joachim_Ernst%2C_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach \"Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach\"). He marched through [Wesel](/wiki/Wesel \"Wesel\") into the neighbourhood of [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz \"Coblenz\"), and then made a detour by a route through the [Taunus](/wiki/Taunus \"Taunus\"), on the other side of which, in the valley of the [Main River](/wiki/Main_River \"Main River\"), Spinola made an unsuccessful attempt to cut him off. Vere crossed the Main by a ford, near [Frankfurt](/wiki/Frankfurt \"Frankfurt\"), and then, by way of [Darmstadt](/wiki/Darmstadt \"Darmstadt\") and [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim \"Bensheim\") (there resting his troops), and proceeded to [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\"), where the junction of forces actually took place.", "Spinola now adopted [Fabian](/wiki/Fabian_strategy \"Fabian strategy\") tactics in the hope of wearing the enemy out, until the approach of winter compelled the English and their allies to seek quarters. Vere divided his troops among the three most important strongholds of the Palatinate. He himself occupied Mannheim, [Gerard Herbert](/wiki/Gerard_Herbert \"Gerard Herbert\") he stationed in [Heidelberg Castle](/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle \"Heidelberg Castle\"), while [Sir John Burroughs](/wiki/Sir_John_Burroughs \"Sir John Burroughs\") undertook to defend [Frankenthal](/wiki/Frankenthal \"Frankenthal\").", "Early in 1621, the Protestant Union was broken up, and the English garrisons had to give up all hope of relief. The English governors were not closely pressed that year. The garrison under Vere at Mannheim received a visit early in 1622 from the dethroned elector, who had promised them a diversion, and who, in conjunction with [Mansfelt](/wiki/Mansfelt \"Mansfelt\"), had inflicted a momentary check upon the imperialist army under [Johann Tserclaes von Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes_von_Tilly \"Johann Tserclaes von Tilly\") at [Wiesloch](/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim \"Battle of Mingolsheim\") (April). A few weeks later, however, Tilly, having been reinforced by [Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba](/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%281585%E2%80%931635%29 \"Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1635)\"), inflicted defeats on the Protestants, and in June the elector had finally to leave Mannheim.", "The English garrisons were now surrounded and threatened by a force of imperialists and Spaniards under Tilly, Cordova, and [Verdugo](/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo \"Francisco Verdugo\"). Vere resolved to hold out, though he knew that the military position was hopeless. On 16 September, the town of [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\") was taken by storm, and the castle surrendered three days later. Sir Gerard Herbert had received a mortal wound during the siege. At Mannheim Vere, with a garrison of fourteen hundred men, without money or supplies, had to defend extensive fortifications. He retired to the citadel, but no extraneous help being forthcoming, he was forced to capitulate at the close of September, and, having marched out with the honours of war, withdrew to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"). Vere's defence was commemorated by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman \"George Chapman\")'Pro Vero Autumni Lachrymae . . . inscribed to the Incomparable Souldier, Sir Horatio Vere, Knight, besieged and distrest in Mainhem' (1622\\), in which the poet urged that aid should be sent to the relief of the distressed garrison.", "At Frankenthal, Burroughs did not surrender the place to Verdugo until 14 April 1623, and then only in response to direct orders from home.", "The courage displayed by Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the general returned early in February 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February 1623, he was appointed master\\-general of the ordnance for life, and he became a member of the council of war on 20 July 1624\\. On the death of his elder brother, John, in the same year he became his residuary legatee, with the reversion of Tilbury and Kirby Hall upon the death of the widow.", "" ]
History ------- The Sanctuary was erected in 1690\-1696 under the designs of a local architect, [Francesco Callegari](/wiki/Francesco_Callegari "Francesco Callegari"). It was the site of a parish church till 1926, when it became a sanctuary due to the veneration by pilgrims of an icon of the Virgin, denominated *Madonna dei Prati*. However the church is likely most memorable for being the parish church near the birthplace of [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi "Giuseppe Verdi"), and interlaced with some events of his early life. The rector of this church, Don Paolo Costa, was putatively the first mentor for musical training of a seven year old Verdi, who was born nearby. However, the rector Costa died soon after in 1820, and Verdi continued training under maestro Don Piero Baistrocchi. A more dramatic event occurred in 1828, during the local festival honoring the Madonna. Verdi was making his way to the event to sing in boys' choir when a lightning bolt struck the church, killing the two choirboys and four priests. Verdi had been late to arrive due to the storm.[Santuario della Madonna dei Prati](http://santuariomadonnaprati.it/itasmp/storia.htm), official site.[Diocese of Fidenza](http://www.webdiocesi.chiesacattolica.it/pls/cci_dioc_new/bd_dioc_annuario_css.singolo_ente?p_pagina=26762&id_dioc=47&id_en=25&colore1=&colore2=&layout=0&rifi=&rifp=&vis=1), entry on parish. Some tellings of the events, say that one of the dead choirboys had bullied Verdi, and he had decreed a curse on him. This telling is not found on the official version.[Emilia Misteriosa](http://www.emiliamisteriosa.it/2013/03/il-santuario-mariano-di-madonna-prati-e.html) website. The interior of the church is otherwise of no great artistic interest, but the story can be read in many ways either as a warning to Verdi, who for many years was seen as anti\-clerical, or as a sign of god's protection of the artist. The connection of the lightning strike to Verdi is not emphasized in the Diocese entry on the church.
[ "History\n-------", "The Sanctuary was erected in 1690\\-1696 under the designs of a local architect, [Francesco Callegari](/wiki/Francesco_Callegari \"Francesco Callegari\"). It was the site of a parish church till 1926, when it became a sanctuary due to the veneration by pilgrims of an icon of the Virgin, denominated *Madonna dei Prati*.", "However the church is likely most memorable for being the parish church near the birthplace of [Giuseppe Verdi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi \"Giuseppe Verdi\"), and interlaced with some events of his early life. The rector of this church, Don Paolo Costa, was putatively the first mentor for musical training of a seven year old Verdi, who was born nearby. However, the rector Costa died soon after in 1820, and Verdi continued training under maestro Don Piero Baistrocchi.", "A more dramatic event occurred in 1828, during the local festival honoring the Madonna. Verdi was making his way to the event to sing in boys' choir when a lightning bolt struck the church, killing the two choirboys and four priests. Verdi had been late to arrive due to the storm.[Santuario della Madonna dei Prati](http://santuariomadonnaprati.it/itasmp/storia.htm), official site.[Diocese of Fidenza](http://www.webdiocesi.chiesacattolica.it/pls/cci_dioc_new/bd_dioc_annuario_css.singolo_ente?p_pagina=26762&id_dioc=47&id_en=25&colore1=&colore2=&layout=0&rifi=&rifp=&vis=1), entry on parish.", "Some tellings of the events, say that one of the dead choirboys had bullied Verdi, and he had decreed a curse on him. This telling is not found on the official version.[Emilia Misteriosa](http://www.emiliamisteriosa.it/2013/03/il-santuario-mariano-di-madonna-prati-e.html) website.", "The interior of the church is otherwise of no great artistic interest, but the story can be read in many ways either as a warning to Verdi, who for many years was seen as anti\\-clerical, or as a sign of god's protection of the artist. The connection of the lightning strike to Verdi is not emphasized in the Diocese entry on the church.", "" ]
Life ---- ### Childhood He was born at the [Palais Royal](/wiki/Palais_Royal "Palais Royal"), in Paris. At twelve years of age, he was nominated colonel of the First Regiment of Chasseurs, and in 1830 entered the *[Chambre des Pairs](/wiki/Pairie "Pairie")*. As early as 1825, while revolutionaries were still engaged in the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence "Greek War of Independence"), attempting to establish a [Kingdom of Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece "Kingdom of Greece") (which transpired with the [London Conference of 1832](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832 "London Conference of 1832")), Louis' name was mentioned as a possible candidate as the first modern [King of Greece](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece "List of kings of Greece"). In February 1831, five months before revolutionaries succeeded in the [Belgian Revolution](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution "Belgian Revolution"), which established the Kingdom of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), Louis was nominated to be the first [King of the Belgians](/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs "List of Belgian monarchs"); international considerations deterred Louis\-Philippe from accepting the honour for his son. Prince Louis did accompany the [French](/wiki/July_Monarchy "July Monarchy") *[Armée du Nord](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Nord "Armée du Nord")* that entered Belgium to support its separation from the [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "United Kingdom of the Netherlands"); there he took part in the [Siege of Antwerp (1832\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281832%29 "Siege of Antwerp (1832)"). Louis accompanied the [Algerian expedition](/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria "French rule in Algeria") against the town of [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria "Constantine, Algeria") in the autumn of 1836, and in a second expedition (1837\) he was entrusted with the command of a brigade and with the direction of the siege operations at Constantine. [General Damrémont](/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont "Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont") was killed at his side on 12 October, and Constantine was taken by assault on the 13th. He sailed a third time for Algeria in 1841, and served under [General Bugeaud](/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud_de_la_Piconnerie "Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie"), taking part in the expedition to get provisions to [Médéa](/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a "Médéa") on 29 April, and in sharp fighting near [Miliana](/wiki/Miliana "Miliana") on 3 to 5 May. In the expedition against the fortified town of Takdempt, Louis commanded the 1st Infantry Division. On his return to France he became commandant of the camp of [Compiègne](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne "Compiègne"). Louis was also dispatched on missions of courtesy to England in 1835, in 1838 and in 1845, and to Berlin and [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") in 1836\. ### Marriage On 26 April 1840, he married [Princess Victoria of Saxe\-Coburg and Gotha](/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha") at the [Château de Saint\-Cloud](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud "Château de Saint-Cloud"). The occasion of his marriage in 1840 with Victoria was marked by a check to Louis\-Philippe's government in the form of a refusal to bestow the marriage dowry proposed by [Adolphe Thiers](/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers "Adolphe Thiers") in the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies "Chamber of Deputies"). The death of his elder brother, [Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans](/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand-Philippe_of_France "Prince Ferdinand-Philippe of France"), in 1842 gave him a position of greater importance as the natural [regent](/wiki/Regent "Regent") in the case of the accession of his nephew, the young [Count of Paris](/wiki/Philippe%2C_Comte_de_Paris "Philippe, Comte de Paris"). His reserve, and dislike of public functions, with a certain haughtiness of manner, however, made him unpopular. On the outbreak of the [revolution of 1848](/wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_France "The Revolutions of 1848 in France") he held the [Tuileries](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace "Tuileries Palace") long enough to cover the king's retreat, but refrained from initiating active measures against the mob. He followed his sister\-in\-law, [Hélène, Duchesse d'Orléans](/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin "Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin"), and her two sons to the chamber of deputies, but was separated from them by the rioters, and only escaped finally by disguising himself in the uniform of a national guard. ### Exile and return to France He embarked for England, where he settled with his parents at [Claremont](/wiki/Claremont_%28stately_house%29 "Claremont (stately house)"). His chief aim during his exile, especially after his father's death, was a reconciliation between the two branches of the [house of Bourbon](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon "House of Bourbon"), as indispensable to the re\-establishment of the French monarchy in any form. These wishes were frustrated on the one hand by the attitude of the [comte de Chambord](/wiki/Henri%2C_comte_de_Chambord "Henri, comte de Chambord"), and on the other by the determination of [the Duchess of Orleans](/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin "Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin") to maintain the pretensions of [the Count of Paris](/wiki/Prince_Philippe%2C_Count_of_Paris "Prince Philippe, Count of Paris"). Nemours was prepared to go further than the other princes of his family in accepting the principles of the [legitimists](/wiki/Legitimists "Legitimists"). Lengthy negotiations ended in 1857 with a letter, written by Nemours, as he subsequently explained, at the dictation of his brother, [François, prince de Joinville](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_prince_de_Joinville "François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville"), in which he insisted that Chambord should express his adherence to the [tricolour flag](/wiki/Drapeau_tricolore "Drapeau tricolore") and to the principles of constitutional government. In 1871 the Orléans princes renewed their professions of allegiance to the senior branch of their house, but they were not consulted when the count of Chambord came to Paris in 1873, and their political differences remained until his death in 1883\. Nemours lived at [Bushy House](/wiki/Bushy_House "Bushy House") after the death in 1866 of [Queen Marie Amélie](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies"), widow of Louis Philippe. In 1871 the exile imposed on the French princes was withdrawn, but he only transferred his establishment to Paris after their disabilities were also removed. In March 1872 he was restored to his rank in the army as general of division, and placed in the first section of the general staff. After his retirement from the active list he continued to act as president of the [Red Cross Society](/wiki/Red_Cross_Society "Red Cross Society") until 1886, when new decrees against the princes of the blood led to his withdrawal from Parisian society. During the presidency of [Marshal MacMahon](/wiki/Patrice_MacMahon%2C_duc_de_Magenta "Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta"), he appeared from time to time at the [Elysée](/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace "Élysée Palace"). He died at [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles%2C_Yvelines "Versailles, Yvelines") on 26 June 1896 at the age of 81, the duchess having died at Claremont on 10 November 1857\. He outlived all of his siblings apart from [Princess Clémentine](/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans "Princess Clémentine of Orléans"), [the Duke of Aumale](/wiki/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Aumale "Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale") and [the Prince of Joinville](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_prince_de_Joinville "François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville").
[ "Life\n----", "### Childhood", "He was born at the [Palais Royal](/wiki/Palais_Royal \"Palais Royal\"), in Paris. At twelve years of age, he was nominated colonel of the First Regiment of Chasseurs, and in 1830 entered the *[Chambre des Pairs](/wiki/Pairie \"Pairie\")*.", "As early as 1825, while revolutionaries were still engaged in the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence \"Greek War of Independence\"), attempting to establish a [Kingdom of Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece \"Kingdom of Greece\") (which transpired with the [London Conference of 1832](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832 \"London Conference of 1832\")), Louis' name was mentioned as a possible candidate as the first modern [King of Greece](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece \"List of kings of Greece\"). In February 1831, five months before revolutionaries succeeded in the [Belgian Revolution](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution \"Belgian Revolution\"), which established the Kingdom of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), Louis was nominated to be the first [King of the Belgians](/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs \"List of Belgian monarchs\"); international considerations deterred Louis\\-Philippe from accepting the honour for his son. Prince Louis did accompany the [French](/wiki/July_Monarchy \"July Monarchy\") *[Armée du Nord](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Nord \"Armée du Nord\")* that entered Belgium to support its separation from the [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands \"United Kingdom of the Netherlands\"); there he took part in the [Siege of Antwerp (1832\\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281832%29 \"Siege of Antwerp (1832)\").", "Louis accompanied the [Algerian expedition](/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria \"French rule in Algeria\") against the town of [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria \"Constantine, Algeria\") in the autumn of 1836, and in a second expedition (1837\\) he was entrusted with the command of a brigade and with the direction of the siege operations at Constantine. [General Damrémont](/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont \"Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont\") was killed at his side on 12 October, and Constantine was taken by assault on the 13th.", "He sailed a third time for Algeria in 1841, and served under [General Bugeaud](/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud_de_la_Piconnerie \"Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie\"), taking part in the expedition to get provisions to [Médéa](/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a \"Médéa\") on 29 April, and in sharp fighting near [Miliana](/wiki/Miliana \"Miliana\") on 3 to 5 May. In the expedition against the fortified town of Takdempt, Louis commanded the 1st Infantry Division. On his return to France he became commandant of the camp of [Compiègne](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne \"Compiègne\").", "Louis was also dispatched on missions of courtesy to England in 1835, in 1838 and in 1845, and to Berlin and [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") in 1836\\.", "### Marriage", "On 26 April 1840, he married [Princess Victoria of Saxe\\-Coburg and Gotha](/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha \"Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\") at the [Château de Saint\\-Cloud](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud \"Château de Saint-Cloud\"). The occasion of his marriage in 1840 with Victoria was marked by a check to Louis\\-Philippe's government in the form of a refusal to bestow the marriage dowry proposed by [Adolphe Thiers](/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers \"Adolphe Thiers\") in the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies \"Chamber of Deputies\").", "The death of his elder brother, [Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans](/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand-Philippe_of_France \"Prince Ferdinand-Philippe of France\"), in 1842 gave him a position of greater importance as the natural [regent](/wiki/Regent \"Regent\") in the case of the accession of his nephew, the young [Count of Paris](/wiki/Philippe%2C_Comte_de_Paris \"Philippe, Comte de Paris\"). His reserve, and dislike of public functions, with a certain haughtiness of manner, however, made him unpopular.", "On the outbreak of the [revolution of 1848](/wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_France \"The Revolutions of 1848 in France\") he held the [Tuileries](/wiki/Tuileries_Palace \"Tuileries Palace\") long enough to cover the king's retreat, but refrained from initiating active measures against the mob. He followed his sister\\-in\\-law, [Hélène, Duchesse d'Orléans](/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin \"Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin\"), and her two sons to the chamber of deputies, but was separated from them by the rioters, and only escaped finally by disguising himself in the uniform of a national guard.", "### Exile and return to France", "He embarked for England, where he settled with his parents at [Claremont](/wiki/Claremont_%28stately_house%29 \"Claremont (stately house)\"). His chief aim during his exile, especially after his father's death, was a reconciliation between the two branches of the [house of Bourbon](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon \"House of Bourbon\"), as indispensable to the re\\-establishment of the French monarchy in any form. These wishes were frustrated on the one hand by the attitude of the [comte de Chambord](/wiki/Henri%2C_comte_de_Chambord \"Henri, comte de Chambord\"), and on the other by the determination of [the Duchess of Orleans](/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin \"Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin\") to maintain the pretensions of [the Count of Paris](/wiki/Prince_Philippe%2C_Count_of_Paris \"Prince Philippe, Count of Paris\"). Nemours was prepared to go further than the other princes of his family in accepting the principles of the [legitimists](/wiki/Legitimists \"Legitimists\").", "Lengthy negotiations ended in 1857 with a letter, written by Nemours, as he subsequently explained, at the dictation of his brother, [François, prince de Joinville](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_prince_de_Joinville \"François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville\"), in which he insisted that Chambord should express his adherence to the [tricolour flag](/wiki/Drapeau_tricolore \"Drapeau tricolore\") and to the principles of constitutional government. In 1871 the Orléans princes renewed their professions of allegiance to the senior branch of their house, but they were not consulted when the count of Chambord came to Paris in 1873, and their political differences remained until his death in 1883\\.", "Nemours lived at [Bushy House](/wiki/Bushy_House \"Bushy House\") after the death in 1866 of [Queen Marie Amélie](/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies\"), widow of Louis Philippe. In 1871 the exile imposed on the French princes was withdrawn, but he only transferred his establishment to Paris after their disabilities were also removed. In March 1872 he was restored to his rank in the army as general of division, and placed in the first section of the general staff. After his retirement from the active list he continued to act as president of the [Red Cross Society](/wiki/Red_Cross_Society \"Red Cross Society\") until 1886, when new decrees against the princes of the blood led to his withdrawal from Parisian society.", "During the presidency of [Marshal MacMahon](/wiki/Patrice_MacMahon%2C_duc_de_Magenta \"Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta\"), he appeared from time to time at the [Elysée](/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace \"Élysée Palace\"). He died at [Versailles](/wiki/Versailles%2C_Yvelines \"Versailles, Yvelines\") on 26 June 1896 at the age of 81, the duchess having died at Claremont on 10 November 1857\\. He outlived all of his siblings apart from [Princess Clémentine](/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans \"Princess Clémentine of Orléans\"), [the Duke of Aumale](/wiki/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Aumale \"Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale\") and [the Prince of Joinville](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_prince_de_Joinville \"François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville\").", "" ]
### Childhood He was born at the [Palais Royal](/wiki/Palais_Royal "Palais Royal"), in Paris. At twelve years of age, he was nominated colonel of the First Regiment of Chasseurs, and in 1830 entered the *[Chambre des Pairs](/wiki/Pairie "Pairie")*. As early as 1825, while revolutionaries were still engaged in the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence "Greek War of Independence"), attempting to establish a [Kingdom of Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece "Kingdom of Greece") (which transpired with the [London Conference of 1832](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832 "London Conference of 1832")), Louis' name was mentioned as a possible candidate as the first modern [King of Greece](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece "List of kings of Greece"). In February 1831, five months before revolutionaries succeeded in the [Belgian Revolution](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution "Belgian Revolution"), which established the Kingdom of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), Louis was nominated to be the first [King of the Belgians](/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs "List of Belgian monarchs"); international considerations deterred Louis\-Philippe from accepting the honour for his son. Prince Louis did accompany the [French](/wiki/July_Monarchy "July Monarchy") *[Armée du Nord](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Nord "Armée du Nord")* that entered Belgium to support its separation from the [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "United Kingdom of the Netherlands"); there he took part in the [Siege of Antwerp (1832\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281832%29 "Siege of Antwerp (1832)"). Louis accompanied the [Algerian expedition](/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria "French rule in Algeria") against the town of [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria "Constantine, Algeria") in the autumn of 1836, and in a second expedition (1837\) he was entrusted with the command of a brigade and with the direction of the siege operations at Constantine. [General Damrémont](/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont "Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont") was killed at his side on 12 October, and Constantine was taken by assault on the 13th. He sailed a third time for Algeria in 1841, and served under [General Bugeaud](/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud_de_la_Piconnerie "Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie"), taking part in the expedition to get provisions to [Médéa](/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a "Médéa") on 29 April, and in sharp fighting near [Miliana](/wiki/Miliana "Miliana") on 3 to 5 May. In the expedition against the fortified town of Takdempt, Louis commanded the 1st Infantry Division. On his return to France he became commandant of the camp of [Compiègne](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne "Compiègne"). Louis was also dispatched on missions of courtesy to England in 1835, in 1838 and in 1845, and to Berlin and [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") in 1836\.
[ "### Childhood", "He was born at the [Palais Royal](/wiki/Palais_Royal \"Palais Royal\"), in Paris. At twelve years of age, he was nominated colonel of the First Regiment of Chasseurs, and in 1830 entered the *[Chambre des Pairs](/wiki/Pairie \"Pairie\")*.", "As early as 1825, while revolutionaries were still engaged in the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence \"Greek War of Independence\"), attempting to establish a [Kingdom of Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece \"Kingdom of Greece\") (which transpired with the [London Conference of 1832](/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832 \"London Conference of 1832\")), Louis' name was mentioned as a possible candidate as the first modern [King of Greece](/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece \"List of kings of Greece\"). In February 1831, five months before revolutionaries succeeded in the [Belgian Revolution](/wiki/Belgian_Revolution \"Belgian Revolution\"), which established the Kingdom of [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), Louis was nominated to be the first [King of the Belgians](/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs \"List of Belgian monarchs\"); international considerations deterred Louis\\-Philippe from accepting the honour for his son. Prince Louis did accompany the [French](/wiki/July_Monarchy \"July Monarchy\") *[Armée du Nord](/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Nord \"Armée du Nord\")* that entered Belgium to support its separation from the [United Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands \"United Kingdom of the Netherlands\"); there he took part in the [Siege of Antwerp (1832\\)](/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_%281832%29 \"Siege of Antwerp (1832)\").", "Louis accompanied the [Algerian expedition](/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria \"French rule in Algeria\") against the town of [Constantine](/wiki/Constantine%2C_Algeria \"Constantine, Algeria\") in the autumn of 1836, and in a second expedition (1837\\) he was entrusted with the command of a brigade and with the direction of the siege operations at Constantine. [General Damrémont](/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont \"Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont\") was killed at his side on 12 October, and Constantine was taken by assault on the 13th.", "He sailed a third time for Algeria in 1841, and served under [General Bugeaud](/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud_de_la_Piconnerie \"Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie\"), taking part in the expedition to get provisions to [Médéa](/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a \"Médéa\") on 29 April, and in sharp fighting near [Miliana](/wiki/Miliana \"Miliana\") on 3 to 5 May. In the expedition against the fortified town of Takdempt, Louis commanded the 1st Infantry Division. On his return to France he became commandant of the camp of [Compiègne](/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne \"Compiègne\").", "Louis was also dispatched on missions of courtesy to England in 1835, in 1838 and in 1845, and to Berlin and [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") in 1836\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early years as Bears Stadium (1948–1959\) Mile High Stadium was originally built as Bears Stadium for minor league baseball by [Bob Howsam](/wiki/Bob_Howsam "Bob Howsam") in 1948 at the site of a former [landfill](/wiki/Landfill "Landfill"). The stadium initially consisted of a single 18,000\-seat grandstand stretching along the north side from the left field foul pole to the right field foul pole on the west side. Luther "Bud" Phillips hit the first official home run out of Bears Stadium.{{cite web\|title\=Mile High Stadium\|url\=http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/past/MileHighStadium.htm\|website\=Ballparks of Baseball\|access\-date\=April 29, 2015}} In its first full season in 1949, the Bears averaged over 6,600 per game to lead the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball") in attendance. In the late 1950s, there was an attempt to form a third major league, the [Continental League](/wiki/Continental_League "Continental League"), helmed by former [Dodger](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers "Los Angeles Dodgers") general manager [Branch Rickey](/wiki/Branch_Rickey "Branch Rickey"). Howsam, who had worked with Rickey years before with the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals"), joined ranks with Rickey, pleading for a major league team in Denver. Advised that to get a major league franchise Denver would need a much larger ballpark, Bears Stadium would begin the first of its many expansions. Over 8,000 seats were added to the south stands, bringing stadium capacity to 23,100\. [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball")'s (MLB) answer to the Continental League was to expand its two Leagues, which would eventually lead to the folding of the Continental League. Although Denver was not awarded a franchise, MLB promised teams in the future for Denver and other cities. Howsam was now trapped with a massive debt load and a stadium far too big for a minor\-league team. Frantically searching for a solution, he concluded the only way out was to extend the stadium's season with football. ### The Broncos as the primary tenant (1960–1992\) [thumb\|250px\|The Broncos at Mile High Stadium in [1996](/wiki/1996_Denver_Broncos_season "1996 Denver Broncos season")](/wiki/File:Mile_High_Stadium_during_a_Broncos_game_on_September_15%2C_1996.jpg "Mile High Stadium during a Broncos game on September 15, 1996.jpg") A large bleacher section was added along the south side and temporary east stands were built in [1960](/wiki/1960_Denver_Broncos_season "1960 Denver Broncos season"), raising the capacity to 34,657; baseball capacity was 26,500 {{nowrap\|in 1963\.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=MW0pAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=1594%2C124669 \|work\=Spokesman\-Review \|location\=(Spokane, Washington) \|title\=Fire trucks are white in High City \|date\=April 15, 1963 \|page\=8}}}} Howsam's ownership in the AFL was short\-lived, as overwhelming debt forced Howsam to sell all his sports interests in 1961\. His dream of major league baseball in Denver would be placed on hold for another 30 years. One condition of including Denver in the [AFL–NFL merger](/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger "AFL–NFL merger") announced in [1966](/wiki/1966_Denver_Broncos_season "1966 Denver Broncos season") was expanding Bears Stadium to at least 50,000 seats. This required adding second and third decks along the west sideline (first base line). This expansion was completed in [1968](/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season "1968 Denver Broncos season"), when the stadium was sold to the city of Denver, which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side, thus raising capacity to 50,657\.{{cite web\|last1\=Shrout\|first1\=Brian\|title\=Little Known Broncos Facts: We Have a General Manager?\|url\=http://www.milehighreport.com/2012/6/8/3069683/little\-known\-broncos\-facts\-we\-have\-a\-general\-manager\|website\=SB Nation – Mile High Report\|access\-date\=April 29, 2015\|date\=June 8, 2012\|quote\=Saban was a driving force behind a fund raising campaign which allowed the city of Denver to purchase the stadium and expand its seating to 50,657\. The stadium was subsequently renamed "Mile High Stadium."}} #### 1970s **Early '70s expansion** The Broncos sold out every game in their inaugural NFL season. Every Broncos game—preseason, regular season (not including games with replacement players) and playoffs—has been sold out since, a streak that continued after the Broncos left Mile High. As ticket sales increased, the stadium expanded to 51,706 seats. With a $25 million bond issue in 1974 another stadium renovation added more seats. By 1976, seating was up to 63,532 as the upper decks construction was completed along the north end zone (third base line).{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} **The east stands** An ingenious expansion that took place from 1975 to 1977 raised the capacity to 75,103 by extending the upper deck that was along the north side and building movable, triple\-decked stands along the east side. When fully retracted toward the field, the stands would form a horseshoe for football, appropriate considering the team was the [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos "Denver Broncos"). Yet when fully extended by 145 feet (44 m), the stadium could still fit a normal\-sized baseball field with outfield distances of {{convert\|335\|ft}} down the left\-field line, {{convert\|375\|ft}} to left\-center and 423 to center field.{{cite news\|last\=Moss\|first\=Irv\|title\=Jim Tolle, Mile High Stadium stands engineer\|url\=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci\_15799807\|access\-date\=October 31, 2012\|newspaper\=Denver Post\|date\=August 17, 2010}} The movable structure was 450 feet (137 m) long, 200 feet (61 m) wide, and weighed nearly 9 million pounds (4,500 short tons, 4,000 metric tons). When a game or event required moving the stands the {{convert\|145\|ft}} in or out, engineers pumped water into 163 water bearings spaced out beneath the stands, lifting the structure off its foundation. A sheet of water ⅓\-inch thick formed under the structure. Hydraulic rams then pushed the stands forward at the rate of two feet per minute, taking stadium engineers about six hours from start to finish to move the stands. **The south stands** The south stands of Mile High Stadium had, for many years, a reputation for having the most vociferous fans. While not matching other cities' stadiums for rowdiness or bad behavior, the south stands ticketholders nevertheless represented some of the Broncos' most ardent fans who were able to generate an outsized impact on the noise level of the stadium despite the open gaps between the south stands and the east and west stands.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} **Bucky Bronco** In 1975, Denver approached actor [Roy Rogers](/wiki/Roy_Rogers "Roy Rogers") to commission a statue of his horse, [Trigger](/wiki/Trigger_%28horse%29 "Trigger (horse)"), for display at the stadium. A {{convert\|24\|foot\|adj\=on}}, {{convert\|1300\|lb\|adj\=on}} fiberglass replica of the horse had previously been produced for the Roy Rogers Museum in [Victorville, California](/wiki/Victorville%2C_California "Victorville, California"). Rogers agreed, with the stipulation that the new statue not be named "Trigger". Denver fans were polled by *[The Denver Post](/wiki/The_Denver_Post "The Denver Post")* to decide on a different name, and "Bucky" was chosen. Painted white to match the Broncos logo, the statue was mounted atop the scoreboard at Mile High, where it remained for 25 years before being relocated to the [new stadium](/wiki/Broncos_Stadium_at_Mile_High "Broncos Stadium at Mile High"). Mounted, the statue measures {{convert\|27\|ft}} and {{convert\|1600\|lb}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMCA\_Bucky\_Bronco\|title\=Bucky Bronco\|publisher\=Waymarking.com}} #### 1980s Mile High Stadium, in the 1970s and 1980s, was the only professional\-caliber baseball facility to have an all grass infield, with sliding pits around bases. This unique feature was similar to several newer Major League Baseball stadiums that also used sliding pits, except those other stadiums all had artificial turf infields.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2008}} In [1986](/wiki/1986_Denver_Broncos_season "1986 Denver Broncos season"), 77 luxury suites were added atop the west stands, increasing the official [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity "Seating capacity") to 76,123\. #### 1990s [thumb\|right\|A [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") baseball game at Mile High in 1994](/wiki/File:Braves_%40_Rockies_%40_Mile_High_5.jpg "Braves @ Rockies @ Mile High 5.jpg") #### The Colorado Rockies arrive The stadium's large capacity combined with enthusiasm for the new team and the lowest MLB ticket prices allowed the expansion Rockies to set [Major League Baseball attendance records](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_attendance_records "Major League Baseball attendance records") before moving to [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field "Coors Field") for the [1995 season](/wiki/1995_Colorado_Rockies_season "1995 Colorado Rockies season"). The stadium was known for its loudness with the sound of fans stomping in the bleachers echoing within the horseshoe. The large center and right fields, foul territory areas (although left field was shorter than average), and center field's 30\-foot (10 m) high fence, was not as problematic for pitchers as [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field "Coors Field") would be. The club's [1993 season](/wiki/1993_Colorado_Rockies_season "1993 Colorado Rockies season") attendance was 4,483,350 in 79 home dates (81 games – 2 doubleheaders), an average of 56,751 per home date. The Rockies were on pace to exceed the record during the strike\-shortened [1994 season](/wiki/1994_Colorado_Rockies_season "1994 Colorado Rockies season"). They had drawn 3,281,511 in 57 home dates (also 57 games), an average of 57,570 per home date. (Season attendance figures from *The Sporting News Baseball Record Book*, 2007, p. 234; Game counts are from game logs on Retrosheet.){{cite web\|title\=The 1993 Colorado Rockies Regular Season Game Log\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1993/VCOL01993\.htm\|website\=Retrosheet}}{{cite web\|title\=The 1994 Colorado Rockies Regular Season Game Log\|url\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1994/VCOL01994\.htm\|website\=Retrosheet}} ### Final years (2000–2001\) The final football game at Mile High Stadium was December 23, 2000, in which the [Broncos](/wiki/2000_Denver_Broncos_season "2000 Denver Broncos season") routed the [49ers](/wiki/2000_San_Francisco_49ers_season "2000 San Francisco 49ers season"), 38–9\. The Broncos had defeated every visiting franchise from the stadium's opening to close, enjoying perfect records against the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals "Arizona Cardinals") (3–0\), [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens "Baltimore Ravens") (1–0\), [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers "Carolina Panthers") (1–0\), [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers "Green Bay Packers") (5–0\), and [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts") (5–0\).{{cite web\|title\=Mile High Stadium Memories\|url\=http://www.denverbroncos.com/team/tradition/mile\-high\-stadium.html\|website\=Denver Broncos – Traditions\|access\-date\=April 29, 2015}} The [Colorado Rapids](/wiki/Colorado_Rapids "Colorado Rapids") of [Major League Soccer](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") (MLS) were the final professional team to play in Mile High Stadium, their home from 1996 to 2001\.{{cite news \|last\=Renck \|first\=Tracy \|date\=July 12, 2007 \|title\=A new home of their own \|url\=https://www.chieftain.com/story/sports/2007/07/12/a\-new\-home\-their\-own/8813093007/ \|work\=\[\[The Pueblo Chieftain]] \|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}} The team had sought a [soccer\-specific stadium](/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium "Soccer-specific stadium") as early as 1999 due to the lack of control at Mile High.{{cite news \|last\=Mitchell \|first\=Eric \|date\=August 23, 1999 \|title\=With Columbus as a guide, Rapids set sail toward soccer\-only stadium \|url\=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/1999/08/23/No\-Topic\-Name/With\-Columbus\-As\-A\-Guide\-Rapids\-Set\-Sail\-Toward\-Soccer\-Only\-Stadium.aspx \|work\=\[\[Sports Business Journal]] \|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}} Team captain [John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28Scottish_footballer%29 "John Spencer (Scottish footballer)") became the first Rapids player to record a [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick_%28association_football%29 "Hat-trick (association football)") during a 3–1 win against [D.C. United](/wiki/D.C._United "D.C. United") on Independence Day 2000 in front of 60,500 fans, a team attendance record.{{cite news \|date\=July 4, 2001 \|title\=United Washed Out by Rapids Before Record Crowd \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2001/07/05/united\-washed\-out\-by\-rapids\-before\-record\-crowd/444b0e17\-d806\-4cd7\-b65a\-862be9c7c0e9/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}} The Rapids played the last professional sporting event ever held at Mile High on September 8, 2001, a 2–0 loss to the [Los Angeles Galaxy](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy "Los Angeles Galaxy") with 17,129 in attendance.{{cite news \|last\=Jones \|first\=Grahame L. \|date\=September 9, 2001 \|title\=Simon Says It's Good Time to Score Goal \|page\=D3 \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2001\-sep\-09\-sp\-43941\-story.html \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}} The team were scheduled to move to [Empower Field at Mile High](/wiki/Empower_Field_at_Mile_High "Empower Field at Mile High") for their season finale on September 12, but the match was postponed due to the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") and ultimately cancelled.{{cite news \|last\=Coleman \|first\=Kevin \|date\=October 4, 2001 \|title\=Search for new home expands \|page\=D2 \|work\=The Denver Post \|url\=http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1002,94\~168430,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011004223257/http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1002,94\~168430,00\.html \|archive\-date\=October 4, 2001 \|accessdate\=June 4, 2024}} Mile High Stadium was closed in 2001, after the Colorado Rapids and Denver Broncos moved to neighboring [Empower Field at Mile High](/wiki/Empower_Field_at_Mile_High "Empower Field at Mile High") (then known as Invesco Field at Mile High), upon completion of the new stadium. The demolition of Mile High Stadium began in January 2002, an event covered extensively by local newspapers and broadcast live on television. The demolition was performed by Spirtas Wrecking Company of [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"), the same group that led the demolition of arenas and stadiums in St. Louis, [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Three_Rivers_Stadium "Three Rivers Stadium") and [Seattle](/wiki/Kingdome "Kingdome"). Conventional demolition was chosen over implosion. The stadium demolition was completed by April. The former stadium is now a parking lot for Empower Field at Mile High. A miniature replica of the stadium is in the parking lot. The historical site of many games and events for 40 years is marked by the hills forming the west and north stands, the corner between them descended by a staircase, much as the stands were. The location of home plate is identified by a marker located at {{coord\|39\.74637\|\-105\.02187\|type:landmark\_region:US\-CO\_dim:50\|format\=dms\|name\=Mile High Stadium home plate marker}}.{{cite web\|title\=Bears Stadium \- Denver, CO \- Colorado Historical Markers on Waymarking.com\|url\=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMFEKR\_Bears\_Stadium\_Denver\_CO\|website\=Waymarking.com\|access\-date\=April 29, 2015}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Early years as Bears Stadium (1948–1959\\)", "Mile High Stadium was originally built as Bears Stadium for minor league baseball by [Bob Howsam](/wiki/Bob_Howsam \"Bob Howsam\") in 1948 at the site of a former [landfill](/wiki/Landfill \"Landfill\"). The stadium initially consisted of a single 18,000\\-seat grandstand stretching along the north side from the left field foul pole to the right field foul pole on the west side. Luther \"Bud\" Phillips hit the first official home run out of Bears Stadium.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mile High Stadium\\|url\\=http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/past/MileHighStadium.htm\\|website\\=Ballparks of Baseball\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2015}} In its first full season in 1949, the Bears averaged over 6,600 per game to lead the [minor leagues](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball \"Minor League Baseball\") in attendance.", "In the late 1950s, there was an attempt to form a third major league, the [Continental League](/wiki/Continental_League \"Continental League\"), helmed by former [Dodger](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\") general manager [Branch Rickey](/wiki/Branch_Rickey \"Branch Rickey\"). Howsam, who had worked with Rickey years before with the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\"), joined ranks with Rickey, pleading for a major league team in Denver. Advised that to get a major league franchise Denver would need a much larger ballpark, Bears Stadium would begin the first of its many expansions. Over 8,000 seats were added to the south stands, bringing stadium capacity to 23,100\\.", "[Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\")'s (MLB) answer to the Continental League was to expand its two Leagues, which would eventually lead to the folding of the Continental League. Although Denver was not awarded a franchise, MLB promised teams in the future for Denver and other cities. Howsam was now trapped with a massive debt load and a stadium far too big for a minor\\-league team. Frantically searching for a solution, he concluded the only way out was to extend the stadium's season with football.", "### The Broncos as the primary tenant (1960–1992\\)", "[thumb\\|250px\\|The Broncos at Mile High Stadium in [1996](/wiki/1996_Denver_Broncos_season \"1996 Denver Broncos season\")](/wiki/File:Mile_High_Stadium_during_a_Broncos_game_on_September_15%2C_1996.jpg \"Mile High Stadium during a Broncos game on September 15, 1996.jpg\")\nA large bleacher section was added along the south side and temporary east stands were built in [1960](/wiki/1960_Denver_Broncos_season \"1960 Denver Broncos season\"), raising the capacity to 34,657; baseball capacity was 26,500 {{nowrap\\|in 1963\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=MW0pAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=1594%2C124669 \\|work\\=Spokesman\\-Review \\|location\\=(Spokane, Washington) \\|title\\=Fire trucks are white in High City \\|date\\=April 15, 1963 \\|page\\=8}}}}", "Howsam's ownership in the AFL was short\\-lived, as overwhelming debt forced Howsam to sell all his sports interests in 1961\\. His dream of major league baseball in Denver would be placed on hold for another 30 years.", "One condition of including Denver in the [AFL–NFL merger](/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger \"AFL–NFL merger\") announced in [1966](/wiki/1966_Denver_Broncos_season \"1966 Denver Broncos season\") was expanding Bears Stadium to at least 50,000 seats. This required adding second and third decks along the west sideline (first base line). This expansion was completed in [1968](/wiki/1968_Denver_Broncos_season \"1968 Denver Broncos season\"), when the stadium was sold to the city of Denver, which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side, thus raising capacity to 50,657\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Shrout\\|first1\\=Brian\\|title\\=Little Known Broncos Facts: We Have a General Manager?\\|url\\=http://www.milehighreport.com/2012/6/8/3069683/little\\-known\\-broncos\\-facts\\-we\\-have\\-a\\-general\\-manager\\|website\\=SB Nation – Mile High Report\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2015\\|date\\=June 8, 2012\\|quote\\=Saban was a driving force behind a fund raising campaign which allowed the city of Denver to purchase the stadium and expand its seating to 50,657\\. The stadium was subsequently renamed \"Mile High Stadium.\"}}", "#### 1970s", "**Early '70s expansion**", "The Broncos sold out every game in their inaugural NFL season. Every Broncos game—preseason, regular season (not including games with replacement players) and playoffs—has been sold out since, a streak that continued after the Broncos left Mile High. As ticket sales increased, the stadium expanded to 51,706 seats. With a $25 million bond issue in 1974 another stadium renovation added more seats. By 1976, seating was up to 63,532 as the upper decks construction was completed along the north end zone (third base line).{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "**The east stands**", "An ingenious expansion that took place from 1975 to 1977 raised the capacity to 75,103 by extending the upper deck that was along the north side and building movable, triple\\-decked stands along the east side. When fully retracted toward the field, the stands would form a horseshoe for football, appropriate considering the team was the [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos \"Denver Broncos\"). Yet when fully extended by 145 feet (44 m), the stadium could still fit a normal\\-sized baseball field with outfield distances of {{convert\\|335\\|ft}} down the left\\-field line, {{convert\\|375\\|ft}} to left\\-center and 423 to center field.{{cite news\\|last\\=Moss\\|first\\=Irv\\|title\\=Jim Tolle, Mile High Stadium stands engineer\\|url\\=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci\\_15799807\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2012\\|newspaper\\=Denver Post\\|date\\=August 17, 2010}}", "The movable structure was 450 feet (137 m) long, 200 feet (61 m) wide, and weighed nearly 9 million pounds (4,500 short tons, 4,000 metric tons). When a game or event required moving the stands the {{convert\\|145\\|ft}} in or out, engineers pumped water into 163 water bearings spaced out beneath the stands, lifting the structure off its foundation. A sheet of water ⅓\\-inch thick formed under the structure. Hydraulic rams then pushed the stands forward at the rate of two feet per minute, taking stadium engineers about six hours from start to finish to move the stands.", "**The south stands**", "The south stands of Mile High Stadium had, for many years, a reputation for having the most vociferous fans. While not matching other cities' stadiums for rowdiness or bad behavior, the south stands ticketholders nevertheless represented some of the Broncos' most ardent fans who were able to generate an outsized impact on the noise level of the stadium despite the open gaps between the south stands and the east and west stands.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "**Bucky Bronco**", "In 1975, Denver approached actor [Roy Rogers](/wiki/Roy_Rogers \"Roy Rogers\") to commission a statue of his horse, [Trigger](/wiki/Trigger_%28horse%29 \"Trigger (horse)\"), for display at the stadium. A {{convert\\|24\\|foot\\|adj\\=on}}, {{convert\\|1300\\|lb\\|adj\\=on}} fiberglass replica of the horse had previously been produced for the Roy Rogers Museum in [Victorville, California](/wiki/Victorville%2C_California \"Victorville, California\"). Rogers agreed, with the stipulation that the new statue not be named \"Trigger\". Denver fans were polled by *[The Denver Post](/wiki/The_Denver_Post \"The Denver Post\")* to decide on a different name, and \"Bucky\" was chosen. Painted white to match the Broncos logo, the statue was mounted atop the scoreboard at Mile High, where it remained for 25 years before being relocated to the [new stadium](/wiki/Broncos_Stadium_at_Mile_High \"Broncos Stadium at Mile High\"). Mounted, the statue measures {{convert\\|27\\|ft}} and {{convert\\|1600\\|lb}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMCA\\_Bucky\\_Bronco\\|title\\=Bucky Bronco\\|publisher\\=Waymarking.com}}", "#### 1980s", "Mile High Stadium, in the 1970s and 1980s, was the only professional\\-caliber baseball facility to have an all grass infield, with sliding pits around bases. This unique feature was similar to several newer Major League Baseball stadiums that also used sliding pits, except those other stadiums all had artificial turf infields.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2008}} In [1986](/wiki/1986_Denver_Broncos_season \"1986 Denver Broncos season\"), 77 luxury suites were added atop the west stands, increasing the official [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity \"Seating capacity\") to 76,123\\.", "#### 1990s", "[thumb\\|right\\|A [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") baseball game at Mile High in 1994](/wiki/File:Braves_%40_Rockies_%40_Mile_High_5.jpg \"Braves @ Rockies @ Mile High 5.jpg\")", "#### The Colorado Rockies arrive", "The stadium's large capacity combined with enthusiasm for the new team and the lowest MLB ticket prices allowed the expansion Rockies to set [Major League Baseball attendance records](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_attendance_records \"Major League Baseball attendance records\") before moving to [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field \"Coors Field\") for the [1995 season](/wiki/1995_Colorado_Rockies_season \"1995 Colorado Rockies season\"). The stadium was known for its loudness with the sound of fans stomping in the bleachers echoing within the horseshoe. The large center and right fields, foul territory areas (although left field was shorter than average), and center field's 30\\-foot (10 m) high fence, was not as problematic for pitchers as [Coors Field](/wiki/Coors_Field \"Coors Field\") would be. The club's [1993 season](/wiki/1993_Colorado_Rockies_season \"1993 Colorado Rockies season\") attendance was 4,483,350 in 79 home dates (81 games – 2 doubleheaders), an average of 56,751 per home date. The Rockies were on pace to exceed the record during the strike\\-shortened [1994 season](/wiki/1994_Colorado_Rockies_season \"1994 Colorado Rockies season\"). They had drawn 3,281,511 in 57 home dates (also 57 games), an average of 57,570 per home date. (Season attendance figures from *The Sporting News Baseball Record Book*, 2007, p. 234; Game counts are from game logs on Retrosheet.){{cite web\\|title\\=The 1993 Colorado Rockies Regular Season Game Log\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1993/VCOL01993\\.htm\\|website\\=Retrosheet}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The 1994 Colorado Rockies Regular Season Game Log\\|url\\=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1994/VCOL01994\\.htm\\|website\\=Retrosheet}}", "### Final years (2000–2001\\)", "The final football game at Mile High Stadium was December 23, 2000, in which the [Broncos](/wiki/2000_Denver_Broncos_season \"2000 Denver Broncos season\") routed the [49ers](/wiki/2000_San_Francisco_49ers_season \"2000 San Francisco 49ers season\"), 38–9\\. The Broncos had defeated every visiting franchise from the stadium's opening to close, enjoying perfect records against the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") (3–0\\), [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\") (1–0\\), [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers \"Carolina Panthers\") (1–0\\), [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\") (5–0\\), and [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\") (5–0\\).{{cite web\\|title\\=Mile High Stadium Memories\\|url\\=http://www.denverbroncos.com/team/tradition/mile\\-high\\-stadium.html\\|website\\=Denver Broncos – Traditions\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2015}}", "The [Colorado Rapids](/wiki/Colorado_Rapids \"Colorado Rapids\") of [Major League Soccer](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\") (MLS) were the final professional team to play in Mile High Stadium, their home from 1996 to 2001\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Renck \\|first\\=Tracy \\|date\\=July 12, 2007 \\|title\\=A new home of their own \\|url\\=https://www.chieftain.com/story/sports/2007/07/12/a\\-new\\-home\\-their\\-own/8813093007/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Pueblo Chieftain]] \\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}} The team had sought a [soccer\\-specific stadium](/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium \"Soccer-specific stadium\") as early as 1999 due to the lack of control at Mile High.{{cite news \\|last\\=Mitchell \\|first\\=Eric \\|date\\=August 23, 1999 \\|title\\=With Columbus as a guide, Rapids set sail toward soccer\\-only stadium \\|url\\=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/1999/08/23/No\\-Topic\\-Name/With\\-Columbus\\-As\\-A\\-Guide\\-Rapids\\-Set\\-Sail\\-Toward\\-Soccer\\-Only\\-Stadium.aspx \\|work\\=\\[\\[Sports Business Journal]] \\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}} Team captain [John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28Scottish_footballer%29 \"John Spencer (Scottish footballer)\") became the first Rapids player to record a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick_%28association_football%29 \"Hat-trick (association football)\") during a 3–1 win against [D.C. United](/wiki/D.C._United \"D.C. United\") on Independence Day 2000 in front of 60,500 fans, a team attendance record.{{cite news \\|date\\=July 4, 2001 \\|title\\=United Washed Out by Rapids Before Record Crowd \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2001/07/05/united\\-washed\\-out\\-by\\-rapids\\-before\\-record\\-crowd/444b0e17\\-d806\\-4cd7\\-b65a\\-862be9c7c0e9/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}} The Rapids played the last professional sporting event ever held at Mile High on September 8, 2001, a 2–0 loss to the [Los Angeles Galaxy](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy \"Los Angeles Galaxy\") with 17,129 in attendance.{{cite news \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Grahame L. \\|date\\=September 9, 2001 \\|title\\=Simon Says It's Good Time to Score Goal \\|page\\=D3 \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2001\\-sep\\-09\\-sp\\-43941\\-story.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}} The team were scheduled to move to [Empower Field at Mile High](/wiki/Empower_Field_at_Mile_High \"Empower Field at Mile High\") for their season finale on September 12, but the match was postponed due to the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") and ultimately cancelled.{{cite news \\|last\\=Coleman \\|first\\=Kevin \\|date\\=October 4, 2001 \\|title\\=Search for new home expands \\|page\\=D2 \\|work\\=The Denver Post \\|url\\=http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1002,94\\~168430,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011004223257/http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1002,94\\~168430,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2001 \\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2024}}", "Mile High Stadium was closed in 2001, after the Colorado Rapids and Denver Broncos moved to neighboring [Empower Field at Mile High](/wiki/Empower_Field_at_Mile_High \"Empower Field at Mile High\") (then known as Invesco Field at Mile High), upon completion of the new stadium. The demolition of Mile High Stadium began in January 2002, an event covered extensively by local newspapers and broadcast live on television. The demolition was performed by Spirtas Wrecking Company of [St. Louis, Missouri](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"), the same group that led the demolition of arenas and stadiums in St. Louis, [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Three_Rivers_Stadium \"Three Rivers Stadium\") and [Seattle](/wiki/Kingdome \"Kingdome\"). Conventional demolition was chosen over implosion. The stadium demolition was completed by April.", "The former stadium is now a parking lot for Empower Field at Mile High. A miniature replica of the stadium is in the parking lot. The historical site of many games and events for 40 years is marked by the hills forming the west and north stands, the corner between them descended by a staircase, much as the stands were. The location of home plate is identified by a marker located at {{coord\\|39\\.74637\\|\\-105\\.02187\\|type:landmark\\_region:US\\-CO\\_dim:50\\|format\\=dms\\|name\\=Mile High Stadium home plate marker}}.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bears Stadium \\- Denver, CO \\- Colorado Historical Markers on Waymarking.com\\|url\\=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMFEKR\\_Bears\\_Stadium\\_Denver\\_CO\\|website\\=Waymarking.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2015}}", "" ]
Notable events -------------- ### Concerts June 27, 28 and 29, 1969, concert promoter [Barry Fey](/wiki/Barry_Fey "Barry Fey") held The [Denver Pop Festival](/wiki/Denver_Pop_Festival "Denver Pop Festival") at Mile High Stadium with many well\-known acts performing every evening. The city of Denver supported the festival and made available areas for camping and other services. The Denver Police however allowed non\-ticket holders to enter the parking area whereupon they attempted to climb over chain link fencing to see the show while claiming that music should be "free". Police responded by lobbing tear gas canisters toward the fences knowing full well that the gas would affect everyone in attendance at the outdoor venue. Sunday night's final act was [The Jimi Hendrix Experience](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix"), which proved to be the Experience' final performance as a trio as well. Bassist [Noel Redding](/wiki/Noel_Redding "Noel Redding") quit and simply flew back to England that night. Jimi did not perform again for 6 weeks until mid\-August when he closed [The Woodstock Music and Art Fair](/wiki/Woodstock "Woodstock") with his new band. Jimi Hendrix died 13 months later in September 1970\.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} [thumb\|250px\|Mile High Stadium in 1995](/wiki/File:Mile_High_Stadium_on_July_13%2C_1995.jpg "Mile High Stadium on July 13, 1995.jpg") [Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd "Lynyrd Skynyrd") played at the Stadium June 27, 1976, as part of their One More From The Road tour. [The Jacksons](/wiki/The_Jacksons "The Jacksons") performed two concerts at Mile High Stadium on September 7 and 8, 1984, during their Victory Tour.[Victory Tour](/wiki/Victory_Tour_%28The_Jacksons_tour%29 "Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)") The stadium was the penultimate stop on [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen "Bruce Springsteen") \& the [E Street Band](/wiki/E_Street_Band "E Street Band")'s [Born in the U.S.A. Tour](/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A._Tour "Born in the U.S.A. Tour"), where they performed two shows on September 23 and 24, 1985\. The stadium hosted the final show of the 1988 [Monsters of Rock](/wiki/Monsters_of_Rock_Tour_1988 "Monsters of Rock Tour 1988") Festival Tour, featuring [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen "Van Halen"), [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica"), [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28band%29 "Scorpions (band)"), [Dokken](/wiki/Dokken "Dokken") and [Kingdom Come](/wiki/Kingdom_Come_%28German_band%29 "Kingdom Come (German band)"), on July 30, 1988\. On June 28, 1991, the [Grateful Dead](/wiki/Grateful_Dead "Grateful Dead") performed in the stadium. [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica") and [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses "Guns N' Roses") brought the [Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses/Metallica_Stadium_Tour "Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour") to the stadium on September 19, 1992, with [Body Count](/wiki/Body_Count_%28band%29 "Body Count (band)") as their opening act.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} On October 21, 1992, [U2](/wiki/U2 "U2") performed at Mile High as part of the third leg of their [Zoo TV Tour](/wiki/Zoo_TV_Tour "Zoo TV Tour").{{cite web\|last1\=Axver\|first1\=Andre\|last2\=Muehlbradt\|first2\=Matthias\|title\=U2 Denver, 1992\-10\-21, Mile High Stadium, ZOO TV Tour \- U2 on tour\|url\=http://www.u2gigs.com/show814\.html\|website\=U2gigs.com\|date\=October 21, 1992 \|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|ref\=U2Zoo}} U2 would return again to perform in concert May 1, 1997, on the first leg of their [PopMart Tour](/wiki/PopMart_Tour "PopMart Tour").{{cite web\|last1\=Axver\|first1\=Andre\|last2\=Muehlbradt\|first2\=Matthias\|title\=U2 Denver, 1997\-05\-01, Mile High Stadium, PopMart Tour \- U2 on tour\|url\=http://www.u2gigs.com/show323\.html\|website\=U2gigs.com\|date\=May 1997 \|access\-date\=January 22, 2016\|ref\=U2Pop}} The stadium played host to [Ozzfest](/wiki/Ozzfest "Ozzfest") on June 24, 1997\. The stadium again hosted Ozzfest, for the second and last time, on June 21, 2001, and hosted the [Area:One Festival](/wiki/Area_Festival "Area Festival") on July 28, 2001\.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} ### In film The stadium was featured in [Michael Moore](/wiki/Michael_Moore "Michael Moore")'s 2002 documentary *[Bowling for Columbine](/wiki/Bowling_for_Columbine "Bowling for Columbine")* as the backdrop for Moore's interview with controversial rock musician [Marilyn Manson](/wiki/Marilyn_Manson "Marilyn Manson") during the 2001 Ozzfest tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/media/clips/windowsmedia.php?Clip\=manson1021LG \|title\=Marilyn Manson Interview on Bowling for Columbine \|publisher\=Bowling for Columbine \|date\=October 11, 2002 \|access\-date\=November 15, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615135947/http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/media/clips/windowsmedia.php?Clip\=manson1021LG \|archive\-date\=June 15, 2011 }} ### Other events In 1977 and 1978, Mile High Stadium hosted the [Drum Corps International](/wiki/Drum_Corps_International "Drum Corps International") World Championships (with the 2004 championships held at the successor stadium). From 1963 to 2019, the Denver\-based [Blue Knights Drum \& Bugle Corps](/wiki/Blue_Knights_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps "Blue Knights Drum and Bugle Corps") annually hosted Drums Along the Rockies, making it the single longest\-running event held at the stadium and its successor aside from Denver Broncos football. Canceled in 2020 due to the [COVID\-19 Pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), the event has since returned for the annual gathering, but has since moved to [Colorado State University](/wiki/Colorado_State_University "Colorado State University")'s stadium in [Fort Collins](/wiki/Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado "Fort Collins, Colorado"). [Billy Graham](/wiki/Billy_Graham "Billy Graham") held his "Rocky Mountain Crusade" at the stadium in 1987\. In August 1993, Denver hosted [World Youth Day](/wiki/World_Youth_Day "World Youth Day"). On August 12 and 13, Mile High Stadium hosted two events with [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II"), the Papal Welcoming Ceremony and the Way of the Cross.{{cite web\|title\=Apostolic Journey to Jamaica, Mexico and Denver (Colorado) (August 8–16, 1993\)\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\_father/john\_paul\_ii/travels/sub\_index1993/trav\_america\-1993\_en.htm\|work\=John Paul II: Travels\|publisher\=The Vatican}} The weekend of June 16 and 17, 1995, saw Mile High Stadium transform into a revival tent when it played host to the [Promise Keepers](/wiki/Promise_Keepers "Promise Keepers"), a male\-only [Evangelical Christian](/wiki/Evangelical_Christian "Evangelical Christian") ministry co\-founded in 1990 by [Bill McCartney](/wiki/Bill_McCartney "Bill McCartney"), former head coach for the [University of Colorado, Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado%2C_Boulder "University of Colorado, Boulder") football organization ([CU Buffs](/wiki/CU_Buffs "CU Buffs") for short). Membership in the Promise Keepers had skyrocketed year\-over\-year, such that their previous venue [Folsom Field](/wiki/Folsom_Field "Folsom Field") (seating capacity 53,613\), located on the [University of Colorado, Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder "University of Colorado Boulder") campus, had outgrown their needs.{{Cite web\|title \= Coach Bill, the Guys and God\|work \= The Independent\|access\-date \= March 29, 2023\|date \= July 22, 1995\|url \= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/coach\-bill\-the\-guys\-and\-god\-1592838\.html\|archive\-date \= July 7, 2022\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20220707150839/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/coach\-bill\-the\-guys\-and\-god\-1592838\.html\|url\-status \= live}} Mile High Stadium was chosen because it could accommodate the 70,000\+ men and boys that would fill the stadium that weekend.
[ "Notable events\n--------------", "### Concerts", "June 27, 28 and 29, 1969, concert promoter [Barry Fey](/wiki/Barry_Fey \"Barry Fey\") held The [Denver Pop Festival](/wiki/Denver_Pop_Festival \"Denver Pop Festival\") at Mile High Stadium with many well\\-known acts performing every evening. The city of Denver supported the festival and made available areas for camping and other services. The Denver Police however allowed non\\-ticket holders to enter the parking area whereupon they attempted to climb over chain link fencing to see the show while claiming that music should be \"free\". Police responded by lobbing tear gas canisters toward the fences knowing full well that the gas would affect everyone in attendance at the outdoor venue. Sunday night's final act was [The Jimi Hendrix Experience](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\"), which proved to be the Experience' final performance as a trio as well. Bassist [Noel Redding](/wiki/Noel_Redding \"Noel Redding\") quit and simply flew back to England that night. Jimi did not perform again for 6 weeks until mid\\-August when he closed [The Woodstock Music and Art Fair](/wiki/Woodstock \"Woodstock\") with his new band. Jimi Hendrix died 13 months later in September 1970\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Mile High Stadium in 1995](/wiki/File:Mile_High_Stadium_on_July_13%2C_1995.jpg \"Mile High Stadium on July 13, 1995.jpg\")\n[Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\") played at the Stadium June 27, 1976, as part of their One More From The Road tour.", "[The Jacksons](/wiki/The_Jacksons \"The Jacksons\") performed two concerts at Mile High Stadium on September 7 and 8, 1984, during their Victory Tour.[Victory Tour](/wiki/Victory_Tour_%28The_Jacksons_tour%29 \"Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)\")", "The stadium was the penultimate stop on [Bruce Springsteen](/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen \"Bruce Springsteen\") \\& the [E Street Band](/wiki/E_Street_Band \"E Street Band\")'s [Born in the U.S.A. Tour](/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A._Tour \"Born in the U.S.A. Tour\"), where they performed two shows on September 23 and 24, 1985\\.", "The stadium hosted the final show of the 1988 [Monsters of Rock](/wiki/Monsters_of_Rock_Tour_1988 \"Monsters of Rock Tour 1988\") Festival Tour, featuring [Van Halen](/wiki/Van_Halen \"Van Halen\"), [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\"), [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28band%29 \"Scorpions (band)\"), [Dokken](/wiki/Dokken \"Dokken\") and [Kingdom Come](/wiki/Kingdom_Come_%28German_band%29 \"Kingdom Come (German band)\"), on July 30, 1988\\. On June 28, 1991, the [Grateful Dead](/wiki/Grateful_Dead \"Grateful Dead\") performed in the stadium.", "[Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\") and [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses \"Guns N' Roses\") brought the [Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses/Metallica_Stadium_Tour \"Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour\") to the stadium on September 19, 1992, with [Body Count](/wiki/Body_Count_%28band%29 \"Body Count (band)\") as their opening act.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "On October 21, 1992, [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\") performed at Mile High as part of the third leg of their [Zoo TV Tour](/wiki/Zoo_TV_Tour \"Zoo TV Tour\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Axver\\|first1\\=Andre\\|last2\\=Muehlbradt\\|first2\\=Matthias\\|title\\=U2 Denver, 1992\\-10\\-21, Mile High Stadium, ZOO TV Tour \\- U2 on tour\\|url\\=http://www.u2gigs.com/show814\\.html\\|website\\=U2gigs.com\\|date\\=October 21, 1992 \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|ref\\=U2Zoo}} U2 would return again to perform in concert May 1, 1997, on the first leg of their [PopMart Tour](/wiki/PopMart_Tour \"PopMart Tour\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Axver\\|first1\\=Andre\\|last2\\=Muehlbradt\\|first2\\=Matthias\\|title\\=U2 Denver, 1997\\-05\\-01, Mile High Stadium, PopMart Tour \\- U2 on tour\\|url\\=http://www.u2gigs.com/show323\\.html\\|website\\=U2gigs.com\\|date\\=May 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2016\\|ref\\=U2Pop}}", "The stadium played host to [Ozzfest](/wiki/Ozzfest \"Ozzfest\") on June 24, 1997\\. The stadium again hosted Ozzfest, for the second and last time, on June 21, 2001, and hosted the [Area:One Festival](/wiki/Area_Festival \"Area Festival\") on July 28, 2001\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "### In film", "The stadium was featured in [Michael Moore](/wiki/Michael_Moore \"Michael Moore\")'s 2002 documentary *[Bowling for Columbine](/wiki/Bowling_for_Columbine \"Bowling for Columbine\")* as the backdrop for Moore's interview with controversial rock musician [Marilyn Manson](/wiki/Marilyn_Manson \"Marilyn Manson\") during the 2001 Ozzfest tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/media/clips/windowsmedia.php?Clip\\=manson1021LG \\|title\\=Marilyn Manson Interview on Bowling for Columbine \\|publisher\\=Bowling for Columbine \\|date\\=October 11, 2002 \\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615135947/http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/media/clips/windowsmedia.php?Clip\\=manson1021LG \\|archive\\-date\\=June 15, 2011 }}", "### Other events", "In 1977 and 1978, Mile High Stadium hosted the [Drum Corps International](/wiki/Drum_Corps_International \"Drum Corps International\") World Championships (with the 2004 championships held at the successor stadium). From 1963 to 2019, the Denver\\-based [Blue Knights Drum \\& Bugle Corps](/wiki/Blue_Knights_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps \"Blue Knights Drum and Bugle Corps\") annually hosted Drums Along the Rockies, making it the single longest\\-running event held at the stadium and its successor aside from Denver Broncos football. Canceled in 2020 due to the [COVID\\-19 Pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the event has since returned for the annual gathering, but has since moved to [Colorado State University](/wiki/Colorado_State_University \"Colorado State University\")'s stadium in [Fort Collins](/wiki/Fort_Collins%2C_Colorado \"Fort Collins, Colorado\").", "[Billy Graham](/wiki/Billy_Graham \"Billy Graham\") held his \"Rocky Mountain Crusade\" at the stadium in 1987\\.", "In August 1993, Denver hosted [World Youth Day](/wiki/World_Youth_Day \"World Youth Day\"). On August 12 and 13, Mile High Stadium hosted two events with [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\"), the Papal Welcoming Ceremony and the Way of the Cross.{{cite web\\|title\\=Apostolic Journey to Jamaica, Mexico and Denver (Colorado) (August 8–16, 1993\\)\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/holy\\_father/john\\_paul\\_ii/travels/sub\\_index1993/trav\\_america\\-1993\\_en.htm\\|work\\=John Paul II: Travels\\|publisher\\=The Vatican}}", "The weekend of June 16 and 17, 1995, saw Mile High Stadium transform into a revival tent when it played host to the [Promise Keepers](/wiki/Promise_Keepers \"Promise Keepers\"), a male\\-only [Evangelical Christian](/wiki/Evangelical_Christian \"Evangelical Christian\") ministry co\\-founded in 1990 by [Bill McCartney](/wiki/Bill_McCartney \"Bill McCartney\"), former head coach for the [University of Colorado, Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado%2C_Boulder \"University of Colorado, Boulder\") football organization ([CU Buffs](/wiki/CU_Buffs \"CU Buffs\") for short). Membership in the Promise Keepers had skyrocketed year\\-over\\-year, such that their previous venue [Folsom Field](/wiki/Folsom_Field \"Folsom Field\") (seating capacity 53,613\\), located on the [University of Colorado, Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder \"University of Colorado Boulder\") campus, had outgrown their needs.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Coach Bill, the Guys and God\\|work \\= The Independent\\|access\\-date \\= March 29, 2023\\|date \\= July 22, 1995\\|url \\= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/coach\\-bill\\-the\\-guys\\-and\\-god\\-1592838\\.html\\|archive\\-date \\= July 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20220707150839/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/coach\\-bill\\-the\\-guys\\-and\\-god\\-1592838\\.html\\|url\\-status \\= live}} Mile High Stadium was chosen because it could accommodate the 70,000\\+ men and boys that would fill the stadium that weekend.", "" ]
Biography --------- Herman Travnikov born in 1937 in Mekhonskoye village, Kargapolsky District of Chelyabinsk Region (now Shatrovskoye District of Kurgan Region). In 1945 he enrolled in the first grade of the primary school in Borovljanskoye village (Belozersky District of Kurgan Region). In 1951\-1952 he studied at the village school of Oktyabrsky of Novosibirsk Region. 1952\-1953 he studied for his 8th grade in the district center Pihtovka of Novosibirsk Region. In 1953\-1955 he studied grades 9\-10 at the village school of Isetskoye of Tyumen Region. In 1955 he worked as an artist in [the Kurgan Machine\-Building Plant, Kurganmashzavod](/wiki/Kurganmashzavod "Kurganmashzavod"). In 1956 he commenced studies in the Sverdlovsk Art College. In 1957\-1959 he served in the Soviet Army within the border troops of Primorye Territory Far East. Since 1959 was a member of the CPSU. In 1989 he left the party. In 1959\-1963 he worked as an artist in a department store (Sverdlovsk). In 1963 he graduated from the Sverdlovsk Art College. In 1963\-1964 he worked as an artist in "Sputnik" cinema (Kurgan). In 1964\-1966 he headed the art studio Kurgan State Pedagogical Institute. In 1966\-1968 he worked as an artist at Kurgan studio broadcasting and television. In 1967, he studied at the Television Artists courses in Leningrad. He was admitted to the Union of Artists of the USSR, now known as the Russian Union of Artists. In 1968\-1969 he participated in the 3rd plenum of the Union of Artists (Moscow). In 1970 he became a member of the All\-Russian Society for Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments. In 1972 he participated in the 3rd Congress of Artists (Moscow, Grand Kremlin Palace, the Column Hall of the House of Unions). In 1973 he was approved as a member of the Kurgan Regional Art Council Executive Committee. In 1975 he headed the association of young artists at the Kurgan organization of Artists Union. In 1978 he was approved as a member of the Commission for Watercolors at the Union of Artists. In 1980 he became a member of the All\-Union Society "Knowledge" and was elected a member of the committee of the Union of Artists to work with young artists. 24\-27 November 1981 participated in the 5th Congress of Artists (Moscow, Grand Kremlin Palace). In 1982 he was elected to the Kurgan City Council. From 1983 to 1990, member of the Board of the USSR Union of Artists. From 1984 to 1999, Secretary of the Board of the Russian Union of Artists. In 1998 he took part in the 8th Congress of Russian Artists (Sergiev Posad).<http://www.travnikov.ru/bib.html> Now Herman Travnikov lives and works in Kurgan, Russia.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Herman Travnikov born in 1937 in Mekhonskoye village, Kargapolsky District of Chelyabinsk Region (now Shatrovskoye District of Kurgan Region).", "In 1945 he enrolled in the first grade of the primary school in Borovljanskoye village (Belozersky District of Kurgan Region). In 1951\\-1952 he studied at the village school of Oktyabrsky of Novosibirsk Region. 1952\\-1953 he studied for his 8th grade in the district center Pihtovka of Novosibirsk Region. In 1953\\-1955 he studied grades 9\\-10 at the village school of Isetskoye of Tyumen Region.", "In 1955 he worked as an artist in [the Kurgan Machine\\-Building Plant, Kurganmashzavod](/wiki/Kurganmashzavod \"Kurganmashzavod\").", "In 1956 he commenced studies in the Sverdlovsk Art College.", "In 1957\\-1959 he served in the Soviet Army within the border troops of Primorye Territory Far East. Since 1959 was a member of the CPSU. In 1989 he left the party.", "In 1959\\-1963 he worked as an artist in a department store (Sverdlovsk).", "In 1963 he graduated from the Sverdlovsk Art College.", "In 1963\\-1964 he worked as an artist in \"Sputnik\" cinema (Kurgan).", "In 1964\\-1966 he headed the art studio Kurgan State Pedagogical Institute.", "In 1966\\-1968 he worked as an artist at Kurgan studio broadcasting and television.", "In 1967, he studied at the Television Artists courses in Leningrad. He was admitted to the Union of Artists of the USSR, now known as the Russian Union of Artists.", "In 1968\\-1969 he participated in the 3rd plenum of the Union of Artists (Moscow).", "In 1970 he became a member of the All\\-Russian Society for Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.", "In 1972 he participated in the 3rd Congress of Artists (Moscow, Grand Kremlin Palace, the Column Hall of the House of Unions).", "In 1973 he was approved as a member of the Kurgan Regional Art Council Executive Committee.", "In 1975 he headed the association of young artists at the Kurgan organization of Artists Union.", "In 1978 he was approved as a member of the Commission for Watercolors at the Union of Artists.", "In 1980 he became a member of the All\\-Union Society \"Knowledge\" and was elected a member of the committee of the Union of Artists to work with young artists.", "24\\-27 November 1981 participated in the 5th Congress of Artists (Moscow, Grand Kremlin Palace).", "In 1982 he was elected to the Kurgan City Council.", "From 1983 to 1990, member of the Board of the USSR Union of Artists.", "From 1984 to 1999, Secretary of the Board of the Russian Union of Artists.", "In 1998 he took part in the 8th Congress of Russian Artists (Sergiev Posad).<http://www.travnikov.ru/bib.html>", "Now Herman Travnikov lives and works in Kurgan, Russia.", "" ]
Information ----------- The annual festival and competition runs during the month of October (Filminute 2021 ran from 15 October to 15 November). An international [jury](/wiki/Jury "Jury") consisting of people from the fields of [filmmaking](/wiki/Filmmaking "Filmmaking"), [literature](/wiki/Literature "Literature"), [art](/wiki/Art "Art") and [communications](/wiki/Communications "Communications") is responsible for the awarding of Best Filminute. [Audiences](/wiki/Audiences "Audiences") worldwide are invited online to view and vote for the People's Choice Award. ### Filminute 2006 Filminute 2006 featured submissions from 25 countries. Best Filminute honours went to Anton Groves for his UK\-[Romanian](/wiki/Romania "Romania") production *Line*. The People's Choice Award was won by Wayne Campbell for his UK production *It Could Be*. According to [Ekow Eshun](/wiki/Ekow_Eshun "Ekow Eshun"), artistic director of London's [Institute of Contemporary Arts](/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts "Institute of Contemporary Arts") and Filminute 2006 jury member, Filminute "demonstrated a high level of polish and a strong and exciting progression in user\-generated content. Filminute has raised the bar in its first year and I am very interested to see how high the bar can go". ### Filminute 2007 Filminute 2007 generated submissions from 45 countries. The jury\-awarded Best Filminute went to [Kristina Grozeva](/wiki/Kristina_Grozeva "Kristina Grozeva")'s *Game* ([Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria")), while The People's Choice was awarded to Siddartha Jatla's *Missing* (India). During an October 2007 television interview with Filminute co\-founder and executive director John Ketchum, [CBC](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation") journalist and host [Evan Solomon](/wiki/Evan_Solomon "Evan Solomon") described Filminute as "the future of modern storytelling". ### Filminute 2008 Filminute 2008 drew submissions from 60 countries. The jury\-awarded Best Filminute went to Oli Hyatt's *StitchUp Showdown \- Gym Jam* (UK) and The People's Choice was awarded to Pici Papai's *Quick* (Hungary). The 2008 festival attracted a great deal of media attention including that of Wired.com whose headline ran, "If those sprawling three\-minute YouTube clips seem to drag on forever, Filminute, the international one\-minute film festival, might be right up your alley." ### Filminute 2009 Filminute 2009 drew submissions from 55 countries. The jury\-awarded Best Filminute went to UK's Phil Sansom \& Olly Williams for their film *Black Hole*. The People's Choice was awarded to Canada's James Cooper for *Life*. The 2009 festival drew many positive reviews including by [Ronald Bergan](/wiki/Ronald_Bergan "Ronald Bergan") in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* which praised Filminute's collection of "technically impressive mini\-movies" and the festival's commitment and focus "on story".{{cite web\|access\-date\=2021\-08\-01\|title\=One hot minute: how long is a piece of film?\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/sep/04/filminute\-film\-festival\|date\=4 September 2009\|website\=The Guardian}} ### Filminute 2012 Filminute 2012 marked the second time an animation won Best Filminute, with Director Ant Blade's *Chop\-Chop* (UK) taking the top prize. As well, Ant Blade was only the third filmmaker in the festival's eight\-year history to have two films shortlisted in the same year. The People's Choice award was won by Ben Jacobson for his smirk\-inducing drama *Candy Crime* (UK). In addition to a record 134 countries tuning in to see the films, and a surge in the number of comedies, 2012 also saw the festival's eastern presence grow with strong shortlisted films from Lithuania, Georgia, Turkey, and Russia. ### Filminute 2013 Filminute 2013 welcomed American independent filmmaker [Richard Linklater](/wiki/Richard_Linklater "Richard Linklater") and [FIPRESCI](/wiki/FIPRESCI "FIPRESCI") film critic Carmen Gray to the jury who, together with the other members, awarded Best Filminute honours to Dutch filmmaker David Stevens for his excellent documentary *M\-22*. At the same time, the big story at the festival's 8th edition was Martinique filmmaker [Khris Burton](/wiki/Khris_Burton "Khris Burton")'s film *Maybe Another Time*, which won the People's Choice and Top Rated awards, as well as finishing first in the Jury Commendations. It was the strongest finish ever for a single film at the festival. ### Filminute 2014 At Filminute 2014,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3035648/60\-second\-knockouts\-watch\-5\-cool\-movies\-in\-5\-minutes\|title \= 60\-Second Knockouts: Watch 5 Cool Movies in 5 Minutes\|date \= 15 September 2014}} [Ignacio Rodó](/wiki/Ignacio_Rod%C3%B3 "Ignacio Rodó")'s thriller *Tuck Me In* (Spain), won the jury\-awarded Best Filminute. The People's Choice award went to André Marques' film *Grandpa* (Portugal), which also impressed with a Jury Commendation, a runner\-up ranking for Top Rated, as well as the inaugural Cineuropa Audience Award. ### Filminute 2015 Filminute held its 10th anniversary in 2015 with Guillaume Renusson's French sign\-language film *A Minute of Silence* winning Best Filminute. Multiple Filminute award\-winner Khris Burton returned to take the People's Choice award for his film *Nanny* (Martinique). And the Top Rated award went to Romania's George Molesag for his drama *Rematch*. ### Filminute 2016 Filminute 2016 featured the Taiwanese filmmaker [Hou Hsiao\-Hsien](/wiki/Hou_Hsiao-Hsien "Hou Hsiao-Hsien") on the jury. Together with author [John Vaillant](/wiki/John_Vaillant "John Vaillant"), FIPRESCI journalist Barbara Hollender and others, the jury awarded Best Filminute honours to Rohin Raveendran's film *Paijana* (India). The French animation *Voltige* won the People's Choice Award. *Cutting Room* by Canadian directors Nathan White and Richard Colmer won the Top Rated award. ### Filminute 2017 Filminute 2017 included on its jury [Baronessa Beatrice Monti](/wiki/Beatrice_Monti_della_Corte "Beatrice Monti della Corte"), the founder and president of the [Santa Maddalena Foundation](/wiki/Santa_Maddalena_Foundation "Santa Maddalena Foundation"), the [Tuscan](/wiki/Tuscany "Tuscany") writing retreat that has partnered with Filminute since the inaugural festival in 2006\. Through its partnership with Women In Film, Filminute also included Ghanaian\-American film director [Priscilla Anany](/wiki/Priscilla_Anany "Priscilla Anany"). Together with their fellow jurors they awarded Best Filminute honours to Iranian director [Kaveh Jahed](/wiki/Kaveh_Jahed "Kaveh Jahed")'s migrant thriller, *A Share of a Share.* The People's Choice award went to American director Jin Ryu for his docu\-drama *Megan.* The Top Rated award went to *Comic Relief* by Colombian director Carlos Andres Reyes. Filminute 2017 also saw the launch of the first Filminute Development Prize, sponsored by CineCoup. ### Filminute 2018 Filminute 2018 welcomed to the jury [Sebastian Lelio](/wiki/Sebastian_Lelio "Sebastian Lelio"), winner of the 2017 Academy Award (Best Foreign Film) for ‘Una Mujer Fantastica.’ Alongside the award\-winning Colombian writer Juan Gabriel Vasquez, the ground\-breaking American talent agent and producer Nikki Weiss\-Goldstein, and others, the jury chose South Korean director Nuri Jeong's deftly directed thriller *Edge of Seventeen* for Best Filminute. Argentinian director Alejandro Itkin's corruption tale *Air Time* received top honours from the public, and the Top Rated award went to Iranian director Mahdi Borgian for his touching film *Soul Mate.* Nuri Jeong also took home the CineCoup sponsored Filminute Development Prize. ### Filminute 2019 Filminute 2019 featured a strong female jury presence including: prolific, award\-winning French editor \& director [Anne Goursaud](/wiki/Anne_Goursaud "Anne Goursaud"); American PEN award\-winning fiction writer Maile Meloy; acclaimed Canadian Executive Producer, Indira Guha; and the respected Turkish [FIPRESCI](/wiki/FIPRESCI "FIPRESCI") film critic, Alin Tasciyan. Together with rest of the jury they awarded Best Filminute to French directors Merick \& Gohu for their powerful and original migrant tale *I Am Not Afraid.* The People's Choice Award was won by Uruguay's Facundo Sosa for his chilling look at the future of immigration entitled *Uno de Nosotros.* And the Top Rated award went to Spanish director Manuel Martin Merino for *Searching* his light\-hearted and comedic look at dating in the digital age. Hungarian director Regős Ábel won the Filminute Development prize for his action\-packed discrimination drama *The Tenants.* ### Filminute 2020 Due to the worldwide [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Filminute 2020 was postponed. ### Filminute 2021 After the worldwide pandemic forced the postponement of the 2020 festival, Filminute 2021 returned with a strong international jury and 25 films drawn from over 3,000 entries. Led by Filminute Executive Director John Ketchum, influential Turkish filmmaker [Pelin Esmer](/wiki/Pelin_Esmer "Pelin Esmer"), and prolific Canadian animator [Anne Marie Fleming](/wiki/Anne_Marie_Fleming "Anne Marie Fleming"), the jury awarded Best Filminute to Iranian director Moein Rooholamini for his moving refugee drama, *Leo.* And for only the second time in the festival's history, one film, *Uncounted,* by Colombian director Carlos Andrés Reyes, was awarded both the People's Choice and Top Rated awards. *Uncounted* also received the first jury commendation, completing a spectacular run for a deeply moving film about a mother's love for her children set against the backdrop of drug cartel\-inspired violence. It was the second Top Rated award for Carlos Andrés Reyes following his 2017 win for *Comic Relief.* ### Filminute 2022 Filminute 2022 featured a predominantly female jury led by Canadian producer and director [Miranda de Pencier](/wiki/Miranda_de_Pencier "Miranda de Pencier"), Romanian filmmaker Cecília Felméri, [FIPRESCI](/wiki/FIPRESCI "FIPRESCI") film critic Marta Blaga, and Film and Festival Sholar Dr. Estrella Sendra. Along with the Filminute jury team they awarded Best Filminute to Georgian animator, Petre Tomadze for his incredibly powerful domestic abuse drama, *Night Session.* It was only the second time in Filminute history that an animation won the top award. The People's Choice award, amazingly, also went to a Georgian animation: Khatuna Tatuashvili's delightful, emotional ode to the love of cats, *Oh! Mother, Mother...* Filminute 2022 also saw the inauguration of its Best Performance award, won by Jana Errando for her superb comedic timing and pent\-up turn in *Paper\-Thin Walls.*
[ "Information\n-----------", "The annual festival and competition runs during the month of October (Filminute 2021 ran from 15 October to 15 November). \nAn international [jury](/wiki/Jury \"Jury\") consisting of people from the fields of [filmmaking](/wiki/Filmmaking \"Filmmaking\"), [literature](/wiki/Literature \"Literature\"), [art](/wiki/Art \"Art\") and [communications](/wiki/Communications \"Communications\") is responsible for the awarding of Best Filminute. [Audiences](/wiki/Audiences \"Audiences\") worldwide are invited online to view and vote for the People's Choice Award.", "### Filminute 2006", "Filminute 2006 featured submissions from 25 countries. Best Filminute honours went to Anton Groves for his UK\\-[Romanian](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") production *Line*. The People's Choice Award was won by Wayne Campbell for his UK production *It Could Be*. According to [Ekow Eshun](/wiki/Ekow_Eshun \"Ekow Eshun\"), artistic director of London's [Institute of Contemporary Arts](/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts \"Institute of Contemporary Arts\") and Filminute 2006 jury member, Filminute \"demonstrated a high level of polish and a strong and exciting progression in user\\-generated content. Filminute has raised the bar in its first year and I am very interested to see how high the bar can go\".", "### Filminute 2007", "Filminute 2007 generated submissions from 45 countries. The jury\\-awarded Best Filminute went to [Kristina Grozeva](/wiki/Kristina_Grozeva \"Kristina Grozeva\")'s *Game* ([Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria \"Bulgaria\")), while The People's Choice was awarded to Siddartha Jatla's *Missing* (India). During an October 2007 television interview with Filminute co\\-founder and executive director John Ketchum, [CBC](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\") journalist and host [Evan Solomon](/wiki/Evan_Solomon \"Evan Solomon\") described Filminute as \"the future of modern storytelling\".", "### Filminute 2008", "Filminute 2008 drew submissions from 60 countries. The jury\\-awarded Best Filminute went to Oli Hyatt's *StitchUp Showdown \\- Gym Jam* (UK) and The People's Choice was awarded to Pici Papai's *Quick* (Hungary). The 2008 festival attracted a great deal of media attention including that of Wired.com whose headline ran, \"If those sprawling three\\-minute YouTube clips seem to drag on forever, Filminute, the international one\\-minute film festival, might be right up your alley.\"", "### Filminute 2009", "Filminute 2009 drew submissions from 55 countries. The jury\\-awarded Best Filminute went to UK's Phil Sansom \\& Olly Williams for their film *Black Hole*. The People's Choice was awarded to Canada's James Cooper for *Life*. The 2009 festival drew many positive reviews including by [Ronald Bergan](/wiki/Ronald_Bergan \"Ronald Bergan\") in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* which praised Filminute's collection of \"technically impressive mini\\-movies\" and the festival's commitment and focus \"on story\".{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-01\\|title\\=One hot minute: how long is a piece of film?\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/sep/04/filminute\\-film\\-festival\\|date\\=4 September 2009\\|website\\=The Guardian}}", "### Filminute 2012", "Filminute 2012 marked the second time an animation won Best Filminute, with Director Ant Blade's *Chop\\-Chop* (UK) taking the top prize. As well, Ant Blade was only the third filmmaker in the festival's eight\\-year history to have two films shortlisted in the same year. The People's Choice award was won by Ben Jacobson for his smirk\\-inducing drama *Candy Crime* (UK). In addition to a record 134 countries tuning in to see the films, and a surge in the number of comedies, 2012 also saw the festival's eastern presence grow with strong shortlisted films from Lithuania, Georgia, Turkey, and Russia.", "### Filminute 2013", "Filminute 2013 welcomed American independent filmmaker [Richard Linklater](/wiki/Richard_Linklater \"Richard Linklater\") and [FIPRESCI](/wiki/FIPRESCI \"FIPRESCI\") film critic Carmen Gray to the jury who, together with the other members, awarded Best Filminute honours to Dutch filmmaker David Stevens for his excellent documentary *M\\-22*. At the same time, the big story at the festival's 8th edition was Martinique filmmaker [Khris Burton](/wiki/Khris_Burton \"Khris Burton\")'s film *Maybe Another Time*, which won the People's Choice and Top Rated awards, as well as finishing first in the Jury Commendations. It was the strongest finish ever for a single film at the festival.", "### Filminute 2014", "At Filminute 2014,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fastcocreate.com/3035648/60\\-second\\-knockouts\\-watch\\-5\\-cool\\-movies\\-in\\-5\\-minutes\\|title \\= 60\\-Second Knockouts: Watch 5 Cool Movies in 5 Minutes\\|date \\= 15 September 2014}} [Ignacio Rodó](/wiki/Ignacio_Rod%C3%B3 \"Ignacio Rodó\")'s thriller *Tuck Me In* (Spain), won the jury\\-awarded Best Filminute. The People's Choice award went to André Marques' film *Grandpa* (Portugal), which also impressed with a Jury Commendation, a runner\\-up ranking for Top Rated, as well as the inaugural Cineuropa Audience Award.", "### Filminute 2015", "Filminute held its 10th anniversary in 2015 with Guillaume Renusson's French sign\\-language film *A Minute of Silence* winning Best Filminute. Multiple Filminute award\\-winner Khris Burton returned to take the People's Choice award for his film *Nanny* (Martinique). And the Top Rated award went to Romania's George Molesag for his drama *Rematch*.", "### Filminute 2016", "Filminute 2016 featured the Taiwanese filmmaker [Hou Hsiao\\-Hsien](/wiki/Hou_Hsiao-Hsien \"Hou Hsiao-Hsien\") on the jury. Together with author [John Vaillant](/wiki/John_Vaillant \"John Vaillant\"), FIPRESCI journalist Barbara Hollender and others, the jury awarded Best Filminute honours to Rohin Raveendran's film *Paijana* (India). The French animation *Voltige* won the People's Choice Award. *Cutting Room* by Canadian directors Nathan White and Richard Colmer won the Top Rated award.", "### Filminute 2017", "Filminute 2017 included on its jury [Baronessa Beatrice Monti](/wiki/Beatrice_Monti_della_Corte \"Beatrice Monti della Corte\"), the founder and president of the [Santa Maddalena Foundation](/wiki/Santa_Maddalena_Foundation \"Santa Maddalena Foundation\"), the [Tuscan](/wiki/Tuscany \"Tuscany\") writing retreat that has partnered with Filminute since the inaugural festival in 2006\\. Through its partnership with Women In Film, Filminute also included Ghanaian\\-American film director [Priscilla Anany](/wiki/Priscilla_Anany \"Priscilla Anany\"). Together with their fellow jurors they awarded Best Filminute honours to Iranian director [Kaveh Jahed](/wiki/Kaveh_Jahed \"Kaveh Jahed\")'s migrant thriller, *A Share of a Share.* The People's Choice award went to American director Jin Ryu for his docu\\-drama *Megan.* The Top Rated award went to *Comic Relief* by Colombian director Carlos Andres Reyes. Filminute 2017 also saw the launch of the first Filminute Development Prize, sponsored by CineCoup.", "### Filminute 2018", "Filminute 2018 welcomed to the jury [Sebastian Lelio](/wiki/Sebastian_Lelio \"Sebastian Lelio\"), winner of the 2017 Academy Award (Best Foreign Film) for ‘Una Mujer Fantastica.’ Alongside the award\\-winning Colombian writer Juan Gabriel Vasquez, the ground\\-breaking American talent agent and producer Nikki Weiss\\-Goldstein, and others, the jury chose South Korean director Nuri Jeong's deftly directed thriller *Edge of Seventeen* for Best Filminute. Argentinian director Alejandro Itkin's corruption tale *Air Time* received top honours from the public, and the Top Rated award went to Iranian director Mahdi Borgian for his touching film *Soul Mate.* Nuri Jeong also took home the CineCoup sponsored Filminute Development Prize.", "### Filminute 2019", "Filminute 2019 featured a strong female jury presence including: prolific, award\\-winning French editor \\& director [Anne Goursaud](/wiki/Anne_Goursaud \"Anne Goursaud\"); American PEN award\\-winning fiction writer Maile Meloy; acclaimed Canadian Executive Producer, Indira Guha; and the respected Turkish [FIPRESCI](/wiki/FIPRESCI \"FIPRESCI\") film critic, Alin Tasciyan. Together with rest of the jury they awarded Best Filminute to French directors Merick \\& Gohu for their powerful and original migrant tale *I Am Not Afraid.* The People's Choice Award was won by Uruguay's Facundo Sosa for his chilling look at the future of immigration entitled *Uno de Nosotros.* And the Top Rated award went to Spanish director Manuel Martin Merino for *Searching* his light\\-hearted and comedic look at dating in the digital age. Hungarian director Regős Ábel won the Filminute Development prize for his action\\-packed discrimination drama *The Tenants.*", "### Filminute 2020", "Due to the worldwide [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), Filminute 2020 was postponed.", "### Filminute 2021", "After the worldwide pandemic forced the postponement of the 2020 festival, Filminute 2021 returned with a strong international jury and 25 films drawn from over 3,000 entries. Led by Filminute Executive Director John Ketchum, influential Turkish filmmaker [Pelin Esmer](/wiki/Pelin_Esmer \"Pelin Esmer\"), and prolific Canadian animator [Anne Marie Fleming](/wiki/Anne_Marie_Fleming \"Anne Marie Fleming\"), the jury awarded Best Filminute to Iranian director Moein Rooholamini for his moving refugee drama, *Leo.* And for only the second time in the festival's history, one film, *Uncounted,* by Colombian director Carlos Andrés Reyes, was awarded both the People's Choice and Top Rated awards. *Uncounted* also received the first jury commendation, completing a spectacular run for a deeply moving film about a mother's love for her children set against the backdrop of drug cartel\\-inspired violence. It was the second Top Rated award for Carlos Andrés Reyes following his 2017 win for *Comic Relief.*", "### Filminute 2022", "Filminute 2022 featured a predominantly female jury led by Canadian producer and director [Miranda de Pencier](/wiki/Miranda_de_Pencier \"Miranda de Pencier\"), Romanian filmmaker Cecília Felméri, [FIPRESCI](/wiki/FIPRESCI \"FIPRESCI\") film critic Marta Blaga, and Film and Festival Sholar Dr. Estrella Sendra. Along with the Filminute jury team they awarded Best Filminute to Georgian animator, Petre Tomadze for his incredibly powerful domestic abuse drama, *Night Session.* It was only the second time in Filminute history that an animation won the top award. The People's Choice award, amazingly, also went to a Georgian animation: Khatuna Tatuashvili's delightful, emotional ode to the love of cats, *Oh! Mother, Mother...* Filminute 2022 also saw the inauguration of its Best Performance award, won by Jana Errando for her superb comedic timing and pent\\-up turn in *Paper\\-Thin Walls.*", "" ]
Demographics ------------ ### 2010 census {{US Census population \|1920\= 160 \|1950\= 895 \|1960\= 1366 \|1970\= 842 \|1980\= 819 \|1990\= 682 \|2000\= 734 \|2010\= 689 \|2020\= 710 \|footnote\=source:{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|access\-date\=June 18, 2013}}{{cite book\|last\=Moffatt\|first\=Riley Moore\|title\=Population History of Western U.S. Cities and Towns, 1850–1990\|location\=Lanham, Maryland\|publisher\=Scarecrow Press\|year\=1996\|page\=214\|isbn\=978\-0\-8108\-3033\-2}}{{cite web\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:41\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\|title\=Census Population API\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=Oct 12, 2022}} }} As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 689 people, 314 households, and 172 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1167\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 379 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|642\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 85\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 4\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 10\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 4\.4% of the population. There were 314 households, of which 22\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\.2% were non\-families. 34\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.19 and the average family size was 2\.81\. The median age in the city was 51\.8 years. 19\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15\.8% were from 25 to 44; 34\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 24\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52\.0% male and 48\.0% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 734 people, 334 households, and 184 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|921\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 403 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|505\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 84\.06% White, 6\.54% Native American, 0\.54% Asian, 0\.14% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.14% from other races, and 8\.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2\.32% of the population. There were 334 households, out of which 22\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42\.2% were married couples living together, 9\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44\.9% were non\-families. 38\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.20 and the average family size was 2\.92\. In the city, the population was 24\.1% under the age of 18, 5\.3% from 18 to 24, 21\.3% from 25 to 44, 27\.5% from 45 to 64, and 21\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $21,615, and the median income for a family was $23,750\. Males had a median income of $30,536 versus $27,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $12,544\. About 16\.3% of families and 23\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 34\.6% of those under age 18 and 13\.6% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "### 2010 census", "{{US Census population\n\\|1920\\= 160\n\\|1950\\= 895\n\\|1960\\= 1366\n\\|1970\\= 842\n\\|1980\\= 819\n\\|1990\\= 682\n\\|2000\\= 734\n\\|2010\\= 689\n\\|2020\\= 710\n\\|footnote\\=source:{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2013}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Moffatt\\|first\\=Riley Moore\\|title\\=Population History of Western U.S. Cities and Towns, 1850–1990\\|location\\=Lanham, Maryland\\|publisher\\=Scarecrow Press\\|year\\=1996\\|page\\=214\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8108\\-3033\\-2}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:41\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\\=Census Population API\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=Oct 12, 2022}}\n}}", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 689 people, 314 households, and 172 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1167\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 379 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|642\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 85\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 4\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 10\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 4\\.4% of the population.", "There were 314 households, of which 22\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45\\.2% were non\\-families. 34\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.19 and the average family size was 2\\.81\\.", "The median age in the city was 51\\.8 years. 19\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15\\.8% were from 25 to 44; 34\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 24\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52\\.0% male and 48\\.0% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the census of 2000, there were 734 people, 334 households, and 184 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|921\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 403 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|505\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 84\\.06% White, 6\\.54% Native American, 0\\.54% Asian, 0\\.14% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.14% from other races, and 8\\.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2\\.32% of the population. There were 334 households, out of which 22\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42\\.2% were married couples living together, 9\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44\\.9% were non\\-families. 38\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.20 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.", "In the city, the population was 24\\.1% under the age of 18, 5\\.3% from 18 to 24, 21\\.3% from 25 to 44, 27\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 21\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 98\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\\.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $21,615, and the median income for a family was $23,750\\. Males had a median income of $30,536 versus $27,750 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $12,544\\. About 16\\.3% of families and 23\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 34\\.6% of those under age 18 and 13\\.6% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life Roman Hurko is an American\-Canadian of Ukrainian descent, born in Toronto, Canada (1962\). A graduate of The [Yale Institute of Sacred Music](/wiki/Yale_Institute_of_Sacred_Music "Yale Institute of Sacred Music") (Master of Arts and Religion) and The [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") (B.A. Music History and Theory), he has also studied composition privately with composer Father [Ivan Moody](/wiki/Ivan_Moody_%28composer%29 "Ivan Moody (composer)") in Portugal. He has been a member of the Composers' Union of Ukraine since 2004\. Hurko began composing music while still in high school. His first composition "Ave Maria" for SATB choir was premiered by the Toronto Mendelssohn Youth Choir, at the Guelph Spring Festival in 1983, with the composer conducting. In the summers of 1983 and 1985 he attended choral conducting seminars led by [Wolodymyr Kolesnyk](/wiki/Wolodymyr_Kolesnyk "Wolodymyr Kolesnyk"), former director of the [National Opera of Ukraine](/wiki/National_Opera_of_Ukraine "National Opera of Ukraine"). In the fall of 1985, he co\-founded the St. Evtymyj Youth Choir at St. Nicholas [Ukrainian Catholic Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). Hurko soon began setting sections of the liturgy for the choir, and in 1999 completed and recorded the entire Divine Liturgy of St. [John Chrysostom](/wiki/John_Chrysostom "John Chrysostom") in commemoration of the second millennium of [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity").{{Cite web\|url\=http://romanhurko.com/recordings.html\|title \= Roman Hurko: Composer of Christian Byzantine Rite Sacred Music}} ### Career Along with composition, Hurko has a career in Opera Stage Direction. A former member of the [Canadian Opera Company](/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company "Canadian Opera Company") (COC) ensemble, he worked as staff assistant director at the COC from 1988\-93\. After freelancing as an assistant director in Europe and the US ([Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House") in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden"), [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival "Salzburg Festival"), [De Nederlandse Opera](/wiki/De_Nederlandse_Opera "De Nederlandse Opera"), [Opéra de Monte\-Carlo](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo "Opéra de Monte-Carlo"), [Teatro de la Zarzuela](/wiki/Teatro_de_la_Zarzuela "Teatro de la Zarzuela"), The Washington Opera) he made his stage directing debut in 1996 at the [Spoleto Festival](/wiki/Spoleto_Festival "Spoleto Festival") (Italy) with [Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel")'s *[Semele](/wiki/Semele_%28Handel%29 "Semele (Handel)")*. In [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto "Spoleto"), he co\-directed [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s *[War and Peace](/wiki/War_and_Peace_%28Prokofiev%29 "War and Peace (Prokofiev)")* together with festival founder and composer, [Gian Carlo Menotti](/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti "Gian Carlo Menotti"). Most recently, he directed [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart")'s *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni "Don Giovanni")* and [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner")'s *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 "The Flying Dutchman (opera)")* at the [Vancouver Opera](/wiki/Vancouver_Opera "Vancouver Opera"). During this period he composed incidental music for two plays with the Yara Arts Group at [La Mama Experimental Theater Club](/wiki/La_Mama_Experimental_Theater_Club "La Mama Experimental Theater Club") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"): A Light From the East (1991\) and Explosions (1993\). Hurko has composed and recorded 5 major pieces of sacred music: [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4), [Panachyda/Requiem for the Victims of Chernobyl](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=3) (2001\), [Liturgy No.2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) (2003\), and [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) (2005\). His latest recording, Liturgy No.3, an English language setting of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, was recorded in Chicago with the Schola Cantorum of St. Peter the Apostle (J. Michael Thompson, conductor), and will be released in the fall of 2011\. [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4) was premiered in Chicago by the [Schola Cantorum](/wiki/Schola_Cantorum "Schola Cantorum") of St. Peter the Apostle, conducted by J. Michael Thompson, at Sts. Volodymyr and Olha's Ukrainian Catholic Church on July 14, 2000\. Requiem/Panachyda, "Chornobyl Requiem" dedicated to the memory of the victims of the nuclear [disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster"), received its premiere at [St. Michael's Golden\-Domed Monastery](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery "St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), on April 26, 2001 (the 15th anniversary of the disaster), with the composer conducting the Frescoes of Kyiv [Chamber Choir](/wiki/Chamber_Choir "Chamber Choir"). A subsequent recording of the [Requiem](/wiki/Requiem "Requiem") received its broadcast debut in April 2003 on the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation") (CBC) Radio 2 programme "Choral Concert". Selections from [Liturgy No. 2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) were given their North American premiere by the [Elmer Iseler Singers](/wiki/Elmer_Iseler_Singers "Elmer Iseler Singers") at concerts in Ottawa and Toronto, conducted by Lydia Adams. In September 2005, [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) was premiered in Kyiv's [Pecherska Lavra](/wiki/Pecherska_Lavra "Pecherska Lavra") (Monastery of the Caves) by the Vydubychi Church Choir (Volodymyr Viniar, conductor), as the opening concert to the 16th [KyivFest International Music Festival](/wiki/KyivFest_International_Music_Festival "KyivFest International Music Festival"). On April 9, 2006, the Requiem was performed in concert at Toronto's [Roy Thomson Hall](/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall "Roy Thomson Hall") by the combined: Elmer Iseler Singers, Orpheus Choir, Amadeus Choir, the Vesnivka Women's Choir, and the Ukrainian Male Chamber Choir in a concert to solemnly mark the 20th anniversary of the [Chernobyl](/wiki/Chernobyl "Chernobyl") nuclear disaster. This concert was subsequently broadcast on April 26 (the 20th anniversary of the disaster) on the CBC Radio 2 programme: "In Performance", and again on Sunday, May 14 on "Choral Concert". Many of Hurko's recordings have received their US broadcast premiere on Princeton Radio's "Classical Discoveries" program (103\.3 FM), hosted by [Marvin Rosen](/wiki/Marvin_Rosen "Marvin Rosen"). Most recently, Roman has become involved in a series of recordings entitled "The Ukrainian Art Song Project" as producer. The goal of the project is to record the complete art songs of Ukraine's major composers. Volume 1 of the series, The Complete Art Songs of [Kyrylo Stetsenko](/wiki/Kyrylo_Stetsenko "Kyrylo Stetsenko") (1882–1922\) was recorded during the summer of 2006 by [Pavlo Hunka](/wiki/Pavlo_Hunka "Pavlo Hunka"), Bass and [Albert Krywolt](/wiki/Albert_Krywolt "Albert Krywolt"), piano on Toronto's Musica Leopolis label.{{OCLC\|166355310}} Also featured on the recording are [Russell Braun](/wiki/Russell_Braun "Russell Braun"), Baritone and [Benjamin Butterfield](/wiki/Benjamin_Butterfield "Benjamin Butterfield"), tenor. The recording was launched on September 14, 2006 at the new Four Season's Opera House in Toronto. Volume 2, The Complete Art Songs of [Mykola Lysenko](/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko "Mykola Lysenko") (1842–1912\) was launched on December 5, 2010 at Toronto's Koerner Hall. Volume 3, The Complete Art Songs of [Yakiv Stepovyi](/wiki/Yakiv_Stepovyi "Yakiv Stepovyi") (1883–1921\) was released on February 6, 2011 at Edmonton's Winspear Center. Galicians I, the art songs of [Denys Sichynsky](/wiki/Denys_Sichynsky "Denys Sichynsky"), [Stanyslav Liudkevych](/wiki/Stanyslav_Lyudkevych "Stanyslav Lyudkevych"), [Vasyl Barvinsky](/wiki/Vasyl_Barvinsky "Vasyl Barvinsky"), and [Stefania Turkewich](/wiki/Stefania_Turkewich "Stefania Turkewich") were launched on November 2, 2014 at Koerner Hall in Toronto.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life", "Roman Hurko is an American\\-Canadian of Ukrainian descent, born in Toronto, Canada (1962\\). A graduate of The [Yale Institute of Sacred Music](/wiki/Yale_Institute_of_Sacred_Music \"Yale Institute of Sacred Music\") (Master of Arts and Religion) and The [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\") (B.A. Music History and Theory), he has also studied composition privately with composer Father [Ivan Moody](/wiki/Ivan_Moody_%28composer%29 \"Ivan Moody (composer)\") in Portugal.", "He has been a member of the Composers' Union of Ukraine since 2004\\.", "Hurko began composing music while still in high school. His first composition \"Ave Maria\" for SATB choir was premiered by the Toronto Mendelssohn Youth Choir, at the Guelph Spring Festival in 1983, with the composer conducting.", "In the summers of 1983 and 1985 he attended choral conducting seminars led by [Wolodymyr Kolesnyk](/wiki/Wolodymyr_Kolesnyk \"Wolodymyr Kolesnyk\"), former director of the [National Opera of Ukraine](/wiki/National_Opera_of_Ukraine \"National Opera of Ukraine\"). In the fall of 1985, he co\\-founded the St. Evtymyj Youth Choir at St. Nicholas [Ukrainian Catholic Church](/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church \"Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"). Hurko soon began setting sections of the liturgy for the choir, and in 1999 completed and recorded the entire Divine Liturgy of St. [John Chrysostom](/wiki/John_Chrysostom \"John Chrysostom\") in commemoration of the second millennium of [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://romanhurko.com/recordings.html\\|title \\= Roman Hurko: Composer of Christian Byzantine Rite Sacred Music}}", "### Career", "Along with composition, Hurko has a career in Opera Stage Direction. A former member of the [Canadian Opera Company](/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company \"Canadian Opera Company\") (COC) ensemble, he worked as staff assistant director at the COC from 1988\\-93\\. After freelancing as an assistant director in Europe and the US ([Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\") in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\"), [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival \"Salzburg Festival\"), [De Nederlandse Opera](/wiki/De_Nederlandse_Opera \"De Nederlandse Opera\"), [Opéra de Monte\\-Carlo](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo \"Opéra de Monte-Carlo\"), [Teatro de la Zarzuela](/wiki/Teatro_de_la_Zarzuela \"Teatro de la Zarzuela\"), The Washington Opera) he made his stage directing debut in 1996 at the [Spoleto Festival](/wiki/Spoleto_Festival \"Spoleto Festival\") (Italy) with [Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel \"George Frideric Handel\")'s *[Semele](/wiki/Semele_%28Handel%29 \"Semele (Handel)\")*. In [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto \"Spoleto\"), he co\\-directed [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\")'s *[War and Peace](/wiki/War_and_Peace_%28Prokofiev%29 \"War and Peace (Prokofiev)\")* together with festival founder and composer, [Gian Carlo Menotti](/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti \"Gian Carlo Menotti\"). Most recently, he directed [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\")'s *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni \"Don Giovanni\")* and [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\")'s *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 \"The Flying Dutchman (opera)\")* at the [Vancouver Opera](/wiki/Vancouver_Opera \"Vancouver Opera\").", "During this period he composed incidental music for two plays with the Yara Arts Group at [La Mama Experimental Theater Club](/wiki/La_Mama_Experimental_Theater_Club \"La Mama Experimental Theater Club\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"): A Light From the East (1991\\) and Explosions (1993\\).", "Hurko has composed and recorded 5 major pieces of sacred music: [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4), [Panachyda/Requiem for the Victims of Chernobyl](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=3) (2001\\), [Liturgy No.2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) (2003\\), and [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) (2005\\). His latest recording, Liturgy No.3, an English language setting of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, was recorded in Chicago with the Schola Cantorum of St. Peter the Apostle (J. Michael Thompson, conductor), and will be released in the fall of 2011\\. [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4) was premiered in Chicago by the [Schola Cantorum](/wiki/Schola_Cantorum \"Schola Cantorum\") of St. Peter the Apostle, conducted by J. Michael Thompson, at Sts. Volodymyr and Olha's Ukrainian Catholic Church on July 14, 2000\\. Requiem/Panachyda, \"Chornobyl Requiem\" dedicated to the memory of the victims of the nuclear [disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"), received its premiere at [St. Michael's Golden\\-Domed Monastery](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery \"St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery\") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), on April 26, 2001 (the 15th anniversary of the disaster), with the composer conducting the Frescoes of Kyiv [Chamber Choir](/wiki/Chamber_Choir \"Chamber Choir\"). A subsequent recording of the [Requiem](/wiki/Requiem \"Requiem\") received its broadcast debut in April 2003 on the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\") (CBC) Radio 2 programme \"Choral Concert\".", "Selections from [Liturgy No. 2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) were given their North American premiere by the [Elmer Iseler Singers](/wiki/Elmer_Iseler_Singers \"Elmer Iseler Singers\") at concerts in Ottawa and Toronto, conducted by Lydia Adams. In September 2005, [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) was premiered in Kyiv's [Pecherska Lavra](/wiki/Pecherska_Lavra \"Pecherska Lavra\") (Monastery of the Caves) by the Vydubychi Church Choir (Volodymyr Viniar, conductor), as the opening concert to the 16th [KyivFest International Music Festival](/wiki/KyivFest_International_Music_Festival \"KyivFest International Music Festival\").", "On April 9, 2006, the Requiem was performed in concert at Toronto's [Roy Thomson Hall](/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall \"Roy Thomson Hall\") by the combined: Elmer Iseler Singers, Orpheus Choir, Amadeus Choir, the Vesnivka Women's Choir, and the Ukrainian Male Chamber Choir in a concert to solemnly mark the 20th anniversary of the [Chernobyl](/wiki/Chernobyl \"Chernobyl\") nuclear disaster. This concert was subsequently broadcast on April 26 (the 20th anniversary of the disaster) on the CBC Radio 2 programme: \"In Performance\", and again on Sunday, May 14 on \"Choral Concert\".", "Many of Hurko's recordings have received their US broadcast premiere on Princeton Radio's \"Classical Discoveries\" program (103\\.3 FM), hosted by [Marvin Rosen](/wiki/Marvin_Rosen \"Marvin Rosen\"). Most recently, Roman has become involved in a series of recordings entitled \"The Ukrainian Art Song Project\" as producer. The goal of the project is to record the complete art songs of Ukraine's major composers. Volume 1 of the series, The Complete Art Songs of [Kyrylo Stetsenko](/wiki/Kyrylo_Stetsenko \"Kyrylo Stetsenko\") (1882–1922\\) was recorded during the summer of 2006 by [Pavlo Hunka](/wiki/Pavlo_Hunka \"Pavlo Hunka\"), Bass and [Albert Krywolt](/wiki/Albert_Krywolt \"Albert Krywolt\"), piano on Toronto's Musica Leopolis label.{{OCLC\\|166355310}} Also featured on the recording are [Russell Braun](/wiki/Russell_Braun \"Russell Braun\"), Baritone and [Benjamin Butterfield](/wiki/Benjamin_Butterfield \"Benjamin Butterfield\"), tenor. The recording was launched on September 14, 2006 at the new Four Season's Opera House in Toronto. Volume 2, The Complete Art Songs of [Mykola Lysenko](/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko \"Mykola Lysenko\") (1842–1912\\) was launched on December 5, 2010 at Toronto's Koerner Hall. Volume 3, The Complete Art Songs of [Yakiv Stepovyi](/wiki/Yakiv_Stepovyi \"Yakiv Stepovyi\") (1883–1921\\) was released on February 6, 2011 at Edmonton's Winspear Center. Galicians I, the art songs of [Denys Sichynsky](/wiki/Denys_Sichynsky \"Denys Sichynsky\"), [Stanyslav Liudkevych](/wiki/Stanyslav_Lyudkevych \"Stanyslav Lyudkevych\"), [Vasyl Barvinsky](/wiki/Vasyl_Barvinsky \"Vasyl Barvinsky\"), and [Stefania Turkewich](/wiki/Stefania_Turkewich \"Stefania Turkewich\") were launched on November 2, 2014 at Koerner Hall in Toronto.", "" ]
### Career Along with composition, Hurko has a career in Opera Stage Direction. A former member of the [Canadian Opera Company](/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company "Canadian Opera Company") (COC) ensemble, he worked as staff assistant director at the COC from 1988\-93\. After freelancing as an assistant director in Europe and the US ([Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House "Royal Opera House") in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden "Covent Garden"), [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival "Salzburg Festival"), [De Nederlandse Opera](/wiki/De_Nederlandse_Opera "De Nederlandse Opera"), [Opéra de Monte\-Carlo](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo "Opéra de Monte-Carlo"), [Teatro de la Zarzuela](/wiki/Teatro_de_la_Zarzuela "Teatro de la Zarzuela"), The Washington Opera) he made his stage directing debut in 1996 at the [Spoleto Festival](/wiki/Spoleto_Festival "Spoleto Festival") (Italy) with [Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel")'s *[Semele](/wiki/Semele_%28Handel%29 "Semele (Handel)")*. In [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto "Spoleto"), he co\-directed [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s *[War and Peace](/wiki/War_and_Peace_%28Prokofiev%29 "War and Peace (Prokofiev)")* together with festival founder and composer, [Gian Carlo Menotti](/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti "Gian Carlo Menotti"). Most recently, he directed [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart")'s *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni "Don Giovanni")* and [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner")'s *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 "The Flying Dutchman (opera)")* at the [Vancouver Opera](/wiki/Vancouver_Opera "Vancouver Opera"). During this period he composed incidental music for two plays with the Yara Arts Group at [La Mama Experimental Theater Club](/wiki/La_Mama_Experimental_Theater_Club "La Mama Experimental Theater Club") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"): A Light From the East (1991\) and Explosions (1993\). Hurko has composed and recorded 5 major pieces of sacred music: [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4), [Panachyda/Requiem for the Victims of Chernobyl](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=3) (2001\), [Liturgy No.2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) (2003\), and [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) (2005\). His latest recording, Liturgy No.3, an English language setting of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, was recorded in Chicago with the Schola Cantorum of St. Peter the Apostle (J. Michael Thompson, conductor), and will be released in the fall of 2011\. [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4) was premiered in Chicago by the [Schola Cantorum](/wiki/Schola_Cantorum "Schola Cantorum") of St. Peter the Apostle, conducted by J. Michael Thompson, at Sts. Volodymyr and Olha's Ukrainian Catholic Church on July 14, 2000\. Requiem/Panachyda, "Chornobyl Requiem" dedicated to the memory of the victims of the nuclear [disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster "Chernobyl disaster"), received its premiere at [St. Michael's Golden\-Domed Monastery](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery "St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), on April 26, 2001 (the 15th anniversary of the disaster), with the composer conducting the Frescoes of Kyiv [Chamber Choir](/wiki/Chamber_Choir "Chamber Choir"). A subsequent recording of the [Requiem](/wiki/Requiem "Requiem") received its broadcast debut in April 2003 on the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation") (CBC) Radio 2 programme "Choral Concert". Selections from [Liturgy No. 2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) were given their North American premiere by the [Elmer Iseler Singers](/wiki/Elmer_Iseler_Singers "Elmer Iseler Singers") at concerts in Ottawa and Toronto, conducted by Lydia Adams. In September 2005, [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) was premiered in Kyiv's [Pecherska Lavra](/wiki/Pecherska_Lavra "Pecherska Lavra") (Monastery of the Caves) by the Vydubychi Church Choir (Volodymyr Viniar, conductor), as the opening concert to the 16th [KyivFest International Music Festival](/wiki/KyivFest_International_Music_Festival "KyivFest International Music Festival"). On April 9, 2006, the Requiem was performed in concert at Toronto's [Roy Thomson Hall](/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall "Roy Thomson Hall") by the combined: Elmer Iseler Singers, Orpheus Choir, Amadeus Choir, the Vesnivka Women's Choir, and the Ukrainian Male Chamber Choir in a concert to solemnly mark the 20th anniversary of the [Chernobyl](/wiki/Chernobyl "Chernobyl") nuclear disaster. This concert was subsequently broadcast on April 26 (the 20th anniversary of the disaster) on the CBC Radio 2 programme: "In Performance", and again on Sunday, May 14 on "Choral Concert". Many of Hurko's recordings have received their US broadcast premiere on Princeton Radio's "Classical Discoveries" program (103\.3 FM), hosted by [Marvin Rosen](/wiki/Marvin_Rosen "Marvin Rosen"). Most recently, Roman has become involved in a series of recordings entitled "The Ukrainian Art Song Project" as producer. The goal of the project is to record the complete art songs of Ukraine's major composers. Volume 1 of the series, The Complete Art Songs of [Kyrylo Stetsenko](/wiki/Kyrylo_Stetsenko "Kyrylo Stetsenko") (1882–1922\) was recorded during the summer of 2006 by [Pavlo Hunka](/wiki/Pavlo_Hunka "Pavlo Hunka"), Bass and [Albert Krywolt](/wiki/Albert_Krywolt "Albert Krywolt"), piano on Toronto's Musica Leopolis label.{{OCLC\|166355310}} Also featured on the recording are [Russell Braun](/wiki/Russell_Braun "Russell Braun"), Baritone and [Benjamin Butterfield](/wiki/Benjamin_Butterfield "Benjamin Butterfield"), tenor. The recording was launched on September 14, 2006 at the new Four Season's Opera House in Toronto. Volume 2, The Complete Art Songs of [Mykola Lysenko](/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko "Mykola Lysenko") (1842–1912\) was launched on December 5, 2010 at Toronto's Koerner Hall. Volume 3, The Complete Art Songs of [Yakiv Stepovyi](/wiki/Yakiv_Stepovyi "Yakiv Stepovyi") (1883–1921\) was released on February 6, 2011 at Edmonton's Winspear Center. Galicians I, the art songs of [Denys Sichynsky](/wiki/Denys_Sichynsky "Denys Sichynsky"), [Stanyslav Liudkevych](/wiki/Stanyslav_Lyudkevych "Stanyslav Lyudkevych"), [Vasyl Barvinsky](/wiki/Vasyl_Barvinsky "Vasyl Barvinsky"), and [Stefania Turkewich](/wiki/Stefania_Turkewich "Stefania Turkewich") were launched on November 2, 2014 at Koerner Hall in Toronto.
[ "### Career", "Along with composition, Hurko has a career in Opera Stage Direction. A former member of the [Canadian Opera Company](/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company \"Canadian Opera Company\") (COC) ensemble, he worked as staff assistant director at the COC from 1988\\-93\\. After freelancing as an assistant director in Europe and the US ([Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\") in [Covent Garden](/wiki/Covent_Garden \"Covent Garden\"), [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival \"Salzburg Festival\"), [De Nederlandse Opera](/wiki/De_Nederlandse_Opera \"De Nederlandse Opera\"), [Opéra de Monte\\-Carlo](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo \"Opéra de Monte-Carlo\"), [Teatro de la Zarzuela](/wiki/Teatro_de_la_Zarzuela \"Teatro de la Zarzuela\"), The Washington Opera) he made his stage directing debut in 1996 at the [Spoleto Festival](/wiki/Spoleto_Festival \"Spoleto Festival\") (Italy) with [Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel \"George Frideric Handel\")'s *[Semele](/wiki/Semele_%28Handel%29 \"Semele (Handel)\")*. In [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto \"Spoleto\"), he co\\-directed [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\")'s *[War and Peace](/wiki/War_and_Peace_%28Prokofiev%29 \"War and Peace (Prokofiev)\")* together with festival founder and composer, [Gian Carlo Menotti](/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti \"Gian Carlo Menotti\"). Most recently, he directed [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\")'s *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni \"Don Giovanni\")* and [Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\")'s *[The Flying Dutchman](/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_%28opera%29 \"The Flying Dutchman (opera)\")* at the [Vancouver Opera](/wiki/Vancouver_Opera \"Vancouver Opera\").", "During this period he composed incidental music for two plays with the Yara Arts Group at [La Mama Experimental Theater Club](/wiki/La_Mama_Experimental_Theater_Club \"La Mama Experimental Theater Club\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"): A Light From the East (1991\\) and Explosions (1993\\).", "Hurko has composed and recorded 5 major pieces of sacred music: [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4), [Panachyda/Requiem for the Victims of Chernobyl](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=3) (2001\\), [Liturgy No.2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) (2003\\), and [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) (2005\\). His latest recording, Liturgy No.3, an English language setting of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, was recorded in Chicago with the Schola Cantorum of St. Peter the Apostle (J. Michael Thompson, conductor), and will be released in the fall of 2011\\. [Liturgy 2000](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=4) was premiered in Chicago by the [Schola Cantorum](/wiki/Schola_Cantorum \"Schola Cantorum\") of St. Peter the Apostle, conducted by J. Michael Thompson, at Sts. Volodymyr and Olha's Ukrainian Catholic Church on July 14, 2000\\. Requiem/Panachyda, \"Chornobyl Requiem\" dedicated to the memory of the victims of the nuclear [disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"), received its premiere at [St. Michael's Golden\\-Domed Monastery](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery \"St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery\") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), on April 26, 2001 (the 15th anniversary of the disaster), with the composer conducting the Frescoes of Kyiv [Chamber Choir](/wiki/Chamber_Choir \"Chamber Choir\"). A subsequent recording of the [Requiem](/wiki/Requiem \"Requiem\") received its broadcast debut in April 2003 on the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\") (CBC) Radio 2 programme \"Choral Concert\".", "Selections from [Liturgy No. 2](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=2) were given their North American premiere by the [Elmer Iseler Singers](/wiki/Elmer_Iseler_Singers \"Elmer Iseler Singers\") at concerts in Ottawa and Toronto, conducted by Lydia Adams. In September 2005, [Vespers](http://www.romanhurko.com/productDetails.cfm?CDID=1) was premiered in Kyiv's [Pecherska Lavra](/wiki/Pecherska_Lavra \"Pecherska Lavra\") (Monastery of the Caves) by the Vydubychi Church Choir (Volodymyr Viniar, conductor), as the opening concert to the 16th [KyivFest International Music Festival](/wiki/KyivFest_International_Music_Festival \"KyivFest International Music Festival\").", "On April 9, 2006, the Requiem was performed in concert at Toronto's [Roy Thomson Hall](/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall \"Roy Thomson Hall\") by the combined: Elmer Iseler Singers, Orpheus Choir, Amadeus Choir, the Vesnivka Women's Choir, and the Ukrainian Male Chamber Choir in a concert to solemnly mark the 20th anniversary of the [Chernobyl](/wiki/Chernobyl \"Chernobyl\") nuclear disaster. This concert was subsequently broadcast on April 26 (the 20th anniversary of the disaster) on the CBC Radio 2 programme: \"In Performance\", and again on Sunday, May 14 on \"Choral Concert\".", "Many of Hurko's recordings have received their US broadcast premiere on Princeton Radio's \"Classical Discoveries\" program (103\\.3 FM), hosted by [Marvin Rosen](/wiki/Marvin_Rosen \"Marvin Rosen\"). Most recently, Roman has become involved in a series of recordings entitled \"The Ukrainian Art Song Project\" as producer. The goal of the project is to record the complete art songs of Ukraine's major composers. Volume 1 of the series, The Complete Art Songs of [Kyrylo Stetsenko](/wiki/Kyrylo_Stetsenko \"Kyrylo Stetsenko\") (1882–1922\\) was recorded during the summer of 2006 by [Pavlo Hunka](/wiki/Pavlo_Hunka \"Pavlo Hunka\"), Bass and [Albert Krywolt](/wiki/Albert_Krywolt \"Albert Krywolt\"), piano on Toronto's Musica Leopolis label.{{OCLC\\|166355310}} Also featured on the recording are [Russell Braun](/wiki/Russell_Braun \"Russell Braun\"), Baritone and [Benjamin Butterfield](/wiki/Benjamin_Butterfield \"Benjamin Butterfield\"), tenor. The recording was launched on September 14, 2006 at the new Four Season's Opera House in Toronto. Volume 2, The Complete Art Songs of [Mykola Lysenko](/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko \"Mykola Lysenko\") (1842–1912\\) was launched on December 5, 2010 at Toronto's Koerner Hall. Volume 3, The Complete Art Songs of [Yakiv Stepovyi](/wiki/Yakiv_Stepovyi \"Yakiv Stepovyi\") (1883–1921\\) was released on February 6, 2011 at Edmonton's Winspear Center. Galicians I, the art songs of [Denys Sichynsky](/wiki/Denys_Sichynsky \"Denys Sichynsky\"), [Stanyslav Liudkevych](/wiki/Stanyslav_Lyudkevych \"Stanyslav Lyudkevych\"), [Vasyl Barvinsky](/wiki/Vasyl_Barvinsky \"Vasyl Barvinsky\"), and [Stefania Turkewich](/wiki/Stefania_Turkewich \"Stefania Turkewich\") were launched on November 2, 2014 at Koerner Hall in Toronto.", "" ]
Veneration ---------- [thumb\|240px\|San Nicholas de Tolentino in [Macabebe](/wiki/Macabebe "Macabebe")](/wiki/Image:TF2012.jpg "TF2012.jpg") [thumb\|Image of St. Nicholas of Tolentino in [Medellín](/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn "Medellín")](/wiki/File:Saint_Nicholas_of_Tolentino_Church%2C_Medellin%2C_Antioquia%2C_Colombia.jpg "Saint Nicholas of Tolentino Church, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.jpg") Nicholas was canonized by [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV "Pope Eugene IV") (also an Augustinian) on June 5, 1446\.[Thomas of Villanova \- 450 years and Nicholas of Tolentine \- 700 years An Exhibit commemorating two Augustinian Saints](https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/archive/st-thomas) Villanova University, Falvey Memorial Library, August 15\-September 30, 2005 He was the first Augustinian friar to be canonized. At his canonization, Nicholas was credited with three hundred miracles, including three resurrections.Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2\. By André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge. (Chicago: Fitzroy, Dearborn, 2000\) The remains of St. Nicholas are preserved at the Shrine of Saint Nicholas in the [Basilica di San Nicola da Tolentino](/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola_da_Tolentino "Basilica di San Nicola da Tolentino") in the city of Tolentino, province of [Macerata](/wiki/Macerata "Macerata") in Marche, Italy. He is particularly invoked as an advocate for the souls in Purgatory, especially during Lent and the month of November. In many Augustinian churches, there are weekly devotions to St. Nicholas on behalf of the suffering souls. November 2, All Souls' Day, holds special significance for the devotees of St. Nicholas of Tolentino. [St Pius V](/wiki/Pope_Pius_V "Pope Pius V") did not include him in the [Tridentine calendar](/wiki/Tridentine_calendar "Tridentine calendar"), but he was later inserted and given September 10 as his feast day. Judged to be of limited importance worldwide, his liturgical celebration was not kept in the [1969 revision](/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis "Mysterii Paschalis") of the [General Roman Calendar](/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar "General Roman Calendar"),"Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969\), p. 138 but he is still recognized as one of the saints of the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church "Roman Catholic Church")."Martyrologium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 {{ISBN\|88\-209\-7210\-7}}) A number of churches and oratories are dedicated to him, including [San Nicolò da Tolentino](/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino "San Nicolò da Tolentino") in [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"), [San Nicola da Tolentino agli Orti Sallustiani](/wiki/San_Nicola_da_Tolentino_agli_Orti_Sallustiani "San Nicola da Tolentino agli Orti Sallustiani") in Rome, St. Nicholas of Tolentino in [The Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx "The Bronx"), New York City, San Nicolás Church in [Barranquilla](/wiki/Barranquilla "Barranquilla") (which served as the city's pro\-cathedral church from 1932 to 1986\), and St. Nicholas of Tolentino in [Bristol, UK](http://www.tolentino.org.uk/). In Ireland, Augustinian churches and friaries historically marked his feast day with a ceremony distributing bread, sometimes with his likeness on the loaves. This practice was most strongly related to churches in [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford "County Waterford").{{Cite journal\|last\=Hennig\|first\=John\|date\=1943\|title\=St. Nicholas' Bread\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20522074\|journal\=Béaloideas\|volume\=13\|issue\=1/2\|pages\=264–269\|doi\=10\.2307/20522074 \|jstor\=20522074\|issn\=0332\-270X}} [200px\|thumbnail\|right\|*Pan de San Nicolas*](/wiki/File:San_Nicolas_cookies1.jpg "San Nicolas cookies1.jpg") ### Philippines In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), the 16th century [Church of San Nicolas de Tolentino](/wiki/Banton_Church "Banton Church") in [Banton, Romblon](/wiki/Banton%2C_Romblon "Banton, Romblon"), was built in honor of him and his feast day is celebrated as the annual Biniray festival, commemorating the devotion of the island's Catholic inhabitants to St. Nicholas during the Muslim raids in the 16th century. In the province of [Pampanga](/wiki/Pampanga "Pampanga"), a [440\-year\-old Augustinian church](/wiki/Macabebe_Church "Macabebe Church"), which was founded in 1575, built in his honor is located in the heart of [Macabebe, Pampanga](/wiki/Macabebe%2C_Pampanga "Macabebe, Pampanga"). The façade of the church has scantly ornamentation and its architectural symmetry is lost amid and the various forms assumed the windows and the main entrance. Simple neo\-classic lines of the façade. Presently, a second class relic of the saint is venerated every Tuesdays after the mass.<http://sannicolasmacabebe.blogspot.com/> [http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title\=Churches\&func\=all\&pid\=4370\&tbl\=0](http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=Churches&func=all&pid=4370&tbl=0) [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Parroquia\-de\-San\-Nicolas\-de\-Tolentino\-de\-Macabebe/616545235061488](https://www.facebook.com/pages/Parroquia-de-San-Nicolas-de-Tolentino-de-Macabebe/616545235061488) {{User\-generated source\|date\=August 2022}} In the province of [Nueva Ecija](/wiki/Nueva_Ecija "Nueva Ecija"), St. Nicholas is being venerated as the titular of the historic [Cabanatuan Cathedral](/wiki/Cabanatuan_Cathedral "Cabanatuan Cathedral") where General [Antonio Luna](/wiki/Antonio_Luna "Antonio Luna") was assassinated in 1899\. His first class relic is being exposed to the faithful from September 1 until September 10 every year. In [Dimiao](/wiki/Dimiao "Dimiao"), [Bohol](/wiki/Bohol "Bohol"), the feast of San Nicolas de Tolentino, patron saint of the parish church built between 1797 and 1815, is also celebrated every September 10\. There is also the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church along C. Padilla Street in [Cebu City](/wiki/Cebu_City "Cebu City"), the capital city of the province and island of [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu "Cebu"). Built in 1584, the church is one of the oldest in the country. The church was also built years ahead of the establishment of the [Cebu Diocese](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cebu "Archdiocese of Cebu") in 1595\. Located some 1\.5 kilometer south of the ciudad, it was called Cebu Viejo, separated from the ciudad by the Pagina creek and El Pardo. The area is also considered the original site of the landing of [Miguel López de Legazpi](/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi "Miguel López de Legazpi")'s armada on April 17, 1565, and became the embryo of a settlement which Legaspi established. San Nicolas was a vibrant town during the Spanish Period, the spawning ground for the Revolution against Spain in 1898, and the birthplace of Cebuano musical legends of the 20th century. The town eventually merged with Cebu City on April 17, 1901\. The 16th century church in [Sinait](/wiki/Sinait "Sinait"), [Ilocos Sur](/wiki/Ilocos_Sur "Ilocos Sur") is dedicated to Saint Nicholas of Tolentino. In May 2021, [Pope Francis](/wiki/Pope_Francis "Pope Francis") elevated the parish church to the status of minor basilica.{{Cite news\|date\=4 May 2021\|title\=Pope declares Sinait Church a minor basilica\|url\=https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/pope\-declares\-sinait\-church\-a\-minor\-basilica/\|access\-date\=12 May 2021\|website\=CBCPNews}} In the [Iloilo](/wiki/Iloilo "Iloilo") province, 4 municipalities consider San Nicolas de Tolentino as their patron saint. The Augustinians erected the San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in [Ajuy, Iloilo](/wiki/Ajuy%2C_Iloilo "Ajuy, Iloilo") when they arrived in 1590\.{{Cite web \|last\=Team \|first\=Editorial \|date\=2024\-01\-03 \|title\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Ajuy, Iloilo \|url\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/ajuy/san\-nicolas\-de\-tolentino\-church\-ajuy/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|website\=THEOLDCHURCHES \|language\=en\-US}} The San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in [Cabatuan, Iloilo](/wiki/Cabatuan%2C_Iloilo "Cabatuan, Iloilo") (built in 1834; finished in 1866\) were made of red brick exterior and is considered to be a Neoclassical church.{{Cite web \|last\=Team \|first\=Editorial \|date\=2022\-11\-15 \|title\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Cabatuan, Iloilo \|url\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/cabatuan/san\-nicolas\-de\-tolentino\-church\-cabatuan/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|website\=THEOLDCHURCHES \|language\=en\-US}} In [Guimbal, Iloilo](/wiki/Guimbal "Guimbal"), the construction of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Church and convent began between 1769 and 1774 and it was made of coral stone and yellow sandstone.{{Cite web \|last\=Team \|first\=Editorial \|date\=2022\-11\-01 \|title\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Guimbal, Iloilo \|url\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/guimbal/san\-nicolas\-de\-tolentino\-church/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|website\=THEOLDCHURCHES \|language\=en\-US}} In [Lambunao, Iloilo](/wiki/Lambunao "Lambunao"), the consecration of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Church took place on September 9, 1890\.{{Cite web \|last\=Team \|first\=Editorial \|date\=2022\-11\-07 \|title\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Lambunao, Iloilo \|url\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/lambunao/san\-nicolas\-de\-tolentino\-church\-lambunao/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|website\=THEOLDCHURCHES \|language\=en\-US}} In the [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan "Bataan") province, San Nicolas de Tolentino is the patron saint of [Mariveles](/wiki/Mariveles "Mariveles"). The Augustinian Recollects missionaries erected [Mariveles Church](/wiki/Mariveles_Church "Mariveles Church") in 1729 in honor of the saint. It was consecrated on August 10, 2022 and declared as a [diocesan shrine](/wiki/Shrine "Shrine") on February 25, 2023 by the then fourth [Bishop of Balanga](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Balanga "Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga") and church's acting rector and parish priest [Ruperto Santos](/wiki/Ruperto_Santos "Ruperto Santos").{{cite web \|title\=Mariveles \|url\=https://www.bataan.gov.ph/mariveles/ \|website\=bataan.gov.ph \|publisher\=Provincial Government of Bataan \|access\-date\=30 August 2022}} ### Cultural references San Nicholas cookie or *Pan de San Nicolas* is a [Kapampangan cuisine](/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine "Kapampangan cuisine") delicacy originating since 1600s. It is baked in honor of Saint Nicholas *(Apo Kulas)*, the [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint") of bakers and the [Municipality of Macabebe](/wiki/Macabebe "Macabebe"). According to legends, the Blessed Virgin Mary healed Saint Nicholas' illness with a piece of bread. The [shortbread](/wiki/Shortbread "Shortbread") is made of butter, egg yolk, flour and coconut milk poured in wooden molds, then baked.{{cite news \|last1\=Severo \|first1\= Jan Milo \|title\=Pan de San Nicolas: Pampanga's famed cookies believed to have healing powers\|url\= https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food\-and\-leisure/2022/01/14/2153890/pan\-de\-san\-nicolas\-pampangas\-famed\-cookies\-believed\-have\-healing\-powers\|accessdate\=July 9, 2024 \|publisher\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|date\=January 14, 2022}}
[ "Veneration\n----------", "[thumb\\|240px\\|San Nicholas de Tolentino in [Macabebe](/wiki/Macabebe \"Macabebe\")](/wiki/Image:TF2012.jpg \"TF2012.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Image of St. Nicholas of Tolentino in [Medellín](/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn \"Medellín\")](/wiki/File:Saint_Nicholas_of_Tolentino_Church%2C_Medellin%2C_Antioquia%2C_Colombia.jpg \"Saint Nicholas of Tolentino Church, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.jpg\")\nNicholas was canonized by [Pope Eugene IV](/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV \"Pope Eugene IV\") (also an Augustinian) on June 5, 1446\\.[Thomas of Villanova \\- 450 years and Nicholas of Tolentine \\- 700 years An Exhibit commemorating two Augustinian Saints](https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/archive/st-thomas) Villanova University, Falvey Memorial Library, August 15\\-September 30, 2005 He was the first Augustinian friar to be canonized. At his canonization, Nicholas was credited with three hundred miracles, including three resurrections.Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2\\. By André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge. (Chicago: Fitzroy, Dearborn, 2000\\)", "The remains of St. Nicholas are preserved at the Shrine of Saint Nicholas in the [Basilica di San Nicola da Tolentino](/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola_da_Tolentino \"Basilica di San Nicola da Tolentino\") in the city of Tolentino, province of [Macerata](/wiki/Macerata \"Macerata\") in Marche, Italy.", "He is particularly invoked as an advocate for the souls in Purgatory, especially during Lent and the month of November. In many Augustinian churches, there are weekly devotions to St. Nicholas on behalf of the suffering souls. November 2, All Souls' Day, holds special significance for the devotees of St. Nicholas of Tolentino.", "[St Pius V](/wiki/Pope_Pius_V \"Pope Pius V\") did not include him in the [Tridentine calendar](/wiki/Tridentine_calendar \"Tridentine calendar\"), but he was later inserted and given September 10 as his feast day. Judged to be of limited importance worldwide, his liturgical celebration was not kept in the [1969 revision](/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis \"Mysterii Paschalis\") of the [General Roman Calendar](/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar \"General Roman Calendar\"),\"Calendarium Romanum\" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969\\), p. 138 but he is still recognized as one of the saints of the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\").\"Martyrologium Romanum\" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 {{ISBN\\|88\\-209\\-7210\\-7}})", "A number of churches and oratories are dedicated to him, including [San Nicolò da Tolentino](/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino \"San Nicolò da Tolentino\") in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), [San Nicola da Tolentino agli Orti Sallustiani](/wiki/San_Nicola_da_Tolentino_agli_Orti_Sallustiani \"San Nicola da Tolentino agli Orti Sallustiani\") in Rome, St. Nicholas of Tolentino in [The Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx \"The Bronx\"), New York City, San Nicolás Church in [Barranquilla](/wiki/Barranquilla \"Barranquilla\") (which served as the city's pro\\-cathedral church from 1932 to 1986\\), and St. Nicholas of Tolentino in [Bristol, UK](http://www.tolentino.org.uk/).", "In Ireland, Augustinian churches and friaries historically marked his feast day with a ceremony distributing bread, sometimes with his likeness on the loaves. This practice was most strongly related to churches in [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford \"County Waterford\").{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Hennig\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=1943\\|title\\=St. Nicholas' Bread\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20522074\\|journal\\=Béaloideas\\|volume\\=13\\|issue\\=1/2\\|pages\\=264–269\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/20522074 \\|jstor\\=20522074\\|issn\\=0332\\-270X}}\n[200px\\|thumbnail\\|right\\|*Pan de San Nicolas*](/wiki/File:San_Nicolas_cookies1.jpg \"San Nicolas cookies1.jpg\")\n### Philippines", "In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), the 16th century [Church of San Nicolas de Tolentino](/wiki/Banton_Church \"Banton Church\") in [Banton, Romblon](/wiki/Banton%2C_Romblon \"Banton, Romblon\"), was built in honor of him and his feast day is celebrated as the annual Biniray festival, commemorating the devotion of the island's Catholic inhabitants to St. Nicholas during the Muslim raids in the 16th century.", "In the province of [Pampanga](/wiki/Pampanga \"Pampanga\"), a [440\\-year\\-old Augustinian church](/wiki/Macabebe_Church \"Macabebe Church\"), which was founded in 1575, built in his honor is located in the heart of [Macabebe, Pampanga](/wiki/Macabebe%2C_Pampanga \"Macabebe, Pampanga\"). The façade of the church has scantly ornamentation and its architectural symmetry is lost amid and the various forms assumed the windows and the main entrance. Simple neo\\-classic lines of the façade. Presently, a second class relic of the saint is venerated every Tuesdays after the mass.<http://sannicolasmacabebe.blogspot.com/>\n[http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title\\=Churches\\&func\\=all\\&pid\\=4370\\&tbl\\=0](http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=Churches&func=all&pid=4370&tbl=0)\n[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Parroquia\\-de\\-San\\-Nicolas\\-de\\-Tolentino\\-de\\-Macabebe/616545235061488](https://www.facebook.com/pages/Parroquia-de-San-Nicolas-de-Tolentino-de-Macabebe/616545235061488)\n {{User\\-generated source\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "In the province of [Nueva Ecija](/wiki/Nueva_Ecija \"Nueva Ecija\"), St. Nicholas is being venerated as the titular of the historic [Cabanatuan Cathedral](/wiki/Cabanatuan_Cathedral \"Cabanatuan Cathedral\") where General [Antonio Luna](/wiki/Antonio_Luna \"Antonio Luna\") was assassinated in 1899\\. His first class relic is being exposed to the faithful from September 1 until September 10 every year.", "In [Dimiao](/wiki/Dimiao \"Dimiao\"), [Bohol](/wiki/Bohol \"Bohol\"), the feast of San Nicolas de Tolentino, patron saint of the parish church built between 1797 and 1815, is also celebrated every September 10\\.", "There is also the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church along C. Padilla Street in [Cebu City](/wiki/Cebu_City \"Cebu City\"), the capital city of the province and island of [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu \"Cebu\"). Built in 1584, the church is one of the oldest in the country. The church was also built years ahead of the establishment of the [Cebu Diocese](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cebu \"Archdiocese of Cebu\") in 1595\\. Located some 1\\.5 kilometer south of the ciudad, it was called Cebu Viejo, separated from the ciudad by the Pagina creek and El Pardo. The area is also considered the original site of the landing of [Miguel López de Legazpi](/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi \"Miguel López de Legazpi\")'s armada on April 17, 1565, and became the embryo of a settlement which Legaspi established. San Nicolas was a vibrant town during the Spanish Period, the spawning ground for the Revolution against Spain in 1898, and the birthplace of Cebuano musical legends of the 20th century. The town eventually merged with Cebu City on April 17, 1901\\.", "The 16th century church in [Sinait](/wiki/Sinait \"Sinait\"), [Ilocos Sur](/wiki/Ilocos_Sur \"Ilocos Sur\") is dedicated to Saint Nicholas of Tolentino. In May 2021, [Pope Francis](/wiki/Pope_Francis \"Pope Francis\") elevated the parish church to the status of minor basilica.{{Cite news\\|date\\=4 May 2021\\|title\\=Pope declares Sinait Church a minor basilica\\|url\\=https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/pope\\-declares\\-sinait\\-church\\-a\\-minor\\-basilica/\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2021\\|website\\=CBCPNews}}", "In the [Iloilo](/wiki/Iloilo \"Iloilo\") province, 4 municipalities consider San Nicolas de Tolentino as their patron saint. The Augustinians erected the San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in [Ajuy, Iloilo](/wiki/Ajuy%2C_Iloilo \"Ajuy, Iloilo\") when they arrived in 1590\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Team \\|first\\=Editorial \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|title\\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Ajuy, Iloilo \\|url\\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/ajuy/san\\-nicolas\\-de\\-tolentino\\-church\\-ajuy/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|website\\=THEOLDCHURCHES \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in [Cabatuan, Iloilo](/wiki/Cabatuan%2C_Iloilo \"Cabatuan, Iloilo\") (built in 1834; finished in 1866\\) were made of red brick exterior and is considered to be a Neoclassical church.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Team \\|first\\=Editorial \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-15 \\|title\\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Cabatuan, Iloilo \\|url\\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/cabatuan/san\\-nicolas\\-de\\-tolentino\\-church\\-cabatuan/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|website\\=THEOLDCHURCHES \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In [Guimbal, Iloilo](/wiki/Guimbal \"Guimbal\"), the construction of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Church and convent began between 1769 and 1774 and it was made of coral stone and yellow sandstone.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Team \\|first\\=Editorial \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-01 \\|title\\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Guimbal, Iloilo \\|url\\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/guimbal/san\\-nicolas\\-de\\-tolentino\\-church/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|website\\=THEOLDCHURCHES \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In [Lambunao, Iloilo](/wiki/Lambunao \"Lambunao\"), the consecration of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Church took place on September 9, 1890\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Team \\|first\\=Editorial \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-07 \\|title\\=San Nicolas de Tolentino Church in Lambunao, Iloilo \\|url\\=https://www.theoldchurches.com/philippines/iloilo/lambunao/san\\-nicolas\\-de\\-tolentino\\-church\\-lambunao/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|website\\=THEOLDCHURCHES \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In the [Bataan](/wiki/Bataan \"Bataan\") province, San Nicolas de Tolentino is the patron saint of [Mariveles](/wiki/Mariveles \"Mariveles\"). The Augustinian Recollects missionaries erected [Mariveles Church](/wiki/Mariveles_Church \"Mariveles Church\") in 1729 in honor of the saint. It was consecrated on August 10, 2022 and declared as a [diocesan shrine](/wiki/Shrine \"Shrine\") on February 25, 2023 by the then fourth [Bishop of Balanga](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Balanga \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga\") and church's acting rector and parish priest [Ruperto Santos](/wiki/Ruperto_Santos \"Ruperto Santos\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Mariveles \\|url\\=https://www.bataan.gov.ph/mariveles/ \\|website\\=bataan.gov.ph \\|publisher\\=Provincial Government of Bataan \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2022}}", "### Cultural references", "San Nicholas cookie or *Pan de San Nicolas* is a [Kapampangan cuisine](/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine \"Kapampangan cuisine\") delicacy originating since 1600s. It is baked in honor of Saint Nicholas *(Apo Kulas)*, the [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint \"Patron saint\") of bakers and the [Municipality of Macabebe](/wiki/Macabebe \"Macabebe\"). According to legends, the Blessed Virgin Mary healed Saint Nicholas' illness with a piece of bread. The [shortbread](/wiki/Shortbread \"Shortbread\") is made of butter, egg yolk, flour and coconut milk poured in wooden molds, then baked.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Severo \\|first1\\= Jan Milo \\|title\\=Pan de San Nicolas: Pampanga's famed cookies believed to have healing powers\\|url\\= https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food\\-and\\-leisure/2022/01/14/2153890/pan\\-de\\-san\\-nicolas\\-pampangas\\-famed\\-cookies\\-believed\\-have\\-healing\\-powers\\|accessdate\\=July 9, 2024 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|date\\=January 14, 2022}}", "" ]
Governance ---------- ### Local government {{See also\|Mayor of Wigan}} {{for\|historical political control and leadership\|Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council elections}} For 12 years from the creation of Greater Manchester in 1974, the borough had a two\-tier system of [local government](/wiki/Local_government_in_England "Local government in England"), and [Wigan Council](/wiki/Wigan_Council "Wigan Council") shared power with the [Greater Manchester County Council](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council "Greater Manchester County Council"). The county council was abolished in 1986 by the [Local Government Act 1985](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1985 "Local Government Act 1985"). Since April 2011, some of the borough's responsibilities have been pooled with neighbouring authorities and subsumed into the [Greater Manchester Combined Authority](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority "Greater Manchester Combined Authority"), which covers ten boroughs including Wigan. The first [elections](/wiki/1973_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1973 United Kingdom local elections") to the borough council were held on 10 May 1973\.{{cite news \|title\=Three major parties find cause for satisfaction in local election results despite low poll \|work\=The Times \|date\=1973\-05\-12}} The Metropolitan Borough Council is divided into 25 wards, each of which elects three councillors. Elections are by thirds, with one councillor from each ward up for re\-election in each election year. The borough council has a leader and cabinet system. The current leader is David Molyneux{{cite web \|url\=https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Councillors\-and\-Committees/Cabinet/Cabinet\-members/Executive\-Leader.aspx \|publisher\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council \|title\=Executive Leader \- David Molyneux}} who took over from [Peter Smith](/wiki/Peter_Smith%2C_Baron_Smith_of_Leigh "Peter Smith, Baron Smith of Leigh"), who resigned in May 2018,{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/northwest/16226246\.cllr\-david\-molyneux\-announced\-as\-new\-council\-leader/ \|title\=Cllr David Molyneux announced as new council leader \|date\=15 May 2018 \|publisher\=The Bolton News}} having been leader since 1991\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.greatermanchester\-ca.gov.uk/councillors/3/lord\_peter\_smith\|title\=GMC Lord Peter Smith \|publisher\=Greater Manchester Combined Authority}} The council rejected the idea of a [directly elected mayor](/wiki/Elected_mayors_in_the_United_Kingdom "Elected mayors in the United Kingdom") following a consultation in 2001\.{{cite press release \|url\=http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2001/polmanagementresults.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306185838/http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2001/polmanagementresults.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2002\-03\-06 \|title\=Borough rejects elected mayor \|date\=2001\-06\-15 \|access\-date\=2001\-06\-15 \|publisher\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council}} The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is traditionally a Labour Party stronghold \- the council has been Labour\-controlled since its creation.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/vote2006/locals/html/bw.stm \|title\=Local elections: Wigan \|publisher\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=2006\-05\-04 \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-11 \|location\=London}} The [local elections in 1998](/wiki/1998_Wigan_Council_election "1998 Wigan Council election") resulted in a council with only two non\-Labour members. Labour had a majority with 43 seats at the 2006 election. The second\-largest party was the local [Community Action Party](/wiki/Community_Action_Party "Community Action Party") which had 15 seats. Community Action first contested Wigan elections in 2002, and won 18 seats in the [2004 election](/wiki/2004_Wigan_Council_election "2004 Wigan Council election") following the re\-warding \- their councilors are for wards in the middle of the borough, between Wigan and Leigh. The [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)") had nine seats, and the [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 "Liberal Democrats (UK)") eight.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3796633\.stm \|title\=Labour licks wounds after polls \|publisher\=BBC News \|date\=2004\-06\-11 \|access\-date\=2004\-06\-11 \|location\=London}} At the 2008 elections Labour was the largest party with 41 seats out of a total of 75; the Conservative Party had 14 seats, Community Action Party eight seats, Independent seven seats, Liberal Democrats four seats, and one was vacant.{{cite web \|url\=http://kinnear.wigan.gov.uk/electionResults/Summary010508\.htm \|title\=Summary of seats 2008 \|publisher\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council \|access\-date\=2010\-03\-01 }} In November 2010 (after elections in May), Labour was the largest party with 51 seats out of a total of 75; the Conservative Party had eight seats, Independents seven seats, Community Action Party four seats, Liberal Democrats three seats (one member currently suspended){{cite web \|url\=http://democracy.wigan.gov.uk/mgUserInfo.aspx?UID\=173 \|title\=Councillor details \- Councillor Robert Mark Bleakley \|date\=2007\-05\-09}} and two members were 'Independent Conservative'. As of June 2011 (after May elections), Labour continued to be the largest party with 58 seats out of 75, the Independent Councillor group with 8 seats form the official opposition, the Conservative Party had 5 seats, the Liberal Democrats hold 2 seats, Community Action Party 1 seat and 1 Independent councillor.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/CouncilDemocracy/CouncillorsMPsMEPs/CompositionoftheCouncil.htm \|archive\-url\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121008013113/http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/CouncilDemocracy/CouncillorsMPsMEPs/CompositionoftheCouncil.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-08 \|title\=Composition of the Council}} In May 2012 (post 2012 Local Elections) the composition of the council was Labour 63 (\+5\), Others 9 (\-1\), Liberal Democrats 2 (No change) and Conservatives 1 ( \-4\). Presently in May 2018, the Council's political composition is: Labour 60, Conservatives 7, Independent 4, Independent Network 2, Shevington Independents 1, and Standish Independents 1\. The council uses [Wigan Town Hall](/wiki/Wigan_Town_Hall "Wigan Town Hall") as its main headquarters.{{cite press release \|url\=http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/21stcenturytownhall.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826222601/http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/21stcenturytownhall.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2006\-08\-26 \|title\=21st century Town Hall \|date\=2006\-08\-07 \|publisher\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-11 }} [Leigh Town Hall](/wiki/Leigh_Town_Hall "Leigh Town Hall") is used as a secondary base.{{cite press release\|url\=http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/makeover.htm\|title\=Makeover for Leigh Town Hall\|date\=2006\-06\-13\|access\-date\=2007\-02\-11\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009041920/http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/makeover.htm\|archive\-date\=2006\-10\-09}} ### Localities and wards [thumb\|Map of Wigan Metropolitan Borough's electoral [wards](/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom "Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom").](/wiki/File:Wigan_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg "Wigan UK ward map 2010 (blank).svg") The borough is divided into 25 electoral wards, each of which elect three councillors. The present wards were adopted in 2023, following a review by the Boundary Commission, the previous review took place in 2003\. Prior to 2003 the borough was divided in 24 wards.{{cite book\|url\=http://www.boundarycommittee.org.uk/files/dms/Wigan\_f\_10750\-8582\_\_E\_\_.pdf\|title\=Final recommendations on the future electoral arrangements for Wigan\|publisher\=Boundary Committee\|date\=September 2003\|access\-date\=2007\-02\-11}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wigan.gov.uk/pub/council/maps/wardmap.htm\|title\=New Wigan Wards Map\|publisher\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council}} From the 2003 Boundary Review until the 2020s, Wigan Council divided the borough into ten areas by the name of [townships](/wiki/Township_%28England%29 "Township (England)"), each with a Township Manager (council liaison) and a regularly scheduled Township Forum meeting.{{cite web\|title\=Townships\|url\=http://kinnear.wiganmbc.gov.uk/services/Entry.asp?EntryID\=812\|publisher\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council\|access\-date\=2006\-11\-06}} However with [Austerity cuts](/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme "United Kingdom government austerity programme") This has been replaced with an ad hoc community consultation structure without regularly scheduled community forums or permanent council liaisons consisting of 16 communities or 'Places' divided into 3 unnamed 'Localities', the Locality at the centre of the Borough consists of Ashton, Bryn, Abram, Platt Bridge, Hindley and Hindley Green with all areas to the northwest forming a locality centred on Wigan and all areas to the southwest forming one centred on Leigh.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Data\-Statistics/Borough\-Story/Locality\-map.aspx \| title\=Locality map }} However two Town Centre Managers were appointed in Wigan and Leigh primarily to act as liaisons between the Council and local business. | Former Township | Wards | | --- | --- | | [Ashton\-in\-Makerfield](/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield "Ashton-in-Makerfield") / [Bryn](/wiki/Bryn%2C_Greater_Manchester "Bryn, Greater Manchester") | Bryn with Ashton\-in\-Makerfield North; Ashton\-in\-Makerfield South | | [Atherton](/wiki/Atherton%2C_Greater_Manchester "Atherton, Greater Manchester") | Atherton North; Atherton South with Lilford | | [Hindley](/wiki/Hindley%2C_Greater_Manchester "Hindley, Greater Manchester") / [Abram](/wiki/Abram%2C_Greater_Manchester "Abram, Greater Manchester") | Abram; Hindley; [Hindley Green](/wiki/Hindley_Green "Hindley Green") | | [Leigh](/wiki/Leigh%2C_Greater_Manchester "Leigh, Greater Manchester") | Leigh Central \& Higher Folds; Leigh North; Leigh South; Leigh West | | [Lowton](/wiki/Lowton "Lowton") / [Golborne](/wiki/Golborne "Golborne") | Golborne and Lowton West; Lowton East | | [Orrell](/wiki/Orrell%2C_Greater_Manchester "Orrell, Greater Manchester") / Higher End / [Winstanley](/wiki/Winstanley%2C_Greater_Manchester "Winstanley, Greater Manchester") | Orrell; Winstanley; | | [Standish](/wiki/Standish%2C_Greater_Manchester "Standish, Greater Manchester") / [Aspull](/wiki/Aspull "Aspull") / [Shevington](/wiki/Shevington "Shevington") | Aspull, New Springs \& Whelley; Shevington with Lower Ground \& Moor; Standish with Langtree | | [Tyldesley](/wiki/Tyldesley "Tyldesley") / [Astley](/wiki/Astley%2C_Greater_Manchester "Astley, Greater Manchester") | Astley; Tyldesley \& Mosley Common | | Wigan North | [Ince](/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield "Ince-in-Makerfield"); Wigan Central; Wigan West | | Wigan South | Douglas; [Pemberton](/wiki/Pemberton%2C_Greater_Manchester "Pemberton, Greater Manchester"); [Worsley Mesnes](/wiki/Worsley_Mesnes "Worsley Mesnes") | ### Civil \& ecclesiastical parishes The borough has three civil parishes: Haigh, Shevington and Worthington. The rest of the borough is an [unparished area](/wiki/Unparished_area "Unparished area"). Church of England [ecclesiastical parishes](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish "Ecclesiastical parish") in the west of the borough are part of the [Diocese of Liverpool](/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Liverpool "Anglican Diocese of Liverpool"), those in the east of the Metropolitan Borough are part of the [Diocese of Manchester](/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester "Anglican Diocese of Manchester") and the northern section part of the [Diocese of Blackburn](/wiki/Diocese_of_Blackburn "Diocese of Blackburn"). ### Parliamentary The Wigan Metropolitan Borough is currently covered by four parliamentary constituencies, [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Wigan (UK Parliament constituency)"), [Makerfield](/wiki/Makerfield_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Makerfield (UK Parliament constituency)"), [Leigh](/wiki/Leigh_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)"), and [Bolton West](/wiki/Bolton_West_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Bolton West (UK Parliament constituency)"). (Atherton is the only Wigan ward included in Bolton West, with the rest of the constituency made up of wards from Bolton Borough). New constituency boundaries recommended by the [Boundary Commission](/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)") for the [2010 general election](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election "2010 United Kingdom general election") saw the link to Salford broken by the removal of Wigan areas from the [Worsley](/wiki/Worsley_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Worsley (UK Parliament constituency)") constituency. This resulted in the Worsley constituency wards of Tyldesley and Astley\-Mosley Common being placed in the [Leigh Constituency](/wiki/Leigh_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)") with the Atherton ward becoming part of Bolton West.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/index.html?boundaries2006\.html\|title\=Greater Manchester: New Constituency Boundaries \|publisher\=Martin Baxter \|access\-date\=2007\-02\-11}} Makerfield is the only constituency to have returned Labour MPs continuously since 1906\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.electoral\-reform.org.uk/news/safeseats.htm\|title\=Safe Seats analysis\|publisher\=Electoral Reform Society\|date\=2005\-04\-28\|access\-date\=2007\-02\-11\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203040959/http://www.electoral\-reform.org.uk/news/safeseats.htm\|archive\-date\=2006\-12\-03}} ### Coat of arms {{main\|Coat of arms of Wigan}} Wigan council's new coat of arms is based on various elements from the arms of the councils of its predecessor districts.
[ "Governance\n----------", "### Local government", "{{See also\\|Mayor of Wigan}}\n{{for\\|historical political control and leadership\\|Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council elections}}\nFor 12 years from the creation of Greater Manchester in 1974, the borough had a two\\-tier system of [local government](/wiki/Local_government_in_England \"Local government in England\"), and [Wigan Council](/wiki/Wigan_Council \"Wigan Council\") shared power with the [Greater Manchester County Council](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council \"Greater Manchester County Council\"). The county council was abolished in 1986 by the [Local Government Act 1985](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1985 \"Local Government Act 1985\"). Since April 2011, some of the borough's responsibilities have been pooled with neighbouring authorities and subsumed into the [Greater Manchester Combined Authority](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority \"Greater Manchester Combined Authority\"), which covers ten boroughs including Wigan.", "The first [elections](/wiki/1973_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"1973 United Kingdom local elections\") to the borough council were held on 10 May 1973\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Three major parties find cause for satisfaction in local election results despite low poll \\|work\\=The Times \\|date\\=1973\\-05\\-12}} The Metropolitan Borough Council is divided into 25 wards, each of which elects three councillors. Elections are by thirds, with one councillor from each ward up for re\\-election in each election year. The borough council has a leader and cabinet system. The current leader is David Molyneux{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Councillors\\-and\\-Committees/Cabinet/Cabinet\\-members/Executive\\-Leader.aspx \\|publisher\\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council \\|title\\=Executive Leader \\- David Molyneux}} who took over from [Peter Smith](/wiki/Peter_Smith%2C_Baron_Smith_of_Leigh \"Peter Smith, Baron Smith of Leigh\"), who resigned in May 2018,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/northwest/16226246\\.cllr\\-david\\-molyneux\\-announced\\-as\\-new\\-council\\-leader/ \\|title\\=Cllr David Molyneux announced as new council leader \\|date\\=15 May 2018 \\|publisher\\=The Bolton News}} having been leader since 1991\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.greatermanchester\\-ca.gov.uk/councillors/3/lord\\_peter\\_smith\\|title\\=GMC Lord Peter Smith \\|publisher\\=Greater Manchester Combined Authority}} The council rejected the idea of a [directly elected mayor](/wiki/Elected_mayors_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Elected mayors in the United Kingdom\") following a consultation in 2001\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2001/polmanagementresults.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306185838/http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2001/polmanagementresults.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2002\\-03\\-06 \\|title\\=Borough rejects elected mayor \\|date\\=2001\\-06\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2001\\-06\\-15 \\|publisher\\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council}}", "The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is traditionally a Labour Party stronghold \\- the council has been Labour\\-controlled since its creation.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/vote2006/locals/html/bw.stm \\|title\\=Local elections: Wigan \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=2006\\-05\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-11 \\|location\\=London}} The [local elections in 1998](/wiki/1998_Wigan_Council_election \"1998 Wigan Council election\") resulted in a council with only two non\\-Labour members.", "Labour had a majority with 43 seats at the 2006 election. The second\\-largest party was the local [Community Action Party](/wiki/Community_Action_Party \"Community Action Party\") which had 15 seats. Community Action first contested Wigan elections in 2002, and won 18 seats in the [2004 election](/wiki/2004_Wigan_Council_election \"2004 Wigan Council election\") following the re\\-warding \\- their councilors are for wards in the middle of the borough, between Wigan and Leigh. The [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") had nine seats, and the [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") eight.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3796633\\.stm \\|title\\=Labour licks wounds after polls \\|publisher\\=BBC News \\|date\\=2004\\-06\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2004\\-06\\-11 \\|location\\=London}}", "At the 2008 elections Labour was the largest party with 41 seats out of a total of 75; the Conservative Party had 14 seats, Community Action Party eight seats, Independent seven seats, Liberal Democrats four seats, and one was vacant.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://kinnear.wigan.gov.uk/electionResults/Summary010508\\.htm \\|title\\=Summary of seats 2008 \\|publisher\\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-01 }}", "In November 2010 (after elections in May), Labour was the largest party with 51 seats out of a total of 75; the Conservative Party had eight seats, Independents seven seats, Community Action Party four seats, Liberal Democrats three seats (one member currently suspended){{cite web \\|url\\=http://democracy.wigan.gov.uk/mgUserInfo.aspx?UID\\=173 \\|title\\=Councillor details \\- Councillor Robert Mark Bleakley \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-09}} and two members were 'Independent Conservative'.", "As of June 2011 (after May elections), Labour continued to be the largest party with 58 seats out of 75, the Independent Councillor group with 8 seats form the official opposition, the Conservative Party had 5 seats, the Liberal Democrats hold 2 seats, Community Action Party 1 seat and 1 Independent councillor.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/CouncilDemocracy/CouncillorsMPsMEPs/CompositionoftheCouncil.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121008013113/http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/CouncilDemocracy/CouncillorsMPsMEPs/CompositionoftheCouncil.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-08 \\|title\\=Composition of the Council}}", "In May 2012 (post 2012 Local Elections) the composition of the council was Labour 63 (\\+5\\), Others 9 (\\-1\\), Liberal Democrats 2 (No change) and Conservatives 1 ( \\-4\\).", "Presently in May 2018, the Council's political composition is: Labour 60, Conservatives 7, Independent 4, Independent Network 2, Shevington Independents 1, and Standish Independents 1\\.", "The council uses [Wigan Town Hall](/wiki/Wigan_Town_Hall \"Wigan Town Hall\") as its main headquarters.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/21stcenturytownhall.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826222601/http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/21stcenturytownhall.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-08\\-26 \\|title\\=21st century Town Hall \\|date\\=2006\\-08\\-07 \\|publisher\\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-11 }} [Leigh Town Hall](/wiki/Leigh_Town_Hall \"Leigh Town Hall\") is used as a secondary base.{{cite press release\\|url\\=http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/makeover.htm\\|title\\=Makeover for Leigh Town Hall\\|date\\=2006\\-06\\-13\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-11\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009041920/http://formby.wiganmbc.gov.uk/press/press2006/makeover.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-09}}", "### Localities and wards", "[thumb\\|Map of Wigan Metropolitan Borough's electoral [wards](/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom\").](/wiki/File:Wigan_UK_ward_map_2010_%28blank%29.svg \"Wigan UK ward map 2010 (blank).svg\")\nThe borough is divided into 25 electoral wards, each of which elect three councillors. The present wards were adopted in 2023, following a review by the Boundary Commission, the previous review took place in 2003\\. Prior to 2003 the borough was divided in 24 wards.{{cite book\\|url\\=http://www.boundarycommittee.org.uk/files/dms/Wigan\\_f\\_10750\\-8582\\_\\_E\\_\\_.pdf\\|title\\=Final recommendations on the future electoral arrangements for Wigan\\|publisher\\=Boundary Committee\\|date\\=September 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-11}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wigan.gov.uk/pub/council/maps/wardmap.htm\\|title\\=New Wigan Wards Map\\|publisher\\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council}} From the 2003 Boundary Review until the 2020s, Wigan Council divided the borough into ten areas by the name of [townships](/wiki/Township_%28England%29 \"Township (England)\"), each with a Township Manager (council liaison) and a regularly scheduled Township Forum meeting.{{cite web\\|title\\=Townships\\|url\\=http://kinnear.wiganmbc.gov.uk/services/Entry.asp?EntryID\\=812\\|publisher\\=Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council\\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-06}} However with [Austerity cuts](/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme \"United Kingdom government austerity programme\") This has been replaced with an ad hoc community consultation structure without regularly scheduled community forums or permanent council liaisons consisting of 16 communities or 'Places' divided into 3 unnamed 'Localities', the Locality at the centre of the Borough consists of Ashton, Bryn, Abram, Platt Bridge, Hindley and Hindley Green with all areas to the northwest forming a locality centred on Wigan and all areas to the southwest forming one centred on Leigh.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Data\\-Statistics/Borough\\-Story/Locality\\-map.aspx \\| title\\=Locality map }} However two Town Centre Managers were appointed in Wigan and Leigh primarily to act as liaisons between the Council and local business.", "", "| Former Township | Wards |\n| --- | --- |\n| [Ashton\\-in\\-Makerfield](/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield \"Ashton-in-Makerfield\") / [Bryn](/wiki/Bryn%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Bryn, Greater Manchester\") | Bryn with Ashton\\-in\\-Makerfield North; Ashton\\-in\\-Makerfield South |\n| [Atherton](/wiki/Atherton%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Atherton, Greater Manchester\") | Atherton North; Atherton South with Lilford |\n| [Hindley](/wiki/Hindley%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Hindley, Greater Manchester\") / [Abram](/wiki/Abram%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Abram, Greater Manchester\") | Abram; Hindley; [Hindley Green](/wiki/Hindley_Green \"Hindley Green\") |\n| [Leigh](/wiki/Leigh%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Leigh, Greater Manchester\") | Leigh Central \\& Higher Folds; Leigh North; Leigh South; Leigh West |\n| [Lowton](/wiki/Lowton \"Lowton\") / [Golborne](/wiki/Golborne \"Golborne\") | Golborne and Lowton West; Lowton East |\n| [Orrell](/wiki/Orrell%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Orrell, Greater Manchester\") / Higher End / [Winstanley](/wiki/Winstanley%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Winstanley, Greater Manchester\") | Orrell; Winstanley; |\n| [Standish](/wiki/Standish%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Standish, Greater Manchester\") / [Aspull](/wiki/Aspull \"Aspull\") / [Shevington](/wiki/Shevington \"Shevington\") | Aspull, New Springs \\& Whelley; Shevington with Lower Ground \\& Moor; Standish with Langtree |\n| [Tyldesley](/wiki/Tyldesley \"Tyldesley\") / [Astley](/wiki/Astley%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Astley, Greater Manchester\") | Astley; Tyldesley \\& Mosley Common |\n| Wigan North | [Ince](/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield \"Ince-in-Makerfield\"); Wigan Central; Wigan West |\n| Wigan South | Douglas; [Pemberton](/wiki/Pemberton%2C_Greater_Manchester \"Pemberton, Greater Manchester\"); [Worsley Mesnes](/wiki/Worsley_Mesnes \"Worsley Mesnes\") |", "### Civil \\& ecclesiastical parishes", "The borough has three civil parishes: Haigh, Shevington and Worthington. The rest of the borough is an [unparished area](/wiki/Unparished_area \"Unparished area\"). Church of England [ecclesiastical parishes](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish \"Ecclesiastical parish\") in the west of the borough are part of the [Diocese of Liverpool](/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Liverpool \"Anglican Diocese of Liverpool\"), those in the east of the Metropolitan Borough are part of the [Diocese of Manchester](/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester \"Anglican Diocese of Manchester\") and the northern section part of the [Diocese of Blackburn](/wiki/Diocese_of_Blackburn \"Diocese of Blackburn\").", "### Parliamentary", "The Wigan Metropolitan Borough is currently covered by four parliamentary constituencies, [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Wigan (UK Parliament constituency)\"), [Makerfield](/wiki/Makerfield_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Makerfield (UK Parliament constituency)\"), [Leigh](/wiki/Leigh_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)\"), and [Bolton West](/wiki/Bolton_West_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Bolton West (UK Parliament constituency)\"). (Atherton is the only Wigan ward included in Bolton West, with the rest of the constituency made up of wards from Bolton Borough). New constituency boundaries recommended by the [Boundary Commission](/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)\") for the [2010 general election](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2010 United Kingdom general election\") saw the link to Salford broken by the removal of Wigan areas from the [Worsley](/wiki/Worsley_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Worsley (UK Parliament constituency)\") constituency. This resulted in the Worsley constituency wards of Tyldesley and Astley\\-Mosley Common being placed in the [Leigh Constituency](/wiki/Leigh_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)\") with the Atherton ward becoming part of Bolton West.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/index.html?boundaries2006\\.html\\|title\\=Greater Manchester: New Constituency Boundaries \\|publisher\\=Martin Baxter \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-11}} Makerfield is the only constituency to have returned Labour MPs continuously since 1906\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.electoral\\-reform.org.uk/news/safeseats.htm\\|title\\=Safe Seats analysis\\|publisher\\=Electoral Reform Society\\|date\\=2005\\-04\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-11\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203040959/http://www.electoral\\-reform.org.uk/news/safeseats.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-12\\-03}}", "### Coat of arms", "{{main\\|Coat of arms of Wigan}}\nWigan council's new coat of arms is based on various elements from the arms of the councils of its predecessor districts.", "" ]
Culture ------- ### Construction The Marúbo live in communal huts called Malocas which are always in the center of their villages. The Malocas are inhabited by several nuclear families and an owner. Each wife and her children live in a roughly 9 square meter area marked with posts where they cook and sleep and the husbands may stay with one of their wives switching periodically. Inside the Malocas there are two benches where the men eat their two daily meals, one before work and one after. The woman will eat these meals on mats in the center of the room where there is also a trough where the woman crush grains. On the outskirts of their villages they have several store houses used for storing materials such as tools, machines, clothing etc.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-06\-03 \|title\=The Internet’s Final Frontier: Remote Amazon Tribes \|url\=https://www.benton.org/headlines/internet%E2%80%99s\-final\-frontier\-remote\-amazon\-tribes \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-19 \|website\=Benton Foundation \|language\=en}} ### Language According to the Marúbo their language originated with the Chaináwavo before spreading to the other subgroups. The main language of the Marúbo is the Marúbo language, but this language is considered threatened due to encroachment by Portuguese.{{Cite web \|title\=Promotora Española de Lingüística \|url\=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina\=mundo/amerindia/ge\_pano/panoan/marubo \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-12 \|website\=www.proel.org}} Due to historical contact with Peru, many older Marúbo people have some knowledge of Spanish. However, in more recent times, Brazil has become the main point of contact with the outside world for the Marúbo. As a result, most young men have learned Portuguese, though fewer young women have done so. The Marúbo also have a special variety of their language which is only used during special rituals. ### Societal divisions The Marúbo are divided into 18 clans which pass through [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineality "Matrilineality") decent. With the daughter of a mother in clan X becoming part of clan Y and her children rejoining clan X. The Marúbo practice polygamy where a man may marry one or more of his wife's sisters. The Maloca are divded into many groups based on which Maloca they live in but these groups recently have begun to coalesce into larger groups. These larger groups are the ones which interact with the outside world and have designated leaders and Portuguese names. There are several age distinctions among the Marúbo. Only married men over the age of thirty can take tobacco, snuff, or ayahuasca. In general, younger men are viewed and treated as subservient to older men. ### Drug usage The Marúbo take [ayahuasca](/wiki/Ayahuasca "Ayahuasca") in order to connect with the forest.{{Cite news \|last\=Nicas \|first\=Jack \|last2\=Moriyama \|first2\=Victor \|date\=2024\-06\-02 \|title\=The Internet’s Final Frontier: Remote Amazon Tribes \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/02/world/americas/starlink\-internet\-elon\-musk\-brazil\-amazon.html \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-20 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0362\-4331}} They take both [snuff](/wiki/Snuff_%28tobacco%29 "Snuff (tobacco)") and ayahuasca during Shamanic rituals.
[ "Culture\n-------", "### Construction", "The Marúbo live in communal huts called Malocas which are always in the center of their villages. The Malocas are inhabited by several nuclear families and an owner. Each wife and her children live in a roughly 9 square meter area marked with posts where they cook and sleep and the husbands may stay with one of their wives switching periodically. Inside the Malocas there are two benches where the men eat their two daily meals, one before work and one after. The woman will eat these meals on mats in the center of the room where there is also a trough where the woman crush grains. On the outskirts of their villages they have several store houses used for storing materials such as tools, machines, clothing etc.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-03 \\|title\\=The Internet’s Final Frontier: Remote Amazon Tribes \\|url\\=https://www.benton.org/headlines/internet%E2%80%99s\\-final\\-frontier\\-remote\\-amazon\\-tribes \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-19 \\|website\\=Benton Foundation \\|language\\=en}}", "### Language", "According to the Marúbo their language originated with the Chaináwavo before spreading to the other subgroups.", "The main language of the Marúbo is the Marúbo language, but this language is considered threatened due to encroachment by Portuguese.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Promotora Española de Lingüística \\|url\\=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina\\=mundo/amerindia/ge\\_pano/panoan/marubo \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-12 \\|website\\=www.proel.org}} Due to historical contact with Peru, many older Marúbo people have some knowledge of Spanish. However, in more recent times, Brazil has become the main point of contact with the outside world for the Marúbo. As a result, most young men have learned Portuguese, though fewer young women have done so. The Marúbo also have a special variety of their language which is only used during special rituals.", "### Societal divisions", "The Marúbo are divided into 18 clans which pass through [matrilineal](/wiki/Matrilineality \"Matrilineality\") decent. With the daughter of a mother in clan X becoming part of clan Y and her children rejoining clan X. The Marúbo practice polygamy where a man may marry one or more of his wife's sisters. The Maloca are divded into many groups based on which Maloca they live in but these groups recently have begun to coalesce into larger groups. These larger groups are the ones which interact with the outside world and have designated leaders and Portuguese names.", "There are several age distinctions among the Marúbo. Only married men over the age of thirty can take tobacco, snuff, or ayahuasca. In general, younger men are viewed and treated as subservient to older men.", "### Drug usage", "The Marúbo take [ayahuasca](/wiki/Ayahuasca \"Ayahuasca\") in order to connect with the forest.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Nicas \\|first\\=Jack \\|last2\\=Moriyama \\|first2\\=Victor \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-02 \\|title\\=The Internet’s Final Frontier: Remote Amazon Tribes \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/02/world/americas/starlink\\-internet\\-elon\\-musk\\-brazil\\-amazon.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-20 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} They take both [snuff](/wiki/Snuff_%28tobacco%29 \"Snuff (tobacco)\") and ayahuasca during Shamanic rituals.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{Historical populations \|title\= Historical populations \|type\= USA \|align\= left \|1920\|146 \|1930\|162 \|1940\|167 \|1950\|194 \|1960\|183 \|1970\|184 \|1980\|202 \|1990\|173 \|2000\|182 \|2010\|162 \|2020\|121 \|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} ### 2020 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 121 people, 60 households, and 41 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 215\.6 inhabitants per square mile (83\.2/km2). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 133\.6 per square mile (51\.6/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 91\.7% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 0\.8% from other races and 7\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") persons of any race comprised 9\.1% of the population. Of the 60 households, 30\.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 15\.0% were cohabitating couples, 16\.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21\.7% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 31\.7% of all households were non\-families. 25\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, 10\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 47\.8 years. 24\.0% of the residents were under the age of 20; 2\.5% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 15\.7% were from 25 and 44; 34\.7% were from 45 and 64; and 23\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.8% male and 51\.2% female. ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 162 people, 68 households, and 47 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|352\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 81 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|176\.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") and 0\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 4\.3% of the population. There were 68 households, of which 27\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30\.9% were non\-families. 27\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.38 and the average family size was 2\.91\. The median age in the city was 39\.3 years. 28\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\.4% were from 25 to 44; 32\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 11\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\.0% male and 50\.0% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 182 people, 75 households, and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|396\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 90 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|195\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.35% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.65% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.65% of the population. There were 75 households, out of which 29\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\.7% were non\-families. 28\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.43 and the average family size was 2\.92\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\.8% under the age of 18, 6\.0% from 18 to 24, 26\.4% from 25 to 44, 19\.2% from 45 to 64, and 22\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $39,750\. Males had a median income of $28,250 versus $22,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,313\. About 13\.7% of families and 15\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 26\.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 7\.1% of those 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1920\\|146\n\\|1930\\|162\n\\|1940\\|167\n\\|1950\\|194\n\\|1960\\|183\n\\|1970\\|184\n\\|1980\\|202\n\\|1990\\|173\n\\|2000\\|182\n\\|2010\\|162\n\\|2020\\|121\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}", "### 2020 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 121 people, 60 households, and 41 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 215\\.6 inhabitants per square mile (83\\.2/km2). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 133\\.6 per square mile (51\\.6/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 91\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 0\\.8% from other races and 7\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") persons of any race comprised 9\\.1% of the population.", "Of the 60 households, 30\\.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 15\\.0% were cohabitating couples, 16\\.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21\\.7% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 31\\.7% of all households were non\\-families. 25\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, 10\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.", "The median age in the city was 47\\.8 years. 24\\.0% of the residents were under the age of 20; 2\\.5% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 15\\.7% were from 25 and 44; 34\\.7% were from 45 and 64; and 23\\.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.8% male and 51\\.2% female.", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 162 people, 68 households, and 47 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|352\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 81 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|176\\.1\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99\\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") and 0\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 4\\.3% of the population.", "There were 68 households, of which 27\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30\\.9% were non\\-families. 27\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.38 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.", "The median age in the city was 39\\.3 years. 28\\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 32\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 11\\.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\\.0% male and 50\\.0% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 182 people, 75 households, and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|396\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 90 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|195\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.35% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.65% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.65% of the population.", "There were 75 households, out of which 29\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\\.7% were non\\-families. 28\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.43 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.8% under the age of 18, 6\\.0% from 18 to 24, 26\\.4% from 25 to 44, 19\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 22\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\\.7 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $39,750\\. Males had a median income of $28,250 versus $22,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,313\\. About 13\\.7% of families and 15\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 26\\.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 7\\.1% of those 65 or over.", "" ]
Trees and plants in the Egyptian garden --------------------------------------- Trees were used in the gardens to produce fruit and for shade. Nineteen different species of trees were found in the gardens of [Ineni](/wiki/Ineni "Ineni"), the architect to the Pharaoh [Thutmose I](/wiki/Thutmose_I "Thutmose I") (1504–1492 B.C.). The pink flowered [tamarisk](/wiki/Tamarisk "Tamarisk"), [acacia](/wiki/Acacia "Acacia") and [willow](/wiki/Willow "Willow") trees were common in gardens. The sycamore (*[Ficus sycomorus](/wiki/Ficus_sycomorus "Ficus sycomorus")*) and tamarisk trees were sometimes planted in front of temples, as they were at the temple of Nebhepetra, from the 11th century BC. The [ancient Egyptians](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt "Ancient Egypt") cultivated *Ficus sycomorus* from [Predynastic](/wiki/Predynastic "Predynastic") times, and in quantity from the start of the [third millennium BCE](/wiki/Third_millennium_BC "Third millennium BC"). It was believed to be the ancient Egyptian [Tree of Life](/wiki/Tree_of_Life "Tree of Life"), planted on the threshold between life and death."Death and salvation in ancient Egypt", Jan Assmann, David Lorton, Translated by David Lorton, p171, Cornell University Press, 2005, {{ISBN\|0801442419}} Zohary and Hopf note that "the fruit and the timber, and sometimes even the twigs, are richly represented in the [tombs](/wiki/Tomb "Tomb") of the Egyptian Early, Middle and Late Kingdoms."Zohary and Hopf, pg. 165 Some of the caskets of mummies in Egypt are made from the wood of this tree. The most common fruit trees were date palms, fig trees and doum palms (*[Hyphaene thebaica](/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica "Hyphaene thebaica")*). The [persea](/wiki/Mimusops "Mimusops") tree was considered sacred, and was found in both temple gardens and residential gardens. The [pomegranate](/wiki/Pomegranate "Pomegranate") tree was introduced during the [New Kingdom](/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt "New Kingdom of Egypt"), and was prized for its aroma and color. Other fruits grown in the gardens were [jujube](/wiki/Jujube "Jujube"), [olives](/wiki/Olives "Olives"), and [peaches](/wiki/Peach "Peach"). Vegetables were grown for food or for ceremonies. [Cos lettuce](/wiki/Romaine_lettuce "Romaine lettuce") was considered sacred and was connected with [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 "Min (god)"), the deity of reproduction, and was believed to be a powerful aphrodisiac. Grapes were used to make raisins and wine. Tomb paintings show that grape vines were sometimes planted atop pergolas to provide shade to the garden. Flowers were raised in gardens to make decorative bouquets and for use in religious ceremonies. Common garden flowers were the [mandrake](/wiki/Mandrake "Mandrake") and the [daisy](/wiki/Bellis_perennis "Bellis perennis"), [chrysanthemum](/wiki/Chrysanthemum "Chrysanthemum"), [anemone](/wiki/Anemone "Anemone"), and poppy, [jasmine](/wiki/Jasmine "Jasmine"), and the rose. Egyptian ponds and basins were often decorated white and blue lotus (*[Nymphaea caerulea](/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea "Nymphaea caerulea")*) and with [papyrus](/wiki/Papyrus "Papyrus"). File:Palm tree wtih Dates.JPG\|The \[\[date palm]], used by the Ancient Egyptians both as a food and for making wine. The Egyptians learned to pollinate the trees by hand. File:Persea indica.jpg\|The ''\[\[Persea indica]]'' tree, in the same family as the \[\[avocado]], once common in Egypt, has vanished there but can still be found in the \[\[Azores]] and \[\[Canary Islands]]. File:Azor\-S\-507\.jpg\|The sycamore (''\[\[Ficus sycomorus]]'') was often planted for shade. It was also often planted at temples, and its wood was used for making coffins for mummies. File:Tamaris3\.jpg\|\[\[Tamarisk]] tree, used for shade File:Acacia Negev.JPG\|The ''\[\[Acacia]]'' tree was associated with \[\[Iusaaset]], the primal goddess of Egyptian mythology. File:Pomegranate03 edit.jpg\|Fruit of the \[\[Pomegranate]] tree, introduced during the \[\[New Kingdom of Egypt\|New Kingdom]], used as a medicine against tapeworm various infections.\<ref\>The medicinal properties of the pomegranate are described in the \[\[Ebers Papyrus]], a medical text from about 1550 B.C.\</ref\> File:Nymphaea caerulea flower.JPG\|\[\[Nymphaea caerulea\|Blue Egyptian lotus]], found in garden ponds File:Cyperus papyrus6\.jpg\|''\[\[Cyperus papyrus]]'' was used as a \[\[writing material]], for making boats, and even eaten.
[ "Trees and plants in the Egyptian garden\n---------------------------------------", "Trees were used in the gardens to produce fruit and for shade. Nineteen different species of trees were found in the gardens of [Ineni](/wiki/Ineni \"Ineni\"), the architect to the Pharaoh [Thutmose I](/wiki/Thutmose_I \"Thutmose I\") (1504–1492 B.C.). The pink flowered [tamarisk](/wiki/Tamarisk \"Tamarisk\"), [acacia](/wiki/Acacia \"Acacia\") and [willow](/wiki/Willow \"Willow\") trees were common in gardens. The sycamore (*[Ficus sycomorus](/wiki/Ficus_sycomorus \"Ficus sycomorus\")*) and tamarisk trees were sometimes planted in front of temples, as they were at the temple of Nebhepetra, from the 11th century BC.", "The [ancient Egyptians](/wiki/Ancient_Egypt \"Ancient Egypt\") cultivated *Ficus sycomorus* from [Predynastic](/wiki/Predynastic \"Predynastic\") times, and in quantity from the start of the [third millennium BCE](/wiki/Third_millennium_BC \"Third millennium BC\"). It was believed to be the ancient Egyptian [Tree of Life](/wiki/Tree_of_Life \"Tree of Life\"), planted on the threshold between life and death.\"Death and salvation in ancient Egypt\", Jan Assmann, David Lorton, Translated by David Lorton, p171, Cornell University Press, 2005, {{ISBN\\|0801442419}} Zohary and Hopf note that \"the fruit and the timber, and sometimes even the twigs, are richly represented in the [tombs](/wiki/Tomb \"Tomb\") of the Egyptian Early, Middle and Late Kingdoms.\"Zohary and Hopf, pg. 165 Some of the caskets of mummies in Egypt are made from the wood of this tree.", "The most common fruit trees were date palms, fig trees and doum palms (*[Hyphaene thebaica](/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica \"Hyphaene thebaica\")*). The [persea](/wiki/Mimusops \"Mimusops\") tree was considered sacred, and was found in both temple gardens and residential gardens. The [pomegranate](/wiki/Pomegranate \"Pomegranate\") tree was introduced during the [New Kingdom](/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt \"New Kingdom of Egypt\"), and was prized for its aroma and color. Other fruits grown in the gardens were [jujube](/wiki/Jujube \"Jujube\"), [olives](/wiki/Olives \"Olives\"), and [peaches](/wiki/Peach \"Peach\"). Vegetables were grown for food or for ceremonies. [Cos lettuce](/wiki/Romaine_lettuce \"Romaine lettuce\") was considered sacred and was connected with [Min](/wiki/Min_%28god%29 \"Min (god)\"), the deity of reproduction, and was believed to be a powerful aphrodisiac. Grapes were used to make raisins and wine. Tomb paintings show that grape vines were sometimes planted atop pergolas to provide shade to the garden. Flowers were raised in gardens to make decorative bouquets and for use in religious ceremonies. Common garden flowers were the [mandrake](/wiki/Mandrake \"Mandrake\") and the [daisy](/wiki/Bellis_perennis \"Bellis perennis\"), [chrysanthemum](/wiki/Chrysanthemum \"Chrysanthemum\"), [anemone](/wiki/Anemone \"Anemone\"), and poppy, [jasmine](/wiki/Jasmine \"Jasmine\"), and the rose.", "Egyptian ponds and basins were often decorated white and blue lotus (*[Nymphaea caerulea](/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea \"Nymphaea caerulea\")*) and with [papyrus](/wiki/Papyrus \"Papyrus\").", "", "File:Palm tree wtih Dates.JPG\\|The \\[\\[date palm]], used by the Ancient Egyptians both as a food and for making wine. The Egyptians learned to pollinate the trees by hand.\nFile:Persea indica.jpg\\|The ''\\[\\[Persea indica]]'' tree, in the same family as the \\[\\[avocado]], once common in Egypt, has vanished there but can still be found in the \\[\\[Azores]] and \\[\\[Canary Islands]].\nFile:Azor\\-S\\-507\\.jpg\\|The sycamore (''\\[\\[Ficus sycomorus]]'') was often planted for shade. It was also often planted at temples, and its wood was used for making coffins for mummies.\nFile:Tamaris3\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Tamarisk]] tree, used for shade\nFile:Acacia Negev.JPG\\|The ''\\[\\[Acacia]]'' tree was associated with \\[\\[Iusaaset]], the primal goddess of Egyptian mythology.\nFile:Pomegranate03 edit.jpg\\|Fruit of the \\[\\[Pomegranate]] tree, introduced during the \\[\\[New Kingdom of Egypt\\|New Kingdom]], used as a medicine against tapeworm various infections.\\<ref\\>The medicinal properties of the pomegranate are described in the \\[\\[Ebers Papyrus]], a medical text from about 1550 B.C.\\</ref\\>\nFile:Nymphaea caerulea flower.JPG\\|\\[\\[Nymphaea caerulea\\|Blue Egyptian lotus]], found in garden ponds\nFile:Cyperus papyrus6\\.jpg\\|''\\[\\[Cyperus papyrus]]'' was used as a \\[\\[writing material]], for making boats, and even eaten.", "", "" ]
Plot ---- During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), members of [The Dead End Kids](/wiki/The_Dead_End_Kids "The Dead End Kids"), a youth gang, Billy "Ace" Holden, "Bolts" Larson, "Stick" Munsey, Ace's brother, Eddie, and "Greaseball" Plunkett are working in a salvage yard owned by Ace's father, recovering aircraft parts. While making their escape from robbing a bank, members of a fifth column organization, the "Order of the Black Dragonfly", steal the boys' wrecking truck. When agent Don Ames from the State Bureau of Investigation, returns their truck, the gang who is distrustful of authority, especially, the "cops", refuse to give a description of the men who stole the truck. Don asks Jerry Markham, leader of the [Little Tough Guys](/wiki/Little_Tough_Guys "Little Tough Guys"), called the "Junior G\-Men" to ask Ace for help. Both boys are passionate about aircraft and flying and agree to join forces. Meanwhile, [Axis](/wiki/Axis_powers "Axis powers") agents working for "The Baron", a Japanese leader of the "Order of the Black Dragonfly", have more plans for the junkyard, especially the aircraft parts stored there. The Baron has orders to destroy anything that may help the [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") cause. Ace and Jerry join to go look for the enemy saboteurs and find their secret hideout in a farm outside the city. The enemy agents capture Ace and Eddie, who escape in one of the aircraft that the Baron uses. Their takeoff ends in disaster as Ace hits a fence, tearing off the landing gear and punching a hole in the gasoline tank. The boys parachute to safety and make their way to government headquarters. The Dead End Kids and Junior G\-Men lead the government to the Baron's base and a furious battle takes place. Ace and Jerry personally capture the Baron and receive the government's thanks for bringing the enemy agents to justice. ### Chapter titles {{div col}} 1. Wings Aflame 2. The Plunge of Peril 3. Hidden Danger 4. The Tunnel of Terror 5. The Black Dragon Strikes 6. Flaming Havoc 7. The Death Mist 8. Satan Fires the Fuse 9. Satanic Sabotage 10. Trapped in a Burning 'Chute 11. Undeclared War 12. Civilian Courage ConquersCline 1984, p. 223\. {{div col end}}
[ "Plot\n----", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), members of [The Dead End Kids](/wiki/The_Dead_End_Kids \"The Dead End Kids\"), a youth gang, Billy \"Ace\" Holden, \"Bolts\" Larson, \"Stick\" Munsey, Ace's brother, Eddie, and \"Greaseball\" Plunkett are working in a salvage yard owned by Ace's father, recovering aircraft parts. While making their escape from robbing a bank, members of a fifth column organization, the \"Order of the Black Dragonfly\", steal the boys' wrecking truck.", "When agent Don Ames from the State Bureau of Investigation, returns their truck, the gang who is distrustful of authority, especially, the \"cops\", refuse to give a description of the men who stole the truck. Don asks Jerry Markham, leader of the [Little Tough Guys](/wiki/Little_Tough_Guys \"Little Tough Guys\"), called the \"Junior G\\-Men\" to ask Ace for help. Both boys are passionate about aircraft and flying and agree to join forces.", "Meanwhile, [Axis](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") agents working for \"The Baron\", a Japanese leader of the \"Order of the Black Dragonfly\", have more plans for the junkyard, especially the aircraft parts stored there. The Baron has orders to destroy anything that may help the [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") cause. Ace and Jerry join to go look for the enemy saboteurs and find their secret hideout in a farm outside the city.", "The enemy agents capture Ace and Eddie, who escape in one of the aircraft that the Baron uses. Their takeoff ends in disaster as Ace hits a fence, tearing off the landing gear and punching a hole in the gasoline tank. The boys parachute to safety and make their way to government headquarters.", "The Dead End Kids and Junior G\\-Men lead the government to the Baron's base and a furious battle takes place. Ace and Jerry personally capture the Baron and receive the government's thanks for bringing the enemy agents to justice.", "### Chapter titles", "{{div col}}\n1. Wings Aflame\n2. The Plunge of Peril\n3. Hidden Danger\n4. The Tunnel of Terror\n5. The Black Dragon Strikes\n6. Flaming Havoc\n7. The Death Mist\n8. Satan Fires the Fuse\n9. Satanic Sabotage\n10. Trapped in a Burning 'Chute\n11. Undeclared War\n12. Civilian Courage ConquersCline 1984, p. 223\\.\n{{div col end}}", "" ]
Career highlights ----------------- Zul began his music career as a member of Bruneian band Pneumatic Soulz.Rahaman, Kartika. ["Zul F Cuts New Single"](http://old.brudirect.com/public_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May06/010506/nite13.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101335/http://old.brudirect.com/public\_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May06/010506/nite13\.htm \|date\=July 8, 2011 }}. *[Borneo Bulletin](/wiki/Borneo_Bulletin "Borneo Bulletin")*. May 1, 2006\. Retrieved March 9, 2010\. The group's debut performance was as the opening act for Malaysian artists Elite and X\-Factor.Camalxaman, Ahmad Nazrul. ["Floored by a Brunei Singer"](http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20060326/floored-brunei-singer/ai_n44316535/). *[New Straits Times](/wiki/New_Straits_Times "New Straits Times")*. March 2006\. Retrieved March 9, 2010\. After going solo, he became a contestant and eventual winner of the first season of *P2F* in 2005\.Adams, Aiden. ["P2F Shines On Hectic TV Night"](http://old.brudirect.com/public_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May05/240505/bb01.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101506/http://old.brudirect.com/public\_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May05/240505/bb01\.htm \|date\=July 8, 2011 }}. *[Borneo Bulletin](/wiki/Borneo_Bulletin "Borneo Bulletin")*. May 24, 2005\. Retrieved March 9, 2010\. This made him a prominent figure in the local music scene as, prior to *P2F*, most Bruneians only listened to Malaysian artists. Zul's first music video, "Dari Mata" screened on MTV Asia in 2007\. He was the first local Malay Bruneian to release a music video regionally and internationally. The song then became an instant hit. As an established local artist and the fact that he has notched up noticeable successes as winner of the inaugural P2F reality show in Brunei(equivalent to the Idol series), he became the Ambassador / Image Model for Toyota Vios in 2008\. An endorsement contract of this nature is the first of its kind for a local Bruneian artist. He released his 1st singles album, "Bersama Bintang" in 2006\. One of the songs from the album, "Engkau Adalah Cinta" was recorded in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The same song actually made its debut as he was invited to perform at Selayang Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in December 2005\. Zul was featured as Guest Performer in the MoU project (a joint collaboration between RTB, Brunei \& Suria, Singapore artist), "Rhapsodi Hitz". The event took place in Singapore. Four years later, he then released his debut album "Memori Cinta Zul Faden" (Love Memories) in 2011\. A few months prior to the release of his debut album, Zul was invited to perform at the ASEAN Tourism Fair in Osaka, Japan, in which he was given the opportunity to perform new songs from his upcoming album. Within the same year in 2011, he was appointed Goodwill Ambassador and Image Model for Jerudong Park Playground, Brunei's Theme Park, together with Brunei's Top Female Artist, Maria. In 2013, he was featured in Brunei's 1st local movie "[Ada Apa Dengan Rina](/wiki/Ada_Apa_Dengan_Rina "Ada Apa Dengan Rina")" as he co\-starred with other established Bruneian actors and actresses. The movie spawned a "Special Jury Award" during the Asean International Film Festival \& Awards (AIFFA) 2013 held in Sarawak, Malaysia. Since then he has been given lead roles in several local telemovies such as "Ketika Mata Bertasbih", "Biru Pesisir Hati" and "Doa dan Sejadah". He also co\-starred in the popular 13\-episode local TV drama entitled "Rintihanku".
[ "Career highlights\n-----------------", "Zul began his music career as a member of Bruneian band Pneumatic Soulz.Rahaman, Kartika. [\"Zul F Cuts New Single\"](http://old.brudirect.com/public_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May06/010506/nite13.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101335/http://old.brudirect.com/public\\_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May06/010506/nite13\\.htm \\|date\\=July 8, 2011 }}. *[Borneo Bulletin](/wiki/Borneo_Bulletin \"Borneo Bulletin\")*. May 1, 2006\\. Retrieved March 9, 2010\\. The group's debut performance was as the opening act for Malaysian artists Elite and X\\-Factor.Camalxaman, Ahmad Nazrul. [\"Floored by a Brunei Singer\"](http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20060326/floored-brunei-singer/ai_n44316535/). *[New Straits Times](/wiki/New_Straits_Times \"New Straits Times\")*. March 2006\\. Retrieved March 9, 2010\\.", "After going solo, he became a contestant and eventual winner of the first season of *P2F* in 2005\\.Adams, Aiden. [\"P2F Shines On Hectic TV Night\"](http://old.brudirect.com/public_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May05/240505/bb01.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101506/http://old.brudirect.com/public\\_html/DailyInfo/News/Archive/May05/240505/bb01\\.htm \\|date\\=July 8, 2011 }}. *[Borneo Bulletin](/wiki/Borneo_Bulletin \"Borneo Bulletin\")*. May 24, 2005\\. Retrieved March 9, 2010\\. This made him a prominent figure in the local music scene as, prior to *P2F*, most Bruneians only listened to Malaysian artists.", "Zul's first music video, \"Dari Mata\" screened on MTV Asia in 2007\\. He was the first local Malay Bruneian to release a music video regionally and internationally. The song then became an instant hit.", "As an established local artist and the fact that he has notched up noticeable successes as winner of the inaugural P2F reality show in Brunei(equivalent to the Idol series), he became the Ambassador / Image Model for Toyota Vios in 2008\\. An endorsement contract of this nature is the first of its kind for a local Bruneian artist.", "He released his 1st singles album, \"Bersama Bintang\" in 2006\\. One of the songs from the album, \"Engkau Adalah Cinta\" was recorded in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The same song actually made its debut as he was invited to perform at Selayang Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in December 2005\\.", "Zul was featured as Guest Performer in the MoU project (a joint collaboration between RTB, Brunei \\& Suria, Singapore artist), \"Rhapsodi Hitz\". The event took place in Singapore.", "Four years later, he then released his debut album \"Memori Cinta Zul Faden\" (Love Memories) in 2011\\. A few months prior to the release of his debut album, Zul was invited to perform at the ASEAN Tourism Fair in Osaka, Japan, in which he was given the opportunity to perform new songs from his upcoming album.", "Within the same year in 2011, he was appointed Goodwill Ambassador and Image Model for Jerudong Park Playground, Brunei's Theme Park, together with Brunei's Top Female Artist, Maria.", "In 2013, he was featured in Brunei's 1st local movie \"[Ada Apa Dengan Rina](/wiki/Ada_Apa_Dengan_Rina \"Ada Apa Dengan Rina\")\" as he co\\-starred with other established Bruneian actors and actresses. The movie spawned a \"Special Jury Award\" during the Asean International Film Festival \\& Awards (AIFFA) 2013 held in Sarawak, Malaysia.", "Since then he has been given lead roles in several local telemovies such as \"Ketika Mata Bertasbih\", \"Biru Pesisir Hati\" and \"Doa dan Sejadah\". He also co\\-starred in the popular 13\\-episode local TV drama entitled \"Rintihanku\".", "" ]
Rise under Henry VIII --------------------- When Seymour's sister, [Jane](/wiki/Jane_Seymour "Jane Seymour"), married King [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII") in 1536, Edward was created [Viscount Beauchamp](/wiki/Viscount_Beauchamp "Viscount Beauchamp") on 5 June 1536, and [Earl of Hertford](/wiki/Earl_of_Hertford "Earl of Hertford") on 15 October 1537\. He became Warden of the [Scottish Marches](/wiki/Scottish_Marches "Scottish Marches") and continued in royal favour after his sister's death on 24 October 1537\. [thumb\|220px\|Coat of Arms of Edward Seymour, [Viscount Beauchamp](/wiki/Viscount_Beauchamp "Viscount Beauchamp"): Quarterly of six. 1\. [*Or, on a pile, gules, between six fleurs de lys, azure three lions of England.*](/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Edward_Seymour%2C_1st_Duke_of_Somerset.svg "Coats of arms of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset.svg") ([Augmentation](/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour "Augmentation of honour") granted by Henry VIII on his marriage to Jane Seymour). 2\. Seymour: *gules, two wings conjoined in lure, or.* 3\. Beauchamp of Hache: *Vair.* 4\. Esturmy: *Argent, three demi\-lions rampant, gules.* 5\. MacWilliams: *Per bend, argent and gules, three roses, bend\-wise, counterchanged.* 6\. Coker: *Argent, on a bend, gules, three leopards' heads, or.*{{sfn\|MacCulloch\|2018\|pp\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=qLBwDQAAQBAJ\&q\=%22six\+fleurs\+de\+lys%22 427–8], plate 9\.}}{{sfn\|Boutell\|1863\|p\=\[https://archive.org/details/amanualheraldry00boutgoog/page/242/mode/2up?view\=theater 243]}}](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Edward_Seymour_Viscount_Beauchamp.png "Coat of arms of Edward Seymour Viscount Beauchamp.png") In 1541, during Henry's absence in the north, Hertford, [Thomas Cranmer](/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer "Thomas Cranmer") and [Thomas Audley](/wiki/Thomas_Audley%2C_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Walden "Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden") had the chief management of affairs in London. In September 1542 he was appointed [Warden of the Scottish Marches](/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Marches "Lord Warden of the Marches"), and a few months later [Lord High Admiral](/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom "Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom"), a post which he almost immediately relinquished in favour of [John Dudley](/wiki/John_Dudley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland "John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland"), the future duke of Northumberland. In March 1544 he was made lieutenant\-general of the north and instructed to punish the [Scots](/wiki/Scottish_people "Scottish people") for their repudiation of the [treaty of marriage](/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenwich "Treaty of Greenwich") between Prince Edward and the infant [Mary, Queen of Scots](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots "Mary, Queen of Scots"). He landed at [Leith](/wiki/Leith "Leith") on 3 May 1544, [captured and pillaged Edinburgh](/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh "Burning of Edinburgh"), and returned by land burning villages and castles along the way. In July 1544 he was appointed lieutenant of the realm under [Catherine Parr](/wiki/Catherine_Parr "Catherine Parr"), Henry's sixth wife and [regent](/wiki/Regent "Regent"), during Henry's absence at [Boulogne](/wiki/Sieges_of_Boulogne_%281544%E2%80%9346%29%23First_siege "Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)#First siege"), but in August he joined the king and was present at the surrender of the town. In the autumn he was one of the commissioners sent to [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders") to keep [Emperor Charles V](/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V "Emperor Charles V") to the terms of his treaty with England, and in January 1545 he was placed in command at Boulogne, where on the 26th he repelled an attempt of [Marshal de Biez](/wiki/Oudard_du_Biez "Oudard du Biez") to recapture the town. In May he was once more appointed lieutenant\-general in the north to avenge the Scottish victory at the [Battle of Ancrum Moor](/wiki/Battle_of_Ancrum_Moor "Battle of Ancrum Moor"); this he did by a savage foray into Scotland in September. He reported that on 16 September 1545 he had "sent forth a good band to the number of 1500 light horsemen in the leading of me \[and] [Sir Robert Bowes](/wiki/Robert_Bowes_%28lawyer%29 "Robert Bowes (lawyer)"), which from 5 a.m. till 3 p.m., forayed along the waters of [Tyvyote](/wiki/River_Teviot "River Teviot") and [Rowle](/wiki/Rule_Water "Rule Water"), 6 or 7 miles beyond Jedburgh, and burnt 14 or 15 towns and a great quantity of all kinds of corn".James Gairdner \& R H Brodie, *Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII*, vol. 20:2 (London, 1907\), no. 400: *State Papers Henry the Eighth*, Part IV (London, 1836\), pp. 521\-2\. In March 1546 he was sent back to Boulogne to supersede the [Earl of Surrey](/wiki/Henry_Howard%2C_Earl_of_Surrey "Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey"), whose command had not been a success; and in June he was engaged in negotiations for peace with France and for the delimitation of the English conquests. From October to the end of Henry's reign he was in attendance on the king, engaged in the struggle for predominance which was to determine the complexion of the government during the coming minority. Personal, political and religious rivalry separated him and [Baron Lisle](/wiki/Ambrose_Dudley%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Warwick "Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick") from the [Howards](/wiki/House_of_Howard "House of Howard"), and Surrey's hasty temper precipitated his own ruin and that of his father, the [duke of Norfolk](/wiki/Thomas_Howard%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk "Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk"). They could not acquiesce in the Imperial ambassador's verdict that Hertford and Lisle were the only noblemen of fit age and capacity to carry on the government; and Surrey's attempt to secure the predominance of his family led to his own execution and to his father's imprisonment in the [Tower of London](/wiki/Tower_of_London "Tower of London").
[ "Rise under Henry VIII\n---------------------", "When Seymour's sister, [Jane](/wiki/Jane_Seymour \"Jane Seymour\"), married King [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII \"Henry VIII\") in 1536, Edward was created [Viscount Beauchamp](/wiki/Viscount_Beauchamp \"Viscount Beauchamp\") on 5 June 1536, and [Earl of Hertford](/wiki/Earl_of_Hertford \"Earl of Hertford\") on 15 October 1537\\. He became Warden of the [Scottish Marches](/wiki/Scottish_Marches \"Scottish Marches\") and continued in royal favour after his sister's death on 24 October 1537\\.", "[thumb\\|220px\\|Coat of Arms of Edward Seymour, [Viscount Beauchamp](/wiki/Viscount_Beauchamp \"Viscount Beauchamp\"): Quarterly of six. 1\\. [*Or, on a pile, gules, between six fleurs de lys, azure three lions of England.*](/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_Edward_Seymour%2C_1st_Duke_of_Somerset.svg \"Coats of arms of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset.svg\") ([Augmentation](/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour \"Augmentation of honour\") granted by Henry VIII on his marriage to Jane Seymour). 2\\. Seymour: *gules, two wings conjoined in lure, or.* 3\\. Beauchamp of Hache: *Vair.* 4\\. Esturmy: *Argent, three demi\\-lions rampant, gules.* 5\\. MacWilliams: *Per bend, argent and gules, three roses, bend\\-wise, counterchanged.* 6\\. Coker: *Argent, on a bend, gules, three leopards' heads, or.*{{sfn\\|MacCulloch\\|2018\\|pp\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qLBwDQAAQBAJ\\&q\\=%22six\\+fleurs\\+de\\+lys%22 427–8], plate 9\\.}}{{sfn\\|Boutell\\|1863\\|p\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/amanualheraldry00boutgoog/page/242/mode/2up?view\\=theater 243]}}](/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Edward_Seymour_Viscount_Beauchamp.png \"Coat of arms of Edward Seymour Viscount Beauchamp.png\")", "In 1541, during Henry's absence in the north, Hertford, [Thomas Cranmer](/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer \"Thomas Cranmer\") and [Thomas Audley](/wiki/Thomas_Audley%2C_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Walden \"Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden\") had the chief management of affairs in London. In September 1542 he was appointed [Warden of the Scottish Marches](/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Marches \"Lord Warden of the Marches\"), and a few months later [Lord High Admiral](/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom\"), a post which he almost immediately relinquished in favour of [John Dudley](/wiki/John_Dudley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland \"John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland\"), the future duke of Northumberland. In March 1544 he was made lieutenant\\-general of the north and instructed to punish the [Scots](/wiki/Scottish_people \"Scottish people\") for their repudiation of the [treaty of marriage](/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenwich \"Treaty of Greenwich\") between Prince Edward and the infant [Mary, Queen of Scots](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"). He landed at [Leith](/wiki/Leith \"Leith\") on 3 May 1544, [captured and pillaged Edinburgh](/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh \"Burning of Edinburgh\"), and returned by land burning villages and castles along the way.", "In July 1544 he was appointed lieutenant of the realm under [Catherine Parr](/wiki/Catherine_Parr \"Catherine Parr\"), Henry's sixth wife and [regent](/wiki/Regent \"Regent\"), during Henry's absence at [Boulogne](/wiki/Sieges_of_Boulogne_%281544%E2%80%9346%29%23First_siege \"Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)#First siege\"), but in August he joined the king and was present at the surrender of the town. In the autumn he was one of the commissioners sent to [Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\") to keep [Emperor Charles V](/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V \"Emperor Charles V\") to the terms of his treaty with England, and in January 1545 he was placed in command at Boulogne, where on the 26th he repelled an attempt of [Marshal de Biez](/wiki/Oudard_du_Biez \"Oudard du Biez\") to recapture the town. In May he was once more appointed lieutenant\\-general in the north to avenge the Scottish victory at the [Battle of Ancrum Moor](/wiki/Battle_of_Ancrum_Moor \"Battle of Ancrum Moor\"); this he did by a savage foray into Scotland in September. He reported that on 16 September 1545 he had \"sent forth a good band to the number of 1500 light horsemen in the leading of me \\[and] [Sir Robert Bowes](/wiki/Robert_Bowes_%28lawyer%29 \"Robert Bowes (lawyer)\"), which from 5 a.m. till 3 p.m., forayed along the waters of [Tyvyote](/wiki/River_Teviot \"River Teviot\") and [Rowle](/wiki/Rule_Water \"Rule Water\"), 6 or 7 miles beyond Jedburgh, and burnt 14 or 15 towns and a great quantity of all kinds of corn\".James Gairdner \\& R H Brodie, *Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII*, vol. 20:2 (London, 1907\\), no. 400: *State Papers Henry the Eighth*, Part IV (London, 1836\\), pp. 521\\-2\\.", "In March 1546 he was sent back to Boulogne to supersede the [Earl of Surrey](/wiki/Henry_Howard%2C_Earl_of_Surrey \"Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey\"), whose command had not been a success; and in June he was engaged in negotiations for peace with France and for the delimitation of the English conquests.", "From October to the end of Henry's reign he was in attendance on the king, engaged in the struggle for predominance which was to determine the complexion of the government during the coming minority. Personal, political and religious rivalry separated him and [Baron Lisle](/wiki/Ambrose_Dudley%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Warwick \"Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick\") from the [Howards](/wiki/House_of_Howard \"House of Howard\"), and Surrey's hasty temper precipitated his own ruin and that of his father, the [duke of Norfolk](/wiki/Thomas_Howard%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk \"Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk\"). They could not acquiesce in the Imperial ambassador's verdict that Hertford and Lisle were the only noblemen of fit age and capacity to carry on the government; and Surrey's attempt to secure the predominance of his family led to his own execution and to his father's imprisonment in the [Tower of London](/wiki/Tower_of_London \"Tower of London\").", "" ]
Common law sources of water law ------------------------------- The United States inherited the [British common law](/wiki/British_common_law "British common law") system which develops legal principles through [judicial decisions](/wiki/Judicial_decision "Judicial decision") made in the context of disputes between parties. Statutory and [constitutional law](/wiki/Constitutional_law "Constitutional law") forms the framework within which these disputes are resolved, to some extent, but [decisional law](/wiki/Decisional_law "Decisional law") developed through the resolution of specific disputes is the great engine of water law. At common law any rights to water must be claimed based on a claim against the land over which water flows or rests.Blackstone Commentries Vol II pg. 18 A downstream landowner can bring an action against an upstream owner for excessively diminishing the quantity and quality of water arriving at a downstream location. Water Disputes arise in a number of contexts. When the state, local, or [federal government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") takes [private property](/wiki/Private_property "Private property") that has water rights associated with [private ownership](/wiki/Private_ownership "Private ownership"), the value of that property is significantly affected by its water rights. And, properties located along public waters are quite common, because of the importance of public waters to [commerce](/wiki/Commerce "Commerce"), the environment, and [recreation](/wiki/Recreation "Recreation"). These taking cases represent a major source of the law defining the limits of private rights in water and public rights. A second context for the development of water law arises from disputes among private parties over the extent of their respective water rights; e.g., a [landowner](/wiki/Landowner "Landowner") upstream seeks to cut off the flow of surface water downstream and appropriate these surface waters for its exclusive use. The downstream owner claims that the upstream landowner has appropriated water that belongs to its property. A downstream owner seeks to stop the flow of excess water that will otherwise flood its land thereby increasing [flood](/wiki/Flood "Flood") damage on the upstream owner. Each party claims that the other's conduct interferes with the rights associated with their respective ownership of the property. The third context for water law arises from disputes regarding flooding or other invasions of private property by water. In these cases, the private party claims that private or public actions have damaged its private property, and the court must decide the nature of the respective rights of public and private parties arising from the alteration of the [hydrology](/wiki/Hydrology "Hydrology") of a [watershed](/wiki/Drainage_basin "Drainage basin"). It is important to recognize that there are both private and public 'rights' associated with the water, but that ownership of the water under common law is likened to claiming to "own" sunlight. Water must be legally appropriated before it is 'owned', and regulations on appropriation are typically controlled by government agencies and case laws. Who has domain over water is typically based on who owns the underlying soils, but Local, State and Federal regulations often limit the amount and type of uses to which water can be used in order to protect downstream users rights. At some point, before the water reaches the ocean it amasses sufficient size that the underlying lands become owned by the Nation or State in which they are situated. At this point (defined as the upper limits of navigation) individual rights give way to the superior rights of the public.
[ "Common law sources of water law\n-------------------------------", "The United States inherited the [British common law](/wiki/British_common_law \"British common law\") system which develops legal principles through [judicial decisions](/wiki/Judicial_decision \"Judicial decision\") made in the context of disputes between parties. Statutory and [constitutional law](/wiki/Constitutional_law \"Constitutional law\") forms the framework within which these disputes are resolved, to some extent, but [decisional law](/wiki/Decisional_law \"Decisional law\") developed through the resolution of specific disputes is the great engine of water law.", "At common law any rights to water must be claimed based on a claim against the land over which water flows or rests.Blackstone Commentries Vol II pg. 18 A downstream landowner can bring an action against an upstream owner for excessively diminishing the quantity and quality of water arriving at a downstream location.", "Water Disputes arise in a number of contexts. When the state, local, or [federal government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\") takes [private property](/wiki/Private_property \"Private property\") that has water rights associated with [private ownership](/wiki/Private_ownership \"Private ownership\"), the value of that property is significantly affected by its water rights. And, properties located along public waters are quite common, because of the importance of public waters to [commerce](/wiki/Commerce \"Commerce\"), the environment, and [recreation](/wiki/Recreation \"Recreation\"). These taking cases represent a major source of the law defining the limits of private rights in water and public rights.", "A second context for the development of water law arises from disputes among private parties over the extent of their respective water rights; e.g., a [landowner](/wiki/Landowner \"Landowner\") upstream seeks to cut off the flow of surface water downstream and appropriate these surface waters for its exclusive use. The downstream owner claims that the upstream landowner has appropriated water that belongs to its property. A downstream owner seeks to stop the flow of excess water that will otherwise flood its land thereby increasing [flood](/wiki/Flood \"Flood\") damage on the upstream owner. Each party claims that the other's conduct interferes with the rights associated with their respective ownership of the property.", "The third context for water law arises from disputes regarding flooding or other invasions of private property by water. In these cases, the private party claims that private or public actions have damaged its private property, and the court must decide the nature of the respective rights of public and private parties arising from the alteration of the [hydrology](/wiki/Hydrology \"Hydrology\") of a [watershed](/wiki/Drainage_basin \"Drainage basin\").", "It is important to recognize that there are both private and public 'rights' associated with the water, but that ownership of the water under common law is likened to claiming to \"own\" sunlight. Water must be legally appropriated before it is 'owned', and regulations on appropriation are typically controlled by government agencies and case laws. Who has domain over water is typically based on who owns the underlying soils, but Local, State and Federal regulations often limit the amount and type of uses to which water can be used in order to protect downstream users rights. At some point, before the water reaches the ocean it amasses sufficient size that the underlying lands become owned by the Nation or State in which they are situated. At this point (defined as the upper limits of navigation) individual rights give way to the superior rights of the public.", "" ]
Federally recognized Indian tribes and water law ------------------------------------------------ ### Tribes within reservations Reserved Native American water rights are commonly known as '***Winters* rights**, determined by the *Winters* and *Arizona v. California* cases.Canby, William C (2004\). *American Indian Law in a Nutshell*, p. 431\-432\. West, a Thompson business., Minnesota. {{ISBN\|0\-314\-14640\-7}}. 1. Rights are defined by [federal law](/wiki/Federal_law "Federal law") 2. Establishment of a [reservation](/wiki/Indian_reservation "Indian reservation") by treaty, statute or [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)") includes an implied reservation of water rights in sources within or bordering the reservation 3. Based on date, users with prior appropriation dates under [state law](/wiki/State_law_%28United_States%29 "State law (United States)") take precedence over the [Native American rights](/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights "Native American civil rights"), but those with later dates are subordinate 4. Quantity of water reserved is the amount sufficient to irrigate all irrigable land on the reservation 5. Rights are not lost due to non\-use Indian tribes have sole rights to water only after they have determined practicable irrigable acreage (PIA). According to legal scholar Bruce Duthu, tribes must prove that the requested amount of water is needed for their land and construct facilities to save it.Duthu, N. Bruce (2008\). *American Indians and the Law*, p. 106\-107\. Viking Penguin, New York, {{ISBN\|978\-0\-670\-01857\-4}}. ### *Winters v. United States* *Winters v. United States* (1908\) involved the [Fort Belknap Indian Reservation](/wiki/Fort_Belknap_Indian_Reservation "Fort Belknap Indian Reservation"), created by the 1888 agreement with the federal government. This agreement made one boundary of the reservation a part of the [Milk River](/wiki/Milk_River_%28Alberta%E2%80%93Montana%29 "Milk River (Alberta–Montana)"), but it did not mention water rights to that river. Afterwards, non\-Indian [settlers](/wiki/Settler "Settler") off the reservation constructed [dams](/wiki/Dam "Dam") in the river that interfered with the tribe's agricultural use of the water. The settlers claimed appropriative rights after the reservation had been established, but before the tribe began to use the water. The Supreme Court held that the water rights were automatically reserved by the 1888 agreement that created the reservation. The Court assumed the Indians would not reserve lands for farming without also reserving the water that would make such farming possible.Canby Jr., William C. *American Indian Law in a Nutshell*. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 2004\. Pg. 429\. ### *Arizona v. California* In *[Arizona v. California](/wiki/Arizona_v._California "Arizona v. California")* (1963\), the Court had to determine water rights of tribes along the [Colorado River](/wiki/Colorado_River "Colorado River") whose reservations were established by both statute and [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 "Executive order (United States)"). The Court held that the statute or executive order could not have meant to establish reservations without also reserving the use of water for the [productivity](/wiki/Productivity "Productivity") of the tribes. Therefore, the Court held the water rights were effectively reserved at the time of the reservation's creation. Arizona v. California also concerned the quantity of water reserved. The Supreme Court ruled that the tribes were entitled to enough water to irrigate all the "practicable irrigable acreage" on the reservation. #### Non\-Native American purchaser's rights 1\. A [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") allotee is entitled to the share of the reservation's water that is needed to irrigate their land. 2\. When a Native American sells their allotment to a non\-Native American, the purchaser acquires the allotment's reserved water rights. 3\. The priority date of those rights remains the date when the reservation was created. 4\. Non\-Native American allottees can lose their water rights to non\-use. #### *Winters* rights as property *Winters* rights coming from a [treaty](/wiki/Treaty "Treaty") or statute creating a reservation are property to which title is recognized. When a reservation is created by an executive order, "the tribal title is unrecognized for [Fifth Amendment](/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution") purposes."Canby, William C (2004\). *American Indian Law in a Nutshell*, p. 440\. West, a Thompson business., Minnesota. {{ISBN\|0\-314\-14640\-7}}. [thumb\|200px\|left\|The Arkansas River flows through the northeastern part of Oklahoma](/wiki/Image:Precipitation_of_Oklahoma.gif "Precipitation of Oklahoma.gif") ### Tribes not within reservations #### Cherokee water rights This court case defined the place of Native American tribes in the modern court. It involved water rights in the case of the Cherokee nation. Winters Rights do not apply to the [Cherokee Nation](/wiki/Cherokee_Nation "Cherokee Nation") because there is no actual Cherokee reservation. During this July 2009 proceeding, the state of Oklahoma sought [monetary damages](/wiki/Monetary_damages "Monetary damages") and [injunctive relief](/wiki/Injunctive_relief "Injunctive relief") against the [Tyson Foods](/wiki/Tyson_Foods "Tyson Foods") Corporation, due to the injury to the [Illinois River](/wiki/Illinois_River_%28Arkansas%29 "Illinois River (Arkansas)") watershed from poultry waste. The defendant, Tyson Foods, Inc., moved to dismiss the case because the Cherokee Nation was not involved, though they were a required party. The ruling on this motion helped determine the standing of the Cherokee Nation concerning water rights in their region. The Court, in order to determine if case could proceed without the involvement of the Cherokee Nation, applied Rule 19\. The first step in this process determined if the Cherokee Nation was a required party, meaning that complete relief could not be offered, their absence would impede a person's ability to protect the interest, or more [obligations](/wiki/Obligation "Obligation") could occur due to the interest. In this court ruling, it was determined that the Cherokee Nation has substantial interests, such as seen in their Environmental Quality Code which shows interest in protecting the Illinois River and vindicating any [pollution](/wiki/Pollution "Pollution"). The Cherokee Nation also has an interest in recovering remedies for any injuries, in regulating and taxing things concerning the environment of the Cherokee Nation. Furthermore, the Cherokee Nation claims their water rights derived from federal law and treaties were unaffected by statehood. In entering into [cooperative agreements](/wiki/Cooperative_agreement "Cooperative agreement") with tribes, which would be necessary to resolve the issue of water rights (especially in the case of the Cherokee Nation and Tyson Foods) the state of Oklahoma must meet explicit requirements. 1\. The Governor is authorized, as well as any other named designee, and is allowed to enter into cooperative agreements on behalf of the state with federally recognized tribes within that state if an issue of mutual interest is being addressed. 2\. Approval of the Secretary of the Interior is required if the cooperative agreement dealing with issues of mutual interest involves trust responsibilities. 3\. Any cooperative agreement specified and authorized by paragraph 1 that involves the surface/groundwater resources of the states or which in whole or in part apportions the ownership of those resources, shall become effective if the [Oklahoma Legislature](/wiki/Oklahoma_Legislature "Oklahoma Legislature") grants consent to authorize such cooperative agreement. The United States historically promised the [Five Civilized Tribes](/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes "Five Civilized Tribes") that their lands would not be included without their consent in the territorial limits or [jurisdiction](/wiki/Jurisdiction "Jurisdiction") of a state. This doctrine, known as the Five Tribes Doctrine, according to scholar Jennifer Pelfrey: > Southeast Oklahoma is unique from other tribal reservation areas because of the Five Tribes doctrine. The federal government removed the Five Civilized Tribes to specific unsettled lands within the Indian Territory. At that time it also granted federal land patents to the Five Tribes and the Tribes were authorized to issue tribal patents in the case of a transfer of their tribal land. The doctrine holds that this "permanent homeland" includes rights to all the water within it, not just enough to fulfill the land's purpose, as under the *Winters* doctrine. In addition, the Supreme Court has held in past decisions that the federal government conveyed specific lands directly to Indian tribes, and that a state that later enveloped tribal land did not inherit rights to the water on that land. The Tribes also point to Oklahoma's 1906 Enabling Act, federal legislation which says that the State Constitution shall not limit the rights held by the Indians of Oklahoma. The Oklahoma State Constitution, as adopted in 1907,further provides that non\-Indian inhabitants of the State do not have rights to Indian lands. The Five Tribes doctrine emphasizes that under federal legislation treating the Five Tribes differently from other tribes on reservations, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Tribes in southeastern Oklahoma would own all the water on their lands, and would not be subject to state authority as to its use or non\-use.Pelphrey, Jennifer. "Oklahoma's State/Tribal Water Compact: Three Cheers for Compromise. 29 *American Indian Law Review* 127\. Pp. 127–150\. The *Winters* ruling also applied to this case, because a ruling in 2007 determined that water rights were reserved even in riparian jurisdictions. The ruling in this motion determined that the state did not have proper standing to proceed with this case without the Cherokee Nation's involvement.
[ "Federally recognized Indian tribes and water law\n------------------------------------------------", "### Tribes within reservations", "Reserved Native American water rights are commonly known as '***Winters* rights**, determined by the *Winters* and *Arizona v. California* cases.Canby, William C (2004\\). *American Indian Law in a Nutshell*, p. 431\\-432\\. West, a Thompson business., Minnesota. {{ISBN\\|0\\-314\\-14640\\-7}}.", "1. Rights are defined by [federal law](/wiki/Federal_law \"Federal law\")\n2. Establishment of a [reservation](/wiki/Indian_reservation \"Indian reservation\") by treaty, statute or [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\") includes an implied reservation of water rights in sources within or bordering the reservation\n3. Based on date, users with prior appropriation dates under [state law](/wiki/State_law_%28United_States%29 \"State law (United States)\") take precedence over the [Native American rights](/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights \"Native American civil rights\"), but those with later dates are subordinate\n4. Quantity of water reserved is the amount sufficient to irrigate all irrigable land on the reservation\n5. Rights are not lost due to non\\-use", "Indian tribes have sole rights to water only after they have determined practicable irrigable acreage (PIA). According to legal scholar Bruce Duthu, tribes must prove that the requested amount of water is needed for their land and construct facilities to save it.Duthu, N. Bruce (2008\\). *American Indians and the Law*, p. 106\\-107\\. Viking Penguin, New York, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-670\\-01857\\-4}}.", "### *Winters v. United States*", "*Winters v. United States* (1908\\) involved the [Fort Belknap Indian Reservation](/wiki/Fort_Belknap_Indian_Reservation \"Fort Belknap Indian Reservation\"), created by the 1888 agreement with the federal government. This agreement made one boundary of the reservation a part of the [Milk River](/wiki/Milk_River_%28Alberta%E2%80%93Montana%29 \"Milk River (Alberta–Montana)\"), but it did not mention water rights to that river. Afterwards, non\\-Indian [settlers](/wiki/Settler \"Settler\") off the reservation constructed [dams](/wiki/Dam \"Dam\") in the river that interfered with the tribe's agricultural use of the water. The settlers claimed appropriative rights after the reservation had been established, but before the tribe began to use the water. The Supreme Court held that the water rights were automatically reserved by the 1888 agreement that created the reservation. The Court assumed the Indians would not reserve lands for farming without also reserving the water that would make such farming possible.Canby Jr., William C. *American Indian Law in a Nutshell*. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 2004\\. Pg. 429\\.", "### *Arizona v. California*", "In *[Arizona v. California](/wiki/Arizona_v._California \"Arizona v. California\")* (1963\\), the Court had to determine water rights of tribes along the [Colorado River](/wiki/Colorado_River \"Colorado River\") whose reservations were established by both statute and [executive order](/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29 \"Executive order (United States)\"). The Court held that the statute or executive order could not have meant to establish reservations without also reserving the use of water for the [productivity](/wiki/Productivity \"Productivity\") of the tribes. Therefore, the Court held the water rights were effectively reserved at the time of the reservation's creation. Arizona v. California also concerned the quantity of water reserved. The Supreme Court ruled that the tribes were entitled to enough water to irrigate all the \"practicable irrigable acreage\" on the reservation.", "#### Non\\-Native American purchaser's rights", "1\\. A [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") allotee is entitled to the share of the reservation's water that is needed to irrigate their land.", "2\\. When a Native American sells their allotment to a non\\-Native American, the purchaser acquires the allotment's reserved water rights.", "3\\. The priority date of those rights remains the date when the reservation was created.", "4\\. Non\\-Native American allottees can lose their water rights to non\\-use.", "#### *Winters* rights as property", "*Winters* rights coming from a [treaty](/wiki/Treaty \"Treaty\") or statute creating a reservation are property to which title is recognized. When a reservation is created by an executive order, \"the tribal title is unrecognized for [Fifth Amendment](/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") purposes.\"Canby, William C (2004\\). *American Indian Law in a Nutshell*, p. 440\\. West, a Thompson business., Minnesota. {{ISBN\\|0\\-314\\-14640\\-7}}.", "[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|The Arkansas River flows through the northeastern part of Oklahoma](/wiki/Image:Precipitation_of_Oklahoma.gif \"Precipitation of Oklahoma.gif\")", "### Tribes not within reservations", "#### Cherokee water rights", "This court case defined the place of Native American tribes in the modern court. It involved water rights in the case of the Cherokee nation. Winters Rights do not apply to the [Cherokee Nation](/wiki/Cherokee_Nation \"Cherokee Nation\") because there is no actual Cherokee reservation. During this July 2009 proceeding, the state of Oklahoma sought [monetary damages](/wiki/Monetary_damages \"Monetary damages\") and [injunctive relief](/wiki/Injunctive_relief \"Injunctive relief\") against the [Tyson Foods](/wiki/Tyson_Foods \"Tyson Foods\") Corporation, due to the injury to the [Illinois River](/wiki/Illinois_River_%28Arkansas%29 \"Illinois River (Arkansas)\") watershed from poultry waste. The defendant, Tyson Foods, Inc., moved to dismiss the case because the Cherokee Nation was not involved, though they were a required party. The ruling on this motion helped determine the standing of the Cherokee Nation concerning water rights in their region.", "The Court, in order to determine if case could proceed without the involvement of the Cherokee Nation, applied Rule 19\\. The first step in this process determined if the Cherokee Nation was a required party, meaning that complete relief could not be offered, their absence would impede a person's ability to protect the interest, or more [obligations](/wiki/Obligation \"Obligation\") could occur due to the interest. In this court ruling, it was determined that the Cherokee Nation has substantial interests, such as seen in their Environmental Quality Code which shows interest in protecting the Illinois River and vindicating any [pollution](/wiki/Pollution \"Pollution\"). The Cherokee Nation also has an interest in recovering remedies for any injuries, in regulating and taxing things concerning the environment of the Cherokee Nation. Furthermore, the Cherokee Nation claims their water rights derived from federal law and treaties were unaffected by statehood. In entering into [cooperative agreements](/wiki/Cooperative_agreement \"Cooperative agreement\") with tribes, which would be necessary to resolve the issue of water rights (especially in the case of the Cherokee Nation and Tyson Foods) the state of Oklahoma must meet explicit requirements.", "1\\. The Governor is authorized, as well as any other named designee, and is allowed to enter into cooperative agreements on behalf of the state with federally recognized tribes within that state if an issue of mutual interest is being addressed.", "2\\. Approval of the Secretary of the Interior is required if the cooperative agreement dealing with issues of mutual interest involves trust responsibilities.", "3\\. Any cooperative agreement specified and authorized by paragraph 1 that involves the surface/groundwater resources of the states or which in whole or in part apportions the ownership of those resources, shall become effective if the [Oklahoma Legislature](/wiki/Oklahoma_Legislature \"Oklahoma Legislature\") grants consent to authorize such cooperative agreement.", "The United States historically promised the [Five Civilized Tribes](/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes \"Five Civilized Tribes\") that their lands would not be included without their consent in the territorial limits or [jurisdiction](/wiki/Jurisdiction \"Jurisdiction\") of a state. This doctrine, known as the Five Tribes Doctrine, according to scholar Jennifer Pelfrey:", "", "> Southeast Oklahoma is unique from other tribal reservation areas because of the Five Tribes doctrine. The federal government removed the Five Civilized Tribes to specific unsettled lands within the Indian Territory. At that time it also granted federal land patents to the Five Tribes and the Tribes were authorized to issue tribal patents in the case of a transfer of their tribal land. The doctrine holds that this \"permanent homeland\" includes rights to all the water within it, not just enough to fulfill the land's purpose, as under the *Winters* doctrine. In addition, the Supreme Court has held in past decisions that the federal government conveyed specific lands directly to Indian tribes, and that a state that later enveloped tribal land did not inherit rights to the water on that land. The Tribes also point to Oklahoma's 1906 Enabling Act, federal legislation which says that the State Constitution shall not limit the rights held by the Indians of Oklahoma. The Oklahoma State Constitution, as adopted in 1907,further provides that non\\-Indian inhabitants of the State do not have rights to Indian lands. The Five Tribes doctrine emphasizes that under federal legislation treating the Five Tribes differently from other tribes on reservations, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Tribes in southeastern Oklahoma would own all the water on their lands, and would not be subject to state authority as to its use or non\\-use.Pelphrey, Jennifer. \"Oklahoma's State/Tribal Water Compact: Three Cheers for Compromise. 29 *American Indian Law Review* 127\\. Pp. 127–150\\.", "The *Winters* ruling also applied to this case, because a ruling in 2007 determined that water rights were reserved even in riparian jurisdictions.", "The ruling in this motion determined that the state did not have proper standing to proceed with this case without the Cherokee Nation's involvement.", "" ]
Background ---------- Frank Fuster, aka Francisco Fuster\-Escalona, had recently married Ileana Flores. They owned the Country Walk Babysitting Service in the [Country Walk](/wiki/Country_Walk%2C_Florida "Country Walk, Florida") suburb of [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami "Miami"). Frank had been convicted for the 1969 manslaughter of Jack (or Jacob) Isenbek, and in 1980 was shot in the head which family members said led to personality changes. He was convicted for fondling a 9\-year\-old child in 1981\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/talk/\|title\=Discussion \| Did Daddy Do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS\|website\=www.pbs.org \|year\=2002}} He pled guilty to manslaughter and does not dispute this conviction,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/liveonline/02/frontline/tv\_frontline042602\.htm\|title\=Washingtonpost.com: Live Online\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=April 26, 2002 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419141513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-srv/liveonline/02/frontline/tv\_frontline042602\.htm \|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-19 \|url\-status\=live}} but has disputed his responsibility.{{Cite web\|url\=https://frankfuster.org/more\-about\-my\-cases/\|title\=More about my Cases \| Free Frank Fuster\|first\=Frank \|last\=Fuster \|publisher\=Friends of Justice \|date\=November 21, 2020 }} In the 1981 sex abuse case he maintained his innocence and refused a plea bargain of 6{{nbs}}months probation. He was convicted and initially sentenced to 2{{nbs}}years probation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://frankfuster.org/introduction/\|title\=Introduction \| A Prison Post \|first\=Frank \|last\=Fuster \|publisher\=Friends of Justice \|date\=November 6, 2020 }} Frank regrets following the advice of his lawyer, Henri Rauch, in not taking the stand in this case.{{Cite web\|url\=https://frankfuster.org/still\-more\-about\-the\-1981\-case/\|title\=Still More About the 1981 Case \| Free Frank Fuster \|date\=December 4, 2020}} Wood et al., who defended Fuster in the Country Walk case, "have no doubt he was rightfully convicted in \[his two previous] cases." According to his defense team, his probation officer approved Fuster's working at a day care.{{cite web \|url\=https://fuster.ncrj.org/wp\-content/uploads/2020/10/ffNewsBulletin96\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031015041024/http://ags.uci.edu/\~dehill/witchhunt/cases/country\_walk/fuster.htm \|archive\-date\=2003\-10\-15 \|title\=Frank Fuster, aka Francisco Fuster\-Escalona \|date\=1996 \|publisher\=The Frank Fuster Defense Team \|access\-date\=28 October 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} In 1985 he was charged and convicted of 14{{nbs}}counts of child sexual abuse at this day care. He was sentenced to prison with a minimum term of 165{{nbs}}years.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telemundo51\.com/noticias/reportajes\-especiales/30\-anos\-despues/95737/\|title\=30 años después. I y II parte \|publisher\=\[\[WSCV\|Telemundo 51]] \|date\=February 24, 2015 \|trans\-title\=30 years later. Parts I and II }} The Fusters' victims testified that the Fusters led them in quai\-Satanic rituals and terrorized them by forcing them to watch Mr. Fuster mutilate birds to intimidate any children who might reveal the abuse.{{cite news \|last\=Collins \|first\=Glen \|title\=Nightmare in Country Walk \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=1986\-12\-14 \|quote\=Mr. Fuster was convicted of molesting the children entrusted to his wife's care in their home in the middle\-class Dade County suburb of Country Walk, a planned development that was intended to be an idyllic refuge from the anxieties of urban Miami. \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/14/books/nightmare\-in\-country\-walk.html?pagewanted\=print \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-01}} The child witnesses were questioned by [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami") [child psychologists](/wiki/Child_psychologist "Child psychologist") Laurie and Joseph Braga, who used methods that critics characterized as coercive.{{cite book \|author\=De Young, Mary \|author\-link\=Mary de Young \|title\=The day care ritual abuse moral panic \|publisher\=McFarland \|location\=Jefferson, N.C \|year\=2004 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_e8ZkJBtz0EC\&pg\=PA71 \|page\=71 \|isbn\=978\-0\-7864\-1830\-5 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/whos\-abusing\-who\-6364033\|title\=Who's Abusing Who?\|first\=Steven\|last\=Almond \|author\-link\=Steve Almond \|date\=December 15, 1993\|website\=\[\[Miami New Times]]}} The Bragas allegedly questioned the Fusters' son for seven hours{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=x99\-BAAAQBAJ \|title\=We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s \|year\=2015 \|first\=Richard \|last\=Beck \|page\=142\|publisher\=PublicAffairs \|isbn\=9781610392884 }} Critics declared the Bragas "became known as 'the pied pipers of child abuse{{'"}}.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.sun\-sentinel.com/news/fl\-xpm\-2002\-04\-25\-0204240332\-story.html \|title \= PBS Revisits Country Walk Abuse Case \|newspaper\=\[\[Sun Sentinel]] \|date\=2002\-04\-25 }} The [United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit") rejected arguments about allegedly coercive questioning methods being relevant to the case. The court ruled the issue had been fully litigated in the original trial, with defense council cross\-examining the Bragas and also presenting an expert witness, Dr. Lee Coleman, who outlined possible problems with interviewing children. Furthermore, the appeals court noted: "parents of several of the children who utilized Fuster’s babysitting service testified that their children exhibited severe behavioral and physical problems shortly after attending this service" but before being interviewed. On the basis of Illian's allegation that Frank has abused his six\-year\-old son Noel, the boy was administered a throat culture which found evidence of gonorrhea. Critics note the test was relatively new, and also alleged it was unreliable as "it cannot distinguish \[gonorrhea] from \[other microbes] that occur normally in both children's and adults' throats", and has "a false positive rate in children of over one third."{{Cite web\|url\=https://fuster.ncrj.org/\|title\=Free Frank Fuster \|publisher\=\[\[National Center for Reason and Justice]] \|year\=2020 }} The prosecutors destroyed the test sample, preventing a retest. The 11th Circuit in 2006 later found Fuster's objections to the gonorrhea test were without merit, as he did not raise a specific Constitutional objection and "does not argue that his son’s test was actually negative". The court furthermore noted the gonorrhea test "merely corroborated other evidence that Fuster had sexually abused his son." The positive gonorrhea test seemed to have convinced the prosecution of the Fusters' guilt so they sought a confession from Ileana. Attorney Michael Von Zamft had been representing both Fusters but dropped Francisco and critics allege he tried to help Ileana [recover memories](/wiki/Recovered_memories "Recovered memories") of abuse. "Francisco's defender thus became his prosecutor." Von Zamft and the prosecution brought in contractors called the "Behavior Changers" to extract a confession from Ileana. Ileana, in 2001, described the "Behavior Changers": > Since they had all the stories from the children and I didn't remember, they will make me close my eyes and just they will tell me the story. They would tell me the story. Then in my mind, I have to go step by step the way how they were telling me the story. I had to imagine that that was happening. ... If I made a mistake, then they would correct me: ... They would tell me the name of the children. I couldn't remember all of them, so they would correct me again. And we would do this over and over until I got the memory piece that supposedly was missing.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/ileana.html \|title \= Interviews \- Ileana Flores \| Did Daddy do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS\| website\=\[\[PBS]] }} Following this treatment, in 1985 Michael Rappaport, of the Behavior Changers, and Janet Reno accompanied Ileana during her [deposition](/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29 "Deposition (law)") against Frank, in which she gave many details including snakes and feces and was periodically interrupted and guided by Rappaport.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/frank/85depo.html \|title \= Was Fuster a Monster? \- Ileana Flores' 1985 Deposition \| Did Daddy do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS\| website\=\[\[PBS]] }} Sociologist [Richard Ofshe](/wiki/Richard_Ofshe "Richard Ofshe") studied the case and in his deposition stated: > Ileana Fuster was hypnotized repeatedly prior to trial; that Ileana has personality characteristics ... that indicate a high level of suggestibility coupled with a great desire to please; that the testimony she eventually gave against her husband is likely to have included a great many elements that were suggested to her by therapists in the weeks leading up to trial; and that, as a result, her trial testimony cannot be considered reliable, factual or as historical truth.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oranous.com/innocence/FrankFuster/Ofshe.htm \|title\=Frank Fuster case: Ofshe testimony, affidavit, credentials, honors \|first\=Richard \|last\=Ofshe \|author\-link\=Richard Ofshe \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104174740/http://www.oranous.com/innocence/FrankFuster/Ofshe.htm \|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-04 \|access\-date\=2021\-12\-05 \|url\-status\=live }} She furthermore said that this "leaves 'no question' that \[the Behavior Changers] were involved in coercing a confession." Ileana Flores, however, did not admit to such claims when she pled guilty, instead maintaining "that she was innocent but wanted 'to get all of this over{{'"}}. Ileana served 3{{nbs}}years imprisonment, where she divorced her husband and was [born\-again](/wiki/Born-again "Born-again"). She was then deported to Honduras, accompanied by members of her new church. The Fusters lost custody of their son, Noel, who did not testify. He went to live with his biological mother and her husband. He has since denied that he was abused.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/goodman.html \|title \= Interviews \- Noel Goodman \| Did Daddy do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS\| website\=\[\[PBS]] }} Because Noel denied being abused, he did not share in the settlements, of over five\-million dollars, paid to the families of the alleged victims in this case by the [Disney](/wiki/Disney "Disney")\-owned Arvida Corporation, developers of [Country Walk](/wiki/Country_Walk "Country Walk"). Ileana offered testimony against her husband after she had pled guilty but before she was sentenced.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.sun\-sentinel.com/news/fl\-xpm\-1985\-10\-01\-8502110607\-story.html \|title \= Wife's Testimony Prompts Angry Outburst from Fuster \|newspaper\=\[\[Sun Sentinel]] \|date\=1985\-10\-01 }} She later recanted her court testimony, claiming that she had been kept naked in solitary confinement and subjected to other forms of physical and psychological duress until she had agreed to testify against her husband.{{cite episode\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=icw3AkvkbWE \|title\=Did Daddy Do It? \|publisher\=PBS\|transcript\=Transcript\|transcript\-url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/etc/script.html\|date\=April 25, 2002\|series\=\[\[Frontline (American TV program)\|Frontline]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326052018/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-03\-26 \|url\-status\=live }} Defense investigator Stephen Dinerstein confirmed this, deposing "that the shower, when received, is a hosing down in the cell. That she is in a cell with nothing in it but a light in the ceiling and that she is often kept nude and in view of everybody and anybody." Flores told Frontline that prosecutor Janet Reno visited her in jail, saying "I'm sorry, but you are not \[innocent]. You're going to have to help us." The number and timing of Reno's visits are in dispute, with Rappaport claiming at least 30{{nbs}}such visits, and admitting to 34{{nbs}}interro{{shy}}gations of his own. Ileana's interro{{shy}}gations have been described as torture{{cite web \| url\=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/10/kavanaugh\-confirmation\-battle\-mass\-hysteria\-roots/ \|title \= The Road to Waco\|date \= 4 October 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[National Review]] \|first\=Kevin \|last\=Williamson \|author\-link\=Kevin D. Williamson}} that defense witness [Ralph Underwager](/wiki/Ralph_Underwager "Ralph Underwager") described as similar to the "psychological torture" of American prisoners of war in the Korean War. When Von Zamft dropped Frank, it left him with defense attorney Jeffrey Samek. Fuster says that after his 1981 conviction, Samek wanted to handle his appeal,{{Cite web\|url\=https://frankfuster.org/the\-1981\-case\-goes\-to\-trial/\|title\=The 1981 Case Goes to Trial \| Free Frank Fuster \|date\=December 10, 2020}} but then Samek found no ground for appeal, which Fuster says prevented his filing an appeal on time.{{Cite web\|url\=https://frankfuster.org/after\-the\-trial\-we\-move\-to\-country\-walk/\|title\=After the trial, we move to Country Walk \| Free Frank Fuster \|date\=December 17, 2020 }} In the 1985 trial, Samek accused Fuster of assaulting him and Fuster accused Samek of lying. Both requested that Samek be replaced, but the judge did not permit this.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yHjJijtGUSA \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/yHjJijtGUSA \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-15 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Fuster's own lawyer accuses him of assault \- YouTube\|website\=www.youtube.com \|date\=Sep 9, 2018 }}{{cbignore}} Fuster later admitted that he "took \[Samek] by his clothes and put him against a wall."{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/fuster.html\|title\=Interviews \- Frank Fuster \| Did Daddy Do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS\|website\=www.pbs.org}} When Fuster was convicted, Samek said "there is some feeling someone charged with these crimes is guilty until proven innocent. I'm not saying that's the case here."{{cite web \| url\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os\-xpm\-1985\-10\-03\-0330280085\-story.html \|title \= Fuster Guilty of Sexual Abuse: Dade Man's Time in Prison Totals 165 Years \|publisher\=\[\[Orlando Sentinel]] \|date\=1985\-10\-03 }} At his deposition, Dinerstein complained that Fuster's defense lawyers were not interested and refused to meet him when he discovered exculpatory information.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/15/letters\-231/ \| title\=Letters\| date\=27 September 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[National Review]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118195839/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/15/letters\-231/ \|archive\-date\=2019\-01\-18 }} Fuster's appeal "claim of ineffective assistance of counsel" was rejected as he did not make this claim on time. In 1995 in Honduras, Ileana gave a deposition to Arthur Cohen, an appeal lawyer representing Fuster, that she could not remember any child abuse "because nothing really happened."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ipt\-forensics.com/journal/volume6/j6\_4\_2\.htm\|title\=IPT Journal \- "Statement of Ileana Flores Regarding Florida vs. Fuster"\|website\=www.ipt\-forensics.com}} A judge ruled that this was sufficient to call for a hearing regarding a new trial for Fuster, and arranged for Ileana to testify remotely from Honduras. Soon thereafter, Rev. Tommy Watson, the minister of her new church that was paying for her education and who had helped to negotiate her early release and deportation, flew to Honduras to meet with Ileana. There Ileana signed a letter recanting her denial, witnessed by Watson.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/frank/letterrecant.html \|title \= Was Fuster a Monster? \- Ileana's Letter of Recantation \| Did Daddy do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS \|website \= \[\[PBS]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040731033917/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Embassy/9062/Ileana2\.txt \|archive\-date \= 2004\-07\-31 \|url\-status\=live }} This prevented the hearing that attorneys Cohen and Robert Rosenthal were trying to arrange for Frank.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/rosenthal.html \|title \= Interviews \- Robert Rosenthal \| Did Daddy do It \| FRONTLINE \| PBS\| website\=\[\[PBS]] }} In her 2001 *Frontline* interview, Ileana changed her story once again, claiming that Watson threatened her into signing that letter. *Frontline* producer and director [Michael Kirk](/wiki/Michael_Kirk "Michael Kirk") said "The question to me is not whether Ileana is a liar. Ileana is a liar. The only question is when. When she pled guilty, or now?" {{As of\|2020}}, Frank Fuster continues to serve a 165\-year prison sentence.{{cite web \|title\=Florida Department of Law Enforcement – Sexual Offender / Predator Flyer \|url\=http://offender.fdle.state.fl.us/offender/flyer.do?personId\=58857 \|access\-date\=10 March 2014 \|archive\-date\=10 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183019/http://offender.fdle.state.fl.us/offender/flyer.do?personId\=58857 \|url\-status\=dead }} Fuster and his defense claimed that he rejected a [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargain "Plea bargain") of a 15\-year sentence that would have released him even sooner.{{Cite web\|url\=https://frankfuster.org/the\-truth\-about\-my\-convictions/ \|title\=The Truth about my Convictions \| Free Frank Fuster\|first\=Frank \|last\=Fuster \|publisher\=Prison Post: Friends of Justice \|date\=November 18, 2020 }} His many appeals and requests for clemency have been unsuccessful,{{cite web \| url\=https://casetext.com/case/fuster\-v\-state\-1 \| title\=Fuster v. State, 664 So. 2d 18 \| Casetext Search \+ Citator \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324204425/https://casetext.com/case/fuster\-v\-state\-1 \|date\=December 20, 1995 \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2020 \|url\-status\=live }} [Alt URL](https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914837aadd7b049344a8341){{cite web \| url\=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate\-courts/ca11/04\-15355/200415355\-2011\-02\-28\.html \| title\=Francisco Fuster\-Escalona v. FL Dept. Of Corr., No. 04\-15355 (11th Cir. 2006\)}} and he has lacked legal representation since 2003\. In 2012, the [Innocence Project](/wiki/Innocence_Project "Innocence Project") declined to take his case, telling Fuster, "We have reviewed your case and have determined that our office cannot accept it," with no further explanation. He will not be eligible for [parole](/wiki/Parole "Parole") until [2134](/wiki/2134 "2134"). Fuster has been attacked five times in prison, and most seriously when a fellow prisoner stabbed Fuster in the neck.{{cite web \|author\-link\=Alexander Cockburn \|first\=Alexander \|last\=Cockburn \|title\=Beat the Devil: Reno's Victim \|publisher\=\[\[The Nation]] \|date\=September 20, 1993 \|pages\=272–273 \|url\=https://ncrj.org/\_fuster/wp\-content/uploads/2020/11/CockburnBeatTheDevil.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207230923/https://ncrj.org/\_fuster/wp\-content/uploads/2020/11/CockburnBeatTheDevil.pdf \|archive\-date\=2020\-12\-07 }}
[ "Background\n----------", "Frank Fuster, aka Francisco Fuster\\-Escalona, had recently married Ileana Flores. They owned the Country Walk Babysitting Service in the [Country Walk](/wiki/Country_Walk%2C_Florida \"Country Walk, Florida\") suburb of [Miami, Florida](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\"). Frank had been convicted for the 1969 manslaughter of Jack (or Jacob) Isenbek, and in 1980 was shot in the head which family members said led to personality changes. He was convicted for fondling a 9\\-year\\-old child in 1981\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/talk/\\|title\\=Discussion \\| Did Daddy Do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS\\|website\\=www.pbs.org \\|year\\=2002}} He pled guilty to manslaughter and does not dispute this conviction,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/liveonline/02/frontline/tv\\_frontline042602\\.htm\\|title\\=Washingtonpost.com: Live Online\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=April 26, 2002 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419141513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-srv/liveonline/02/frontline/tv\\_frontline042602\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} but has disputed his responsibility.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://frankfuster.org/more\\-about\\-my\\-cases/\\|title\\=More about my Cases \\| Free Frank Fuster\\|first\\=Frank \\|last\\=Fuster \\|publisher\\=Friends of Justice \\|date\\=November 21, 2020 }} In the 1981 sex abuse case he maintained his innocence and refused a plea bargain of 6{{nbs}}months probation. He was convicted and initially sentenced to 2{{nbs}}years probation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://frankfuster.org/introduction/\\|title\\=Introduction \\| A Prison Post \\|first\\=Frank \\|last\\=Fuster \\|publisher\\=Friends of Justice \\|date\\=November 6, 2020 }} Frank regrets following the advice of his lawyer, Henri Rauch, in not taking the stand in this case.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://frankfuster.org/still\\-more\\-about\\-the\\-1981\\-case/\\|title\\=Still More About the 1981 Case \\| Free Frank Fuster \\|date\\=December 4, 2020}} Wood et al., who defended Fuster in the Country Walk case, \"have no doubt he was rightfully convicted in \\[his two previous] cases.\" According to his defense team, his probation officer approved Fuster's working at a day care.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://fuster.ncrj.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/10/ffNewsBulletin96\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031015041024/http://ags.uci.edu/\\~dehill/witchhunt/cases/country\\_walk/fuster.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=Frank Fuster, aka Francisco Fuster\\-Escalona \\|date\\=1996 \\|publisher\\=The Frank Fuster Defense Team \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 1985 he was charged and convicted of 14{{nbs}}counts of child sexual abuse at this day care. He was sentenced to prison with a minimum term of 165{{nbs}}years.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telemundo51\\.com/noticias/reportajes\\-especiales/30\\-anos\\-despues/95737/\\|title\\=30 años después. I y II parte \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[WSCV\\|Telemundo 51]] \\|date\\=February 24, 2015 \\|trans\\-title\\=30 years later. Parts I and II }} The Fusters' victims testified that the Fusters led them in quai\\-Satanic rituals and terrorized them by forcing them to watch Mr. Fuster mutilate birds to intimidate any children who might reveal the abuse.{{cite news \\|last\\=Collins \\|first\\=Glen \\|title\\=Nightmare in Country Walk \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=1986\\-12\\-14 \\|quote\\=Mr. Fuster was convicted of molesting the children entrusted to his wife's care in their home in the middle\\-class Dade County suburb of Country Walk, a planned development that was intended to be an idyllic refuge from the anxieties of urban Miami. \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/14/books/nightmare\\-in\\-country\\-walk.html?pagewanted\\=print \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-01}}", "The child witnesses were questioned by [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami \"University of Miami\") [child psychologists](/wiki/Child_psychologist \"Child psychologist\") Laurie and Joseph Braga, who used methods that critics characterized as coercive.{{cite book \\|author\\=De Young, Mary \\|author\\-link\\=Mary de Young \\|title\\=The day care ritual abuse moral panic \\|publisher\\=McFarland \\|location\\=Jefferson, N.C \\|year\\=2004 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_e8ZkJBtz0EC\\&pg\\=PA71 \\|page\\=71 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7864\\-1830\\-5 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/whos\\-abusing\\-who\\-6364033\\|title\\=Who's Abusing Who?\\|first\\=Steven\\|last\\=Almond \\|author\\-link\\=Steve Almond \\|date\\=December 15, 1993\\|website\\=\\[\\[Miami New Times]]}} The Bragas allegedly questioned the Fusters' son for seven hours{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=x99\\-BAAAQBAJ \\|title\\=We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s \\|year\\=2015 \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Beck \\|page\\=142\\|publisher\\=PublicAffairs \\|isbn\\=9781610392884 }} Critics declared the Bragas \"became known as 'the pied pipers of child abuse{{'\"}}.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.sun\\-sentinel.com/news/fl\\-xpm\\-2002\\-04\\-25\\-0204240332\\-story.html \\|title \\= PBS Revisits Country Walk Abuse Case \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sun Sentinel]] \\|date\\=2002\\-04\\-25 }} The [United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit\") rejected arguments about allegedly coercive questioning methods being relevant to the case. The court ruled the issue had been fully litigated in the original trial, with defense council cross\\-examining the Bragas and also presenting an expert witness, Dr. Lee Coleman, who outlined possible problems with interviewing children. Furthermore, the appeals court noted: \"parents of several of the children who utilized Fuster’s babysitting service testified that their children exhibited severe behavioral and physical problems shortly after attending this service\" but before being interviewed.", "On the basis of Illian's allegation that Frank has abused his six\\-year\\-old son Noel, the boy was administered a throat culture which found evidence of gonorrhea. Critics note the test was relatively new, and also alleged it was unreliable as \"it cannot distinguish \\[gonorrhea] from \\[other microbes] that occur normally in both children's and adults' throats\", and has \"a false positive rate in children of over one third.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://fuster.ncrj.org/\\|title\\=Free Frank Fuster \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Center for Reason and Justice]] \\|year\\=2020 }} The prosecutors destroyed the test sample, preventing a retest. The 11th Circuit in 2006 later found Fuster's objections to the gonorrhea test were without merit, as he did not raise a specific Constitutional objection and \"does not argue that his son’s test was actually negative\". The court furthermore noted the gonorrhea test \"merely corroborated other evidence that Fuster had sexually abused his son.\"", "The positive gonorrhea test seemed to have convinced the prosecution of the Fusters' guilt so they sought a confession from Ileana. Attorney Michael Von Zamft had been representing both Fusters but dropped Francisco and critics allege he tried to help Ileana [recover memories](/wiki/Recovered_memories \"Recovered memories\") of abuse. \"Francisco's defender thus became his prosecutor.\" Von Zamft and the prosecution brought in contractors called the \"Behavior Changers\" to extract a confession from Ileana. Ileana, in 2001, described the \"Behavior Changers\":", "", "> Since they had all the stories from the children and I didn't remember, they will make me close my eyes and just they will tell me the story. They would tell me the story. Then in my mind, I have to go step by step the way how they were telling me the story. I had to imagine that that was happening. ... If I made a mistake, then they would correct me: ... They would tell me the name of the children. I couldn't remember all of them, so they would correct me again. And we would do this over and over until I got the memory piece that supposedly was missing.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/ileana.html \\|title \\= Interviews \\- Ileana Flores \\| Did Daddy do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS\\| website\\=\\[\\[PBS]] }}", "Following this treatment, in 1985 Michael Rappaport, of the Behavior Changers, and Janet Reno accompanied Ileana during her [deposition](/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29 \"Deposition (law)\") against Frank, in which she gave many details including snakes and feces and was periodically interrupted and guided by Rappaport.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/frank/85depo.html \\|title \\= Was Fuster a Monster? \\- Ileana Flores' 1985 Deposition \\| Did Daddy do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS\\| website\\=\\[\\[PBS]] }} Sociologist [Richard Ofshe](/wiki/Richard_Ofshe \"Richard Ofshe\") studied the case and in his deposition stated:", "", "> Ileana Fuster was hypnotized repeatedly prior to trial; that Ileana has personality characteristics ... that indicate a high level of suggestibility coupled with a great desire to please; that the testimony she eventually gave against her husband is likely to have included a great many elements that were suggested to her by therapists in the weeks leading up to trial; and that, as a result, her trial testimony cannot be considered reliable, factual or as historical truth.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oranous.com/innocence/FrankFuster/Ofshe.htm \\|title\\=Frank Fuster case: Ofshe testimony, affidavit, credentials, honors \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Ofshe \\|author\\-link\\=Richard Ofshe \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104174740/http://www.oranous.com/innocence/FrankFuster/Ofshe.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "She furthermore said that this \"leaves 'no question' that \\[the Behavior Changers] were involved in coercing a confession.\" Ileana Flores, however, did not admit to such claims when she pled guilty, instead maintaining \"that she was innocent but wanted 'to get all of this over{{'\"}}. Ileana served 3{{nbs}}years imprisonment, where she divorced her husband and was [born\\-again](/wiki/Born-again \"Born-again\"). She was then deported to Honduras, accompanied by members of her new church. The Fusters lost custody of their son, Noel, who did not testify. He went to live with his biological mother and her husband. He has since denied that he was abused.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/goodman.html \\|title \\= Interviews \\- Noel Goodman \\| Did Daddy do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS\\| website\\=\\[\\[PBS]] }} Because Noel denied being abused, he did not share in the settlements, of over five\\-million dollars, paid to the families of the alleged victims in this case by the [Disney](/wiki/Disney \"Disney\")\\-owned Arvida Corporation, developers of [Country Walk](/wiki/Country_Walk \"Country Walk\").", "Ileana offered testimony against her husband after she had pled guilty but before she was sentenced.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.sun\\-sentinel.com/news/fl\\-xpm\\-1985\\-10\\-01\\-8502110607\\-story.html \\|title \\= Wife's Testimony Prompts Angry Outburst from Fuster \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sun Sentinel]] \\|date\\=1985\\-10\\-01 }} She later recanted her court testimony, claiming that she had been kept naked in solitary confinement and subjected to other forms of physical and psychological duress until she had agreed to testify against her husband.{{cite episode\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=icw3AkvkbWE \\|title\\=Did Daddy Do It? \\|publisher\\=PBS\\|transcript\\=Transcript\\|transcript\\-url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/etc/script.html\\|date\\=April 25, 2002\\|series\\=\\[\\[Frontline (American TV program)\\|Frontline]]\n\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326052018/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-03\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=live \n}} Defense investigator Stephen Dinerstein confirmed this, deposing \"that the shower, when received, is a hosing down in the cell. That she is in a cell with nothing in it but a light in the ceiling and that she is often kept nude and in view of everybody and anybody.\" Flores told Frontline that prosecutor Janet Reno visited her in jail, saying \"I'm sorry, but you are not \\[innocent]. You're going to have to help us.\" The number and timing of Reno's visits are in dispute, with Rappaport claiming at least 30{{nbs}}such visits, and admitting to 34{{nbs}}interro{{shy}}gations of his own. Ileana's interro{{shy}}gations have been described as torture{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/10/kavanaugh\\-confirmation\\-battle\\-mass\\-hysteria\\-roots/ \\|title \\= The Road to Waco\\|date \\= 4 October 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Review]] \\|first\\=Kevin \\|last\\=Williamson \\|author\\-link\\=Kevin D. Williamson}} that defense witness [Ralph Underwager](/wiki/Ralph_Underwager \"Ralph Underwager\") described as similar to the \"psychological torture\" of American prisoners of war in the Korean War.", "When Von Zamft dropped Frank, it left him with defense attorney Jeffrey Samek. Fuster says that after his 1981 conviction, Samek wanted to handle his appeal,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://frankfuster.org/the\\-1981\\-case\\-goes\\-to\\-trial/\\|title\\=The 1981 Case Goes to Trial \\| Free Frank Fuster \\|date\\=December 10, 2020}} but then Samek found no ground for appeal, which Fuster says prevented his filing an appeal on time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://frankfuster.org/after\\-the\\-trial\\-we\\-move\\-to\\-country\\-walk/\\|title\\=After the trial, we move to Country Walk \\| Free Frank Fuster \\|date\\=December 17, 2020 }} In the 1985 trial, Samek accused Fuster of assaulting him and Fuster accused Samek of lying. Both requested that Samek be replaced, but the judge did not permit this.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yHjJijtGUSA \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/yHjJijtGUSA \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Fuster's own lawyer accuses him of assault \\- YouTube\\|website\\=www.youtube.com \\|date\\=Sep 9, 2018 }}{{cbignore}} Fuster later admitted that he \"took \\[Samek] by his clothes and put him against a wall.\"{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/fuster.html\\|title\\=Interviews \\- Frank Fuster \\| Did Daddy Do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS\\|website\\=www.pbs.org}} When Fuster was convicted, Samek said \"there is some feeling someone charged with these crimes is guilty until proven innocent. I'm not saying that's the case here.\"{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os\\-xpm\\-1985\\-10\\-03\\-0330280085\\-story.html \\|title \\= Fuster Guilty of Sexual Abuse: Dade Man's Time in Prison Totals 165 Years \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Orlando Sentinel]] \\|date\\=1985\\-10\\-03 }} At his deposition, Dinerstein complained that Fuster's defense lawyers were not interested and refused to meet him when he discovered exculpatory information.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/15/letters\\-231/ \\| title\\=Letters\\| date\\=27 September 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Review]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118195839/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/15/letters\\-231/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-18 }} Fuster's appeal \"claim of ineffective assistance of counsel\" was rejected as he did not make this claim on time.", "In 1995 in Honduras, Ileana gave a deposition to Arthur Cohen, an appeal lawyer representing Fuster, that she could not remember any child abuse \"because nothing really happened.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ipt\\-forensics.com/journal/volume6/j6\\_4\\_2\\.htm\\|title\\=IPT Journal \\- \"Statement of Ileana Flores Regarding Florida vs. Fuster\"\\|website\\=www.ipt\\-forensics.com}} A judge ruled that this was sufficient to call for a hearing regarding a new trial for Fuster, and arranged for Ileana to testify remotely from Honduras. Soon thereafter, Rev. Tommy Watson, the minister of her new church that was paying for her education and who had helped to negotiate her early release and deportation, flew to Honduras to meet with Ileana. There Ileana signed a letter recanting her denial, witnessed by Watson.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/frank/letterrecant.html \\|title \\= Was Fuster a Monster? \\- Ileana's Letter of Recantation \\| Did Daddy do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS \\|website \\= \\[\\[PBS]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040731033917/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Embassy/9062/Ileana2\\.txt \\|archive\\-date \\= 2004\\-07\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This prevented the hearing that attorneys Cohen and Robert Rosenthal were trying to arrange for Frank.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fuster/interviews/rosenthal.html \\|title \\= Interviews \\- Robert Rosenthal \\| Did Daddy do It \\| FRONTLINE \\| PBS\\| website\\=\\[\\[PBS]] }} In her 2001 *Frontline* interview, Ileana changed her story once again, claiming that Watson threatened her into signing that letter. *Frontline* producer and director [Michael Kirk](/wiki/Michael_Kirk \"Michael Kirk\") said \"The question to me is not whether Ileana is a liar. Ileana is a liar. The only question is when. When she pled guilty, or now?\"", "{{As of\\|2020}}, Frank Fuster continues to serve a 165\\-year prison sentence.{{cite web \\|title\\=Florida Department of Law Enforcement – Sexual Offender / Predator Flyer \\|url\\=http://offender.fdle.state.fl.us/offender/flyer.do?personId\\=58857 \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183019/http://offender.fdle.state.fl.us/offender/flyer.do?personId\\=58857 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Fuster and his defense claimed that he rejected a [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargain \"Plea bargain\") of a 15\\-year sentence that would have released him even sooner.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://frankfuster.org/the\\-truth\\-about\\-my\\-convictions/ \\|title\\=The Truth about my Convictions \\| Free Frank Fuster\\|first\\=Frank \\|last\\=Fuster \\|publisher\\=Prison Post: Friends of Justice \\|date\\=November 18, 2020 }} His many appeals and requests for clemency have been unsuccessful,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://casetext.com/case/fuster\\-v\\-state\\-1 \\| title\\=Fuster v. State, 664 So. 2d 18 \\| Casetext Search \\+ Citator \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324204425/https://casetext.com/case/fuster\\-v\\-state\\-1 \\|date\\=December 20, 1995 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Alt URL](https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914837aadd7b049344a8341){{cite web \\| url\\=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate\\-courts/ca11/04\\-15355/200415355\\-2011\\-02\\-28\\.html \\| title\\=Francisco Fuster\\-Escalona v. FL Dept. Of Corr., No. 04\\-15355 (11th Cir. 2006\\)}} and he has lacked legal representation since 2003\\.", "In 2012, the [Innocence Project](/wiki/Innocence_Project \"Innocence Project\") declined to take his case, telling Fuster, \"We have reviewed your case and have determined that our office cannot accept it,\" with no further explanation.", "He will not be eligible for [parole](/wiki/Parole \"Parole\") until [2134](/wiki/2134 \"2134\").", "Fuster has been attacked five times in prison, and most seriously when a fellow prisoner stabbed Fuster in the neck.{{cite web \\|author\\-link\\=Alexander Cockburn \\|first\\=Alexander \\|last\\=Cockburn \\|title\\=Beat the Devil: Reno's Victim \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Nation]] \\|date\\=September 20, 1993 \\|pages\\=272–273 \\|url\\=https://ncrj.org/\\_fuster/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/11/CockburnBeatTheDevil.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207230923/https://ncrj.org/\\_fuster/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/11/CockburnBeatTheDevil.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-07 }}", "" ]
Gameplay -------- [thumb\|left\|Ryu faces Akuma.](/wiki/File:AC_SF_Movie_Gameplay.png "AC SF Movie Gameplay.png") *Street Fighter: The Movie* differs from the previous *[Street Fighter II](/wiki/Street_Fighter_II "Street Fighter II")* games in several ways. The game gives a greater emphasis towards air combos or "juggling" than previous games: the player can continuously attack their opponent while they are falling in the air with a series of attacks. Many of the returning *Street Fighter* characters feature new Special Moves exclusive to the game, such as [Bison's](/wiki/M._Bison "M. Bison") "Electric Arc", Cammy's "Whip Choke", and [Guile's](/wiki/Guile_%28Street_Fighter%29 "Guile (Street Fighter)") "Handcuff" (a Special Move based on a glitch in the original *Street Fighter II*). Characters such as [Zangief](/wiki/Zangief "Zangief") and [Balrog](/wiki/Balrog_%28Street_Fighter%29 "Balrog (Street Fighter)") now have the ability to deflect projectile attacks back to their opponent. Many of these new Special Moves require the player to hold down a specific attack button, input a directional\-based command on the joystick and then release the button. The method for grappling attacks was reversed for the game: performing the throw command while holding the joystick towards an opponent will throw the opponent to the opposite direction and vice versa. Player has the option of inputting a specific command to "escape" a throw with no damage or perform a "counter throw". However, a character can counterattack a "counter throw" by performing a "reverse", while reversing a counter throw can ultimately be countered with a "slam master" technique. Other techniques exclusive to this game include "interrupt moves", which are performed after blocking an opponent's attacks, and "comeback moves", which are special moves that can only be used when the player's life gauge is on the "danger" level. These would later return in *[Street Fighter Alpha](/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha "Street Fighter Alpha")* as Alpha Counters and in *[Street Fighter IV](/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV "Street Fighter IV")* as Ultra Combos. The Super Combo gauge from *[Super Street Fighter II Turbo](/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_II_Turbo "Super Street Fighter II Turbo")* is featured in the game. Most of the characters in the game have at least two Super Combo moves: one that leaves a trail of blue shadows and another that leaves a trail of red shadows. In addition to Super Combos, the players can also perform a "Regeneration" move when their Super Combo gauge is full to restore a portion of their vitality gauge. This would later be seen in *[Street Fighter EX3](/wiki/Street_Fighter_EX3 "Street Fighter EX3")* and *[Street Fighter III](/wiki/Street_Fighter_III "Street Fighter III")*. The standard single\-player mode consists of a series of 14 matches (including a clone match), ending with a final match against M. Bison. There are also several secret game modes, including a Tag Team Mode. In a Tag Team match, the player gets to choose two characters and fight against other tag teams in single\-round matches, switching to the second character only after the first one has been defeated. Each fighter's ending sequence consists of a promotional still or two from the movie with accompanying text describing the character's fate after the events of the tournament, followed by the staff roll.
[ "Gameplay\n--------", "[thumb\\|left\\|Ryu faces Akuma.](/wiki/File:AC_SF_Movie_Gameplay.png \"AC SF Movie Gameplay.png\")\n*Street Fighter: The Movie* differs from the previous *[Street Fighter II](/wiki/Street_Fighter_II \"Street Fighter II\")* games in several ways. The game gives a greater emphasis towards air combos or \"juggling\" than previous games: the player can continuously attack their opponent while they are falling in the air with a series of attacks.", "Many of the returning *Street Fighter* characters feature new Special Moves exclusive to the game, such as [Bison's](/wiki/M._Bison \"M. Bison\") \"Electric Arc\", Cammy's \"Whip Choke\", and [Guile's](/wiki/Guile_%28Street_Fighter%29 \"Guile (Street Fighter)\") \"Handcuff\" (a Special Move based on a glitch in the original *Street Fighter II*). Characters such as [Zangief](/wiki/Zangief \"Zangief\") and [Balrog](/wiki/Balrog_%28Street_Fighter%29 \"Balrog (Street Fighter)\") now have the ability to deflect projectile attacks back to their opponent. Many of these new Special Moves require the player to hold down a specific attack button, input a directional\\-based command on the joystick and then release the button.", "The method for grappling attacks was reversed for the game: performing the throw command while holding the joystick towards an opponent will throw the opponent to the opposite direction and vice versa. Player has the option of inputting a specific command to \"escape\" a throw with no damage or perform a \"counter throw\". However, a character can counterattack a \"counter throw\" by performing a \"reverse\", while reversing a counter throw can ultimately be countered with a \"slam master\" technique.", "Other techniques exclusive to this game include \"interrupt moves\", which are performed after blocking an opponent's attacks, and \"comeback moves\", which are special moves that can only be used when the player's life gauge is on the \"danger\" level. These would later return in *[Street Fighter Alpha](/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha \"Street Fighter Alpha\")* as Alpha Counters and in *[Street Fighter IV](/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV \"Street Fighter IV\")* as Ultra Combos. The Super Combo gauge from *[Super Street Fighter II Turbo](/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_II_Turbo \"Super Street Fighter II Turbo\")* is featured in the game. Most of the characters in the game have at least two Super Combo moves: one that leaves a trail of blue shadows and another that leaves a trail of red shadows. In addition to Super Combos, the players can also perform a \"Regeneration\" move when their Super Combo gauge is full to restore a portion of their vitality gauge. This would later be seen in *[Street Fighter EX3](/wiki/Street_Fighter_EX3 \"Street Fighter EX3\")* and *[Street Fighter III](/wiki/Street_Fighter_III \"Street Fighter III\")*.", "The standard single\\-player mode consists of a series of 14 matches (including a clone match), ending with a final match against M. Bison. There are also several secret game modes, including a Tag Team Mode. In a Tag Team match, the player gets to choose two characters and fight against other tag teams in single\\-round matches, switching to the second character only after the first one has been defeated.", "Each fighter's ending sequence consists of a promotional still or two from the movie with accompanying text describing the character's fate after the events of the tournament, followed by the staff roll.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- A peasant woman meets a [witch](/wiki/Witch "Witch"), who threatens to [transform](/wiki/Shape_shifting "Shape shifting") her if she does something; she does not do it, but the witch turns her into a sheep anyway. The witch assumes the form of the peasant woman and goes home to her husband. After a time, she bears him a daughter. The witch pets and pampers her own daughter, and ill\-treats her [stepdaughter](/wiki/Step_family%23In_fiction "Step family#In fiction"), the peasant's daughter by his sheep\-wife. The witch\-stepmother tells her husband to slaughter the sheep before it runs away. He agrees, but her stepdaughter hears and runs to the sheep, lamenting. Her mother tells her not to eat anything made from her body but bury the bones. She does so, and a birch tree grows on the grave. The king gives a festival, inviting everyone, and the witch sends off the husband with her younger daughter, throws a potful of barleycorns in the hearth, and tells the older stepdaughter that if she does not pick barley corns from ashes, it will be worse for her. The birch tells her to strike the hearth with one of her branches, which sorts them, and then magically bathes and dresses her. Then it told her to go to the fields and whistle, for a horse, partly gold, partly silver, and the third partly something more precious will appear to take her to the castle. The girl then goes into the festival. The king's son falls in love with her, and has her sit beside him, but the witch's daughter gnaws bones under the table, and the king's son, thinking she is a dog, gives her such a kick to keep her away that her arm is broken. He has the door latch smeared with tar, and when the stepdaughter leaves, her copper ring is caught in it. When the witch returns home, she tells the stepdaughter that the king's son has fallen in love with her daughter and carries her about, only he had dropped her and broken her arm. The king holds another festival. The witch tries to keep her stepdaughter busy by throwing hemp\-seed on the hearth, but the stepdaughter, with the birch's aid, goes to the festival as before. This time, the king's son breaks the witch's daughter's leg, and has the doorpost smeared with tar, so that her silver circlet is caught. The king holds a third festival. The witch tries to keep her stepdaughter busy by throwing milk on the hearth, but the stepdaughter, with the birch's aid, goes to the festival as before. This time, the king's son kicks out the witch's daughter's eye, and has the threshold smeared with tar, so that one of her golden slippers is caught. The king's son then sets out to discover who the maiden was, with the circlet, ring, and the slipper. When he is about to try them on the stepdaughter, the witch intervenes and gets them on her daughter. He takes both the daughter and the stepdaughter, and when they came to a river, the stepdaughter whispers to the prince not to rob her of her silver and gold. He throws the witch's daughter over the river to serve as a bridge and he and the stepdaughter cross, and takes her for his bride. Then they visit the magical birch tree and get treasures and gifts. The tree vanishes soon after. While stretching as a bridge in her grief, the younger sister wishes that a hollow golden stalk grow out of her navel so that her mother would recognize her. Immediately a hollow golden stalk grows out of her on the bridge. In time, the stepsister delivers a son. The witch, hearing of this, and believing she is her daughter, goes to the castle, and on her way, seeing the golden stalk, is about to cut it. Her daughter cries out not to cut her navel, and that she is the bridge. The witch hurries to the castle and turns the stepdaughter into a reindeer while the witch's daughter replaces her. The king is told by an old widow that his wife is in the forest in the shape of a reindeer, and his present wife is the witch's daughter. When he asks how he can get her back, the widow tells him to let her take the child into the forest. When she goes for it, the witch objects, but the king's son insists on her taking it. In the forest, the widow sings to the reindeer, which then comes and suckles her child, and tells the woman to bring it again next day. Next day, the witch again objects, but the widow takes it to the reindeer as before. The child becomes extremely beautiful, and its father asks the widow if it is possible for his wife to regain her human shape. The widow does not know, but tells him to go to the forest, and when the reindeer throws off its skin he is to burn it while she is searching his wife's head. All this is done, and she resumes her human shape; but not liking to be seen naked, she turns into a spinning wheel, a washing\-vat, and a spindle, all of which her husband destroys till she becomes human again. On their return to the castle, he orders a huge fire to be made under the bath with tar, and its approach to be covered with brown and blue cloth. Then he invites the witch's daughter to take a bath. She and her mother, in stepping over the cloth, fall a depth of three fathoms into the fire and tar to their death. The dying witch puts a curse on all mankind.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/marianroalfecox/variants/95\.html \|title\=Marian Roalfe Cox: Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty\-five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin, and Cap O' Rushes, abstracted and tabulated \|publisher\=SurLaLune Fairy Tales \|date\=2006\-02\-01 \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-05}} In the ending to Andrew Lang's version of this fairy tale, after the stepdaughter is turned back into a human, after being asked that she would not be eaten up, the witch and her daughter both run away, and if they have not stopped still, at a great age. The older stepdaughter, the prince, and the son all live happily ever after.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/stories/birch.html \|title\=Tales Similar To Cinderella \|publisher\=SurLaLune Fairy Tales \|access\-date\=2016\-06\-05 \|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-04 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104152714/http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/stories/birch.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "A peasant woman meets a [witch](/wiki/Witch \"Witch\"), who threatens to [transform](/wiki/Shape_shifting \"Shape shifting\") her if she does something; she does not do it, but the witch turns her into a sheep anyway. The witch assumes the form of the peasant woman and goes home to her husband. After a time, she bears him a daughter. The witch pets and pampers her own daughter, and ill\\-treats her [stepdaughter](/wiki/Step_family%23In_fiction \"Step family#In fiction\"), the peasant's daughter by his sheep\\-wife.", "The witch\\-stepmother tells her husband to slaughter the sheep before it runs away. He agrees, but her stepdaughter hears and runs to the sheep, lamenting. Her mother tells her not to eat anything made from her body but bury the bones. She does so, and a birch tree grows on the grave.", "The king gives a festival, inviting everyone, and the witch sends off the husband with her younger daughter, throws a potful of barleycorns in the hearth, and tells the older stepdaughter that if she does not pick barley corns from ashes, it will be worse for her. The birch tells her to strike the hearth with one of her branches, which sorts them, and then magically bathes and dresses her. Then it told her to go to the fields and whistle, for a horse, partly gold, partly silver, and the third partly something more precious will appear to take her to the castle. The girl then goes into the festival.", "The king's son falls in love with her, and has her sit beside him, but the witch's daughter gnaws bones under the table, and the king's son, thinking she is a dog, gives her such a kick to keep her away that her arm is broken. He has the door latch smeared with tar, and when the stepdaughter leaves, her copper ring is caught in it. When the witch returns home, she tells the stepdaughter that the king's son has fallen in love with her daughter and carries her about, only he had dropped her and broken her arm.", "The king holds another festival. The witch tries to keep her stepdaughter busy by throwing hemp\\-seed on the hearth, but the stepdaughter, with the birch's aid, goes to the festival as before. This time, the king's son breaks the witch's daughter's leg, and has the doorpost smeared with tar, so that her silver circlet is caught.", "The king holds a third festival. The witch tries to keep her stepdaughter busy by throwing milk on the hearth, but the stepdaughter, with the birch's aid, goes to the festival as before. This time, the king's son kicks out the witch's daughter's eye, and has the threshold smeared with tar, so that one of her golden slippers is caught.", "The king's son then sets out to discover who the maiden was, with the circlet, ring, and the slipper. When he is about to try them on the stepdaughter, the witch intervenes and gets them on her daughter. He takes both the daughter and the stepdaughter, and when they came to a river, the stepdaughter whispers to the prince not to rob her of her silver and gold. He throws the witch's daughter over the river to serve as a bridge and he and the stepdaughter cross, and takes her for his bride. Then they visit the magical birch tree and get treasures and gifts. The tree vanishes soon after. While stretching as a bridge in her grief, the younger sister wishes that a hollow golden stalk grow out of her navel so that her mother would recognize her. Immediately a hollow golden stalk grows out of her on the bridge.", "In time, the stepsister delivers a son. The witch, hearing of this, and believing she is her daughter, goes to the castle, and on her way, seeing the golden stalk, is about to cut it. Her daughter cries out not to cut her navel, and that she is the bridge. The witch hurries to the castle and turns the stepdaughter into a reindeer while the witch's daughter replaces her.", "The king is told by an old widow that his wife is in the forest in the shape of a reindeer, and his present wife is the witch's daughter. When he asks how he can get her back, the widow tells him to let her take the child into the forest. When she goes for it, the witch objects, but the king's son insists on her taking it. In the forest, the widow sings to the reindeer, which then comes and suckles her child, and tells the woman to bring it again next day.", "Next day, the witch again objects, but the widow takes it to the reindeer as before. The child becomes extremely beautiful, and its father asks the widow if it is possible for his wife to regain her human shape. The widow does not know, but tells him to go to the forest, and when the reindeer throws off its skin he is to burn it while she is searching his wife's head.", "All this is done, and she resumes her human shape; but not liking to be seen naked, she turns into a spinning wheel, a washing\\-vat, and a spindle, all of which her husband destroys till she becomes human again. On their return to the castle, he orders a huge fire to be made under the bath with tar, and its approach to be covered with brown and blue cloth. Then he invites the witch's daughter to take a bath. She and her mother, in stepping over the cloth, fall a depth of three fathoms into the fire and tar to their death. The dying witch puts a curse on all mankind.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/marianroalfecox/variants/95\\.html \\|title\\=Marian Roalfe Cox: Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty\\-five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin, and Cap O' Rushes, abstracted and tabulated \\|publisher\\=SurLaLune Fairy Tales \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-05}}", "In the ending to Andrew Lang's version of this fairy tale, after the stepdaughter is turned back into a human, after being asked that she would not be eaten up, the witch and her daughter both run away, and if they have not stopped still, at a great age. The older stepdaughter, the prince, and the son all live happily ever after.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/stories/birch.html \\|title\\=Tales Similar To Cinderella \\|publisher\\=SurLaLune Fairy Tales \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-04 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104152714/http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/cinderella/stories/birch.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 303 --------------------------------- {{Infobox aircraft occurrence \|name \= Lufthansa Flight 303 \|date \= 17 December 1973– {{end date\|df\=yes\|1973\|12\|18}} \|type \= \[\[Aircraft hijacking]] \|occurrence\_type \= Hijacking \|outcome \= \|image \= Lufthansa 737\-130 D\-ABED.jpg \|caption \= A Lufthansa Boeing 737, similar to the aircraft involved in the hijacking \|site \= \[\[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino International Airport]] in \[\[Rome, Italy]] \|coordinates \= {{Coord\|41\|48\|01\|N\|12\|14\|20\|E\|dim:30\_region:IT\-RM\_type:event\|display\=inline\|name\=Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport}} \|passengers \= 15 (including 5 terrorists) \|crew \= 4 \|injuries \= 2 \|fatalities \= 2 (including 1 on ground) \|survivors \= \|aircraft\_type \= \[\[Boeing 737\-100]] \|aircraft\_name \= \|tail\_number \= D\-ABEY \|origin \= \[\[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport\|Leonardo da Vinci Int'l Airport]] \|stopover0 \= \|stopover1 \= \|destination \= \[\[Munich\-Riem Airport]] \|operator \= \[\[Lufthansa]] }} Having assaulted the Pan Am aircraft, the five gunmen took hostage several Italians and Lufthansa ground crew members into Lufthansa Flight 303, waiting to depart for [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich").{{cite web \|title\=Hijacking description: Monday 17 December 1973 \|url\=http://aviation\-safety.net/database/record.php?id\=19731217\-0 \|website\=aviation\-safety.net \|publisher\=\[\[Flight Safety Foundation]] \|access\-date\=11 February 2015 \|date\=11 February 2015}} An [Italian border police officer](/wiki/Border_guard%23Italy "Border guard#Italy"), 20\-year\-old Antonio Zara, was shot and killed when he first arrived at the scene of the attack and tried to fight the terrorists, after the general alarm had been sounded by the airport's [control tower](/wiki/Air_traffic_control "Air traffic control"). The hijackers then forced the crew already on board to move the plane towards the runway in order to take off. For the first part of the [plane's taxiing](/wiki/Taxiing "Taxiing"), the aircraft was chased by several [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri "Carabinieri") and [Guardia di Finanza](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza "Guardia di Finanza") vehicles, who abandoned the chase after the hijackers threatened to kill all the hostages on board. At 13:32 hours, just over half an hour from the start of the action, the plane took off for [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), where it arrived at 16:50 hours, local Athens time. The attack was too fast to allow an adequate response from the airport's police forces. At the time, 117 officers were on duty at the airport: 9 [carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri "Carabinieri"), 46 [customs officers](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza "Guardia di Finanza") and 62 [State Police officers](/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato "Polizia di Stato"), of which 8 were employed in the anti\-sabotage service, a negligible number for an intercontinental airport like Fiumicino. The airport structure was unsuitable for the prevention of terrorist attacks, as it was designed at a time when such events were rare. ### Athens stopover Upon landing in Athens, the terrorists demanded by radio the release of two Palestinian gunmen responsible for [an attack on Hellinikon International Airport](/wiki/1973_Athens_Hellinikon_International_Airport_attack "1973 Athens Hellinikon International Airport attack"). They claimed to have killed five hostages, including the plane's first officer. The terrorists then threatened to crash the jet in the middle of Athens if their demands were not met. In reality, only one Italian hostage, Domenico Ippoliti, had been killed and one other hostage wounded. After failing to persuade the Greek authorities on releasing the terrorists, they limited their demands to just refuel and leave.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article250473378 \|title\=Hijackers kill 30 in airport bombing \|newspaper\=\[\[Papua New Guinea Post\-courier]] \|volume\= \|location\=International, Australia \|date\=19 December 1973 \|accessdate\=7 August 2021 \|page\=7 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} The plane took off again from Athens after sixteen hours on the ground and after the gunmen had released the wounded hostage and dumped the body of the dead hostage onto the tarmac. ### Damascus stopover The plane next headed for [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"), where Lebanese authorities refused to allow its landing, and blocked the runway with vehicles. [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") also refused to allow landing. The terrorists on board ordered the plane to head for [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria"), allegedly because the plane was running low on fuel. After they landed in the Syrian capital's airport, [Air Force](/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force "Syrian Air Force") Commander Major General Naji Jamil attempted to persuade the Palestinians to release the hostages, but they refused. The Syrians provided food to everyone on board and refueled the plane. They also treated one of the hijackers for a head injury. The plane took off again two to three hours after landing. ### Landing in Kuwait The commandeered jet headed for [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait"), where Kuwaiti authorities refused to allow it to land. Captain Kroese was ordered by the terrorists to land anyway on a secondary runway.{{cite magazine \|date\=December 31, 1973\|title\=TERRORISM: Death in Rome Aboard Flight 110\|url\= http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,910908\-2,00\.html\|magazine\=\[\[TIME]]\|volume\=102\|issue\=27 \|pages\=87–108\|access\-date\=May 17, 2021 }} An hour of negotiations between the terrorists and the Kuwaiti authorities ended with the release of all twelve remaining hostages in exchange for "free passage" to an unknown destination for the hijackers. The terrorists were permitted to retain their weapons and, upon leaving the plane, raised their hands to the cameras in a [V\-for\-victory sign](/wiki/Victory_sign "Victory sign").{{cite news \|title\=Gunmen Punished, P.L.O. Announces \|url\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\=FA0A1EF73D55157493C4AB178AD85F418785F9 \|access\-date\=29 December 2011 \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=26 January 1975 \|page\=A1 \|url\-access\=subscription }}
[ "Hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 303\n---------------------------------", "{{Infobox aircraft occurrence\n\\|name \\= Lufthansa Flight 303\n\\|date \\= 17 December 1973– \n{{end date\\|df\\=yes\\|1973\\|12\\|18}}\n\\|type \\= \\[\\[Aircraft hijacking]]\n\\|occurrence\\_type \\= Hijacking\n\\|outcome \\= \n\\|image \\= Lufthansa 737\\-130 D\\-ABED.jpg\n\\|caption \\= A Lufthansa Boeing 737, similar to the aircraft involved in the hijacking\n\\|site \\= \\[\\[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino International Airport]] in \\[\\[Rome, Italy]]\n\\|coordinates \\= {{Coord\\|41\\|48\\|01\\|N\\|12\\|14\\|20\\|E\\|dim:30\\_region:IT\\-RM\\_type:event\\|display\\=inline\\|name\\=Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport}}\n\\|passengers \\= 15 (including 5 terrorists)\n\\|crew \\= 4\n\\|injuries \\= 2\n\\|fatalities \\= 2 (including 1 on ground)\n\\|survivors \\= \n\\|aircraft\\_type \\= \\[\\[Boeing 737\\-100]]\n\\|aircraft\\_name \\= \n\\|tail\\_number \\= D\\-ABEY\n\\|origin \\= \\[\\[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport\\|Leonardo da Vinci Int'l Airport]]\n\\|stopover0 \\=\n\\|stopover1 \\=\n\\|destination \\= \\[\\[Munich\\-Riem Airport]]\n\\|operator \\= \\[\\[Lufthansa]]\n}}", "Having assaulted the Pan Am aircraft, the five gunmen took hostage several Italians and Lufthansa ground crew members into Lufthansa Flight 303, waiting to depart for [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Hijacking description: Monday 17 December 1973 \\|url\\=http://aviation\\-safety.net/database/record.php?id\\=19731217\\-0 \\|website\\=aviation\\-safety.net \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Flight Safety Foundation]] \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2015 \\|date\\=11 February 2015}} An [Italian border police officer](/wiki/Border_guard%23Italy \"Border guard#Italy\"), 20\\-year\\-old Antonio Zara, was shot and killed when he first arrived at the scene of the attack and tried to fight the terrorists, after the general alarm had been sounded by the airport's [control tower](/wiki/Air_traffic_control \"Air traffic control\").", "The hijackers then forced the crew already on board to move the plane towards the runway in order to take off. For the first part of the [plane's taxiing](/wiki/Taxiing \"Taxiing\"), the aircraft was chased by several [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri \"Carabinieri\") and [Guardia di Finanza](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza \"Guardia di Finanza\") vehicles, who abandoned the chase after the hijackers threatened to kill all the hostages on board. At 13:32 hours, just over half an hour from the start of the action, the plane took off for [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), where it arrived at 16:50 hours, local Athens time.", "The attack was too fast to allow an adequate response from the airport's police forces. At the time, 117 officers were on duty at the airport: 9 [carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri \"Carabinieri\"), 46 [customs officers](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza \"Guardia di Finanza\") and 62 [State Police officers](/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato \"Polizia di Stato\"), of which 8 were employed in the anti\\-sabotage service, a negligible number for an intercontinental airport like Fiumicino. The airport structure was unsuitable for the prevention of terrorist attacks, as it was designed at a time when such events were rare.", "### Athens stopover", "Upon landing in Athens, the terrorists demanded by radio the release of two Palestinian gunmen responsible for [an attack on Hellinikon International Airport](/wiki/1973_Athens_Hellinikon_International_Airport_attack \"1973 Athens Hellinikon International Airport attack\"). They claimed to have killed five hostages, including the plane's first officer. The terrorists then threatened to crash the jet in the middle of Athens if their demands were not met. In reality, only one Italian hostage, Domenico Ippoliti, had been killed and one other hostage wounded. After failing to persuade the Greek authorities on releasing the terrorists, they limited their demands to just refuel and leave.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article250473378 \\|title\\=Hijackers kill 30 in airport bombing \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Papua New Guinea Post\\-courier]] \\|volume\\= \\|location\\=International, Australia \\|date\\=19 December 1973 \\|accessdate\\=7 August 2021 \\|page\\=7 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} The plane took off again from Athens after sixteen hours on the ground and after the gunmen had released the wounded hostage and dumped the body of the dead hostage onto the tarmac.", "### Damascus stopover", "The plane next headed for [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), where Lebanese authorities refused to allow its landing, and blocked the runway with vehicles. [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\") also refused to allow landing. The terrorists on board ordered the plane to head for [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), allegedly because the plane was running low on fuel. After they landed in the Syrian capital's airport, [Air Force](/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force \"Syrian Air Force\") Commander Major General Naji Jamil attempted to persuade the Palestinians to release the hostages, but they refused. The Syrians provided food to everyone on board and refueled the plane. They also treated one of the hijackers for a head injury. The plane took off again two to three hours after landing.", "### Landing in Kuwait", "The commandeered jet headed for [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\"), where Kuwaiti authorities refused to allow it to land. Captain Kroese was ordered by the terrorists to land anyway on a secondary runway.{{cite magazine \\|date\\=December 31, 1973\\|title\\=TERRORISM: Death in Rome Aboard Flight 110\\|url\\= http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,910908\\-2,00\\.html\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[TIME]]\\|volume\\=102\\|issue\\=27 \\|pages\\=87–108\\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2021 }} An hour of negotiations between the terrorists and the Kuwaiti authorities ended with the release of all twelve remaining hostages in exchange for \"free passage\" to an unknown destination for the hijackers. The terrorists were permitted to retain their weapons and, upon leaving the plane, raised their hands to the cameras in a [V\\-for\\-victory sign](/wiki/Victory_sign \"Victory sign\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Gunmen Punished, P.L.O. Announces \\|url\\=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res\\=FA0A1EF73D55157493C4AB178AD85F418785F9 \\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2011 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=26 January 1975 \\|page\\=A1 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }}", "" ]
Major fields ------------ ### Freedom of expression Although freedom of speech is enshrined in Article 35 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Chinese authorities enforce restrictions on political and religious expression.Congressional Executive Commission on China, ['Human rights and rule of law in China'](http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/hrrolindex.php) Such restrictions are sometimes in accordance with [Article 105](/wiki/Political_offences_in_China%23Inciting_subversion_of_the_state "Political offences in China#Inciting subversion of the state") of the criminal code, which contains vague and broadly defined provisions against "[inciting subversion of state power](/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power "Inciting subversion of state power")". Weiquan lawyers, along with international human rights organizations, have argued that the provisions against subversion are inconsistent both with China's own constitution and with international human rights standards, particularly in light of the lack of transparency and clear guidelines used in applying the laws. Several Weiquan lawyers have been involved in litigation and other forms of advocacy to defend the rights to free expression for individuals charged with the crime of subversion. Notable cases include that of [Liu Xiaobo](/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo "Liu Xiaobo"), a prominent Beijing intellectual sentenced to 11 years in prison for inciting subversion in December 2009\. [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu "Chengdu") activist [Tan Zuoren](/wiki/Tan_Zuoren "Tan Zuoren") was sentenced to five years for inciting subversion for publishing writings on the [1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre](/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre "1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"), advocating for the families of the [2008 Sichuan earthquake](/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake "2008 Sichuan earthquake") victims, and accepting interviews from the [Falun Gong](/wiki/Falun_Gong "Falun Gong")\-affiliated [Sound of Hope](/wiki/Sound_of_Hope "Sound of Hope") radio. His lawyers were reportedly barred from entering the courtroom. In October 2009, intellectual [Guo Quan](/wiki/Guo_Quan "Guo Quan") was sentenced to 10 years in prison for publishing "reactionary" articles online. Weiquan lawyers have also challenged the application of state secret laws, which are sometimes used to prosecute individuals who disseminate information on politically sensitive issues. In November 2009, for instance, lawyers were involved in arguing for [Huang Qi](/wiki/Huang_Qi "Huang Qi"), a [Sichuan](/wiki/Sichuan "Sichuan") activist who had advocated online for the parents of Sichuan earthquake victims. Huang was sentenced to three years in prison for possession of state secrets. ### Judicial independence The Chinese Constitution enshrines rule of law, but simultaneously emphasizes the principle of the "leadership of the Communist Party." The legal profession itself is subordinate to the authority of the CCP; the [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China"), not the [bar associations](/wiki/All_China_Lawyers_Association "All China Lawyers Association"), is responsible for issuing and renewing lawyers' licenses. Weiquan lawyers have argued that this structure precludes the emergence of genuine rule of law, and in some cases have advocated for reforms to advance judicial independence and the protection of legal professionals. In late August 2008, a collection of several dozen Beijing lawyers signed a petition stating that the Beijing Bar Association leaders should be elected by the organization's members, rather than being appointed. The petition letter stated that selection process in place for the Association's directors is inconsistent with official guidelines and the Chinese constitution, and should be replaced with a democratic voting process. The Beijing Bar Association responded to the campaign by asserting that "Any individual who uses text messages, the web or other media to privately promote and disseminate the concept of direct elections, express controversial opinions, thereby spreading rumors within the Beijing Bar Association, confuse and poison people's minds, and convince people of circumstances that do not exist regarding the so\-called 'Call For Direct Elections For the Beijing Bar Association' is illegal." The following year, the Beijing Bureau of Justice refused to renew the licenses of 53 Beijing Weiquan lawyers, all of whom had signed the petition for elections to the Bar Association. ### Land rights {{Main\|Forced evictions in China}} [thumb\|250px\|The practice of land requisitions and forced evictions is widespread in China as local governments make way for private real estate developers.](/wiki/File:Shanghai_Tower_construction%2C_April_12%2C_2011.jpg "Shanghai Tower construction, April 12, 2011.jpg") Under [Chinese property law](/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Property Law of the People's Republic of China"), there is no privately held land; "urban land" is owned by the state, which grants land rights for a set number of years. Rural, or "collectively owned land," is leased by the state for periods of 30 years, and is theoretically reserved for agricultural purposes, housing and services for farmers. [Forced evictions](/wiki/Forced_eviction_%28China%29 "Forced eviction (China)") are forbidden under [International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic%2C_Social_and_Cultural_Rights "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"), which China has ratified. Under China's constitution and other property laws, expropriation of urban land is permitted only if it is for the purpose of supporting the "public interest," and those being evicted are supposed to receive compensation, resettlement, and protection of one's living conditions. The "public interest" is not defined, however, and abuses are common in the expropriation process, with many citizens complaining of receiving little or no compensation.Congressional Executive Commission on China, [2010 Annual Report](http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_house_committee_prints&docid=f:61507.pdf). 10 October 2010, pp 41–42 Forced evictions with little or no compensation occur frequently in both urban and rural China, with even fewer legal protections for rural citizens. Collectively owned rural land may be "reallocated" at the discretion of authorities, and in many regions local governments collude with private developers to reclassify rural land as urban land, which can then be sold. from the mid\-1990s to mid\-2000s, an estimated 40 million Chinese peasants were affected by land requisitions. Citizens who resist or protest the evictions have reportedly been subjected to harassment, beatings, or detention, and land\-related grievances occasionally escalate into large\-scale protests or riots.The Economist, [“Protest in China: The Cauldron Boils”](http://www.economist.com/node/4462719), 29 September 2005\. Several Weiquan lawyers have advocated for the rights of individual citizens whose land and homes were taken with inadequate compensation, including Shanghai lawyer Zheng Enchong. [Ni Yulan](/wiki/Ni_Yulan "Ni Yulan"), a Beijing lawyer, was herself left homeless by forced eviction, and became an outspoken advocate for victims before being sentenced to two years in prison. In 2007, a 54\-year\-old farmer in Heilongjiang [Yang Chunlin](/wiki/Yang_Chunlin "Yang Chunlin") published numerous articles on human rights and land rights, and helped to organise a petition entitled: "We want human rights, not the Olympics." The petition reportedly collected over ten thousand signatures. Yang was put to trial, and sentenced to five years in prison, where he has allegedly been tortured. [Li Fangping](/wiki/Li_Fangping "Li Fangping") was hired to defend him, but was denied access to his client. ### Defense of ethnic minorities Several Weiquan lawyers, including Teng Biao, [Jiang Tianyong](/wiki/Jiang_Tianyong "Jiang Tianyong"), and Li Fangping, offered legal aid to [Tibetans](/wiki/Tibetan_people "Tibetan people") in the wake of the March 2008 [Tibetan protests](/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest "2008 Tibetan unrest"). The protests resulted in the imprisonment of at least 670 Tibetans, and the execution of at least four individuals. Chinese government sources asserted that the unrest and violence in Tibet had been masterminded by the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama "Dalai Lama") and executed by his followers for the purpose of fomenting unrest and disrupting the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") in Beijing. The [Open Constitution Initiative](/wiki/Open_Constitution_Initiative "Open Constitution Initiative") (OCI), operated by several Weiquan lawyers and intellectuals, issued a paper in May 2009 challenging the official narrative, and suggesting that the protests were instead a response to economic inequities, [Han Chinese](/wiki/Han_Chinese "Han Chinese") migration, and religious sentiments. The OCI recommended that Chinese authorities better respect and protect the rights and interests of the Tibetan people, including religious freedom, and pursue the reduction of economic inequality and official corruption. Tibetan Filmmaker Dhondup Wangcheng was sentenced to six years in prison for making a documentary on [human rights in Tibet](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet "Human rights in Tibet") in the run\-up to the Beijing Olympics. Two lawyers who sought to represent him, [Chang Boyang](/wiki/Chang_Boyang "Chang Boyang") and [Li Dunyong](/wiki/Li_Dunyong "Li Dunyong"), faced threats and harassment for their advocacy. In July 2010, a group of Chinese activists including Teng Biao co\-signed a letter to the Chinese leadership to protest the 15\-year prison sentence that had been meted out to [Uighur](/wiki/Uyghurs "Uyghurs") journalist Halaite Niyaze. Niyaze was not permitted to have a lawyer at his trial, where he was charged with "endangering state security." According to reports, Niyaze was being charged because he had criticized the Chinese government in an interview with a Hong Kong news agency for not doing enough to prevent the [July 2009 Ürümqi riots](/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots "July 2009 Ürümqi riots"). ### Falun Gong {{Further\|Persecution of Falun Gong}}[thumb\|right\|200px\|Falun Gong practitioners demonstrate outside the [Zhongnanhai](/wiki/Zhongnanhai "Zhongnanhai") compound in April 1999 to demand official recognition. The practice was banned three months later.](/wiki/Image:April25Zhognanhai.jpg "April25Zhognanhai.jpg") Falun Gong, a spiritual practice that once claimed tens of million adherents in China, was banned in July 1999 under the leadership of the CCP, and a campaign was launched to suppress the group.{{Cite journal \|last\=Cheung \|first\=Maria \|last2\=Trey \|first2\=Torsten \|last3\=Matas \|first3\=David \|last4\=An \|first4\=Richard \|date\=June 2018 \|title\=Cold Genocide: Falun Gong in China \|journal\=Genocide Studies and Prevention \|publisher\=\[\[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] \|volume\=12 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=38–62 \|doi\=10\.5038/1911\-9933\.12\.1\.1513 \|issn\=1911\-0359 \|doi\-access\=free}} In an attempt to have Falun Gong adherents renounce their belief in the practice, they are subject to state\-sanctioned, systematic violence in custody, sometimes resulting in death. Some sources indicate hundreds of thousands may have been detained in reeducation\-through\-labor camps for practicing Falun Gong and/or resisting persecution. In November 1999, the [Supreme People's Court](/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") offered a judicial interpretation of article 300 of the criminal code, stating that Falun Gong should be regarded as a *"xie jiao*," or cult. Large numbers were subsequently sentenced to long prison terms, often under article 300, in what are typically very short trials without the presence of a lawyer.Congressional Executive Commission on China, [' Annual Report 2010](http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_house_committee_prints&docid=f:61507.pdf), 10 October 2010\. Human rights groups, including Amnesty International, note that the application of the law to persecute Falun Gong adherents contravenes both China's own constitution and international standards. Several Weiquan lawyers have argued similarly while defending Falun Gong adherents who face criminal or administrative sentencing for their beliefs. Lawyers who have defended Falun Gong include [Guo Guoting](/wiki/Guo_Guoting "Guo Guoting"), Zhang Kai and Li Chunfu, Wang Yonghang, [Tang Jitian](/wiki/Tang_Jitian "Tang Jitian") and Liu Wei, among others. In addition to litigation work, Weiquan lawyers like Gao Zhisheng have also advocated publicly and in the media for human rights for Falun Gong. In 2004 and 2005, Gao wrote a series of letters to China's top leadership detailing accounts of torture and sexual abuse against Falun Gong practitioners, and calling for an end to the persecution of the group. In response, Gao lost his legal license, was put under house arrest, detained, and was reportedly tortured. ### HIV/AIDS Some Weiquan lawyers have advocated for the rights of HIV/AIDS victims who contracted the virus as a result of state\-sponsored blood drives. In the 1990s, government officials in central China, and especially in [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan"), encouraged rural citizens to sell blood plasma in order to supplement their incomes. Gross mismanagement of the process resulted in hundreds of thousands of individuals being infected with HIV. According to activists, victims have not been compensated, and no government officials were held accountable. Authorities continue to suppress information about the epidemic, which is particularly sensitive in light of the involvement of [Li Changchun](/wiki/Li_Changchun "Li Changchun"), the CCP [Central Propaganda Department](/wiki/Central_Propaganda_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Central_Committee "Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee") head and formerly [Party chief](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary "Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary") in Henan. [Hu Jia](/wiki/Hu_Jia_%28activist%29 "Hu Jia (activist)") is arguably the most well known advocate for HIV/AIDS victims, having served as the executive director of the [Beijing Aizhixing Institute of Health Education](/wiki/Beijing_Aizhixing_Institute_of_Health_Education "Beijing Aizhixing Institute of Health Education") and as one of the founders of the non\-governmental organization Loving Source.Amnesty International, ['Hu Jia jailed for three and a half years](https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/chinese-activist-gets-jail-sentence-20080403), 4 April 2008\. ### Women's rights [Chen Guangcheng](/wiki/Chen_Guangcheng "Chen Guangcheng"), a blind self\-taught Weiquan lawyer, rose to prominence for defending victims of China's [one\-child policy](/wiki/One-child_policy "One-child policy"). First implemented in 1979, the one\-child policy mandates that couples may have only one child, though there are exceptions for some rural citizens, ethnic minorities, and couples who were themselves only children.Laura Fitzpatrick, ['A Brief History of China's One\-Child Policy'](https://web.archive.org/web/20090730023922/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912861,00.html), *Time*, 27 July 2009\. Though Chinese laws condemn harsh enforcement measures, Chinese authorities and family planning staff have been accused of carrying out coercive, late\-term forced abortions, sterilization, incarceration and torture to enforce the policy.Amnesty International, ['Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China'](https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/thousands-risk-forced-sterilization-china-2010-04-22) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529125647/https://www.amnesty.org/en/news\-and\-updates/thousands\-risk\-forced\-sterilization\-china\-2010\-04\-22 \|date\=29 May 2013 }}, 22 April 2010\.Simon Elegant, ['Why Forced Abortions Persist in China'](https://web.archive.org/web/20070502021731/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1615936,00.html), *Time*, 30 April 2007\. In 2005, Chen Guangcheng filed a class\-action case against family planning officials in Linyi, Shandong, who were accused of subjecting thousands of women to sterilization or forced abortions.{{cite news\| title \= Chinese to Prosecute Peasant Who Resisted One\-Child Policy \|newspaper\=The Washington Post\| url \= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2006/07/07/AR2006070701510\.html\| date \= 8 July 2006 \| first\=Philip P. \| last\=Pan \| access\-date\=28 April 2010}} ### Underground Christians {{Further\|House church (China)}} China's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, yet also provides a caveat specifying that only "normal" religious activities are permitted. In practice, religious freedom is granted only within the strictly prescribed parameters of the five officially sanctioned "patriotic" religious associations of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China "Buddhist Association of China"), [Taoism](/wiki/Chinese_Taoist_Association "Chinese Taoist Association"), [Islam](/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China "Islamic Association of China"), [Protestantism](/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement "Three-Self Patriotic Movement") and [Catholicism](/wiki/Chinese_Patriotic_Catholic_Association "Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association"). Groups falling outside the state\-administered religions, including "underground" or ["house church"](/wiki/Chinese_house_church "Chinese house church") Christians, are subject to varying degrees of repression and persecution.U.S. Department of State, [July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report: China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)](https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171651.pdf), 13 September 2011\. Although there are no definitive figures on the number of underground Christians in China, some estimates have put their total number in excess of 70 million. At least 40 Catholic bishops operate independently of official sanction, and some are under surveillance, house arrest, detention, or have disappeared. Several leaders and members of underground [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") churches have also been detained and sentenced to reeducation through labor or prison terms. Violent raids and demolitions have been carried out on underground churches, sometimes resulting in injury to congregants inside. Chinese officials have labelled several underground Protestant churches as a *xie jiao* (translated literally as "evil religion"), or cult, thus providing a pretext for harsher punishment of members. Several prominent Weiquan lawyers themselves identify with the underground Protestant movement, and have sought to defend church members and leaders facing imprisonment. These include Zhang Kai, Li Heping, and Gao Zhisheng. Former house church leader [Bob Fu](/wiki/Bob_Fu "Bob Fu")'s US\-based organization [ChinaAid](/wiki/ChinaAid.org "ChinaAid.org") has sponsored legal cases, and provided "rule\-of\-law training" and legal help for distressed clients in China.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la\-xpm\-2012\-may\-02\-la\-na\-nn\-texas\-chinaaid\-20120502\-story.html\|title\=Chen Guangcheng plight: To Texas man, it echoes of the familiar\|first\=Molly\|last\=Hennessy\-Fiske\|date\=2 May 2012\|access\-date\=28 June 2013\|work\=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.smh.com.au/world/respect\-for\-life\-declining\-in\-china\-dissident\-20130404\-2h826\.html\|title\=Respect for life declining in China: dissident\|date\=4 April 2013\|access\-date\=28 June 2013\|work\=The Sydney Morning Herald\|first\=Audrie\|last\=Palmer}} ### Other initiatives A number of specific events have attracted the help and attention of Weiquan activists. In the March 2008 earthquake in Sichuan province, [shoddy school construction](/wiki/Sichuan_schools_corruption_scandal "Sichuan schools corruption scandal") resulted in the collapse of several schools full of students. A number of Weiquan lawyers, including [Tan Zuoren](/wiki/Tan_Zuoren "Tan Zuoren"), were involved in advocating for the rights of parents, and in investigating allegations that corrupt officials were responsible for the poor construction. Parents and lawyers met with reprisals from Chinese officials for their activism. Later the same year, it was revealed that large quantities of infant formula had been [tainted with melamine](/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal "2008 Chinese milk scandal"), causing 300,000 infants to fall ill and resulting in several deaths. A group of parents of the victims were reportedly detained for attempting to draw media attention to their plight. Dozens of lawyers—particularly from the provinces of Hebei, Henan and Shandong—offered pro\-bono legal services to victims, but their efforts were [obstructed by authorities](/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal%23Pressure_on_the_legal_profession "2008 Chinese milk scandal#Pressure on the legal profession").{{cite news\| author\=Jane Macartney\| url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5152668\.ece \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505183526/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5152668\.ece \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=5 May 2009 \|title\=US places ban on Chinese food imports \|date\= 14 November 2008 \|work\=The Times \|location\=London }}Radio Free Asia, ['Lawyers’ Outrage at Milk Case Ban'](http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/lawyer-10072008150126.html), 7 October 2008\. Individual human rights cases, such as the [Deng Yujiao incident](/wiki/Deng_Yujiao_incident "Deng Yujiao incident") and the death of [Qian Yunhui](/wiki/Qian_Yunhui "Qian Yunhui"), have also drawn help from rights defenders such as Wu Gan. In 2003, a group of legal scholars, including [Teng Biao](/wiki/Teng_Biao "Teng Biao") and [Xu Zhiyong](/wiki/Xu_Zhiyong "Xu Zhiyong"), formed the [Open Constitution Initiative](/wiki/Open_Constitution_Initiative "Open Constitution Initiative") ({{zh\|公盟}}) to advocate for greater rule of law. The organization was involved in the [Sun Zhigang](/wiki/Sun_Zhigang "Sun Zhigang") case, and has advocated for petitioners, labor rights, freedom of expression, HIV/AIDS victims, Tibetans, land rights, and protection of public health, among other issues.The Economist, ['Open Constitution Closed'](http://www.economist.com/node/14098751), 23 June 2009\.
[ "Major fields\n------------", "### Freedom of expression", "Although freedom of speech is enshrined in Article 35 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Chinese authorities enforce restrictions on political and religious expression.Congressional Executive Commission on China, ['Human rights and rule of law in China'](http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/hrrolindex.php) Such restrictions are sometimes in accordance with [Article 105](/wiki/Political_offences_in_China%23Inciting_subversion_of_the_state \"Political offences in China#Inciting subversion of the state\") of the criminal code, which contains vague and broadly defined provisions against \"[inciting subversion of state power](/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power \"Inciting subversion of state power\")\". Weiquan lawyers, along with international human rights organizations, have argued that the provisions against subversion are inconsistent both with China's own constitution and with international human rights standards, particularly in light of the lack of transparency and clear guidelines used in applying the laws.", "Several Weiquan lawyers have been involved in litigation and other forms of advocacy to defend the rights to free expression for individuals charged with the crime of subversion. Notable cases include that of [Liu Xiaobo](/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo \"Liu Xiaobo\"), a prominent Beijing intellectual sentenced to 11 years in prison for inciting subversion in December 2009\\. [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu \"Chengdu\") activist [Tan Zuoren](/wiki/Tan_Zuoren \"Tan Zuoren\") was sentenced to five years for inciting subversion for publishing writings on the [1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre](/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre \"1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre\"), advocating for the families of the [2008 Sichuan earthquake](/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake \"2008 Sichuan earthquake\") victims, and accepting interviews from the [Falun Gong](/wiki/Falun_Gong \"Falun Gong\")\\-affiliated [Sound of Hope](/wiki/Sound_of_Hope \"Sound of Hope\") radio. His lawyers were reportedly barred from entering the courtroom. In October 2009, intellectual [Guo Quan](/wiki/Guo_Quan \"Guo Quan\") was sentenced to 10 years in prison for publishing \"reactionary\" articles online.", "Weiquan lawyers have also challenged the application of state secret laws, which are sometimes used to prosecute individuals who disseminate information on politically sensitive issues. In November 2009, for instance, lawyers were involved in arguing for [Huang Qi](/wiki/Huang_Qi \"Huang Qi\"), a [Sichuan](/wiki/Sichuan \"Sichuan\") activist who had advocated online for the parents of Sichuan earthquake victims. Huang was sentenced to three years in prison for possession of state secrets.", "### Judicial independence", "The Chinese Constitution enshrines rule of law, but simultaneously emphasizes the principle of the \"leadership of the Communist Party.\" The legal profession itself is subordinate to the authority of the CCP; the [Ministry of Justice](/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China\"), not the [bar associations](/wiki/All_China_Lawyers_Association \"All China Lawyers Association\"), is responsible for issuing and renewing lawyers' licenses. Weiquan lawyers have argued that this structure precludes the emergence of genuine rule of law, and in some cases have advocated for reforms to advance judicial independence and the protection of legal professionals.", "In late August 2008, a collection of several dozen Beijing lawyers signed a petition stating that the Beijing Bar Association leaders should be elected by the organization's members, rather than being appointed. The petition letter stated that selection process in place for the Association's directors is inconsistent with official guidelines and the Chinese constitution, and should be replaced with a democratic voting process. The Beijing Bar Association responded to the campaign by asserting that \"Any individual who uses text messages, the web or other media to privately promote and disseminate the concept of direct elections, express controversial opinions, thereby spreading rumors within the Beijing Bar Association, confuse and poison people's minds, and convince people of circumstances that do not exist regarding the so\\-called 'Call For Direct Elections For the Beijing Bar Association' is illegal.\" The following year, the Beijing Bureau of Justice refused to renew the licenses of 53 Beijing Weiquan lawyers, all of whom had signed the petition for elections to the Bar Association.", "### Land rights", "{{Main\\|Forced evictions in China}}", "[thumb\\|250px\\|The practice of land requisitions and forced evictions is widespread in China as local governments make way for private real estate developers.](/wiki/File:Shanghai_Tower_construction%2C_April_12%2C_2011.jpg \"Shanghai Tower construction, April 12, 2011.jpg\")\nUnder [Chinese property law](/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Property Law of the People's Republic of China\"), there is no privately held land; \"urban land\" is owned by the state, which grants land rights for a set number of years. Rural, or \"collectively owned land,\" is leased by the state for periods of 30 years, and is theoretically reserved for agricultural purposes, housing and services for farmers.", "[Forced evictions](/wiki/Forced_eviction_%28China%29 \"Forced eviction (China)\") are forbidden under [International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic%2C_Social_and_Cultural_Rights \"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights\"), which China has ratified. Under China's constitution and other property laws, expropriation of urban land is permitted only if it is for the purpose of supporting the \"public interest,\" and those being evicted are supposed to receive compensation, resettlement, and protection of one's living conditions. The \"public interest\" is not defined, however, and abuses are common in the expropriation process, with many citizens complaining of receiving little or no compensation.Congressional Executive Commission on China, [2010 Annual Report](http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_house_committee_prints&docid=f:61507.pdf). 10 October 2010, pp 41–42", "Forced evictions with little or no compensation occur frequently in both urban and rural China, with even fewer legal protections for rural citizens. Collectively owned rural land may be \"reallocated\" at the discretion of authorities, and in many regions local governments collude with private developers to reclassify rural land as urban land, which can then be sold. from the mid\\-1990s to mid\\-2000s, an estimated 40 million Chinese peasants were affected by land requisitions. Citizens who resist or protest the evictions have reportedly been subjected to harassment, beatings, or detention, and land\\-related grievances occasionally escalate into large\\-scale protests or riots.The Economist, [“Protest in China: The Cauldron Boils”](http://www.economist.com/node/4462719), 29 September 2005\\.", "Several Weiquan lawyers have advocated for the rights of individual citizens whose land and homes were taken with inadequate compensation, including Shanghai lawyer Zheng Enchong. [Ni Yulan](/wiki/Ni_Yulan \"Ni Yulan\"), a Beijing lawyer, was herself left homeless by forced eviction, and became an outspoken advocate for victims before being sentenced to two years in prison.", "In 2007, a 54\\-year\\-old farmer in Heilongjiang [Yang Chunlin](/wiki/Yang_Chunlin \"Yang Chunlin\") published numerous articles on human rights and land rights, and helped to organise a petition entitled: \"We want human rights, not the Olympics.\" The petition reportedly collected over ten thousand signatures. Yang was put to trial, and sentenced to five years in prison, where he has allegedly been tortured. [Li Fangping](/wiki/Li_Fangping \"Li Fangping\") was hired to defend him, but was denied access to his client.", "### Defense of ethnic minorities", "Several Weiquan lawyers, including Teng Biao, [Jiang Tianyong](/wiki/Jiang_Tianyong \"Jiang Tianyong\"), and Li Fangping, offered legal aid to [Tibetans](/wiki/Tibetan_people \"Tibetan people\") in the wake of the March 2008 [Tibetan protests](/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest \"2008 Tibetan unrest\"). The protests resulted in the imprisonment of at least 670 Tibetans, and the execution of at least four individuals. Chinese government sources asserted that the unrest and violence in Tibet had been masterminded by the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama \"Dalai Lama\") and executed by his followers for the purpose of fomenting unrest and disrupting the [2008 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") in Beijing. The [Open Constitution Initiative](/wiki/Open_Constitution_Initiative \"Open Constitution Initiative\") (OCI), operated by several Weiquan lawyers and intellectuals, issued a paper in May 2009 challenging the official narrative, and suggesting that the protests were instead a response to economic inequities, [Han Chinese](/wiki/Han_Chinese \"Han Chinese\") migration, and religious sentiments. The OCI recommended that Chinese authorities better respect and protect the rights and interests of the Tibetan people, including religious freedom, and pursue the reduction of economic inequality and official corruption.", "Tibetan Filmmaker Dhondup Wangcheng was sentenced to six years in prison for making a documentary on [human rights in Tibet](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet \"Human rights in Tibet\") in the run\\-up to the Beijing Olympics. Two lawyers who sought to represent him, [Chang Boyang](/wiki/Chang_Boyang \"Chang Boyang\") and [Li Dunyong](/wiki/Li_Dunyong \"Li Dunyong\"), faced threats and harassment for their advocacy.", "In July 2010, a group of Chinese activists including Teng Biao co\\-signed a letter to the Chinese leadership to protest the 15\\-year prison sentence that had been meted out to [Uighur](/wiki/Uyghurs \"Uyghurs\") journalist Halaite Niyaze. Niyaze was not permitted to have a lawyer at his trial, where he was charged with \"endangering state security.\" According to reports, Niyaze was being charged because he had criticized the Chinese government in an interview with a Hong Kong news agency for not doing enough to prevent the [July 2009 Ürümqi riots](/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots \"July 2009 Ürümqi riots\").", "### Falun Gong", "{{Further\\|Persecution of Falun Gong}}[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Falun Gong practitioners demonstrate outside the [Zhongnanhai](/wiki/Zhongnanhai \"Zhongnanhai\") compound in April 1999 to demand official recognition. The practice was banned three months later.](/wiki/Image:April25Zhognanhai.jpg \"April25Zhognanhai.jpg\")\nFalun Gong, a spiritual practice that once claimed tens of million adherents in China, was banned in July 1999 under the leadership of the CCP, and a campaign was launched to suppress the group.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Cheung \\|first\\=Maria \\|last2\\=Trey \\|first2\\=Torsten \\|last3\\=Matas \\|first3\\=David \\|last4\\=An \\|first4\\=Richard \\|date\\=June 2018 \\|title\\=Cold Genocide: Falun Gong in China \\|journal\\=Genocide Studies and Prevention \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=38–62 \\|doi\\=10\\.5038/1911\\-9933\\.12\\.1\\.1513 \\|issn\\=1911\\-0359 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} In an attempt to have Falun Gong adherents renounce their belief in the practice, they are subject to state\\-sanctioned, systematic violence in custody, sometimes resulting in death. Some sources indicate hundreds of thousands may have been detained in reeducation\\-through\\-labor camps for practicing Falun Gong and/or resisting persecution.", "In November 1999, the [Supreme People's Court](/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") offered a judicial interpretation of article 300 of the criminal code, stating that Falun Gong should be regarded as a *\"xie jiao*,\" or cult. Large numbers were subsequently sentenced to long prison terms, often under article 300, in what are typically very short trials without the presence of a lawyer.Congressional Executive Commission on China, [' Annual Report 2010](http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_house_committee_prints&docid=f:61507.pdf), 10 October 2010\\. Human rights groups, including Amnesty International, note that the application of the law to persecute Falun Gong adherents contravenes both China's own constitution and international standards. Several Weiquan lawyers have argued similarly while defending Falun Gong adherents who face criminal or administrative sentencing for their beliefs. Lawyers who have defended Falun Gong include [Guo Guoting](/wiki/Guo_Guoting \"Guo Guoting\"), Zhang Kai and Li Chunfu, Wang Yonghang, [Tang Jitian](/wiki/Tang_Jitian \"Tang Jitian\") and Liu Wei, among others.", "In addition to litigation work, Weiquan lawyers like Gao Zhisheng have also advocated publicly and in the media for human rights for Falun Gong. In 2004 and 2005, Gao wrote a series of letters to China's top leadership detailing accounts of torture and sexual abuse against Falun Gong practitioners, and calling for an end to the persecution of the group. In response, Gao lost his legal license, was put under house arrest, detained, and was reportedly tortured.", "### HIV/AIDS", "Some Weiquan lawyers have advocated for the rights of HIV/AIDS victims who contracted the virus as a result of state\\-sponsored blood drives. In the 1990s, government officials in central China, and especially in [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\"), encouraged rural citizens to sell blood plasma in order to supplement their incomes. Gross mismanagement of the process resulted in hundreds of thousands of individuals being infected with HIV. According to activists, victims have not been compensated, and no government officials were held accountable. Authorities continue to suppress information about the epidemic, which is particularly sensitive in light of the involvement of [Li Changchun](/wiki/Li_Changchun \"Li Changchun\"), the CCP [Central Propaganda Department](/wiki/Central_Propaganda_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Central_Committee \"Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee\") head and formerly [Party chief](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary \"Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary\") in Henan.", "[Hu Jia](/wiki/Hu_Jia_%28activist%29 \"Hu Jia (activist)\") is arguably the most well known advocate for HIV/AIDS victims, having served as the executive director of the [Beijing Aizhixing Institute of Health Education](/wiki/Beijing_Aizhixing_Institute_of_Health_Education \"Beijing Aizhixing Institute of Health Education\") and as one of the founders of the non\\-governmental organization Loving Source.Amnesty International, ['Hu Jia jailed for three and a half years](https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/chinese-activist-gets-jail-sentence-20080403), 4 April 2008\\.", "### Women's rights", "[Chen Guangcheng](/wiki/Chen_Guangcheng \"Chen Guangcheng\"), a blind self\\-taught Weiquan lawyer, rose to prominence for defending victims of China's [one\\-child policy](/wiki/One-child_policy \"One-child policy\"). First implemented in 1979, the one\\-child policy mandates that couples may have only one child, though there are exceptions for some rural citizens, ethnic minorities, and couples who were themselves only children.Laura Fitzpatrick, ['A Brief History of China's One\\-Child Policy'](https://web.archive.org/web/20090730023922/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912861,00.html), *Time*, 27 July 2009\\. Though Chinese laws condemn harsh enforcement measures, Chinese authorities and family planning staff have been accused of carrying out coercive, late\\-term forced abortions, sterilization, incarceration and torture to enforce the policy.Amnesty International, ['Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China'](https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/thousands-risk-forced-sterilization-china-2010-04-22) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529125647/https://www.amnesty.org/en/news\\-and\\-updates/thousands\\-risk\\-forced\\-sterilization\\-china\\-2010\\-04\\-22 \\|date\\=29 May 2013 }}, 22 April 2010\\.Simon Elegant, ['Why Forced Abortions Persist in China'](https://web.archive.org/web/20070502021731/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1615936,00.html), *Time*, 30 April 2007\\. In 2005, Chen Guangcheng filed a class\\-action case against family planning officials in Linyi, Shandong, who were accused of subjecting thousands of women to sterilization or forced abortions.{{cite news\\| title \\= Chinese to Prosecute Peasant Who Resisted One\\-Child Policy \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\| url \\= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2006/07/07/AR2006070701510\\.html\\| date \\= 8 July 2006 \\| first\\=Philip P. \\| last\\=Pan \\| access\\-date\\=28 April 2010}}", "### Underground Christians", "{{Further\\|House church (China)}}\nChina's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, yet also provides a caveat specifying that only \"normal\" religious activities are permitted. In practice, religious freedom is granted only within the strictly prescribed parameters of the five officially sanctioned \"patriotic\" religious associations of [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China \"Buddhist Association of China\"), [Taoism](/wiki/Chinese_Taoist_Association \"Chinese Taoist Association\"), [Islam](/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China \"Islamic Association of China\"), [Protestantism](/wiki/Three-Self_Patriotic_Movement \"Three-Self Patriotic Movement\") and [Catholicism](/wiki/Chinese_Patriotic_Catholic_Association \"Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association\"). Groups falling outside the state\\-administered religions, including \"underground\" or [\"house church\"](/wiki/Chinese_house_church \"Chinese house church\") Christians, are subject to varying degrees of repression and persecution.U.S. Department of State, [July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report: China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)](https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171651.pdf), 13 September 2011\\.", "Although there are no definitive figures on the number of underground Christians in China, some estimates have put their total number in excess of 70 million. At least 40 Catholic bishops operate independently of official sanction, and some are under surveillance, house arrest, detention, or have disappeared. Several leaders and members of underground [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\") churches have also been detained and sentenced to reeducation through labor or prison terms. Violent raids and demolitions have been carried out on underground churches, sometimes resulting in injury to congregants inside. Chinese officials have labelled several underground Protestant churches as a *xie jiao* (translated literally as \"evil religion\"), or cult, thus providing a pretext for harsher punishment of members.", "Several prominent Weiquan lawyers themselves identify with the underground Protestant movement, and have sought to defend church members and leaders facing imprisonment. These include Zhang Kai, Li Heping, and Gao Zhisheng. Former house church leader [Bob Fu](/wiki/Bob_Fu \"Bob Fu\")'s US\\-based organization [ChinaAid](/wiki/ChinaAid.org \"ChinaAid.org\") has sponsored legal cases, and provided \"rule\\-of\\-law training\" and legal help for distressed clients in China.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la\\-xpm\\-2012\\-may\\-02\\-la\\-na\\-nn\\-texas\\-chinaaid\\-20120502\\-story.html\\|title\\=Chen Guangcheng plight: To Texas man, it echoes of the familiar\\|first\\=Molly\\|last\\=Hennessy\\-Fiske\\|date\\=2 May 2012\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2013\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.smh.com.au/world/respect\\-for\\-life\\-declining\\-in\\-china\\-dissident\\-20130404\\-2h826\\.html\\|title\\=Respect for life declining in China: dissident\\|date\\=4 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 June 2013\\|work\\=The Sydney Morning Herald\\|first\\=Audrie\\|last\\=Palmer}}", "### Other initiatives", "A number of specific events have attracted the help and attention of Weiquan activists. In the March 2008 earthquake in Sichuan province, [shoddy school construction](/wiki/Sichuan_schools_corruption_scandal \"Sichuan schools corruption scandal\") resulted in the collapse of several schools full of students. A number of Weiquan lawyers, including [Tan Zuoren](/wiki/Tan_Zuoren \"Tan Zuoren\"), were involved in advocating for the rights of parents, and in investigating allegations that corrupt officials were responsible for the poor construction. Parents and lawyers met with reprisals from Chinese officials for their activism.", "Later the same year, it was revealed that large quantities of infant formula had been [tainted with melamine](/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal \"2008 Chinese milk scandal\"), causing 300,000 infants to fall ill and resulting in several deaths. A group of parents of the victims were reportedly detained for attempting to draw media attention to their plight. Dozens of lawyers—particularly from the provinces of Hebei, Henan and Shandong—offered pro\\-bono legal services to victims, but their efforts were [obstructed by authorities](/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal%23Pressure_on_the_legal_profession \"2008 Chinese milk scandal#Pressure on the legal profession\").{{cite news\\| author\\=Jane Macartney\\| url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5152668\\.ece \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505183526/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5152668\\.ece \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=5 May 2009 \\|title\\=US places ban on Chinese food imports \\|date\\= 14 November 2008 \\|work\\=The Times \\|location\\=London }}Radio Free Asia, ['Lawyers’ Outrage at Milk Case Ban'](http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/lawyer-10072008150126.html), 7 October 2008\\.", "Individual human rights cases, such as the [Deng Yujiao incident](/wiki/Deng_Yujiao_incident \"Deng Yujiao incident\") and the death of [Qian Yunhui](/wiki/Qian_Yunhui \"Qian Yunhui\"), have also drawn help from rights defenders such as Wu Gan.", "In 2003, a group of legal scholars, including [Teng Biao](/wiki/Teng_Biao \"Teng Biao\") and [Xu Zhiyong](/wiki/Xu_Zhiyong \"Xu Zhiyong\"), formed the [Open Constitution Initiative](/wiki/Open_Constitution_Initiative \"Open Constitution Initiative\") ({{zh\\|公盟}}) to advocate for greater rule of law. The organization was involved in the [Sun Zhigang](/wiki/Sun_Zhigang \"Sun Zhigang\") case, and has advocated for petitioners, labor rights, freedom of expression, HIV/AIDS victims, Tibetans, land rights, and protection of public health, among other issues.The Economist, ['Open Constitution Closed'](http://www.economist.com/node/14098751), 23 June 2009\\.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- Cash was selected by the [Detroit Shock](/wiki/Detroit_Shock "Detroit Shock") in the 2002 [WNBA draft](/wiki/WNBA_draft "WNBA draft"), second overall. After leading the Shock's resurgence in the second half of her rookie season, she then led the [Detroit Shock](/wiki/Detroit_Shock "Detroit Shock") to their first [WNBA Championship](/wiki/WNBA_Finals "WNBA Finals") title in 2003\. She played in the 2003 [WNBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association_All-Star_Game "Women's National Basketball Association All-Star Game") and won the [gold medal](/wiki/Gold_medal "Gold medal") with the U.S. women's basketball team at the [2004 Olympic Games](/wiki/2004_Olympic_Games "2004 Olympic Games"). [thumb\|300px\|left\|Swin Cash meets George W. Bush after winning the WNBA Championship with the Detroit Shock in May 2004](/wiki/Image:Swin_Cash.jpg "Swin Cash.jpg") In the off\-season, Cash has appeared as a studio analyst on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")'s [NBA Fastbreak](/wiki/NBA_Fastbreak "NBA Fastbreak") (according to [ESPN.com](/wiki/ESPN.com "ESPN.com")) and during the 2008 Beijing Olympic games, she alternated with [Teresa Edwards](/wiki/Teresa_Edwards "Teresa Edwards") in presenting in\-game commentary for [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC")'s presentation of the women's basketball tournament from the network's New York broadcast studios. Swin appeared (as herself) in the movie [Bring It On: All or Nothing](/wiki/Bring_It_On:All_or_Nothing "All or Nothing"). Cash received the [Dapper Dan Sportswoman of the Year](/wiki/Dapper_Dan_Charities "Dapper Dan Charities") award given to one who shows excellence in the [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") area. She was also honored with [Sidney Crosby](/wiki/Sidney_Crosby "Sidney Crosby") and [Dan Rooney](/wiki/Dan_Rooney "Dan Rooney"). Cash left Detroit for the 2008 season after "struggling to build a consistent relationship with Detroit Shock head coach [Bill Laimbeer](/wiki/Bill_Laimbeer "Bill Laimbeer")". On February 19, 2008 Cash was traded to the [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm "Seattle Storm") for the 4th pick in the 2008 WNBA draft. The Shock selected [Alexis Hornbuckle](/wiki/Alexis_Hornbuckle "Alexis Hornbuckle") with their draft pick. Cash along with [Sue Bird](/wiki/Sue_Bird "Sue Bird") and [Lauren Jackson](/wiki/Lauren_Jackson "Lauren Jackson") helped the Storm win their second championship in 2010\. On January 2, 2012, in perhaps the WNBA's biggest blockbuster trade news thus far, Cash was traded, along with [Le'Coe Willingham](/wiki/Le%27Coe_Willingham "Le'Coe Willingham"), to the [Chicago Sky](/wiki/Chicago_Sky "Chicago Sky") joining All\- Star [Sylvia Fowles](/wiki/Sylvia_Fowles "Sylvia Fowles"). Cash has been suffering from a herniated disk for more than two years, an injury suffered while helping the Detroit Shock win the WNBA championship in 2006\. In 2009, she came back to Connecticut to lead the Western Conference over the Eastern Conference at [Mohegan Sun](/wiki/Mohegan_Sun "Mohegan Sun") in [Uncasville](/wiki/Uncasville "Uncasville"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"). She led all scorers with an All\-Star record of 22 points in a 130–118 win. The previous high was 20 by Cash's former Detroit teammate, [Deanna Nolan](/wiki/Deanna_Nolan "Deanna Nolan"), in 2005\. Cash was invited to the USA Basketball Women's National Team training camp in the fall of 2009\. The team selected to play for the 2010 FIBA World Championship and the 2012 Olympics is usually chosen from these participants. At the conclusion of the training camp, the team will travel to Ekaterinburg, Russia, where they compete in the 2009 UMMC Ekaterinburg International Invitational. [thumbnail\|right\|200px\|Cash at USA National team versus USA Select team scrimmage.](/wiki/File:Swin_Cash_National_Team.jpg "Swin Cash National Team.jpg") Cash was one of twenty players named to the national team pool. Twelve of this group will be chosen to represent the US in the 2010 World Championships and the 2012 Olympics. Cash was selected to be a member of the National team representing the US at the World Championships held in September and October 2010\. The team was coached by [Geno Auriemma](/wiki/Geno_Auriemma "Geno Auriemma"). Because many team members were still playing in the [WNBA](/wiki/WNBA "WNBA") until just prior to the event, the team had only one day of practice with the entire team before leaving for [Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava "Ostrava") and [Karlovy Vary](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary "Karlovy Vary"), Czech Republic. Even with limited practice, the team managed to win its first games against Greece by 26 points. The team continued to dominate with victory margins exceeding 20 points in the first five games. Several players shared scoring honors, with Cash, [Angel McCoughtry](/wiki/Angel_McCoughtry "Angel McCoughtry"), [Maya Moore](/wiki/Maya_Moore "Maya Moore"), [Diana Taurasi](/wiki/Diana_Taurasi "Diana Taurasi"), [Lindsay Whalen](/wiki/Lindsay_Whalen "Lindsay Whalen"), and [Sylvia Fowles](/wiki/Sylvia_Fowles "Sylvia Fowles") all ending as high scorer in the first few games. The sixth game was against undefeated Australia — the USA jumped out to a 24\-point lead and the USA prevailed 83–75\. The USA won its next two games by over 30 points, then faced the host team, the Czech Republic, in the championship game. The USA team had only a five\-point lead at halftime, which was cut to three points, but the Czechs never got closer. Team USA went on to win the championship and gold medal. Cash averaged 8\.6 points per game. Cash was named as one of the National team members to represent the USA Basketball team in the WNBA versus USA Basketball. This game replaces the normal WNBA All\-Star game with WNBA All\-Stars versus USA Basketball, as part of the preparation for the [FIBA World Championship for Women](/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship_for_Women "FIBA World Championship for Women") to be held in the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") during September and October 2010\. Cash was one of 21 finalists for the U.S. Women's Olympic Basketball Team Roster. The 20 professional women's basketball players, plus one collegiate player (Brittney Griner), were selected by the USA Basketball Women's National Team Player Selection Committee to compete for the final roster which will represent the US at the 2012 Olympics in London. Cash made the final roster and played for the U.S. team that won the 2012 Olympic gold medal.[London 2012 \- Women's Basketball \- Gold Medal Game results](http://www.london2012.com/basketball/event/women/match=bkw400101/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123102900/http://www.london2012\.com/basketball/event/women/match\=bkw400101/index.html \|date\=January 23, 2013 }}. [Washington and Jefferson College](/wiki/Washington_and_Jefferson_College "Washington and Jefferson College") awarded Cash with an honorary degree in Doctorate of Public Service at their commencement ceremonies in May 2011 to honor her charity work. Cash is the founder of the Pennsylvania\-based Cash for Kids charitable organization. Cash was waived by New York Liberty on May 11, 2016\. On May 24, 2016, it was reported that Cash re\-signed with the Liberty for the remainder of the season. She was immediately eligible for their game versus the [Atlanta Dream](/wiki/Atlanta_Dream "Atlanta Dream") on that day. On June 7, 2016, Cash announced that she would retire at the end of the 2016 season.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wnba.com/news/swin\-cash\-retirement\-feature/\|title\=Swin Cash WNBA Career Retrospective\|website\=WNBA.com \- Official Site of the WNBA\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-09}}
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "Cash was selected by the [Detroit Shock](/wiki/Detroit_Shock \"Detroit Shock\") in the 2002 [WNBA draft](/wiki/WNBA_draft \"WNBA draft\"), second overall. After leading the Shock's resurgence in the second half of her rookie season, she then led the [Detroit Shock](/wiki/Detroit_Shock \"Detroit Shock\") to their first [WNBA Championship](/wiki/WNBA_Finals \"WNBA Finals\") title in 2003\\. She played in the 2003 [WNBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association_All-Star_Game \"Women's National Basketball Association All-Star Game\") and won the [gold medal](/wiki/Gold_medal \"Gold medal\") with the U.S. women's basketball team at the [2004 Olympic Games](/wiki/2004_Olympic_Games \"2004 Olympic Games\").\n[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Swin Cash meets George W. Bush after winning the WNBA Championship with the Detroit Shock in May 2004](/wiki/Image:Swin_Cash.jpg \"Swin Cash.jpg\")\nIn the off\\-season, Cash has appeared as a studio analyst on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")'s [NBA Fastbreak](/wiki/NBA_Fastbreak \"NBA Fastbreak\") (according to [ESPN.com](/wiki/ESPN.com \"ESPN.com\")) and during the 2008 Beijing Olympic games, she alternated with [Teresa Edwards](/wiki/Teresa_Edwards \"Teresa Edwards\") in presenting in\\-game commentary for [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")'s presentation of the women's basketball tournament from the network's New York broadcast studios. Swin appeared (as herself) in the movie [Bring It On: All or Nothing](/wiki/Bring_It_On:All_or_Nothing \"All or Nothing\").", "Cash received the [Dapper Dan Sportswoman of the Year](/wiki/Dapper_Dan_Charities \"Dapper Dan Charities\") award given to one who shows excellence in the [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") area. She was also honored with [Sidney Crosby](/wiki/Sidney_Crosby \"Sidney Crosby\") and [Dan Rooney](/wiki/Dan_Rooney \"Dan Rooney\").", "Cash left Detroit for the 2008 season after \"struggling to build a consistent relationship with Detroit Shock head coach [Bill Laimbeer](/wiki/Bill_Laimbeer \"Bill Laimbeer\")\". On February 19, 2008 Cash was traded to the [Seattle Storm](/wiki/Seattle_Storm \"Seattle Storm\") for the 4th pick in the 2008 WNBA draft. The Shock selected [Alexis Hornbuckle](/wiki/Alexis_Hornbuckle \"Alexis Hornbuckle\") with their draft pick. Cash along with [Sue Bird](/wiki/Sue_Bird \"Sue Bird\") and [Lauren Jackson](/wiki/Lauren_Jackson \"Lauren Jackson\") helped the Storm win their second championship in 2010\\. On January 2, 2012, in perhaps the WNBA's biggest blockbuster trade news thus far, Cash was traded, along with [Le'Coe Willingham](/wiki/Le%27Coe_Willingham \"Le'Coe Willingham\"), to the [Chicago Sky](/wiki/Chicago_Sky \"Chicago Sky\") joining All\\- Star [Sylvia Fowles](/wiki/Sylvia_Fowles \"Sylvia Fowles\").", "Cash has been suffering from a herniated disk for more than two years, an injury suffered while helping the Detroit Shock win the WNBA championship in 2006\\. In 2009, she came back to Connecticut to lead the Western Conference over the Eastern Conference at [Mohegan Sun](/wiki/Mohegan_Sun \"Mohegan Sun\") in [Uncasville](/wiki/Uncasville \"Uncasville\"), [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"). She led all scorers with an All\\-Star record of 22 points in a 130–118 win. The previous high was 20 by Cash's former Detroit teammate, [Deanna Nolan](/wiki/Deanna_Nolan \"Deanna Nolan\"), in 2005\\.", "Cash was invited to the USA Basketball Women's National Team training camp in the fall of 2009\\. The team selected to play for the 2010 FIBA World Championship and the 2012 Olympics is usually chosen from these participants. At the conclusion of the training camp, the team will travel to Ekaterinburg, Russia, where they compete in the 2009 UMMC Ekaterinburg International Invitational.", "[thumbnail\\|right\\|200px\\|Cash at USA National team versus USA Select team scrimmage.](/wiki/File:Swin_Cash_National_Team.jpg \"Swin Cash National Team.jpg\")\nCash was one of twenty players named to the national team pool. Twelve of this group will be chosen to represent the US in the 2010 World Championships and the 2012 Olympics.", "Cash was selected to be a member of the National team representing the US at the World Championships held in September and October 2010\\. The team was coached by [Geno Auriemma](/wiki/Geno_Auriemma \"Geno Auriemma\"). Because many team members were still playing in the [WNBA](/wiki/WNBA \"WNBA\") until just prior to the event, the team had only one day of practice with the entire team before leaving for [Ostrava](/wiki/Ostrava \"Ostrava\") and [Karlovy Vary](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary \"Karlovy Vary\"), Czech Republic. Even with limited practice, the team managed to win its first games against Greece by 26 points. The team continued to dominate with victory margins exceeding 20 points in the first five games. Several players shared scoring honors, with Cash, [Angel McCoughtry](/wiki/Angel_McCoughtry \"Angel McCoughtry\"), [Maya Moore](/wiki/Maya_Moore \"Maya Moore\"), [Diana Taurasi](/wiki/Diana_Taurasi \"Diana Taurasi\"), [Lindsay Whalen](/wiki/Lindsay_Whalen \"Lindsay Whalen\"), and [Sylvia Fowles](/wiki/Sylvia_Fowles \"Sylvia Fowles\") all ending as high scorer in the first few games. The sixth game was against undefeated Australia — the USA jumped out to a 24\\-point lead and the USA prevailed 83–75\\. The USA won its next two games by over 30 points, then faced the host team, the Czech Republic, in the championship game. The USA team had only a five\\-point lead at halftime, which was cut to three points, but the Czechs never got closer. Team USA went on to win the championship and gold medal. Cash averaged 8\\.6 points per game.", "Cash was named as one of the National team members to represent the USA Basketball team in the WNBA versus USA Basketball. This game replaces the normal WNBA All\\-Star game with WNBA All\\-Stars versus USA Basketball, as part of the preparation for the [FIBA World Championship for Women](/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship_for_Women \"FIBA World Championship for Women\") to be held in the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\") during September and October 2010\\.", "Cash was one of 21 finalists for the U.S. Women's Olympic Basketball Team Roster. The 20 professional women's basketball players, plus one collegiate player (Brittney Griner), were selected by the USA Basketball Women's National Team Player Selection Committee to compete for the final roster which will represent the US at the 2012 Olympics in London. Cash made the final roster and played for the U.S. team that won the 2012 Olympic gold medal.[London 2012 \\- Women's Basketball \\- Gold Medal Game results](http://www.london2012.com/basketball/event/women/match=bkw400101/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123102900/http://www.london2012\\.com/basketball/event/women/match\\=bkw400101/index.html \\|date\\=January 23, 2013 }}.", "[Washington and Jefferson College](/wiki/Washington_and_Jefferson_College \"Washington and Jefferson College\") awarded Cash with an honorary degree in Doctorate of Public Service at their commencement ceremonies in May 2011 to honor her charity work. Cash is the founder of the Pennsylvania\\-based Cash for Kids charitable organization.", "Cash was waived by New York Liberty on May 11, 2016\\. On May 24, 2016, it was reported that Cash re\\-signed with the Liberty for the remainder of the season. She was immediately eligible for their game versus the [Atlanta Dream](/wiki/Atlanta_Dream \"Atlanta Dream\") on that day.", "On June 7, 2016, Cash announced that she would retire at the end of the 2016 season.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wnba.com/news/swin\\-cash\\-retirement\\-feature/\\|title\\=Swin Cash WNBA Career Retrospective\\|website\\=WNBA.com \\- Official Site of the WNBA\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-09}}", "" ]
Geography --------- ### Location Mazamitla is located in the south\-central area of Jalisco, south of [Lake Chapala](/wiki/Lake_Chapala "Lake Chapala") at coordinates 19º47'30" to 19º59'00" north latitude and 102º58'35" to 103º10'45" west longitude, at an altitude of 2200 meters above sea level. On the north the town abuts the town of [La Manzanilla de La Paz](/wiki/La_Manzanilla_de_La_Paz "La Manzanilla de La Paz"), the state of [Michoacán](/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n "Michoacán") and the town of [Valle de Juárez](/wiki/Valle_de_Ju%C3%A1rez "Valle de Juárez"), on the east by the town of Valle de Juárez, on the south by the municipalities of Valle de Juárez and of [Tamazula de Gordiano](/wiki/Tamazula_de_Gordiano "Tamazula de Gordiano"); on the west by the municipalities of [Concepción de Buenos Aires](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Buenos_Aires "Concepción de Buenos Aires") and La Manzanilla de La Paz. ### Orography Its surface is composed of hilly areas (35%), with hills occupied by forests, with heights ranging from 2200 to 2800 meters. Land semiplane (40%) are hills and slopes, with heights ranging from 2000 to 2200 meters above sea level and flat areas (25%), with elevations ranging from 200 to 1800 meters above sea level. The maximum heights are in Cerro El Jackal and Cerro del Tigre. ### Floor The territory is made up of land belonging to the [Tertiary](/wiki/Tertiary "Tertiary") period. The land is hilly and broken, its composition is prevalent types luvisol, feozem háplico and litosol. The municipality has a land area of 17718 hectares, of which 3495 are used for agriculture, livestock in 3095, 10516 are from forest use, urban land are 206 hectares and 442 hectares have other uses. As far as ownership is concerned, an area of 6432 hectares is private and the other 11286 is communally or publicly owned. ### Hydrography Its [water resources](/wiki/Water_resources "Water resources") are the rivers: La Pasión, Río de Gómez, Los Cazos, Ponche Grande and la media luna; streams: El Salto, Barranca Verde, El Ruido, [Cuate](/wiki/Cuate "Cuate"), Barranca, Los Puentes and [La Cuesta](/wiki/La_Cuesta "La Cuesta"); The Springs: Barranca [los Hoyos](/wiki/Los_Hoyos "Los Hoyos"), [Paso Blanco](/wiki/Paso_Blanco "Paso Blanco"), [La Pasión](/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n "La Pasión") y [Boca de Tinieblas](/wiki/Boca_de_Tinieblas "Boca de Tinieblas"). ### Climate The climate is [subtropical highland](/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate "Subtropical highland climate"), with dry, mild winters. The average annual temperature is 21°C(69\.8°with maximum of 25\.7°C (78\.26°F) and minimum of 7\.1°C(44\.78°). The rainfall recorded between June and September, with an average rainfall of 982 millimeters. The average annual number of days with frost is 52\.6\. The prevailing winds head south. {{Weather box \|location \= Mazamitla \|metric first \= yes \|single line \= yes \|temperature colour \= pastel \|Jan record high C \= 32\.0 \|Feb record high C \= 30\.0 \|Mar record high C \= 34\.0 \|Apr record high C \= 39\.0 \|May record high C \= 36\.0 \|Jun record high C \= 35\.0 \|Jul record high C \= 29\.0 \|Aug record high C \= 29\.0 \|Sep record high C \= 29\.0 \|Oct record high C \= 29\.5 \|Nov record high C \= 28\.0 \|Dec record high C \= 28\.0 \|year record high C \= 39\.0 \|Jan high C \= 20\.3 \|Feb high C \= 21\.8 \|Mar high C \= 24\.3 \|Apr high C \= 26\.2 \|May high C \= 27\.1 \|Jun high C \= 24\.1 \|Jul high C \= 21\.4 \|Aug high C \= 21\.6 \|Sep high C \= 21\.4 \|Oct high C \= 21\.8 \|Nov high C \= 21\.4 \|Dec high C \= 20\.5 \|year high C \= 22\.7 \|Jan mean C \= 13\.3 \|Feb mean C \= 14\.2 \|Mar mean C \= 16\.1 \|Apr mean C \= 18\.0 \|May mean C \= 19\.0 \|Jun mean C \= 18\.0 \|Jul mean C \= 16\.4 \|Aug mean C \= 16\.5 \|Sep mean C \= 16\.3 \|Oct mean C \= 15\.8 \|Nov mean C \= 14\.9 \|Dec mean C \= 13\.9 \|year mean C \= 16\.0 \|Jan low C \= 6\.4 \|Feb low C \= 6\.6 \|Mar low C \= 7\.9 \|Apr low C \= 9\.9 \|May low C \= 11\.0 \|Jun low C \= 11\.8 \|Jul low C \= 11\.3 \|Aug low C \= 11\.4 \|Sep low C \= 11\.2 \|Oct low C \= 9\.7 \|Nov low C \= 8\.3 \|Dec low C \= 7\.3 \|year low C \= 9\.4 \|Jan record low C \= \-3\.0 \|Feb record low C \= 1\.0 \|Mar record low C \= 1\.0 \|Apr record low C \= 1\.0 \|May record low C \= 2\.0 \|Jun record low C \= 1\.0 \|Jul record low C \= 6\.0 \|Aug record low C \= 6\.0 \|Sep record low C \= 4\.0 \|Oct record low C \= 2\.0 \|Nov record low C \= 0\.0 \|Dec record low C \= \-3\.0 \|year record low C \= \-3\.0 \|precipitation colour \= green \|Jan precipitation mm \= 29\.7 \|Feb precipitation mm \= 15\.6 \|Mar precipitation mm \= 9\.7 \|Apr precipitation mm \= 11\.4 \|May precipitation mm \= 44\.2 \|Jun precipitation mm \= 178\.6 \|Jul precipitation mm \= 231\.3 \|Aug precipitation mm \= 199\.6 \|Sep precipitation mm \= 161\.4 \|Oct precipitation mm \= 98\.4 \|Nov precipitation mm \= 26\.7 \|Dec precipitation mm \= 15\.9 \|year precipitation mm \= 1022\.5 \|unit precipitation days \= 0\.1 mm \|Jan precipitation days \= 2\.3 \|Feb precipitation days \= 1\.2 \|Mar precipitation days \= 0\.9 \|Apr precipitation days \= 1\.5 \|May precipitation days \= 4\.7 \|Jun precipitation days \= 15\.9 \|Jul precipitation days \= 20\.7 \|Aug precipitation days \= 18\.7 \|Sep precipitation days \= 15\.5 \|Oct precipitation days \= 9\.6 \|Nov precipitation days \= 3\.0 \|Dec precipitation days \= 1\.7 \|year precipitation days \= 95\.7 \|source 1 \= Servicio Meteorologico Nacional{{cite web \|url \= http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL14099\.TXT \|title \= NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951\-2010 \|publisher \= Servicio Meteorológico Nacional \|language \= es \|access\-date \= May 18, 2013 \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213504/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL14099\.TXT \|archive\-date \= March 3, 2016 }} \|date\=May 2013}} ### Flora and fauna Its [flora](/wiki/Flora "Flora") is composed mainly of [pine](/wiki/Pine "Pine"), [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak"), [arbutus](/wiki/Arbutus "Arbutus"), [huizache](/wiki/Acacia_farnesiana "Acacia farnesiana"), [mesquite](/wiki/Mesquite "Mesquite"), palo dulce, [nopal](/wiki/Nopal "Nopal"), [granjeno](/wiki/Granjeno "Granjeno"), and some fruit species. The wildlife includes [deer](/wiki/Deer "Deer"), [porcupine](/wiki/Porcupine "Porcupine"), [wild cat](/wiki/Wild_cat "Wild cat"), [rabbit](/wiki/Rabbit "Rabbit"), [squirrel](/wiki/Squirrel "Squirrel"), the [eagle](/wiki/Eagle "Eagle"), the [sparrowhawk](/wiki/Sparrowhawk "Sparrowhawk"), [chachalaca](/wiki/Chachalaca "Chachalaca") and [wild guajolote](/wiki/Guajolote "Guajolote").
[ "Geography\n---------", "### Location", "Mazamitla is located in the south\\-central area of Jalisco, south of [Lake Chapala](/wiki/Lake_Chapala \"Lake Chapala\") at coordinates 19º47'30\" to 19º59'00\" north latitude and 102º58'35\" to 103º10'45\" west longitude, at an altitude of 2200 meters above sea level.", "On the north the town abuts the town of [La Manzanilla de La Paz](/wiki/La_Manzanilla_de_La_Paz \"La Manzanilla de La Paz\"), the state of [Michoacán](/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n \"Michoacán\") and the town of [Valle de Juárez](/wiki/Valle_de_Ju%C3%A1rez \"Valle de Juárez\"), on the east by the town of Valle de Juárez, on the south by the municipalities of Valle de Juárez and of [Tamazula de Gordiano](/wiki/Tamazula_de_Gordiano \"Tamazula de Gordiano\"); on the west by the municipalities of [Concepción de Buenos Aires](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Buenos_Aires \"Concepción de Buenos Aires\") and La Manzanilla de La Paz.", "### Orography", "Its surface is composed of hilly areas (35%), with hills occupied by forests, with heights ranging from 2200 to 2800 meters. Land semiplane (40%) are hills and slopes, with heights ranging from 2000 to 2200 meters above sea level and flat areas (25%), with elevations ranging from 200 to 1800 meters above sea level. The maximum heights are in Cerro El Jackal and Cerro del Tigre.", "### Floor", "The territory is made up of land belonging to the [Tertiary](/wiki/Tertiary \"Tertiary\") period. The land is hilly and broken, its composition is prevalent types luvisol, feozem háplico and litosol. The municipality has a land area of 17718 hectares, of which 3495 are used for agriculture, livestock in 3095, 10516 are from forest use, urban land are 206 hectares and 442 hectares have other uses. As far as ownership is concerned, an area of 6432 hectares is private and the other 11286 is communally or publicly owned.", "### Hydrography", "Its [water resources](/wiki/Water_resources \"Water resources\") are the rivers: La Pasión, Río de Gómez, Los Cazos, Ponche Grande and la media luna; streams: El Salto, Barranca Verde, El Ruido, [Cuate](/wiki/Cuate \"Cuate\"), Barranca, Los Puentes and [La Cuesta](/wiki/La_Cuesta \"La Cuesta\"); The Springs: Barranca [los Hoyos](/wiki/Los_Hoyos \"Los Hoyos\"), [Paso Blanco](/wiki/Paso_Blanco \"Paso Blanco\"), [La Pasión](/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n \"La Pasión\") y [Boca de Tinieblas](/wiki/Boca_de_Tinieblas \"Boca de Tinieblas\").", "### Climate", "The climate is [subtropical highland](/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate \"Subtropical highland climate\"), with dry, mild winters. The average annual temperature is 21°C(69\\.8°with maximum of 25\\.7°C (78\\.26°F) and minimum of 7\\.1°C(44\\.78°). The rainfall recorded between June and September, with an average rainfall of 982 millimeters. The average annual number of days with frost is 52\\.6\\. The prevailing winds head south.", "{{Weather box\n\\|location \\= Mazamitla\n\\|metric first \\= yes\n\\|single line \\= yes\n\\|temperature colour \\= pastel\n\\|Jan record high C \\= 32\\.0\n\\|Feb record high C \\= 30\\.0\n\\|Mar record high C \\= 34\\.0\n\\|Apr record high C \\= 39\\.0\n\\|May record high C \\= 36\\.0\n\\|Jun record high C \\= 35\\.0\n\\|Jul record high C \\= 29\\.0\n\\|Aug record high C \\= 29\\.0\n\\|Sep record high C \\= 29\\.0\n\\|Oct record high C \\= 29\\.5\n\\|Nov record high C \\= 28\\.0\n\\|Dec record high C \\= 28\\.0\n\\|year record high C \\= 39\\.0\n\\|Jan high C \\= 20\\.3\n\\|Feb high C \\= 21\\.8\n\\|Mar high C \\= 24\\.3\n\\|Apr high C \\= 26\\.2\n\\|May high C \\= 27\\.1\n\\|Jun high C \\= 24\\.1\n\\|Jul high C \\= 21\\.4\n\\|Aug high C \\= 21\\.6\n\\|Sep high C \\= 21\\.4\n\\|Oct high C \\= 21\\.8\n\\|Nov high C \\= 21\\.4\n\\|Dec high C \\= 20\\.5\n\\|year high C \\= 22\\.7\n\\|Jan mean C \\= 13\\.3\n\\|Feb mean C \\= 14\\.2\n\\|Mar mean C \\= 16\\.1\n\\|Apr mean C \\= 18\\.0\n\\|May mean C \\= 19\\.0\n\\|Jun mean C \\= 18\\.0\n\\|Jul mean C \\= 16\\.4\n\\|Aug mean C \\= 16\\.5\n\\|Sep mean C \\= 16\\.3\n\\|Oct mean C \\= 15\\.8\n\\|Nov mean C \\= 14\\.9\n\\|Dec mean C \\= 13\\.9\n\\|year mean C \\= 16\\.0\n\\|Jan low C \\= 6\\.4\n\\|Feb low C \\= 6\\.6\n\\|Mar low C \\= 7\\.9\n\\|Apr low C \\= 9\\.9\n\\|May low C \\= 11\\.0\n\\|Jun low C \\= 11\\.8\n\\|Jul low C \\= 11\\.3\n\\|Aug low C \\= 11\\.4\n\\|Sep low C \\= 11\\.2\n\\|Oct low C \\= 9\\.7\n\\|Nov low C \\= 8\\.3\n\\|Dec low C \\= 7\\.3\n\\|year low C \\= 9\\.4\n\\|Jan record low C \\= \\-3\\.0\n\\|Feb record low C \\= 1\\.0\n\\|Mar record low C \\= 1\\.0\n\\|Apr record low C \\= 1\\.0\n\\|May record low C \\= 2\\.0\n\\|Jun record low C \\= 1\\.0\n\\|Jul record low C \\= 6\\.0\n\\|Aug record low C \\= 6\\.0\n\\|Sep record low C \\= 4\\.0\n\\|Oct record low C \\= 2\\.0\n\\|Nov record low C \\= 0\\.0\n\\|Dec record low C \\= \\-3\\.0\n\\|year record low C \\= \\-3\\.0\n\\|precipitation colour \\= green\n\\|Jan precipitation mm \\= 29\\.7\n\\|Feb precipitation mm \\= 15\\.6\n\\|Mar precipitation mm \\= 9\\.7\n\\|Apr precipitation mm \\= 11\\.4\n\\|May precipitation mm \\= 44\\.2\n\\|Jun precipitation mm \\= 178\\.6\n\\|Jul precipitation mm \\= 231\\.3\n\\|Aug precipitation mm \\= 199\\.6\n\\|Sep precipitation mm \\= 161\\.4\n\\|Oct precipitation mm \\= 98\\.4\n\\|Nov precipitation mm \\= 26\\.7\n\\|Dec precipitation mm \\= 15\\.9\n\\|year precipitation mm \\= 1022\\.5\n\\|unit precipitation days \\= 0\\.1 mm\n\\|Jan precipitation days \\= 2\\.3\n\\|Feb precipitation days \\= 1\\.2\n\\|Mar precipitation days \\= 0\\.9\n\\|Apr precipitation days \\= 1\\.5\n\\|May precipitation days \\= 4\\.7\n\\|Jun precipitation days \\= 15\\.9\n\\|Jul precipitation days \\= 20\\.7\n\\|Aug precipitation days \\= 18\\.7\n\\|Sep precipitation days \\= 15\\.5\n\\|Oct precipitation days \\= 9\\.6\n\\|Nov precipitation days \\= 3\\.0\n\\|Dec precipitation days \\= 1\\.7\n\\|year precipitation days \\= 95\\.7\n\\|source 1 \\= Servicio Meteorologico Nacional{{cite web\n \\|url \\= http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL14099\\.TXT\n \\|title \\= NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951\\-2010\n \\|publisher \\= Servicio Meteorológico Nacional\n \\|language \\= es\n \\|access\\-date \\= May 18, 2013\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213504/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL14099\\.TXT\n \\|archive\\-date \\= March 3, 2016\n}}\n\\|date\\=May 2013}}", "### Flora and fauna", "Its [flora](/wiki/Flora \"Flora\") is composed mainly of [pine](/wiki/Pine \"Pine\"), [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\"), [arbutus](/wiki/Arbutus \"Arbutus\"), [huizache](/wiki/Acacia_farnesiana \"Acacia farnesiana\"), [mesquite](/wiki/Mesquite \"Mesquite\"), palo dulce, [nopal](/wiki/Nopal \"Nopal\"), [granjeno](/wiki/Granjeno \"Granjeno\"), and some fruit species.", "The wildlife includes [deer](/wiki/Deer \"Deer\"), [porcupine](/wiki/Porcupine \"Porcupine\"), [wild cat](/wiki/Wild_cat \"Wild cat\"), [rabbit](/wiki/Rabbit \"Rabbit\"), [squirrel](/wiki/Squirrel \"Squirrel\"), the [eagle](/wiki/Eagle \"Eagle\"), the [sparrowhawk](/wiki/Sparrowhawk \"Sparrowhawk\"), [chachalaca](/wiki/Chachalaca \"Chachalaca\") and [wild guajolote](/wiki/Guajolote \"Guajolote\").", "" ]
Coverage -------- {{As of\|2018}}, Mobike had operated in over 200 cities and 19 countries around the world.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/the\-king\-of\-bike\-sharing\|title\=Mobike co\-founder Joe Xia: The king of bike sharing\|last\=hermes\|date\=17 December 2017\|work\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=30 March 2018\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/spain\_launch\|title\=Mobike Launches Spain\|website\=mobike.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=24 August 2018}} ### Asia [thumb\|Mobike bikes in [Huanggang](/wiki/Huanggang "Huanggang"), Hubei, China](/wiki/File:Mobikes_in_Huangzhou%2C_Huanggang%2C_Hubei%2C_China_3.jpg "Mobikes in Huangzhou, Huanggang, Hubei, China 3.jpg") Mobike operates in Chinese cities include but are not limited to [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou"), [Shenzhen](/wiki/Shenzhen "Shenzhen"), [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu "Chengdu"), [Lanzhou](/wiki/Lanzhou "Lanzhou"), [Ningbo](/wiki/Ningbo "Ningbo"), [Xiamen](/wiki/Xiamen "Xiamen"), [Foshan](/wiki/Foshan "Foshan"), [Zhuhai](/wiki/Zhuhai "Zhuhai"), [Changsha](/wiki/Changsha "Changsha"), [Hefei](/wiki/Hefei "Hefei"), [Shantou](/wiki/Shantou "Shantou"), [Haikou](/wiki/Haikou "Haikou"), [Deyang](/wiki/Deyang "Deyang"), [Nanning](/wiki/Nanning "Nanning"), [Guiyang](/wiki/Guiyang "Guiyang"), [Xi'an](/wiki/Xi%27an "Xi'an"), [Wenzhou](/wiki/Wenzhou "Wenzhou"), and [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan").{{cite web\|title\=城市 – Mobike\|url\=https://mobike.com/cn/cities\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424193709/http://mobike.com/cn/cities\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=24 April 2017\|publisher\=Mobike\|access\-date\=6 July 2017\|language\=zh\|trans\-title\=Available Cities}} On 21 March 2017, Mobike started operations in Singapore, the company's first overseas market.{{cite web\|title\=发展历程 – Mobike\|url\=https://mobike.com/cn/timeline\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424195006/http://mobike.com/cn/timeline\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=24 April 2017\|publisher\=Mobike\|access\-date\=6 July 2017\|language\=zh\|trans\-title\=Timeline}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/business/it/Mobike\-launches\-in\-Japans\-Sapporo/shdaily.shtml\|title\=Mobike launches in Sapporo\|date\=23 August 2017\|work\=Shanghai Daily\|access\-date\=24 August 2017\|publisher\=Shanghai Daily}} Mobike Japan was launched on 22 June 2017, [Fukuoka](/wiki/Fukuoka "Fukuoka") being its first recipient.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\-japan\|title\=Mobike Japan in Fukuoka\|website\=mobike.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=19 October 2017}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In Osaka, to gain traction for its e\-bike business, Panasonic partnered with Chinese Mobike to explore the possibilities of an electric\-bike\-sharing service in Japan.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bike\-eu.com/home/nieuws/2018/11/panasonic\-and\-mobike\-partner\-to\-push\-japans\-e\-bike\-business\-10134899?vakmedianet\-approve\-cookies\=1\&\_ga\=2\.64555823\.166781348\.1543785629\-1511070535\.1543785629\|title\=Panasonic and Mobike Partner to Push Japan's E\-Bike Business\|work\=Bike Europe\|access\-date\=2 December 2018\|language\=en}} On 31 August 2017, Mobike announced its official launch in Thailand with its partnership with AIS, Central Pattana and Kasertsat University. At the beginning of 2018, Mobike Thailand team launched its second city as Chiang Mai – Northern Thailand's largest city. Mobike's launch is directly in line with the city government's "Non\-Motorised Transport" (NMT) initiative, which focuses on promoting ecotourism through the development of a sustainable urban transport system. Mobike ceased operations in Chiang Mai, mid 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/chiang\_mai\|title \= 欢迎使用美团单车}} On 6 September 2017, Mobike officially launched in Malaysia, with the first bikes being rolled out in [Setia Alam](/wiki/Setia_Alam "Setia Alam"){{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\-malaysia\-launch\|title\=Mobike Rides into the Heart of Malaysia\|website\=mobike.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=19 October 2017\|archive\-date\=19 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719174124/https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\-malaysia\-launch\|url\-status\=dead}} and [Cyberjaya](/wiki/Cyberjaya "Cyberjaya") just a month later. In November 2017 and February 2018, Mobike launched its service in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") and the [Gold Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Gold_Coast%2C_Queensland "Gold Coast, Queensland"), Australia respectively.{{cite news\|last1\=Cox\|first1\=Charlotte\|title\=Everything you need to know about the new Mobike service coming to Manchester and Salford\|publisher\=Manchester Evening News\|date\=28 June 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mygc.com.au/new\-dockless\-bikeshare\-scheme\-launches\-gold\-coast\-today/\|title\=New dockless bikeshare scheme rolls out on the Gold Coast today\|date\=21 February 2018\|access\-date\=6 April 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/au/blog/post/mobike\-gold\-coast\|title\=Mobike Australia Begins in Gold Coast\|date\=6 November 2017\|access\-date\=6 April 2018}} In May 2018, Mobike launched its operations in Israel in cities including [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), [Ramat Gan](/wiki/Ramat_Gan "Ramat Gan"), [Givatayim](/wiki/Givatayim "Givatayim"), [Rehovot](/wiki/Rehovot "Rehovot") and [Kiryat Bialik](/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik "Kiryat Bialik"). On 11 March 2019, Mobike requested to surrender its bicycle sharing license and cease all operation in Singapore. The remaining 25,000 bikes are handed over to SG Bike on 13 September 2019 after approval from Singapore's [Land Transport Authority](/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority").{{cite news \|last1\=Liao \|first1\=Rita \|title\=Bike\-sharing pioneer Mobike is retreating to China \|url\=https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/08/mobike\-lays\-off\-apac\-team/ \|access\-date\=12 March 2019 \|work\=\[\[TechCrunch]] \|date\=8 March 2019}}{{Cite web\|date\=13 September 2019\|title\=SG Bike dibenar peroleh basikal Mobike, jadi pengendali basikal sewa terbesar S'pura (in Malay)\|url\=https://berita.mediacorp.sg/mobilem/kewangan/sg\-bike\-dibenar\-peroleh\-basikal\-mobike\-jadi\-pengendali\-basikal/4335718\.html\|access\-date\=7 June 2021}} ### Europe [thumb\|A Mobike bicycle at [Alexanderplatz](/wiki/Alexanderplatz "Alexanderplatz"), Berlin](/wiki/File:201803_a_Mobike_bicycle_at_Alexanderplatz.jpg "201803 a Mobike bicycle at Alexanderplatz.jpg") In the summer of 2017, Mobike launched its service in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), UK. It was Mobike's 100th city, and the first outside of Asia. In September 2017, Mobike extended its service to [London](/wiki/London "London"), quickly followed by launching in [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne"). In October 2017, Mobike entered [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford "Oxford"). In June 2018, Mobike launched in [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge "Cambridge"). In September 2018, Mobike announced{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/uk/blog/post/goodbyes\-are\-never\-easy\|title\=Goodbyes are never easy: Mobike UK suspends Manchester service\|website\=mobike.com\|access\-date\=26 March 2019}} that it was to suspend its operations in Manchester. The company said that it had suffered increased bike losses dues to theft and vandalism in the city. In 2019, service was also suspended in Newcastle, but continued to operate bikesharing in London, Oxford and Cambridge. Mobike has since ceased all UK operations. In Italy, Mobike began operations initially in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") in July 2017,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gonews.it/2017/07/24/bike\-sharing\-flusso\-libero\-sbarca\-firenze\-dal\-2\-agosto\-arrivano\-le\-bici\-targate\-mobike/\|title\=Il bike sharing a flusso libero sbarca a Firenze. Dal 2 agosto arrivano le bici targate Mobike}} followed by [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") in August,{{cite web\|url\=http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/07/24/news/bike\_sharing\_mobike\_milano\-171537481/\|title\=Bike sharing, a Milano arrivano 12mila nuove biciclette: con app e gps, prendi e lasci dove vuoi\|date\=24 July 2017}} [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin") and [Bergamo](/wiki/Bergamo "Bergamo") in November,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.torinotoday.it/green/mobike\-obike\-torino.html\|title\=Il bike sharing senza stazioni spopola a Torino: dopo Gobee Bike arrivano anche Mobike e Obike}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bergamonews.it/2017/11/27/debutta\-mobike\-bike\-sharing\-flusso\-libero\-si\-inizia\-500\-bici\-anche\-citta\-alta/270398/\|title\=Debutta Mobike, il bike sharing a flusso libero: si inizia con 500 bici, anche in Città Alta\|date\=27 November 2017}} [Pesaro](/wiki/Pesaro "Pesaro") and [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua "Mantua") in March 2018,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.viverepesaro.it/2018/03/24/ecco\-il\-bike\-sharing\-a\-flusso\-libero\-prendi\-la\-bici\-e\-la\-lasci\-dove\-vuoi\-tutto\-con\-unapp/676737/\|title\=Ecco il bike sharing a flusso libero, prendi la bici e la lasci dove vuoi. Tutto con un'app}}{{cite web\|url\=http://gazzettadimantova.gelocal.it/mantova/cronaca/2018/03/24/news/per\-mobike\-e\-subito\-boom\-oltre\-1\-100\-noleggi\-in\-citta\-1\.16631297\|title\=Per Mobike è subito boom: oltre 1\.100 noleggi in città\|date\=24 March 2018}} [Reggio Emilia](/wiki/Reggio_Emilia "Reggio Emilia") in May{{cite web\|url\=http://gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it/reggio/cronaca/2018/01/10/news/reggio\-emilia\-rivoluzione\-bike\-sharing\-arrivano\-in\-citta\-mille\-biciclette\-cinesi\-1\.16334795\|title\=Reggio Emilia, rivoluzione bike sharing: arrivano in città mille biciclette cinesi\|date\=10 January 2018}} and [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna") in June.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bolognatoday.it/attualita/bike\-sharing\-mobike\-bologna\-informazioni\-prezzi.html\|title\=Il nuovo bike sharing "Mobike": come funziona, i mezzi, le tariffe}} On 9 November 2017 Mobike officially launched in [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam "Rotterdam"), The Netherlands. The ceremony was attended by [Chantal Blaak](/wiki/Chantal_Blaak "Chantal Blaak"), the [2017 world champion cycling women's road race](/wiki/2017_UCI_Road_World_Championships "2017 UCI Road World Championships").{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\-rotterdam\|title\=Mobike Launches in Rotterdam\|website\=mobike.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=10 November 2017\|archive\-date\=19 July 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173453/https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\-rotterdam\|url\-status\=dead}} Mobike extended its service in the Netherlands in June 2018 with the launch of Mobike in [Delft](/wiki/Delft "Delft").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/nieuw\-soort\-deelfiets\-delft\|title\=Nieuw soort deelfiets in Delft\|website\=Nieuw soort deelfiets in Delft {{!}} TU Delta \|language\=nl \|access\-date\=26 March 2019}} In March 2019, Mobike launched in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"). In Germany, Mobike launched its operations on 21 November 2017 by deploying 700 bicycles in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), making it the 200th city worldwide with Mobike's bicycle sharing operations.{{cite news\|last1\=Jie\|first1\=Meng\|title\=Chinese bike\-sharing company Mobike launched in Berlin\|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017\-11/22/c\_136769967\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124224406/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017\-11/22/c\_136769967\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=24 November 2017\|access\-date\=22 November 2017\|publisher\=Xinhua\|date\=21 November 2017}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\_21577\|title\=Mobike Rolls Out Bike\-Share System in 200th City With Opening in Berlin\|website\=k.caixinglobal.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=16 August 2018\|archive\-date\=27 March 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091819/https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\_21577\|url\-status\=dead}} Mobike quickly expanded in Germany by launching in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf") in May 2018, followed by [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne") in July 2018 and [Hannover](/wiki/Hanover "Hanover") in September 2018\. On 1 August 2020 the German\-based Mobike GmbH filed for insolvency.{{cite web \| url \= http://mobikegermany.de/ \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20201118122147/http://mobikegermany.de/ \| archive\-date \= 2020\-11\-18 \| quote \= Über das Vermögen der Mobike Germany GmbH wurde am 01\.08\.2020 das Insolvenzverfahren eröffnet. \| title \= Mobike Germany GmbH }} In France, the service was launched in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") on 24 January 2018\.{{cite web\|language\=fr\|title\=Mobike devient le quatrième opérateur de vélos en libre\-service dans Paris\|url\=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/mobike\-devient\-le\-quatrieme\-operateur\-de\-velos\-en\-libre\-service\-dans\-paris.N642938\|date\=24 January 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019\|last1\=Nouvelle \|first1\=L'Usine }} In December 2018, Mobike and [Transdev](/wiki/Transdev "Transdev") announced an exclusive partnership aiming at proposing Mobike to other French municipalities as complementary offer to public transport networks managed by Transdev.{{cite web\|language\=fr\|title\=Transdev va commercialiser les vélos en free\-floating de Mobike aux collectivités\|url\=http://www.busetcar.com/transdev\-va\-commercialiser\-les\-velos\-en\-free\-floating\-de\-mobike\-aux\-collectivites/\|date\=4 December 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019\|archive\-date\=25 January 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183453/http://www.busetcar.com/transdev\-va\-commercialiser\-les\-velos\-en\-free\-floating\-de\-mobike\-aux\-collectivites/\|url\-status\=dead}} In Spain, began its first operations in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") on 18 June 2018\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/spain\_launch\|title\=Mobike begins first operations in Spain\|website\=mobike.com\|access\-date\=26 March 2019}} Spain was Mobike's 19th country of operation, and was in support of the city's urban mobility strategy, calling for increased use of low carbon transportation. In September 2018, Mobike entered the [l'Hospitalet de Llobregat](/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat "L'Hospitalet de Llobregat") thanks to an agreement with the city council. L'Hospitalet is a neighboring city to Barcelona, is Europe's second most densely populated city. On 26 September 2018, Mobike launched in [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza "Zaragoza"), becoming the company's third city in Spain.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/zaragoza\_launch\|title\=Zaragoza joins the Mobike movement\|website\=mobike.com\|access\-date\=26 March 2019}} In February 2019, Mobike was awarded permission to launch electronic scooters in Madrid.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2019\-02\-12/patinetes\-electricos\-compartidos\-madrid\_1819830/\|title\=Vuelven los patinetes de alquiler a Madrid: habrá solo 8\.600 y Cabify estará vetado\|date\=12 February 2019\|website\=El Confidencial\|language\=es\|access\-date\=26 March 2019}} In Albania, this bike\-sharing system was launched in Tirana on 8 June 2018,{{cite web\|title\=Mobike, the Chinese bike sharing giant, launches Tirana operations\|url\=http://www.tiranatimes.com/?p\=137377\|date\=4 June 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}} but in the beginning of 2020 the service resulted unavailable. ### Americas On 20 September 2017, Mobike's first bike\-sharing service in the United States started from [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."){{cite web\|title\=Mobike Just Landed Washington, D.C.\|url\=https://medium.com/@pandaily/mobike\-just\-landed\-washington\-d\-c\-7756f61da965\|date\=4 November 2017\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\_20510\|title\=Mobike Launches in Washington D.C.\|date\=20 September 2017\|access\-date\=16 August 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816133006/https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\_20510\|archive\-date\=16 August 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} However, Mobike however pulled out of Washington, D.C. after less than a year of service, in July 2018\.{{cite news \| first\= Andrew \| last\=Giambrone \|title\=A second dockless bike\-share company is exiting D.C. – Mobike says it's departing \|url\= https://dc.curbed.com/2018/7/26/17616606/dockless\-bike\-share\-mobike\-washington\-availability \|date\=26 July 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}} Mobike launched in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina") on 22 December 2017 and in [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") on 23 February 2018\.{{cite web\|title\=Another dockless bike share is coming soon to Charlotte\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/biz\-columns\-blogs/whats\-in\-store/article191046139\.html\|date\=21 December 2017\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{cite web\|title\=Bike Sharing Company Mobike Launching Services in San Diego\|url\=https://timesofsandiego.com/business/2018/02/23/bike\-sharing\-company\-mobike\-launching\-services\-in\-san\-diego/\|date\=23 February 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}} Operations in [The Woodlands, Texas](/wiki/The_Woodlands%2C_Texas "The Woodlands, Texas") started in January 2018 and ceased in October 2018\.{{cite web\|title\=Mobike Bike Sharing Program Launched in The Woodlands\|url\=https://www.hellowoodlands.com/mobike\-bike\-sharing\-program\-launched\-woodlands/\|date\=5 January 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}}{{cite web\|title\=Mobike ceases operations in The Woodlands\|url\=https://www.hellowoodlands.com/mobike\-ceases\-operations\-in\-the\-woodlands/\|date\=2 November 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}} In February 2018, Mobike launched its operations in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") and [Santiago](/wiki/Santiago "Santiago"), Chile.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\-chile\-launch\|title\=Mobike Launches Chile\|date\=5 March 2018\|access\-date\=11 September 2018}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/31/bike\-theft\-puts\-the\-brakes\-on\-chinas\-mobike\-in\-mexico\-city.html\|title\=Bike theft puts the brakes on China's Mobike in Mexico City\|website\=\[\[CNBC]]\|date\=31 May 2018\|access\-date\=25 January 2019}}
[ "Coverage\n--------", "{{As of\\|2018}}, Mobike had operated in over 200 cities and 19 countries around the world.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/the\\-king\\-of\\-bike\\-sharing\\|title\\=Mobike co\\-founder Joe Xia: The king of bike sharing\\|last\\=hermes\\|date\\=17 December 2017\\|work\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2018\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/spain\\_launch\\|title\\=Mobike Launches Spain\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018}}", "### Asia", "[thumb\\|Mobike bikes in [Huanggang](/wiki/Huanggang \"Huanggang\"), Hubei, China](/wiki/File:Mobikes_in_Huangzhou%2C_Huanggang%2C_Hubei%2C_China_3.jpg \"Mobikes in Huangzhou, Huanggang, Hubei, China 3.jpg\")\nMobike operates in Chinese cities include but are not limited to [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\"), [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\"), [Shenzhen](/wiki/Shenzhen \"Shenzhen\"), [Chengdu](/wiki/Chengdu \"Chengdu\"), [Lanzhou](/wiki/Lanzhou \"Lanzhou\"), [Ningbo](/wiki/Ningbo \"Ningbo\"), [Xiamen](/wiki/Xiamen \"Xiamen\"), [Foshan](/wiki/Foshan \"Foshan\"), [Zhuhai](/wiki/Zhuhai \"Zhuhai\"), [Changsha](/wiki/Changsha \"Changsha\"), [Hefei](/wiki/Hefei \"Hefei\"), [Shantou](/wiki/Shantou \"Shantou\"), [Haikou](/wiki/Haikou \"Haikou\"), [Deyang](/wiki/Deyang \"Deyang\"), [Nanning](/wiki/Nanning \"Nanning\"), [Guiyang](/wiki/Guiyang \"Guiyang\"), [Xi'an](/wiki/Xi%27an \"Xi'an\"), [Wenzhou](/wiki/Wenzhou \"Wenzhou\"), and [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\").{{cite web\\|title\\=城市 – Mobike\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/cn/cities\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424193709/http://mobike.com/cn/cities\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2017\\|publisher\\=Mobike\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2017\\|language\\=zh\\|trans\\-title\\=Available Cities}}", "On 21 March 2017, Mobike started operations in Singapore, the company's first overseas market.{{cite web\\|title\\=发展历程 – Mobike\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/cn/timeline\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424195006/http://mobike.com/cn/timeline\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=24 April 2017\\|publisher\\=Mobike\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2017\\|language\\=zh\\|trans\\-title\\=Timeline}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/business/it/Mobike\\-launches\\-in\\-Japans\\-Sapporo/shdaily.shtml\\|title\\=Mobike launches in Sapporo\\|date\\=23 August 2017\\|work\\=Shanghai Daily\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2017\\|publisher\\=Shanghai Daily}}", "Mobike Japan was launched on 22 June 2017, [Fukuoka](/wiki/Fukuoka \"Fukuoka\") being its first recipient.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\\-japan\\|title\\=Mobike Japan in Fukuoka\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2017}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In Osaka, to gain traction for its e\\-bike business, Panasonic partnered with Chinese Mobike to explore the possibilities of an electric\\-bike\\-sharing service in Japan.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bike\\-eu.com/home/nieuws/2018/11/panasonic\\-and\\-mobike\\-partner\\-to\\-push\\-japans\\-e\\-bike\\-business\\-10134899?vakmedianet\\-approve\\-cookies\\=1\\&\\_ga\\=2\\.64555823\\.166781348\\.1543785629\\-1511070535\\.1543785629\\|title\\=Panasonic and Mobike Partner to Push Japan's E\\-Bike Business\\|work\\=Bike Europe\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2018\\|language\\=en}}", "On 31 August 2017, Mobike announced its official launch in Thailand with its partnership with AIS, Central Pattana and Kasertsat University. At the beginning of 2018, Mobike Thailand team launched its second city as Chiang Mai – Northern Thailand's largest city. Mobike's launch is directly in line with the city government's \"Non\\-Motorised Transport\" (NMT) initiative, which focuses on promoting ecotourism through the development of a sustainable urban transport system. Mobike ceased operations in Chiang Mai, mid 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/chiang\\_mai\\|title \\= 欢迎使用美团单车}}", "On 6 September 2017, Mobike officially launched in Malaysia, with the first bikes being rolled out in [Setia Alam](/wiki/Setia_Alam \"Setia Alam\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\\-malaysia\\-launch\\|title\\=Mobike Rides into the Heart of Malaysia\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=19 October 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719174124/https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\\-malaysia\\-launch\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and [Cyberjaya](/wiki/Cyberjaya \"Cyberjaya\") just a month later.", "In November 2017 and February 2018, Mobike launched its service in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") and the [Gold Coast, Queensland](/wiki/Gold_Coast%2C_Queensland \"Gold Coast, Queensland\"), Australia respectively.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Cox\\|first1\\=Charlotte\\|title\\=Everything you need to know about the new Mobike service coming to Manchester and Salford\\|publisher\\=Manchester Evening News\\|date\\=28 June 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mygc.com.au/new\\-dockless\\-bikeshare\\-scheme\\-launches\\-gold\\-coast\\-today/\\|title\\=New dockless bikeshare scheme rolls out on the Gold Coast today\\|date\\=21 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/au/blog/post/mobike\\-gold\\-coast\\|title\\=Mobike Australia Begins in Gold Coast\\|date\\=6 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2018}}", "In May 2018, Mobike launched its operations in Israel in cities including [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), [Ramat Gan](/wiki/Ramat_Gan \"Ramat Gan\"), [Givatayim](/wiki/Givatayim \"Givatayim\"), [Rehovot](/wiki/Rehovot \"Rehovot\") and [Kiryat Bialik](/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik \"Kiryat Bialik\").", "On 11 March 2019, Mobike requested to surrender its bicycle sharing license and cease all operation in Singapore. The remaining 25,000 bikes are handed over to SG Bike on 13 September 2019 after approval from Singapore's [Land Transport Authority](/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority \"Land Transport Authority\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Liao \\|first1\\=Rita \\|title\\=Bike\\-sharing pioneer Mobike is retreating to China \\|url\\=https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/08/mobike\\-lays\\-off\\-apac\\-team/ \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[TechCrunch]] \\|date\\=8 March 2019}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=13 September 2019\\|title\\=SG Bike dibenar peroleh basikal Mobike, jadi pengendali basikal sewa terbesar S'pura (in Malay)\\|url\\=https://berita.mediacorp.sg/mobilem/kewangan/sg\\-bike\\-dibenar\\-peroleh\\-basikal\\-mobike\\-jadi\\-pengendali\\-basikal/4335718\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2021}}", "### Europe", "[thumb\\|A Mobike bicycle at [Alexanderplatz](/wiki/Alexanderplatz \"Alexanderplatz\"), Berlin](/wiki/File:201803_a_Mobike_bicycle_at_Alexanderplatz.jpg \"201803 a Mobike bicycle at Alexanderplatz.jpg\")", "In the summer of 2017, Mobike launched its service in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\"), UK. It was Mobike's 100th city, and the first outside of Asia. In September 2017, Mobike extended its service to [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), quickly followed by launching in [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\"). In October 2017, Mobike entered [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford \"Oxford\"). In June 2018, Mobike launched in [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge \"Cambridge\"). In September 2018, Mobike announced{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/uk/blog/post/goodbyes\\-are\\-never\\-easy\\|title\\=Goodbyes are never easy: Mobike UK suspends Manchester service\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2019}} that it was to suspend its operations in Manchester. The company said that it had suffered increased bike losses dues to theft and vandalism in the city. In 2019, service was also suspended in Newcastle, but continued to operate bikesharing in London, Oxford and Cambridge. Mobike has since ceased all UK operations.", "In Italy, Mobike began operations initially in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") in July 2017,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gonews.it/2017/07/24/bike\\-sharing\\-flusso\\-libero\\-sbarca\\-firenze\\-dal\\-2\\-agosto\\-arrivano\\-le\\-bici\\-targate\\-mobike/\\|title\\=Il bike sharing a flusso libero sbarca a Firenze. Dal 2 agosto arrivano le bici targate Mobike}} followed by [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") in August,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/07/24/news/bike\\_sharing\\_mobike\\_milano\\-171537481/\\|title\\=Bike sharing, a Milano arrivano 12mila nuove biciclette: con app e gps, prendi e lasci dove vuoi\\|date\\=24 July 2017}} [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") and [Bergamo](/wiki/Bergamo \"Bergamo\") in November,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.torinotoday.it/green/mobike\\-obike\\-torino.html\\|title\\=Il bike sharing senza stazioni spopola a Torino: dopo Gobee Bike arrivano anche Mobike e Obike}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bergamonews.it/2017/11/27/debutta\\-mobike\\-bike\\-sharing\\-flusso\\-libero\\-si\\-inizia\\-500\\-bici\\-anche\\-citta\\-alta/270398/\\|title\\=Debutta Mobike, il bike sharing a flusso libero: si inizia con 500 bici, anche in Città Alta\\|date\\=27 November 2017}} [Pesaro](/wiki/Pesaro \"Pesaro\") and [Mantua](/wiki/Mantua \"Mantua\") in March 2018,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.viverepesaro.it/2018/03/24/ecco\\-il\\-bike\\-sharing\\-a\\-flusso\\-libero\\-prendi\\-la\\-bici\\-e\\-la\\-lasci\\-dove\\-vuoi\\-tutto\\-con\\-unapp/676737/\\|title\\=Ecco il bike sharing a flusso libero, prendi la bici e la lasci dove vuoi. Tutto con un'app}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gazzettadimantova.gelocal.it/mantova/cronaca/2018/03/24/news/per\\-mobike\\-e\\-subito\\-boom\\-oltre\\-1\\-100\\-noleggi\\-in\\-citta\\-1\\.16631297\\|title\\=Per Mobike è subito boom: oltre 1\\.100 noleggi in città\\|date\\=24 March 2018}} [Reggio Emilia](/wiki/Reggio_Emilia \"Reggio Emilia\") in May{{cite web\\|url\\=http://gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it/reggio/cronaca/2018/01/10/news/reggio\\-emilia\\-rivoluzione\\-bike\\-sharing\\-arrivano\\-in\\-citta\\-mille\\-biciclette\\-cinesi\\-1\\.16334795\\|title\\=Reggio Emilia, rivoluzione bike sharing: arrivano in città mille biciclette cinesi\\|date\\=10 January 2018}} and [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\") in June.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bolognatoday.it/attualita/bike\\-sharing\\-mobike\\-bologna\\-informazioni\\-prezzi.html\\|title\\=Il nuovo bike sharing \"Mobike\": come funziona, i mezzi, le tariffe}}", "On 9 November 2017 Mobike officially launched in [Rotterdam](/wiki/Rotterdam \"Rotterdam\"), The Netherlands. The ceremony was attended by [Chantal Blaak](/wiki/Chantal_Blaak \"Chantal Blaak\"), the [2017 world champion cycling women's road race](/wiki/2017_UCI_Road_World_Championships \"2017 UCI Road World Championships\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\\-rotterdam\\|title\\=Mobike Launches in Rotterdam\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173453/https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\\-rotterdam\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Mobike extended its service in the Netherlands in June 2018 with the launch of Mobike in [Delft](/wiki/Delft \"Delft\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/nieuw\\-soort\\-deelfiets\\-delft\\|title\\=Nieuw soort deelfiets in Delft\\|website\\=Nieuw soort deelfiets in Delft {{!}} TU Delta \\|language\\=nl \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2019}} In March 2019, Mobike launched in [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\").", "In Germany, Mobike launched its operations on 21 November 2017 by deploying 700 bicycles in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"), making it the 200th city worldwide with Mobike's bicycle sharing operations.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Jie\\|first1\\=Meng\\|title\\=Chinese bike\\-sharing company Mobike launched in Berlin\\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017\\-11/22/c\\_136769967\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124224406/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017\\-11/22/c\\_136769967\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2017\\|publisher\\=Xinhua\\|date\\=21 November 2017}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\\_21577\\|title\\=Mobike Rolls Out Bike\\-Share System in 200th City With Opening in Berlin\\|website\\=k.caixinglobal.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091819/https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\\_21577\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Mobike quickly expanded in Germany by launching in [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf \"Düsseldorf\") in May 2018, followed by [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") in July 2018 and [Hannover](/wiki/Hanover \"Hanover\") in September 2018\\. On 1 August 2020 the German\\-based Mobike GmbH filed for insolvency.{{cite web\n\\| url \\= http://mobikegermany.de/\n\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201118122147/http://mobikegermany.de/\n\\| archive\\-date \\= 2020\\-11\\-18\n\\| quote \\= Über das Vermögen der Mobike Germany GmbH wurde am 01\\.08\\.2020 das Insolvenzverfahren eröffnet.\n\\| title \\= Mobike Germany GmbH\n}}", "In France, the service was launched in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") on 24 January 2018\\.{{cite web\\|language\\=fr\\|title\\=Mobike devient le quatrième opérateur de vélos en libre\\-service dans Paris\\|url\\=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/mobike\\-devient\\-le\\-quatrieme\\-operateur\\-de\\-velos\\-en\\-libre\\-service\\-dans\\-paris.N642938\\|date\\=24 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\|last1\\=Nouvelle \\|first1\\=L'Usine }} In December 2018, Mobike and [Transdev](/wiki/Transdev \"Transdev\") announced an exclusive partnership aiming at proposing Mobike to other French municipalities as complementary offer to public transport networks managed by Transdev.{{cite web\\|language\\=fr\\|title\\=Transdev va commercialiser les vélos en free\\-floating de Mobike aux collectivités\\|url\\=http://www.busetcar.com/transdev\\-va\\-commercialiser\\-les\\-velos\\-en\\-free\\-floating\\-de\\-mobike\\-aux\\-collectivites/\\|date\\=4 December 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183453/http://www.busetcar.com/transdev\\-va\\-commercialiser\\-les\\-velos\\-en\\-free\\-floating\\-de\\-mobike\\-aux\\-collectivites/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In Spain, began its first operations in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") on 18 June 2018\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/spain\\_launch\\|title\\=Mobike begins first operations in Spain\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2019}} Spain was Mobike's 19th country of operation, and was in support of the city's urban mobility strategy, calling for increased use of low carbon transportation. In September 2018, Mobike entered the [l'Hospitalet de Llobregat](/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat \"L'Hospitalet de Llobregat\") thanks to an agreement with the city council. L'Hospitalet is a neighboring city to Barcelona, is Europe's second most densely populated city. On 26 September 2018, Mobike launched in [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza \"Zaragoza\"), becoming the company's third city in Spain.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/zaragoza\\_launch\\|title\\=Zaragoza joins the Mobike movement\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2019}} In February 2019, Mobike was awarded permission to launch electronic scooters in Madrid.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2019\\-02\\-12/patinetes\\-electricos\\-compartidos\\-madrid\\_1819830/\\|title\\=Vuelven los patinetes de alquiler a Madrid: habrá solo 8\\.600 y Cabify estará vetado\\|date\\=12 February 2019\\|website\\=El Confidencial\\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2019}}", "In Albania, this bike\\-sharing system was launched in Tirana on 8 June 2018,{{cite web\\|title\\=Mobike, the Chinese bike sharing giant, launches Tirana operations\\|url\\=http://www.tiranatimes.com/?p\\=137377\\|date\\=4 June 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}} \nbut in the beginning of 2020 the service resulted unavailable.", "### Americas", "On 20 September 2017, Mobike's first bike\\-sharing service in the United States started from [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Mobike Just Landed Washington, D.C.\\|url\\=https://medium.com/@pandaily/mobike\\-just\\-landed\\-washington\\-d\\-c\\-7756f61da965\\|date\\=4 November 2017\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\\_20510\\|title\\=Mobike Launches in Washington D.C.\\|date\\=20 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816133006/https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail\\_20510\\|archive\\-date\\=16 August 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} However, Mobike however pulled out of Washington, D.C. after less than a year of service, in July 2018\\.{{cite news \\| first\\= Andrew \\| last\\=Giambrone \\|title\\=A second dockless bike\\-share company is exiting D.C. – Mobike says it's departing \\|url\\= https://dc.curbed.com/2018/7/26/17616606/dockless\\-bike\\-share\\-mobike\\-washington\\-availability \\|date\\=26 July 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}} Mobike launched in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\") on 22 December 2017 and in [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\") on 23 February 2018\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Another dockless bike share is coming soon to Charlotte\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/biz\\-columns\\-blogs/whats\\-in\\-store/article191046139\\.html\\|date\\=21 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Bike Sharing Company Mobike Launching Services in San Diego\\|url\\=https://timesofsandiego.com/business/2018/02/23/bike\\-sharing\\-company\\-mobike\\-launching\\-services\\-in\\-san\\-diego/\\|date\\=23 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}} Operations in [The Woodlands, Texas](/wiki/The_Woodlands%2C_Texas \"The Woodlands, Texas\") started in January 2018 and ceased in October 2018\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mobike Bike Sharing Program Launched in The Woodlands\\|url\\=https://www.hellowoodlands.com/mobike\\-bike\\-sharing\\-program\\-launched\\-woodlands/\\|date\\=5 January 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Mobike ceases operations in The Woodlands\\|url\\=https://www.hellowoodlands.com/mobike\\-ceases\\-operations\\-in\\-the\\-woodlands/\\|date\\=2 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}", "In February 2018, Mobike launched its operations in [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") and [Santiago](/wiki/Santiago \"Santiago\"), Chile.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/mobike\\-chile\\-launch\\|title\\=Mobike Launches Chile\\|date\\=5 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2018}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/31/bike\\-theft\\-puts\\-the\\-brakes\\-on\\-chinas\\-mobike\\-in\\-mexico\\-city.html\\|title\\=Bike theft puts the brakes on China's Mobike in Mexico City\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNBC]]\\|date\\=31 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2019}}", "" ]
Design features --------------- As described by the company, Mobike is intended to solve the [last mile](/wiki/Last_mile_%28transportation%29 "Last mile (transportation)") issue in which commuters face the problem of being stuck a bit too far from their destination to walk, but too close to justify the cost or delay of finding a taxi. Similar to [Call a Bike](/wiki/Call_a_Bike "Call a Bike") in Germany, every Mobike bicycle comes with an internet\-controlled electronic wheel lock that automatically unlocks but requires manual locking after use. Mobike bicycles are powered by a small [generator](/wiki/Electric_generator "Electric generator") installed on the rear wheel hub to power the lock, or by a [PV panel](/wiki/PV_panel "PV panel") in some bike models. The patented [disc brake](/wiki/Disc_brake "Disc brake") is said to withstand over 10,000 kilometres of riding without failure. Mobike has partnered with [Qualcomm](/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm"){{Cite news\|url\=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/05/22/qualcomm\-china\-mobile\-research\-institute\-and\-mobike\-plan\-commence\-first\-its\|title\=Qualcomm, China Mobile Research Institute and Mobike Plan to Commence First of its Kind LTE IoT Multimode Field Trials in China {{!}} Qualcomm\|work\=Qualcomm\|access\-date\=26 April 2018\|language\=en}} (using their IoT chip MDM9206\) and [Gemalto](/wiki/Gemalto "Gemalto")[Gemalto's website has moved to Thales](https://www.gemalto.com/brochures-site/download-site/Documents/M2M_CS_Mobike.pdf) Thales Group. Retrieved 5 December 2022 for the use of [NB\-IoT](/wiki/NB-IoT "NB-IoT") technologies to provide connection for the bikes. Mobike bicycles come in two versions, both of which requires a scan of a unique [QR\-code](/wiki/QR_code "QR code") to unlock: [thumb\|A Classic Mobike showing its identification number. Here the smaller "020" means a bike assigned to Guangzhou, Guangdong.](/wiki/File:Mobike_public.jpg "Mobike public.jpg") ### Classic Mobike The Classic Mobike, or "Mobike", is the standard variant of Mobike bicycles. It has an all\-aluminium, V\-shaped chassis, [puncture\-proof tires](/wiki/Airless_tire "Airless tire"), and a [shaft transmission system](/wiki/Drive_shaft "Drive shaft"). Instead of conventional wire spokes, it uses five sets of two thick, parallel, metal rods positioned at 72° from each other to improve durability and lower maintenance costs. The identification number of each bicycle is put on the rear part of the chassis. Renters scan the QR\-code, which is displayed at the base of the handle as well as on the smart lock. The livery is black for the seat, handlebars and the lock, orange for the wheel and metallic silver for the body. The bicycle weighs {{convert\|25\|kg}}.{{cite web \|url\=https://technode.com/2016/12/01/shanghai\-bike\-sharing\-batte/ \|title\=Shanghai Bike\-Sharing Battle: Ofo vs Mobike vs Xiaoming \|work\=technode.com \|first\=Emma \|last\=Lee \|date\=1 December 2016 }} Some users have complained about the Classic Mobike's weight and the lack of a [bicycle basket](/wiki/Bicycle_basket "Bicycle basket") (defended by Mobike as to "prevent spam advertising"), and difficulty in keeping balance on their first attempts, which kickstarted the development of Mobike's second iteration, the Mobike Lite. ### Mobike Lite Mobike Lite is known informally as "generation 2". It uses wire spokes and a conventional [chain drive](/wiki/Chain_drive "Chain drive") to deliver torque to the rear wheel. The identification number is on the right side on a plastic panel that protects the chain. The QR code has moved to the tip of the rear fender. The Mobike Lite comes with a net\-like metal basket and has a solar panel that powers the QR lock and GPS tracker. The wheels were coloured orange. [thumb\|A Mobike Lite bicycle in Guangdong. Note the exposed transmission system.](/wiki/File:Mobike-Lite.jpg "Mobike-Lite.jpg") Newer models of the "Mobike Classic" and "Mobike Lite" have adjustable seats. The Lite weighs {{convert\|17\|kg}}. ### Second generation According to a company press release, small batches of second generation Mobikes, both Classic and Lite, are being deployed in areas of service. Reports indicate that the second generation bicycles use a more durable aluminium [kickstand](/wiki/Kickstand "Kickstand") rather than the formerly used hard plastic ones. Also mentioned is the new hydraulic adjustable seat installed on Generation 2 bicycles through depression of a small metal tab near the base of the seat. Finally, the second generation Classic Mobikes now also have a basket. The colour scheme of the second generation Mobike Lite is changed to orange for the inner rim, and reverts to black for the tyre.{{Cite web\|url\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/next\-generation\-mobike\|title\=Mobike 'Next Generation' Smart Bike Design\|website\=mobike.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=24 August 2018}}
[ "Design features\n---------------", "As described by the company, Mobike is intended to solve the [last mile](/wiki/Last_mile_%28transportation%29 \"Last mile (transportation)\") issue in which commuters face the problem of being stuck a bit too far from their destination to walk, but too close to justify the cost or delay of finding a taxi. Similar to [Call a Bike](/wiki/Call_a_Bike \"Call a Bike\") in Germany, every Mobike bicycle comes with an internet\\-controlled electronic wheel lock that automatically unlocks but requires manual locking after use.", "Mobike bicycles are powered by a small [generator](/wiki/Electric_generator \"Electric generator\") installed on the rear wheel hub to power the lock, or by a [PV panel](/wiki/PV_panel \"PV panel\") in some bike models. The patented [disc brake](/wiki/Disc_brake \"Disc brake\") is said to withstand over 10,000 kilometres of riding without failure.", "Mobike has partnered with [Qualcomm](/wiki/Qualcomm \"Qualcomm\"){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/05/22/qualcomm\\-china\\-mobile\\-research\\-institute\\-and\\-mobike\\-plan\\-commence\\-first\\-its\\|title\\=Qualcomm, China Mobile Research Institute and Mobike Plan to Commence First of its Kind LTE IoT Multimode Field Trials in China {{!}} Qualcomm\\|work\\=Qualcomm\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2018\\|language\\=en}} (using their IoT chip MDM9206\\) and [Gemalto](/wiki/Gemalto \"Gemalto\")[Gemalto's website has moved to Thales](https://www.gemalto.com/brochures-site/download-site/Documents/M2M_CS_Mobike.pdf) Thales Group. Retrieved 5 December 2022 for the use of [NB\\-IoT](/wiki/NB-IoT \"NB-IoT\") technologies to provide connection for the bikes.", "Mobike bicycles come in two versions, both of which requires a scan of a unique [QR\\-code](/wiki/QR_code \"QR code\") to unlock:\n[thumb\\|A Classic Mobike showing its identification number. Here the smaller \"020\" means a bike assigned to Guangzhou, Guangdong.](/wiki/File:Mobike_public.jpg \"Mobike public.jpg\")", "### Classic Mobike", "The Classic Mobike, or \"Mobike\", is the standard variant of Mobike bicycles. It has an all\\-aluminium, V\\-shaped chassis, [puncture\\-proof tires](/wiki/Airless_tire \"Airless tire\"), and a [shaft transmission system](/wiki/Drive_shaft \"Drive shaft\"). Instead of conventional wire spokes, it uses five sets of two thick, parallel, metal rods positioned at 72° from each other to improve durability and lower maintenance costs. The identification number of each bicycle is put on the rear part of the chassis.", "Renters scan the QR\\-code, which is displayed at the base of the handle as well as on the smart lock.", "The livery is black for the seat, handlebars and the lock, orange for the wheel and metallic silver for the body.", "The bicycle weighs {{convert\\|25\\|kg}}.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://technode.com/2016/12/01/shanghai\\-bike\\-sharing\\-batte/ \\|title\\=Shanghai Bike\\-Sharing Battle: Ofo vs Mobike vs Xiaoming \\|work\\=technode.com \\|first\\=Emma \\|last\\=Lee \\|date\\=1 December 2016 }}", "Some users have complained about the Classic Mobike's weight and the lack of a [bicycle basket](/wiki/Bicycle_basket \"Bicycle basket\") (defended by Mobike as to \"prevent spam advertising\"), and difficulty in keeping balance on their first attempts, which kickstarted the development of Mobike's second iteration, the Mobike Lite.", "### Mobike Lite", "Mobike Lite is known informally as \"generation 2\". It uses wire spokes and a conventional [chain drive](/wiki/Chain_drive \"Chain drive\") to deliver torque to the rear wheel. The identification number is on the right side on a plastic panel that protects the chain. The QR code has moved to the tip of the rear fender.", "The Mobike Lite comes with a net\\-like metal basket and has a solar panel that powers the QR lock and GPS tracker. The wheels were coloured orange.\n[thumb\\|A Mobike Lite bicycle in Guangdong. Note the exposed transmission system.](/wiki/File:Mobike-Lite.jpg \"Mobike-Lite.jpg\")", "Newer models of the \"Mobike Classic\" and \"Mobike Lite\" have adjustable seats. The Lite weighs {{convert\\|17\\|kg}}.", "### Second generation", "According to a company press release, small batches of second generation Mobikes, both Classic and Lite, are being deployed in areas of service. Reports indicate that the second generation bicycles use a more durable aluminium [kickstand](/wiki/Kickstand \"Kickstand\") rather than the formerly used hard plastic ones. Also mentioned is the new hydraulic adjustable seat installed on Generation 2 bicycles through depression of a small metal tab near the base of the seat. Finally, the second generation Classic Mobikes now also have a basket.", "The colour scheme of the second generation Mobike Lite is changed to orange for the inner rim, and reverts to black for the tyre.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/next\\-generation\\-mobike\\|title\\=Mobike 'Next Generation' Smart Bike Design\\|website\\=mobike.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2018}}", "" ]
Design and development ---------------------- Observation aircraft from [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") and into the 1920s generally had two crew, the pilot and a defensive gunner who was also the observer. Though there had been attempts to include three positions, separating the role of gunner and observer, the extra weight of the more powerful engine required proved too great a penalty. By the mid\-1930s engine technology had improved enough, in Weymann's view, to make a three\-seat aircraft fast enough. The W\-100 was the result of this analysis. It was a [two bay](/wiki/Biplane%23Bays "Biplane#Bays") biplane with constant [chord](/wiki/Chord_%28aeronautics%29 "Chord (aeronautics)"), unswept, unequal span wings with rounded tips. The wings were entirely wooden, with multiple [spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aeronautics%29 "Spar (aeronautics)") and stressed [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood") skin. The upper wing was significantly longer, broader and thicker than the lower and was in three parts, with a rectangular central portion that was mounted over the [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage "Fuselage") on two outward\-leaning streamlined steel [struts](/wiki/Strut "Strut") from the upper fuselage on each side. This section had no [dihedral](/wiki/Dihedral_%28aeronautics%29 "Dihedral (aeronautics)"). The lower wings were mounted on the lower fuselage and braced to the upper wings with outward leaning N\-form [interplane struts](/wiki/Interplane_struts "Interplane struts"); they had the same dihedral as the outer upper panels. Crossed wire bracing completed the strongly [staggered](/wiki/Biplane%23Stagger "Biplane#Stagger") structure. [Servo\-tabbed](/wiki/Servo_tab "Servo tab") [ailerons](/wiki/Ailerons "Ailerons") on upper and lower wings were linked with streamlined steel tubes. The W\-100's fuselage frame was constructed from steel tube [Warren girders](/wiki/Warren_girder "Warren girder"), resulting in an essentially rectangular section structure which was largely [fabric covered](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering "Aircraft fabric covering"). There was a {{convert\|575\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on\|disp\=flip}} nine cylinder [Hispano\-Suiza 9Va](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_9V "Hispano-Suiza 9V") [radial engine](/wiki/Radial_engine "Radial engine") (a licence\-built [Wright R\-1820](/wiki/Wright_R-1820 "Wright R-1820")) in the nose under a long\-chord [cowling](/wiki/Aircraft_fairing%23Engine_cowling "Aircraft fairing#Engine cowling"). The pilot's open [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit "Cockpit") was at the wing [trailing edge](/wiki/Trailing_edge "Trailing edge"), with the gunner's cockpit, fitted with a machine gun on a flexible mount, immediately behind. A triangular, upward hinged door in the starboard side below the gunner's cockpit gave access to the observer's position in the deepened forward fuselage between the pilot's cockpit and the engine. It had glazed panels in its top and bottom and entirely glazed sides, giving the observer clear views in all directions. At the rear the rectangular [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane "Tailplane") was built into the upper fuselage and carried larger area, separate, [balanced](/wiki/Balanced_rudder "Balanced rudder") [elevators](/wiki/Elevator_%28aeronautics%29 "Elevator (aeronautics)"). The round edged [fin](/wiki/Fin "Fin") was wire braced to the tailplane and carried a deep, round\-topped [rudder](/wiki/Rudder "Rudder"), also balanced. The W\-100 had a fixed, wide {{convert\|3\.0\|m\|in\|abbr\=on}} track [undercarriage](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear"), with each mainwheel on a V\-form axle and drag strut hinged from the lower fuselage. A faired [Messier](/wiki/Messier-Dowty "Messier-Dowty") [oleo strut](/wiki/Oleo_strut "Oleo strut") was attached to the upper fuselage. There was a small, steerable tailwheel. The Weymann W\-100 first flew between late June and early July 1933, piloted by Barbot, though the location is not recorded. By August it had been further tested at [Villacoublay](/wiki/V%C3%A9lizy_-_Villacoublay_Air_Base "Vélizy - Villacoublay Air Base"), had returned to the factory by mid\-August and was back at Villacoublay in September. There seem to be no further references to the W\-100 in the French journals after this date.
[ "Design and development\n----------------------", "Observation aircraft from [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and into the 1920s generally had two crew, the pilot and a defensive gunner who was also the observer. Though there had been attempts to include three positions, separating the role of gunner and observer, the extra weight of the more powerful engine required proved too great a penalty. By the mid\\-1930s engine technology had improved enough, in Weymann's view, to make a three\\-seat aircraft fast enough. The W\\-100 was the result of this analysis.", "It was a [two bay](/wiki/Biplane%23Bays \"Biplane#Bays\") biplane with constant [chord](/wiki/Chord_%28aeronautics%29 \"Chord (aeronautics)\"), unswept, unequal span wings with rounded tips. The wings were entirely wooden, with multiple [spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aeronautics%29 \"Spar (aeronautics)\") and stressed [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\") skin. The upper wing was significantly longer, broader and thicker than the lower and was in three parts, with a rectangular central portion that was mounted over the [fuselage](/wiki/Fuselage \"Fuselage\") on two outward\\-leaning streamlined steel [struts](/wiki/Strut \"Strut\") from the upper fuselage on each side. This section had no [dihedral](/wiki/Dihedral_%28aeronautics%29 \"Dihedral (aeronautics)\"). The lower wings were mounted on the lower fuselage and braced to the upper wings with outward leaning N\\-form [interplane struts](/wiki/Interplane_struts \"Interplane struts\"); they had the same dihedral as the outer upper panels. Crossed wire bracing completed the strongly [staggered](/wiki/Biplane%23Stagger \"Biplane#Stagger\") structure. [Servo\\-tabbed](/wiki/Servo_tab \"Servo tab\") [ailerons](/wiki/Ailerons \"Ailerons\") on upper and lower wings were linked with streamlined steel tubes.", "The W\\-100's fuselage frame was constructed from steel tube [Warren girders](/wiki/Warren_girder \"Warren girder\"), resulting in an essentially rectangular section structure which was largely [fabric covered](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering \"Aircraft fabric covering\"). There was a {{convert\\|575\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=flip}} nine cylinder [Hispano\\-Suiza 9Va](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_9V \"Hispano-Suiza 9V\") [radial engine](/wiki/Radial_engine \"Radial engine\") (a licence\\-built [Wright R\\-1820](/wiki/Wright_R-1820 \"Wright R-1820\")) in the nose under a long\\-chord [cowling](/wiki/Aircraft_fairing%23Engine_cowling \"Aircraft fairing#Engine cowling\"). The pilot's open [cockpit](/wiki/Cockpit \"Cockpit\") was at the wing [trailing edge](/wiki/Trailing_edge \"Trailing edge\"), with the gunner's cockpit, fitted with a machine gun on a flexible mount, immediately behind. A triangular, upward hinged door in the starboard side below the gunner's cockpit gave access to the observer's position in the deepened forward fuselage between the pilot's cockpit and the engine. It had glazed panels in its top and bottom and entirely glazed sides, giving the observer clear views in all directions.", "At the rear the rectangular [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane \"Tailplane\") was built into the upper fuselage and carried larger area, separate, [balanced](/wiki/Balanced_rudder \"Balanced rudder\") [elevators](/wiki/Elevator_%28aeronautics%29 \"Elevator (aeronautics)\"). The round edged [fin](/wiki/Fin \"Fin\") was wire braced to the tailplane and carried a deep, round\\-topped [rudder](/wiki/Rudder \"Rudder\"), also balanced.", "The W\\-100 had a fixed, wide {{convert\\|3\\.0\\|m\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} track [undercarriage](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\"), with each mainwheel on a V\\-form axle and drag strut hinged from the lower fuselage. A faired [Messier](/wiki/Messier-Dowty \"Messier-Dowty\") [oleo strut](/wiki/Oleo_strut \"Oleo strut\") was attached to the upper fuselage. There was a small, steerable tailwheel.", "The Weymann W\\-100 first flew between late June and early July 1933, piloted by Barbot, though the location is not recorded. By August it had been further tested at [Villacoublay](/wiki/V%C3%A9lizy_-_Villacoublay_Air_Base \"Vélizy - Villacoublay Air Base\"), had returned to the factory by mid\\-August and was back at Villacoublay in September. There seem to be no further references to the W\\-100 in the French journals after this date.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Civil War On August 13, 1861, George joined the 48th New York Regiment as a private and fought at the capture of [Fort Walker](/wiki/Fort_Walker_%28Hilton_Head%29 "Fort Walker (Hilton Head)") and Fort Beauregard. On June 6, 1863, he was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant and volunteered to serve with the newly formed 34th USCT Infantry Regiment made up of black slaves from [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina"). He was among the first group of white officers to command a unit of all black troops. By 1865 he was a captain commanding a full company of the 34th Regiment.U.S. Colored Troops Organized In South Carolina, p.1\-p.10\. After the war, Brush became a Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States "Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States"). He was also a Compatriot of the Empire State Society of the [Sons of the American Revolution](/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution "Sons of the American Revolution"). #### Medal of Honor The 34th Infantry Regiment was ordered on May 24, 1864, on an expedition to Asheepo River, South Carolina to burn a railroad trestle across a marsh at that point. About 400 members of the black regiment were loaded onto the troop steamer *Boston*, including 1st Lieutenant George W. Brush and the men of his company. The men had been ferried out to the *Boston* by small boats and one was fastened to the ships stern. Sailing down the Asheepo River in fog and darkness the ship became stranded upon an oyster bed. The [Confederates](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") planted a battery of guns on the river bank and began shelling the *Boston*. Lieutenant Brush quickly assembled four volunteers \- [David Lewis Gifford](/wiki/David_Lewis_Gifford "David Lewis Gifford"), [William Downey](/wiki/William_Downey_%28Medal_of_Honor%29 "William Downey (Medal of Honor)"), [Patrick Scanlan](/wiki/Patrick_Scanlan_%28Medal_of_Honor%29 "Patrick Scanlan (Medal of Honor)"), and [John Duffey](/wiki/John_Duffey_%28soldier%29 "John Duffey (soldier)") \- and began transporting men from the *Boston* to shore with the one small boat available. His Medal of Honor citation reads as follows "voluntarily commanded a boat crew, which went to the rescue of a large number of Union soldiers on board the stranded steamer *Boston*, and with great gallantry succeeded in conveying them to shore, being exposed during the entire time to heavy fire from a Confederate battery". Instrumental in attaining the Medal of Honor for Lieutenant Brush were the efforts of the unit's Chaplain Homer W. Moore.Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients.Beyer,W.F. \& Keydel, O.F., p.347\. ### Dentist and physician After the war Brush returned to Brooklyn and became a dentist. After several years as a dentist he entered [Long Island College Hospital](/wiki/Long_Island_College_Hospital "Long Island College Hospital") Medical School from which he graduated in 1876\. He had a long and successful medical practice in Brooklyn.Brush Bowers p.28\. ### State legislator Dr. Brush was very active in Brooklyn civic and political affairs. He was a member of the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly "New York State Assembly") (Kings Co., 7th D.) in [1895](/wiki/118th_New_York_State_Legislature "118th New York State Legislature"); and a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate "New York State Senate") (4th D.) from 1896 to 1898, sitting in the [119th](/wiki/119th_New_York_State_Legislature "119th New York State Legislature"), [120th](/wiki/120th_New_York_State_Legislature "120th New York State Legislature") and [121st New York State Legislatures](/wiki/121st_New_York_State_Legislature "121st New York State Legislature"). He was chairman of the Senate Health Committee and helped to establish the N.Y. State Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Saranac Lake.Brush Bowers p. 29\. He was also a member of the [Sons of the American Revolution](/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution "Sons of the American Revolution") and the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States "Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States").
[ "Career\n------", "### Civil War", "On August 13, 1861, George joined the 48th New York Regiment as a private and fought at the capture of [Fort Walker](/wiki/Fort_Walker_%28Hilton_Head%29 \"Fort Walker (Hilton Head)\") and Fort Beauregard. On June 6, 1863, he was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant and volunteered to serve with the newly formed 34th USCT Infantry Regiment made up of black slaves from [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"). He was among the first group of white officers to command a unit of all black troops. By 1865 he was a captain commanding a full company of the 34th Regiment.U.S. Colored Troops Organized In South Carolina, p.1\\-p.10\\.", "After the war, Brush became a Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States \"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States\"). He was also a Compatriot of the Empire State Society of the [Sons of the American Revolution](/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution \"Sons of the American Revolution\").", "#### Medal of Honor", "The 34th Infantry Regiment was ordered on May 24, 1864, on an expedition to Asheepo River, South Carolina to burn a railroad trestle across a marsh at that point. About 400 members of the black regiment were loaded onto the troop steamer *Boston*, including 1st Lieutenant George W. Brush and the men of his company. The men had been ferried out to the *Boston* by small boats and one was fastened to the ships stern. Sailing down the Asheepo River in fog and darkness the ship became stranded upon an oyster bed. The [Confederates](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\") planted a battery of guns on the river bank and began shelling the *Boston*. Lieutenant Brush quickly assembled four volunteers \\- [David Lewis Gifford](/wiki/David_Lewis_Gifford \"David Lewis Gifford\"), [William Downey](/wiki/William_Downey_%28Medal_of_Honor%29 \"William Downey (Medal of Honor)\"), [Patrick Scanlan](/wiki/Patrick_Scanlan_%28Medal_of_Honor%29 \"Patrick Scanlan (Medal of Honor)\"), and [John Duffey](/wiki/John_Duffey_%28soldier%29 \"John Duffey (soldier)\") \\- and began transporting men from the *Boston* to shore with the one small boat available. His Medal of Honor citation reads as follows \"voluntarily commanded a boat crew, which went to the rescue of a large number of Union soldiers on board the stranded steamer *Boston*, and with great gallantry succeeded in conveying them to shore, being exposed during the entire time to heavy fire from a Confederate battery\". Instrumental in attaining the Medal of Honor for Lieutenant Brush were the efforts of the unit's Chaplain Homer W. Moore.Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients.Beyer,W.F. \\& Keydel, O.F., p.347\\.", "### Dentist and physician", "After the war Brush returned to Brooklyn and became a dentist. After several years as a dentist he entered [Long Island College Hospital](/wiki/Long_Island_College_Hospital \"Long Island College Hospital\") Medical School from which he graduated in 1876\\. He had a long and successful medical practice in Brooklyn.Brush Bowers p.28\\.", "### State legislator", "Dr. Brush was very active in Brooklyn civic and political affairs. He was a member of the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly \"New York State Assembly\") (Kings Co., 7th D.) in [1895](/wiki/118th_New_York_State_Legislature \"118th New York State Legislature\"); and a member of the [New York State Senate](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate \"New York State Senate\") (4th D.) from 1896 to 1898, sitting in the [119th](/wiki/119th_New_York_State_Legislature \"119th New York State Legislature\"), [120th](/wiki/120th_New_York_State_Legislature \"120th New York State Legislature\") and [121st New York State Legislatures](/wiki/121st_New_York_State_Legislature \"121st New York State Legislature\"). He was chairman of the Senate Health Committee and helped to establish the N.Y. State Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Saranac Lake.Brush Bowers p. 29\\.", "He was also a member of the [Sons of the American Revolution](/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution \"Sons of the American Revolution\") and the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States \"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States\").", "" ]
History ------- {{main\|History of Evansville, Indiana}} ### Establishment and early history There has been a continuous human presence in the area that became Evansville from at least 8,000 BC by [Paleo\-Indians](/wiki/Paleo-Indians "Paleo-Indians"). Archaeologists have identified several archaic and ancient sites in and near Evansville, with the most complex at [Angel Mounds](/wiki/Angel_Mounds "Angel Mounds"). This was built and occupied from about AD 900 to about AD 1600, just before the arrival of Europeans to North America.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.angelmounds.org/about\-us\-2/angel\-mounds/\|title\=ANGEL MOUNDS\|website\=Friends of Angel Mounds\|access\-date\=27 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070441/http://www.angelmounds.org/about\-us\-2/angel\-mounds/\|archive\-date\=18 February 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Following the abandonment of Angel Mounds between the years 1400 and 1450, tribes of the historic [Miami](/wiki/Miami_people "Miami people"), [Shawnee](/wiki/Shawnee "Shawnee"), [Piankeshaw](/wiki/Piankeshaw "Piankeshaw"), [Wyandot](/wiki/Wyandot_people "Wyandot people"), [Delaware](/wiki/Lenape "Lenape") and other [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") peoples were known to be in the area. French hunters and trappers were among the first Europeans to come to the area, using [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes%2C_Indiana "Vincennes, Indiana") as a base of operations for fur trading. As a testament to the Ohio River's grandeur, early French explorers named it *La Belle Rivière* ("The Beautiful River"). The land encompassing Evansville was formally relinquished by the [Delaware](/wiki/Lenape "Lenape") in 1805 to [General William Henry Harrison](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison"), then governor of the [Indiana Territory](/wiki/Indiana_Territory "Indiana Territory"). The city of Evansville, Indiana was founded in 1812 and incorporated in 1817\. It is situated on an [oxbow](/wiki/Meander "Meander") in the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River"), and is often referred to as the "Crescent Valley" or "River City". [thumb\|upright\|left\|[Robert Morgan Evans](/wiki/Robert_Morgan_Evans "Robert Morgan Evans")](/wiki/Image:Evans.jpg "Evans.jpg") On March 27, 1812, [Hugh McGary Jr.](/wiki/Hugh_McGary_Jr. "Hugh McGary Jr.") purchased about 441 acres and named it "McGary's Landing". In 1814, to attract more people, McGary renamed his village "Evansville" in honor of [Colonel Robert Morgan Evans](/wiki/Robert_Morgan_Evans "Robert Morgan Evans"). Evansville incorporated in 1817 and was designated as the county seat on January 7, 1818\. The county was named for Henry Vanderburgh, a deceased chief judge of the Indiana Territorial Supreme Court.{{cite book\|author\=Patry, Robert\|title\=City of the Four Freedoms\|publisher\=Robert Patry and friends of Willard Library\|year\=1996\|pages\=11–15}}{{cite book\|author\=Morlock, James\|title\=The Evansville Story \|publisher\=James Morlock\|year\=1956}} Evansville became a thriving commercial town with a river trade, and the town began to expand outside of its original footprint. Evansville's west side was for many years cut off from the city's main part by [Pigeon Creek](/wiki/Pigeon_Creek_%28Indiana%29 "Pigeon Creek (Indiana)") and the factories that developed along it, making the creek an industrial corridor. The land comprising the former town of [Lamasco](/wiki/Lamasco "Lamasco") was platted in 1837 and was annexed in 1870\. ### 18th and 19th centuries Evansville's economy received a boost in the early 1830s when Indiana unveiled plans to build the [longest canal in the world](/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal "Wabash and Erie Canal"), a 400\-mile ditch to connect the Great Lakes at [Toledo, Ohio](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Ohio "Toledo, Ohio") with the inland rivers at Evansville. The project was intended to open Indiana to commerce and improve transportation from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The project bankrupted the state and was so poorly engineered that it would not hold water. By the time the [Wabash and Erie Canal](/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal "Wabash and Erie Canal") was finished in 1853, Evansville's first railroad, [Evansville \& Crawfordsville Railroad](/wiki/Evansville_%26_Crawfordsville_Railroad "Evansville & Crawfordsville Railroad"), was opened to Terre Haute. The expansion of railroads in this territory had made the canal obsolete. Only two flat barges ever made the entire trip.{{cite news \| title\=Remember When \| work\=Evansville Living \| year\=2012 \| author\=Coures, Kelley}} The canal basin at Fifth and Court street in downtown Evansville became the site of a new courthouse in 1891\. The era of Evansville's greatest growth occurred in the second half of the 19th century, following the disruptions of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). The city was a major stop for steamboats along the Ohio River, and it was the home port for a number of companies engaged in trade via the river.Roberts, Charles E. *Evansville, Her Commerce and Manufacturers*. Evansville: 1874\. Coal mining, manufacturing, and hardwood lumber was a major source of economic activity. By 1900, Evansville was one of the world's largest hardwood furniture centers, with 41 factories employing approximately 2,000 workers. Railroads eventually became more important and in 1887 the [L\&N Railroad](/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad "Louisville and Nashville Railroad") constructed a bridge across the Ohio River.{{cite book \|last\=Morlock \|first\=James E. \|chapter\=The Railroad Builders in Evansville \|title\=Was It Yesterday? \|editor\=James E. Morlock \|place\=Evansville \|publisher\=University of Evansville Press \|year\=1980}} Along with a major rail yard southwest of Evansville in Howell, which was annexed in 1916 and completed the city's counterclockwise march around the horseshoe bend. Throughout this period, Evansville's main ethnic groups consisted of Protestant Scotch\-Irish from the South, Catholic Irish coming for canal or railroad work, New England businessmen, Germans fleeing Europe after the 1848 revolutions, and [freedmen](/wiki/Freedmen "Freedmen") from western Kentucky.Gilbert, F.M. (1910\) *History of the City of Evansville and Vanderburgh County*, Vol. I. Chicago: Pioneer Publishing Company. By the [1890 census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_1890 "United States Census, 1890"), Evansville ranked as the 56th\-largest urban area in the United States, but it was surpassed in population by other cities in the early 1900s.{{cite web \|title\=Table 12\. Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890 \|date\=June 15, 1998 \|publisher\=U.S. Bureau of the Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab12\.txt\|access\-date\=2006\-05\-02\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060424121352/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab12\.txt \|archive\-date\=2006\-04\-24}} As the new century began, the city continued to develop to its eastern areas. Manufacturing also took off, particularly in the automobile and refrigeration industries. [thumb\|left\|Final stage of truck assembly at Graham Brothers Truck Plant in Evansville, 1920](/wiki/File:Graham_Brothers_Truck_Plant%2C_Evansville%2C_Indiana.jpg "Graham Brothers Truck Plant, Evansville, Indiana.jpg") ### 20th and 21st centuries {{See also\|Ohio River flood of 1937}} The Graham brothers, Ray, Robert, and Joseph, got their start with a successful glass factory in Evansville. After they sold it in 1907, the glass factory became Libbey\-Owens\-Ford. In 1916, seeing the need for a dependable truck, the Graham brothers entered the truck chassis business. Evansville was home to Graham Brothers Trucks from then until 1929\. The dependability of Graham trucks was due in part to their use of Torbensen internal gear drive rear axles. In 1921, after the death of both Dodge brothers, Graham Brothers started selling 1\.5 ton pickups through Dodge dealers. (Dodge did not manufacture trucks at the time). These vehicles had Graham chassis and some Dodge parts. Dodge Brothers bought a controlling interest in Graham Brothers in 1925, picking up the rest in 1926\.{{cite web\|title\=Graham Brothers\|date\=June 21, 2022 \|url\=https://www.allpar.com/trucks/graham\-brothers.html}} The city saw exponential growth in the early twentieth century with the production of lumber and the manufacturing of furniture. By 1920, Evansville had more than two dozen furniture companies. In the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, city leaders attempted to improve Evansville's transportation position and successfully lobbied to be on the Chicago\-to\-Miami "Dixie Bee Highway" ([U.S. Highway 41](/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Indiana "U.S. Route 41 in Indiana")). A bridge was built across the Ohio River in 1932 and in that same decade steps were taken to develop an airport. But the [Ohio River flood of 1937](/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937 "Ohio River flood of 1937") covered 500 city blocks in Evansville, resulting in a major crisis.{{cite book \|last\=Van Keuren \|first\=Ernest C. \|display\-authors\=et al \|chapter\=The Evansville Flood \|title\=Evansville's Great Flood, 1937 \|place\=Evansville \|publisher\=University of Evansville Press \|year\=1987}}{{full citation needed\|date\=June 2022\|reason\=Did not find book with this author/date}} With steamboats less necessary to the local economy, city and federal officials responded to the flood and its destruction by constructing more and higher levees: construction that penned and hid the Ohio River behind a barrier of earthen berms and concrete walls.{{cite news \|author\=Husk, Kim \|title\=River Fortress Would Protect Evansville \|work\=The Evansville Courier \|date\=23 July 1993}} During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Evansville was a major center of industrial production which helped revive the regional economy after the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). A huge, 45\-acre shipyard complex was constructed on the riverfront east of St. Joseph Avenue for the production of oceangoing LSTs ([Landing Ship\-Tanks](/wiki/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank "Landing Ship, Tank")). The Evansville Shipyard was the nation's largest inland producer of LSTs. The Plymouth factory was converted into a plant which turned out "bullets by the billions," and many other companies switched over to the manufacture of war material.{{cite web\|title\=Chrysler Goes to War \|url\=http://wpchryslermuseum.org/document.doc?id\=72\|access\-date\=7 March 2012}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes}} In 1942, an aircraft factory was constructed adjacent to the airport north of the city for the manufacture of the Republic P\-47D fighter aircraft, the [legendary P\-47 Thunderbolt](/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt "P-47 Thunderbolt"). Evansville produced a total of 6,242 P\-47s, almost half of the P\-47s made nationally during the war.{{cite news\| last\=Lucas\| first\=John\| title\=Airplanes, especially P\-47s, are city man's passion\| work\=\[\[Evansville Courier \& Press]]\| date\=2006\-10\-16\| access\-date\=2007\-06\-03\| url\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/oct/18/airplanes\-especially\-p\-47s\-are\-city\-mans\-passion/}} After the war, Evansville's manufacturing base of automobiles, household appliances, and farm equipment benefited from growing post\-war demand. A growing housing demand also caused residential development to leap north and east of the city. However, between 1955 and 1963, a nationwide recession hit Evansville. Among other closures, Servel (which produced refrigerators) went out of business and Chrysler ended its local operations. The economy was saved from near total collapse by 28 businesses that moved into the area, including [Whirlpool](/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation "Whirlpool Corporation"), [Alcoa](/wiki/Alcoa "Alcoa"), and [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"). During the final third of the 20th century, Evansville became the hub of the tri\-state region's commercial, medical, and service industries. A 1990s economic spurt was fueled by the growth of the [University of Southern Indiana](/wiki/University_of_Southern_Indiana "University of Southern Indiana"). The arrival of giant [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Indiana "Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana") and [AK Steel](/wiki/AK_Steel_Holding_Corporation "AK Steel Holding Corporation") manufacturing plants, as well as [Casino Aztar](/wiki/Bally%27s_Evansville "Bally's Evansville") (now Bally's), Indiana's first gaming boat, also contributed to the growth of jobs. As the twenty\-first century began, Evansville continued in a steady pace of economic diversification and stability. On December 6, 2022, in recognition of the city's massive production efforts during World War II, it was announced that Evansville had been designated Indiana's American [World War II Heritage City](/wiki/World_War_II_Heritage_City "World War II Heritage City") by the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service").
[ "History\n-------", "{{main\\|History of Evansville, Indiana}}", "### Establishment and early history", "There has been a continuous human presence in the area that became Evansville from at least 8,000 BC by [Paleo\\-Indians](/wiki/Paleo-Indians \"Paleo-Indians\"). Archaeologists have identified several archaic and ancient sites in and near Evansville, with the most complex at [Angel Mounds](/wiki/Angel_Mounds \"Angel Mounds\"). This was built and occupied from about AD 900 to about AD 1600, just before the arrival of Europeans to North America.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.angelmounds.org/about\\-us\\-2/angel\\-mounds/\\|title\\=ANGEL MOUNDS\\|website\\=Friends of Angel Mounds\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070441/http://www.angelmounds.org/about\\-us\\-2/angel\\-mounds/\\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Following the abandonment of Angel Mounds between the years 1400 and 1450, tribes of the historic [Miami](/wiki/Miami_people \"Miami people\"), [Shawnee](/wiki/Shawnee \"Shawnee\"), [Piankeshaw](/wiki/Piankeshaw \"Piankeshaw\"), [Wyandot](/wiki/Wyandot_people \"Wyandot people\"), [Delaware](/wiki/Lenape \"Lenape\") and other [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") peoples were known to be in the area. French hunters and trappers were among the first Europeans to come to the area, using [Vincennes](/wiki/Vincennes%2C_Indiana \"Vincennes, Indiana\") as a base of operations for fur trading. As a testament to the Ohio River's grandeur, early French explorers named it *La Belle Rivière* (\"The Beautiful River\"). The land encompassing Evansville was formally relinquished by the [Delaware](/wiki/Lenape \"Lenape\") in 1805 to [General William Henry Harrison](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison \"William Henry Harrison\"), then governor of the [Indiana Territory](/wiki/Indiana_Territory \"Indiana Territory\").", "The city of Evansville, Indiana was founded in 1812 and incorporated in 1817\\. It is situated on an [oxbow](/wiki/Meander \"Meander\") in the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\"), and is often referred to as the \"Crescent Valley\" or \"River City\".", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|[Robert Morgan Evans](/wiki/Robert_Morgan_Evans \"Robert Morgan Evans\")](/wiki/Image:Evans.jpg \"Evans.jpg\")", "On March 27, 1812, [Hugh McGary Jr.](/wiki/Hugh_McGary_Jr. \"Hugh McGary Jr.\") purchased about 441 acres and named it \"McGary's Landing\". In 1814, to attract more people, McGary renamed his village \"Evansville\" in honor of [Colonel Robert Morgan Evans](/wiki/Robert_Morgan_Evans \"Robert Morgan Evans\"). Evansville incorporated in 1817 and was designated as the county seat on January 7, 1818\\. The county was named for Henry Vanderburgh, a deceased chief judge of the Indiana Territorial Supreme Court.{{cite book\\|author\\=Patry, Robert\\|title\\=City of the Four Freedoms\\|publisher\\=Robert Patry and friends of Willard Library\\|year\\=1996\\|pages\\=11–15}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Morlock, James\\|title\\=The Evansville Story \\|publisher\\=James Morlock\\|year\\=1956}}", "Evansville became a thriving commercial town with a river trade, and the town began to expand outside of its original footprint. Evansville's west side was for many years cut off from the city's main part by [Pigeon Creek](/wiki/Pigeon_Creek_%28Indiana%29 \"Pigeon Creek (Indiana)\") and the factories that developed along it, making the creek an industrial corridor. The land comprising the former town of [Lamasco](/wiki/Lamasco \"Lamasco\") was platted in 1837 and was annexed in 1870\\.", "### 18th and 19th centuries", "Evansville's economy received a boost in the early 1830s when Indiana unveiled plans to build the [longest canal in the world](/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal \"Wabash and Erie Canal\"), a 400\\-mile ditch to connect the Great Lakes at [Toledo, Ohio](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Ohio \"Toledo, Ohio\") with the inland rivers at Evansville. The project was intended to open Indiana to commerce and improve transportation from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). The project bankrupted the state and was so poorly engineered that it would not hold water. By the time the [Wabash and Erie Canal](/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal \"Wabash and Erie Canal\") was finished in 1853, Evansville's first railroad, [Evansville \\& Crawfordsville Railroad](/wiki/Evansville_%26_Crawfordsville_Railroad \"Evansville & Crawfordsville Railroad\"), was opened to Terre Haute. The expansion of railroads in this territory had made the canal obsolete. Only two flat barges ever made the entire trip.{{cite news \\| title\\=Remember When \\| work\\=Evansville Living \\| year\\=2012 \\| author\\=Coures, Kelley}} The canal basin at Fifth and Court street in downtown Evansville became the site of a new courthouse in 1891\\.", "The era of Evansville's greatest growth occurred in the second half of the 19th century, following the disruptions of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). The city was a major stop for steamboats along the Ohio River, and it was the home port for a number of companies engaged in trade via the river.Roberts, Charles E. *Evansville, Her Commerce and Manufacturers*. Evansville: 1874\\. Coal mining, manufacturing, and hardwood lumber was a major source of economic activity. By 1900, Evansville was one of the world's largest hardwood furniture centers, with 41 factories employing approximately 2,000 workers. Railroads eventually became more important and in 1887 the [L\\&N Railroad](/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad \"Louisville and Nashville Railroad\") constructed a bridge across the Ohio River.{{cite book \\|last\\=Morlock \\|first\\=James E. \\|chapter\\=The Railroad Builders in Evansville \\|title\\=Was It Yesterday? \\|editor\\=James E. Morlock \\|place\\=Evansville \\|publisher\\=University of Evansville Press \\|year\\=1980}} Along with a major rail yard southwest of Evansville in Howell, which was annexed in 1916 and completed the city's counterclockwise march around the horseshoe bend.", "Throughout this period, Evansville's main ethnic groups consisted of Protestant Scotch\\-Irish from the South, Catholic Irish coming for canal or railroad work, New England businessmen, Germans fleeing Europe after the 1848 revolutions, and [freedmen](/wiki/Freedmen \"Freedmen\") from western Kentucky.Gilbert, F.M. (1910\\) *History of the City of Evansville and Vanderburgh County*, Vol. I. Chicago: Pioneer Publishing Company. By the [1890 census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_1890 \"United States Census, 1890\"), Evansville ranked as the 56th\\-largest urban area in the United States, but it was surpassed in population by other cities in the early 1900s.{{cite web \\|title\\=Table 12\\. Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890 \\|date\\=June 15, 1998 \\|publisher\\=U.S. Bureau of the Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab12\\.txt\\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-05\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060424121352/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab12\\.txt \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-04\\-24}} As the new century began, the city continued to develop to its eastern areas. Manufacturing also took off, particularly in the automobile and refrigeration industries.", "[thumb\\|left\\|Final stage of truck assembly at Graham Brothers Truck Plant in Evansville, 1920](/wiki/File:Graham_Brothers_Truck_Plant%2C_Evansville%2C_Indiana.jpg \"Graham Brothers Truck Plant, Evansville, Indiana.jpg\")", "### 20th and 21st centuries", "{{See also\\|Ohio River flood of 1937}}\nThe Graham brothers, Ray, Robert, and Joseph, got their start with a successful glass factory in Evansville. After they sold it in 1907, the glass factory became Libbey\\-Owens\\-Ford. In 1916, seeing the need for a dependable truck, the Graham brothers entered the truck chassis business. Evansville was home to Graham Brothers Trucks from then until 1929\\. The dependability of Graham trucks was due in part to their use of Torbensen internal gear drive rear axles.", "In 1921, after the death of both Dodge brothers, Graham Brothers started selling 1\\.5 ton pickups through Dodge dealers. (Dodge did not manufacture trucks at the time). These vehicles had Graham chassis and some Dodge parts. Dodge Brothers bought a controlling interest in Graham Brothers in 1925, picking up the rest in 1926\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Graham Brothers\\|date\\=June 21, 2022 \\|url\\=https://www.allpar.com/trucks/graham\\-brothers.html}}", "The city saw exponential growth in the early twentieth century with the production of lumber and the manufacturing of furniture. By 1920, Evansville had more than two dozen furniture companies. In the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, city leaders attempted to improve Evansville's transportation position and successfully lobbied to be on the Chicago\\-to\\-Miami \"Dixie Bee Highway\" ([U.S. Highway 41](/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Indiana \"U.S. Route 41 in Indiana\")). A bridge was built across the Ohio River in 1932 and in that same decade steps were taken to develop an airport.", "But the [Ohio River flood of 1937](/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937 \"Ohio River flood of 1937\") covered 500 city blocks in Evansville, resulting in a major crisis.{{cite book \\|last\\=Van Keuren \\|first\\=Ernest C. \\|display\\-authors\\=et al \\|chapter\\=The Evansville Flood \\|title\\=Evansville's Great Flood, 1937 \\|place\\=Evansville \\|publisher\\=University of Evansville Press \\|year\\=1987}}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=June 2022\\|reason\\=Did not find book with this author/date}} With steamboats less necessary to the local economy, city and federal officials responded to the flood and its destruction by constructing more and higher levees: construction that penned and hid the Ohio River behind a barrier of earthen berms and concrete walls.{{cite news \\|author\\=Husk, Kim \\|title\\=River Fortress Would Protect Evansville \\|work\\=The Evansville Courier \\|date\\=23 July 1993}}", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Evansville was a major center of industrial production which helped revive the regional economy after the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"). A huge, 45\\-acre shipyard complex was constructed on the riverfront east of St. Joseph Avenue for the production of oceangoing LSTs ([Landing Ship\\-Tanks](/wiki/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank \"Landing Ship, Tank\")). The Evansville Shipyard was the nation's largest inland producer of LSTs. The Plymouth factory was converted into a plant which turned out \"bullets by the billions,\" and many other companies switched over to the manufacture of war material.{{cite web\\|title\\=Chrysler Goes to War \\|url\\=http://wpchryslermuseum.org/document.doc?id\\=72\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2012}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} In 1942, an aircraft factory was constructed adjacent to the airport north of the city for the manufacture of the Republic P\\-47D fighter aircraft, the [legendary P\\-47 Thunderbolt](/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt \"P-47 Thunderbolt\"). Evansville produced a total of 6,242 P\\-47s, almost half of the P\\-47s made nationally during the war.{{cite news\\| last\\=Lucas\\| first\\=John\\| title\\=Airplanes, especially P\\-47s, are city man's passion\\| work\\=\\[\\[Evansville Courier \\& Press]]\\| date\\=2006\\-10\\-16\\| access\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-03\\| url\\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/oct/18/airplanes\\-especially\\-p\\-47s\\-are\\-city\\-mans\\-passion/}}", "After the war, Evansville's manufacturing base of automobiles, household appliances, and farm equipment benefited from growing post\\-war demand. A growing housing demand also caused residential development to leap north and east of the city. However, between 1955 and 1963, a nationwide recession hit Evansville. Among other closures, Servel (which produced refrigerators) went out of business and Chrysler ended its local operations. The economy was saved from near total collapse by 28 businesses that moved into the area, including [Whirlpool](/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation \"Whirlpool Corporation\"), [Alcoa](/wiki/Alcoa \"Alcoa\"), and [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\").", "During the final third of the 20th century, Evansville became the hub of the tri\\-state region's commercial, medical, and service industries. A 1990s economic spurt was fueled by the growth of the [University of Southern Indiana](/wiki/University_of_Southern_Indiana \"University of Southern Indiana\"). The arrival of giant [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Indiana \"Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana\") and [AK Steel](/wiki/AK_Steel_Holding_Corporation \"AK Steel Holding Corporation\") manufacturing plants, as well as [Casino Aztar](/wiki/Bally%27s_Evansville \"Bally's Evansville\") (now Bally's), Indiana's first gaming boat, also contributed to the growth of jobs. As the twenty\\-first century began, Evansville continued in a steady pace of economic diversification and stability.", "On December 6, 2022, in recognition of the city's massive production efforts during World War II, it was announced that Evansville had been designated Indiana's American [World War II Heritage City](/wiki/World_War_II_Heritage_City \"World War II Heritage City\") by the [National Park Service](/wiki/National_Park_Service \"National Park Service\").", "" ]
Geography --------- The [Evansville metropolitan area](/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area "Evansville metropolitan area"), the [142nd largest](/wiki/List_of_United_States_metropolitan_statistical_areas_by_population "List of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population") in the United States, includes three [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana") [counties](/wiki/County_%28United_States%29 "County (United States)") ([Posey](/wiki/Posey_County%2C_Indiana "Posey County, Indiana"), [Vanderburgh](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County "Vanderburgh County"), and [Warrick](/wiki/Warrick_County "Warrick County")) and two [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") counties ([Henderson](/wiki/Henderson_County%2C_Kentucky "Henderson County, Kentucky"), and [Webster](/wiki/Webster_County%2C_Kentucky "Webster County, Kentucky")). The metropolitan area does not include [Owensboro, Kentucky](/wiki/Owensboro%2C_Kentucky "Owensboro, Kentucky"), which is an adjacent metropolitan area about {{convert\|30\|mi\|km\|0}} southeast of Evansville. This area is sometimes referred to as "[Kentuckiana](/wiki/Evansville%2C_IN%E2%80%93KY_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area "Evansville, IN–KY Metropolitan Statistical Area")", although it is usually referred to as the “tri\-state" by the local media. According to the 2010 census, Evansville has an area of {{convert\|44\.622\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}}, of which {{convert\|44\.15\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}} (or 98\.94%) is land and {{convert\|0\.472\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}} (or 1\.06%) is water.{{cite web\|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_SF1/G001/1600000US1822000\|title\=G001 \- Geographic Identifiers \- 2010 Census Summary File 1\|access\-date\=2015\-07\-28\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200213053247/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_SF1/G001/1600000US1822000\|archive\-date\=2020\-02\-13\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Topography The city's southern boundary lies on an oxbow in the Ohio River. Most of the city lies in a shallow valley surrounded by low rolling hills. The city's west side is built on these rolling hills and is home to [Burdette Park](/wiki/Burdette_Park "Burdette Park"), [Mesker Amphitheatre](/wiki/Mesker_Amphitheatre "Mesker Amphitheatre"), and [Mesker Park Zoo](/wiki/Mesker_Park_Zoo "Mesker Park Zoo"). The eastern portion developed in the valley and is protected by a series of levees that closely follow the path of [I\-69](/wiki/Interstate_69 "Interstate 69"). Notable landmarks on the east side are the {{convert\|240\|acre\|km2\|1\|adj\=on}} [Wesselman Woods Nature Preserve](/wiki/Wesselman_Woods_Nature_Preserve "Wesselman Woods Nature Preserve") and the Angel Mounds State Historic Site, just southeast of Evansville, between Evansville and [Newburgh](/wiki/Newburgh%2C_Indiana "Newburgh, Indiana"). ### Cityscape *For more details on this topic, see [List of tallest buildings in Evansville](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Evansville "List of tallest buildings in Evansville")* Evansville's original [downtown plat](/wiki/Downtown_Evansville "Downtown Evansville") was made on about 200 acres, with streets running parallel to the river from northwest to southeast. Other streets nearby were later laid out on the cardinal points, due north–south, and east–west. Thus, anyone entering or leaving downtown finds the street makes a confusing oblique\-angle turn in one direction or another.Patry, Robert (1996\). *City of Four Freedoms*. Evansville: Friends of Willard Library. p. 35\. In the 1970s, the city suffered from problems such as decreased economic activity and suburban flight, but city\-sponsored revitalization has improved downtown conditions. The business district and riverfront feature land\-based casino gambling, restaurants, bars, and shops that attract tens of thousands of visitors each year. Although much of the outer city's architecture is typical suburban design, [the city's downtown district](/wiki/Downtown_Evansville "Downtown Evansville") retains early twentieth\-century architecture. A few blocks east of the main business district is the [Riverside district](/wiki/Riverside_Historic_District_%28Evansville%2C_Indiana%29 "Riverside Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)"), featuring tree\-lined brick streets full of turn of the twentieth\-century homes. The [Reitz Home Museum](/wiki/Reitz_Home_Museum "Reitz Home Museum") is one of the finest examples of French [second empire](/wiki/Second_Empire_%28architecture%29 "Second Empire (architecture)") architecture in the United States.{{cite web\|title\=Reitz Home Museum \|publisher\=The Reitz Home Preservation Society \|url\=http://www.reitzhome.evansville.net \|access\-date\=2007\-05\-18 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625121952/http://reitzhome.evansville.net/ \|archive\-date\=2007\-06\-25 }} Other homes nearby feature similar character and design and include [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture "Italianate architecture"), [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture "Colonial Revival architecture"), and [Renaissance Revival](/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture "Renaissance Revival architecture") styles. ### Neighborhoods Evansville has thirteen neighborhoods that have qualified as historic districts and are listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"). File:East\_Branch\_Library.jpg\|\[\[Bayard Park Neighborhood\|Bayard Park]] File:Rathbone Home, Culver.jpg\|\[\[Culver Historic District\|Culver]] File:Central\_Union\_Bank.jpg\|\[\[Downtown Evansville\|Downtown]] File:Alhambra Theatorium.jpg\|\[\[Haynies Corner Arts District\|Haynie's Corner]] File:Willow Road in the Lincolnshire Historic District.jpg\|\[\[Lincolnshire Historic District\|Lincolnshire]] File:Riverside\_Historic\_District\_in\_Evansville.jpg\|\[\[Riverside Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\|Riverside]] File:Parrett Street near Washington.jpg\|\[\[Washington Avenue Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\|Washington Avenue]] File:Independence Historic District in Evansville.jpg\|\[\[Independence Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\|West Franklin Street]] ### Climate {{climate chart \|Evansville, Indiana \|25\.5\|41\.7\|3\.35 \|28\.4\|46\.7\|3\.22 \|36\.4\|56\.8\|4\.60 \|46\.1\|68\.4\|5\.14 \|56\.6\|77\.3\|5\.12 \|65\.3\|85\.7\|4\.44 \|68\.8\|88\.6\|4\.38 \|66\.7\|87\.9\|3\.07 \|58\.6\|81\.9\|3\.31 \|47\.1\|70\.1\|3\.39 \|36\.5\|56\.2\|4\.11 \|29\.5\|45\.6\|3\.78 \|float\=right \|clear\=none \|units\=imperial \|source\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo\=pah\|title\=Monthly climate normals (1991\-2020\) \- Evansville area, IN (ThreadEx)\|website\=NOWData\|access\-date\=16 Apr 2022}} }} Evansville lies within the northern limits of the [humid subtropical climate](/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate "Humid subtropical climate") ([Köppen](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification") *Cfa*), and straddles the border between [USDA plant hardiness zones](/wiki/Hardiness_zone "Hardiness zone") 6b and 7a.[What is my arborday.org Hardiness Zone?](http://www.arborday.org/treeinfo/ZoneInfo.cfm?ZipCode=47701&submit=Look+it+up%21) Arbor Day Foundation. Summers are hot and humid, winters are cold to cool. Average temperatures range from {{convert\|32\.5\|°F\|1}} in January to {{convert\|78\.0\|°F\|1}} in July. Annual precipitation averages {{convert\|45\.3\|in\|sigfig\=3}}, including an average seasonal snowfall of {{convert\|11\.8\|in\|cm\|0}}.{{cite web \| title\=University of Evansville Fact Sheet \| url\=http://www.evansville.edu/prospects/onlyue/whyevansville.asp \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-14 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011222150/http://evansville.edu/prospects/onlyue/whyevansville.asp \| archive\-date\=2006\-10\-11 }} Evansville winters can range from just {{convert\|0\.5\|in\|cm\|abbr\=on}} of snowfall in 2011–12, up to {{convert\|37\.9\|in\|cm\|abbr\=on}} in 1969–70\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/climate/evvsnow\_climo.php\|title\=Paducah, KY\|first\=US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather\|last\=Service\|website\=Crh.noaa.gov\|access\-date\=27 August 2017}} On average, there are 41 days annually with a maximum temperature of {{convert\|90\|F\|0}} or above and 17 days with a maximum at or below freezing; the mean first and last freeze dates are October 26 and April 7, resulting in a frost\-free period of 201 days. Extreme temperatures range from {{convert\|−23\|°F\|0}} on February 2, 1951, up to {{convert\|111\|°F\|0}} on July 28, 1930; the record cold maximum of {{convert\|−3\|°F\|0}} was set on [January 20, 1985](/wiki/Winter_1985_cold_wave "Winter 1985 cold wave") and December 22, 1989, while, conversely, the record warm minimum of {{convert\|82\|°F\|0}} was last reached July 8, 1980\. {{Evansville, Indiana weatherbox}} ### Pollution In August 2018, the mayor of Evansville sent a letter to the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORVWSO) opposing a proposal to eliminate pollution control standards for the Ohio River. Evansville is located downstream from the river's origin. Sources of pollution that affect water quality include [agricultural runoff](/wiki/Agricultural_runoff "Agricultural runoff"), raw sewage discharges from [combined sewer overflows](/wiki/Combined_sewer "Combined sewer"), and toxic chemicals released by companies with [water pollution permits](/wiki/Clean_Water_Act%23Discharge_permits_required "Clean Water Act#Discharge permits required").{{cite web\| title \= Winnecke to ORSANCO: Dropping Ohio River standards could be 'negative game changer'\| work \= Evansville Courier \& Press\| access\-date \= 2018\-09\-14\| url \= https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2018/08/22/evansville\-mayor\-tells\-orsanco\-keep\-ohio\-river\-pollution\-standards/1063720002/}} The state of Indiana issues a fish consumption advisory for fish from the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") based on [PCB](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl "Polychlorinated biphenyl") contamination. The recommended consumption limit for most fish, including [carp](/wiki/Carp "Carp"), [striped bass](/wiki/Striped_bass "Striped bass") and [flathead catfish](/wiki/Flathead_catfish "Flathead catfish") is no more than 8 oz. per month, but for [channel catfish](/wiki/Channel_catfish "Channel catfish"), the recommendation is only 8oz every two months.{{Cite magazine\| page\=27\| last\=Lake\| first\=Adams\| magazine\=Angling Indiana\| title\=Fish Consumption Advisory}} Six very large [coal\-fired power plant](/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant "Coal-fired power plant") complexes operate within 30 miles of Evansville: [Indiana\-Michigan Power](/wiki/Indiana-Michigan_Power "Indiana-Michigan Power")'s [Rockport Generating Station](/wiki/Rockport_Generating_Station "Rockport Generating Station"), near [Rockport, Indiana](/wiki/Rockport%2C_Indiana "Rockport, Indiana"), [AES Indiana](/wiki/AES_Indiana "AES Indiana")'s [Petersburg Generating Station](/wiki/Petersburg_Generating_Station "Petersburg Generating Station") near [Petersburg](/wiki/Petersburg%2C_Indiana "Petersburg, Indiana"), and [Duke Energy](/wiki/Duke_Energy "Duke Energy")'s [Gibson Generating Station](/wiki/Gibson_Generating_Station "Gibson Generating Station") near [Mount Carmel](/wiki/Mount_Carmel%2C_Illinois "Mount Carmel, Illinois"). Evansville\-based [Vectren](/wiki/Vectren "Vectren") operates the other two; the [A. B. Brown Generating Station](/wiki/A._B._Brown_Generating_Station "A. B. Brown Generating Station"), located just west of Evansville, and [Warrick County Generating Station](/wiki/Warrick_Power_Plant "Warrick Power Plant")/[F. B. Culley Generating Station](/wiki/F._B._Culley_Generating_Station "F. B. Culley Generating Station") complex, east of [Newburgh](/wiki/Newburgh%2C_Indiana "Newburgh, Indiana"), largely owned by [Alcoa](/wiki/Alcoa "Alcoa"). In addition, another coal fired power plant complex, The R.D. Green Station, operated by [Touchstone Energy](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy "Touchstone Energy")'s Big Rivers Electric, exists 20 miles south of Evansville, near [Sebree, Kentucky](/wiki/Sebree%2C_Kentucky "Sebree, Kentucky").{{cite web\| title \= Super polluters tour gives people close up look at where Hoosiers get their power\| work \= Evansville Courier \& Press\| access\-date \= 2018\-09\-14\| url \= https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2018/08/17/southwest\-indiana\-power\-plants\-super\-polluters\-tour\-sierra\-club/1019414002/}} The levels of [fine particles](/wiki/Fine_particles "Fine particles") in the air in [Vanderburgh County](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County "Vanderburgh County") were almost as high as in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City").{{cite web\| title \= Meet America's super polluters\| work \= USA Today\| access\-date \= 2018\-09\-14\| url \= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/09/29/toxic\-air\-pollution\-concentrated\-small\-number\-sites/90846584/}} A large portion of the downtown and north side areas were declared contaminated by lead and arsenic because of factory dumping dating back to the Civil War. Contractors have been working for more than 20 years to dig up the lawns of residents to make them safe for children to play. About 18 inches of contaminated dirt is dug up from each yard then dumped in a nearby landfill. The work has many more years to go.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.14news.com/2019/06/18/epa\-back\-evansville\-test\-clean\-contaminated\-soil/\|title \= EPA back in Evansville to test, clean contaminated soil\| date\=June 19, 2019 }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2019/06/28/contaminated\-soil\-jacobsville\-lead\-epa\-cleanup\-health\-vanderburgh\-evansville/1570837001/\|title \= Report: Contaminated soil is not only factor in city's lead problem}}
[ "Geography\n---------", "The [Evansville metropolitan area](/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area \"Evansville metropolitan area\"), the [142nd largest](/wiki/List_of_United_States_metropolitan_statistical_areas_by_population \"List of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population\") in the United States, includes three [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\") [counties](/wiki/County_%28United_States%29 \"County (United States)\") ([Posey](/wiki/Posey_County%2C_Indiana \"Posey County, Indiana\"), [Vanderburgh](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County \"Vanderburgh County\"), and [Warrick](/wiki/Warrick_County \"Warrick County\")) and two [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\") counties ([Henderson](/wiki/Henderson_County%2C_Kentucky \"Henderson County, Kentucky\"), and [Webster](/wiki/Webster_County%2C_Kentucky \"Webster County, Kentucky\")). The metropolitan area does not include [Owensboro, Kentucky](/wiki/Owensboro%2C_Kentucky \"Owensboro, Kentucky\"), which is an adjacent metropolitan area about {{convert\\|30\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} southeast of Evansville. This area is sometimes referred to as \"[Kentuckiana](/wiki/Evansville%2C_IN%E2%80%93KY_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area \"Evansville, IN–KY Metropolitan Statistical Area\")\", although it is usually referred to as the “tri\\-state\" by the local media.", "According to the 2010 census, Evansville has an area of {{convert\\|44\\.622\\|sqmi\\|sqkm\\|2}}, of which {{convert\\|44\\.15\\|sqmi\\|sqkm\\|2}} (or 98\\.94%) is land and {{convert\\|0\\.472\\|sqmi\\|sqkm\\|2}} (or 1\\.06%) is water.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_SF1/G001/1600000US1822000\\|title\\=G001 \\- Geographic Identifiers \\- 2010 Census Summary File 1\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-28\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200213053247/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_SF1/G001/1600000US1822000\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-13\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Topography", "The city's southern boundary lies on an oxbow in the Ohio River. Most of the city lies in a shallow valley surrounded by low rolling hills. The city's west side is built on these rolling hills and is home to [Burdette Park](/wiki/Burdette_Park \"Burdette Park\"), [Mesker Amphitheatre](/wiki/Mesker_Amphitheatre \"Mesker Amphitheatre\"), and [Mesker Park Zoo](/wiki/Mesker_Park_Zoo \"Mesker Park Zoo\"). The eastern portion developed in the valley and is protected by a series of levees that closely follow the path of [I\\-69](/wiki/Interstate_69 \"Interstate 69\"). Notable landmarks on the east side are the {{convert\\|240\\|acre\\|km2\\|1\\|adj\\=on}} [Wesselman Woods Nature Preserve](/wiki/Wesselman_Woods_Nature_Preserve \"Wesselman Woods Nature Preserve\") and the Angel Mounds State Historic Site, just southeast of Evansville, between Evansville and [Newburgh](/wiki/Newburgh%2C_Indiana \"Newburgh, Indiana\").", "### Cityscape", "*For more details on this topic, see [List of tallest buildings in Evansville](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Evansville \"List of tallest buildings in Evansville\")*", "Evansville's original [downtown plat](/wiki/Downtown_Evansville \"Downtown Evansville\") was made on about 200 acres, with streets running parallel to the river from northwest to southeast. Other streets nearby were later laid out on the cardinal points, due north–south, and east–west. Thus, anyone entering or leaving downtown finds the street makes a confusing oblique\\-angle turn in one direction or another.Patry, Robert (1996\\). *City of Four Freedoms*. Evansville: Friends of Willard Library. p. 35\\. In the 1970s, the city suffered from problems such as decreased economic activity and suburban flight, but city\\-sponsored revitalization has improved downtown conditions.", "The business district and riverfront feature land\\-based casino gambling, restaurants, bars, and shops that attract tens of thousands of visitors each year. Although much of the outer city's architecture is typical suburban design, [the city's downtown district](/wiki/Downtown_Evansville \"Downtown Evansville\") retains early twentieth\\-century architecture. A few blocks east of the main business district is the [Riverside district](/wiki/Riverside_Historic_District_%28Evansville%2C_Indiana%29 \"Riverside Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\"), featuring tree\\-lined brick streets full of turn of the twentieth\\-century homes. The [Reitz Home Museum](/wiki/Reitz_Home_Museum \"Reitz Home Museum\") is one of the finest examples of French [second empire](/wiki/Second_Empire_%28architecture%29 \"Second Empire (architecture)\") architecture in the United States.{{cite web\\|title\\=Reitz Home Museum \\|publisher\\=The Reitz Home Preservation Society \\|url\\=http://www.reitzhome.evansville.net \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-05\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625121952/http://reitzhome.evansville.net/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-06\\-25 }} Other homes nearby feature similar character and design and include [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate_architecture \"Italianate architecture\"), [Colonial Revival](/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture \"Colonial Revival architecture\"), and [Renaissance Revival](/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture \"Renaissance Revival architecture\") styles.", "### Neighborhoods", "Evansville has thirteen neighborhoods that have qualified as historic districts and are listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").", "File:East\\_Branch\\_Library.jpg\\|\\[\\[Bayard Park Neighborhood\\|Bayard Park]]\nFile:Rathbone Home, Culver.jpg\\|\\[\\[Culver Historic District\\|Culver]]\nFile:Central\\_Union\\_Bank.jpg\\|\\[\\[Downtown Evansville\\|Downtown]]\nFile:Alhambra Theatorium.jpg\\|\\[\\[Haynies Corner Arts District\\|Haynie's Corner]]\nFile:Willow Road in the Lincolnshire Historic District.jpg\\|\\[\\[Lincolnshire Historic District\\|Lincolnshire]]\nFile:Riverside\\_Historic\\_District\\_in\\_Evansville.jpg\\|\\[\\[Riverside Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\\|Riverside]]\nFile:Parrett Street near Washington.jpg\\|\\[\\[Washington Avenue Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\\|Washington Avenue]]\nFile:Independence Historic District in Evansville.jpg\\|\\[\\[Independence Historic District (Evansville, Indiana)\\|West Franklin Street]]", "", "### Climate", "{{climate chart\n\\|Evansville, Indiana\n\\|25\\.5\\|41\\.7\\|3\\.35\n\\|28\\.4\\|46\\.7\\|3\\.22\n\\|36\\.4\\|56\\.8\\|4\\.60\n\\|46\\.1\\|68\\.4\\|5\\.14\n\\|56\\.6\\|77\\.3\\|5\\.12\n\\|65\\.3\\|85\\.7\\|4\\.44\n\\|68\\.8\\|88\\.6\\|4\\.38\n\\|66\\.7\\|87\\.9\\|3\\.07\n\\|58\\.6\\|81\\.9\\|3\\.31\n\\|47\\.1\\|70\\.1\\|3\\.39\n\\|36\\.5\\|56\\.2\\|4\\.11\n\\|29\\.5\\|45\\.6\\|3\\.78\n\\|float\\=right\n\\|clear\\=none\n\\|units\\=imperial\n\\|source\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo\\=pah\\|title\\=Monthly climate normals (1991\\-2020\\) \\- Evansville area, IN (ThreadEx)\\|website\\=NOWData\\|access\\-date\\=16 Apr 2022}}\n}}", "Evansville lies within the northern limits of the [humid subtropical climate](/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate \"Humid subtropical climate\") ([Köppen](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\") *Cfa*), and straddles the border between [USDA plant hardiness zones](/wiki/Hardiness_zone \"Hardiness zone\") 6b and 7a.[What is my arborday.org Hardiness Zone?](http://www.arborday.org/treeinfo/ZoneInfo.cfm?ZipCode=47701&submit=Look+it+up%21) Arbor Day Foundation. Summers are hot and humid, winters are cold to cool. Average temperatures range from {{convert\\|32\\.5\\|°F\\|1}} in January to {{convert\\|78\\.0\\|°F\\|1}} in July. Annual precipitation averages {{convert\\|45\\.3\\|in\\|sigfig\\=3}}, including an average seasonal snowfall of {{convert\\|11\\.8\\|in\\|cm\\|0}}.{{cite web \\| title\\=University of Evansville Fact Sheet \\| url\\=http://www.evansville.edu/prospects/onlyue/whyevansville.asp \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-14 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011222150/http://evansville.edu/prospects/onlyue/whyevansville.asp \\| archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-11 }} Evansville winters can range from just {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|in\\|cm\\|abbr\\=on}} of snowfall in 2011–12, up to {{convert\\|37\\.9\\|in\\|cm\\|abbr\\=on}} in 1969–70\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/climate/evvsnow\\_climo.php\\|title\\=Paducah, KY\\|first\\=US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather\\|last\\=Service\\|website\\=Crh.noaa.gov\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2017}} On average, there are 41 days annually with a maximum temperature of {{convert\\|90\\|F\\|0}} or above and 17 days with a maximum at or below freezing; the mean first and last freeze dates are October 26 and April 7, resulting in a frost\\-free period of 201 days. Extreme temperatures range from {{convert\\|−23\\|°F\\|0}} on February 2, 1951, up to {{convert\\|111\\|°F\\|0}} on July 28, 1930; the record cold maximum of {{convert\\|−3\\|°F\\|0}} was set on [January 20, 1985](/wiki/Winter_1985_cold_wave \"Winter 1985 cold wave\") and December 22, 1989, while, conversely, the record warm minimum of {{convert\\|82\\|°F\\|0}} was last reached July 8, 1980\\.", "{{Evansville, Indiana weatherbox}}", "### Pollution", "In August 2018, the mayor of Evansville sent a letter to the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORVWSO) opposing a proposal to eliminate pollution control standards for the Ohio River. Evansville is located downstream from the river's origin. Sources of pollution that affect water quality include [agricultural runoff](/wiki/Agricultural_runoff \"Agricultural runoff\"), raw sewage discharges from [combined sewer overflows](/wiki/Combined_sewer \"Combined sewer\"), and toxic chemicals released by companies with [water pollution permits](/wiki/Clean_Water_Act%23Discharge_permits_required \"Clean Water Act#Discharge permits required\").{{cite web\\| title \\= Winnecke to ORSANCO: Dropping Ohio River standards could be 'negative game changer'\\| work \\= Evansville Courier \\& Press\\| access\\-date \\= 2018\\-09\\-14\\| url \\= https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2018/08/22/evansville\\-mayor\\-tells\\-orsanco\\-keep\\-ohio\\-river\\-pollution\\-standards/1063720002/}} The state of Indiana issues a fish consumption advisory for fish from the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") based on [PCB](/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl \"Polychlorinated biphenyl\") contamination. The recommended consumption limit for most fish, including [carp](/wiki/Carp \"Carp\"), [striped bass](/wiki/Striped_bass \"Striped bass\") and [flathead catfish](/wiki/Flathead_catfish \"Flathead catfish\") is no more than 8 oz. per month, but for [channel catfish](/wiki/Channel_catfish \"Channel catfish\"), the recommendation is only 8oz every two months.{{Cite magazine\\| page\\=27\\| last\\=Lake\\| first\\=Adams\\| magazine\\=Angling Indiana\\| title\\=Fish Consumption Advisory}}", "Six very large [coal\\-fired power plant](/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant \"Coal-fired power plant\") complexes operate within 30 miles of Evansville: [Indiana\\-Michigan Power](/wiki/Indiana-Michigan_Power \"Indiana-Michigan Power\")'s [Rockport Generating Station](/wiki/Rockport_Generating_Station \"Rockport Generating Station\"), near [Rockport, Indiana](/wiki/Rockport%2C_Indiana \"Rockport, Indiana\"), [AES Indiana](/wiki/AES_Indiana \"AES Indiana\")'s [Petersburg Generating Station](/wiki/Petersburg_Generating_Station \"Petersburg Generating Station\") near [Petersburg](/wiki/Petersburg%2C_Indiana \"Petersburg, Indiana\"), and [Duke Energy](/wiki/Duke_Energy \"Duke Energy\")'s [Gibson Generating Station](/wiki/Gibson_Generating_Station \"Gibson Generating Station\") near [Mount Carmel](/wiki/Mount_Carmel%2C_Illinois \"Mount Carmel, Illinois\"). Evansville\\-based [Vectren](/wiki/Vectren \"Vectren\") operates the other two; the [A. B. Brown Generating Station](/wiki/A._B._Brown_Generating_Station \"A. B. Brown Generating Station\"), located just west of Evansville, and [Warrick County Generating Station](/wiki/Warrick_Power_Plant \"Warrick Power Plant\")/[F. B. Culley Generating Station](/wiki/F._B._Culley_Generating_Station \"F. B. Culley Generating Station\") complex, east of [Newburgh](/wiki/Newburgh%2C_Indiana \"Newburgh, Indiana\"), largely owned by [Alcoa](/wiki/Alcoa \"Alcoa\"). In addition, another coal fired power plant complex, The R.D. Green Station, operated by [Touchstone Energy](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy \"Touchstone Energy\")'s Big Rivers Electric, exists 20 miles south of Evansville, near [Sebree, Kentucky](/wiki/Sebree%2C_Kentucky \"Sebree, Kentucky\").{{cite web\\| title \\= Super polluters tour gives people close up look at where Hoosiers get their power\\| work \\= Evansville Courier \\& Press\\| access\\-date \\= 2018\\-09\\-14\\| url \\= https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2018/08/17/southwest\\-indiana\\-power\\-plants\\-super\\-polluters\\-tour\\-sierra\\-club/1019414002/}} The levels of [fine particles](/wiki/Fine_particles \"Fine particles\") in the air in [Vanderburgh County](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County \"Vanderburgh County\") were almost as high as in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").{{cite web\\| title \\= Meet America's super polluters\\| work \\= USA Today\\| access\\-date \\= 2018\\-09\\-14\\| url \\= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/09/29/toxic\\-air\\-pollution\\-concentrated\\-small\\-number\\-sites/90846584/}}", "A large portion of the downtown and north side areas were declared contaminated by lead and arsenic because of factory dumping dating back to the Civil War. Contractors have been working for more than 20 years to dig up the lawns of residents to make them safe for children to play. About 18 inches of contaminated dirt is dug up from each yard then dumped in a nearby landfill. The work has many more years to go.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.14news.com/2019/06/18/epa\\-back\\-evansville\\-test\\-clean\\-contaminated\\-soil/\\|title \\= EPA back in Evansville to test, clean contaminated soil\\| date\\=June 19, 2019 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2019/06/28/contaminated\\-soil\\-jacobsville\\-lead\\-epa\\-cleanup\\-health\\-vanderburgh\\-evansville/1570837001/\\|title \\= Report: Contaminated soil is not only factor in city's lead problem}}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1820\= 993 \|1830\= 1120 \|1840\= 3317 \|1850\= 3235 \|1860\= 11484 \|1870\= 21830 \|1880\= 29280 \|1890\= 50756 \|1900\= 59007 \|1910\= 69647 \|1920\= 85264 \|1930\= 102249 \|1940\= 97962 \|1950\= 128636 \|1960\= 141543 \|1970\= 138764 \|1980\= 130496 \|1990\= 126272 \|2000\= 121582 \|2010\= 117429 \|2020\= 118414 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=March 1, 2014}} 2018 Estimate{{cite web\|title\=Population Estimates\|url\=https://census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/popest/total\-cities\-and\-towns.html\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=June 8, 2018}} }} {{cite web\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g\=1600000US1822000\|title\=Explore Census Data}} [thumb\|Map of racial distribution in Evansville, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=rgb(115, 178, 255\)\|White}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=rgb(159, 212, 0\)\|Black}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=rgb(255, 0, 0\)\|Asian}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=rgb(255, 170, 0\)\|Hispanic}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=rgb(140, 81, 181\)\|Multiracial}} {{legend inline\|outline\=white\|white\|text\=⬤\|textcolor\=rgb(153, 102, 51\)\|Native American/Other}}](/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Evansville%2C_IN.png "Race and ethnicity 2020 Evansville, IN.png") ### 2020 census | \+**Evansville, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\=160XX00US1822000\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US1822000\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US1822000\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 104,066 | 94,961 |87,008 85\.59% | 80\.87% | 74\.18% | [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 13,209 | 14,672 |15,834 10\.86% | 12\.49% | 13\.50% | [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 236 | 269 |273 0\.19% | 0\.23% | 0\.23% | [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 864 | 1,149 |1,438 0\.71% | 0\.98% | 1\.23% | [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 49 | 72 |590 0\.04% | 0\.06% | 0\.50% | [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 227 | 295 |558 0\.19% | 0\.25% | 0\.48% | [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 1,539 | 2,997 |6,589 1\.27% | 2\.55% | 5\.62% | [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 1,392 | 3,014 |5,008 1\.14% | 2\.57% | 4\.27% | **Total** | **121,582** | **117,429** |**117,298** **100\.00%** | **100\.00%** | **100\.00%** The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. "Race alone" and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if a separate race. According to the [2020 U.S. Census](/wiki/2020_U.S._Census "2020 U.S. Census"), the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 75\.34% (88,374\) [White alone](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 13\.65% (16,006\) [Black alone](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.31% (362\) [Native American alone](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.24% (1,455\) [Asian alone](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.51% (596\) [Pacific Islander alone](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1\.97% (2,315\) [Other Race alone](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 6\.98% (8,190\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans").{{Cite web\|title\=P1: Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US1822000\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} The racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 74\.18% (87,008\) [White alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites"), 13\.50% (15,834\) [Black alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.23% (273\) [Native American alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.23% (1,438\) [Asian alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.50% (590\) [Pacific Islander alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.48% (558\) [Other Race alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 5\.62% (6,589\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans"), and 4\.27% (5,008\) [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans"). As of the 2010 census,{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-11}} there were 117,429 people, 50,588 households, and 28,085 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|2659\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 57,799 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1309\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 82\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 12\.6% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 1\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.6% of the population. There were 50,588 households, of which 27\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 15\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44\.5% were non\-families. 36\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.23 and the average family size was 2\.91\. Median household income was $36,330 (2016\), with the per capita income being $21,368 (2016\). Poverty level was 21\.7%. The median age in the city was 36\.5 years. 22\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 25\.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.1% male and 51\.9% female.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1820\\= 993\n\\|1830\\= 1120\n\\|1840\\= 3317\n\\|1850\\= 3235\n\\|1860\\= 11484\n\\|1870\\= 21830\n\\|1880\\= 29280\n\\|1890\\= 50756\n\\|1900\\= 59007\n\\|1910\\= 69647\n\\|1920\\= 85264\n\\|1930\\= 102249\n\\|1940\\= 97962\n\\|1950\\= 128636\n\\|1960\\= 141543\n\\|1970\\= 138764\n\\|1980\\= 130496\n\\|1990\\= 126272\n\\|2000\\= 121582\n\\|2010\\= 117429\n\\|2020\\= 118414\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2014}} \n2018 Estimate{{cite web\\|title\\=Population Estimates\\|url\\=https://census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/popest/total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 8, 2018}}\n}}\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g\\=1600000US1822000\\|title\\=Explore Census Data}}", "[thumb\\|Map of racial distribution in Evansville, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=rgb(115, 178, 255\\)\\|White}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=rgb(159, 212, 0\\)\\|Black}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=rgb(255, 0, 0\\)\\|Asian}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=rgb(255, 170, 0\\)\\|Hispanic}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=rgb(140, 81, 181\\)\\|Multiracial}} {{legend inline\\|outline\\=white\\|white\\|text\\=⬤\\|textcolor\\=rgb(153, 102, 51\\)\\|Native American/Other}}](/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Evansville%2C_IN.png \"Race and ethnicity 2020 Evansville, IN.png\")", "### 2020 census", "", "| \\+**Evansville, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\\=160XX00US1822000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US1822000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US1822000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 104,066 | 94,961 |87,008", "85\\.59% |\n 80\\.87% |\n74\\.18%", "| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 13,209 | 14,672 |15,834", "10\\.86% |\n 12\\.49% |\n13\\.50%", "| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 236 | 269 |273", "0\\.19% |\n 0\\.23% |\n0\\.23%", "| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 864 | 1,149 |1,438", "0\\.71% |\n 0\\.98% |\n1\\.23%", "| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 49 | 72 |590", "0\\.04% |\n 0\\.06% |\n0\\.50%", "| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 227 | 295 |558", "0\\.19% |\n 0\\.25% |\n0\\.48%", "| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 1,539 | 2,997 |6,589", "1\\.27% |\n 2\\.55% |\n5\\.62%", "| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 1,392 | 3,014 |5,008", "1\\.14% |\n 2\\.57% |\n4\\.27%", "| **Total** | **121,582** | **117,429** |**117,298**", "**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**", "", "The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. \"Race alone\" and \"Race alone less Hispanics\" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if a separate race.", "According to the [2020 U.S. Census](/wiki/2020_U.S._Census \"2020 U.S. Census\"), the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 75\\.34% (88,374\\) [White alone](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 13\\.65% (16,006\\) [Black alone](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.31% (362\\) [Native American alone](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.24% (1,455\\) [Asian alone](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.51% (596\\) [Pacific Islander alone](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.97% (2,315\\) [Other Race alone](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 6\\.98% (8,190\\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=P1: Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US1822000\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}}", "The racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 74\\.18% (87,008\\) [White alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites \"Non-Hispanic whites\"), 13\\.50% (15,834\\) [Black alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.23% (273\\) [Native American alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.23% (1,438\\) [Asian alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.50% (590\\) [Pacific Islander alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.48% (558\\) [Other Race alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 5\\.62% (6,589\\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\"), and 4\\.27% (5,008\\) [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\").", "As of the 2010 census,{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-11}} there were 117,429 people, 50,588 households, and 28,085 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|2659\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 57,799 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1309\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 82\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 12\\.6% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.6% of the population.", "There were 50,588 households, of which 27\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 15\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44\\.5% were non\\-families. 36\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.23 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.", "Median household income was $36,330 (2016\\), with the per capita income being $21,368 (2016\\). Poverty level was 21\\.7%.", "The median age in the city was 36\\.5 years. 22\\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.1% male and 51\\.9% female.", "" ]
### 2020 census | \+**Evansville, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \= Non\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\|title\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\=160XX00US1822000\&tid\=DECENNIALSF12000\.P004\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US1822000\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2010\.P2\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\|title\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US1822000\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\|% 2020}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites "Non-Hispanic or Latino whites") alone (NH) | 104,066 | 94,961 |87,008 85\.59% | 80\.87% | 74\.18% | [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans "Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans") alone (NH) | 13,209 | 14,672 |15,834 10\.86% | 12\.49% | 13\.50% | [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native") alone (NH) | 236 | 269 |273 0\.19% | 0\.23% | 0\.23% | [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") alone (NH) | 864 | 1,149 |1,438 0\.71% | 0\.98% | 1\.23% | [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans") alone (NH) | 49 | 72 |590 0\.04% | 0\.06% | 0\.50% | [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") alone (NH) | 227 | 295 |558 0\.19% | 0\.25% | 0\.48% | [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") (NH) | 1,539 | 2,997 |6,589 1\.27% | 2\.55% | 5\.62% | [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") (any race) | 1,392 | 3,014 |5,008 1\.14% | 2\.57% | 4\.27% | **Total** | **121,582** | **117,429** |**117,298** **100\.00%** | **100\.00%** | **100\.00%** The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. "Race alone" and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if a separate race. According to the [2020 U.S. Census](/wiki/2020_U.S._Census "2020 U.S. Census"), the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 75\.34% (88,374\) [White alone](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 13\.65% (16,006\) [Black alone](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.31% (362\) [Native American alone](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.24% (1,455\) [Asian alone](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.51% (596\) [Pacific Islander alone](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 1\.97% (2,315\) [Other Race alone](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 6\.98% (8,190\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans").{{Cite web\|title\=P1: Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\-171\) – Evansville city, Indiana\|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=p2\&g\=160XX00US1822000\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]}} The racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 74\.18% (87,008\) [White alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites"), 13\.50% (15,834\) [Black alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.23% (273\) [Native American alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.23% (1,438\) [Asian alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.50% (590\) [Pacific Islander alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.48% (558\) [Other Race alone (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 5\.62% (6,589\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race (non\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans"), and 4\.27% (5,008\) [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans"). As of the 2010 census,{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-11}} there were 117,429 people, 50,588 households, and 28,085 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|2659\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 57,799 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|1309\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 82\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 12\.6% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 1\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.6% of the population. There were 50,588 households, of which 27\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 15\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44\.5% were non\-families. 36\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.23 and the average family size was 2\.91\. Median household income was $36,330 (2016\), with the per capita income being $21,368 (2016\). Poverty level was 21\.7%. The median age in the city was 36\.5 years. 22\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 25\.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\.1% male and 51\.9% female.
[ "### 2020 census", "", "| \\+**Evansville, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition**{{nobold\\|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}} | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000{{Cite web\\|title\\=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?g\\=160XX00US1822000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALSF12000\\.P004\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | Pop 2010{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US1822000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2010\\.P2\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | {{partial\\|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US1822000\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}} | % 2000 | % 2010 | {{partial\\|% 2020}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 104,066 | 94,961 |87,008", "85\\.59% |\n 80\\.87% |\n74\\.18%", "| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 13,209 | 14,672 |15,834", "10\\.86% |\n 12\\.49% |\n13\\.50%", "| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 236 | 269 |273", "0\\.19% |\n 0\\.23% |\n0\\.23%", "| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 864 | 1,149 |1,438", "0\\.71% |\n 0\\.98% |\n1\\.23%", "| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 49 | 72 |590", "0\\.04% |\n 0\\.06% |\n0\\.50%", "| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 227 | 295 |558", "0\\.19% |\n 0\\.25% |\n0\\.48%", "| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 1,539 | 2,997 |6,589", "1\\.27% |\n 2\\.55% |\n5\\.62%", "| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 1,392 | 3,014 |5,008", "1\\.14% |\n 2\\.57% |\n4\\.27%", "| **Total** | **121,582** | **117,429** |**117,298**", "**100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**", "", "The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. \"Race alone\" and \"Race alone less Hispanics\" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if a separate race.", "According to the [2020 U.S. Census](/wiki/2020_U.S._Census \"2020 U.S. Census\"), the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 75\\.34% (88,374\\) [White alone](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 13\\.65% (16,006\\) [Black alone](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.31% (362\\) [Native American alone](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.24% (1,455\\) [Asian alone](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.51% (596\\) [Pacific Islander alone](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.97% (2,315\\) [Other Race alone](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 6\\.98% (8,190\\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=P1: Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94\\-171\\) – Evansville city, Indiana\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=p2\\&g\\=160XX00US1822000\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]}}", "The racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 74\\.18% (87,008\\) [White alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites \"Non-Hispanic whites\"), 13\\.50% (15,834\\) [Black alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.23% (273\\) [Native American alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.23% (1,438\\) [Asian alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.50% (590\\) [Pacific Islander alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.48% (558\\) [Other Race alone (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 5\\.62% (6,589\\) [Multiracial or Mixed Race (non\\-Hispanic)](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\"), and 4\\.27% (5,008\\) [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\").", "As of the 2010 census,{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-11}} there were 117,429 people, 50,588 households, and 28,085 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|2659\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 57,799 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|1309\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 82\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 12\\.6% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.3% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.8% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.6% of the population.", "There were 50,588 households, of which 27\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 15\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44\\.5% were non\\-families. 36\\.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.23 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.", "Median household income was $36,330 (2016\\), with the per capita income being $21,368 (2016\\). Poverty level was 21\\.7%.", "The median age in the city was 36\\.5 years. 22\\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11\\.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48\\.1% male and 51\\.9% female.", "" ]
Arts and culture ---------------- {{See also\|List of public art in Evansville, Indiana}} ### Entertainment venues [thumb\|right\|Bosse Field](/wiki/File:Bosse_Field_Lights.jpg "Bosse Field Lights.jpg") [Historic Bosse Field](/wiki/Bosse_Field "Bosse Field"), a 7,180\-seat baseball stadium in Garvin Park, was built in 1915 and is the third\-oldest ballpark still in regular use in the United States. It is surpassed only by [Fenway Park](/wiki/Fenway_Park "Fenway Park") (1912\) in Boston and [Wrigley Field](/wiki/Wrigley_Field "Wrigley Field") (1914\) in Chicago. The [Ford Center](/wiki/Ford_Center_%28Evansville%29 "Ford Center (Evansville)") is a multi\-use [indoor arena](/wiki/Indoor_arena "Indoor arena") downtown with a maximum seating capacity of 11,000 connected via Sky Bridge to the [Evansville DoubleTree Hotel](/wiki/Evansville_DoubleTree_Hotel "Evansville DoubleTree Hotel").{{cite web\|title\=Evansville Arena Facts\|publisher\=Populous\|url\=http://www.evansvillegov.org/download/mayors/Evansville%20Arena%20design%20unveil%20press%20kit.pdf\|access\-date\=September 9, 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001521/http://www.evansvillegov.org/download/mayors/Evansville%20Arena%20design%20unveil%20press%20kit.pdf\|archive\-date\=July 23, 2011}} It officially opened in 2011 and is used mainly for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball"), [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey"), and [music](/wiki/Music "Music") [concerts](/wiki/Concerts "Concerts"). A wide variety of concerts, plays, conventions, expositions and other special events are held at the 2,500\-seat auditorium and convention center at the [Old National Events Plaza](/wiki/Old_National_Events_Plaza "Old National Events Plaza") downtown.{{cite web \| title\=The Centre \| publisher\=SMG Evansville \| url\=http://www.smgevansville.com/centre/centre.html \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-02 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028182414/http://www.smgevansville.com/centre/centre.html \| archive\-date\=2006\-10\-28 \| url\-status\=dead }} [thumb\|right\|Victory Theatre](/wiki/File:Victory_Theater_and_Hotel_Sonntag.jpg "Victory Theater and Hotel Sonntag.jpg") [Victory Theatre](/wiki/Victory_Theatre "Victory Theatre") is a vintage 1,950\-seat venue that is home to the [Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Evansville_Philharmonic_Orchestra "Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra").{{cite web \| title\=The Victory Theatre \| publisher\=SMG Evansville \| url\=http://www.smgevansville.com/victory/victory.html \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-02 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028053549/http://www.smgevansville.com/victory/victory.html \| archive\-date\=2006\-10\-28 \| url\-status\=dead }} Each year, the orchestra presents a seven\-concert classics series, four double pops performances, and special event concerts, as well as numerous educational and outreach performances.{{cite web \| title\=Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra Website \| url\=http://www.evansvillephilharmonic.org \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-02}} The theater also hosts local ballet and modern dance companies, theater companies, and touring productions. The [University of Evansville](/wiki/University_of_Evansville "University of Evansville") maintains a theater program, which features four mainstage and two studio productions a year. UE has been honored more times at the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center "Kennedy Center") than any other theatre institution. The university is the only institution, along with [Yale](/wiki/Yale "Yale"), which has been asked to perform at the Kennedy Center without first going through competition. It leads the nation in the top awards for its students as awarded by the Broadway Theatre Wing and other governing bodies of serious theatre.{{cite web \| title\=University of Evansville Department of Theatre Website \| url\=http://theatre.evansville.edu \| access\-date\=2009\-11\-22}} The Evansville Civic Theatre is southern Indiana's longest\-running community theater, dating from the 1920s when the community theater movement swept across the country. From its humble beginnings at the old Central High School auditorium, the theatre has had many homes – [Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Coliseum](/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Coliseum "Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Coliseum"), Bosse High School, the Rose Room of the McCurdy Hotel, the Elks Ballroom, and the Evansville Museum of Arts and Sciences. In 1974, Evansville Civic Theatre acquired the historic Columbia Movie Theater as its permanent home.{{cite web \| title\=Evansville Civic Theatre Website \| url\=http://www.civic.evansville.net/welcome.html \| access\-date\=2006\-12\-09 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203033341/http://civic.evansville.net/welcome.html \| archive\-date\=2007\-02\-03 }} ### Annual festivals [thumb\|[West Side Nut Club Fall Festival](/wiki/West_Side_Nut_Club_Fall_Festival "West Side Nut Club Fall Festival")](/wiki/File:Fall_fes.jpg "Fall fes.jpg") The [West Side Nut Club Fall Festival](/wiki/West_Side_Nut_Club_Fall_Festival "West Side Nut Club Fall Festival") is a street fair held in the area west of downtown Evansville. It is held on the first full week of October and draws between 100,000 and 150,000 people each day. The main attraction of the festival is the food, with includes pronto pups, elephant ears, corn dogs, chocolate\-covered crickets, [fried\-brain sandwich](/wiki/Fried-brain_sandwich "Fried-brain sandwich"), and alligator stew. [Paul Harvey](/wiki/Paul_Harvey "Paul Harvey") remarked only [Mardi Gras](/wiki/Mardi_Gras "Mardi Gras") in [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana") is larger than the Fall Festival.{{cite news \| first\=Rich \| last\=Davis \| title\=Fall Festival brings years of traditions, changes to streets of Evansville's west side \| newspaper\=\[\[Evansville Courier \& Press]] \| date\=2006\-10\-01 \| url\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/oct/01/steeped\-in\-history/ \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-04 \| archive\-date\=2008\-12\-02 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202080028/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/oct/01/steeped\-in\-history/ \| url\-status\=dead }} The [Germania Männerchor Volksfest](/wiki/Germania_M%C3%A4nnerchor_Volksfest "Germania Männerchor Volksfest") is a three\-day German heritage festival which takes place every August in the historic Germania Mannerchor building on the city's west side. The festival includes food, drink, dance, and music. Many of the city's residents with German ancestry also wear historic German attire. On the last weekend of August, 4,000 [hot rods](/wiki/Hot_rod "Hot rod") converge on the Vanderburgh County 4\-H fairgrounds north of the city for "Frog Follies."{{cite web \| title\=Frog Follies Website \| url\=http://www.frogfollies.org \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-04}} ### Museums [Angel Mounds State Park](/wiki/Angel_Mounds "Angel Mounds") is nationally recognized as one of the best preserved prehistoric [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") sites in the United States.{{cite web\|title\=Angel Mounds State Historic Site \|publisher\=Evansville Convention \& Visitors Bureau \|url\=http://www.evansvillecvb.org/visitor\-information/attractions\-detail.tpl?ID\=4 \|access\-date\=2006\-11\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006110118/http://www.evansvillecvb.org/visitor\-information/attractions\-detail.tpl?ID\=4 \|archive\-date\=2006\-10\-06 }} From AD 1100 to 1450, a town near this site was home to people of the middle Mississippian culture. Several thousand people lived in this town protected by a stockade made of wattle and daub. Because Angel Mounds was a [chiefdom](/wiki/Chiefdom "Chiefdom") (the home of the chief), it was the regional center of a large community. The [Children's Museum of Evansville](/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Evansville "Children's Museum of Evansville") opened its doors to the public in September 2006\.{{cite web \| title\=Koch Family Children's Museum of Evansville Website \| url\=http://www.cmoekids.org \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-14}} The museum is the result of two years of planning and was constructed in the historic Central Library downtown. The [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco") building is listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"). The museum offers visitors three floors of interactive exhibits and galleries. The Evansville African American Museum was established to continually develop a resource and cultural center to collect, preserve, and educate the public on the history and traditions of African American families, organizations, and communities. The museum is in the last remaining building of Lincoln Gardens, the second federal housing project created under the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in 1938\. The [Evansville Museum of Arts, History, and Science](/wiki/Evansville_Museum_of_Arts%2C_History%2C_and_Science "Evansville Museum of Arts, History, and Science") is home to one of southern Indiana's most established and significant cultural centers. It holds the Koch Planetarium, the oldest in Indiana.{{cite web \| title\=The Koch Planetarium \| publisher\=The Evansville Museum of Arts, History, and Science \| url\=http://www.emuseum.org/planetarium.html \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-14 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210180811/http://www.emuseum.org/planetarium.html \| archive\-date\=2007\-02\-10 \| url\-status\=dead }} Also on the campus is the Evansville Museum Transportation Center, which features transportation in southern Indiana from the latter part of the nineteenth century through the mid\-twentieth century. The [Reitz Home Museum](/wiki/Reitz_Home_Museum "Reitz Home Museum") is Evansville's only Victorian House Museum. It is noted as one of the country's finest examples of [second French empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire "Second French Empire") architecture. It was placed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") in 1973\. In October 2005, the {{USS\|LST\-325}} moored in Evansville and was turned into a museum (USS LST Ship Memorial) in recognition of the city's war effort. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Evansville produced 167 [LSTs](/wiki/Tank_landing_ship "Tank landing ship") (and 35 other craft), making it the largest inland producer of LSTs in the nation. The USS *LST\-325* is the last navigable [tank landing ship](/wiki/Tank_landing_ship "Tank landing ship") in operation.{{cite web \| title\=LST 325 \| work\=\[\[Evansville Courier \& Press]] \| url\=http://web.courierpress.com/LST/ \| access\-date\=2006\-11\-14 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029111248/http://web.courierpress.com/LST/ \| archive\-date\=2006\-10\-29 }} The [Evansville Wartime Museum](/wiki/Evansville_Wartime_Museum "Evansville Wartime Museum") was opened on the weekend of Memorial Day in 2017\. The Museum features exhibits commemorating Evansville's role in the Allied war effort during World War II and other conflicts. These exhibits include the Evansville built P\-47 Thunderbolt fighter ‘Hoosier Spirit II’, the operational 1943 Sherman tank ‘Rosie’s Revenge’, other military vehicles and wartime displays.{{cite news\|last1\=Loesch\|first1\=Sarah\|title\=Evansville Wartime Museum to open for public\|url\=http://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2017/05/23/evansville\-wartime\-museum\-open\-public/339565001/\|access\-date\=31 January 2018\|work\=Evansville Courier \& Press\|ref\=ecpwartimemuseum\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524003220/http://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2017/05/23/evansville\-wartime\-museum\-open\-public/339565001/?from\=global\&sessionKey\=\&autologin\=\|archive\-date\=24 May 2017}} ### Mesker Park Zoo The [Mesker Park Zoo \& Botanic Garden](/wiki/Mesker_Park_Zoo "Mesker Park Zoo") opened in 1928 and is one of the oldest and largest zoos in the state. Set in a {{convert\|50\|acre\|m2\|adj\=on}} park, the zoo features 200 species and more than 700 animals. An estimated 3 million people visit the zoo between April and August every year. Mesker Park Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. ### Libraries [thumb\|Central Library](/wiki/File:Evpl-central.jpg "Evpl-central.jpg") Evansville is home to the [Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_Public_Library "Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library") (EVPL).{{cite web \| url\=https://www.in.gov/library/files/countyindex13\.pdf \| title\=Indiana public library directory \| publisher\=Indiana State Library \| access\-date\=15 March 2018 \| archive\-date\=18 February 2017 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218220414/http://in.gov/library/files/countyindex13\.pdf \| url\-status\=dead }} As a unified system serving both Evansville and the surrounding county, EVPL is one of the largest public library systems in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana").EVPL Statistics It was rated a five star library by the [Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal "Library Journal"), which places it in the top 1% of public libraries in the U.S.{{cite web\|title\=Evansville library system earns rare five\-star rating\|url\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/nov/13/no\-headline\-\-\-library/\|access\-date\=11 November 2012}} EVPL also obtained a Top Ten library ranking in the 2010 edition of [Hennen's American Public Library Ratings](/wiki/Hennen%27s_American_Public_Library_Ratings "Hennen's American Public Library Ratings"), achieving a number eight ranking within its population category.{{cite web\|title\=Hennen's American Public Library Ratings\|url\=http://www.haplr\-index.com/HAPLR100\.htm\|access\-date\=21 February 2012\|archive\-date\=23 March 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323192759/http://www.haplr\-index.com/HAPLR100\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} An independent private institution, [Willard Library](/wiki/Willard_Library "Willard Library"), is also in Evansville. Willard was formed in 1881 to serve the public, regardless of race, a progressive mission in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The library houses local archives and genealogical materials, in addition to its collection of standard publications. The building is constructed in the [Gothic Revival style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture") and was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") in 1972\.
[ "Arts and culture\n----------------", "{{See also\\|List of public art in Evansville, Indiana}}", "### Entertainment venues", "[thumb\\|right\\|Bosse Field](/wiki/File:Bosse_Field_Lights.jpg \"Bosse Field Lights.jpg\")\n[Historic Bosse Field](/wiki/Bosse_Field \"Bosse Field\"), a 7,180\\-seat baseball stadium in Garvin Park, was built in 1915 and is the third\\-oldest ballpark still in regular use in the United States. It is surpassed only by [Fenway Park](/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\") (1912\\) in Boston and [Wrigley Field](/wiki/Wrigley_Field \"Wrigley Field\") (1914\\) in Chicago.", "The [Ford Center](/wiki/Ford_Center_%28Evansville%29 \"Ford Center (Evansville)\") is a multi\\-use [indoor arena](/wiki/Indoor_arena \"Indoor arena\") downtown with a maximum seating capacity of 11,000 connected via Sky Bridge to the [Evansville DoubleTree Hotel](/wiki/Evansville_DoubleTree_Hotel \"Evansville DoubleTree Hotel\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Evansville Arena Facts\\|publisher\\=Populous\\|url\\=http://www.evansvillegov.org/download/mayors/Evansville%20Arena%20design%20unveil%20press%20kit.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=September 9, 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001521/http://www.evansvillegov.org/download/mayors/Evansville%20Arena%20design%20unveil%20press%20kit.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2011}} It officially opened in 2011 and is used mainly for [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\"), [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\"), and [music](/wiki/Music \"Music\") [concerts](/wiki/Concerts \"Concerts\").", "A wide variety of concerts, plays, conventions, expositions and other special events are held at the 2,500\\-seat auditorium and convention center at the [Old National Events Plaza](/wiki/Old_National_Events_Plaza \"Old National Events Plaza\") downtown.{{cite web \\| title\\=The Centre \\| publisher\\=SMG Evansville \\| url\\=http://www.smgevansville.com/centre/centre.html \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-02 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028182414/http://www.smgevansville.com/centre/centre.html \\| archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-28 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Victory Theatre](/wiki/File:Victory_Theater_and_Hotel_Sonntag.jpg \"Victory Theater and Hotel Sonntag.jpg\")", "[Victory Theatre](/wiki/Victory_Theatre \"Victory Theatre\") is a vintage 1,950\\-seat venue that is home to the [Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Evansville_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra\").{{cite web \\| title\\=The Victory Theatre \\| publisher\\=SMG Evansville \\| url\\=http://www.smgevansville.com/victory/victory.html \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-02 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028053549/http://www.smgevansville.com/victory/victory.html \\| archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-28 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} Each year, the orchestra presents a seven\\-concert classics series, four double pops performances, and special event concerts, as well as numerous educational and outreach performances.{{cite web \\| title\\=Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra Website \\| url\\=http://www.evansvillephilharmonic.org \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-02}} The theater also hosts local ballet and modern dance companies, theater companies, and touring productions.", "The [University of Evansville](/wiki/University_of_Evansville \"University of Evansville\") maintains a theater program, which features four mainstage and two studio productions a year. UE has been honored more times at the [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center \"Kennedy Center\") than any other theatre institution. The university is the only institution, along with [Yale](/wiki/Yale \"Yale\"), which has been asked to perform at the Kennedy Center without first going through competition. It leads the nation in the top awards for its students as awarded by the Broadway Theatre Wing and other governing bodies of serious theatre.{{cite web \\| title\\=University of Evansville Department of Theatre Website \\| url\\=http://theatre.evansville.edu \\| access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-22}}", "The Evansville Civic Theatre is southern Indiana's longest\\-running community theater, dating from the 1920s when the community theater movement swept across the country. From its humble beginnings at the old Central High School auditorium, the theatre has had many homes – [Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Coliseum](/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Coliseum \"Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Coliseum\"), Bosse High School, the Rose Room of the McCurdy Hotel, the Elks Ballroom, and the Evansville Museum of Arts and Sciences. In 1974, Evansville Civic Theatre acquired the historic Columbia Movie Theater as its permanent home.{{cite web \\| title\\=Evansville Civic Theatre Website \\| url\\=http://www.civic.evansville.net/welcome.html \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-12\\-09 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203033341/http://civic.evansville.net/welcome.html \\| archive\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-03 }}", "### Annual festivals", "[thumb\\|[West Side Nut Club Fall Festival](/wiki/West_Side_Nut_Club_Fall_Festival \"West Side Nut Club Fall Festival\")](/wiki/File:Fall_fes.jpg \"Fall fes.jpg\")", "The [West Side Nut Club Fall Festival](/wiki/West_Side_Nut_Club_Fall_Festival \"West Side Nut Club Fall Festival\") is a street fair held in the area west of downtown Evansville. It is held on the first full week of October and draws between 100,000 and 150,000 people each day. The main attraction of the festival is the food, with includes pronto pups, elephant ears, corn dogs, chocolate\\-covered crickets, [fried\\-brain sandwich](/wiki/Fried-brain_sandwich \"Fried-brain sandwich\"), and alligator stew. [Paul Harvey](/wiki/Paul_Harvey \"Paul Harvey\") remarked only [Mardi Gras](/wiki/Mardi_Gras \"Mardi Gras\") in [New Orleans, Louisiana](/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\") is larger than the Fall Festival.{{cite news \\| first\\=Rich \\| last\\=Davis \\| title\\=Fall Festival brings years of traditions, changes to streets of Evansville's west side \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[Evansville Courier \\& Press]] \\| date\\=2006\\-10\\-01 \\| url\\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/oct/01/steeped\\-in\\-history/ \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-04 \\| archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-02 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202080028/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/oct/01/steeped\\-in\\-history/ \\| url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The [Germania Männerchor Volksfest](/wiki/Germania_M%C3%A4nnerchor_Volksfest \"Germania Männerchor Volksfest\") is a three\\-day German heritage festival which takes place every August in the historic Germania Mannerchor building on the city's west side. The festival includes food, drink, dance, and music. Many of the city's residents with German ancestry also wear historic German attire. On the last weekend of August, 4,000 [hot rods](/wiki/Hot_rod \"Hot rod\") converge on the Vanderburgh County 4\\-H fairgrounds north of the city for \"Frog Follies.\"{{cite web \\| title\\=Frog Follies Website \\| url\\=http://www.frogfollies.org \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-04}}", "### Museums", "[Angel Mounds State Park](/wiki/Angel_Mounds \"Angel Mounds\") is nationally recognized as one of the best preserved prehistoric [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") sites in the United States.{{cite web\\|title\\=Angel Mounds State Historic Site \\|publisher\\=Evansville Convention \\& Visitors Bureau \\|url\\=http://www.evansvillecvb.org/visitor\\-information/attractions\\-detail.tpl?ID\\=4 \\|access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006110118/http://www.evansvillecvb.org/visitor\\-information/attractions\\-detail.tpl?ID\\=4 \\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-06 }} From AD 1100 to 1450, a town near this site was home to people of the middle Mississippian culture. Several thousand people lived in this town protected by a stockade made of wattle and daub. Because Angel Mounds was a [chiefdom](/wiki/Chiefdom \"Chiefdom\") (the home of the chief), it was the regional center of a large community.", "The [Children's Museum of Evansville](/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Evansville \"Children's Museum of Evansville\") opened its doors to the public in September 2006\\.{{cite web \\| title\\=Koch Family Children's Museum of Evansville Website \\| url\\=http://www.cmoekids.org \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-14}} The museum is the result of two years of planning and was constructed in the historic Central Library downtown. The [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco \"Art Deco\") building is listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\"). The museum offers visitors three floors of interactive exhibits and galleries.", "The Evansville African American Museum was established to continually develop a resource and cultural center to collect, preserve, and educate the public on the history and traditions of African American families, organizations, and communities. The museum is in the last remaining building of Lincoln Gardens, the second federal housing project created under the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in 1938\\.", "The [Evansville Museum of Arts, History, and Science](/wiki/Evansville_Museum_of_Arts%2C_History%2C_and_Science \"Evansville Museum of Arts, History, and Science\") is home to one of southern Indiana's most established and significant cultural centers. It holds the Koch Planetarium, the oldest in Indiana.{{cite web \\| title\\=The Koch Planetarium \\| publisher\\=The Evansville Museum of Arts, History, and Science \\| url\\=http://www.emuseum.org/planetarium.html \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-14 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210180811/http://www.emuseum.org/planetarium.html \\| archive\\-date\\=2007\\-02\\-10 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} Also on the campus is the Evansville Museum Transportation Center, which features transportation in southern Indiana from the latter part of the nineteenth century through the mid\\-twentieth century.", "The [Reitz Home Museum](/wiki/Reitz_Home_Museum \"Reitz Home Museum\") is Evansville's only Victorian House Museum. It is noted as one of the country's finest examples of [second French empire](/wiki/Second_French_Empire \"Second French Empire\") architecture. It was placed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1973\\.", "In October 2005, the {{USS\\|LST\\-325}} moored in Evansville and was turned into a museum (USS LST Ship Memorial) in recognition of the city's war effort. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Evansville produced 167 [LSTs](/wiki/Tank_landing_ship \"Tank landing ship\") (and 35 other craft), making it the largest inland producer of LSTs in the nation. The USS *LST\\-325* is the last navigable [tank landing ship](/wiki/Tank_landing_ship \"Tank landing ship\") in operation.{{cite web \\| title\\=LST 325 \\| work\\=\\[\\[Evansville Courier \\& Press]] \\| url\\=http://web.courierpress.com/LST/ \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-11\\-14 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029111248/http://web.courierpress.com/LST/ \\| archive\\-date\\=2006\\-10\\-29 }}", "The [Evansville Wartime Museum](/wiki/Evansville_Wartime_Museum \"Evansville Wartime Museum\") was opened on the weekend of Memorial Day in 2017\\. The Museum features exhibits commemorating Evansville's role in the Allied war effort during World War II and other conflicts. These exhibits include the Evansville built P\\-47 Thunderbolt fighter ‘Hoosier Spirit II’, the operational 1943 Sherman tank ‘Rosie’s Revenge’, other military vehicles and wartime displays.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Loesch\\|first1\\=Sarah\\|title\\=Evansville Wartime Museum to open for public\\|url\\=http://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2017/05/23/evansville\\-wartime\\-museum\\-open\\-public/339565001/\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2018\\|work\\=Evansville Courier \\& Press\\|ref\\=ecpwartimemuseum\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524003220/http://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2017/05/23/evansville\\-wartime\\-museum\\-open\\-public/339565001/?from\\=global\\&sessionKey\\=\\&autologin\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=24 May 2017}}", "### Mesker Park Zoo", "The [Mesker Park Zoo \\& Botanic Garden](/wiki/Mesker_Park_Zoo \"Mesker Park Zoo\") opened in 1928 and is one of the oldest and largest zoos in the state. Set in a {{convert\\|50\\|acre\\|m2\\|adj\\=on}} park, the zoo features 200 species and more than 700 animals. An estimated 3 million people visit the zoo between April and August every year. Mesker Park Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.", "### Libraries", "[thumb\\|Central Library](/wiki/File:Evpl-central.jpg \"Evpl-central.jpg\")", "Evansville is home to the [Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_Public_Library \"Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library\") (EVPL).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.in.gov/library/files/countyindex13\\.pdf \\| title\\=Indiana public library directory \\| publisher\\=Indiana State Library \\| access\\-date\\=15 March 2018 \\| archive\\-date\\=18 February 2017 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218220414/http://in.gov/library/files/countyindex13\\.pdf \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} As a unified system serving both Evansville and the surrounding county, EVPL is one of the largest public library systems in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\").EVPL Statistics It was rated a five star library by the [Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal \"Library Journal\"), which places it in the top 1% of public libraries in the U.S.{{cite web\\|title\\=Evansville library system earns rare five\\-star rating\\|url\\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/nov/13/no\\-headline\\-\\-\\-library/\\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2012}} EVPL also obtained a Top Ten library ranking in the 2010 edition of [Hennen's American Public Library Ratings](/wiki/Hennen%27s_American_Public_Library_Ratings \"Hennen's American Public Library Ratings\"), achieving a number eight ranking within its population category.{{cite web\\|title\\=Hennen's American Public Library Ratings\\|url\\=http://www.haplr\\-index.com/HAPLR100\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323192759/http://www.haplr\\-index.com/HAPLR100\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "An independent private institution, [Willard Library](/wiki/Willard_Library \"Willard Library\"), is also in Evansville. Willard was formed in 1881 to serve the public, regardless of race, a progressive mission in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The library houses local archives and genealogical materials, in addition to its collection of standard publications. The building is constructed in the [Gothic Revival style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") and was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1972\\.", "" ]
Government ---------- The mayor of Evansville, Stephanie Terry,{{Cite web \|title\=Stephanie Terry becomes first Black person and first woman to be elected Evansville mayor \|url\=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/11/07/who\-won\-the\-evansville\-mayor\-election\-natalie\-rascher\-stephanie\-terry\-michael\-daugherty\-winnecke/71435583007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-07 \|website\=Courier \& Press \|language\=en\-US}} serves as the chief executive officer. Cities in Indiana have a [mayor–council government](/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government "Mayor–council government") providing the mayor with most of the executive and administrative power over the city's daily operations. A nine\-member elected [city council](/wiki/City_council "City council") possesses the legislative and fiscal body of city government. The council's nine members are made up of one representative from each of the city's six council districts and three at\-large members. Members are part\-time elected officials who serve for four\-year terms. As the legislative body, the council possesses the exclusive responsibility of passing or changing local laws. As the fiscal body, the council has the authority to levy certain taxes and it has the sole responsibility of adopting a city budget each year. | Ward | Member | Took Office | Party | Other Titles | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1 | Ben Trockman | 2020 | Democratic | | 2 | Missy Mosby | 2008 | Democratic | | 3 | Zachary Heronemus | 2020 | Democratic | | 4 | Alex Burton | 2020 | Democratic | President | 5 | Angela Koehler Lindsey | 2023 | Republican | || 6 | Jim Brinkmeyer | 2016 | Democratic | Vice President | | At\-Large | Paul Green | 2024 | Democratic | | | At\-Large | Courtney Johnson | 2024 | Democratic | | | At\-Large | Mary Allen | 2024 | Democratic | | The county has eight state trial courts of original jurisdiction. One circuit court and seven superior courts. The judge's offices are non\-partisan in terms of six years. A judge must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judges are assisted by magistrates that are appointed. [circuit court](/wiki/Circuit_court "Circuit court").{{cite web\|author\= \[\[Indiana Code]] \|url\= http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2\.pdf \|title\= Title 2, Article 10, Section 2 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-16\|publisher\=IN.gov}} The [United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana "United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana") maintains a permanent division in the city. Vanderburgh County's delegation to the Indiana State House of Representatives comprises four representatives: [Matt Hostettler](/wiki/Matt_Hostettler "Matt Hostettler") (District 64\), [Wendy McNamara](/wiki/Wendy_McNamara "Wendy McNamara") (District 76\), [Ryan Hatfield](/wiki/Ryan_Hatfield "Ryan Hatfield") (District 77\), and [Tim O'Brien](/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_%28Indiana_politician%29 "Tim O'Brien (Indiana politician)") (District 78\). Evansville and Vanderburgh County are represented by two state senators. The western half of the county is a part of District 49, currently held by [Jim Tomes](/wiki/Jim_Tomes "Jim Tomes"). The townships of Knight and Center are in District 50, which extends to the east, a seat held by [Vaneta Becker](/wiki/Vaneta_Becker "Vaneta Becker"). The region is in the [8th District of Indiana](/wiki/Indiana%27s_8th_congressional_district "Indiana's 8th congressional district"){{cite web\|url\=http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/in08\_109\.gif\|date\=20 November 2005\|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120185009/http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/in08\_109\.gif \|title\=Congressional District 8, Indiana \|work\=National Atlas\|archive\-date\=20 November 2005}} and served by U.S. Representative [Larry Bucshon](/wiki/Larry_Bucshon "Larry Bucshon"). Evansville is the county seat of [Vanderburgh County](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County%2C_Indiana "Vanderburgh County, Indiana"). Some of the city's governmental functions are shared with [Vanderburgh County](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County%2C_Indiana "Vanderburgh County, Indiana") officials. In recent years various bi\-partisan groups have advocated merging the Evansville city and Vanderburgh County governments, as was done in other surrounding cities such as [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis"), [Louisville](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky"), and [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee").{{cite web \| title\=Evansville and Vanderburgh County Unification Study \| url\=http://www.citycountystudy.com \| access\-date\=2005\-12\-02}} Evansville and Vanderburgh County already have a number of notable merged government functions. The school system is consolidated countywide in the [Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_School_Corporation "Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation") and the library system is consolidated countywide in the [Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_Public_Library "Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library"). Additional countywide authorities are in place for the [Evansville Regional Airport](/wiki/Evansville_Regional_Airport "Evansville Regional Airport") and for flood control via the countywide levee authority. ### Mayors {{main\|Mayoral elections in Evansville, Indiana\|List of mayors in Evansville, Indiana}}
[ "Government\n----------", "The mayor of Evansville, Stephanie Terry,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Stephanie Terry becomes first Black person and first woman to be elected Evansville mayor \\|url\\=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/politics/elections/2023/11/07/who\\-won\\-the\\-evansville\\-mayor\\-election\\-natalie\\-rascher\\-stephanie\\-terry\\-michael\\-daugherty\\-winnecke/71435583007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-07 \\|website\\=Courier \\& Press \\|language\\=en\\-US}} serves as the chief executive officer. Cities in Indiana have a [mayor–council government](/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government \"Mayor–council government\") providing the mayor with most of the executive and administrative power over the city's daily operations. A nine\\-member elected [city council](/wiki/City_council \"City council\") possesses the legislative and fiscal body of city government. The council's nine members are made up of one representative from each of the city's six council districts and three at\\-large members. Members are part\\-time elected officials who serve for four\\-year terms. As the legislative body, the council possesses the exclusive responsibility of passing or changing local laws. As the fiscal body, the council has the authority to levy certain taxes and it has the sole responsibility of adopting a city budget each year.", "", "| Ward | Member | Took Office | Party | Other Titles |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |", "1 | Ben Trockman | 2020 | Democratic | |\n 2 | Missy Mosby | 2008 | Democratic | |\n 3 | Zachary Heronemus | 2020 | Democratic | |\n 4 | Alex Burton | 2020 | Democratic | President |\n 5 | Angela Koehler Lindsey | 2023 | Republican | || 6 | Jim Brinkmeyer | 2016 | Democratic | Vice President |\n| At\\-Large | Paul Green | 2024 | Democratic | |\n| At\\-Large | Courtney Johnson | 2024 | Democratic | |\n| At\\-Large | Mary Allen | 2024 | Democratic | |", "The county has eight state trial courts of original jurisdiction. One circuit court and seven superior courts. The judge's offices are non\\-partisan in terms of six years. A judge must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judges are assisted by magistrates that are appointed. [circuit court](/wiki/Circuit_court \"Circuit court\").{{cite web\\|author\\= \\[\\[Indiana Code]] \\|url\\= http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2\\.pdf \\|title\\= Title 2, Article 10, Section 2 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-16\\|publisher\\=IN.gov}} The [United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana \"United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana\") maintains a permanent division in the city.", "Vanderburgh County's delegation to the Indiana State House of Representatives comprises four representatives: [Matt Hostettler](/wiki/Matt_Hostettler \"Matt Hostettler\") (District 64\\), [Wendy McNamara](/wiki/Wendy_McNamara \"Wendy McNamara\") (District 76\\), [Ryan Hatfield](/wiki/Ryan_Hatfield \"Ryan Hatfield\") (District 77\\), and [Tim O'Brien](/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_%28Indiana_politician%29 \"Tim O'Brien (Indiana politician)\") (District 78\\). Evansville and Vanderburgh County are represented by two state senators. The western half of the county is a part of District 49, currently held by [Jim Tomes](/wiki/Jim_Tomes \"Jim Tomes\"). The townships of Knight and Center are in District 50, which extends to the east, a seat held by [Vaneta Becker](/wiki/Vaneta_Becker \"Vaneta Becker\").", "The region is in the [8th District of Indiana](/wiki/Indiana%27s_8th_congressional_district \"Indiana's 8th congressional district\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/in08\\_109\\.gif\\|date\\=20 November 2005\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120185009/http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/in08\\_109\\.gif \\|title\\=Congressional District 8, Indiana \\|work\\=National Atlas\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2005}} and served by U.S. Representative [Larry Bucshon](/wiki/Larry_Bucshon \"Larry Bucshon\").", "Evansville is the county seat of [Vanderburgh County](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County%2C_Indiana \"Vanderburgh County, Indiana\"). Some of the city's governmental functions are shared with [Vanderburgh County](/wiki/Vanderburgh_County%2C_Indiana \"Vanderburgh County, Indiana\") officials. In recent years various bi\\-partisan groups have advocated merging the Evansville city and Vanderburgh County governments, as was done in other surrounding cities such as [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\"), [Louisville](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky \"Louisville, Kentucky\"), and [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\").{{cite web \\| title\\=Evansville and Vanderburgh County Unification Study \\| url\\=http://www.citycountystudy.com \\| access\\-date\\=2005\\-12\\-02}} Evansville and Vanderburgh County already have a number of notable merged government functions. The school system is consolidated countywide in the [Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_School_Corporation \"Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation\") and the library system is consolidated countywide in the [Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_Public_Library \"Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library\"). Additional countywide authorities are in place for the [Evansville Regional Airport](/wiki/Evansville_Regional_Airport \"Evansville Regional Airport\") and for flood control via the countywide levee authority.", "### Mayors", "{{main\\|Mayoral elections in Evansville, Indiana\\|List of mayors in Evansville, Indiana}}", "" ]
Education --------- ### Higher education [thumb\|Front oval, University of Evansville](/wiki/File:UE1.JPG "UE1.JPG") [thumb\|Rice Library, University of Southern Indiana](/wiki/File:Ricelibrary.jpg "Ricelibrary.jpg") Evansville is home to several institutions of higher learning. The [University of Evansville](/wiki/University_of_Evansville "University of Evansville") (UE) is a small, private, [Methodist\-affiliated](/wiki/United_Methodist_Church "United Methodist Church") university with approximately 3,050 students. Founded in 1854 as the Moores Hill Male and Female Collegiate Institute, UE features [liberal arts](/wiki/Liberal_arts "Liberal arts") and [science](/wiki/Science "Science") degrees along with a nationally renowned theatre department.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} Nearly half of UE's students study abroad as part of their experience, including at a satellite campus, [Harlaxton College](/wiki/Harlaxton_Manor "Harlaxton Manor"), in [Grantham](/wiki/Grantham "Grantham"), [England](/wiki/England "England"). UE's athletic teams, the [Purple Aces](/wiki/Evansville_Purple_Aces "Evansville Purple Aces"), participate in the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") [Missouri Valley Conference](/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference "Missouri Valley Conference"). The [University of Southern Indiana](/wiki/University_of_Southern_Indiana "University of Southern Indiana") (USI) is a [public university](/wiki/Public_university "Public university") just outside Evansville's city limits. Founded in 1965 as a satellite campus of [Indiana State University](/wiki/Indiana_State_University "Indiana State University"), the school has an enrollment of 11,021 students (2019\) and is among the fastest growing comprehensive state universities in Indiana.{{cite web \| title\=University of Southern Indiana \| publisher\=Indiana College Network \| url\=http://www.icn.org/admissions\_and\_registration/participating\_institutions/university\_of\_southern\_indiana.html \| access\-date\=2006\-12\-18 \| archive\-date\=2007\-09\-27 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051842/http://www.icn.org/admissions\_and\_registration/participating\_institutions/university\_of\_southern\_indiana.html \| url\-status\=dead }} USI's athletic teams, the [Screaming Eagles](/wiki/Southern_Indiana_Screaming_Eagles "Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles"), participate in the NCAA Division I [Ohio Valley Conference](/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference "Ohio Valley Conference"). The school transitioned to Division I sports in the 2022–2023 school year, having previously been a member of the NCAA [Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II "NCAA Division II") [Great Lakes Valley Conference](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Valley_Conference "Great Lakes Valley Conference").{{cite web\|author\=USI Web Services \|url\=https://www.usi.edu/news/releases/2022/02/usi\-board\-of\-trustees\-votes\-unanimously\-to\-approve\-ncaa\-application\-for\-reclassification\-from\-division\-ii\-to\-division\-i\-status/ \|title\=USI Board of Trustees votes unanimously to approve NCAA application for reclassification from Division II to Division I status \|publisher\=\[\[University of Southern Indiana]] \|date\=2022\-02\-07 \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-09}} Evansville's campus of the [Ivy Tech Community College System](/wiki/Ivy_Tech_Community_College_of_Indiana "Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana") received its charter in 1969 as the Lincolnland Technical Institute. Today it occupies the building of the former [Rex Mundi High School](/wiki/Rex_Mundi_High_School "Rex Mundi High School") on First Avenue. A branch campus of the [Indiana University School of Medicine](/wiki/Indiana_University_School_of_Medicine "Indiana University School of Medicine") opened in 1972 on USI's campus; it moved downtown in 2018 into a new interdisciplinary academic health science education and research building (the Stone Family Center for the Health Sciences) in partnerships with UE, USI, and [Ivy Tech](/wiki/Ivy_Tech_Community_College_of_Indiana "Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana"). Other campuses in the city include [Oakland City University](/wiki/Oakland_City_University "Oakland City University")'s School of Adult and Extended Learning. ### Primary and secondary education [thumb\|[Reitz Memorial High School](/wiki/Reitz_Memorial_High_School "Reitz Memorial High School")](/wiki/File:Reitz_Memorial_High_School.jpg "Reitz Memorial High School.jpg") The [Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_School_Corporation "Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation") consists of five public high schools, 11 middle schools, and 20 elementary schools. In addition, there are two parochial, two charter, and one private school. Catholic education is administered by the [Roman Catholic Diocese of Evansville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Evansville "Roman Catholic Diocese of Evansville"). #### Public schools * Academy for Innovative Studies * [Benjamin Bosse High School](/wiki/Benjamin_Bosse_High_School "Benjamin Bosse High School") * [Central High School](/wiki/Central_High_School_%28Evansville%29 "Central High School (Evansville)") * [Francis Joseph Reitz High School](/wiki/FJ_Reitz_High_School "FJ Reitz High School") * [North High School](/wiki/North_High_School_%28Evansville%29 "North High School (Evansville)") * [Southern Indiana Career \& Technical Center](/wiki/Southern_Indiana_Career_%26_Technical_Center "Southern Indiana Career & Technical Center") * [William Henry Harrison High School](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_High_School_%28Evansville%2C_Indiana%29 "William Henry Harrison High School (Evansville, Indiana)") #### Roman Catholic schools * [Mater Dei High School](/wiki/Mater_Dei_High_School_%28Evansville%2C_Indiana%29 "Mater Dei High School (Evansville, Indiana)") * [Reitz Memorial High School](/wiki/Reitz_Memorial_High_School "Reitz Memorial High School") #### Charter school * [Signature School](/wiki/Signature_School "Signature School"){{cite web\|title\=Evansville Signtaure School Penguins\|publisher\=MascotDB\|url\=https://www.mascotdb.com/teams/evansville\-signature\-school\-penguins\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-27}} #### Private schools * [Evansville Day School](/wiki/Evansville_Day_School "Evansville Day School") offers grades JPK\-12\.{{cite web\|title\=Evansville Day School \- Info\|url\=http://evansvilledayschool.org/information/info.html\|website\=Evansvilledayschool.org\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-28\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726042255/http://evansvilledayschool.org/information/info.html\|url\-status\=dead}} * [Evansville Christian School](/wiki/Evansville_Christian_School "Evansville Christian School") offers grades PK\-12 {{cite web\|title\=Evansville Christian School \- Info\|url\=https://www.evansvillechristian.org/information/info.html\|website\=Evansvillechristian.org\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24}}{{Dead link\|date\=March 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
[ "Education\n---------", "### Higher education", "[thumb\\|Front oval, University of Evansville](/wiki/File:UE1.JPG \"UE1.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|Rice Library, University of Southern Indiana](/wiki/File:Ricelibrary.jpg \"Ricelibrary.jpg\")", "Evansville is home to several institutions of higher learning. The [University of Evansville](/wiki/University_of_Evansville \"University of Evansville\") (UE) is a small, private, [Methodist\\-affiliated](/wiki/United_Methodist_Church \"United Methodist Church\") university with approximately 3,050 students. Founded in 1854 as the Moores Hill Male and Female Collegiate Institute, UE features [liberal arts](/wiki/Liberal_arts \"Liberal arts\") and [science](/wiki/Science \"Science\") degrees along with a nationally renowned theatre department.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}} Nearly half of UE's students study abroad as part of their experience, including at a satellite campus, [Harlaxton College](/wiki/Harlaxton_Manor \"Harlaxton Manor\"), in [Grantham](/wiki/Grantham \"Grantham\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). UE's athletic teams, the [Purple Aces](/wiki/Evansville_Purple_Aces \"Evansville Purple Aces\"), participate in the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") [Division I](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I \"NCAA Division I\") [Missouri Valley Conference](/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference \"Missouri Valley Conference\").", "The [University of Southern Indiana](/wiki/University_of_Southern_Indiana \"University of Southern Indiana\") (USI) is a [public university](/wiki/Public_university \"Public university\") just outside Evansville's city limits. Founded in 1965 as a satellite campus of [Indiana State University](/wiki/Indiana_State_University \"Indiana State University\"), the school has an enrollment of 11,021 students (2019\\) and is among the fastest growing comprehensive state universities in Indiana.{{cite web \\| title\\=University of Southern Indiana \\| publisher\\=Indiana College Network \\| url\\=http://www.icn.org/admissions\\_and\\_registration/participating\\_institutions/university\\_of\\_southern\\_indiana.html \\| access\\-date\\=2006\\-12\\-18 \\| archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-27 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051842/http://www.icn.org/admissions\\_and\\_registration/participating\\_institutions/university\\_of\\_southern\\_indiana.html \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} USI's athletic teams, the [Screaming Eagles](/wiki/Southern_Indiana_Screaming_Eagles \"Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles\"), participate in the NCAA Division I [Ohio Valley Conference](/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference \"Ohio Valley Conference\"). The school transitioned to Division I sports in the 2022–2023 school year, having previously been a member of the NCAA [Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II \"NCAA Division II\") [Great Lakes Valley Conference](/wiki/Great_Lakes_Valley_Conference \"Great Lakes Valley Conference\").{{cite web\\|author\\=USI Web Services \\|url\\=https://www.usi.edu/news/releases/2022/02/usi\\-board\\-of\\-trustees\\-votes\\-unanimously\\-to\\-approve\\-ncaa\\-application\\-for\\-reclassification\\-from\\-division\\-ii\\-to\\-division\\-i\\-status/ \\|title\\=USI Board of Trustees votes unanimously to approve NCAA application for reclassification from Division II to Division I status \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Southern Indiana]] \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-07 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-09}}", "Evansville's campus of the [Ivy Tech Community College System](/wiki/Ivy_Tech_Community_College_of_Indiana \"Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana\") received its charter in 1969 as the Lincolnland Technical Institute. Today it occupies the building of the former [Rex Mundi High School](/wiki/Rex_Mundi_High_School \"Rex Mundi High School\") on First Avenue.", "A branch campus of the [Indiana University School of Medicine](/wiki/Indiana_University_School_of_Medicine \"Indiana University School of Medicine\") opened in 1972 on USI's campus; it moved downtown in 2018 into a new interdisciplinary academic health science education and research building (the Stone Family Center for the Health Sciences) in partnerships with UE, USI, and [Ivy Tech](/wiki/Ivy_Tech_Community_College_of_Indiana \"Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana\").", "Other campuses in the city include [Oakland City University](/wiki/Oakland_City_University \"Oakland City University\")'s School of Adult and Extended Learning.", "### Primary and secondary education", "[thumb\\|[Reitz Memorial High School](/wiki/Reitz_Memorial_High_School \"Reitz Memorial High School\")](/wiki/File:Reitz_Memorial_High_School.jpg \"Reitz Memorial High School.jpg\")", "The [Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation](/wiki/Evansville_Vanderburgh_School_Corporation \"Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation\") consists of five public high schools, 11 middle schools, and 20 elementary schools. In addition, there are two parochial, two charter, and one private school. Catholic education is administered by the [Roman Catholic Diocese of Evansville](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Evansville \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Evansville\").", "#### Public schools", "* Academy for Innovative Studies\n* [Benjamin Bosse High School](/wiki/Benjamin_Bosse_High_School \"Benjamin Bosse High School\")\n* [Central High School](/wiki/Central_High_School_%28Evansville%29 \"Central High School (Evansville)\")\n* [Francis Joseph Reitz High School](/wiki/FJ_Reitz_High_School \"FJ Reitz High School\")\n* [North High School](/wiki/North_High_School_%28Evansville%29 \"North High School (Evansville)\")\n* [Southern Indiana Career \\& Technical Center](/wiki/Southern_Indiana_Career_%26_Technical_Center \"Southern Indiana Career & Technical Center\")\n* [William Henry Harrison High School](/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_High_School_%28Evansville%2C_Indiana%29 \"William Henry Harrison High School (Evansville, Indiana)\")", "#### Roman Catholic schools", "* [Mater Dei High School](/wiki/Mater_Dei_High_School_%28Evansville%2C_Indiana%29 \"Mater Dei High School (Evansville, Indiana)\")\n* [Reitz Memorial High School](/wiki/Reitz_Memorial_High_School \"Reitz Memorial High School\")", "#### Charter school", "* [Signature School](/wiki/Signature_School \"Signature School\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Evansville Signtaure School Penguins\\|publisher\\=MascotDB\\|url\\=https://www.mascotdb.com/teams/evansville\\-signature\\-school\\-penguins\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-27}}", "#### Private schools", "* [Evansville Day School](/wiki/Evansville_Day_School \"Evansville Day School\") offers grades JPK\\-12\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Evansville Day School \\- Info\\|url\\=http://evansvilledayschool.org/information/info.html\\|website\\=Evansvilledayschool.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726042255/http://evansvilledayschool.org/information/info.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* [Evansville Christian School](/wiki/Evansville_Christian_School \"Evansville Christian School\") offers grades PK\\-12 {{cite web\\|title\\=Evansville Christian School \\- Info\\|url\\=https://www.evansvillechristian.org/information/info.html\\|website\\=Evansvillechristian.org\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}" ]
In popular culture ------------------ ### Film and television Game scenes in the 1992 film *[A League of Their Own](/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own "A League of Their Own")* were filmed at [Bosse Field](/wiki/Bosse_Field "Bosse Field"). It is the third oldest baseball stadium still in use in the United States (behind [Fenway Park](/wiki/Fenway_Park "Fenway Park") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts "Boston, Massachusetts") and [Wrigley Field](/wiki/Wrigley_Field "Wrigley Field") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago")). The ballpark served as the homefield for the [Racine Belles](/wiki/Racine_Belles "Racine Belles"). Scenes from the 2014 [Michael Rosenbaum](/wiki/Michael_Rosenbaum "Michael Rosenbaum") movie *[Back in the Day](/wiki/Back_in_the_Day_%282014_film%29 "Back in the Day (2014 film)")* feature Green River Road in Evansville. All exterior shots on the 1988–2018 [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom "Sitcom") *[Roseanne](/wiki/Roseanne_%28TV_series%29 "Roseanne (TV series)")* are still photographs taken in and around Evansville. The Conners' house is at 619 South Runnymeade Avenue, and the Lobo Lounge is a pizzeria at the corner of Edgar and Louisiana Streets. [Matt Williams](/wiki/Matt_Williams_%28producer%29 "Matt Williams (producer)"), one of the show's producers, is a native of Evansville and a graduate of The University of Evansville theatre program. He is a co\-founder of Wind Dancer Productions and has been involved with numerous sitcoms such as 'Home Improvement', movies and dramatic plays for Broadway. *[The Daily Show](/wiki/The_Daily_Show "The Daily Show")* has featured Evansville in two episodes. The first featured a story about comedian [Carrot Top](/wiki/Carrot_Top "Carrot Top")'s reopening of the historic Victory Theatre. The second poked fun at former mayor Russell Lloyd Jr. for skipping out on a city meeting to attend [Cher](/wiki/Cher "Cher")'s Farewell Tour concert being performed on the same night at Roberts Stadium. Evansville was also featured in [Alton Brown](/wiki/Alton_Brown "Alton Brown")'s series *[Feasting on Asphalt](/wiki/Feasting_on_Asphalt "Feasting on Asphalt")*. Alton and his crew visited the historic [Greyhound Bus](/wiki/Greyhound_Bus "Greyhound Bus") station for its [vending machines](/wiki/Vending_machine "Vending machine"), the [YWCA](/wiki/YWCA "YWCA") tea room for lunch, and the Hilltop Inn{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wegotbrains.com\|title\=Hilltop Inn \- Evansville, IN \- The Manliest Restaurant in America\|website\=www.wegotbrains.com}} for a [brain sandwich](/wiki/Fried-brain_sandwich "Fried-brain sandwich") and [burgoo](/wiki/Burgoo "Burgoo"). Other shows have included *[Ghost Hunters](/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_%28TV_series%29 "Ghost Hunters (TV series)")* which investigated [Willard Library](/wiki/Willard_Library "Willard Library")'s "Gray Lady" ghost and *[Storm Stories](/wiki/Storm_Stories "Storm Stories")* on [The Weather Channel](/wiki/The_Weather_Channel "The Weather Channel") documenting the devastating [tornado](/wiki/Evansville_Tornado_of_November_2005 "Evansville Tornado of November 2005") that struck the city in 2005\. The city was briefly featured in the 2007 *[Prison Break](/wiki/Prison_Break "Prison Break")* episode "[Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28Prison_Break_episode%29 "Chicago (Prison Break episode)")". In 2012, Evansville was featured on the British television program *[Supersize vs Superskinny](/wiki/Supersize_vs_Superskinny "Supersize vs Superskinny")* because of a poll that ranked the residents of the city as the most [obese](/wiki/Obese "Obese") in the United States. {{cite web \|title\=Fattest city designation lands Evansville on British TV program \|url\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/jan/11/no\-headline\-\-\-ev\_obesity/? \|work\=\[\[Evansville Courier \& Press]] \|date\=2012\-01\-11 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116105512/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/jan/11/no\-headline\-\-\-ev\_obesity/ \|archive\-date\=2012\-01\-16 }} Evansville and neighboring Newburgh was the featured location for the feature film *Back in the Day* filmed in 2014\.[Back in the Day (2014 film)](/wiki/Back_in_the_Day_%282014_film%29 "Back in the Day (2014 film)") Evansville is mentioned several times in the [third](/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire_%28season_3%29 "Boardwalk Empire (season 3)") and [fourth seasons](/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire_%28season_4%29 "Boardwalk Empire (season 4)") of the [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO") series *[Boardwalk Empire](/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire "Boardwalk Empire")*. In 2021, an episode of HBO's "[We're Here](/wiki/We%27re_Here "We're Here")" was filmed in Evansville.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hbo.com/were\-here/season\-2/5\-evansville\-indiana \|title\=We're Here Ep 5: Evansville, Indiana \| Official Website for the HBO Series \|publisher\=HBO.com \|date\= \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-09}} ### Literary media Evansville is featured in a section of [Vladimir Nabokov](/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov "Vladimir Nabokov")'s 1955 novel *[Lolita](/wiki/Lolita "Lolita")*, as well as [Walker Percy](/wiki/Walker_Percy "Walker Percy")'s 1962 novel *[The Moviegoer](/wiki/The_Moviegoer "The Moviegoer")*, and [Robert Silverberg](/wiki/Robert_Silverberg "Robert Silverberg")'s 1969 science fiction novel *[To Live Again](/wiki/To_Live_Again_%28novel%29 "To Live Again (novel)")*. Evansville is the primary location in the historical fiction novel, *Invitation to Valhalla* by Mike Whicker, published in 2004\. The novel is based on the records of German spy Erika Lehmann's attempt to infiltrate the LST shipyards during WWII. An Evansville couple is the focus of "Hungarian Rhapsody: An Adoption Story" by James Derk, based on a series of stories in the *[Evansville Courier \& Press](/wiki/Evansville_Courier_%26_Press "Evansville Courier & Press")*.{{cite book\|title\=Hungarian Rhapsody: An Adoption Story\|first\=James\|last\=Derk\|date\=10 October 2006\|publisher\=AuthorHouse\|isbn\=1425957129}} Evansville, under the name Vansul, appears as a slapstick satire in the [post\-apocalyptic](/wiki/Post-apocalyptic "Post-apocalyptic") novel *Light of the Ancient Sun*. Evansville is the hometown of the protagonist, Jack Crabb, in [Thomas Berger](/wiki/Thomas_Berger_%28novelist%29 "Thomas Berger (novelist)")'s 1964 book *[Little Big Man](/wiki/Little_Big_Man_%28novel%29 "Little Big Man (novel)")*. This is not mentioned in the 1970 cinematic adaption, *[Little Big Man](/wiki/Little_Big_Man_%28film%29 "Little Big Man (film)")*.
[ "In popular culture\n------------------", "### Film and television", "Game scenes in the 1992 film *[A League of Their Own](/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own \"A League of Their Own\")* were filmed at [Bosse Field](/wiki/Bosse_Field \"Bosse Field\"). It is the third oldest baseball stadium still in use in the United States (behind [Fenway Park](/wiki/Fenway_Park \"Fenway Park\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\") and [Wrigley Field](/wiki/Wrigley_Field \"Wrigley Field\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\")). The ballpark served as the homefield for the [Racine Belles](/wiki/Racine_Belles \"Racine Belles\"). Scenes from the 2014 [Michael Rosenbaum](/wiki/Michael_Rosenbaum \"Michael Rosenbaum\") movie *[Back in the Day](/wiki/Back_in_the_Day_%282014_film%29 \"Back in the Day (2014 film)\")* feature Green River Road in Evansville.", "All exterior shots on the 1988–2018 [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\") *[Roseanne](/wiki/Roseanne_%28TV_series%29 \"Roseanne (TV series)\")* are still photographs taken in and around Evansville. The Conners' house is at 619 South Runnymeade Avenue, and the Lobo Lounge is a pizzeria at the corner of Edgar and Louisiana Streets. [Matt Williams](/wiki/Matt_Williams_%28producer%29 \"Matt Williams (producer)\"), one of the show's producers, is a native of Evansville and a graduate of The University of Evansville theatre program. He is a co\\-founder of Wind Dancer Productions and has been involved with numerous sitcoms such as 'Home Improvement', movies and dramatic plays for Broadway.", "*[The Daily Show](/wiki/The_Daily_Show \"The Daily Show\")* has featured Evansville in two episodes. The first featured a story about comedian [Carrot Top](/wiki/Carrot_Top \"Carrot Top\")'s reopening of the historic Victory Theatre. The second poked fun at former mayor Russell Lloyd Jr. for skipping out on a city meeting to attend [Cher](/wiki/Cher \"Cher\")'s Farewell Tour concert being performed on the same night at Roberts Stadium.", "Evansville was also featured in [Alton Brown](/wiki/Alton_Brown \"Alton Brown\")'s series *[Feasting on Asphalt](/wiki/Feasting_on_Asphalt \"Feasting on Asphalt\")*. Alton and his crew visited the historic [Greyhound Bus](/wiki/Greyhound_Bus \"Greyhound Bus\") station for its [vending machines](/wiki/Vending_machine \"Vending machine\"), the [YWCA](/wiki/YWCA \"YWCA\") tea room for lunch, and the Hilltop Inn{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wegotbrains.com\\|title\\=Hilltop Inn \\- Evansville, IN \\- The Manliest Restaurant in America\\|website\\=www.wegotbrains.com}} for a [brain sandwich](/wiki/Fried-brain_sandwich \"Fried-brain sandwich\") and [burgoo](/wiki/Burgoo \"Burgoo\"). Other shows have included *[Ghost Hunters](/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_%28TV_series%29 \"Ghost Hunters (TV series)\")* which investigated [Willard Library](/wiki/Willard_Library \"Willard Library\")'s \"Gray Lady\" ghost and *[Storm Stories](/wiki/Storm_Stories \"Storm Stories\")* on [The Weather Channel](/wiki/The_Weather_Channel \"The Weather Channel\") documenting the devastating [tornado](/wiki/Evansville_Tornado_of_November_2005 \"Evansville Tornado of November 2005\") that struck the city in 2005\\. The city was briefly featured in the 2007 *[Prison Break](/wiki/Prison_Break \"Prison Break\")* episode \"[Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28Prison_Break_episode%29 \"Chicago (Prison Break episode)\")\". In 2012, Evansville was featured on the British television program *[Supersize vs Superskinny](/wiki/Supersize_vs_Superskinny \"Supersize vs Superskinny\")* because of a poll that ranked the residents of the city as the most [obese](/wiki/Obese \"Obese\") in the United States.", "{{cite web\n \\|title\\=Fattest city designation lands Evansville on British TV program \n \\|url\\=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/jan/11/no\\-headline\\-\\-\\-ev\\_obesity/? \n \\|work\\=\\[\\[Evansville Courier \\& Press]] \n \\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-11 \n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116105512/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/jan/11/no\\-headline\\-\\-\\-ev\\_obesity/ \n \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-01\\-16 \n}}\nEvansville and neighboring Newburgh was the featured location for the feature film *Back in the Day* filmed in 2014\\.[Back in the Day (2014 film)](/wiki/Back_in_the_Day_%282014_film%29 \"Back in the Day (2014 film)\")", "Evansville is mentioned several times in the [third](/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire_%28season_3%29 \"Boardwalk Empire (season 3)\") and [fourth seasons](/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire_%28season_4%29 \"Boardwalk Empire (season 4)\") of the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") series *[Boardwalk Empire](/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire \"Boardwalk Empire\")*.", "In 2021, an episode of HBO's \"[We're Here](/wiki/We%27re_Here \"We're Here\")\" was filmed in Evansville.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hbo.com/were\\-here/season\\-2/5\\-evansville\\-indiana \\|title\\=We're Here Ep 5: Evansville, Indiana \\| Official Website for the HBO Series \\|publisher\\=HBO.com \\|date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-09}}", "### Literary media", "Evansville is featured in a section of [Vladimir Nabokov](/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov \"Vladimir Nabokov\")'s 1955 novel *[Lolita](/wiki/Lolita \"Lolita\")*, as well as [Walker Percy](/wiki/Walker_Percy \"Walker Percy\")'s 1962 novel *[The Moviegoer](/wiki/The_Moviegoer \"The Moviegoer\")*, and [Robert Silverberg](/wiki/Robert_Silverberg \"Robert Silverberg\")'s 1969 science fiction novel *[To Live Again](/wiki/To_Live_Again_%28novel%29 \"To Live Again (novel)\")*.", "Evansville is the primary location in the historical fiction novel, *Invitation to Valhalla* by Mike Whicker, published in 2004\\. The novel is based on the records of German spy Erika Lehmann's attempt to infiltrate the LST shipyards during WWII.", "An Evansville couple is the focus of \"Hungarian Rhapsody: An Adoption Story\" by James Derk, based on a series of stories in the *[Evansville Courier \\& Press](/wiki/Evansville_Courier_%26_Press \"Evansville Courier & Press\")*.{{cite book\\|title\\=Hungarian Rhapsody: An Adoption Story\\|first\\=James\\|last\\=Derk\\|date\\=10 October 2006\\|publisher\\=AuthorHouse\\|isbn\\=1425957129}}", "Evansville, under the name Vansul, appears as a slapstick satire in the [post\\-apocalyptic](/wiki/Post-apocalyptic \"Post-apocalyptic\") novel *Light of the Ancient Sun*.", "Evansville is the hometown of the protagonist, Jack Crabb, in [Thomas Berger](/wiki/Thomas_Berger_%28novelist%29 \"Thomas Berger (novelist)\")'s 1964 book *[Little Big Man](/wiki/Little_Big_Man_%28novel%29 \"Little Big Man (novel)\")*. This is not mentioned in the 1970 cinematic adaption, *[Little Big Man](/wiki/Little_Big_Man_%28film%29 \"Little Big Man (film)\")*.", "" ]
Event ----- | \+ **Other on\-screen personnel** | Role: | Name: | |English [Commentators](/wiki/Sportscaster "Sportscaster") [Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 "Michael Cole (wrestling)") | | [Jerry Lawler](/wiki/Jerry_Lawler "Jerry Lawler") | | [John "Bradshaw" Layfield](/wiki/John_%22Bradshaw%22_Layfield "John ") | | [Ring announcer](/wiki/Ring_announcer "Ring announcer") | [Justin Roberts](/wiki/Justin_Roberts "Justin Roberts") | |[Interviewers](/wiki/Interviewers "Interviewers") [Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 "Michael Cole (wrestling)") | | [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton "Byron Saxton") | | [Tom Phillips](/wiki/Tom_Phillips_%28wrestling%29 "Tom Phillips (wrestling)") | |[Referees](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 "Referee (professional wrestling)") [John Cone](/wiki/John_Cone "John Cone") | | [Charles Robinson](/wiki/Charles_Robinson_%28referee%29 "Charles Robinson (referee)") | | Chad Patton | | [Fandango](/wiki/Fandango_%28wrestler%29 "Fandango (wrestler)") {{small\|(Layla vs. Rae)}} | |Pre\-show panel [Renee Young](/wiki/Renee_Young "Renee Young") | | [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T_%28wrestler%29 "Booker T (wrestler)") | | [Christian](/wiki/Christian_Cage "Christian Cage") | | [Alex Riley](/wiki/Alex_Riley "Alex Riley") | ### Pre\-show During the Money in the Bank Kickoff pre\-show, Daniel Bryan came out to speak about his health and being stripped of the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. The former champion led the Boston fans in an echoing "Yes!" chant and said that his recovery was going poorly and that he didn't know when he'd be back. He promised to return better than ever and to win back his title. Bo Dallas entered the ring to try to cheer Bryan up. Bryan called Dallas a "Bo\-ner" then mocked his "Bo\-lieve" catchphrase, telling him "Bo\-leave" before leading another round of chants.{{cite web\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=James\|title\=Caldwell's WWE MITB PPV Report 6/29 (Pre\-Show): Daniel Bryan returns, addresses health \& potential return\|url\=https://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article\_79315\.shtml\|date\=June 29, 2014\|work\=Pro Wrestling Torch\|access\-date\=June 15, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717023840/https://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article\_79315\.shtml\|archive\-date\=July 17, 2014\|url\-status\=live}} ### Preliminary matches The actual pay\-per\-view opened with The Usos defending the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Wyatt Family's Luke Harper and Erick Rowan. In the end, Jimmy and Jey executed a double Superplex on Rowan. Jey performed a Samoan Splash on Rowan, which was followed by Jimmy performing a Samoan Splash on Rowan to retain the titles. Next, Paige defended the WWE Divas Championship against Naomi. The match ended when Paige executed a RamPaige on Naomi to retain the title. After that, [Damien Sandow](/wiki/Damien_Sandow "Damien Sandow") took on [Adam Rose](/wiki/Adam_Rose "Adam Rose"). Rose performed a Party Foul on Sandow to win the match. The next match was the WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match involving Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, Rob Van Dam, Dolph Ziggler, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. During the match, Ambrose pushed a ladder, causing Kingston to fall off the top rope onto Swagger, Ziggler and Van Dam. Van Dam executed a Rolling Thunder Senton on Rollins, who was lay on a ladder wedged in the ring corner. Swagger performed a Powerbomb off a ladder on Van Dam, which was followed by Ambrose performing a Suplex off the ladder on Rollins. Ambrose injured his shoulder, leading to him being taken backstage by medical personnel. Kingston performed a Back Body Drop on Rollins atop a ladder, causing Rollins to fall onto another ladder bridged between the ladder and the ropes. Ziggler executed a Zig Zag onto a ladder on Kingston. Ziggler attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Rollins hit Ziggler with a chair. Rollins attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Ambrose came back out and hit Rollins with the chair. Ambrose attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Kane came down to the ring and executed a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver on Ambrose. Rollins retrieved the briefcase to win the match. Next, [Gold and Stardust](/wiki/Cody_Rhodes_and_Goldust "Cody Rhodes and Goldust") faced Ryback and Curtis Axel. In the end, Stardust pinned Ryback with a roll\-up to win the match. After that, Rusev wrestled Big E. Rusev forced Big E to submit to The Accolade to win the match. In the penultimate match, Summer Rae faced Layla with Fandango as the special guest referee. Layla performed a Roundhouse Kick on Rae to win the match. ### Main event The main event was a ladder match for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship involving Alberto Del Rio, Bray Wyatt, Cesaro, John Cena, Kane, Randy Orton, Roman Reigns, and United States Champion Sheamus. During the match, Cesaro and Sheamus fought atop the ladder but Wyatt pushed the ladder, causing Cesaro and Sheamus to hang onto the championship belts. Orton executed an Elevated DDT off a ladder bridged between the apron and a broadcast table on Sheamus. After everyone fought each other off, Sheamus controlled the match by performing a Diving Shoulder Block on Kane, an Irish Curse Backbreaker on Del Rio, White Noise on Orton and a Brogue Kick on Cena. After Orton and Kane removed the other participants from the ring, Reigns controlled the match by performing a Spear on Kane, Superman Punches on Orton and Sheamus, Running Front Dropkicks on Del Rio, who was draped on the bottom rope, and Wyatt, who was draped on a broadcast table, and a Spear on Cesaro. Reigns fought with Cena, ending by executing a Spear on Cena. After each men executed their finishers on the other participants, Reigns fought with Orton and attempted to retrieve the championship belts but Kane performed a Chokeslam on Reigns. Orton attempted to retrieve the championship belts but Cena executed an Attitude Adjustment on Kane and an Attitude Adjustment on Orton onto Kane. After that, Cena retrieved the championship belts to win the match and become the new champion.
[ "Event\n-----", "", "| \\+ **Other on\\-screen personnel** | Role: | Name: |", "|English [Commentators](/wiki/Sportscaster \"Sportscaster\")", "[Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 \"Michael Cole (wrestling)\") |\n| [Jerry Lawler](/wiki/Jerry_Lawler \"Jerry Lawler\") |\n| [John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield](/wiki/John_%22Bradshaw%22_Layfield \"John \") |\n| [Ring announcer](/wiki/Ring_announcer \"Ring announcer\") | [Justin Roberts](/wiki/Justin_Roberts \"Justin Roberts\") |\n|[Interviewers](/wiki/Interviewers \"Interviewers\")", "[Michael Cole](/wiki/Michael_Cole_%28wrestling%29 \"Michael Cole (wrestling)\") |\n| [Byron Saxton](/wiki/Byron_Saxton \"Byron Saxton\") |\n| [Tom Phillips](/wiki/Tom_Phillips_%28wrestling%29 \"Tom Phillips (wrestling)\") |\n|[Referees](/wiki/Referee_%28professional_wrestling%29 \"Referee (professional wrestling)\")", "[John Cone](/wiki/John_Cone \"John Cone\") |\n| [Charles Robinson](/wiki/Charles_Robinson_%28referee%29 \"Charles Robinson (referee)\") |\n| Chad Patton |\n| [Fandango](/wiki/Fandango_%28wrestler%29 \"Fandango (wrestler)\") {{small\\|(Layla vs. Rae)}} |\n|Pre\\-show panel", "[Renee Young](/wiki/Renee_Young \"Renee Young\") |\n| [Booker T](/wiki/Booker_T_%28wrestler%29 \"Booker T (wrestler)\") |\n| [Christian](/wiki/Christian_Cage \"Christian Cage\") |\n| [Alex Riley](/wiki/Alex_Riley \"Alex Riley\") |", "### Pre\\-show", "During the Money in the Bank Kickoff pre\\-show, Daniel Bryan came out to speak about his health and being stripped of the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. The former champion led the Boston fans in an echoing \"Yes!\" chant and said that his recovery was going poorly and that he didn't know when he'd be back. He promised to return better than ever and to win back his title. Bo Dallas entered the ring to try to cheer Bryan up. Bryan called Dallas a \"Bo\\-ner\" then mocked his \"Bo\\-lieve\" catchphrase, telling him \"Bo\\-leave\" before leading another round of chants.{{cite web\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=Caldwell's WWE MITB PPV Report 6/29 (Pre\\-Show): Daniel Bryan returns, addresses health \\& potential return\\|url\\=https://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article\\_79315\\.shtml\\|date\\=June 29, 2014\\|work\\=Pro Wrestling Torch\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717023840/https://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article\\_79315\\.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Preliminary matches", "The actual pay\\-per\\-view opened with The Usos defending the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Wyatt Family's Luke Harper and Erick Rowan. In the end, Jimmy and Jey executed a double Superplex on Rowan. Jey performed a Samoan Splash on Rowan, which was followed by Jimmy performing a Samoan Splash on Rowan to retain the titles.", "Next, Paige defended the WWE Divas Championship against Naomi. The match ended when Paige executed a RamPaige on Naomi to retain the title.", "After that, [Damien Sandow](/wiki/Damien_Sandow \"Damien Sandow\") took on [Adam Rose](/wiki/Adam_Rose \"Adam Rose\"). Rose performed a Party Foul on Sandow to win the match.", "The next match was the WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match involving Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, Rob Van Dam, Dolph Ziggler, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. During the match, Ambrose pushed a ladder, causing Kingston to fall off the top rope onto Swagger, Ziggler and Van Dam. Van Dam executed a Rolling Thunder Senton on Rollins, who was lay on a ladder wedged in the ring corner. Swagger performed a Powerbomb off a ladder on Van Dam, which was followed by Ambrose performing a Suplex off the ladder on Rollins. Ambrose injured his shoulder, leading to him being taken backstage by medical personnel. Kingston performed a Back Body Drop on Rollins atop a ladder, causing Rollins to fall onto another ladder bridged between the ladder and the ropes. Ziggler executed a Zig Zag onto a ladder on Kingston. Ziggler attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Rollins hit Ziggler with a chair. Rollins attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Ambrose came back out and hit Rollins with the chair. Ambrose attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Kane came down to the ring and executed a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver on Ambrose. Rollins retrieved the briefcase to win the match.", "Next, [Gold and Stardust](/wiki/Cody_Rhodes_and_Goldust \"Cody Rhodes and Goldust\") faced Ryback and Curtis Axel. In the end, Stardust pinned Ryback with a roll\\-up to win the match.", "After that, Rusev wrestled Big E. Rusev forced Big E to submit to The Accolade to win the match.", "In the penultimate match, Summer Rae faced Layla with Fandango as the special guest referee. Layla performed a Roundhouse Kick on Rae to win the match.", "### Main event", "The main event was a ladder match for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship involving Alberto Del Rio, Bray Wyatt, Cesaro, John Cena, Kane, Randy Orton, Roman Reigns, and United States Champion Sheamus. During the match, Cesaro and Sheamus fought atop the ladder but Wyatt pushed the ladder, causing Cesaro and Sheamus to hang onto the championship belts. Orton executed an Elevated DDT off a ladder bridged between the apron and a broadcast table on Sheamus. After everyone fought each other off, Sheamus controlled the match by performing a Diving Shoulder Block on Kane, an Irish Curse Backbreaker on Del Rio, White Noise on Orton and a Brogue Kick on Cena. After Orton and Kane removed the other participants from the ring, Reigns controlled the match by performing a Spear on Kane, Superman Punches on Orton and Sheamus, Running Front Dropkicks on Del Rio, who was draped on the bottom rope, and Wyatt, who was draped on a broadcast table, and a Spear on Cesaro. Reigns fought with Cena, ending by executing a Spear on Cena. After each men executed their finishers on the other participants, Reigns fought with Orton and attempted to retrieve the championship belts but Kane performed a Chokeslam on Reigns. Orton attempted to retrieve the championship belts but Cena executed an Attitude Adjustment on Kane and an Attitude Adjustment on Orton onto Kane. After that, Cena retrieved the championship belts to win the match and become the new champion.", "" ]
### Preliminary matches The actual pay\-per\-view opened with The Usos defending the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Wyatt Family's Luke Harper and Erick Rowan. In the end, Jimmy and Jey executed a double Superplex on Rowan. Jey performed a Samoan Splash on Rowan, which was followed by Jimmy performing a Samoan Splash on Rowan to retain the titles. Next, Paige defended the WWE Divas Championship against Naomi. The match ended when Paige executed a RamPaige on Naomi to retain the title. After that, [Damien Sandow](/wiki/Damien_Sandow "Damien Sandow") took on [Adam Rose](/wiki/Adam_Rose "Adam Rose"). Rose performed a Party Foul on Sandow to win the match. The next match was the WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match involving Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, Rob Van Dam, Dolph Ziggler, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. During the match, Ambrose pushed a ladder, causing Kingston to fall off the top rope onto Swagger, Ziggler and Van Dam. Van Dam executed a Rolling Thunder Senton on Rollins, who was lay on a ladder wedged in the ring corner. Swagger performed a Powerbomb off a ladder on Van Dam, which was followed by Ambrose performing a Suplex off the ladder on Rollins. Ambrose injured his shoulder, leading to him being taken backstage by medical personnel. Kingston performed a Back Body Drop on Rollins atop a ladder, causing Rollins to fall onto another ladder bridged between the ladder and the ropes. Ziggler executed a Zig Zag onto a ladder on Kingston. Ziggler attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Rollins hit Ziggler with a chair. Rollins attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Ambrose came back out and hit Rollins with the chair. Ambrose attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Kane came down to the ring and executed a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver on Ambrose. Rollins retrieved the briefcase to win the match. Next, [Gold and Stardust](/wiki/Cody_Rhodes_and_Goldust "Cody Rhodes and Goldust") faced Ryback and Curtis Axel. In the end, Stardust pinned Ryback with a roll\-up to win the match. After that, Rusev wrestled Big E. Rusev forced Big E to submit to The Accolade to win the match. In the penultimate match, Summer Rae faced Layla with Fandango as the special guest referee. Layla performed a Roundhouse Kick on Rae to win the match.
[ "### Preliminary matches", "The actual pay\\-per\\-view opened with The Usos defending the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Wyatt Family's Luke Harper and Erick Rowan. In the end, Jimmy and Jey executed a double Superplex on Rowan. Jey performed a Samoan Splash on Rowan, which was followed by Jimmy performing a Samoan Splash on Rowan to retain the titles.", "Next, Paige defended the WWE Divas Championship against Naomi. The match ended when Paige executed a RamPaige on Naomi to retain the title.", "After that, [Damien Sandow](/wiki/Damien_Sandow \"Damien Sandow\") took on [Adam Rose](/wiki/Adam_Rose \"Adam Rose\"). Rose performed a Party Foul on Sandow to win the match.", "The next match was the WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match involving Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, Rob Van Dam, Dolph Ziggler, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. During the match, Ambrose pushed a ladder, causing Kingston to fall off the top rope onto Swagger, Ziggler and Van Dam. Van Dam executed a Rolling Thunder Senton on Rollins, who was lay on a ladder wedged in the ring corner. Swagger performed a Powerbomb off a ladder on Van Dam, which was followed by Ambrose performing a Suplex off the ladder on Rollins. Ambrose injured his shoulder, leading to him being taken backstage by medical personnel. Kingston performed a Back Body Drop on Rollins atop a ladder, causing Rollins to fall onto another ladder bridged between the ladder and the ropes. Ziggler executed a Zig Zag onto a ladder on Kingston. Ziggler attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Rollins hit Ziggler with a chair. Rollins attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Ambrose came back out and hit Rollins with the chair. Ambrose attempted to retrieve the briefcase but Kane came down to the ring and executed a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver on Ambrose. Rollins retrieved the briefcase to win the match.", "Next, [Gold and Stardust](/wiki/Cody_Rhodes_and_Goldust \"Cody Rhodes and Goldust\") faced Ryback and Curtis Axel. In the end, Stardust pinned Ryback with a roll\\-up to win the match.", "After that, Rusev wrestled Big E. Rusev forced Big E to submit to The Accolade to win the match.", "In the penultimate match, Summer Rae faced Layla with Fandango as the special guest referee. Layla performed a Roundhouse Kick on Rae to win the match.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 2003–2006 Hutchins first started playing in [futures](/wiki/Futures_tournaments "Futures tournaments") and qualifying tournaments in the UK in 2003 and internationally in 2004\. [Ross Hutchins Results](http://steveghelper.com/MatchResults.php?countries=&players=hutchins&weektype=this&weeks=300&from_date=&weeks_back=) SteveGTennis. Retrieved 30–05–08 In 2004, he lost consciousness and collapsed due to hydration problems after practicing hard in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Hutchins was hospitalised 20 times which was one of the reasons he gave up singles and turned to less tiring doubles in 2007\.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10863721/Ross\-Hutchins\-interview\-I\-knew\-it\-was\-cancer.html\|title\= Ross Hutchins interview: 'I knew it was cancer'\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\= 31 May 2014}} In February 2005 he achieved his first professional tournament victory in the [Delmont futures](/wiki/Delmont_futures "Delmont futures") doubles tournament in Switzerland with [Henry Adjei\-Darko](/wiki/Henry_Adjei-Darko "Henry Adjei-Darko"), with further futures doubles victories following. He made his [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 "Grand Slam (tennis)") debut at the [2005](/wiki/2005_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles") [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon "The Championships, Wimbledon") Men's Doubles, partnering [Martin Lee](/wiki/Martin_Lee_%28tennis%29 "Martin Lee (tennis)"), though the pair lost to [Jean\-François Bachelot](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bachelot "Jean-François Bachelot") and [Arnaud Clément](/wiki/Arnaud_Cl%C3%A9ment "Arnaud Clément"). His first singles final came in a futures tournament in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") the subsequent November. Hutchins success as a doubles player on the futures circuit continued, and he returned more successfully to the [2006 edition of Wimbledon](/wiki/2006_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles") with regular partner [Joshua Goodall](/wiki/Joshua_Goodall "Joshua Goodall"). The pair reached the second round, having defeated [Christophe Rochus](/wiki/Christophe_Rochus "Christophe Rochus") and [Stanislas Wawrinka](/wiki/Stanislas_Wawrinka "Stanislas Wawrinka") in round one.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/819644\.Goodall\_and\_partner\_give\_doubles\_seeds\_a\_scare/\|title\=Goodall and partner give doubles seeds a scare\|newspaper\=Southern Daily Echo\|date\=5 July 2006}} Soon after, they reached the final of their first [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Series "ATP Challenger Series") tournament, in [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham"). Hutchins chose to concentrate on doubles following tournament success with Goodall. ### 2007 2007 saw Hutchins winning more futures tournaments. His most successful moment again came in Nottingham, this time reaching his first [ATP Tour](/wiki/ATP_Tour "ATP Tour") final, again with Goodall. On the way they beat top seeds [Jonathan Erlich](/wiki/Jonathan_Erlich "Jonathan Erlich") and [Andy Ram](/wiki/Andy_Ram "Andy Ram"). By the end of the year, Hutchins had broken into the world top 100 doubles ranking, having chosen to focus on the discipline.[Ross Hutchins ranking history](http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/rankhistory.asp?playernumber=H635&selyear=2007) ATP Tour. Retrieved 30/05/08 ### 2008 Hutchins began to play more regularly in ATP tournaments with his new partner [Stephen Huss](/wiki/Stephen_Huss_%28tennis%29 "Stephen Huss (tennis)"). They achieved a surprise result in the [French Open](/wiki/2008_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Bottom_half "2008 French Open – Men's doubles#Bottom half"), beating fourth seeds [Mahesh Bhupathi](/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi "Mahesh Bhupathi") and [Mark Knowles](/wiki/Mark_Knowles "Mark Knowles") in round one, eventually reaching the third round.[Hutchins serves up a shock British victory at Roland Garros](http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-sport/article-23488360-details/Hutchins+serves+up+a+shock+British+victory+at+Roland+Garros/article.do) *London Evening Standard*. Retrieved 29–05–08 Hutchins made his [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup") debut for [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_team "Great Britain Davis Cup team") in the [World Group first round match](/wiki/2008_Davis_Cup_World_Group%23Argentina_vs._Great_Britain "2008 Davis Cup World Group#Argentina vs. Great Britain") against [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_davis_cup_team "Argentina davis cup team"). Hutchins and [Jamie Murray](/wiki/Jamie_Murray "Jamie Murray") played in and lost the doubles match, Great Britain eventually losing 4–1\. This was Great Britain's first World Group match since 2003, and now faced a relegation play\-off with Austria.{{cite news\|url\= http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws\-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId\=100010158\|title\= Argentina Davis Cup Results\|publisher\= Davis Cup\|date\= 10 February 2008}} He bounced back immediately at the [China Open](/wiki/2008_China_Open_%28tennis%29 "2008 China Open (tennis)"), where he and Huss clinched their first ATP Tour victory.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/beijing/747/2008/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=Beijing ATP champion\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=28 September 2008}} Towards the end of the season, Hutchins also played some tournaments with Murray's former partner [Eric Butorac](/wiki/Eric_Butorac "Eric Butorac"). In December, Andy Murray invited Ross Hutchins to his luxurious winter training base in Miami.{{cite news\|url\= https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/andy\-murray\-is\-ready\-to\-muscle\-in\-at\-the\-top\-6920505\.html\|title\= Andy Murray is ready to muscle in at the top\|newspaper\=London Evening Standard\|date\= 31 December 2008}} ### 2009 In 2009, Hutchins switched to singles for the first time, playing in the qualifying tournament in the new ATP tour event in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"). He beat Denys Molchanov in the final round 7–5 6–1 to be the first British player to qualify for an ATP event since James Ward qualified for the Artois Championships in June 2008\. He should get a new singles ranking of around 1200 after qualifying. He concentrated on doubles, however, and with his ranking now in the top 50 competed regularly with [Stephen Huss](/wiki/Stephen_Huss_%28tennis%29 "Stephen Huss (tennis)") in [Masters](/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000 "ATP Masters 1000") tournaments. A good start to the season saw the pair reach three quarter\-finals at these top level tournaments, and Hutchins reached a career peak ranking of number 33 in May 2009\. In March, Hutchins was selected for Great Britain's Davis Cup team for their [Europe/Africa Zone Group I match against Ukraine](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Ukraine_vs._Great_Britain "2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Ukraine vs. Great Britain") in [Renfrewshire](/wiki/Renfrewshire "Renfrewshire"). Hutchins and Colin Fleming lost a tightly contested match to [Sergiy Stakhovsky](/wiki/Sergiy_Stakhovsky "Sergiy Stakhovsky") and [Sergei Bubka](/wiki/Sergei_Bubka_%28tennis%29 "Sergei Bubka (tennis)"), Ukraine winning 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 to give Ukraine an unassailable 3–0 lead.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/07/david\-cup\-tennis\-great\-britain\-ukraine\|work\=The Guardian \|title\=Hutchins and Fleming can't save Great Britain's Davis Cup challenge\|date\=7 March 2009}} As they struggled to win matches and when they did they couldn't make it two in a row. This run of form continued from Madrid until the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)"). Where upon losing in the first round Huss and Hutchins split. In September, Hutchins was called to the Great British Davis Cup squad for the [Europe/Africa Zone Group I play\-offs](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Poland "2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Poland") in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"). Hutchins' partner [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray") was hampered by a wrist injury which forced Hutchins to play out of position, and they lost 7–5, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 to [Marcin Matkowski](/wiki/Marcin_Matkowski "Marcin Matkowski") and [Mariusz Fyrstenberg](/wiki/Mariusz_Fyrstenberg "Mariusz Fyrstenberg").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy\-murray\-davis\-cup\-gb\-poland\|work\=The Guardian\|title\=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup'\|date\=19 September 2009}} Great Britain lost 3–2, and was relegated to the third tier of the Davis Cup. Following the Davis Cup, he teamed up with [Jordan Kerr](/wiki/Jordan_Kerr "Jordan Kerr") and [Horia Tecău](/wiki/Horia_Tec%C4%83u "Horia Tecău") alternately in subsequent tournaments. In his first event with the pair of them they won one and lost one. It then clicked with Kerr in their second tournament together as they reached the final of the [Japan Open](/wiki/2009_Rakuten_Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2009 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles"), which they lost to [Jürgen Melzer](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Melzer "Jürgen Melzer") and [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle "Julian Knowle"). Two first round losses with Tecau and one with Kerr followed before dropping down and making the semis of a challenger event with Tecau before losing in the first round of another challenger, Hutchins last tournament of 2009\. In December, Hutchins again stayed with Andy Murray at his Miami training base. ### 2010 2010 saw [Jordan Kerr](/wiki/Jordan_Kerr "Jordan Kerr") become Hutchins' partner full\-time. The season started brightly after a 1st round exit in [Brisbane](/wiki/2010_Brisbane_International_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2010 Brisbane International – Men's doubles"), they made it to the final in Sydney losing to [Daniel Nestor](/wiki/Daniel_Nestor "Daniel Nestor") and [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 "Nenad Zimonjić").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/sydney/338/2010/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=Sydney ATP\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=16 January 2010}} They went out in the first round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Section_1 "2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles#Section 1"), before making their second final of the year in [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Open_%28tennis%29 "Memphis Open (tennis)"). This time losing to [John Isner](/wiki/John_Isner "John Isner") and [Sam Querrey](/wiki/Sam_Querrey "Sam Querrey").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/memphis/402/2010/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=Memphis ATP\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=21 February 2010}} A succession of 1st round exits followed with Kerr and Hutchins' also teamed up with his friend and Davis Cup teammate [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray"). They lost in the 1st round at [Indian Wells](/wiki/2010_BNP_Paribas_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2010 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles"), but won their first match in 11 months as a partnership at the [Monte\-Carlo Masters](/wiki/2010_Monte-Carlo_Rolex_Masters_%E2%80%93_Doubles%23Bottom_Half "2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles#Bottom Half") beating Cermak and Martinak before losing to [the Bryan brothers](/wiki/The_Bryan_brothers "The Bryan brothers") on a champions tie break.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/monte\-carlo/410/2010/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=Monte Carlo ATP\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=18 April 2010}} In October, at the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games "2010 Commonwealth Games") in Delhi, England's Hutchins and [Ken Skupski](/wiki/Ken_Skupski "Ken Skupski") won the [Doubles Silver Medal](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games "Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games"), by losing to Australians [Paul Hanley](/wiki/Paul_Hanley_%28tennis%29 "Paul Hanley (tennis)") and [Peter Luczak](/wiki/Peter_Luczak "Peter Luczak") in the final.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth\_games/delhi\_2010/9077071\.stm\|title\=Commonwealth Games 2010: England take doubles silver \|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=9 October 2010}} A few days later, Hutchins and Ken Skupski were opponents in the [Mixed Doubles](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles "Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Mixed doubles"), Ken Skupski and [Sarah Borwell](/wiki/Sarah_Borwell "Sarah Borwell") beating Hutchins and [Anna Smith](/wiki/Anna_Smith_%28tennis%29 "Anna Smith (tennis)") to win the bronze medal.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Wimbledons\-Hutchins\-proud\-of\-Delhi\-silver\-35371113\-101210\|title\=Wimbledon's Hutchins proud of Delhi silver\|publisher\=Fox Sports\|date\=12 October 2010}} Hutchins and [Colin Fleming](/wiki/Colin_Fleming "Colin Fleming") agreed to begin next year as steady partners, and in November they had a winning start at the [Kazakhstan Challenger](/wiki/2010_President%27s_Cup_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2010 President's Cup – Doubles"){{cite news\|url\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview\-colin\-fleming\-1\-826938\|work\=The Scotsman\|title\=Interview: Colin Fleming\|date\=29 October 2010}} ### 2011 Hutchins and Colin Fleming struggled with injuries and interruptions for much of the first six months.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/8607279/Wimbledon\-2011\-Britons\-Ross\-Hutchins\-and\-Colin\-Fleming\-bow\-out\-in\-quarter\-finals.html\|title\=Wimbledon 2011: Britons Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming bow out in quarter\-finals\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=29 June 2011}} In April, while Ross Hutchins, recovered from injury, Fleming continued playing with other doubles partners.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/13020118\|title\=Colin Fleming and Igor Zelenay beaten in Morocco final\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=9 April 2011}} At the beginning of June, Hutchins/Fleming won the [Aegon Trophy](/wiki/2011_Aegon_Trophy_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2011 Aegon Trophy – Men's doubles") Challenger in Nottingham.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/nottingham/1631/2011/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=Nottingham Challenger\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=5 June 2011}} At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Finals "2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles#Finals"), Hutchins and Fleming both had their best performances at a Grand Slam event in doubles, defeating 7th seeds [Mariusz Fyrstenberg](/wiki/Mariusz_Fyrstenberg "Mariusz Fyrstenberg") and [Marcin Matkowski](/wiki/Marcin_Matkowski "Marcin Matkowski") in the first round. Hutchins and Fleming won their first\-ever five\-set match together over [Dmitry Tursunov](/wiki/Dmitry_Tursunov "Dmitry Tursunov") and [Grigor Dimitrov](/wiki/Grigor_Dimitrov "Grigor Dimitrov") in the second round,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/8604637/Wimbledon\-2011\-Ross\-Hutchins\-and\-Colin\-Fleming\-deliver\-double\-delight.html\|title\=Wimbledon 2011: Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming deliver double delight\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=28 June 2011}} on the way to the quarter\-finals, where the pair lost a very tight five set thriller to [Christopher Kas](/wiki/Christopher_Kas "Christopher Kas") and [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya "Alexander Peya") 4–6, 4–6, 7–6(7–2\), 6–2, 4–6\. They were the first British pair to reach the quarter\-finals of the men's doubles tournament at Wimbledon since 1993\. It was announced on the morning of the quarter\-finals that Fleming had been picked alongside Jamie Murray for the doubles rubber for Britain's Davis Cup tie against Luxembourg in two weekends' time, leaving Hutchins on the sidelines. Fleming said "I think the team was picked before we went on a run to the quarters here."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/8604637/Wimbledon\-2011\-Ross\-Hutchins\-and\-Colin\-Fleming\-deliver\-double\-delight.html\|title\=Wimbledon 2011: Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming deliver double delight\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|date\=28 June 2011}} Just before Great Britain's match [against Luxembourg](/wiki/2011_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_II%23Great_Britain_vs._Luxembourg "2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II#Great Britain vs. Luxembourg"), Fleming had a slight niggle in his foot so he was replaced by [Dan Evans](/wiki/Dan_Evans_%28tennis%29 "Dan Evans (tennis)") as the back\-up player.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jul/07/andy\-murray\-davis\-cup\|title\=Andy Murray 'motivated' for Great Britain's Davis Cup match in Glasgow\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=7 July 2011}} In the event, it was James Ward, Andy Murray and Jamie Murray who played, with Great Britain winning 4–1\. Two months later at the [US Open](/wiki/2011_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Finals "2011 US Open – Men's doubles#Finals"), Hutchins/Fleming equalled their Wimbledon performance, once again reaching the quarterfinals. Despite a victory over 2nd seeds [Max Mirnyi](/wiki/Max_Mirnyi "Max Mirnyi") and [Daniel Nestor](/wiki/Daniel_Nestor "Daniel Nestor") in their second match, they ultimately lost in three sets to [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna "Rohan Bopanna") and [Aisam\-ul\-Haq Qureshi](/wiki/Aisam-ul-Haq_Qureshi "Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi"), blowing a match point opportunity in the deciding set. Then in September, at the [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup"), Hutchins/Fleming helped [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_Team "Great Britain Davis Cup Team") win their promotion tie 5–0 [against Hungary](/wiki/2011_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_II%23Great_Britain_vs._Hungary "2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II#Great Britain vs. Hungary") to advance to Group I.{{cite news\|title\= Great Britain beat Hungary to earn promotion in the Davis Cup\|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/sep/17/great\-britain\-davis\-cup\-hungary\|newspaper\= The Guardian\|date\= 17 September 2011}} Hutchins/Fleming later reached the semi\-finals of the [Open de Moselle](/wiki/2011_Open_de_Moselle_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2011 Open de Moselle – Doubles") in Metz but lost to second seeds [Lukáš Dlouhý](/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Dlouh%C3%BD "Lukáš Dlouhý") and [Marcelo Melo](/wiki/Marcelo_Melo "Marcelo Melo") in three sets.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/metz/341/2011/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=Metz ATP\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=25 September 2011}} But a few weeks later he did win his first ATP title of the year and his third career title with Colin Fleming at the [St. Petersburg Open](/wiki/2011_St._Petersburg_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2011 St. Petersburg Open – Doubles"). They defeated [Michail Elgin](/wiki/Michail_Elgin "Michail Elgin") and [Alexander Kudryavtsev](/wiki/Alexander_Kudryavtsev "Alexander Kudryavtsev") in three sets 6–3, 6–7(5–7\), \[10–8]. This was Hutchins' first ATP title with Fleming.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/st\-petersburg/568/2011/results?matchType\=doubles\|title\=St. Petersburg Open ATP\|publisher\=ATP World Tour\|date\=30 October 2011}} His final tournament of the year was at the [Paris Masters](/wiki/2011_BNP_Paribas_Masters_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles") partnering Andy Murray, they lost in the second round in straight sets to [Oliver Marach](/wiki/Oliver_Marach "Oliver Marach") and [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya "Alexander Peya"). Hutchins' 2011 year\-end ranking was No.43 in the world. ### 2012 In his first grand slam for the 2012 season Hutchins and partner Colin Fleming reached the third round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open "2012 Australian Open") for the first time, only to lose to top seeds [The Bryan brothers](/wiki/The_Bryan_brothers "The Bryan brothers") 4–6, 6–0, 2–6\. In February, Hutchins and Fleming were called for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Slovakia](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia "2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia"). James Ward's loss and Dan Evans' win put the tie at 1–1 on the first day, then Fleming and Hutchins beat [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k "Michal Mertiňák") and [Filip Polášek](/wiki/Filip_Pol%C3%A1%C5%A1ek "Filip Polášek") 6–3 7–6(7–4\) 0–6 6–3\. With Dan Evans winning his second match, Great Britain eventually won 3–2, making a fifth consecutive Davis Cup win under captain Leon Smith. Hutchins won his second title with Fleming and his first for the 2012 season at the 2012 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships defeating [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k "Michal Mertiňák") and [André Sá](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_S%C3%A1 "André Sá") 2–6, 7–6(7–5\), \[15–13], a result which elevated his doubles ranking to a career high of world No.27\. In April, Hutchins and Fleming were selected for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Belgium](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia "2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia"). After [Josh Goodall](/wiki/Joshua_Goodall "Joshua Goodall") and Dan Evans lost on the first day, Fleming and Hutchins made it three straight victories in the competition by beating [Ruben Bemelmans](/wiki/Ruben_Bemelmans "Ruben Bemelmans") and [David Goffin](/wiki/David_Goffin "David Goffin") 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/07/fleming\-hutchins\-british\-davis\-cup\|title\=Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins keep British Davis Cup hopes alive\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=7 April 2012}} Great Britain were eventually beaten 4–1, ending Leon Smith's 5 match winning run as Davis Cup Captain. In mid\-June, after being out of action for a while with an ankle injury, Hutchins won his second title of the year and his first on home soil, again partnering Colin Fleming, at the [Aegon International](/wiki/2012_Aegon_International_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2012 Aegon International – Men's doubles"), defeating fellow Brits and good friends [Jamie Delgado](/wiki/Jamie_Delgado "Jamie Delgado") and [Ken Skupski](/wiki/Ken_Skupski "Ken Skupski") 6–4, 6–3\. This was Hutchins' third title with Fleming. However, they had a disappointing run at Wimbledon going out in the first round in five sets, even though they took the first two 6–3, 6–4, 2–6, 6–7(5–7\), 3–6 to [Mikhail Kukushkin](/wiki/Mikhail_Kukushkin "Mikhail Kukushkin") and [Lukáš Rosol](/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosol "Lukáš Rosol"). Hutchins did however have a better run in the mixed doubles event, making it into the second round partnering [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson "Heather Watson"), losing in three sets to third seeds [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 "Nenad Zimonjić") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik "Katarina Srebotnik") 7–5, 4–6, 4–6\. In their first tournament after Wimbledon, Hutchins and Fleming competed at the [Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships](/wiki/Campbell%27s_Hall_of_Fame_Tennis_Championships "Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships"). They reached the final but were defeated by [Santiago González](/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28tennis%29 "Santiago González (tennis)") and [Scott Lipsky](/wiki/Scott_Lipsky "Scott Lipsky") in straight sets 6–7(3–7\), 3–6\. Having lost in the semi\-finals at the [BB\&T Atlanta Open](/wiki/BB%26T_Atlanta_Open "BB&T Atlanta Open") Hutchins next competed at the [London 2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics") in the doubles event alongside doubles partner Colin Fleming. They then lost in the first round to [France](/wiki/France_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "France at the 2012 Summer Olympics") ([Benneteau](/wiki/Julien_Benneteau "Julien Benneteau") \& [Gasquet](/wiki/Richard_Gasquet "Richard Gasquet")) in straight sets 5–7, 3–6\. At the last Major of the season, Hutchins and Fleming made it to the third round of the [US Open](/wiki/2012_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2012 US Open (tennis)") before being beaten by brothers and home favorites [Ryan Harrison](/wiki/Ryan_Harrison_%28tennis%29 "Ryan Harrison (tennis)") and [Christian Harrison](/wiki/Christian_Harrison "Christian Harrison") in straight sets 3–6, 4–6\. After a poor run at the St. Petersburg Open, Hutchins and Fleming next headed off to Asia. They made the final in their first tournament at the Malaysia Open, this being their fourth final of the season. After a bright start they lost the final in three sets 7–5, 5–7, \[7–10] to [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya "Alexander Peya") and [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares "Bruno Soares"). At the penultimate masters 1000 of the season, Hutchins and Fleming had their best run at a masters 1000 event making the semi\-finals, only to lose narrowly to Indian duo [Mahesh Bhupathi](/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi "Mahesh Bhupathi") and [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna "Rohan Bopanna") 7–6(7–4\), 3–6, \[8–10] despite serving for the match. ### 2013 Ross Hutchins was diagnosed with [Hodgkin's lymphoma](/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma "Hodgkin's lymphoma") in December 2012, and took an indefinite break from tennis while he recovered. His friend [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray") dedicated his victory at the [2013 Brisbane International](/wiki/2013_Brisbane_International "2013 Brisbane International") to Hutchins.{{cite news\|title\=Andy Murray dedicates Brisbane International victory to his close friend Ross Hutchins following cancer diagnosis\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/9783901/Andy\-Murray\-dedicates\-Brisbane\-International\-victory\-to\-his\-close\-friend\-Ross\-Hutchins\-following\-cancer\-diagnosis.html\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|access\-date\=6 January 2013\|location\=London\|first\=Simon\|last\=Briggs\|date\=6 January 2013}} Hutchins underwent [chemotherapy](/wiki/Chemotherapy "Chemotherapy") treatment at the [Royal Marsden Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Marsden_Hospital "Royal Marsden Hospital") in [Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton "London Borough of Sutton"),{{cite news\|last\=McRae\|first\=Donald\|title\=Ross Hutchins on Andy Murray's friendship and fighting cancer\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/may/06/ross\-hutchins\-andy\-murray\-cancer\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=6 May 2013\|location\=London\|date\=6 May 2013}} which ended in June 2013\.{{cite web\|last\=Joynson, Danielle\|title\=Ross Hutchins: "I feel strong after final chemotherapy session'\|url\=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off\-the\-pitch/news/hutchins\-i\-feel\-strong\-now\_89327\.html\|publisher\=Sports Mole\|access\-date\=17 June 2013}} In April, Hutchins provided match analysis for [the Davis Cup tie versus Russia](/wiki/2013_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Russia "2013 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Russia").{{cite news \|title\= Great Britain come from 2–0 down to beat Russia 3–2 in Davis Cup tie to earn World Group play\-off \|url\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/9977657/Great\-Britain\-come\-from\-2\-0\-down\-to\-beat\-Russia\-3\-2\-in\-Davis\-Cup\-tie\-to\-earn\-World\-Group\-play\-off.html \|work\= The Telegraph \|date\= 7 April 2013 \|access\-date\= 7 April 2013}} James Ward and Dan Evans lost their opening singles matches, but the GB doubles pairing of Colin Fleming and [Jonny Marray](/wiki/Jonathan_Marray "Jonathan Marray") reduced the deficit a day later, before James Ward levelled the tie at 2–2 after beating [Dmitri Tursunov](/wiki/Dmitri_Tursunov "Dmitri Tursunov") in five sets. Evans completed an unlikely comeback, defeating world no. 80 [Evgeny Donskoy](/wiki/Evgeny_Donskoy "Evgeny Donskoy") comprehensively in straight sets, thus securing what was described as a "famous victory".{{cite news\|title\= Davis Cup 2013: Great Britain shock Russia in Coventry \|url\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22059002 \|work\= BBC Sport \|date\= 7 April 2013}} The last time Great Britain had come from 2–0 down to win a Davis Cup tie was 83 years ago against Germany, Consequently, Great Britain won a place in the 16\-team [World Group play\-offs](/wiki/2013_Davis_Cup_World_Group_play-offs "2013 Davis Cup World Group play-offs") in September. Hutchins and Andy Murray arranged a charity tennis event 'Rally Against Cancer', which included the participation of Andy Murray and [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman "Tim Henman"), [Ivan Lendl](/wiki/Ivan_Lendl "Ivan Lendl"), [Tomáš Berdych](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdych "Tomáš Berdych"), [Richard Branson](/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson"), actor [Eddie Redmayne](/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne "Eddie Redmayne"), comedians [Michael McIntyre](/wiki/Michael_McIntyre "Michael McIntyre") and [Jimmy Carr](/wiki/Jimmy_Carr "Jimmy Carr"), [Jonathan Ross](/wiki/Jonathan_Ross "Jonathan Ross"), and Mayor of London [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"). It took place at the [Queen's Club](/wiki/Queen%27s_Club "Queen's Club") immediately after the [2013 Aegon Championships](/wiki/2013_Aegon_Championships "2013 Aegon Championships") to raise money for the Royal Marsden. Hutchins revealed in July 2013 that his cancer was now in [remission](/wiki/Remission_%28medicine%29 "Remission (medicine)").{{cite web\|title\=Ross Hutchins' cancer in remission\|url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/223821\.html\|publisher\=ESPN\|access\-date\=22 July 2013}} In December, Hutchins along with James Ward and Kyle Edmund, stayed with Andy Murray at his training camp in Miami. {{cite news \|title\= Andy Murray training sessions in Miami heat helped Ross Hutchins beat cancer \|url\= http://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/other\-sport/tennis/ross\-hutchins\-andy\-murray\-training\-3026433?pageNumber\=8\|work\=Irish Mirror\|date\= 15 January 2014}} {{cite news \|title\= Yorkshire teenager Edmund can show world what he can do if given chance – Davis Cup captain \|url\= http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/yorkshire\-teenager\-edmund\-can\-show\-world\-what\-he\-can\-do\-if\-given\-chance\-davis\-cup\-captain\-1\-6388638 \|work\= Yorkshire Post\|date\= 22 January 2014}} ### 2014 Following his illness, Hutchins returned to competitive tennis in January at the [Brisbane International](/wiki/2014_Brisbane_International "2014 Brisbane International"), again partnering [Colin Fleming](/wiki/Colin_Fleming "Colin Fleming").{{cite web\|title\=Ross Hutchins beaten on return from illness in Brisbane\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25567346\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=16 January 2014}} While the pair lost their first two matches of the year, they gained their maiden win after Hutchins' return in the first round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open "2014 Australian Open").{{cite web\|title\=Ross Hutchins wins first match since cancer return\|url\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/tennis/ross\-hutchins\-wins\-first\-match\-since\-cancer\-return\-1\-3270184\|work\=The Scotsman\|access\-date\=16 January 2014}} They then lost in the second round to seventh seeds [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna "Rohan Bopanna") and [Aisam\-ul\-Haq Qureshi](/wiki/Aisam-ul-Haq_Qureshi "Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi"). On 5 March, Hutchins became the new tournament director at Queen's Club, looking after tennis decisions and player/ATP relations during the tournament week.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/mar/05/ross\-hutchins\-andy\-murray\-friend\-queens\-tennis\-tournament\-director\|title\=Ross Hutchins takes over as Queen's tennis tournament director\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=5 March 2014}} Hutchins/Fleming made it to the final of the [BMW Open](/wiki/2014_BMW_Open "2014 BMW Open") in Munich, where they lost to [Jamie Murray](/wiki/Jamie_Murray "Jamie Murray") and [John Peers](/wiki/John_Peers "John Peers"). They then made a semifinal run at the [Aegon International](/wiki/2014_Aegon_International "2014 Aegon International") tournament, losing to [Treat Huey](/wiki/Treat_Huey "Treat Huey") and [Dominic Inglot](/wiki/Dominic_Inglot "Dominic Inglot"). Hutchins/Fleming were knocked out in the first round of the [men's doubles at the US Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2014 US Open – Men's doubles") by the number 3 seeds [Daniel Nestor](/wiki/Daniel_Nestor "Daniel Nestor") and [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 "Nenad Zimonjić").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tenniscanada.com/index.php?pid\=5924 \|title\=Nestor/Zimonjic Advance at US Open \|author\= \|date\=27 August 2014 \|website\=\[\[Tennis Canada]]\|access\-date\=12 September 2014}} However Hutchins partnered with [Chan Yung\-jan](/wiki/Chan_Yung-jan "Chan Yung-jan") in the [mixed doubles](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles "2014 US Open – Mixed doubles"), where they reached the semi\-finals before being narrowly defeated by top seeds [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares "Bruno Soares") and [Sania Mirza](/wiki/Sania_Mirza "Sania Mirza").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29172148 \|title\=Ross Hutchins announces retirement from tennis \|author\= \|date\=12 September 2014 \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|access\-date\=12 September 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/us\-open\-2014\-ross\-hutchins\-and\-yungjan\-chan\-beaten\-in\-mixed\-doubles\-semifinal\-9710279\.html \|title\=US Open 2014: Ross Hutchins and Yung\-Jan Chan beaten in mixed doubles semi\-final\|date\=4 September 2014 \|website\=\[\[The Independent]] \|access\-date\=12 September 2014}} Hutchins announced his retirement from professional tennis on 12 September. On 30 September, Hutchins left his role as tournament director of the Aegon Championships to take up a new position as the ATP's vice\-president of player relations. In December, Hutchins made his debut at the Statoil Masters Tennis, held at the Royal Albert Hall, teaming up with Jamie Murray in the doubles. Hutchins and Jamie Murray beat [Sergi Bruguera](/wiki/Sergi_Bruguera "Sergi Bruguera") and [Xavier Malisse](/wiki/Xavier_Malisse "Xavier Malisse") 6–4,2–6,10–8\. [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman "Tim Henman") and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick") beat Hutchins and Jaime Murray 8–6\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/sport/tennis/11657957\.Hutchins\_makes\_his\_Masters\_bow\_in\_the\_historic\_Royal\_Albert\_Hall/\|title\=Hutchins makes his Masters bow in the historic Royal Albert Hall\|date\=11 December 2014 \|work\=Sutton Guardian}}
[ "Career\n------", "### 2003–2006", "Hutchins first started playing in [futures](/wiki/Futures_tournaments \"Futures tournaments\") and qualifying tournaments in the UK in 2003 and internationally in 2004\\. [Ross Hutchins Results](http://steveghelper.com/MatchResults.php?countries=&players=hutchins&weektype=this&weeks=300&from_date=&weeks_back=) SteveGTennis. Retrieved 30–05–08", "In 2004, he lost consciousness and collapsed due to hydration problems after practicing hard in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Hutchins was hospitalised 20 times which was one of the reasons he gave up singles and turned to less tiring doubles in 2007\\.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10863721/Ross\\-Hutchins\\-interview\\-I\\-knew\\-it\\-was\\-cancer.html\\|title\\= Ross Hutchins interview: 'I knew it was cancer'\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\= 31 May 2014}}", "In February 2005 he achieved his first professional tournament victory in the [Delmont futures](/wiki/Delmont_futures \"Delmont futures\") doubles tournament in Switzerland with [Henry Adjei\\-Darko](/wiki/Henry_Adjei-Darko \"Henry Adjei-Darko\"), with further futures doubles victories following. He made his [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 \"Grand Slam (tennis)\") debut at the [2005](/wiki/2005_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles\") [Wimbledon](/wiki/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon \"The Championships, Wimbledon\") Men's Doubles, partnering [Martin Lee](/wiki/Martin_Lee_%28tennis%29 \"Martin Lee (tennis)\"), though the pair lost to [Jean\\-François Bachelot](/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bachelot \"Jean-François Bachelot\") and [Arnaud Clément](/wiki/Arnaud_Cl%C3%A9ment \"Arnaud Clément\"). His first singles final came in a futures tournament in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") the subsequent November.", "Hutchins success as a doubles player on the futures circuit continued, and he returned more successfully to the [2006 edition of Wimbledon](/wiki/2006_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles\") with regular partner [Joshua Goodall](/wiki/Joshua_Goodall \"Joshua Goodall\"). The pair reached the second round, having defeated [Christophe Rochus](/wiki/Christophe_Rochus \"Christophe Rochus\") and [Stanislas Wawrinka](/wiki/Stanislas_Wawrinka \"Stanislas Wawrinka\") in round one.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/819644\\.Goodall\\_and\\_partner\\_give\\_doubles\\_seeds\\_a\\_scare/\\|title\\=Goodall and partner give doubles seeds a scare\\|newspaper\\=Southern Daily Echo\\|date\\=5 July 2006}}", "Soon after, they reached the final of their first [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Series \"ATP Challenger Series\") tournament, in [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham \"Nottingham\"). Hutchins chose to concentrate on doubles following tournament success with Goodall.", "### 2007", "2007 saw Hutchins winning more futures tournaments. His most successful moment again came in Nottingham, this time reaching his first [ATP Tour](/wiki/ATP_Tour \"ATP Tour\") final, again with Goodall. On the way they beat top seeds [Jonathan Erlich](/wiki/Jonathan_Erlich \"Jonathan Erlich\") and [Andy Ram](/wiki/Andy_Ram \"Andy Ram\"). By the end of the year, Hutchins had broken into the world top 100 doubles ranking, having chosen to focus on the discipline.[Ross Hutchins ranking history](http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/rankhistory.asp?playernumber=H635&selyear=2007) ATP Tour. Retrieved 30/05/08", "### 2008", "Hutchins began to play more regularly in ATP tournaments with his new partner [Stephen Huss](/wiki/Stephen_Huss_%28tennis%29 \"Stephen Huss (tennis)\"). They achieved a surprise result in the [French Open](/wiki/2008_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Bottom_half \"2008 French Open – Men's doubles#Bottom half\"), beating fourth seeds [Mahesh Bhupathi](/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi \"Mahesh Bhupathi\") and [Mark Knowles](/wiki/Mark_Knowles \"Mark Knowles\") in round one, eventually reaching the third round.[Hutchins serves up a shock British victory at Roland Garros](http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-sport/article-23488360-details/Hutchins+serves+up+a+shock+British+victory+at+Roland+Garros/article.do) *London Evening Standard*. Retrieved 29–05–08", "Hutchins made his [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\") debut for [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_team \"Great Britain Davis Cup team\") in the [World Group first round match](/wiki/2008_Davis_Cup_World_Group%23Argentina_vs._Great_Britain \"2008 Davis Cup World Group#Argentina vs. Great Britain\") against [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina_davis_cup_team \"Argentina davis cup team\"). Hutchins and [Jamie Murray](/wiki/Jamie_Murray \"Jamie Murray\") played in and lost the doubles match, Great Britain eventually losing 4–1\\. This was Great Britain's first World Group match since 2003, and now faced a relegation play\\-off with Austria.{{cite news\\|url\\= http://www.daviscup.com/en/draws\\-results/tie/details.aspx?tieId\\=100010158\\|title\\= Argentina Davis Cup Results\\|publisher\\= Davis Cup\\|date\\= 10 February 2008}}", "He bounced back immediately at the [China Open](/wiki/2008_China_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2008 China Open (tennis)\"), where he and Huss clinched their first ATP Tour victory.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/beijing/747/2008/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=Beijing ATP champion\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=28 September 2008}} Towards the end of the season, Hutchins also played some tournaments with Murray's former partner [Eric Butorac](/wiki/Eric_Butorac \"Eric Butorac\").", "In December, Andy Murray invited Ross Hutchins to his luxurious winter training base in Miami.{{cite news\\|url\\= https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/andy\\-murray\\-is\\-ready\\-to\\-muscle\\-in\\-at\\-the\\-top\\-6920505\\.html\\|title\\= Andy Murray is ready to muscle in at the top\\|newspaper\\=London Evening Standard\\|date\\= 31 December 2008}}", "### 2009", "In 2009, Hutchins switched to singles for the first time, playing in the qualifying tournament in the new ATP tour event in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\"). He beat Denys Molchanov in the final round 7–5 6–1 to be the first British player to qualify for an ATP event since James Ward qualified for the Artois Championships in June 2008\\. He should get a new singles ranking of around 1200 after qualifying.", "He concentrated on doubles, however, and with his ranking now in the top 50 competed regularly with [Stephen Huss](/wiki/Stephen_Huss_%28tennis%29 \"Stephen Huss (tennis)\") in [Masters](/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000 \"ATP Masters 1000\") tournaments. A good start to the season saw the pair reach three quarter\\-finals at these top level tournaments, and Hutchins reached a career peak ranking of number 33 in May 2009\\.", "In March, Hutchins was selected for Great Britain's Davis Cup team for their [Europe/Africa Zone Group I match against Ukraine](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Ukraine_vs._Great_Britain \"2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Ukraine vs. Great Britain\") in [Renfrewshire](/wiki/Renfrewshire \"Renfrewshire\"). Hutchins and Colin Fleming lost a tightly contested match to [Sergiy Stakhovsky](/wiki/Sergiy_Stakhovsky \"Sergiy Stakhovsky\") and [Sergei Bubka](/wiki/Sergei_Bubka_%28tennis%29 \"Sergei Bubka (tennis)\"), Ukraine winning 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 to give Ukraine an unassailable 3–0 lead.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/07/david\\-cup\\-tennis\\-great\\-britain\\-ukraine\\|work\\=The Guardian\n\\|title\\=Hutchins and Fleming can't save Great Britain's Davis Cup challenge\\|date\\=7 March 2009}}", "As they struggled to win matches and when they did they couldn't make it two in a row. This run of form continued from Madrid until the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\"). Where upon losing in the first round Huss and Hutchins split.", "In September, Hutchins was called to the Great British Davis Cup squad for the [Europe/Africa Zone Group I play\\-offs](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Poland \"2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Poland\") in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"). Hutchins' partner [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\") was hampered by a wrist injury which forced Hutchins to play out of position, and they lost 7–5, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 to [Marcin Matkowski](/wiki/Marcin_Matkowski \"Marcin Matkowski\") and [Mariusz Fyrstenberg](/wiki/Mariusz_Fyrstenberg \"Mariusz Fyrstenberg\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy\\-murray\\-davis\\-cup\\-gb\\-poland\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|title\\=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup'\\|date\\=19 September 2009}} Great Britain lost 3–2, and was relegated to the third tier of the Davis Cup.", "Following the Davis Cup, he teamed up with [Jordan Kerr](/wiki/Jordan_Kerr \"Jordan Kerr\") and [Horia Tecău](/wiki/Horia_Tec%C4%83u \"Horia Tecău\") alternately in subsequent tournaments.\nIn his first event with the pair of them they won one and lost one. It then clicked with Kerr in their second tournament together as they reached the final of the [Japan Open](/wiki/2009_Rakuten_Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2009 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles\"), which they lost to [Jürgen Melzer](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Melzer \"Jürgen Melzer\") and [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle \"Julian Knowle\").", "Two first round losses with Tecau and one with Kerr followed before dropping down and making the semis of a challenger event with Tecau before losing in the first round of another challenger, Hutchins last tournament of 2009\\.", "In December, Hutchins again stayed with Andy Murray at his Miami training base.", "### 2010", "2010 saw [Jordan Kerr](/wiki/Jordan_Kerr \"Jordan Kerr\") become Hutchins' partner full\\-time. The season started brightly after a 1st round exit in [Brisbane](/wiki/2010_Brisbane_International_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2010 Brisbane International – Men's doubles\"), they made it to the final in Sydney losing to [Daniel Nestor](/wiki/Daniel_Nestor \"Daniel Nestor\") and [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 \"Nenad Zimonjić\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/sydney/338/2010/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=Sydney ATP\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=16 January 2010}} They went out in the first round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2010_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Section_1 \"2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles#Section 1\"), before making their second final of the year in [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis_Open_%28tennis%29 \"Memphis Open (tennis)\"). This time losing to [John Isner](/wiki/John_Isner \"John Isner\") and [Sam Querrey](/wiki/Sam_Querrey \"Sam Querrey\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/memphis/402/2010/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=Memphis ATP\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=21 February 2010}}", "A succession of 1st round exits followed with Kerr and Hutchins' also teamed up with his friend and Davis Cup teammate [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\"). They lost in the 1st round at [Indian Wells](/wiki/2010_BNP_Paribas_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2010 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles\"), but won their first match in 11 months as a partnership at the [Monte\\-Carlo Masters](/wiki/2010_Monte-Carlo_Rolex_Masters_%E2%80%93_Doubles%23Bottom_Half \"2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles#Bottom Half\") beating Cermak and Martinak before losing to [the Bryan brothers](/wiki/The_Bryan_brothers \"The Bryan brothers\") on a champions tie break.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/monte\\-carlo/410/2010/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=Monte Carlo ATP\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=18 April 2010}}", "In October, at the [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games \"2010 Commonwealth Games\") in Delhi, England's Hutchins and [Ken Skupski](/wiki/Ken_Skupski \"Ken Skupski\") won the [Doubles Silver Medal](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games \"Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games\"), by losing to Australians [Paul Hanley](/wiki/Paul_Hanley_%28tennis%29 \"Paul Hanley (tennis)\") and [Peter Luczak](/wiki/Peter_Luczak \"Peter Luczak\") in the final.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth\\_games/delhi\\_2010/9077071\\.stm\\|title\\=Commonwealth Games 2010: England take doubles silver \\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=9 October 2010}}\nA few days later, Hutchins and Ken Skupski were opponents in the [Mixed Doubles](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles \"Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Mixed doubles\"), Ken Skupski and [Sarah Borwell](/wiki/Sarah_Borwell \"Sarah Borwell\") beating Hutchins and [Anna Smith](/wiki/Anna_Smith_%28tennis%29 \"Anna Smith (tennis)\") to win the bronze medal.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Wimbledons\\-Hutchins\\-proud\\-of\\-Delhi\\-silver\\-35371113\\-101210\\|title\\=Wimbledon's Hutchins proud of Delhi silver\\|publisher\\=Fox Sports\\|date\\=12 October 2010}}", "Hutchins and [Colin Fleming](/wiki/Colin_Fleming \"Colin Fleming\") agreed to begin next year as steady partners, and in November they had a winning start at the [Kazakhstan Challenger](/wiki/2010_President%27s_Cup_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2010 President's Cup – Doubles\"){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview\\-colin\\-fleming\\-1\\-826938\\|work\\=The Scotsman\\|title\\=Interview: Colin Fleming\\|date\\=29 October 2010}}", "### 2011", "Hutchins and Colin Fleming struggled with injuries and interruptions for much of the first six months.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/8607279/Wimbledon\\-2011\\-Britons\\-Ross\\-Hutchins\\-and\\-Colin\\-Fleming\\-bow\\-out\\-in\\-quarter\\-finals.html\\|title\\=Wimbledon 2011: Britons Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming bow out in quarter\\-finals\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=29 June 2011}}", "In April, while Ross Hutchins, recovered from injury, Fleming continued playing with other doubles partners.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/13020118\\|title\\=Colin Fleming and Igor Zelenay beaten in Morocco final\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=9 April 2011}}", "At the beginning of June, Hutchins/Fleming won the [Aegon Trophy](/wiki/2011_Aegon_Trophy_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2011 Aegon Trophy – Men's doubles\") Challenger in Nottingham.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/nottingham/1631/2011/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=Nottingham Challenger\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=5 June 2011}}", "At [Wimbledon](/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Finals \"2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles#Finals\"), Hutchins and Fleming both had their best performances at a Grand Slam event in doubles, defeating 7th seeds [Mariusz Fyrstenberg](/wiki/Mariusz_Fyrstenberg \"Mariusz Fyrstenberg\") and [Marcin Matkowski](/wiki/Marcin_Matkowski \"Marcin Matkowski\") in the first round. Hutchins and Fleming won their first\\-ever five\\-set match together over [Dmitry Tursunov](/wiki/Dmitry_Tursunov \"Dmitry Tursunov\") and [Grigor Dimitrov](/wiki/Grigor_Dimitrov \"Grigor Dimitrov\") in the second round,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/8604637/Wimbledon\\-2011\\-Ross\\-Hutchins\\-and\\-Colin\\-Fleming\\-deliver\\-double\\-delight.html\\|title\\=Wimbledon 2011: Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming deliver double delight\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=28 June 2011}} on the way to the quarter\\-finals, where the pair lost a very tight five set thriller to [Christopher Kas](/wiki/Christopher_Kas \"Christopher Kas\") and [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya \"Alexander Peya\") 4–6, 4–6, 7–6(7–2\\), 6–2, 4–6\\. They were the first British pair to reach the quarter\\-finals of the men's doubles tournament at Wimbledon since 1993\\. It was announced on the morning of the quarter\\-finals that Fleming had been picked alongside Jamie Murray for the doubles rubber for Britain's Davis Cup tie against Luxembourg in two weekends' time, leaving Hutchins on the sidelines. Fleming said \"I think the team was picked before we went on a run to the quarters here.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/8604637/Wimbledon\\-2011\\-Ross\\-Hutchins\\-and\\-Colin\\-Fleming\\-deliver\\-double\\-delight.html\\|title\\=Wimbledon 2011: Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming deliver double delight\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=28 June 2011}}", "Just before Great Britain's match [against Luxembourg](/wiki/2011_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_II%23Great_Britain_vs._Luxembourg \"2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II#Great Britain vs. Luxembourg\"), Fleming had a slight niggle in his foot so he was replaced by [Dan Evans](/wiki/Dan_Evans_%28tennis%29 \"Dan Evans (tennis)\") as the back\\-up player.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jul/07/andy\\-murray\\-davis\\-cup\\|title\\=Andy Murray 'motivated' for Great Britain's Davis Cup match in Glasgow\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=7 July 2011}} In the event, it was James Ward, Andy Murray and Jamie Murray who played, with Great Britain winning 4–1\\.", "Two months later at the [US Open](/wiki/2011_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles%23Finals \"2011 US Open – Men's doubles#Finals\"), Hutchins/Fleming equalled their Wimbledon performance, once again reaching the quarterfinals. Despite a victory over 2nd seeds [Max Mirnyi](/wiki/Max_Mirnyi \"Max Mirnyi\") and [Daniel Nestor](/wiki/Daniel_Nestor \"Daniel Nestor\") in their second match, they ultimately lost in three sets to [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna \"Rohan Bopanna\") and [Aisam\\-ul\\-Haq Qureshi](/wiki/Aisam-ul-Haq_Qureshi \"Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi\"), blowing a match point opportunity in the deciding set.", "Then in September, at the [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\"), Hutchins/Fleming helped [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_Team \"Great Britain Davis Cup Team\") win their promotion tie 5–0 [against Hungary](/wiki/2011_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_II%23Great_Britain_vs._Hungary \"2011 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II#Great Britain vs. Hungary\") to advance to Group I.{{cite news\\|title\\= Great Britain beat Hungary to earn promotion in the Davis Cup\\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/sep/17/great\\-britain\\-davis\\-cup\\-hungary\\|newspaper\\= The Guardian\\|date\\= 17 September 2011}}", "Hutchins/Fleming later reached the semi\\-finals of the [Open de Moselle](/wiki/2011_Open_de_Moselle_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2011 Open de Moselle – Doubles\") in Metz but lost to second seeds [Lukáš Dlouhý](/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Dlouh%C3%BD \"Lukáš Dlouhý\") and [Marcelo Melo](/wiki/Marcelo_Melo \"Marcelo Melo\") in three sets.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/metz/341/2011/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=Metz ATP\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=25 September 2011}} \nBut a few weeks later he did win his first ATP title of the year and his third career title with Colin Fleming at the [St. Petersburg Open](/wiki/2011_St._Petersburg_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2011 St. Petersburg Open – Doubles\"). They defeated [Michail Elgin](/wiki/Michail_Elgin \"Michail Elgin\") and [Alexander Kudryavtsev](/wiki/Alexander_Kudryavtsev \"Alexander Kudryavtsev\") in three sets 6–3, 6–7(5–7\\), \\[10–8]. This was Hutchins' first ATP title with Fleming.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/scores/archive/st\\-petersburg/568/2011/results?matchType\\=doubles\\|title\\=St. Petersburg Open ATP\\|publisher\\=ATP World Tour\\|date\\=30 October 2011}}", "His final tournament of the year was at the [Paris Masters](/wiki/2011_BNP_Paribas_Masters_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles\") partnering Andy Murray, they lost in the second round in straight sets to [Oliver Marach](/wiki/Oliver_Marach \"Oliver Marach\") and [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya \"Alexander Peya\"). Hutchins' 2011 year\\-end ranking was No.43 in the world.", "### 2012", "In his first grand slam for the 2012 season Hutchins and partner Colin Fleming reached the third round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open \"2012 Australian Open\") for the first time, only to lose to top seeds [The Bryan brothers](/wiki/The_Bryan_brothers \"The Bryan brothers\") 4–6, 6–0, 2–6\\.", "In February, Hutchins and Fleming were called for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Slovakia](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia \"2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia\"). James Ward's loss and Dan Evans' win put the tie at 1–1 on the first day, then Fleming and Hutchins beat [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k \"Michal Mertiňák\") and [Filip Polášek](/wiki/Filip_Pol%C3%A1%C5%A1ek \"Filip Polášek\") 6–3 7–6(7–4\\) 0–6 6–3\\. With Dan Evans winning his second match, Great Britain eventually won 3–2, making a fifth consecutive Davis Cup win under captain Leon Smith.", "Hutchins won his second title with Fleming and his first for the 2012 season at the 2012 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships defeating [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k \"Michal Mertiňák\") and [André Sá](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_S%C3%A1 \"André Sá\") 2–6, 7–6(7–5\\), \\[15–13], a result which elevated his doubles ranking to a career high of world No.27\\.", "In April, Hutchins and Fleming were selected for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Belgium](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia \"2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia\"). After [Josh Goodall](/wiki/Joshua_Goodall \"Joshua Goodall\") and Dan Evans lost on the first day, Fleming and Hutchins made it three straight victories in the competition by beating [Ruben Bemelmans](/wiki/Ruben_Bemelmans \"Ruben Bemelmans\") and [David Goffin](/wiki/David_Goffin \"David Goffin\") 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/07/fleming\\-hutchins\\-british\\-davis\\-cup\\|title\\=Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins keep British Davis Cup hopes alive\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=7 April 2012}} Great Britain were eventually beaten 4–1, ending Leon Smith's 5 match winning run as Davis Cup Captain.", "In mid\\-June, after being out of action for a while with an ankle injury, Hutchins won his second title of the year and his first on home soil, again partnering Colin Fleming, at the [Aegon International](/wiki/2012_Aegon_International_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2012 Aegon International – Men's doubles\"), defeating fellow Brits and good friends [Jamie Delgado](/wiki/Jamie_Delgado \"Jamie Delgado\") and [Ken Skupski](/wiki/Ken_Skupski \"Ken Skupski\") 6–4, 6–3\\. This was Hutchins' third title with Fleming.", "However, they had a disappointing run at Wimbledon going out in the first round in five sets, even though they took the first two 6–3, 6–4, 2–6, 6–7(5–7\\), 3–6 to [Mikhail Kukushkin](/wiki/Mikhail_Kukushkin \"Mikhail Kukushkin\") and [Lukáš Rosol](/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosol \"Lukáš Rosol\"). Hutchins did however have a better run in the mixed doubles event, making it into the second round partnering [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson \"Heather Watson\"), losing in three sets to third seeds [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 \"Nenad Zimonjić\") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik \"Katarina Srebotnik\") 7–5, 4–6, 4–6\\.", "In their first tournament after Wimbledon, Hutchins and Fleming competed at the [Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships](/wiki/Campbell%27s_Hall_of_Fame_Tennis_Championships \"Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships\"). They reached the final but were defeated by [Santiago González](/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28tennis%29 \"Santiago González (tennis)\") and [Scott Lipsky](/wiki/Scott_Lipsky \"Scott Lipsky\") in straight sets 6–7(3–7\\), 3–6\\.", "Having lost in the semi\\-finals at the [BB\\&T Atlanta Open](/wiki/BB%26T_Atlanta_Open \"BB&T Atlanta Open\") Hutchins next competed at the [London 2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics\") in the doubles event alongside doubles partner Colin Fleming. They then lost in the first round to [France](/wiki/France_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"France at the 2012 Summer Olympics\") ([Benneteau](/wiki/Julien_Benneteau \"Julien Benneteau\") \\& [Gasquet](/wiki/Richard_Gasquet \"Richard Gasquet\")) in straight sets 5–7, 3–6\\.", "At the last Major of the season, Hutchins and Fleming made it to the third round of the [US Open](/wiki/2012_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2012 US Open (tennis)\") before being beaten by brothers and home favorites [Ryan Harrison](/wiki/Ryan_Harrison_%28tennis%29 \"Ryan Harrison (tennis)\") and [Christian Harrison](/wiki/Christian_Harrison \"Christian Harrison\") in straight sets 3–6, 4–6\\.", "After a poor run at the St. Petersburg Open, Hutchins and Fleming next headed off to Asia. They made the final in their first tournament at the Malaysia Open, this being their fourth final of the season. After a bright start they lost the final in three sets 7–5, 5–7, \\[7–10] to [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya \"Alexander Peya\") and [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares \"Bruno Soares\").", "At the penultimate masters 1000 of the season, Hutchins and Fleming had their best run at a masters 1000 event making the semi\\-finals, only to lose narrowly to Indian duo [Mahesh Bhupathi](/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi \"Mahesh Bhupathi\") and [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna \"Rohan Bopanna\") 7–6(7–4\\), 3–6, \\[8–10] despite serving for the match.", "### 2013", "Ross Hutchins was diagnosed with [Hodgkin's lymphoma](/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma \"Hodgkin's lymphoma\") in December 2012, and took an indefinite break from tennis while he recovered. His friend [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\") dedicated his victory at the [2013 Brisbane International](/wiki/2013_Brisbane_International \"2013 Brisbane International\") to Hutchins.{{cite news\\|title\\=Andy Murray dedicates Brisbane International victory to his close friend Ross Hutchins following cancer diagnosis\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/9783901/Andy\\-Murray\\-dedicates\\-Brisbane\\-International\\-victory\\-to\\-his\\-close\\-friend\\-Ross\\-Hutchins\\-following\\-cancer\\-diagnosis.html\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2013\\|location\\=London\\|first\\=Simon\\|last\\=Briggs\\|date\\=6 January 2013}} Hutchins underwent [chemotherapy](/wiki/Chemotherapy \"Chemotherapy\") treatment at the [Royal Marsden Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Marsden_Hospital \"Royal Marsden Hospital\") in [Sutton](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton \"London Borough of Sutton\"),{{cite news\\|last\\=McRae\\|first\\=Donald\\|title\\=Ross Hutchins on Andy Murray's friendship and fighting cancer\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/may/06/ross\\-hutchins\\-andy\\-murray\\-cancer\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=6 May 2013\\|location\\=London\\|date\\=6 May 2013}} which ended in June 2013\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Joynson, Danielle\\|title\\=Ross Hutchins: \"I feel strong after final chemotherapy session'\\|url\\=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off\\-the\\-pitch/news/hutchins\\-i\\-feel\\-strong\\-now\\_89327\\.html\\|publisher\\=Sports Mole\\|access\\-date\\=17 June 2013}}", "In April, Hutchins provided match analysis for [the Davis Cup tie versus Russia](/wiki/2013_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Russia \"2013 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Russia\").{{cite news\n\\|title\\= Great Britain come from 2–0 down to beat Russia 3–2 in Davis Cup tie to earn World Group play\\-off\n\\|url\\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/daviscup/9977657/Great\\-Britain\\-come\\-from\\-2\\-0\\-down\\-to\\-beat\\-Russia\\-3\\-2\\-in\\-Davis\\-Cup\\-tie\\-to\\-earn\\-World\\-Group\\-play\\-off.html\n\\|work\\= The Telegraph\n\\|date\\= 7 April 2013\n\\|access\\-date\\= 7 April 2013}} James Ward and Dan Evans lost their opening singles matches, but the GB doubles pairing of Colin Fleming and [Jonny Marray](/wiki/Jonathan_Marray \"Jonathan Marray\") reduced the deficit a day later, before James Ward levelled the tie at 2–2 after beating [Dmitri Tursunov](/wiki/Dmitri_Tursunov \"Dmitri Tursunov\") in five sets. Evans completed an unlikely comeback, defeating world no. 80 [Evgeny Donskoy](/wiki/Evgeny_Donskoy \"Evgeny Donskoy\") comprehensively in straight sets, thus securing what was described as a \"famous victory\".{{cite news\\|title\\= Davis Cup 2013: Great Britain shock Russia in Coventry\n\\|url\\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22059002\n\\|work\\= BBC Sport\n\\|date\\= 7 April 2013}} The last time Great Britain had come from 2–0 down to win a Davis Cup tie was 83 years ago against Germany, Consequently, Great Britain won a place in the 16\\-team [World Group play\\-offs](/wiki/2013_Davis_Cup_World_Group_play-offs \"2013 Davis Cup World Group play-offs\") in September.", "Hutchins and Andy Murray arranged a charity tennis event 'Rally Against Cancer', which included the participation of Andy Murray and [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman \"Tim Henman\"), [Ivan Lendl](/wiki/Ivan_Lendl \"Ivan Lendl\"), [Tomáš Berdych](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdych \"Tomáš Berdych\"), [Richard Branson](/wiki/Richard_Branson \"Richard Branson\"), actor [Eddie Redmayne](/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne \"Eddie Redmayne\"), comedians [Michael McIntyre](/wiki/Michael_McIntyre \"Michael McIntyre\") and [Jimmy Carr](/wiki/Jimmy_Carr \"Jimmy Carr\"), [Jonathan Ross](/wiki/Jonathan_Ross \"Jonathan Ross\"), and Mayor of London [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\"). It took place at the [Queen's Club](/wiki/Queen%27s_Club \"Queen's Club\") immediately after the [2013 Aegon Championships](/wiki/2013_Aegon_Championships \"2013 Aegon Championships\") to raise money for the Royal Marsden. Hutchins revealed in July 2013 that his cancer was now in [remission](/wiki/Remission_%28medicine%29 \"Remission (medicine)\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Ross Hutchins' cancer in remission\\|url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/223821\\.html\\|publisher\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2013}}", "In December, Hutchins along with James Ward and Kyle Edmund, stayed with Andy Murray at his training camp in Miami.\n{{cite news \\|title\\= Andy Murray training sessions in Miami heat helped Ross Hutchins beat cancer \n\\|url\\= http://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/other\\-sport/tennis/ross\\-hutchins\\-andy\\-murray\\-training\\-3026433?pageNumber\\=8\\|work\\=Irish Mirror\\|date\\= 15 January 2014}}\n{{cite news \\|title\\= Yorkshire teenager Edmund can show world what he can do if given chance – Davis Cup captain\n\\|url\\= http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/yorkshire\\-teenager\\-edmund\\-can\\-show\\-world\\-what\\-he\\-can\\-do\\-if\\-given\\-chance\\-davis\\-cup\\-captain\\-1\\-6388638 \\|work\\= Yorkshire Post\\|date\\= 22 January 2014}}", "### 2014", "Following his illness, Hutchins returned to competitive tennis in January at the [Brisbane International](/wiki/2014_Brisbane_International \"2014 Brisbane International\"), again partnering [Colin Fleming](/wiki/Colin_Fleming \"Colin Fleming\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Ross Hutchins beaten on return from illness in Brisbane\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25567346\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2014}} While the pair lost their first two matches of the year, they gained their maiden win after Hutchins' return in the first round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2014_Australian_Open \"2014 Australian Open\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Ross Hutchins wins first match since cancer return\\|url\\=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/tennis/ross\\-hutchins\\-wins\\-first\\-match\\-since\\-cancer\\-return\\-1\\-3270184\\|work\\=The Scotsman\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2014}} They then lost in the second round to seventh seeds [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna \"Rohan Bopanna\") and [Aisam\\-ul\\-Haq Qureshi](/wiki/Aisam-ul-Haq_Qureshi \"Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi\").", "On 5 March, Hutchins became the new tournament director at Queen's Club, looking after tennis decisions and player/ATP relations during the tournament week.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/mar/05/ross\\-hutchins\\-andy\\-murray\\-friend\\-queens\\-tennis\\-tournament\\-director\\|title\\=Ross Hutchins takes over as Queen's tennis tournament director\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=5 March 2014}}", "Hutchins/Fleming made it to the final of the [BMW Open](/wiki/2014_BMW_Open \"2014 BMW Open\") in Munich, where they lost to [Jamie Murray](/wiki/Jamie_Murray \"Jamie Murray\") and [John Peers](/wiki/John_Peers \"John Peers\"). They then made a semifinal run at the [Aegon International](/wiki/2014_Aegon_International \"2014 Aegon International\") tournament, losing to [Treat Huey](/wiki/Treat_Huey \"Treat Huey\") and [Dominic Inglot](/wiki/Dominic_Inglot \"Dominic Inglot\").", "Hutchins/Fleming were knocked out in the first round of the [men's doubles at the US Open](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2014 US Open – Men's doubles\") by the number 3 seeds [Daniel Nestor](/wiki/Daniel_Nestor \"Daniel Nestor\") and [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 \"Nenad Zimonjić\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tenniscanada.com/index.php?pid\\=5924 \\|title\\=Nestor/Zimonjic Advance at US Open \\|author\\= \\|date\\=27 August 2014 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Tennis Canada]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2014}} However Hutchins partnered with [Chan Yung\\-jan](/wiki/Chan_Yung-jan \"Chan Yung-jan\") in the [mixed doubles](/wiki/2014_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles \"2014 US Open – Mixed doubles\"), where they reached the semi\\-finals before being narrowly defeated by top seeds [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares \"Bruno Soares\") and [Sania Mirza](/wiki/Sania_Mirza \"Sania Mirza\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/29172148 \\|title\\=Ross Hutchins announces retirement from tennis \\|author\\= \\|date\\=12 September 2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/us\\-open\\-2014\\-ross\\-hutchins\\-and\\-yungjan\\-chan\\-beaten\\-in\\-mixed\\-doubles\\-semifinal\\-9710279\\.html \\|title\\=US Open 2014: Ross Hutchins and Yung\\-Jan Chan beaten in mixed doubles semi\\-final\\|date\\=4 September 2014 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2014}}", "Hutchins announced his retirement from professional tennis on 12 September.\nOn 30 September, Hutchins left his role as tournament director of the Aegon Championships to take up a new position as the ATP's vice\\-president of player relations.", "In December, Hutchins made his debut at the Statoil Masters Tennis, held at the Royal Albert Hall, teaming up with Jamie Murray in the doubles. Hutchins and Jamie Murray beat [Sergi Bruguera](/wiki/Sergi_Bruguera \"Sergi Bruguera\") and [Xavier Malisse](/wiki/Xavier_Malisse \"Xavier Malisse\") 6–4,2–6,10–8\\. [Tim Henman](/wiki/Tim_Henman \"Tim Henman\") and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\") beat Hutchins and Jaime Murray 8–6\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/sport/tennis/11657957\\.Hutchins\\_makes\\_his\\_Masters\\_bow\\_in\\_the\\_historic\\_Royal\\_Albert\\_Hall/\\|title\\=Hutchins makes his Masters bow in the historic Royal Albert Hall\\|date\\=11 December 2014 \\|work\\=Sutton Guardian}}", "" ]
### 2009 In 2009, Hutchins switched to singles for the first time, playing in the qualifying tournament in the new ATP tour event in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"). He beat Denys Molchanov in the final round 7–5 6–1 to be the first British player to qualify for an ATP event since James Ward qualified for the Artois Championships in June 2008\. He should get a new singles ranking of around 1200 after qualifying. He concentrated on doubles, however, and with his ranking now in the top 50 competed regularly with [Stephen Huss](/wiki/Stephen_Huss_%28tennis%29 "Stephen Huss (tennis)") in [Masters](/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000 "ATP Masters 1000") tournaments. A good start to the season saw the pair reach three quarter\-finals at these top level tournaments, and Hutchins reached a career peak ranking of number 33 in May 2009\. In March, Hutchins was selected for Great Britain's Davis Cup team for their [Europe/Africa Zone Group I match against Ukraine](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Ukraine_vs._Great_Britain "2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Ukraine vs. Great Britain") in [Renfrewshire](/wiki/Renfrewshire "Renfrewshire"). Hutchins and Colin Fleming lost a tightly contested match to [Sergiy Stakhovsky](/wiki/Sergiy_Stakhovsky "Sergiy Stakhovsky") and [Sergei Bubka](/wiki/Sergei_Bubka_%28tennis%29 "Sergei Bubka (tennis)"), Ukraine winning 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 to give Ukraine an unassailable 3–0 lead.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/07/david\-cup\-tennis\-great\-britain\-ukraine\|work\=The Guardian \|title\=Hutchins and Fleming can't save Great Britain's Davis Cup challenge\|date\=7 March 2009}} As they struggled to win matches and when they did they couldn't make it two in a row. This run of form continued from Madrid until the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 "US Open (tennis)"). Where upon losing in the first round Huss and Hutchins split. In September, Hutchins was called to the Great British Davis Cup squad for the [Europe/Africa Zone Group I play\-offs](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Poland "2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Poland") in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"). Hutchins' partner [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray "Andy Murray") was hampered by a wrist injury which forced Hutchins to play out of position, and they lost 7–5, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 to [Marcin Matkowski](/wiki/Marcin_Matkowski "Marcin Matkowski") and [Mariusz Fyrstenberg](/wiki/Mariusz_Fyrstenberg "Mariusz Fyrstenberg").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy\-murray\-davis\-cup\-gb\-poland\|work\=The Guardian\|title\=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup'\|date\=19 September 2009}} Great Britain lost 3–2, and was relegated to the third tier of the Davis Cup. Following the Davis Cup, he teamed up with [Jordan Kerr](/wiki/Jordan_Kerr "Jordan Kerr") and [Horia Tecău](/wiki/Horia_Tec%C4%83u "Horia Tecău") alternately in subsequent tournaments. In his first event with the pair of them they won one and lost one. It then clicked with Kerr in their second tournament together as they reached the final of the [Japan Open](/wiki/2009_Rakuten_Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Doubles "2009 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles"), which they lost to [Jürgen Melzer](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Melzer "Jürgen Melzer") and [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle "Julian Knowle"). Two first round losses with Tecau and one with Kerr followed before dropping down and making the semis of a challenger event with Tecau before losing in the first round of another challenger, Hutchins last tournament of 2009\. In December, Hutchins again stayed with Andy Murray at his Miami training base.
[ "### 2009", "In 2009, Hutchins switched to singles for the first time, playing in the qualifying tournament in the new ATP tour event in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\"). He beat Denys Molchanov in the final round 7–5 6–1 to be the first British player to qualify for an ATP event since James Ward qualified for the Artois Championships in June 2008\\. He should get a new singles ranking of around 1200 after qualifying.", "He concentrated on doubles, however, and with his ranking now in the top 50 competed regularly with [Stephen Huss](/wiki/Stephen_Huss_%28tennis%29 \"Stephen Huss (tennis)\") in [Masters](/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000 \"ATP Masters 1000\") tournaments. A good start to the season saw the pair reach three quarter\\-finals at these top level tournaments, and Hutchins reached a career peak ranking of number 33 in May 2009\\.", "In March, Hutchins was selected for Great Britain's Davis Cup team for their [Europe/Africa Zone Group I match against Ukraine](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Ukraine_vs._Great_Britain \"2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Ukraine vs. Great Britain\") in [Renfrewshire](/wiki/Renfrewshire \"Renfrewshire\"). Hutchins and Colin Fleming lost a tightly contested match to [Sergiy Stakhovsky](/wiki/Sergiy_Stakhovsky \"Sergiy Stakhovsky\") and [Sergei Bubka](/wiki/Sergei_Bubka_%28tennis%29 \"Sergei Bubka (tennis)\"), Ukraine winning 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 to give Ukraine an unassailable 3–0 lead.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/07/david\\-cup\\-tennis\\-great\\-britain\\-ukraine\\|work\\=The Guardian\n\\|title\\=Hutchins and Fleming can't save Great Britain's Davis Cup challenge\\|date\\=7 March 2009}}", "As they struggled to win matches and when they did they couldn't make it two in a row. This run of form continued from Madrid until the [US Open](/wiki/US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"US Open (tennis)\"). Where upon losing in the first round Huss and Hutchins split.", "In September, Hutchins was called to the Great British Davis Cup squad for the [Europe/Africa Zone Group I play\\-offs](/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Poland \"2009 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Poland\") in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"). Hutchins' partner [Andy Murray](/wiki/Andy_Murray \"Andy Murray\") was hampered by a wrist injury which forced Hutchins to play out of position, and they lost 7–5, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 to [Marcin Matkowski](/wiki/Marcin_Matkowski \"Marcin Matkowski\") and [Mariusz Fyrstenberg](/wiki/Mariusz_Fyrstenberg \"Mariusz Fyrstenberg\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/19/andy\\-murray\\-davis\\-cup\\-gb\\-poland\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|title\\=Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beat erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup'\\|date\\=19 September 2009}} Great Britain lost 3–2, and was relegated to the third tier of the Davis Cup.", "Following the Davis Cup, he teamed up with [Jordan Kerr](/wiki/Jordan_Kerr \"Jordan Kerr\") and [Horia Tecău](/wiki/Horia_Tec%C4%83u \"Horia Tecău\") alternately in subsequent tournaments.\nIn his first event with the pair of them they won one and lost one. It then clicked with Kerr in their second tournament together as they reached the final of the [Japan Open](/wiki/2009_Rakuten_Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Doubles \"2009 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles\"), which they lost to [Jürgen Melzer](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Melzer \"Jürgen Melzer\") and [Julian Knowle](/wiki/Julian_Knowle \"Julian Knowle\").", "Two first round losses with Tecau and one with Kerr followed before dropping down and making the semis of a challenger event with Tecau before losing in the first round of another challenger, Hutchins last tournament of 2009\\.", "In December, Hutchins again stayed with Andy Murray at his Miami training base.", "" ]
### 2012 In his first grand slam for the 2012 season Hutchins and partner Colin Fleming reached the third round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open "2012 Australian Open") for the first time, only to lose to top seeds [The Bryan brothers](/wiki/The_Bryan_brothers "The Bryan brothers") 4–6, 6–0, 2–6\. In February, Hutchins and Fleming were called for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Slovakia](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia "2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia"). James Ward's loss and Dan Evans' win put the tie at 1–1 on the first day, then Fleming and Hutchins beat [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k "Michal Mertiňák") and [Filip Polášek](/wiki/Filip_Pol%C3%A1%C5%A1ek "Filip Polášek") 6–3 7–6(7–4\) 0–6 6–3\. With Dan Evans winning his second match, Great Britain eventually won 3–2, making a fifth consecutive Davis Cup win under captain Leon Smith. Hutchins won his second title with Fleming and his first for the 2012 season at the 2012 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships defeating [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k "Michal Mertiňák") and [André Sá](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_S%C3%A1 "André Sá") 2–6, 7–6(7–5\), \[15–13], a result which elevated his doubles ranking to a career high of world No.27\. In April, Hutchins and Fleming were selected for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Belgium](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia "2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia"). After [Josh Goodall](/wiki/Joshua_Goodall "Joshua Goodall") and Dan Evans lost on the first day, Fleming and Hutchins made it three straight victories in the competition by beating [Ruben Bemelmans](/wiki/Ruben_Bemelmans "Ruben Bemelmans") and [David Goffin](/wiki/David_Goffin "David Goffin") 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/07/fleming\-hutchins\-british\-davis\-cup\|title\=Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins keep British Davis Cup hopes alive\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=7 April 2012}} Great Britain were eventually beaten 4–1, ending Leon Smith's 5 match winning run as Davis Cup Captain. In mid\-June, after being out of action for a while with an ankle injury, Hutchins won his second title of the year and his first on home soil, again partnering Colin Fleming, at the [Aegon International](/wiki/2012_Aegon_International_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles "2012 Aegon International – Men's doubles"), defeating fellow Brits and good friends [Jamie Delgado](/wiki/Jamie_Delgado "Jamie Delgado") and [Ken Skupski](/wiki/Ken_Skupski "Ken Skupski") 6–4, 6–3\. This was Hutchins' third title with Fleming. However, they had a disappointing run at Wimbledon going out in the first round in five sets, even though they took the first two 6–3, 6–4, 2–6, 6–7(5–7\), 3–6 to [Mikhail Kukushkin](/wiki/Mikhail_Kukushkin "Mikhail Kukushkin") and [Lukáš Rosol](/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosol "Lukáš Rosol"). Hutchins did however have a better run in the mixed doubles event, making it into the second round partnering [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson "Heather Watson"), losing in three sets to third seeds [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 "Nenad Zimonjić") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik "Katarina Srebotnik") 7–5, 4–6, 4–6\. In their first tournament after Wimbledon, Hutchins and Fleming competed at the [Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships](/wiki/Campbell%27s_Hall_of_Fame_Tennis_Championships "Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships"). They reached the final but were defeated by [Santiago González](/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28tennis%29 "Santiago González (tennis)") and [Scott Lipsky](/wiki/Scott_Lipsky "Scott Lipsky") in straight sets 6–7(3–7\), 3–6\. Having lost in the semi\-finals at the [BB\&T Atlanta Open](/wiki/BB%26T_Atlanta_Open "BB&T Atlanta Open") Hutchins next competed at the [London 2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics") in the doubles event alongside doubles partner Colin Fleming. They then lost in the first round to [France](/wiki/France_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "France at the 2012 Summer Olympics") ([Benneteau](/wiki/Julien_Benneteau "Julien Benneteau") \& [Gasquet](/wiki/Richard_Gasquet "Richard Gasquet")) in straight sets 5–7, 3–6\. At the last Major of the season, Hutchins and Fleming made it to the third round of the [US Open](/wiki/2012_US_Open_%28tennis%29 "2012 US Open (tennis)") before being beaten by brothers and home favorites [Ryan Harrison](/wiki/Ryan_Harrison_%28tennis%29 "Ryan Harrison (tennis)") and [Christian Harrison](/wiki/Christian_Harrison "Christian Harrison") in straight sets 3–6, 4–6\. After a poor run at the St. Petersburg Open, Hutchins and Fleming next headed off to Asia. They made the final in their first tournament at the Malaysia Open, this being their fourth final of the season. After a bright start they lost the final in three sets 7–5, 5–7, \[7–10] to [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya "Alexander Peya") and [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares "Bruno Soares"). At the penultimate masters 1000 of the season, Hutchins and Fleming had their best run at a masters 1000 event making the semi\-finals, only to lose narrowly to Indian duo [Mahesh Bhupathi](/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi "Mahesh Bhupathi") and [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna "Rohan Bopanna") 7–6(7–4\), 3–6, \[8–10] despite serving for the match.
[ "### 2012", "In his first grand slam for the 2012 season Hutchins and partner Colin Fleming reached the third round of the [Australian Open](/wiki/2012_Australian_Open \"2012 Australian Open\") for the first time, only to lose to top seeds [The Bryan brothers](/wiki/The_Bryan_brothers \"The Bryan brothers\") 4–6, 6–0, 2–6\\.", "In February, Hutchins and Fleming were called for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Slovakia](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia \"2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia\"). James Ward's loss and Dan Evans' win put the tie at 1–1 on the first day, then Fleming and Hutchins beat [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k \"Michal Mertiňák\") and [Filip Polášek](/wiki/Filip_Pol%C3%A1%C5%A1ek \"Filip Polášek\") 6–3 7–6(7–4\\) 0–6 6–3\\. With Dan Evans winning his second match, Great Britain eventually won 3–2, making a fifth consecutive Davis Cup win under captain Leon Smith.", "Hutchins won his second title with Fleming and his first for the 2012 season at the 2012 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships defeating [Michal Mertiňák](/wiki/Michal_Merti%C5%88%C3%A1k \"Michal Mertiňák\") and [André Sá](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_S%C3%A1 \"André Sá\") 2–6, 7–6(7–5\\), \\[15–13], a result which elevated his doubles ranking to a career high of world No.27\\.", "In April, Hutchins and Fleming were selected for the [Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I tie against Belgium](/wiki/2012_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I%23Great_Britain_vs._Slovakia \"2012 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I#Great Britain vs. Slovakia\"). After [Josh Goodall](/wiki/Joshua_Goodall \"Joshua Goodall\") and Dan Evans lost on the first day, Fleming and Hutchins made it three straight victories in the competition by beating [Ruben Bemelmans](/wiki/Ruben_Bemelmans \"Ruben Bemelmans\") and [David Goffin](/wiki/David_Goffin \"David Goffin\") 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/07/fleming\\-hutchins\\-british\\-davis\\-cup\\|title\\=Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins keep British Davis Cup hopes alive\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=7 April 2012}} Great Britain were eventually beaten 4–1, ending Leon Smith's 5 match winning run as Davis Cup Captain.", "In mid\\-June, after being out of action for a while with an ankle injury, Hutchins won his second title of the year and his first on home soil, again partnering Colin Fleming, at the [Aegon International](/wiki/2012_Aegon_International_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles \"2012 Aegon International – Men's doubles\"), defeating fellow Brits and good friends [Jamie Delgado](/wiki/Jamie_Delgado \"Jamie Delgado\") and [Ken Skupski](/wiki/Ken_Skupski \"Ken Skupski\") 6–4, 6–3\\. This was Hutchins' third title with Fleming.", "However, they had a disappointing run at Wimbledon going out in the first round in five sets, even though they took the first two 6–3, 6–4, 2–6, 6–7(5–7\\), 3–6 to [Mikhail Kukushkin](/wiki/Mikhail_Kukushkin \"Mikhail Kukushkin\") and [Lukáš Rosol](/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosol \"Lukáš Rosol\"). Hutchins did however have a better run in the mixed doubles event, making it into the second round partnering [Heather Watson](/wiki/Heather_Watson \"Heather Watson\"), losing in three sets to third seeds [Nenad Zimonjić](/wiki/Nenad_Zimonji%C4%87 \"Nenad Zimonjić\") and [Katarina Srebotnik](/wiki/Katarina_Srebotnik \"Katarina Srebotnik\") 7–5, 4–6, 4–6\\.", "In their first tournament after Wimbledon, Hutchins and Fleming competed at the [Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships](/wiki/Campbell%27s_Hall_of_Fame_Tennis_Championships \"Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships\"). They reached the final but were defeated by [Santiago González](/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28tennis%29 \"Santiago González (tennis)\") and [Scott Lipsky](/wiki/Scott_Lipsky \"Scott Lipsky\") in straight sets 6–7(3–7\\), 3–6\\.", "Having lost in the semi\\-finals at the [BB\\&T Atlanta Open](/wiki/BB%26T_Atlanta_Open \"BB&T Atlanta Open\") Hutchins next competed at the [London 2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics\") in the doubles event alongside doubles partner Colin Fleming. They then lost in the first round to [France](/wiki/France_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics \"France at the 2012 Summer Olympics\") ([Benneteau](/wiki/Julien_Benneteau \"Julien Benneteau\") \\& [Gasquet](/wiki/Richard_Gasquet \"Richard Gasquet\")) in straight sets 5–7, 3–6\\.", "At the last Major of the season, Hutchins and Fleming made it to the third round of the [US Open](/wiki/2012_US_Open_%28tennis%29 \"2012 US Open (tennis)\") before being beaten by brothers and home favorites [Ryan Harrison](/wiki/Ryan_Harrison_%28tennis%29 \"Ryan Harrison (tennis)\") and [Christian Harrison](/wiki/Christian_Harrison \"Christian Harrison\") in straight sets 3–6, 4–6\\.", "After a poor run at the St. Petersburg Open, Hutchins and Fleming next headed off to Asia. They made the final in their first tournament at the Malaysia Open, this being their fourth final of the season. After a bright start they lost the final in three sets 7–5, 5–7, \\[7–10] to [Alexander Peya](/wiki/Alexander_Peya \"Alexander Peya\") and [Bruno Soares](/wiki/Bruno_Soares \"Bruno Soares\").", "At the penultimate masters 1000 of the season, Hutchins and Fleming had their best run at a masters 1000 event making the semi\\-finals, only to lose narrowly to Indian duo [Mahesh Bhupathi](/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi \"Mahesh Bhupathi\") and [Rohan Bopanna](/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna \"Rohan Bopanna\") 7–6(7–4\\), 3–6, \\[8–10] despite serving for the match.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1970\= 1392 \|1980\= 1499 \|1990\= 1519 \|2000\= 4519 \|2010\= 13903 \|2020\= 23733 \|estyear\=2022 \|estimate\=26456 \|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html\|date\=August 28, 2023\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2022\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=August 28, 2023}} \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=U.S. Decennial Census\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 7, 2013}} 2020 Census }} ### 2010 census [thumb\|right\|The rapid growth of Happy Valley led to the construction of many new housing developments](/wiki/File:Happyvalley.jpg "Happyvalley.jpg") As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 13,903 people, 4,408 households, and 3,724 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1679\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 4,708 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|568\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The ethnic makeup of the city was 76\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 17\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% from [other ethnicities](/wiki/Other_races_%28U.S._Census%29 "Other races (U.S. Census)"), and 3\.8% from two or more ethnicities. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any ethnicity were 4\.0% of the population. There were 4,408 households, of which 48\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74\.4% were married couples living together, 6\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15\.5% were non\-families. 11\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.15 and the average family size was 3\.40\. The median age in the city was 37 years. 30\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 27\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 8\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.7% male and 50\.3% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 4,519 people, 1,431 households, and 1,302 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,674\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 1,500 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|555\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The ethnic makeup of the city was 87\.39% White, 8\.85% Asian, 0\.77% African American, 0\.29% Native American, 0\.15% Pacific Islander, 0\.44% from other ethnicities, and 2\.10% from two or more ethnicities. Hispanic or Latino of any ethnicity were 1\.88% of the population. There were 1,431 households, out of which 49\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83\.4% were married couples living together, 4\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9\.0% were non\-families. 6\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.16 and the average family size was 3\.28\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 31\.4% under the age of 18, 5\.0% from 18 to 24, 30\.1% from 25 to 44, 26\.7% from 45 to 64, and 6\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98\.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $93,131, and the median income for a family was $95,922\. Males had a median income of $68,125 versus $43,667 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $36,665\. About 0\.6% of families and 1\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 1\.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1970\\= 1392\n\\|1980\\= 1499\n\\|1990\\= 1519\n\\|2000\\= 4519\n\\|2010\\= 13903\n\\|2020\\= 23733\n\\|estyear\\=2022\n\\|estimate\\=26456\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html\\|date\\=August 28, 2023\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2022\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=August 28, 2023}}\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=U.S. Decennial Census\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2013}} \n2020 Census\n}}", "### 2010 census", "[thumb\\|right\\|The rapid growth of Happy Valley led to the construction of many new housing developments](/wiki/File:Happyvalley.jpg \"Happyvalley.jpg\")", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 13,903 people, 4,408 households, and 3,724 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1679\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 4,708 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|568\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The ethnic makeup of the city was 76\\.2% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 17\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% from [other ethnicities](/wiki/Other_races_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Other races (U.S. Census)\"), and 3\\.8% from two or more ethnicities. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any ethnicity were 4\\.0% of the population.", "There were 4,408 households, of which 48\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74\\.4% were married couples living together, 6\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15\\.5% were non\\-families. 11\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.15 and the average family size was 3\\.40\\.", "The median age in the city was 37 years. 30\\.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 27\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 8\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.7% male and 50\\.3% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 4,519 people, 1,431 households, and 1,302 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,674\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 1,500 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|555\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The ethnic makeup of the city was 87\\.39% White, 8\\.85% Asian, 0\\.77% African American, 0\\.29% Native American, 0\\.15% Pacific Islander, 0\\.44% from other ethnicities, and 2\\.10% from two or more ethnicities. Hispanic or Latino of any ethnicity were 1\\.88% of the population.", "There were 1,431 households, out of which 49\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83\\.4% were married couples living together, 4\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9\\.0% were non\\-families. 6\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.16 and the average family size was 3\\.28\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 31\\.4% under the age of 18, 5\\.0% from 18 to 24, 30\\.1% from 25 to 44, 26\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 6\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98\\.2 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $93,131, and the median income for a family was $95,922\\. Males had a median income of $68,125 versus $43,667 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $36,665\\. About 0\\.6% of families and 1\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 1\\.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Commercial rebate programs -------------------------- The [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") Energy and Natural Resources Committee adopted a NEMA\-advocated provision that created a premium energy\-efficient motor rebate program, also known as a "crush for credit" program, according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The program provided a $25 per horsepower rebate and a $5 per horsepower rebate for the disposal of the old motor. The latter program was needed to offset the cost difference between new, more expensive, efficient motors and the lesser cost to repair the older, more inefficient motors, NEMA says. This program allowed the federal government to spend $350 million in incentives for the widespread adoption of NEMA Premium motors. The "Crush for Credit" provision contained in the Senate's version of the "Energy Policy and Conservation Act" (EPCA) ran for five years, and included the following proposed funding:{{cite web\|title\=ETIPS{{Snd}} Crush for Credit \| url\=http://www.marathonelectric.com/docs/ETIPS\-CrushforCredit8\-4\-09\.doc\|access\-date\=June 1, 2016}} * $80,000,000 in FY2010 * $75,000,000 in FY2011 * $70,000,000 in FY2012 * $65,000,000 in FY2013 * $60,000,000 in FY2014 Within the EU, various Capital Allowance Schemes encourage companies to purchase equipment incorporating premium\-efficiency motors. For example, in the UK, the Enhanced Capital Allowances Scheme{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/default.htm \|access\-date\=October 12, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306151742/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/default.htm \|archive\-date\=March 6, 2009 \|title\=ECA : Home Page }} provides a [tax incentive](/wiki/Tax_holiday "Tax holiday") to businesses that invest in equipment that meets published energy\-saving criteria. The Energy Technology List (ETL) details the criteria for each type of technology, and lists those products in each category that meet them. It is managed by [the Carbon Trust](/wiki/The_Carbon_Trust "The Carbon Trust"), on behalf of the Government, and has two parts: * The Energy Technology Criteria List (ETCL), which is reviewed annually as part of to ensure that it reflects technological progress. It sets out the qualifying energy\-saving criteria for each class of technology.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/about/Budget\+2006\+Remove.htm \|access\-date\=October 12, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712004653/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/about/Budget\+2006\+Remove.htm \|archive\-date\=July 12, 2009 \|title\=ECA : Energy Technology List updates }} * The Energy Technology Product List (ETPL), updated at the start of each month on this website, lists the products and technologies that are eligible for an ECA. The ETPL also contains details of the maximum claim values<http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/claimvalues.htm> {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001115146/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/claimvalues.htm \|date\=October 1, 2010 }} for qualifying products which comprise a component in a larger piece of plant and machinery, which does not itself qualify for ECAs. **Key Features of the ECA scheme are** * Open to all businesses that pay UK corporation or [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax "Income tax"), regardless of size, sector or location. * Provides 100% first\-year capital allowances on investments in energy\-saving equipment against taxable profits of the period of investment. * All the products listed on the ETPL must meet the energy\-saving criteria, published in the ETCL. * Only spending on new and unused energy\-saving equipment can qualify for ECAs. * Capital allowances are available for spending "on the provision of" plant and machinery. This can include certain costs arising as a direct result of the installation of qualifying plant and machinery such as; transport of the equipment to the site, and some direct installation costs. One can refer to the Claiming an ECA{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/\_default.htm \|access\-date\=October 12, 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709110640/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/\_default.htm \|archive\-date\=July 9, 2009 \|title\=ECA : Claiming an Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) }} section for more information. A similar scheme in Ireland, Accelerated Capital Allowance (ACA) run by Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI){{cite web\|url\=http://www.sei.ie/ \|title\=SEAI{{Snd}} Welcome to the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland \|publisher\=Sei.ie \|date\=2008\-10\-06 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-02}} lets a company cut its [taxable income](/wiki/Taxable_income "Taxable income") by 100% of the capital cost of eligible energy\-efficient equipment in the first year of purchase. This compares to just 12\.5% for ineligible plant and machinery. With the existing Capital Allowances tax structure, when money is spent on "capital equipment" companies can deduct the cost of this equipment from their profits proportionally over a period of 8 years, i.e. the annual taxable profit is only reduced by 1/8 of the total equipment cost. With new ACA, when money is spent on "Eligible energy efficient capital equipment", the company can deduct the full cost of this equipment from their profits in the year of purchase, i.e. the taxable profit in year one is reduced by the full cost of the equipment.
[ "Commercial rebate programs\n--------------------------", "The [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") Energy and Natural Resources Committee adopted a NEMA\\-advocated provision that created a premium energy\\-efficient motor rebate program, also known as a \"crush for credit\" program, according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The program provided a $25 per horsepower rebate and a $5 per horsepower rebate for the disposal of the old motor. The latter program was needed to offset the cost difference between new, more expensive, efficient motors and the lesser cost to repair the older, more inefficient motors, NEMA says. This program allowed the federal government to spend $350 million in incentives for the widespread adoption of NEMA Premium motors.", "The \"Crush for Credit\" provision contained in the Senate's version of the \"Energy Policy and Conservation Act\" (EPCA) ran for five years, and included the following proposed funding:{{cite web\\|title\\=ETIPS{{Snd}} Crush for Credit \\| url\\=http://www.marathonelectric.com/docs/ETIPS\\-CrushforCredit8\\-4\\-09\\.doc\\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2016}}\n* $80,000,000 in FY2010\n* $75,000,000 in FY2011\n* $70,000,000 in FY2012\n* $65,000,000 in FY2013\n* $60,000,000 in FY2014", "Within the EU, various Capital Allowance Schemes encourage companies to purchase equipment incorporating premium\\-efficiency motors. For example, in the UK, the Enhanced Capital Allowances Scheme{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/default.htm \\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306151742/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/default.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=March 6, 2009 \\|title\\=ECA : Home Page }} provides a [tax incentive](/wiki/Tax_holiday \"Tax holiday\") to businesses that invest in equipment that meets published energy\\-saving criteria. The Energy Technology List (ETL) details the criteria for each type of technology, and lists those products in each category that meet them. It is managed by [the Carbon Trust](/wiki/The_Carbon_Trust \"The Carbon Trust\"), on behalf of the Government, and has two parts:\n* The Energy Technology Criteria List (ETCL), which is reviewed annually as part of to ensure that it reflects technological progress. It sets out the qualifying energy\\-saving criteria for each class of technology.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/about/Budget\\+2006\\+Remove.htm \\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712004653/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/about/Budget\\+2006\\+Remove.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 12, 2009 \\|title\\=ECA : Energy Technology List updates }}\n* The Energy Technology Product List (ETPL), updated at the start of each month on this website, lists the products and technologies that are eligible for an ECA.", "The ETPL also contains details of the maximum claim values<http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/claimvalues.htm> {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001115146/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/claimvalues.htm \\|date\\=October 1, 2010 }} for qualifying products which comprise a component in a larger piece of plant and machinery, which does not itself qualify for ECAs.", "**Key Features of the ECA scheme are**\n* Open to all businesses that pay UK corporation or [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax \"Income tax\"), regardless of size, sector or location.\n* Provides 100% first\\-year capital allowances on investments in energy\\-saving equipment against taxable profits of the period of investment.\n* All the products listed on the ETPL must meet the energy\\-saving criteria, published in the ETCL.\n* Only spending on new and unused energy\\-saving equipment can qualify for ECAs.\n* Capital allowances are available for spending \"on the provision of\" plant and machinery. This can include certain costs arising as a direct result of the installation of qualifying plant and machinery such as; transport of the equipment to the site, and some direct installation costs. One can refer to the Claiming an ECA{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/\\_default.htm \\|access\\-date\\=October 12, 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709110640/http://www.eca.gov.uk/etl/claim/\\_default.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2009 \\|title\\=ECA : Claiming an Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) }} section for more information.", "A similar scheme in Ireland, Accelerated Capital Allowance (ACA) run by Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sei.ie/ \\|title\\=SEAI{{Snd}} Welcome to the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland \\|publisher\\=Sei.ie \\|date\\=2008\\-10\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-02}} lets a company cut its [taxable income](/wiki/Taxable_income \"Taxable income\") by 100% of the capital cost of eligible energy\\-efficient equipment in the first year of purchase. This compares to just 12\\.5% for ineligible plant and machinery.", "With the existing Capital Allowances tax structure, when money is spent on \"capital equipment\" companies can deduct the cost of this equipment from their profits proportionally over a period of 8 years, i.e. the annual taxable profit is only reduced by 1/8 of the total equipment cost.", "With new ACA, when money is spent on \"Eligible energy efficient capital equipment\", the company can deduct the full cost of this equipment from their profits in the year of purchase, i.e. the taxable profit in year one is reduced by the full cost of the equipment.", "" ]
Leah Barnes ----------- * + - {{Infobox soap character \| series \= Hollyoaks \| name \= Leah Barnes \| portrayer \= {{plainlist\| \* Magic Hurst (2007\) \* Jessica Croft\-Lane (2007–2011\) \* \[\[Ela\-May Demircan]] (2011–2024\) }} \| years \= 2007–2024 \| first \= Episode 1982 {{start date\|2007\|2\|27\|df\=y}} \| last \= Episode 6465 {{end date\|2024\|9\|24\|df\=y}} \| introducer \= \[\[Bryan Kirkwood]] (2007\) \[\[Paul Marquess]] (2011\) \| classification \= \[\[List of Hollyoaks characters\#Last appeared in 2024\|Former; regular]] \| occupation \= \[\[Student]] \| father \= \[\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2012\)\#Billy Parker\|Billy Parker]] \| adoptivefather \= \[\[Ste Hay]] \| stepfather \= \[\[Doug Carter]] \[\[John Paul McQueen]] \[\[Harry Thompson (Hollyoaks)\|Harry Thompson]] \[\[Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)\|Ryan Knight]] \[\[James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\|James Nightingale]] \| mother \= \[\[Amy Barnes]] \| halfbrothers \= \[\[Lucas Hay]] \| halfsisters \= \[\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2015\)\#Hannah Hay O'Connor\|Hannah Hay\-O'Connor]] (adoptive) \| sons \= James \| grandmothers \= \[\[Kathy Barnes]] \| grandfathers \= \[\[Mike Barnes (Hollyoaks)\|Mike Barnes]] \[\[Danny Lomax]] (adoptive) \| aunts \= \[\[Sarah Barnes]] \[\[Leela Lomax]] (adoptive) \[\[Tegan Lomax]] (adoptive) \| cousins \= \[\[Peri Lomax]] \[\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2013\)\#Dee Dee Hutchinson\|Dee Dee Hutchinson]] (adoptive) \[\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2016\)\#Daniel Lomax\|Daniel Lomax]] (adoptive) \| relatives \= \[\[Steph Cunningham\-Lomax]] (adoptive) }} **Leah Barnes**, played by [Ela\-May Demircan](/wiki/Ela-May_Demircan "Ela-May Demircan") since 2011, is the daughter of [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes "Amy Barnes") ([Ashley Slanina\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies "Ashley Slanina-Davies")). Leah is initially believed to be [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson "Kieron Richardson"))'s daughter however this turns out to be a man called Billy Parker – she is raised by Ste regardless of her paternity. Leah debuted when she was born on\-screen in episode 1982, originally broadcast on 27 February 2007\. ### Reception In June 2017, Demircan was nominated for Best Young Actor at the [British Soap Awards](/wiki/British_Soap_Awards "British Soap Awards"). In August 2017, she was longlisted for Best Young Actor at the [*Inside Soap* Awards](/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards "Inside Soap Awards").{{cite news\|last1\=Harp\|first1\=Justin\|title\=Coronation Street, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks all make the ''Inside Soap'' Awards longlist\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a836154/inside\-soap\-awards\-longlist\-coronation\-street\-eastenders\-emmerdale\-hollyoaks/\|access\-date\=22 August 2017\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Magazines UK]]\|date\=22 August 2017\|archive\-date\=22 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094804/http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a836154/inside\-soap\-awards\-longlist\-coronation\-street\-eastenders\-emmerdale\-hollyoaks/\|url\-status\=live}} She made the viewer\-voted shortlist,{{cite news\|last1\=Kilkelly\|first1\=Daniel\|title\=''Inside Soap'' Awards 2017 shortlist revealed – which Corrie, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks stars are up for prizes?\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/coronation\-street/news/a841879/inside\-soap\-awards\-2017\-shortlist/\|access\-date\=31 October 2017\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Magazines UK]]\|date\=31 October 2017\|archive\-date\=5 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105032051/http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/coronation\-street/news/a841879/inside\-soap\-awards\-2017\-shortlist/\|url\-status\=live}} but lost out to Alfie Clarke, who portrays [Arthur Thomas](/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_%28Emmerdale%29 "Arthur Thomas (Emmerdale)") in *[Emmerdale](/wiki/Emmerdale "Emmerdale")*.{{cite news\|last1\=Dainty\|first1\=Sophie\|title\=Emmerdale wins best soap at the ''Inside Soap'' Awards for the third year running\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a842388/emmerdale\-wins\-best\-soap\-inside\-soap\-awards/\|access\-date\=6 November 2017\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Magazines UK]]\|date\=6 November 2017\|archive\-date\=7 November 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107043703/http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a842388/emmerdale\-wins\-best\-soap\-inside\-soap\-awards/\|url\-status\=live}} She was later nominated for "Best Young Performer" in the [Radio Times](/wiki/Radio_Times "Radio Times") soap awards 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/soaps/radiotimes\-com\-soap\-awards\-2024\-nominations\-revealed\-exclusive\-newsupdate/\|title\=RadioTimes.com Soap Awards 2024 nominations revealed\|date\=13 May 2024\|access\-date\=23 May 2024\|work\=\[\[Radio Times]]}} ### Storylines After discovering her pregnancy, her mother [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes "Amy Barnes") ([Ashley Slanina\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies "Ashley Slanina-Davies")) initially wants to have an abortion, but eventually opts for a state of denial, with only [Michaela McQueen](/wiki/Michaela_McQueen "Michaela McQueen") ([Hollie\-Jay Bowes](/wiki/Hollie-Jay_Bowes "Hollie-Jay Bowes")) aware she is pregnant. In February 2007, she gives birth to Leah on the kitchen floor, with her shocked father [Mike Barnes](/wiki/Mike_Barnes_%28Hollyoaks%29 "Mike Barnes (Hollyoaks)") ([Tony Hirst](/wiki/Tony_Hirst "Tony Hirst")) and sister [Sarah Barnes](/wiki/Sarah_Barnes "Sarah Barnes") ([Loui Batley](/wiki/Loui_Batley "Loui Batley")) delivering Leah. Amy refuses to go near Leah, leading her mother [Kathy Barnes](/wiki/Kathy_Barnes "Kathy Barnes") ([Sarah Jane Buckley](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Buckley "Sarah Jane Buckley")) to claim she is Leah's mother. This ruse continues for several months, but finally Michaela sells the story to a tabloid. By this time, Amy has formed a bond with Leah, and claims Leah as her own. However, Kathy has become obsessed with Leah and, after failing to make Amy look incapable of being a mother, she kidnaps Leah. She is eventually sectioned and leaves the village a few months later. Leah moves into a flat with Amy and boyfriend [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson "Kieron Richardson")). Amy tells her family that Ste is Leah's father. After Amy and Ste discover they are in serious money trouble, Ste lies that Leah has leukaemia in order to get money. The lie quickly spirals out of his control as Ste and Amy begin raking in money as. Eventually, the truth does come out. Amy's friend [Sasha Valentine](/wiki/Sasha_Valentine "Sasha Valentine") ([Nathalie Emmanuel](/wiki/Nathalie_Emmanuel "Nathalie Emmanuel")) babysits Leah one night. However, drug dealer [Nige Foster](/wiki/Nige_Foster "Nige Foster") (Sam Townend) arrives and persuades Sasha to take drugs, despite Leah's presence. Amy and Ste return home to find Leah crying on her own, and close to a syringe. An angry Ste throws both Sasha and Nige out after threatening them. Ste's anger issues grow out of hand, and on various occasions, he attacks Amy, who briefly moves out of the flat with Leah. Amy later discovers she is pregnant and has a son [Lucas Hay](/wiki/Lucas_Hay "Lucas Hay"). She, however, does not take Ste back. Following Lucas's birth, Amy suffers from postnatal depression and moves away, leaving Leah and Lucas with Ste. She returns months later. Amy, Leah and Lucas move back in with Ste, but Amy and Ste do not get back together. [Gabby Sharpe](/wiki/Gabby_Sharpe "Gabby Sharpe") ([Phina Oruche](/wiki/Phina_Oruche "Phina Oruche")) pays Amy to babysit her daughter [Amber Sharpe](/wiki/Amber_Sharpe "Amber Sharpe") ([Lydia Lloyd\-Henry](/wiki/Lydia_Lloyd-Henry "Lydia Lloyd-Henry")). Amy takes Leah and Lucas to Gabby's flat and on the same night, an arsonist sets fire to Il Gnosh, which is below the flat. Amy falls asleep as the fire spreads, however wakes up and realises she is trapped. She eventually attracts the attention of [Steph Cunningham](/wiki/Steph_Cunningham "Steph Cunningham") ([Carley Stenson](/wiki/Carley_Stenson "Carley Stenson")) outside. Steph enters and manages to save them with the help of her husband [Gilly Roach](/wiki/Gilly_Roach "Gilly Roach") ([Anthony Quinlan](/wiki/Anthony_Quinlan "Anthony Quinlan")), although Steph dies in the fire. On Leah's 5th birthday, she bonds with Amy's new boyfriend Ally as does Lucas. In August 2012, Leah, along with Amy and Lucas, leaves the village and Ste. She returns in November 2012 as a bridesmaid for Ste's wedding to [Doug Carter](/wiki/Doug_Carter "Doug Carter") ([PJ Brennan](/wiki/PJ_Brennan "PJ Brennan")). When Leah is playing outside the wedding venue she runs across the road only to get nearly ran over by a minibus driven by [Maddie Morrison](/wiki/Maddie_Morrison "Maddie Morrison") ([Scarlett Bowman](/wiki/Scarlett_Bowman "Scarlett Bowman")). She swerves to avoid Leah, but although Ste manages to save her he is hit by the minibus. In December 2012, Leah is bullied at school for having Ste and Doug as her two fathers, but Ste explains to her that its ok to have him and Doug, as she has Amy as well. Shortly after this, Leah's biological father [Billy Parker](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282012%29%23Billy_Parker "List of Hollyoaks characters (2012)#Billy Parker") ([Michael Parr](/wiki/Michael_Parr "Michael Parr")) turns up in the village and vows to Ste that he will get Leah. Ste then tells Leah that Amy must never find out that he and his ex\-boyfriend [Brendan Brady](/wiki/Brendan_Brady "Brendan Brady") ([Emmett J. Scanlan](/wiki/Emmett_J._Scanlan "Emmett J. Scanlan")) are together, and that he is still with Doug. Shortly after, Amy returns to the village in February 2013 and after discovering Ste's relationship with Brendan, she then leaves once more with Leah and Lucas, leaving Ste upset. Ste and Brendan later try to get custody of Leah and Lucas. Leah takes a locket belonging to deceased [Anna Blake](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282013%29%23Anna_Blake "List of Hollyoaks characters (2013)#Anna Blake") ([Saskia Wickham](/wiki/Saskia_Wickham "Saskia Wickham")) that had been put in the vent outside the flat of [Martha Kane](/wiki/Martha_Kane "Martha Kane") ([Carli Norris](/wiki/Carli_Norris "Carli Norris")) and later returns it telling Martha that she had seen Anna’s son [Will Savage](/wiki/Will_Savage "Will Savage") ([James Atherton](/wiki/James_Atherton "James Atherton")) getting out of his wheelchair and putting it in a vent, revealing Will as Anna’s killer. Amy brings Leah and Lucas back to the village throughout November to December 2014 as Ste has a drug addiction. After Ste is back from rehab he goes to a pub, but sees his stepfather [Terry Hay](/wiki/Terry_Hay "Terry Hay") (Conor Ryan) with Amy, Leah and Lucas. This is bad for him as Terry use to beat him and his mother [Pauline Hay](/wiki/Pauline_Hay "Pauline Hay") (Jane Hogarth). After that he walked away from a fight with Terry so Amy lets him see Leah and Lucas. In 2014, Leah's adoptive father [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") marries his current partner [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen"). They later separate after [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen") discovers that [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") has fathered a child with [Sinead O'Connor](/wiki/Sinead_O%27Connor "Sinead O'Connor"). Leah goes on to have another adoptive half sister [Hannah Hay\-O'Connor](/wiki/Hannah_Hay-O%27Connor "Hannah Hay-O'Connor"). In March 2017, Amy was killed by her husband [Ryan Knight](/wiki/Ryan_Knight_%28Hollyoaks%29 "Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)") ([Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James "Duncan James")), after discovering the truth about his sexual orientation, Leah and Lucas are cared for by Ryan and his girlfriend and Ste’s sister [Tegan Lomax](/wiki/Tegan_Lomax "Tegan Lomax") (Jessica Ellis). Leah discovers that Ryan is gay and is having an affair with Ste. Leah tells Ste’s sister [Leela Lomax](/wiki/Leela_Lomax "Leela Lomax") ([Kirsty\-Leigh Porter](/wiki/Kirsty-Leigh_Porter "Kirsty-Leigh Porter")), causing everyone to know. But also, Ryan is revealed to have killed Amy, and when is caught, Leah is very confused and sad. In 2018, Leah's adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") has a short lived marriage to [Harry Thompson](/wiki/Harry_Thompson "Harry Thompson") they later separated and divorce after [Harry](/wiki/Harry_Thompson "Harry Thompson") has an affair and is later murdered. In 2021, Leah goes to [Trish Minniver](/wiki/Trish_Minniver "Trish Minniver")’s ([Denise Welch](/wiki/Denise_Welch "Denise Welch")) dance academy and Ste becomes Trish's cleaner. In October 2021, she develops a crush on [DeMarcus Westwood](/wiki/DeMarcus_Westwood "DeMarcus Westwood") (Tomi Ade), however judging by his facial expressions, the feelings are not mutual. In 2023, Her adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") marries partner [James Nightingale](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)") and they move in alongside [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)")'s son [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo_Nightingale "Romeo Nightingale") and half\-Sister [Juliet](/wiki/Juliet_Nightingale "Juliet Nightingale"). In 2024, Leah's stepfather [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)") dies in an explosion and which leaves [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") in a coma for 12 months. During this time Leah becomes a mother.
[ "Leah Barnes\n-----------", "* + - {{Infobox soap character\n\t\t\\| series \\= Hollyoaks\n\t\t\\| name \\= Leah Barnes \n\t\t\\| portrayer \\= {{plainlist\\|\n\t\t\\* Magic Hurst (2007\\)\n\t\t\\* Jessica Croft\\-Lane (2007–2011\\)\n\t\t\\* \\[\\[Ela\\-May Demircan]] (2011–2024\\)\n\t\t}}\n\t\t\\| years \\= 2007–2024\n\t\t\\| first \\= Episode 1982 \n\t\t{{start date\\|2007\\|2\\|27\\|df\\=y}}\n\t\t\\| last \\= Episode 6465 \n\t\t{{end date\\|2024\\|9\\|24\\|df\\=y}}\n\t\t\\| introducer \\= \\[\\[Bryan Kirkwood]] (2007\\) \n\t\t\\[\\[Paul Marquess]] (2011\\)\n\t\t\\| classification \\= \\[\\[List of Hollyoaks characters\\#Last appeared in 2024\\|Former; regular]]\n\t\t\\| occupation \\= \\[\\[Student]]\n\t\t\\| father \\= \\[\\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2012\\)\\#Billy Parker\\|Billy Parker]] \n\t\t\\| adoptivefather \\= \\[\\[Ste Hay]]\n\t\t\\| stepfather \\= \\[\\[Doug Carter]] \n\t\t \\[\\[John Paul McQueen]] \n\t\t \\[\\[Harry Thompson (Hollyoaks)\\|Harry Thompson]] \n\t\t \\[\\[Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)\\|Ryan Knight]] \n\t\t \\[\\[James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\\|James Nightingale]]\n\t\t\\| mother \\= \\[\\[Amy Barnes]]\n\t\t\\| halfbrothers \\= \\[\\[Lucas Hay]]\n\t\t\\| halfsisters \\= \\[\\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2015\\)\\#Hannah Hay O'Connor\\|Hannah Hay\\-O'Connor]] (adoptive)\n\t\t\\| sons \\= James\n\t\t\\| grandmothers \\= \\[\\[Kathy Barnes]]\n\t\t\\| grandfathers \\= \\[\\[Mike Barnes (Hollyoaks)\\|Mike Barnes]] \n\t\t\\[\\[Danny Lomax]] (adoptive)\n\t\t\\| aunts \\= \\[\\[Sarah Barnes]] \n\t\t\\[\\[Leela Lomax]] (adoptive) \n\t\t\\[\\[Tegan Lomax]] (adoptive)\n\t\t\\| cousins \\= \\[\\[Peri Lomax]] \n\t\t\\[\\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2013\\)\\#Dee Dee Hutchinson\\|Dee Dee Hutchinson]] (adoptive) \n\t\t\\[\\[List of Hollyoaks characters (2016\\)\\#Daniel Lomax\\|Daniel Lomax]] (adoptive)\n\t\t\\| relatives \\= \\[\\[Steph Cunningham\\-Lomax]] (adoptive)\n\t\t}}\n\t\t**Leah Barnes**, played by [Ela\\-May Demircan](/wiki/Ela-May_Demircan \"Ela-May Demircan\") since 2011, is the daughter of [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes \"Amy Barnes\") ([Ashley Slanina\\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies \"Ashley Slanina-Davies\")). Leah is initially believed to be [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson \"Kieron Richardson\"))'s daughter however this turns out to be a man called Billy Parker – she is raised by Ste regardless of her paternity. Leah debuted when she was born on\\-screen in episode 1982, originally broadcast on 27 February 2007\\.", "### Reception", "In June 2017, Demircan was nominated for Best Young Actor at the [British Soap Awards](/wiki/British_Soap_Awards \"British Soap Awards\"). In August 2017, she was longlisted for Best Young Actor at the [*Inside Soap* Awards](/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards \"Inside Soap Awards\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Harp\\|first1\\=Justin\\|title\\=Coronation Street, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks all make the ''Inside Soap'' Awards longlist\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a836154/inside\\-soap\\-awards\\-longlist\\-coronation\\-street\\-eastenders\\-emmerdale\\-hollyoaks/\\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Magazines UK]]\\|date\\=22 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=22 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094804/http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a836154/inside\\-soap\\-awards\\-longlist\\-coronation\\-street\\-eastenders\\-emmerdale\\-hollyoaks/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She made the viewer\\-voted shortlist,{{cite news\\|last1\\=Kilkelly\\|first1\\=Daniel\\|title\\=''Inside Soap'' Awards 2017 shortlist revealed – which Corrie, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks stars are up for prizes?\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/coronation\\-street/news/a841879/inside\\-soap\\-awards\\-2017\\-shortlist/\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Magazines UK]]\\|date\\=31 October 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105032051/http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/coronation\\-street/news/a841879/inside\\-soap\\-awards\\-2017\\-shortlist/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but lost out to Alfie Clarke, who portrays [Arthur Thomas](/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_%28Emmerdale%29 \"Arthur Thomas (Emmerdale)\") in *[Emmerdale](/wiki/Emmerdale \"Emmerdale\")*.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Dainty\\|first1\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Emmerdale wins best soap at the ''Inside Soap'' Awards for the third year running\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a842388/emmerdale\\-wins\\-best\\-soap\\-inside\\-soap\\-awards/\\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Magazines UK]]\\|date\\=6 November 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107043703/http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a842388/emmerdale\\-wins\\-best\\-soap\\-inside\\-soap\\-awards/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} She was later nominated for \"Best Young Performer\" in the [Radio Times](/wiki/Radio_Times \"Radio Times\") soap awards 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/soaps/radiotimes\\-com\\-soap\\-awards\\-2024\\-nominations\\-revealed\\-exclusive\\-newsupdate/\\|title\\=RadioTimes.com Soap Awards 2024 nominations revealed\\|date\\=13 May 2024\\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2024\\|work\\=\\[\\[Radio Times]]}}", "### Storylines", "After discovering her pregnancy, her mother [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes \"Amy Barnes\") ([Ashley Slanina\\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies \"Ashley Slanina-Davies\")) initially wants to have an abortion, but eventually opts for a state of denial, with only [Michaela McQueen](/wiki/Michaela_McQueen \"Michaela McQueen\") ([Hollie\\-Jay Bowes](/wiki/Hollie-Jay_Bowes \"Hollie-Jay Bowes\")) aware she is pregnant. In February 2007, she gives birth to Leah on the kitchen floor, with her shocked father [Mike Barnes](/wiki/Mike_Barnes_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"Mike Barnes (Hollyoaks)\") ([Tony Hirst](/wiki/Tony_Hirst \"Tony Hirst\")) and sister [Sarah Barnes](/wiki/Sarah_Barnes \"Sarah Barnes\") ([Loui Batley](/wiki/Loui_Batley \"Loui Batley\")) delivering Leah. Amy refuses to go near Leah, leading her mother [Kathy Barnes](/wiki/Kathy_Barnes \"Kathy Barnes\") ([Sarah Jane Buckley](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Buckley \"Sarah Jane Buckley\")) to claim she is Leah's mother. This ruse continues for several months, but finally Michaela sells the story to a tabloid. By this time, Amy has formed a bond with Leah, and claims Leah as her own. However, Kathy has become obsessed with Leah and, after failing to make Amy look incapable of being a mother, she kidnaps Leah. She is eventually sectioned and leaves the village a few months later.", "Leah moves into a flat with Amy and boyfriend [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson \"Kieron Richardson\")). Amy tells her family that Ste is Leah's father. After Amy and Ste discover they are in serious money trouble, Ste lies that Leah has leukaemia in order to get money. The lie quickly spirals out of his control as Ste and Amy begin raking in money as. Eventually, the truth does come out. Amy's friend [Sasha Valentine](/wiki/Sasha_Valentine \"Sasha Valentine\") ([Nathalie Emmanuel](/wiki/Nathalie_Emmanuel \"Nathalie Emmanuel\")) babysits Leah one night. However, drug dealer [Nige Foster](/wiki/Nige_Foster \"Nige Foster\") (Sam Townend) arrives and persuades Sasha to take drugs, despite Leah's presence. Amy and Ste return home to find Leah crying on her own, and close to a syringe. An angry Ste throws both Sasha and Nige out after threatening them. Ste's anger issues grow out of hand, and on various occasions, he attacks Amy, who briefly moves out of the flat with Leah. Amy later discovers she is pregnant and has a son [Lucas Hay](/wiki/Lucas_Hay \"Lucas Hay\"). She, however, does not take Ste back. Following Lucas's birth, Amy suffers from postnatal depression and moves away, leaving Leah and Lucas with Ste. She returns months later. Amy, Leah and Lucas move back in with Ste, but Amy and Ste do not get back together.", "[Gabby Sharpe](/wiki/Gabby_Sharpe \"Gabby Sharpe\") ([Phina Oruche](/wiki/Phina_Oruche \"Phina Oruche\")) pays Amy to babysit her daughter [Amber Sharpe](/wiki/Amber_Sharpe \"Amber Sharpe\") ([Lydia Lloyd\\-Henry](/wiki/Lydia_Lloyd-Henry \"Lydia Lloyd-Henry\")). Amy takes Leah and Lucas to Gabby's flat and on the same night, an arsonist sets fire to Il Gnosh, which is below the flat. Amy falls asleep as the fire spreads, however wakes up and realises she is trapped. She eventually attracts the attention of [Steph Cunningham](/wiki/Steph_Cunningham \"Steph Cunningham\") ([Carley Stenson](/wiki/Carley_Stenson \"Carley Stenson\")) outside. Steph enters and manages to save them with the help of her husband [Gilly Roach](/wiki/Gilly_Roach \"Gilly Roach\") ([Anthony Quinlan](/wiki/Anthony_Quinlan \"Anthony Quinlan\")), although Steph dies in the fire. On Leah's 5th birthday, she bonds with Amy's new boyfriend Ally as does Lucas.", "In August 2012, Leah, along with Amy and Lucas, leaves the village and Ste. She returns in November 2012 as a bridesmaid for Ste's wedding to [Doug Carter](/wiki/Doug_Carter \"Doug Carter\") ([PJ Brennan](/wiki/PJ_Brennan \"PJ Brennan\")). When Leah is playing outside the wedding venue she runs across the road only to get nearly ran over by a minibus driven by [Maddie Morrison](/wiki/Maddie_Morrison \"Maddie Morrison\") ([Scarlett Bowman](/wiki/Scarlett_Bowman \"Scarlett Bowman\")). She swerves to avoid Leah, but although Ste manages to save her he is hit by the minibus. In December 2012, Leah is bullied at school for having Ste and Doug as her two fathers, but Ste explains to her that its ok to have him and Doug, as she has Amy as well. Shortly after this, Leah's biological father [Billy Parker](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282012%29%23Billy_Parker \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2012)#Billy Parker\") ([Michael Parr](/wiki/Michael_Parr \"Michael Parr\")) turns up in the village and vows to Ste that he will get Leah. Ste then tells Leah that Amy must never find out that he and his ex\\-boyfriend [Brendan Brady](/wiki/Brendan_Brady \"Brendan Brady\") ([Emmett J. Scanlan](/wiki/Emmett_J._Scanlan \"Emmett J. Scanlan\")) are together, and that he is still with Doug. Shortly after, Amy returns to the village in February 2013 and after discovering Ste's relationship with Brendan, she then leaves once more with Leah and Lucas, leaving Ste upset. Ste and Brendan later try to get custody of Leah and Lucas.", "Leah takes a locket belonging to deceased [Anna Blake](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282013%29%23Anna_Blake \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2013)#Anna Blake\") ([Saskia Wickham](/wiki/Saskia_Wickham \"Saskia Wickham\")) that had been put in the vent outside the flat of [Martha Kane](/wiki/Martha_Kane \"Martha Kane\") ([Carli Norris](/wiki/Carli_Norris \"Carli Norris\")) and later returns it telling Martha that she had seen Anna’s son [Will Savage](/wiki/Will_Savage \"Will Savage\") ([James Atherton](/wiki/James_Atherton \"James Atherton\")) getting out of his wheelchair and putting it in a vent, revealing Will as Anna’s killer. Amy brings Leah and Lucas back to the village throughout November to December 2014 as Ste has a drug addiction.", "After Ste is back from rehab he goes to a pub, but sees his stepfather [Terry Hay](/wiki/Terry_Hay \"Terry Hay\") (Conor Ryan) with Amy, Leah and Lucas. This is bad for him as Terry use to beat him and his mother [Pauline Hay](/wiki/Pauline_Hay \"Pauline Hay\") (Jane Hogarth). After that he walked away from a fight with Terry so Amy lets him see Leah and Lucas.", "In 2014, Leah's adoptive father [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") marries his current partner [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\"). They later separate after [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\") discovers that [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") has fathered a child with [Sinead O'Connor](/wiki/Sinead_O%27Connor \"Sinead O'Connor\"). Leah goes on to have another adoptive half sister [Hannah Hay\\-O'Connor](/wiki/Hannah_Hay-O%27Connor \"Hannah Hay-O'Connor\").", "In March 2017, Amy was killed by her husband [Ryan Knight](/wiki/Ryan_Knight_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)\") ([Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James \"Duncan James\")), after discovering the truth about his sexual orientation, Leah and Lucas are cared for by Ryan and his girlfriend and Ste’s sister [Tegan Lomax](/wiki/Tegan_Lomax \"Tegan Lomax\") (Jessica Ellis). Leah discovers that Ryan is gay and is having an affair with Ste. Leah tells Ste’s sister [Leela Lomax](/wiki/Leela_Lomax \"Leela Lomax\") ([Kirsty\\-Leigh Porter](/wiki/Kirsty-Leigh_Porter \"Kirsty-Leigh Porter\")), causing everyone to know. But also, Ryan is revealed to have killed Amy, and when is caught, Leah is very confused and sad.", "In 2018, Leah's adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") has a short lived marriage to [Harry Thompson](/wiki/Harry_Thompson \"Harry Thompson\") they later separated and divorce after [Harry](/wiki/Harry_Thompson \"Harry Thompson\") has an affair and is later murdered.", "In 2021, Leah goes to [Trish Minniver](/wiki/Trish_Minniver \"Trish Minniver\")’s ([Denise Welch](/wiki/Denise_Welch \"Denise Welch\")) dance academy and Ste becomes Trish's cleaner. In October 2021, she develops a crush on [DeMarcus Westwood](/wiki/DeMarcus_Westwood \"DeMarcus Westwood\") (Tomi Ade), however judging by his facial expressions, the feelings are not mutual.", "In 2023, Her adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") marries partner [James Nightingale](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\") and they move in alongside [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\")'s son [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo_Nightingale \"Romeo Nightingale\") and half\\-Sister [Juliet](/wiki/Juliet_Nightingale \"Juliet Nightingale\").", "In 2024, Leah's stepfather [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\") dies in an explosion and which leaves [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") in a coma for 12 months. During this time Leah becomes a mother.", "" ]
### Storylines After discovering her pregnancy, her mother [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes "Amy Barnes") ([Ashley Slanina\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies "Ashley Slanina-Davies")) initially wants to have an abortion, but eventually opts for a state of denial, with only [Michaela McQueen](/wiki/Michaela_McQueen "Michaela McQueen") ([Hollie\-Jay Bowes](/wiki/Hollie-Jay_Bowes "Hollie-Jay Bowes")) aware she is pregnant. In February 2007, she gives birth to Leah on the kitchen floor, with her shocked father [Mike Barnes](/wiki/Mike_Barnes_%28Hollyoaks%29 "Mike Barnes (Hollyoaks)") ([Tony Hirst](/wiki/Tony_Hirst "Tony Hirst")) and sister [Sarah Barnes](/wiki/Sarah_Barnes "Sarah Barnes") ([Loui Batley](/wiki/Loui_Batley "Loui Batley")) delivering Leah. Amy refuses to go near Leah, leading her mother [Kathy Barnes](/wiki/Kathy_Barnes "Kathy Barnes") ([Sarah Jane Buckley](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Buckley "Sarah Jane Buckley")) to claim she is Leah's mother. This ruse continues for several months, but finally Michaela sells the story to a tabloid. By this time, Amy has formed a bond with Leah, and claims Leah as her own. However, Kathy has become obsessed with Leah and, after failing to make Amy look incapable of being a mother, she kidnaps Leah. She is eventually sectioned and leaves the village a few months later. Leah moves into a flat with Amy and boyfriend [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson "Kieron Richardson")). Amy tells her family that Ste is Leah's father. After Amy and Ste discover they are in serious money trouble, Ste lies that Leah has leukaemia in order to get money. The lie quickly spirals out of his control as Ste and Amy begin raking in money as. Eventually, the truth does come out. Amy's friend [Sasha Valentine](/wiki/Sasha_Valentine "Sasha Valentine") ([Nathalie Emmanuel](/wiki/Nathalie_Emmanuel "Nathalie Emmanuel")) babysits Leah one night. However, drug dealer [Nige Foster](/wiki/Nige_Foster "Nige Foster") (Sam Townend) arrives and persuades Sasha to take drugs, despite Leah's presence. Amy and Ste return home to find Leah crying on her own, and close to a syringe. An angry Ste throws both Sasha and Nige out after threatening them. Ste's anger issues grow out of hand, and on various occasions, he attacks Amy, who briefly moves out of the flat with Leah. Amy later discovers she is pregnant and has a son [Lucas Hay](/wiki/Lucas_Hay "Lucas Hay"). She, however, does not take Ste back. Following Lucas's birth, Amy suffers from postnatal depression and moves away, leaving Leah and Lucas with Ste. She returns months later. Amy, Leah and Lucas move back in with Ste, but Amy and Ste do not get back together. [Gabby Sharpe](/wiki/Gabby_Sharpe "Gabby Sharpe") ([Phina Oruche](/wiki/Phina_Oruche "Phina Oruche")) pays Amy to babysit her daughter [Amber Sharpe](/wiki/Amber_Sharpe "Amber Sharpe") ([Lydia Lloyd\-Henry](/wiki/Lydia_Lloyd-Henry "Lydia Lloyd-Henry")). Amy takes Leah and Lucas to Gabby's flat and on the same night, an arsonist sets fire to Il Gnosh, which is below the flat. Amy falls asleep as the fire spreads, however wakes up and realises she is trapped. She eventually attracts the attention of [Steph Cunningham](/wiki/Steph_Cunningham "Steph Cunningham") ([Carley Stenson](/wiki/Carley_Stenson "Carley Stenson")) outside. Steph enters and manages to save them with the help of her husband [Gilly Roach](/wiki/Gilly_Roach "Gilly Roach") ([Anthony Quinlan](/wiki/Anthony_Quinlan "Anthony Quinlan")), although Steph dies in the fire. On Leah's 5th birthday, she bonds with Amy's new boyfriend Ally as does Lucas. In August 2012, Leah, along with Amy and Lucas, leaves the village and Ste. She returns in November 2012 as a bridesmaid for Ste's wedding to [Doug Carter](/wiki/Doug_Carter "Doug Carter") ([PJ Brennan](/wiki/PJ_Brennan "PJ Brennan")). When Leah is playing outside the wedding venue she runs across the road only to get nearly ran over by a minibus driven by [Maddie Morrison](/wiki/Maddie_Morrison "Maddie Morrison") ([Scarlett Bowman](/wiki/Scarlett_Bowman "Scarlett Bowman")). She swerves to avoid Leah, but although Ste manages to save her he is hit by the minibus. In December 2012, Leah is bullied at school for having Ste and Doug as her two fathers, but Ste explains to her that its ok to have him and Doug, as she has Amy as well. Shortly after this, Leah's biological father [Billy Parker](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282012%29%23Billy_Parker "List of Hollyoaks characters (2012)#Billy Parker") ([Michael Parr](/wiki/Michael_Parr "Michael Parr")) turns up in the village and vows to Ste that he will get Leah. Ste then tells Leah that Amy must never find out that he and his ex\-boyfriend [Brendan Brady](/wiki/Brendan_Brady "Brendan Brady") ([Emmett J. Scanlan](/wiki/Emmett_J._Scanlan "Emmett J. Scanlan")) are together, and that he is still with Doug. Shortly after, Amy returns to the village in February 2013 and after discovering Ste's relationship with Brendan, she then leaves once more with Leah and Lucas, leaving Ste upset. Ste and Brendan later try to get custody of Leah and Lucas. Leah takes a locket belonging to deceased [Anna Blake](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282013%29%23Anna_Blake "List of Hollyoaks characters (2013)#Anna Blake") ([Saskia Wickham](/wiki/Saskia_Wickham "Saskia Wickham")) that had been put in the vent outside the flat of [Martha Kane](/wiki/Martha_Kane "Martha Kane") ([Carli Norris](/wiki/Carli_Norris "Carli Norris")) and later returns it telling Martha that she had seen Anna’s son [Will Savage](/wiki/Will_Savage "Will Savage") ([James Atherton](/wiki/James_Atherton "James Atherton")) getting out of his wheelchair and putting it in a vent, revealing Will as Anna’s killer. Amy brings Leah and Lucas back to the village throughout November to December 2014 as Ste has a drug addiction. After Ste is back from rehab he goes to a pub, but sees his stepfather [Terry Hay](/wiki/Terry_Hay "Terry Hay") (Conor Ryan) with Amy, Leah and Lucas. This is bad for him as Terry use to beat him and his mother [Pauline Hay](/wiki/Pauline_Hay "Pauline Hay") (Jane Hogarth). After that he walked away from a fight with Terry so Amy lets him see Leah and Lucas. In 2014, Leah's adoptive father [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") marries his current partner [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen"). They later separate after [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen") discovers that [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") has fathered a child with [Sinead O'Connor](/wiki/Sinead_O%27Connor "Sinead O'Connor"). Leah goes on to have another adoptive half sister [Hannah Hay\-O'Connor](/wiki/Hannah_Hay-O%27Connor "Hannah Hay-O'Connor"). In March 2017, Amy was killed by her husband [Ryan Knight](/wiki/Ryan_Knight_%28Hollyoaks%29 "Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)") ([Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James "Duncan James")), after discovering the truth about his sexual orientation, Leah and Lucas are cared for by Ryan and his girlfriend and Ste’s sister [Tegan Lomax](/wiki/Tegan_Lomax "Tegan Lomax") (Jessica Ellis). Leah discovers that Ryan is gay and is having an affair with Ste. Leah tells Ste’s sister [Leela Lomax](/wiki/Leela_Lomax "Leela Lomax") ([Kirsty\-Leigh Porter](/wiki/Kirsty-Leigh_Porter "Kirsty-Leigh Porter")), causing everyone to know. But also, Ryan is revealed to have killed Amy, and when is caught, Leah is very confused and sad. In 2018, Leah's adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") has a short lived marriage to [Harry Thompson](/wiki/Harry_Thompson "Harry Thompson") they later separated and divorce after [Harry](/wiki/Harry_Thompson "Harry Thompson") has an affair and is later murdered. In 2021, Leah goes to [Trish Minniver](/wiki/Trish_Minniver "Trish Minniver")’s ([Denise Welch](/wiki/Denise_Welch "Denise Welch")) dance academy and Ste becomes Trish's cleaner. In October 2021, she develops a crush on [DeMarcus Westwood](/wiki/DeMarcus_Westwood "DeMarcus Westwood") (Tomi Ade), however judging by his facial expressions, the feelings are not mutual. In 2023, Her adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") marries partner [James Nightingale](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)") and they move in alongside [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)")'s son [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo_Nightingale "Romeo Nightingale") and half\-Sister [Juliet](/wiki/Juliet_Nightingale "Juliet Nightingale"). In 2024, Leah's stepfather [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)") dies in an explosion and which leaves [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") in a coma for 12 months. During this time Leah becomes a mother.
[ "### Storylines", "After discovering her pregnancy, her mother [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes \"Amy Barnes\") ([Ashley Slanina\\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies \"Ashley Slanina-Davies\")) initially wants to have an abortion, but eventually opts for a state of denial, with only [Michaela McQueen](/wiki/Michaela_McQueen \"Michaela McQueen\") ([Hollie\\-Jay Bowes](/wiki/Hollie-Jay_Bowes \"Hollie-Jay Bowes\")) aware she is pregnant. In February 2007, she gives birth to Leah on the kitchen floor, with her shocked father [Mike Barnes](/wiki/Mike_Barnes_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"Mike Barnes (Hollyoaks)\") ([Tony Hirst](/wiki/Tony_Hirst \"Tony Hirst\")) and sister [Sarah Barnes](/wiki/Sarah_Barnes \"Sarah Barnes\") ([Loui Batley](/wiki/Loui_Batley \"Loui Batley\")) delivering Leah. Amy refuses to go near Leah, leading her mother [Kathy Barnes](/wiki/Kathy_Barnes \"Kathy Barnes\") ([Sarah Jane Buckley](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Buckley \"Sarah Jane Buckley\")) to claim she is Leah's mother. This ruse continues for several months, but finally Michaela sells the story to a tabloid. By this time, Amy has formed a bond with Leah, and claims Leah as her own. However, Kathy has become obsessed with Leah and, after failing to make Amy look incapable of being a mother, she kidnaps Leah. She is eventually sectioned and leaves the village a few months later.", "Leah moves into a flat with Amy and boyfriend [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson \"Kieron Richardson\")). Amy tells her family that Ste is Leah's father. After Amy and Ste discover they are in serious money trouble, Ste lies that Leah has leukaemia in order to get money. The lie quickly spirals out of his control as Ste and Amy begin raking in money as. Eventually, the truth does come out. Amy's friend [Sasha Valentine](/wiki/Sasha_Valentine \"Sasha Valentine\") ([Nathalie Emmanuel](/wiki/Nathalie_Emmanuel \"Nathalie Emmanuel\")) babysits Leah one night. However, drug dealer [Nige Foster](/wiki/Nige_Foster \"Nige Foster\") (Sam Townend) arrives and persuades Sasha to take drugs, despite Leah's presence. Amy and Ste return home to find Leah crying on her own, and close to a syringe. An angry Ste throws both Sasha and Nige out after threatening them. Ste's anger issues grow out of hand, and on various occasions, he attacks Amy, who briefly moves out of the flat with Leah. Amy later discovers she is pregnant and has a son [Lucas Hay](/wiki/Lucas_Hay \"Lucas Hay\"). She, however, does not take Ste back. Following Lucas's birth, Amy suffers from postnatal depression and moves away, leaving Leah and Lucas with Ste. She returns months later. Amy, Leah and Lucas move back in with Ste, but Amy and Ste do not get back together.", "[Gabby Sharpe](/wiki/Gabby_Sharpe \"Gabby Sharpe\") ([Phina Oruche](/wiki/Phina_Oruche \"Phina Oruche\")) pays Amy to babysit her daughter [Amber Sharpe](/wiki/Amber_Sharpe \"Amber Sharpe\") ([Lydia Lloyd\\-Henry](/wiki/Lydia_Lloyd-Henry \"Lydia Lloyd-Henry\")). Amy takes Leah and Lucas to Gabby's flat and on the same night, an arsonist sets fire to Il Gnosh, which is below the flat. Amy falls asleep as the fire spreads, however wakes up and realises she is trapped. She eventually attracts the attention of [Steph Cunningham](/wiki/Steph_Cunningham \"Steph Cunningham\") ([Carley Stenson](/wiki/Carley_Stenson \"Carley Stenson\")) outside. Steph enters and manages to save them with the help of her husband [Gilly Roach](/wiki/Gilly_Roach \"Gilly Roach\") ([Anthony Quinlan](/wiki/Anthony_Quinlan \"Anthony Quinlan\")), although Steph dies in the fire. On Leah's 5th birthday, she bonds with Amy's new boyfriend Ally as does Lucas.", "In August 2012, Leah, along with Amy and Lucas, leaves the village and Ste. She returns in November 2012 as a bridesmaid for Ste's wedding to [Doug Carter](/wiki/Doug_Carter \"Doug Carter\") ([PJ Brennan](/wiki/PJ_Brennan \"PJ Brennan\")). When Leah is playing outside the wedding venue she runs across the road only to get nearly ran over by a minibus driven by [Maddie Morrison](/wiki/Maddie_Morrison \"Maddie Morrison\") ([Scarlett Bowman](/wiki/Scarlett_Bowman \"Scarlett Bowman\")). She swerves to avoid Leah, but although Ste manages to save her he is hit by the minibus. In December 2012, Leah is bullied at school for having Ste and Doug as her two fathers, but Ste explains to her that its ok to have him and Doug, as she has Amy as well. Shortly after this, Leah's biological father [Billy Parker](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282012%29%23Billy_Parker \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2012)#Billy Parker\") ([Michael Parr](/wiki/Michael_Parr \"Michael Parr\")) turns up in the village and vows to Ste that he will get Leah. Ste then tells Leah that Amy must never find out that he and his ex\\-boyfriend [Brendan Brady](/wiki/Brendan_Brady \"Brendan Brady\") ([Emmett J. Scanlan](/wiki/Emmett_J._Scanlan \"Emmett J. Scanlan\")) are together, and that he is still with Doug. Shortly after, Amy returns to the village in February 2013 and after discovering Ste's relationship with Brendan, she then leaves once more with Leah and Lucas, leaving Ste upset. Ste and Brendan later try to get custody of Leah and Lucas.", "Leah takes a locket belonging to deceased [Anna Blake](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282013%29%23Anna_Blake \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2013)#Anna Blake\") ([Saskia Wickham](/wiki/Saskia_Wickham \"Saskia Wickham\")) that had been put in the vent outside the flat of [Martha Kane](/wiki/Martha_Kane \"Martha Kane\") ([Carli Norris](/wiki/Carli_Norris \"Carli Norris\")) and later returns it telling Martha that she had seen Anna’s son [Will Savage](/wiki/Will_Savage \"Will Savage\") ([James Atherton](/wiki/James_Atherton \"James Atherton\")) getting out of his wheelchair and putting it in a vent, revealing Will as Anna’s killer. Amy brings Leah and Lucas back to the village throughout November to December 2014 as Ste has a drug addiction.", "After Ste is back from rehab he goes to a pub, but sees his stepfather [Terry Hay](/wiki/Terry_Hay \"Terry Hay\") (Conor Ryan) with Amy, Leah and Lucas. This is bad for him as Terry use to beat him and his mother [Pauline Hay](/wiki/Pauline_Hay \"Pauline Hay\") (Jane Hogarth). After that he walked away from a fight with Terry so Amy lets him see Leah and Lucas.", "In 2014, Leah's adoptive father [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") marries his current partner [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\"). They later separate after [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\") discovers that [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") has fathered a child with [Sinead O'Connor](/wiki/Sinead_O%27Connor \"Sinead O'Connor\"). Leah goes on to have another adoptive half sister [Hannah Hay\\-O'Connor](/wiki/Hannah_Hay-O%27Connor \"Hannah Hay-O'Connor\").", "In March 2017, Amy was killed by her husband [Ryan Knight](/wiki/Ryan_Knight_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)\") ([Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James \"Duncan James\")), after discovering the truth about his sexual orientation, Leah and Lucas are cared for by Ryan and his girlfriend and Ste’s sister [Tegan Lomax](/wiki/Tegan_Lomax \"Tegan Lomax\") (Jessica Ellis). Leah discovers that Ryan is gay and is having an affair with Ste. Leah tells Ste’s sister [Leela Lomax](/wiki/Leela_Lomax \"Leela Lomax\") ([Kirsty\\-Leigh Porter](/wiki/Kirsty-Leigh_Porter \"Kirsty-Leigh Porter\")), causing everyone to know. But also, Ryan is revealed to have killed Amy, and when is caught, Leah is very confused and sad.", "In 2018, Leah's adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") has a short lived marriage to [Harry Thompson](/wiki/Harry_Thompson \"Harry Thompson\") they later separated and divorce after [Harry](/wiki/Harry_Thompson \"Harry Thompson\") has an affair and is later murdered.", "In 2021, Leah goes to [Trish Minniver](/wiki/Trish_Minniver \"Trish Minniver\")’s ([Denise Welch](/wiki/Denise_Welch \"Denise Welch\")) dance academy and Ste becomes Trish's cleaner. In October 2021, she develops a crush on [DeMarcus Westwood](/wiki/DeMarcus_Westwood \"DeMarcus Westwood\") (Tomi Ade), however judging by his facial expressions, the feelings are not mutual.", "In 2023, Her adoptive father [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") marries partner [James Nightingale](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\") and they move in alongside [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\")'s son [Romeo](/wiki/Romeo_Nightingale \"Romeo Nightingale\") and half\\-Sister [Juliet](/wiki/Juliet_Nightingale \"Juliet Nightingale\").", "In 2024, Leah's stepfather [James](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\") dies in an explosion and which leaves [Ste](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") in a coma for 12 months. During this time Leah becomes a mother.", "" ]
Spike ----- {{Infobox soap character \|series\= Hollyoaks \|name\=Spike \|portrayer\= \[\[Tom Vaughan (actor)\|Tom Vaughan]] \|years\=2007–2008 \|first\= 23 March 2007 \|last\= 28 November 2008 \|classification\=\[\[List of former Hollyoaks characters\#Last appeared in 2008\|Former; recurring]] }} **Spike** was a character portrayed by actor [Tom Vaughan](/wiki/Tom_Vaughan_%28actor%29 "Tom Vaughan (actor)") from March 2007 to August 2007, with a brief return at the end of November 2008\.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/a132640/spike\-to\-make\-brief\-hollyoaks\-return.html \| title\=Spike to make brief 'Hollyoaks' return \| author\=Kris Green \| work\=\[\[Digital Spy]] \| date\=2008\-10\-14 \| access\-date\=2008\-10\-14 \| archive\-date\=2 December 2008 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202003333/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/a132640/spike\-to\-make\-brief\-hollyoaks\-return.html \| url\-status\=live }} Spike was first seen DJing at the reception for [Jacqui Malota](/wiki/Jacqui_Malota "Jacqui Malota") and [Aleksander Malota](/wiki/Aleksander_Malota "Aleksander Malota"). He soon befriended Jacqui's gay brother, [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen"). John Paul was still not confident in his sexuality, but Spike was not only openly gay, he said his father was also gay and lived with a man named Simon. Once John Paul got up the courage to ask Spike out on a date, they became very close very quickly. Spike was good\-natured, but also wasn't afraid to stand his ground, especially when John Paul's ex [Hannah Ashworth](/wiki/Hannah_Ashworth "Hannah Ashworth") interfered with a date. On another occasion, Hannah told Spike about John Paul's feelings for his straight best friend, [Craig Dean](/wiki/Craig_Dean "Craig Dean"). Spike became jealous and when John Paul tried to tell him how much he cared, Spike told him he was being too serious and that he didn't "do" serious. Spike was in the middle of a DJing gig at the Dog and tried to tune John Paul out. When John Paul turned the volume on his amp down, Spike warned him to never do that again and passionately kissed him in front of everyone. This seemed to strengthen his relationship with John Paul, and he even managed to charm John Paul's sister Mercedes and mother Myra when he finally went to their house for a visit. John Paul had never slept with a man before and was nervous about taking the next step. One day while the McQueen house was empty, Spike took John Paul to his bedroom and they slept together for the first time. This was the high point of their relationship, as the happier they became, the more upset this made Craig. Craig slept with John Paul and although John Paul tried to continue seeing Spike, he eventually dumped him, not telling Spike the real reason why. Spike and John Paul remained friends, and when John Paul needed Spike to help him retrieve a poison pen letter he'd written to Craig's mother while Craig was on holiday with his girlfriend (again not telling Spike the truth), Spike did. They sparred with Hannah and her new friend Melissa, and Melissa responded by throwing John Paul's records in the water. Spike and John Paul fished them out and went back to John Paul's place, where they kissed and would have gone further if John Paul hadn't stopped. Spike advised him to sort out what was going on in his head and have some fun. A few weeks later Spike began bartending at The Dog and quickly realized John Paul and Craig were involved. Spike began teasing Craig, and their increasingly hostile exchanges roused Sarah's suspicions. Craig played on John Paul's sense of chivalry and John Paul convinced Spike to keep quiet. Spike made a brief return in November 2008\. His tensions with Hannah had not gone away. Working as a reporter for the *Chester Herald*, Spike wanted to do a story on the Dog, or as [Neville Ashworth](/wiki/Neville_Ashworth "Neville Ashworth") had renamed it, The Jolly Roger. The nautically\-themed opening night, complete with young men wearing sailor suits, led Spike to write an article which sold the pub as a gay bar. When Neville realised what was going on, he was shocked, even more so when Spike jokingly pretended that he believed Neville was gay. Neville barred him from the pub, but he'd already booked Spike as a DJ. Finally, Neville had enough, fired Spike, and decided to change the pub back to The Dog in the Pond. {{Clear}}
[ "Spike\n-----", "{{Infobox soap character\n\\|series\\= Hollyoaks\n\\|name\\=Spike\n\\|portrayer\\= \\[\\[Tom Vaughan (actor)\\|Tom Vaughan]]\n\\|years\\=2007–2008\n\\|first\\= 23 March 2007\n\\|last\\= 28 November 2008\n\\|classification\\=\\[\\[List of former Hollyoaks characters\\#Last appeared in 2008\\|Former; recurring]]\n}}", "**Spike** was a character portrayed by actor [Tom Vaughan](/wiki/Tom_Vaughan_%28actor%29 \"Tom Vaughan (actor)\") from March 2007 to August 2007, with a brief return at the end of November 2008\\.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/a132640/spike\\-to\\-make\\-brief\\-hollyoaks\\-return.html \\| title\\=Spike to make brief 'Hollyoaks' return \\| author\\=Kris Green \\| work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]] \\| date\\=2008\\-10\\-14 \\| access\\-date\\=2008\\-10\\-14 \\| archive\\-date\\=2 December 2008 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202003333/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/a132640/spike\\-to\\-make\\-brief\\-hollyoaks\\-return.html \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "Spike was first seen DJing at the reception for [Jacqui Malota](/wiki/Jacqui_Malota \"Jacqui Malota\") and [Aleksander Malota](/wiki/Aleksander_Malota \"Aleksander Malota\"). He soon befriended Jacqui's gay brother, [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\"). John Paul was still not confident in his sexuality, but Spike was not only openly gay, he said his father was also gay and lived with a man named Simon.", "Once John Paul got up the courage to ask Spike out on a date, they became very close very quickly. Spike was good\\-natured, but also wasn't afraid to stand his ground, especially when John Paul's ex [Hannah Ashworth](/wiki/Hannah_Ashworth \"Hannah Ashworth\") interfered with a date. On another occasion, Hannah told Spike about John Paul's feelings for his straight best friend, [Craig Dean](/wiki/Craig_Dean \"Craig Dean\"). Spike became jealous and when John Paul tried to tell him how much he cared, Spike told him he was being too serious and that he didn't \"do\" serious. Spike was in the middle of a DJing gig at the Dog and tried to tune John Paul out. When John Paul turned the volume on his amp down, Spike warned him to never do that again and passionately kissed him in front of everyone. This seemed to strengthen his relationship with John Paul, and he even managed to charm John Paul's sister Mercedes and mother Myra when he finally went to their house for a visit.", "John Paul had never slept with a man before and was nervous about taking the next step. One day while the McQueen house was empty, Spike took John Paul to his bedroom and they slept together for the first time. This was the high point of their relationship, as the happier they became, the more upset this made Craig. Craig slept with John Paul and although John Paul tried to continue seeing Spike, he eventually dumped him, not telling Spike the real reason why.", "Spike and John Paul remained friends, and when John Paul needed Spike to help him retrieve a poison pen letter he'd written to Craig's mother while Craig was on holiday with his girlfriend (again not telling Spike the truth), Spike did. They sparred with Hannah and her new friend Melissa, and Melissa responded by throwing John Paul's records in the water. Spike and John Paul fished them out and went back to John Paul's place, where they kissed and would have gone further if John Paul hadn't stopped. Spike advised him to sort out what was going on in his head and have some fun.", "A few weeks later Spike began bartending at The Dog and quickly realized John Paul and Craig were involved. Spike began teasing Craig, and their increasingly hostile exchanges roused Sarah's suspicions. Craig played on John Paul's sense of chivalry and John Paul convinced Spike to keep quiet.", "Spike made a brief return in November 2008\\. His tensions with Hannah had not gone away. Working as a reporter for the *Chester Herald*, Spike wanted to do a story on the Dog, or as [Neville Ashworth](/wiki/Neville_Ashworth \"Neville Ashworth\") had renamed it, The Jolly Roger. The nautically\\-themed opening night, complete with young men wearing sailor suits, led Spike to write an article which sold the pub as a gay bar. When Neville realised what was going on, he was shocked, even more so when Spike jokingly pretended that he believed Neville was gay. Neville barred him from the pub, but he'd already booked Spike as a DJ. Finally, Neville had enough, fired Spike, and decided to change the pub back to The Dog in the Pond.\n{{Clear}}", "" ]
Melissa Hurst ------------- {{Infobox soap character \|series\= Hollyoaks \| portrayer \= \[\[Carla Chases]] \| name \= Melissa Hurst \| first \= 7 June 2007 \| last \= 3 September 2007 \| introducer \= \[\[Bryan Kirkwood]] \| years \= 2007 \| classification \= \[\[List of former Hollyoaks characters\#Last appeared in 2007\|Former; regular]] }} **Melissa Hurst** was originally a friend to [Sarah Barnes](/wiki/Sarah_Barnes "Sarah Barnes"), whom she met when the two worked together on a modelling shoot. Through Sarah, Melissa met and grew close to [Hannah Ashworth](/wiki/Hannah_Ashworth "Hannah Ashworth") after discovering she is [bulimic](/wiki/Bulimia "Bulimia"), an illness which Melissa also suffered from. Melissa helped Hannah to be subtle and hide her eating disorder, encouraging her to exercise regularly, go without food and to stay away from her family and friends so that she is not 'tempted' by food or alcohol \- even persuading Hannah to stay at home when her family went to France. This period of the Ashworths being in France, leaving their house to Hannah and Gilly for the duration saw Melissa become a central character in the show's plot. Melissa spent almost the whole of this time living at the Ashworths claiming she didn't want to go home, as her Mum would have forced her to eat. Hannah promised that she and Melissa would get through bulimia together and the girls soon started an extreme work out regime drinking only water and eating very little. Melissa had difficulties with [Gilly Roach](/wiki/Gilly_Roach "Gilly Roach") who thought she and Hannah were taking drugs because of the change in Hannah's personality, a fear also shared by her friends Sarah, [Nancy Hayton](/wiki/Nancy_Hayton "Nancy Hayton") and [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen") whose suspicions were reinforced when Sarah overheard Hannah and Melissa in the SU bar's toilets about "disposing of the evidence" and later the same evening, Hannah passing out. Upon the return of the Ashworths from France, Hannah's mother [Suzanne Ashworth](/wiki/Suzanne_Ashworth "Suzanne Ashworth") was concerned as to how skinny Hannah had become. Melissa sarcastically stated that she had given Hannah drugs, resulting in Melissa being banned from the house. Melissa though continued to visit Hannah, angering Gilly. Hannah and Melissa threatened to say he had raped Hannah if he spoke out against Melissa. In spite of these threats, Gilly alerted [Rhys Ashworth](/wiki/Rhys_Ashworth "Rhys Ashworth") to his concerns about Melissa and she was forcibly ejected from the Ashworth's barbecue. Melissa had complained about a headache during the barbecue and continued to feel unwell as, after being ejected, she and Hannah stood in the rain waiting for a taxi. Melissa collapsed and was admitted to intensive care. Hannah visited Melissa in hospital and told her she was all she had in the world and she was happy they met. Melissa tells her she's a true friend. Hannah applies make\-up to Melissa, who was so weak she couldn't open her lip gloss. There was a montage showing the wires, drips, Melissa's bones sticking out and Hannah's family looking for answers back at her home. Hannah cries throughout this entire segment. The song "My Skin" by [Natalie Merchant](/wiki/Natalie_Merchant "Natalie Merchant") played throughout. Melissa eventually engineered a plot to escape to Milan with Hannah, through fear that if she stayed in hospital and continued to be force\-fed she would have got fat. Hannah agreed to the plan because she was fed up with her family interfering in her life. The two friends successfully escaped the hospital the next day, but had to return to Hannah's home to retrieve her passport; where Rhys and Suzanne grab her to prevent her from going. Melissa argued with Hannah's family before the stress of the situation caused her to collapse from a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction "Myocardial infarction") and despite Suzanne's attempts to revive her, Melissa died shortly after. Hannah then cradled Melissa's body, crying hysterically. Melissa's death was one of the few episodes to not feature a wrap\-up scene following the end credits. In the episode following her death, a vision of Melissa reappeared to Hannah, as Hannah struggles to cope with her grief and is terrified that her mother will use Melissa's death to force her to eat. Hannah is seen trying on Melissa's dress (during the scene we see a flashback of Melissa proudly modelling the [size zero](/wiki/Size_zero "Size zero") dress for Hannah) Hannah however struggles to fit into the outfit, and a vision of Melissa appears and zips it up for Hannah, before vanishing. {{Clear}}89
[ "Melissa Hurst\n-------------", "{{Infobox soap character\n\\|series\\= Hollyoaks\n\\| portrayer \\= \\[\\[Carla Chases]]\n\\| name \\= Melissa Hurst\n\\| first \\= 7 June 2007\n\\| last \\= 3 September 2007\n\\| introducer \\= \\[\\[Bryan Kirkwood]]\n\\| years \\= 2007\n\\| classification \\= \\[\\[List of former Hollyoaks characters\\#Last appeared in 2007\\|Former; regular]]\n}}", "**Melissa Hurst** was originally a friend to [Sarah Barnes](/wiki/Sarah_Barnes \"Sarah Barnes\"), whom she met when the two worked together on a modelling shoot. Through Sarah, Melissa met and grew close to [Hannah Ashworth](/wiki/Hannah_Ashworth \"Hannah Ashworth\") after discovering she is [bulimic](/wiki/Bulimia \"Bulimia\"), an illness which Melissa also suffered from. Melissa helped Hannah to be subtle and hide her eating disorder, encouraging her to exercise regularly, go without food and to stay away from her family and friends so that she is not 'tempted' by food or alcohol \\- even persuading Hannah to stay at home when her family went to France.", "This period of the Ashworths being in France, leaving their house to Hannah and Gilly for the duration saw Melissa become a central character in the show's plot. Melissa spent almost the whole of this time living at the Ashworths claiming she didn't want to go home, as her Mum would have forced her to eat. Hannah promised that she and Melissa would get through bulimia together and the girls soon started an extreme work out regime drinking only water and eating very little. Melissa had difficulties with [Gilly Roach](/wiki/Gilly_Roach \"Gilly Roach\") who thought she and Hannah were taking drugs because of the change in Hannah's personality, a fear also shared by her friends Sarah, [Nancy Hayton](/wiki/Nancy_Hayton \"Nancy Hayton\") and [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\") whose suspicions were reinforced when Sarah overheard Hannah and Melissa in the SU bar's toilets about \"disposing of the evidence\" and later the same evening, Hannah passing out.", "Upon the return of the Ashworths from France, Hannah's mother [Suzanne Ashworth](/wiki/Suzanne_Ashworth \"Suzanne Ashworth\") was concerned as to how skinny Hannah had become. Melissa sarcastically stated that she had given Hannah drugs, resulting in Melissa being banned from the house. Melissa though continued to visit Hannah, angering Gilly. Hannah and Melissa threatened to say he had raped Hannah if he spoke out against Melissa. In spite of these threats, Gilly alerted [Rhys Ashworth](/wiki/Rhys_Ashworth \"Rhys Ashworth\") to his concerns about Melissa and she was forcibly ejected from the Ashworth's barbecue. Melissa had complained about a headache during the barbecue and continued to feel unwell as, after being ejected, she and Hannah stood in the rain waiting for a taxi. Melissa collapsed and was admitted to intensive care.", "Hannah visited Melissa in hospital and told her she was all she had in the world and she was happy they met. Melissa tells her she's a true friend. Hannah applies make\\-up to Melissa, who was so weak she couldn't open her lip gloss. There was a montage showing the wires, drips, Melissa's bones sticking out and Hannah's family looking for answers back at her home. Hannah cries throughout this entire segment. The song \"My Skin\" by [Natalie Merchant](/wiki/Natalie_Merchant \"Natalie Merchant\") played throughout.", "Melissa eventually engineered a plot to escape to Milan with Hannah, through fear that if she stayed in hospital and continued to be force\\-fed she would have got fat. Hannah agreed to the plan because she was fed up with her family interfering in her life. The two friends successfully escaped the hospital the next day, but had to return to Hannah's home to retrieve her passport; where Rhys and Suzanne grab her to prevent her from going. Melissa argued with Hannah's family before the stress of the situation caused her to collapse from a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction \"Myocardial infarction\") and despite Suzanne's attempts to revive her, Melissa died shortly after. Hannah then cradled Melissa's body, crying hysterically.", "Melissa's death was one of the few episodes to not feature a wrap\\-up scene following the end credits.", "In the episode following her death, a vision of Melissa reappeared to Hannah, as Hannah struggles to cope with her grief and is terrified that her mother will use Melissa's death to force her to eat. Hannah is seen trying on Melissa's dress (during the scene we see a flashback of Melissa proudly modelling the [size zero](/wiki/Size_zero \"Size zero\") dress for Hannah) Hannah however struggles to fit into the outfit, and a vision of Melissa appears and zips it up for Hannah, before vanishing.", "{{Clear}}89", "" ]
Nana McQueen ------------ * + {{Infobox soap character \| series \= Hollyoaks \| name \= Nana McQueen \| portrayer \= \[\[Diane Langton]] \| introducer \= \[\[Bryan Kirkwood]] \| years \= 2007–2009, 2012–2024 \| first \= Episode 2072 {{start date\|2007\|7\|3\|df\=y}} \| last \= Episode 6289 {{end date\|2024\|1\|16\|df\=y}} \| classification \= \[\[List of Hollyoaks characters\#Last appeared in 2024\|Former; regular]] \| spinoffs \= ''\[\[Hollyoaks Later]]'' (2020\) \| occupation \= {{Plainlist\| \* Barmaid \* entertainer }} \| family \= \[\[McQueen family\|McQueen]] \| mother \= Queenie McQueen \| sisters \= Marguerite McQueen \| husband \= Reggie (backstory) \| sons \= Louis McQueen **Marlena "Nana" McQueen**, played by [Diane Langton](/wiki/Diane_Langton "Diane Langton"), first appeared in July. Since her first appearance, Nana made further appearances in 2007 before returning in 2008 and again departing in 2009\. Nana returned in 2012 on a recurring basis but became a regular shortly afterwards. In late 2015, Langton took an extended break from the soap and Nana made a low\-key exit from the village on 20 November 2015\. It was later announced in October 2016 that Langton had returned to filming and Nana returned on 24 October 2016\. Nana is part of the [McQueen family](/wiki/McQueen_family "McQueen family"). She made a few brief appearances in February 2017, October and return full\-time on 17 September 2018, moving into the spare room at the Dog in the Pond after Mercedes became the new landlady. Nana is first seen in July 2007 when flirting with [Russ Owen](/wiki/Russ_Owen "Russ Owen") ([Stuart Manning](/wiki/Stuart_Manning "Stuart Manning")) in [The Dog in the Pond](/wiki/The_Dog_in_the_Pond "The Dog in the Pond"). She enters the McQueen household to find her granddaughters fighting. When the rest of the McQueens get back, she sees Russ and claims he was chatting her up at The Dog. Nana reappears in October 2007 when her grandchildren [Carmel McQueen](/wiki/Carmel_McQueen "Carmel McQueen") ([Gemma Merna](/wiki/Gemma_Merna "Gemma Merna")) and [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen") ([James Sutton](/wiki/James_Sutton_%28actor%29 "James Sutton (actor)")) nearly die from [carbon monoxide poisoning](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning "Carbon monoxide poisoning"). She stirs up trouble by lying to her granddaughter [Mercedes McQueen](/wiki/Mercedes_McQueen "Mercedes McQueen") ([Jennifer Metcalfe](/wiki/Jennifer_Metcalfe "Jennifer Metcalfe")) that she has seen Carmel and Russ kissing at the hospital. Nana's daughter, [Myra McQueen](/wiki/Myra_McQueen "Myra McQueen") ([Nicole Barber\-Lane](/wiki/Nicole_Barber-Lane "Nicole Barber-Lane")), tries to get along with her, but after she realises Nana has tried to steal the compensation money the family have received for Carmel and John Paul, Myra throws Nana out. Nana reminds Myra that she is her mother, but Myra exclaims that she stopped being her mother at the age of 14\. Nana vows to return before leaving. Nana returns for the family's Christmas and Boxing Day celebrations. Neither she nor the rest of the family realise their guest, [Niall Rafferty](/wiki/Niall_Rafferty "Niall Rafferty") ([Barry Sloane](/wiki/Barry_Sloane "Barry Sloane")), is the son Nana forced Myra to give up at birth. During the dinner, Nana toasts her granddaughter [Tina McQueen](/wiki/Tina_Reilly "Tina Reilly") ([Leah Hackett](/wiki/Leah_Hackett "Leah Hackett")) for being a surrogate mother for her half\-sister [Jacqui McQueen](/wiki/Jacqui_McQueen "Jacqui McQueen") ([Claire Cooper](/wiki/Claire_Cooper "Claire Cooper")) and her boyfriend [Tony Hutchinson](/wiki/Tony_Hutchinson "Tony Hutchinson") ([Nick Pickard](/wiki/Nick_Pickard "Nick Pickard")). Myra gets upset and leaves the table. Nana finds her in the bathroom, weeping over old newspaper clippings of the child she had given up at birth. Myra tells Nana she could never forgive her, or herself. Nana tells her to stop complaining and that she was right to give up the child. Myra slaps Nana for her comment, but Nana slaps Myra right back, leaving as she refused to be treated in such a manner. In February 2008, Nana returns after Myra is arrested for benefit fraud. After having an argument with Myra she went to The Dog with Niall where she got drunk and confessed to Niall that she forced Myra to give up her son aged 14\. In revenge Niall attacked her and left her for dead. She was later found by her granddaughter Tina, and returned home the next day. Nana and the rest of the McQueens were at that point unaware that it was Niall that attacked her. In September 2008, it was revealed that she was on a cruise so she couldn't attend Carmel and [Calvin Valentine](/wiki/Calvin_Valentine "Calvin Valentine")'s ([Ricky Whittle](/wiki/Ricky_Whittle "Ricky Whittle")) wedding. She returned in November 2008 for Tina's funeral. She was unimpressed with Jacqui and John Paul because they failed to attend the service. Nana mentioned that her daughter, [Kathleen McQueen](/wiki/Kathleen_McQueen "Kathleen McQueen") (Alison Burrows), is in prison. She also mentions that Kathleen's daughter, [Theresa McQueen](/wiki/Theresa_McQueen "Theresa McQueen") ([Jorgie Porter](/wiki/Jorgie_Porter "Jorgie Porter")), is living with her as a consequence. After arguing with Myra over Niall, Mercedes, threw her out. She returned later the same month when it emerged that Theresa had slept with Tony, who was unaware she was only 15\. Nana revealed she used to pose for a Dutch artist whose house she used to clean. In 2009 it turned out that these pictures were worth quite a lot of money; unfortunately for the McQueens, [Leila Roy](/wiki/Leila_Roy "Leila Roy") ([Lena Kaur](/wiki/Lena_Kaur "Lena Kaur")) had painted over the canvas. In June 2010 Theresa was sent to stay with Nana but returned after a few weeks, saying she had a miserable time. In the summer of 2012, Carmel left Hollyoaks for a few months to live with Nana after having an accident with a self\-tanning machine leaving her with a very distinct scar. Nana returned to Hollyoaks in November 2012 to help Carmel with life in the village. She arranges for her to go on a date with [Barney Harper\-McBride](/wiki/Barney_Harper-McBride "Barney Harper-McBride") (Tom Scurr). Nana has three daughters to three different fathers. She was once married to a man named Reggie but the marriage ended after Nana struggled to stay faithful. Although Nana cared for Reggie she said her true love was a man named Billy Bickerstaff who worked in a local chip shop. She has also mentioned having romances with men such as Willy Trotter, Ernie Partridge and Len Murphy. She was in an abusive relationship with a man named [Derek Clough](/wiki/Derek_Clough "Derek Clough") ([Bruce Montague](/wiki/Bruce_Montague "Bruce Montague")), Derek abused Marlena physically for years, he broke her jaw and put her in hospital more than once. He also raped her youngest daughter [Reenie](/wiki/Reenie_McQueen "Reenie McQueen") ([Zöe Lucker](/wiki/Z%C3%B6e_Lucker "Zöe Lucker")), getting her pregnant aged 15 with daughter [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche_McQueen "Porsche McQueen") ([Twinnie Lee Moore](/wiki/Twinnie-Lee_Moore "Twinnie-Lee Moore")). After Derek dies of heart attack, Reenie tells Nana that Porsche can never learn the truth about her father's identity; Nana agrees to keep the secret. In November 2015, after Pete's sexual abuse of Porsche and her younger sister [Cleo McQueen](/wiki/Cleo_McQueen "Cleo McQueen") ([Nadine Rose Mulkerrin](/wiki/Nadine_Rose_Mulkerrin "Nadine Rose Mulkerrin")) is revealed, Nana cannot cope as she feels she could have done something to prevent the line of abuse that followed in the village, back at the McQueen house, after crying her eyes out, she picked a picture Kathleen\-Angel had drawn from the wall having a drawing of Nana on and reading "My perfect Nana who looks after my family" Nana later put the picture against her and started crying, she later disappeared and Myra and the other McQueens finding a letter from her saying she had gone to Alicante, leaving Myra horrified. Nana returns in October 2016, leaving Myra shocked to find her on the doorstep, she sets out to clean the house and discovers everything that has gone on in her absence and helps Myra find a new man, due to [Diego Salvador Martinez Hernandez De La Cruz](/wiki/Diego_Salvador_Martinez_Hernandez_De_La_Cruz "Diego Salvador Martinez Hernandez De La Cruz") (Juan Pablo Yepez) being in prison. In 2017, Nana returns to the village just as Cleo McQueen and Joel Dexter leave to go to visit Tanzania on holiday and Nana, along with Myra, are shocked to find out that Cleo is pregnant.
[ "Nana McQueen\n------------", "* + {{Infobox soap character\n\t\\| series \\= Hollyoaks\n\t\\| name \\= Nana McQueen\n\t\\| portrayer \\= \\[\\[Diane Langton]]\n\t\\| introducer \\= \\[\\[Bryan Kirkwood]]\n\t\\| years \\= 2007–2009, 2012–2024\n\t\\| first \\= Episode 2072 \n\t{{start date\\|2007\\|7\\|3\\|df\\=y}}\n\t\\| last \\= Episode 6289 \n\t\n\t{{end date\\|2024\\|1\\|16\\|df\\=y}}\n\t\\| classification \\= \\[\\[List of Hollyoaks characters\\#Last appeared in 2024\\|Former; regular]]\n\t\\| spinoffs \\= ''\\[\\[Hollyoaks Later]]'' (2020\\) \n\t\\| occupation \\= {{Plainlist\\|\n\t\\* Barmaid\n\t\\* entertainer\n\t}}\n\t\\| family \\= \\[\\[McQueen family\\|McQueen]]\n\t\\| mother \\= Queenie McQueen\n\t\\| sisters \\= Marguerite McQueen\n\t\\| husband \\= Reggie (backstory)\n\t\\| sons \\= Louis McQueen", "**Marlena \"Nana\" McQueen**, played by [Diane Langton](/wiki/Diane_Langton \"Diane Langton\"), first appeared in July. Since her first appearance, Nana made further appearances in 2007 before returning in 2008 and again departing in 2009\\. Nana returned in 2012 on a recurring basis but became a regular shortly afterwards. In late 2015, Langton took an extended break from the soap and Nana made a low\\-key exit from the village on 20 November 2015\\. It was later announced in October 2016 that Langton had returned to filming and Nana returned on 24 October 2016\\. Nana is part of the [McQueen family](/wiki/McQueen_family \"McQueen family\"). She made a few brief appearances in February 2017, October and return full\\-time on 17 September 2018, moving into the spare room at the Dog in the Pond after Mercedes became the new landlady.", "Nana is first seen in July 2007 when flirting with [Russ Owen](/wiki/Russ_Owen \"Russ Owen\") ([Stuart Manning](/wiki/Stuart_Manning \"Stuart Manning\")) in [The Dog in the Pond](/wiki/The_Dog_in_the_Pond \"The Dog in the Pond\"). She enters the McQueen household to find her granddaughters fighting. When the rest of the McQueens get back, she sees Russ and claims he was chatting her up at The Dog. Nana reappears in October 2007 when her grandchildren [Carmel McQueen](/wiki/Carmel_McQueen \"Carmel McQueen\") ([Gemma Merna](/wiki/Gemma_Merna \"Gemma Merna\")) and [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\") ([James Sutton](/wiki/James_Sutton_%28actor%29 \"James Sutton (actor)\")) nearly die from [carbon monoxide poisoning](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning \"Carbon monoxide poisoning\"). She stirs up trouble by lying to her granddaughter [Mercedes McQueen](/wiki/Mercedes_McQueen \"Mercedes McQueen\") ([Jennifer Metcalfe](/wiki/Jennifer_Metcalfe \"Jennifer Metcalfe\")) that she has seen Carmel and Russ kissing at the hospital. Nana's daughter, [Myra McQueen](/wiki/Myra_McQueen \"Myra McQueen\") ([Nicole Barber\\-Lane](/wiki/Nicole_Barber-Lane \"Nicole Barber-Lane\")), tries to get along with her, but after she realises Nana has tried to steal the compensation money the family have received for Carmel and John Paul, Myra throws Nana out. Nana reminds Myra that she is her mother, but Myra exclaims that she stopped being her mother at the age of 14\\. Nana vows to return before leaving. Nana returns for the family's Christmas and Boxing Day celebrations. Neither she nor the rest of the family realise their guest, [Niall Rafferty](/wiki/Niall_Rafferty \"Niall Rafferty\") ([Barry Sloane](/wiki/Barry_Sloane \"Barry Sloane\")), is the son Nana forced Myra to give up at birth. During the dinner, Nana toasts her granddaughter [Tina McQueen](/wiki/Tina_Reilly \"Tina Reilly\") ([Leah Hackett](/wiki/Leah_Hackett \"Leah Hackett\")) for being a surrogate mother for her half\\-sister [Jacqui McQueen](/wiki/Jacqui_McQueen \"Jacqui McQueen\") ([Claire Cooper](/wiki/Claire_Cooper \"Claire Cooper\")) and her boyfriend [Tony Hutchinson](/wiki/Tony_Hutchinson \"Tony Hutchinson\") ([Nick Pickard](/wiki/Nick_Pickard \"Nick Pickard\")). Myra gets upset and leaves the table. Nana finds her in the bathroom, weeping over old newspaper clippings of the child she had given up at birth. Myra tells Nana she could never forgive her, or herself. Nana tells her to stop complaining and that she was right to give up the child. Myra slaps Nana for her comment, but Nana slaps Myra right back, leaving as she refused to be treated in such a manner.", "In February 2008, Nana returns after Myra is arrested for benefit fraud. After having an argument with Myra she went to The Dog with Niall where she got drunk and confessed to Niall that she forced Myra to give up her son aged 14\\. In revenge Niall attacked her and left her for dead. She was later found by her granddaughter Tina, and returned home the next day. Nana and the rest of the McQueens were at that point unaware that it was Niall that attacked her. In September 2008, it was revealed that she was on a cruise so she couldn't attend Carmel and [Calvin Valentine](/wiki/Calvin_Valentine \"Calvin Valentine\")'s ([Ricky Whittle](/wiki/Ricky_Whittle \"Ricky Whittle\")) wedding. She returned in November 2008 for Tina's funeral. She was unimpressed with Jacqui and John Paul because they failed to attend the service. Nana mentioned that her daughter, [Kathleen McQueen](/wiki/Kathleen_McQueen \"Kathleen McQueen\") (Alison Burrows), is in prison. She also mentions that Kathleen's daughter, [Theresa McQueen](/wiki/Theresa_McQueen \"Theresa McQueen\") ([Jorgie Porter](/wiki/Jorgie_Porter \"Jorgie Porter\")), is living with her as a consequence. After arguing with Myra over Niall, Mercedes, threw her out. She returned later the same month when it emerged that Theresa had slept with Tony, who was unaware she was only 15\\. Nana revealed she used to pose for a Dutch artist whose house she used to clean. In 2009 it turned out that these pictures were worth quite a lot of money; unfortunately for the McQueens, [Leila Roy](/wiki/Leila_Roy \"Leila Roy\") ([Lena Kaur](/wiki/Lena_Kaur \"Lena Kaur\")) had painted over the canvas. In June 2010 Theresa was sent to stay with Nana but returned after a few weeks, saying she had a miserable time.", "In the summer of 2012, Carmel left Hollyoaks for a few months to live with Nana after having an accident with a self\\-tanning machine leaving her with a very distinct scar. Nana returned to Hollyoaks in November 2012 to help Carmel with life in the village. She arranges for her to go on a date with [Barney Harper\\-McBride](/wiki/Barney_Harper-McBride \"Barney Harper-McBride\") (Tom Scurr).", "Nana has three daughters to three different fathers. She was once married to a man named Reggie but the marriage ended after Nana struggled to stay faithful. Although Nana cared for Reggie she said her true love was a man named Billy Bickerstaff who worked in a local chip shop. She has also mentioned having romances with men such as Willy Trotter, Ernie Partridge and Len Murphy. She was in an abusive relationship with a man named [Derek Clough](/wiki/Derek_Clough \"Derek Clough\") ([Bruce Montague](/wiki/Bruce_Montague \"Bruce Montague\")), Derek abused Marlena physically for years, he broke her jaw and put her in hospital more than once. He also raped her youngest daughter [Reenie](/wiki/Reenie_McQueen \"Reenie McQueen\") ([Zöe Lucker](/wiki/Z%C3%B6e_Lucker \"Zöe Lucker\")), getting her pregnant aged 15 with daughter [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche_McQueen \"Porsche McQueen\") ([Twinnie Lee Moore](/wiki/Twinnie-Lee_Moore \"Twinnie-Lee Moore\")). After Derek dies of heart attack, Reenie tells Nana that Porsche can never learn the truth about her father's identity; Nana agrees to keep the secret.", "In November 2015, after Pete's sexual abuse of Porsche and her younger sister [Cleo McQueen](/wiki/Cleo_McQueen \"Cleo McQueen\") ([Nadine Rose Mulkerrin](/wiki/Nadine_Rose_Mulkerrin \"Nadine Rose Mulkerrin\")) is revealed, Nana cannot cope as she feels she could have done something to prevent the line of abuse that followed in the village, back at the McQueen house, after crying her eyes out, she picked a picture Kathleen\\-Angel had drawn from the wall having a drawing of Nana on and reading \"My perfect Nana who looks after my family\" Nana later put the picture against her and started crying, she later disappeared and Myra and the other McQueens finding a letter from her saying she had gone to Alicante, leaving Myra horrified.", "Nana returns in October 2016, leaving Myra shocked to find her on the doorstep, she sets out to clean the house and discovers everything that has gone on in her absence and helps Myra find a new man, due to [Diego Salvador Martinez Hernandez De La Cruz](/wiki/Diego_Salvador_Martinez_Hernandez_De_La_Cruz \"Diego Salvador Martinez Hernandez De La Cruz\") (Juan Pablo Yepez) being in prison. In 2017, Nana returns to the village just as Cleo McQueen and Joel Dexter leave to go to visit Tanzania on holiday and Nana, along with Myra, are shocked to find out that Cleo is pregnant.", "" ]
Harry Thompson -------------- {{Infobox soap character \| series\= Hollyoaks \| name\=Harry Thompson \| portrayer\=Daniel Seymour (2007–2009\) Harrison George Rhodes (2009\) \[\[Parry Glasspool]] (2013–2019\) \| years\=2007–2009, 2013, 2015–2019 \| first\= 17 October 2007 \| last\= 29 August 2019 \| classification\=\[\[List of former Hollyoaks characters\#Last appeared in 2009\|Former; regular]] \| occupation\= Student \[\[Male prostitution\|Prostitute]] \| introducer\= \[\[Bryan Kirkwood]] (2007, 2015\) Tony got to spend a few days with Harry, but Harry didn't get along with Tony's girlfriend, [Jacqui McQueen](/wiki/Jacqui_McQueen "Jacqui McQueen") ([Claire Cooper](/wiki/Claire_Cooper "Claire Cooper")) who resented Tony having a child since she could not have one. Jacqui asked Tony to choose between her or Harry and he chose Harry, but later changed his mind, and gave up all contact with Harry. In March 2008, Harry began contacting Tony even though Tony asked him not to call. When Jacqui found out, she decided that since they were going to have a surrogate baby of their own, she should let Harry back into Tony's life. Harry also discovers that his half\-sister [Grace](/wiki/Grace_Hutchinson "Grace Hutchinson") died two years ago, and was devastated, as never got a chance to see her. Harry came for a brief visit and formed a bond with Jacqui. Tony was so pleased he even put a photo of Harry on the wall of Il Gnosh. He returned in March 2009, after Tony decided to start seeing him again and get his life back on track. Harry appeared in the second and sixth series of *Hollyoaks Later* for Tony's wedding to [Cindy Cunningham](/wiki/Cindy_Cunningham "Cindy Cunningham") ([Stephanie Waring](/wiki/Stephanie_Waring "Stephanie Waring")) and for his holiday to [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"). Harry returns after he is expelled from the boarding school, since Tony didn't pay the school bills. He discovers that Tony had an affair with his stepdaughter [Sinead O'Connor](/wiki/Sinead_O%27Connor_%28Hollyoaks%29 "Sinead O'Connor (Hollyoaks)") ([Stephanie Davis](/wiki/Stephanie_Davis_%28actress%29 "Stephanie Davis (actress)")), by his wife [Diane O'Connor](/wiki/Diane_O%27Connor "Diane O'Connor") ([Alex Fletcher](/wiki/Alex_Fletcher_%28actress%29 "Alex Fletcher (actress)")), which makes him angry with Tony, but he eventually forgives him. Just before school, he met [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen "John Paul McQueen") ([James Sutton](/wiki/James_Sutton_%28actor%29 "James Sutton (actor)")) at the Loft and they kiss. Right after this, Harry becomes a student at John Paul's school Hollyoaks High and becomes friends with his cousin [Cleo McQueen](/wiki/Cleo_McQueen "Cleo McQueen") ([Nadine Rose Mulkerrin](/wiki/Nadine_Rose_Mulkerrin "Nadine Rose Mulkerrin")) who he begins a relationship with. He also forms friendships with Cindy's daughter [Holly Cunningham](/wiki/Holly_Cunningham "Holly Cunningham") ([Amanda Clapham](/wiki/Amanda_Clapham "Amanda Clapham")) and [Zack Loveday](/wiki/Zack_Loveday "Zack Loveday") (Duyane Boachie). Harry, Cleo, Holly, Zack and Holly's boyfriend [Jason Roscoe](/wiki/Jason_Roscoe "Jason Roscoe") ([Alfie Browne\-Sykes](/wiki/Alfie_Browne-Sykes "Alfie Browne-Sykes")) accidentally run over [Dylan Jenkins](/wiki/Dylan_Jenkins "Dylan Jenkins") (James Fletcher) while on their way to a festival in a stolen car. Harry helps them get rid of the car and cleaning it. Jason manages to destroy it and they are off the hook as the police don't have enough evidence to continue the case. When John Paul gets his job back at school Harry is shocked to discover John Paul is his teacher and John Paul is equally shocked to see Harry is still in school. Later when Tony hosts a meal for John Paul, [Darren Osborne](/wiki/Darren_Osborne "Darren Osborne") ([Ashley Taylor Dawson](/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson "Ashley Taylor Dawson")) and [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay "Ste Hay") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson "Kieron Richardson")), he is shocked to discover that John Paul and Ste are married. John Paul asks Harry not to say anything as he doesn't want to risk losing his marriage or his career. Harry shocks John Paul by saying that he is not gay. The two later bump into each other after Harry had a fight with Cleo and their kiss is mentioned again. Their conversation is overheard by Sinead and she and her cousin [Scott Drinkwell](/wiki/Scott_Drinkwell "Scott Drinkwell") ([Ross Adams](/wiki/Ross_Adams "Ross Adams")) send Harry a text from John Paul's phone asking to meet him in a gay bar where they and John Paul are at in an attempt to break Ste and John Paul up so Sinead can have Ste to herself. John Paul informs Harry he's been tricked and Harry meets Ste, [Aiden](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282015%29%23Aiden_Bigsby "List of Hollyoaks characters (2015)#Aiden Bigsby") (Joseph Cocklin) and [Kyle Bigsby](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282015%29%23Kyle_Bigsby "List of Hollyoaks characters (2015)#Kyle Bigsby") (Mitchell Hunt) outside. Worried about people discovering his sexuality, Harry lies and says Ste tried it on with him, but regrets it when Aiden and Kyle viciously attack Ste and then force him to take the blame for the attack. Zack figures out it was them and calls the police clearing Harry's name. Ste later questions Harry over the event and Harry admits he's not ready to tell his father the truth just yet. Ste promises to support him pointing out that he was through similar experiences himself. The two later share an unexpected moment at Diane's flat. When Cleo's sexually abusive stepfather [Pete Buchanan](/wiki/Pete_Buchanan "Pete Buchanan") ([Kai Owen](/wiki/Kai_Owen "Kai Owen")) arrives back, Harry is unaware that he is grooming Cleo. Cleo dumps Harry after he cost her a job by starting a whipped cream fight, Harry then thinks Cleo is seeing someone else and when he sees Cleo with Pete he's unaware that Pete is the other man. Harry then ends up locked in a toilet with Ste by Sinead mistaking Ste for Scott in a desperate attempt to keep Scott from lusting after Ste. She is unaware however that Harry is lusting after Ste, too. Harry asks Ste some questions about his relationship with Sinead and kisses Ste who then regrets what he did. Harry then becomes jealous watching Ste and Sinead together and later comforts Ste after Tony made insensitive comments about his HIV and his relationship with Sinead. Harry then tries to kiss Ste again but Ste tells him to stay away from him. When Harry finds out that Ste proposed to Sinead he angrily accuses him of stringing her along and it turns into passion where they are nearly caught by Sinead. Harry then attempts to comfort Ste when it was revealed that [Cameron Campbell](/wiki/Cameron_Campbell "Cameron Campbell") (Cameron Moore) killed Ste's father, [Danny Lomax](/wiki/Danny_Lomax "Danny Lomax") ([Stephen Billington](/wiki/Stephen_Billington "Stephen Billington")), and stepmother, [Sam](/wiki/Sam_Lomax "Sam Lomax") ([Lizzie Roper](/wiki/Lizzie_Roper "Lizzie Roper")). He then sends Ste a text about their relationship which Sinead reads. When the plumbing breaks at the boarding house, Harry has a shower at Diane's and Ste accidentally walks in on him. Harry then decides to use the situation to his advantage by making suggestive comments while wearing a towel in order to tempt Ste. Ste tells him there can never be a relationship between them, so Harry writes down how he feels in an email which is discovered by Tony. Ste then later admits his feeling to Harry, and they later have sex. Ste then later decides to end things with Sinead, but decides not to tell her. Ste and Harry then later have sex again. Harry then sends a text to Ste which Sinead reads, causing her to discover the affair. Sinead leaves the village forever and Ste dumps him. Later, when Ste is alone at Diane's Harry tries to convince him to give them another chance and Ste gives in. They narrowly avoid detection by Diane and they continue their affair. In October 2015, Tony discovers the affair of Ste and Harry, which shocks his stepmother Diane, and finally discovers why Sinead left Hollyoaks forever. In November 2015, Harry finally comes out to his father and accepts his sexuality and his relationship with Ste. On his 18th birthday, he discovers that his mother, Tessie, and his godparents Ruth, Kurt, Jambo and Rory cannot attend to his 18th birthday, as he discovers that Jambo refused to return to Hollyoaks since the death of Dawn Cunningham in eighteen years. Later that day Ste tells Harry that, due to his HIV, he now has to go on medication, but Harry accepts it. Ste later breaks up with him that night anyway after being manipulated by Tony, who refuses to believe Harry's gay. Harry later sees Cleo holding hands with her step\-father Pete and she accidentally lets it slip she was having a relationship with him for years. Furious, Harry storms to the Dog, where Reenie and Pete are having their wedding ceremony, and publicly outs him as a paedophile. On Christmas Day Harry finds out that he was accepted into a football scholarship in California. He then discovers that Tony had called the police on Ste for doing drugs in order to wreck their relationship. Harry then packs his things and leaves saying Tony was the worst father ever and he was sick of Tony trying to control him. He is shocked however to see Ste about to reunite with John Paul and runs off heartbroken. He then returns to Tony's as he has no where else to go, but Ste comes and says Harry's the one he wants and Harry agrees to give them a go. When Tony protests, Ste invites Harry to live with him and Harry agrees. They spend Christmas together with Ste's family in The Dog. Harry continues to date Ste, but the relationship turns turbulent when Ste gets kicked out of the Lomaxes' and Harry goes with him after Cameron frames Ste with some drugs that he found in the house. Harry then has sex with [James Nightingale](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 "James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)") ([Gregory Finnegan](/wiki/Gregory_Finnegan "Gregory Finnegan")) after being put under pressure by the older man. The money, however, was not needed, as Leela and Tegan give Ste a second chance. They then lead on to break up as Ste discovers that he slept with James. Ste ends up becoming addicted to [crystal meth](/wiki/Crystal_meth "Crystal meth") after Cameron gives him some, and Harry and Ste get back together in that period of time. After originally going to leave for France, Tony decides to stay behind in Hollyoaks to help Harry get Ste over the addiction. After the first night, Tony decided to hand Ste over to doctors, who will be able to give him real help. During Ste's trial for [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes "Amy Barnes")' ([Ashley Slanina\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies "Ashley Slanina-Davies")) murder, Ste tells him that he knows Harry was the one who really killed her. Harry explains to Ste that he didn't mean to kill Amy and that he thought she was still alive when he left her house, following an argument in which she fell and hurt her head. He assumed her husband [Ryan Knight](/wiki/Ryan_Knight_%28Hollyoaks%29 "Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)") ([Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James "Duncan James")) would come home and call an ambulance if necessary but, when he discovered she had died, he was too frightened to say anything. Harry attempts to confess but Ste and James stop him and James plans to set someone else up for the murder. James successfully casts doubt over Ste's guilt by suggesting that DI Armstrong killed Amy, resulting in Ste being released. However, Ste subsequently breaks up with him because of what he did to Amy. Via flashback, the audience finds out that Harry was not responsible for Amy's murder as, once he left her house, Ryan entered and killed her. When Harry confesses to Tony that he is responsible for Amy's murder, Tony kicks him out of the house and he becomes homeless. Tony eventually confesses Harry's secret to Diane, causing tension in their marriage. Ryan discovers Harry has started working as a prostitute in order to earn money. James later also finds out and offers to let Harry live with him, although he will still work as a rent boy, with James finding him more high\-class clients so that he is not in danger. When attempting to seal a deal for his company, the client asks James for Harry's services as a sweetener. Seeing Harry and the older man enter a room and hearing them discuss money, Tony interrupts them, believing his son to be involved in drug deals and discovers his job as a prostitute. When Tony and Diane go on holiday, Harry becomes a stowaway in the boot of their car in order to escape. After an accident involving the Maalik family where Diane is heavily injured, Harry appears to try and help her. She forgives him for killing Amy, and tells him to flee which he does. He briefly stays with James, until handing himself to the police following a confession to the murder. Harry is sent to prison. He is later released after Ryan confesses to murdering Amy and having set Harry up. He is set to move in with James and begin a relationship, but a moment of passion with ex Ste puts an end to that. He moves back in with Tony and Diane, and gets back together with Ste. On a camping trip with Ste's children, [Leah](/wiki/Leah_Barnes "Leah Barnes") (Elà\-May Demircan) and [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_Hay "Lucas Hay") (William Hall), they are ambushed by Ryan who confesses to all of his crimes before running off. Harry chases after him and after a brief struggle, Ryan accidentally falls into a river screaming for Harry to help him, but Harry walks away leaving Ryan to his death, which Harry later feels guilty for. Ste and Harry later become engaged and plan a wedding. Ste and Harry later marry. However, this is cut short when Ste discovers Harry's affair with James and Harry is not able to support Ste at the hospital, where his sister is in a critical condition. Harry then goes to talk to James, who tells him their relationship is over. With no one to support him, especially his father, Harry leaves the village. Harry returns in the new year and makes a bee line for James \- after initially rejecting him; Harry soon wins him round and, after a tricky start, moves in with James and his son, [Romeo Quinn](/wiki/Romeo_Nightingale "Romeo Nightingale") ([Owen Warner](/wiki/Owen_Warner "Owen Warner")). Harry is stabbed to death by serial killer, [Breda McQueen](/wiki/Breda_McQueen "Breda McQueen") ([Moya Brady](/wiki/Moya_Brady "Moya Brady")), as part of her vendetta against bad dads. Harry reappears in a dream of Tony, when he is also stabbed by Breda for learning she had killed him.
[ "Harry Thompson\n--------------", "{{Infobox soap character\n\\| series\\= Hollyoaks\n\\| name\\=Harry Thompson\n\\| portrayer\\=Daniel Seymour (2007–2009\\) \n Harrison George Rhodes (2009\\) \n \\[\\[Parry Glasspool]] (2013–2019\\)\n\\| years\\=2007–2009, 2013, 2015–2019\n\\| first\\= 17 October 2007\n\\| last\\= 29 August 2019\n\\| classification\\=\\[\\[List of former Hollyoaks characters\\#Last appeared in 2009\\|Former; regular]]\n\\| occupation\\= Student \n \\[\\[Male prostitution\\|Prostitute]]\n\\| introducer\\= \\[\\[Bryan Kirkwood]] (2007, 2015\\)", "Tony got to spend a few days with Harry, but Harry didn't get along with Tony's girlfriend, [Jacqui McQueen](/wiki/Jacqui_McQueen \"Jacqui McQueen\") ([Claire Cooper](/wiki/Claire_Cooper \"Claire Cooper\")) who resented Tony having a child since she could not have one. Jacqui asked Tony to choose between her or Harry and he chose Harry, but later changed his mind, and gave up all contact with Harry. In March 2008, Harry began contacting Tony even though Tony asked him not to call. When Jacqui found out, she decided that since they were going to have a surrogate baby of their own, she should let Harry back into Tony's life. Harry also discovers that his half\\-sister [Grace](/wiki/Grace_Hutchinson \"Grace Hutchinson\") died two years ago, and was devastated, as never got a chance to see her. Harry came for a brief visit and formed a bond with Jacqui. Tony was so pleased he even put a photo of Harry on the wall of Il Gnosh. He returned in March 2009, after Tony decided to start seeing him again and get his life back on track. Harry appeared in the second and sixth series of *Hollyoaks Later* for Tony's wedding to [Cindy Cunningham](/wiki/Cindy_Cunningham \"Cindy Cunningham\") ([Stephanie Waring](/wiki/Stephanie_Waring \"Stephanie Waring\")) and for his holiday to [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\").", "Harry returns after he is expelled from the boarding school, since Tony didn't pay the school bills. He discovers that Tony had an affair with his stepdaughter [Sinead O'Connor](/wiki/Sinead_O%27Connor_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"Sinead O'Connor (Hollyoaks)\") ([Stephanie Davis](/wiki/Stephanie_Davis_%28actress%29 \"Stephanie Davis (actress)\")), by his wife [Diane O'Connor](/wiki/Diane_O%27Connor \"Diane O'Connor\") ([Alex Fletcher](/wiki/Alex_Fletcher_%28actress%29 \"Alex Fletcher (actress)\")), which makes him angry with Tony, but he eventually forgives him. Just before school, he met [John Paul McQueen](/wiki/John_Paul_McQueen \"John Paul McQueen\") ([James Sutton](/wiki/James_Sutton_%28actor%29 \"James Sutton (actor)\")) at the Loft and they kiss. Right after this, Harry becomes a student at John Paul's school Hollyoaks High and becomes friends with his cousin [Cleo McQueen](/wiki/Cleo_McQueen \"Cleo McQueen\") ([Nadine Rose Mulkerrin](/wiki/Nadine_Rose_Mulkerrin \"Nadine Rose Mulkerrin\")) who he begins a relationship with. He also forms friendships with Cindy's daughter [Holly Cunningham](/wiki/Holly_Cunningham \"Holly Cunningham\") ([Amanda Clapham](/wiki/Amanda_Clapham \"Amanda Clapham\")) and [Zack Loveday](/wiki/Zack_Loveday \"Zack Loveday\") (Duyane Boachie).", "Harry, Cleo, Holly, Zack and Holly's boyfriend [Jason Roscoe](/wiki/Jason_Roscoe \"Jason Roscoe\") ([Alfie Browne\\-Sykes](/wiki/Alfie_Browne-Sykes \"Alfie Browne-Sykes\")) accidentally run over [Dylan Jenkins](/wiki/Dylan_Jenkins \"Dylan Jenkins\") (James Fletcher) while on their way to a festival in a stolen car. Harry helps them get rid of the car and cleaning it. Jason manages to destroy it and they are off the hook as the police don't have enough evidence to continue the case. When John Paul gets his job back at school Harry is shocked to discover John Paul is his teacher and John Paul is equally shocked to see Harry is still in school. Later when Tony hosts a meal for John Paul, [Darren Osborne](/wiki/Darren_Osborne \"Darren Osborne\") ([Ashley Taylor Dawson](/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson \"Ashley Taylor Dawson\")) and [Ste Hay](/wiki/Ste_Hay \"Ste Hay\") ([Kieron Richardson](/wiki/Kieron_Richardson \"Kieron Richardson\")), he is shocked to discover that John Paul and Ste are married. John Paul asks Harry not to say anything as he doesn't want to risk losing his marriage or his career. Harry shocks John Paul by saying that he is not gay. The two later bump into each other after Harry had a fight with Cleo and their kiss is mentioned again. Their conversation is overheard by Sinead and she and her cousin [Scott Drinkwell](/wiki/Scott_Drinkwell \"Scott Drinkwell\") ([Ross Adams](/wiki/Ross_Adams \"Ross Adams\")) send Harry a text from John Paul's phone asking to meet him in a gay bar where they and John Paul are at in an attempt to break Ste and John Paul up so Sinead can have Ste to herself. John Paul informs Harry he's been tricked and Harry meets Ste, [Aiden](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282015%29%23Aiden_Bigsby \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2015)#Aiden Bigsby\") (Joseph Cocklin) and [Kyle Bigsby](/wiki/List_of_Hollyoaks_characters_%282015%29%23Kyle_Bigsby \"List of Hollyoaks characters (2015)#Kyle Bigsby\") (Mitchell Hunt) outside. Worried about people discovering his sexuality, Harry lies and says Ste tried it on with him, but regrets it when Aiden and Kyle viciously attack Ste and then force him to take the blame for the attack. Zack figures out it was them and calls the police clearing Harry's name. Ste later questions Harry over the event and Harry admits he's not ready to tell his father the truth just yet. Ste promises to support him pointing out that he was through similar experiences himself. The two later share an unexpected moment at Diane's flat.", "When Cleo's sexually abusive stepfather [Pete Buchanan](/wiki/Pete_Buchanan \"Pete Buchanan\") ([Kai Owen](/wiki/Kai_Owen \"Kai Owen\")) arrives back, Harry is unaware that he is grooming Cleo. Cleo dumps Harry after he cost her a job by starting a whipped cream fight, Harry then thinks Cleo is seeing someone else and when he sees Cleo with Pete he's unaware that Pete is the other man. Harry then ends up locked in a toilet with Ste by Sinead mistaking Ste for Scott in a desperate attempt to keep Scott from lusting after Ste. She is unaware however that Harry is lusting after Ste, too. Harry asks Ste some questions about his relationship with Sinead and kisses Ste who then regrets what he did. Harry then becomes jealous watching Ste and Sinead together and later comforts Ste after Tony made insensitive comments about his HIV and his relationship with Sinead. Harry then tries to kiss Ste again but Ste tells him to stay away from him.", "When Harry finds out that Ste proposed to Sinead he angrily accuses him of stringing her along and it turns into passion where they are nearly caught by Sinead. Harry then attempts to comfort Ste when it was revealed that [Cameron Campbell](/wiki/Cameron_Campbell \"Cameron Campbell\") (Cameron Moore) killed Ste's father, [Danny Lomax](/wiki/Danny_Lomax \"Danny Lomax\") ([Stephen Billington](/wiki/Stephen_Billington \"Stephen Billington\")), and stepmother, [Sam](/wiki/Sam_Lomax \"Sam Lomax\") ([Lizzie Roper](/wiki/Lizzie_Roper \"Lizzie Roper\")). He then sends Ste a text about their relationship which Sinead reads. When the plumbing breaks at the boarding house, Harry has a shower at Diane's and Ste accidentally walks in on him. Harry then decides to use the situation to his advantage by making suggestive comments while wearing a towel in order to tempt Ste. Ste tells him there can never be a relationship between them, so Harry writes down how he feels in an email which is discovered by Tony. Ste then later admits his feeling to Harry, and they later have sex. Ste then later decides to end things with Sinead, but decides not to tell her. Ste and Harry then later have sex again. Harry then sends a text to Ste which Sinead reads, causing her to discover the affair. Sinead leaves the village forever and Ste dumps him. Later, when Ste is alone at Diane's Harry tries to convince him to give them another chance and Ste gives in. They narrowly avoid detection by Diane and they continue their affair.", "In October 2015, Tony discovers the affair of Ste and Harry, which shocks his stepmother Diane, and finally discovers why Sinead left Hollyoaks forever. In November 2015, Harry finally comes out to his father and accepts his sexuality and his relationship with Ste. On his 18th birthday, he discovers that his mother, Tessie, and his godparents Ruth, Kurt, Jambo and Rory cannot attend to his 18th birthday, as he discovers that Jambo refused to return to Hollyoaks since the death of Dawn Cunningham in eighteen years. Later that day Ste tells Harry that, due to his HIV, he now has to go on medication, but Harry accepts it. Ste later breaks up with him that night anyway after being manipulated by Tony, who refuses to believe Harry's gay. Harry later sees Cleo holding hands with her step\\-father Pete and she accidentally lets it slip she was having a relationship with him for years. Furious, Harry storms to the Dog, where Reenie and Pete are having their wedding ceremony, and publicly outs him as a paedophile. On Christmas Day Harry finds out that he was accepted into a football scholarship in California. He then discovers that Tony had called the police on Ste for doing drugs in order to wreck their relationship. Harry then packs his things and leaves saying Tony was the worst father ever and he was sick of Tony trying to control him. He is shocked however to see Ste about to reunite with John Paul and runs off heartbroken. He then returns to Tony's as he has no where else to go, but Ste comes and says Harry's the one he wants and Harry agrees to give them a go. When Tony protests, Ste invites Harry to live with him and Harry agrees. They spend Christmas together with Ste's family in The Dog.", "Harry continues to date Ste, but the relationship turns turbulent when Ste gets kicked out of the Lomaxes' and Harry goes with him after Cameron frames Ste with some drugs that he found in the house. Harry then has sex with [James Nightingale](/wiki/James_Nightingale_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"James Nightingale (Hollyoaks)\") ([Gregory Finnegan](/wiki/Gregory_Finnegan \"Gregory Finnegan\")) after being put under pressure by the older man. The money, however, was not needed, as Leela and Tegan give Ste a second chance. They then lead on to break up as Ste discovers that he slept with James. Ste ends up becoming addicted to [crystal meth](/wiki/Crystal_meth \"Crystal meth\") after Cameron gives him some, and Harry and Ste get back together in that period of time. After originally going to leave for France, Tony decides to stay behind in Hollyoaks to help Harry get Ste over the addiction. After the first night, Tony decided to hand Ste over to doctors, who will be able to give him real help. During Ste's trial for [Amy Barnes](/wiki/Amy_Barnes \"Amy Barnes\")' ([Ashley Slanina\\-Davies](/wiki/Ashley_Slanina-Davies \"Ashley Slanina-Davies\")) murder, Ste tells him that he knows Harry was the one who really killed her. Harry explains to Ste that he didn't mean to kill Amy and that he thought she was still alive when he left her house, following an argument in which she fell and hurt her head. He assumed her husband [Ryan Knight](/wiki/Ryan_Knight_%28Hollyoaks%29 \"Ryan Knight (Hollyoaks)\") ([Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James \"Duncan James\")) would come home and call an ambulance if necessary but, when he discovered she had died, he was too frightened to say anything. Harry attempts to confess but Ste and James stop him and James plans to set someone else up for the murder. James successfully casts doubt over Ste's guilt by suggesting that DI Armstrong killed Amy, resulting in Ste being released. However, Ste subsequently breaks up with him because of what he did to Amy. Via flashback, the audience finds out that Harry was not responsible for Amy's murder as, once he left her house, Ryan entered and killed her.", "When Harry confesses to Tony that he is responsible for Amy's murder, Tony kicks him out of the house and he becomes homeless. Tony eventually confesses Harry's secret to Diane, causing tension in their marriage. Ryan discovers Harry has started working as a prostitute in order to earn money. James later also finds out and offers to let Harry live with him, although he will still work as a rent boy, with James finding him more high\\-class clients so that he is not in danger. When attempting to seal a deal for his company, the client asks James for Harry's services as a sweetener. Seeing Harry and the older man enter a room and hearing them discuss money, Tony interrupts them, believing his son to be involved in drug deals and discovers his job as a prostitute.", "When Tony and Diane go on holiday, Harry becomes a stowaway in the boot of their car in order to escape. After an accident involving the Maalik family where Diane is heavily injured, Harry appears to try and help her. She forgives him for killing Amy, and tells him to flee which he does. He briefly stays with James, until handing himself to the police following a confession to the murder. Harry is sent to prison. He is later released after Ryan confesses to murdering Amy and having set Harry up. He is set to move in with James and begin a relationship, but a moment of passion with ex Ste puts an end to that. He moves back in with Tony and Diane, and gets back together with Ste. On a camping trip with Ste's children, [Leah](/wiki/Leah_Barnes \"Leah Barnes\") (Elà\\-May Demircan) and [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_Hay \"Lucas Hay\") (William Hall), they are ambushed by Ryan who confesses to all of his crimes before running off. Harry chases after him and after a brief struggle, Ryan accidentally falls into a river screaming for Harry to help him, but Harry walks away leaving Ryan to his death, which Harry later feels guilty for. Ste and Harry later become engaged and plan a wedding.", "Ste and Harry later marry. However, this is cut short when Ste discovers Harry's affair with James and Harry is not able to support Ste at the hospital, where his sister is in a critical condition. Harry then goes to talk to James, who tells him their relationship is over. With no one to support him, especially his father, Harry leaves the village. Harry returns in the new year and makes a bee line for James \\- after initially rejecting him; Harry soon wins him round and, after a tricky start, moves in with James and his son, [Romeo Quinn](/wiki/Romeo_Nightingale \"Romeo Nightingale\") ([Owen Warner](/wiki/Owen_Warner \"Owen Warner\")). Harry is stabbed to death by serial killer, [Breda McQueen](/wiki/Breda_McQueen \"Breda McQueen\") ([Moya Brady](/wiki/Moya_Brady \"Moya Brady\")), as part of her vendetta against bad dads. Harry reappears in a dream of Tony, when he is also stabbed by Breda for learning she had killed him.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early years [thumb\|left\|Voeckler in the [yellow jersey](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France "General classification in the Tour de France") at the [2004 Tour de France](/wiki/2004_Tour_de_France "2004 Tour de France")](/wiki/File:Yellow_and_White_at_the_Tour_de_France_%2812930764174%29.jpg "Yellow and White at the Tour de France (12930764174).jpg") In 2003, Voeckler won two stages and the overall title in the [Tour de Luxembourg](/wiki/Tour_de_Luxembourg "Tour de Luxembourg"). The following year, he suddenly rose to international prominence in the world of cycling. After seizing the [French National Road Race Championships](/wiki/French_National_Road_Race_Championships "French National Road Race Championships"), the lightly regarded Voeckler entered the [2004 Tour de France](/wiki/2004_Tour_de_France "2004 Tour de France"). After escaping with five other riders during the fifth stage, Voeckler gained significant time against the [peloton](/wiki/Peloton "Peloton"), and earned the [yellow jersey](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France "General classification in the Tour de France") ({{lang\-fr\|maillot jaune}}). Remarkably, he defended his jersey for ten days, even on stages not well\-suited to his strengths. With the maillot jaune on his shoulders and intense media attention all around him, Voeckler only rode stronger. He survived the dreaded climbs of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees") seconds ahead of [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong "Lance Armstrong"). Voeckler finally surrendered the jersey to Armstrong on stage 15 in the French Alps. Voeckler then also lost the white jersey ({{lang\-fr\|maillot blanc}}; held by the best rider under 25\) to [Vladimir Karpets](/wiki/Vladimir_Karpets "Vladimir Karpets"). But by then Voeckler was already a national hero. The 2005 season was busy as Voeckler rode many races, including some not considered a fit for his style of riding. His only win that year came in Stage 3 of the [Four Days of Dunkirk](/wiki/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk "Four Days of Dunkirk"). In 2006 he won the fifth stage in the [Tour of the Basque Country](/wiki/2006_Tour_of_the_Basque_Country "2006 Tour of the Basque Country"). At the [Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré](/wiki/2006_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9_Lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9 "2006 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré"), Voeckler finished second on Stage 1, and he also won [Paris–Bourges](/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Bourges "Paris–Bourges"). In 2007, Voeckler garnered a stunning win at the [GP Ouest\-France](/wiki/2007_GP_Ouest-France "2007 GP Ouest-France"), in which he beat the favorites with a late breakaway. For 2008, his early season was highlighted with an overall win at the [Circuit de la Sarthe](/wiki/Circuit_de_la_Sarthe_%28cycling%29 "Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)") and in 2009, he gained his first stage win at the Tour de France, winning [stage 5](/wiki/2009_Tour_de_France%2C_Stage_1_to_Stage_11%23Stage_5 "2009 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11#Stage 5"). Voeckler went for victory with about {{convert\|5\|km\|abbr\=off}} to go, having been part of a breakaway group for most of the race.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other\_sports/cycling/8139258\.stm\|title\=Live text – Tour de France \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|first\=Peter\|last\=Scrivener \|date\=8 July 2009\|access\-date\=8 July 2009}} ### 2010 After a somewhat slow start to 2010, Voeckler went on to win the [French National Road Race Championships](/wiki/French_National_Road_Race_Championships "French National Road Race Championships") for the second time. He was able to break away from the bunch along with [Christophe Le Mével](/wiki/Christophe_Le_M%C3%A9vel "Christophe Le Mével"), and Voeckler bested Le Mével in the sprint. He later described this win in the [Vendée](/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e "Vendée") department, where he had made his home, as the best moment of his career.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\-happy\-to\-enjoy\-the\-ride\-in\-final\-weeks\-of\-his\-career/ \|title\=Voeckler happy to enjoy the ride in final weeks of his career \|last\=Ryan \|first\=Barry \|date\=27 April 2017 \|website\=\[\[cyclingnews.com]] \|access\-date\=28 April 2017}} His form then continued into the [Tour de France](/wiki/2010_Tour_de_France "2010 Tour de France") where, after several unsuccessful attacks, he was first over the finish line during Stage 15\. He launched himself before the summit of the Hors Catégorie [Port de Balès](/wiki/Port_de_Bal%C3%A8s "Port de Balès"), cresting the summit alone. He negotiated the very fast descent without incident, and crossed the line in [Bagnères\-de\-Luchon](/wiki/Bagn%C3%A8res-de-Luchon "Bagnères-de-Luchon") with more than a minute over the chasers.{{cite web \|last1\=Hudson \|first1\=Ryan \|title\=Climbs His Way To Victory, Contador Now in Yellow \|url\=https://www.sbnation.com/2010/7/19/1576683/tour\-de\-france\-2010\-stage\-15\-alberto\-contador\-andy\-schleck\-thomas\-voeckler \|website\=sbnation.com \|access\-date\=25 August 2020 \|date\=19 July 2020}} In September, Voeckler took the victory in the inaugural running of the [Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec](/wiki/2010_Grand_Prix_Cycliste_de_Qu%C3%A9bec "2010 Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec"), a new event on the [UCI World Tour](/wiki/UCI_World_Tour "UCI World Tour") calendar. He downplayed his chances in the press in the days before the event citing a lack of form. However, he attacked in the final kilometre to cross the finish line on the *Grande\-Allée* with a couple of bike lengths over {{UCI team code\|SKY\|2010}}'s [Edvald Boasson Hagen](/wiki/Edvald_Boasson_Hagen "Edvald Boasson Hagen").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/grand\-prix\-cycliste\-de\-quebec\-upt/results\|title\=Voeckler claims inaugural GP Québec\|work\=CyclingNews\|publisher\=Future Publishing LLC\|date\=11 September 2010\|access\-date\=28 November 2012\|first\=Kirsten\|last\=Frattini}} ### 2011 [upright\|thumb\|left\|Voeckler in the [yellow jersey](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France "General classification in the Tour de France") at the [2011 Tour de France](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France "2011 Tour de France")](/wiki/File:Thomas_Voeckler_et_Arnold_Jeannesson_%285977458719%29.jpg "Thomas Voeckler et Arnold Jeannesson (5977458719).jpg") In 2011, Voeckler enjoyed his finest year as a professional. He recorded eight spring victories prior to the [Tour de France](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France "2011 Tour de France") in July, notably taking two stages at [Paris–Nice](/wiki/2011_Paris%E2%80%93Nice "2011 Paris–Nice"), and winning the overall classification in the [Four Days of Dunkirk](/wiki/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk "Four Days of Dunkirk") as well as the [Tour du Haut Var](/wiki/Tour_du_Haut_Var "Tour du Haut Var"). In the ninth stage of the Tour de France, Voeckler led a breakaway, survived a collision caused by a media support car that injured two other riders,[Tour de France 2011: Car crashes into cyclists during ninth stage (Video) – The Early Lead](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/post/tour-de-france-2011-car-crashes-into-cyclist-during-ninth-stage/2011/07/11/gIQAcTmj8H_blog.html). The Washington Post. Retrieved on 21 August 2011\. and crossed the line second, taking the overall time lead and therefore wearing the yellow jersey ({{lang\-fr\|maillot jaune}}). He held on to the yellow jersey daily from the beginning of Stage 10 onwards, carrying it through all the Pyrenean mountain stages and into the Alps, but he was unable to retain it at the end of Stage 19, the [queen stage](/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling%23queen_stage "Glossary of cycling#queen stage") finishing at [Alpe d'Huez](/wiki/Alpe_d%27Huez "Alpe d'Huez"). Voeckler finished in fourth place in the final general classification, 3 minutes and 20 seconds behind the winner, [Cadel Evans](/wiki/Cadel_Evans "Cadel Evans"). It was Voeckler's highest final general classification in the Tour, and the highest placing of any Frenchman in the Tour, at the time, since [Christophe Moreau](/wiki/Christophe_Moreau "Christophe Moreau")'s fourth\-place overall finish in [2000](/wiki/2000_Tour_de_France "2000 Tour de France").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme\-sur\-route/Actualites/Un\-nouvel\-age\-d\-or\-francais/709578\|title\=TOUR DE FRANCE Un nouvel âge d'or français?\|work\=L'Équipe\|date\=25 July 2016}} Voeckler's 2011 contract from Team Europcar was worth [€](/wiki/Euro "Euro")420,000 a year, which made him the second highest\-paid French cyclist after [Sylvain Chavanel](/wiki/Sylvain_Chavanel "Sylvain Chavanel").[Thomas Voeckler : Un avenir doré ? \| France Soir](http://www.francesoir.fr/sport/cyclisme/thomas-voeckler-un-avenir-dore-121988.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714040928/http://www.francesoir.fr/sport/cyclisme/thomas\-voeckler\-un\-avenir\-dore\-121988\.html \|date\=14 July 2012 }}. Francesoir.fr. Retrieved on 21 August 2011\.[Tour de France 2011 : Voeckler, Chavanel... Les salaires des Français !](http://www.sportune.fr/article/tour-de-france-2011-voeckler-chavanel-les-salaires-des-francais-2-31132/3). Sportune.fr. Retrieved on 21 August 2011\. His planned switch to {{UCI team code\|COF\|2012}} was worth almost twice as much, however Voeckler chose to remain at reduced salary with [Jean\-René Bernaudeau](/wiki/Jean-Ren%C3%A9_Bernaudeau "Jean-René Bernaudeau")'s team, once it re\-found sponsorship for 2011, able to continue his 15\-year relationship with the coach. ### 2012 [thumb\|Voeckler in the [polka dot jersey](/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France "Mountains classification in the Tour de France") at the [2012 Tour de France](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France "2012 Tour de France")](/wiki/File:Tour_de_France_2012%2C_voeckler_%2814869545572%29.jpg "Tour de France 2012, voeckler (14869545572).jpg") In 2012, Voeckler followed his previous year's successes with another season of victories and top placements, including a new\-found focus in the [Spring Classics](/wiki/Classic_cycle_races "Classic cycle races"). His spring campaign did not achieve strong results until April, where he attained a top\-ten finish in the [Tour of Flanders](/wiki/2012_Tour_of_Flanders "2012 Tour of Flanders"), the second [classic monument](/wiki/Classic_cycle_races%23The_%27Monuments%27 "Classic cycle races#The 'Monuments'") on the 2012 calendar; his first victory of the season came ten days later, during a {{convert\|30\|km\|adj\=on}} solo breakaway in the semi\-classic [Brabantse Pijl](/wiki/Brabantse_Pijl "Brabantse Pijl"), which he won in cold, rainy conditions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/11593/Thomas\-Voeckler\-takes\-a\-rainy\-Brabantse\-Pijl\-alone.aspx \|title\=Thomas Voeckler takes a rainy Brabantse Pijl alone \|publisher\=Velonation.com \|date\=2012\-04\-11 \|access\-date\=2012\-07\-11}} The following Sunday he took a top\-five placement in the classic [Amstel Gold Race](/wiki/2012_Amstel_Gold_Race "2012 Amstel Gold Race"),{{cite news\|title\=Gasparotto wins Amstel stunner\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/amstel\-gold\-race\-2012/results/\|access\-date\=28 October 2015\|website\=\[\[Cyclingnews.com]]\|date\=15 April 2012}} and a week later continued his success in the Ardennes with a fourth\-place in the final spring classic of the season, the monument [Liège–Bastogne–Liège](/wiki/2012_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge "2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège").{{cite news\|title\=Liege–Bastogne–Liege 2012 results\|url\=http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/04/race\-results/liege\-bastogne\-liege\-2012\-results\_214592\|access\-date\=28 October 2015\|work\=\[\[VeloNews]]\|date\=22 April 2012\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225038/http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/04/race\-results/liege\-bastogne\-liege\-2012\-results\_214592\|url\-status\=dead}} Along with other Europcar riders, Voeckler managed to win a stage in the Gabonese [La Tropicale Amissa Bongo](/wiki/La_Tropicale_Amissa_Bongo "La Tropicale Amissa Bongo") race, at the close of April.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.starafrica.com/en/more\-sports/detail\-news/view/gaboncycling\-thomas\-voeckler\-wins\-thir\-229901\.html \|title\=Gabon/Cycling: Thomas Voeckler wins third lap of Tropicale Amissa Bongo, Gabon, more sports \|publisher\=Starafrica.com \|access\-date\=2012\-07\-11 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130104233209/http://www.starafrica.com/en/more\-sports/detail\-news/view/gaboncycling\-thomas\-voeckler\-wins\-thir\-229901\.html \|archive\-date\=4 January 2013}} He started the [Tour de France](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France "2012 Tour de France") slowly, suffering from a knee injury and almost abandoning the grand tour, after also abandoning earlier preparation races. However he gathered strength and later won [stage 10](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France%2C_Prologue_to_Stage_10 "2012 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10"), the first mountain stage of the race, including crossing the [hors catégorie](/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie "Hors catégorie") climb of the *[Col du Grand Colombier](/wiki/Col_du_Grand_Colombier "Col du Grand Colombier")* in the lead, thus claiming the polka\-dot jersey for the [mountains classification](/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France "Mountains classification in the Tour de France") lead, which he held for a day.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/tour\-de\-france/stage\-10/results\|title\=Voeckler wins from breakaway in Bellegarde\-sur\-Valserine\|website\=\[\[Cycling News]]\|date\=11 July 2012\|access\-date\=11 July 2012 \|first\=Peter\|last\=Cossins}} He also prevailed in the queen stage of the race, [stage 16](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France%2C_Stage_11_to_Stage_20%23Stage_16 "2012 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20#Stage 16") from Pau to [Bagnères\-de\-Luchon](/wiki/Bagn%C3%A8res-de-Luchon "Bagnères-de-Luchon"), which included four huge climbs including the *[Col du Tourmalet](/wiki/Col_du_Tourmalet "Col du Tourmalet")*. Voeckler broke away from the peloton about {{convert\|25\|km\|abbr\=off}} into the race and was part of a massive 38\-man escape bunch. He passed all four [King of the Mountains](/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains "King of the Mountains") points locations in the lead, and grabbed the polka\-dot jersey once again as well as the victory, dropping his last breakaway companion [Brice Feillu](/wiki/Brice_Feillu "Brice Feillu") of the {{UCI team code\|SAU\|2012}} squad while ascending the *[Col de Peyresourde](/wiki/Col_de_Peyresourde "Col de Peyresourde")*, the stage's final difficulty. He then charged down the mountain to reach the finish line with a minute and 40 seconds on the nearest chaser.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/tour\-de\-france/stage\-16/results\|title\=Voeckler solos to second Tour stage win\|website\=\[\[Cycling News]]\|date\=18 July 2012\|access\-date\=18 July 2012\|first\=Peter\|last\=Hymas\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018230344/http://www.cyclingnews.com/tour\-de\-france/stage\-16/results\|archive\-date\=18 October 2014}} Voeckler subsequently won a classification podium spot in Paris for the first time in his career, by holding the tour's mountain classification jersey from the Pyrenees to the finish.{{cite web\|title\=Bradley Wiggins wins 2012 Tour de France\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/18946960\|publisher\=BBC Sport \|access\-date\=25 July 2012\|date\=22 July 2012}} ### 2013 [thumb\|left\|Voeckler in the race leader's jersey at the 2013 [Route du Sud](/wiki/Route_du_Sud "Route du Sud")](/wiki/File:Voeckler_RDS_2013.jpg "Voeckler RDS 2013.jpg") Voeckler started the Classics season with a good showing in [Dwars door Vlaanderen](/wiki/Dwars_door_Vlaanderen "Dwars door Vlaanderen"). He escaped the lead group of riders on the last climb with {{convert\|6\|km\|abbr\=off}} to race and made a solo bid for the line, but was caught inside the final meters, only to take fifth. Voeckler was clearly heartbroken after such a close call.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/14184/Gatto\-overhauls\-Voeckler\-for\-dramatic\-Dwars\-Door\-Vlaanderen\-success.aspx\|title\=Gatto overhauls Voeckler for dramatic Dwars Door Vlaanderen success\|work\=VeloNation\|date\=20 March 2013\|access\-date\=15 April 2013\|first\=Shane\|last\=Stokes}} In the Ardennes Classic [Amstel Gold Race](/wiki/2013_Amstel_Gold_Race "2013 Amstel Gold Race"), Voeckler crashed with other favorites, was put on a stretcher and went to the hospital where a broken collarbone was detected.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\-out\-with\-broken\-collarbone\|title\=Voeckler out with broken collarbone\|website\=\[\[Cyclingnews.com]]\|date\=15 April 2013\|access\-date\=15 April 2013}} By June Voeckler had rebounded and shown strong form once more, winning stage 6 of the [Critérium du Dauphiné](/wiki/2013_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9 "2013 Critérium du Dauphiné") from a breakaway of four despite being outnumbered by two {{UCI team code\|AST\|2013}} riders.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/news/20130607/criterum\-du\-dauphine\-libere.ap/\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130616040126/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/news/20130607/criterum\-du\-dauphine\-libere.ap/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=16 June 2013\|title\=Thomas Voeckler wins stage six of Critérium du Dauphiné Libere\|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]]\|date\=7 June 2013\|access\-date\=7 June 2013}} Voeckler continued his winning form by winning the overall titles of the [Route du Sud](/wiki/Route_du_Sud "Route du Sud") and the [Tour du Poitou\-Charentes](/wiki/Tour_du_Poitou-Charentes "Tour du Poitou-Charentes"). ### 2014 [thumb\|Voeckler at the [2014 Tour de France](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France "2014 Tour de France")](/wiki/File:2014-07-14_17-38-13_tour-de-france-plancher-bas_%28cropped%29.jpg "2014-07-14 17-38-13 tour-de-france-plancher-bas (cropped).jpg") In January, Voeckler was set to participate to the [Tour Down Under](/wiki/2014_Tour_Down_Under "2014 Tour Down Under"), but he crashed into a car while training in Australia and broke his collarbone.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/story/\_/id/10296425/thomas\-voeckler\-breaks\-collarbone\-tour\-under\|title\=Thomas Voeckler breaks collarbone\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=15 January 2014\|access\-date\=6 October 2014}} He came back to competition at the [Tour Méditerranéen](/wiki/Tour_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en "Tour Méditerranéen"), then went on to finish 25th in the [Amstel Gold Race](/wiki/2014_Amstel_Gold_Race "2014 Amstel Gold Race") and 36th in [Liège–Bastogne–Liège](/wiki/2014_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge "2014 Liège–Bastogne–Liège"). He then participated to the [Tour de Romandie](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_Romandie "2014 Tour de Romandie") in April, attacking to no avail in the final of the first stage.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour\-de\-romandie\-2014\-2014/stage\-1/results\|title\=Albasini wins stage 1 of Tour de Romandie\|website\=\[\[Cyclingnews.com]]\|date\=30 April 2014\|access\-date\=6 October 2014\|first\=Sadhbh\|last\=O'Shea}} On the fourth stage, he took second place after being beaten for the sprint by his breakaway companion [Michael Albasini](/wiki/Michael_Albasini "Michael Albasini") ({{UCI team code\|OGE\|2014}}).{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour\-de\-romandie\-2014\-2014/stage\-4/results\|title\=Albasini wins stage 4 at Tour of Romandie\|website\=\[\[Cyclingnews.com]]\|date\=3 May 2014\|access\-date\=6 October 2014\|first\=Stephen\|last\=Farrand}} Voeckler finished 21st overall. Voeckler had a significant result in the [Tour de France](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France "2014 Tour de France"), finishing second on the stage to Bagnères\-de\-Luchon behind [Michael Rogers](/wiki/Michael_Rogers_%28cyclist%29 "Michael Rogers (cyclist)").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour\-de\-france/michael\-rogers\-wins\-tour\-de\-france\-stage\-16\-130825\|title\=Michael Rogers takes first Tour de France win on stage 16\|work\=\[\[Cycling Weekly]]\|publisher\=\[\[IPC Media]] Sports \& Leisure network\|date\=22 July 2014\|access\-date\=13 October 2014\|first\=Kenny\|last\=Pryde}} In August, while he was training, Voeckler hit a car and was injured again, this time dislocating his shoulder.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\-hit\-by\-car\-ahead\-of\-tour\-du\-limousin\|title\=Voeckler hit by car ahead of Tour du Limousin\|website\=\[\[Cyclingnews.com]]\|date\=19 August 2014\|access\-date\=13 October 2014}} He came back at the [Tour du Doubs](/wiki/Tour_du_Doubs "Tour du Doubs"), finishing 46th. In October, Voeckler finished second of [Paris–Tours](/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Tours "Paris–Tours"), after being part of the early breakaway. He cooperated well with his breakaway companion [Jelle Wallays](/wiki/Jelle_Wallays "Jelle Wallays") until the "last kilometer to go" sign, where Wallays refused to pull and Voeckler was beaten in the two\-man sprint. He was so disappointed that he did not go to the podium ceremony, which resulted in a fine and the loss of the €3,770 second\-place prize.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/news\-shorts\-kilimanjaro\-boot\-camp\-for\-tinkoff\-saxo\-voeckler\-fined\-for\-podium\-no\-show\|title\=News shorts: Kilimanjaro boot camp for Tinkoff–Saxo? Voeckler fined for podium no show\|website\=\[\[Cyclingnews.com]]\|date\=13 October 2014\|access\-date\=13 October 2014}} ### 2015 Voeckler's 2015 season was relatively quiet, with a fifth place on a stage of the [Tour de France](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France "2015 Tour de France") and third in the general classification of the [inaugural Tour de Yorkshire](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_Yorkshire "2015 Tour de Yorkshire") being two of his most notable results.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\-unsure\-if\-2016\-will\-be\-his\-final\-season/ \|title\=Voeckler unsure if 2016 will be his final season\|date\=16 January 2016 \|website\=\[\[cyclingnews.com]]\|access\-date\=28 March 2016}} ### 2016 In February, Voeckler took his first wins since August 2013 when he won the first stage and the general classification at the first edition of the [Tour La Provence](/wiki/Tour_La_Provence "Tour La Provence").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest\-news/thomas\-voeckler\-takes\-first\-race\-win\-since\-2013\-213434 \|title\=Thomas Voeckler takes first race win since 2013 \|last1\=Wynn \|first1\=Nigel \|date\=25 February 2016 \|website\=\[\[Cycling Weekly]]\|access\-date\=28 March 2016}} In early May Voeckler took the punishing final stage of the [Tour de Yorkshire](/wiki/2016_Tour_de_Yorkshire "2016 Tour de Yorkshire"), outsprinting [Nicolas Roche](/wiki/Nicolas_Roche "Nicolas Roche") in [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire "Scarborough, North Yorkshire") and taking the overall classification. In September 2016, Voeckler announced that he would retire from professional cycling, after the [2017 Tour de France](/wiki/2017_Tour_de_France "2017 Tour de France"), his fifteenth successive participation in the race.
[ "Career\n------", "### Early years", "[thumb\\|left\\|Voeckler in the [yellow jersey](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") at the [2004 Tour de France](/wiki/2004_Tour_de_France \"2004 Tour de France\")](/wiki/File:Yellow_and_White_at_the_Tour_de_France_%2812930764174%29.jpg \"Yellow and White at the Tour de France (12930764174).jpg\")\nIn 2003, Voeckler won two stages and the overall title in the [Tour de Luxembourg](/wiki/Tour_de_Luxembourg \"Tour de Luxembourg\"). The following year, he suddenly rose to international prominence in the world of cycling. After seizing the [French National Road Race Championships](/wiki/French_National_Road_Race_Championships \"French National Road Race Championships\"), the lightly regarded Voeckler entered the [2004 Tour de France](/wiki/2004_Tour_de_France \"2004 Tour de France\"). After escaping with five other riders during the fifth stage, Voeckler gained significant time against the [peloton](/wiki/Peloton \"Peloton\"), and earned the [yellow jersey](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") ({{lang\\-fr\\|maillot jaune}}). Remarkably, he defended his jersey for ten days, even on stages not well\\-suited to his strengths.", "With the maillot jaune on his shoulders and intense media attention all around him, Voeckler only rode stronger. He survived the dreaded climbs of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\") seconds ahead of [Lance Armstrong](/wiki/Lance_Armstrong \"Lance Armstrong\"). Voeckler finally surrendered the jersey to Armstrong on stage 15 in the French Alps. Voeckler then also lost the white jersey ({{lang\\-fr\\|maillot blanc}}; held by the best rider under 25\\) to [Vladimir Karpets](/wiki/Vladimir_Karpets \"Vladimir Karpets\"). But by then Voeckler was already a national hero.", "The 2005 season was busy as Voeckler rode many races, including some not considered a fit for his style of riding. His only win that year came in Stage 3 of the [Four Days of Dunkirk](/wiki/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk \"Four Days of Dunkirk\"). In 2006 he won the fifth stage in the [Tour of the Basque Country](/wiki/2006_Tour_of_the_Basque_Country \"2006 Tour of the Basque Country\"). At the [Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré](/wiki/2006_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9_Lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9 \"2006 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré\"), Voeckler finished second on Stage 1, and he also won [Paris–Bourges](/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Bourges \"Paris–Bourges\").", "In 2007, Voeckler garnered a stunning win at the [GP Ouest\\-France](/wiki/2007_GP_Ouest-France \"2007 GP Ouest-France\"), in which he beat the favorites with a late breakaway. For 2008, his early season was highlighted with an overall win at the [Circuit de la Sarthe](/wiki/Circuit_de_la_Sarthe_%28cycling%29 \"Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)\") and in 2009, he gained his first stage win at the Tour de France, winning [stage 5](/wiki/2009_Tour_de_France%2C_Stage_1_to_Stage_11%23Stage_5 \"2009 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11#Stage 5\"). Voeckler went for victory with about {{convert\\|5\\|km\\|abbr\\=off}} to go, having been part of a breakaway group for most of the race.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other\\_sports/cycling/8139258\\.stm\\|title\\=Live text – Tour de France \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Scrivener \\|date\\=8 July 2009\\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2009}}", "### 2010", "After a somewhat slow start to 2010, Voeckler went on to win the [French National Road Race Championships](/wiki/French_National_Road_Race_Championships \"French National Road Race Championships\") for the second time. He was able to break away from the bunch along with [Christophe Le Mével](/wiki/Christophe_Le_M%C3%A9vel \"Christophe Le Mével\"), and Voeckler bested Le Mével in the sprint. He later described this win in the [Vendée](/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e \"Vendée\") department, where he had made his home, as the best moment of his career.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\\-happy\\-to\\-enjoy\\-the\\-ride\\-in\\-final\\-weeks\\-of\\-his\\-career/ \\|title\\=Voeckler happy to enjoy the ride in final weeks of his career \\|last\\=Ryan \\|first\\=Barry \\|date\\=27 April 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[cyclingnews.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2017}} His form then continued into the [Tour de France](/wiki/2010_Tour_de_France \"2010 Tour de France\") where, after several unsuccessful attacks, he was first over the finish line during Stage 15\\. He launched himself before the summit of the Hors Catégorie [Port de Balès](/wiki/Port_de_Bal%C3%A8s \"Port de Balès\"), cresting the summit alone. He negotiated the very fast descent without incident, and crossed the line in [Bagnères\\-de\\-Luchon](/wiki/Bagn%C3%A8res-de-Luchon \"Bagnères-de-Luchon\") with more than a minute over the chasers.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hudson \\|first1\\=Ryan \\|title\\=Climbs His Way To Victory, Contador Now in Yellow \\|url\\=https://www.sbnation.com/2010/7/19/1576683/tour\\-de\\-france\\-2010\\-stage\\-15\\-alberto\\-contador\\-andy\\-schleck\\-thomas\\-voeckler \\|website\\=sbnation.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2020 \\|date\\=19 July 2020}}", "In September, Voeckler took the victory in the inaugural running of the [Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec](/wiki/2010_Grand_Prix_Cycliste_de_Qu%C3%A9bec \"2010 Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec\"), a new event on the [UCI World Tour](/wiki/UCI_World_Tour \"UCI World Tour\") calendar. He downplayed his chances in the press in the days before the event citing a lack of form. However, he attacked in the final kilometre to cross the finish line on the *Grande\\-Allée* with a couple of bike lengths over {{UCI team code\\|SKY\\|2010}}'s [Edvald Boasson Hagen](/wiki/Edvald_Boasson_Hagen \"Edvald Boasson Hagen\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/grand\\-prix\\-cycliste\\-de\\-quebec\\-upt/results\\|title\\=Voeckler claims inaugural GP Québec\\|work\\=CyclingNews\\|publisher\\=Future Publishing LLC\\|date\\=11 September 2010\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2012\\|first\\=Kirsten\\|last\\=Frattini}}", "### 2011", "[upright\\|thumb\\|left\\|Voeckler in the [yellow jersey](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") at the [2011 Tour de France](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France \"2011 Tour de France\")](/wiki/File:Thomas_Voeckler_et_Arnold_Jeannesson_%285977458719%29.jpg \"Thomas Voeckler et Arnold Jeannesson (5977458719).jpg\")\nIn 2011, Voeckler enjoyed his finest year as a professional. He recorded eight spring victories prior to the [Tour de France](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France \"2011 Tour de France\") in July, notably taking two stages at [Paris–Nice](/wiki/2011_Paris%E2%80%93Nice \"2011 Paris–Nice\"), and winning the overall classification in the [Four Days of Dunkirk](/wiki/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk \"Four Days of Dunkirk\") as well as the [Tour du Haut Var](/wiki/Tour_du_Haut_Var \"Tour du Haut Var\").", "In the ninth stage of the Tour de France, Voeckler led a breakaway, survived a collision caused by a media support car that injured two other riders,[Tour de France 2011: Car crashes into cyclists during ninth stage (Video) – The Early Lead](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/post/tour-de-france-2011-car-crashes-into-cyclist-during-ninth-stage/2011/07/11/gIQAcTmj8H_blog.html). The Washington Post. Retrieved on 21 August 2011\\. and crossed the line second, taking the overall time lead and therefore wearing the yellow jersey ({{lang\\-fr\\|maillot jaune}}). He held on to the yellow jersey daily from the beginning of Stage 10 onwards, carrying it through all the Pyrenean mountain stages and into the Alps, but he was unable to retain it at the end of Stage 19, the [queen stage](/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling%23queen_stage \"Glossary of cycling#queen stage\") finishing at [Alpe d'Huez](/wiki/Alpe_d%27Huez \"Alpe d'Huez\"). Voeckler finished in fourth place in the final general classification, 3 minutes and 20 seconds behind the winner, [Cadel Evans](/wiki/Cadel_Evans \"Cadel Evans\"). It was Voeckler's highest final general classification in the Tour, and the highest placing of any Frenchman in the Tour, at the time, since [Christophe Moreau](/wiki/Christophe_Moreau \"Christophe Moreau\")'s fourth\\-place overall finish in [2000](/wiki/2000_Tour_de_France \"2000 Tour de France\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme\\-sur\\-route/Actualites/Un\\-nouvel\\-age\\-d\\-or\\-francais/709578\\|title\\=TOUR DE FRANCE Un nouvel âge d'or français?\\|work\\=L'Équipe\\|date\\=25 July 2016}}", "Voeckler's 2011 contract from Team Europcar was worth [€](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\")420,000 a year, which made him the second highest\\-paid French cyclist after [Sylvain Chavanel](/wiki/Sylvain_Chavanel \"Sylvain Chavanel\").[Thomas Voeckler : Un avenir doré ? \\| France Soir](http://www.francesoir.fr/sport/cyclisme/thomas-voeckler-un-avenir-dore-121988.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714040928/http://www.francesoir.fr/sport/cyclisme/thomas\\-voeckler\\-un\\-avenir\\-dore\\-121988\\.html \\|date\\=14 July 2012 }}. Francesoir.fr. Retrieved on 21 August 2011\\.[Tour de France 2011 : Voeckler, Chavanel... Les salaires des Français !](http://www.sportune.fr/article/tour-de-france-2011-voeckler-chavanel-les-salaires-des-francais-2-31132/3). Sportune.fr. Retrieved on 21 August 2011\\. His planned switch to {{UCI team code\\|COF\\|2012}} was worth almost twice as much, however Voeckler chose to remain at reduced salary with [Jean\\-René Bernaudeau](/wiki/Jean-Ren%C3%A9_Bernaudeau \"Jean-René Bernaudeau\")'s team, once it re\\-found sponsorship for 2011, able to continue his 15\\-year relationship with the coach.", "### 2012", "[thumb\\|Voeckler in the [polka dot jersey](/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"Mountains classification in the Tour de France\") at the [2012 Tour de France](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France \"2012 Tour de France\")](/wiki/File:Tour_de_France_2012%2C_voeckler_%2814869545572%29.jpg \"Tour de France 2012, voeckler (14869545572).jpg\")\nIn 2012, Voeckler followed his previous year's successes with another season of victories and top placements, including a new\\-found focus in the [Spring Classics](/wiki/Classic_cycle_races \"Classic cycle races\").", "His spring campaign did not achieve strong results until April, where he attained a top\\-ten finish in the [Tour of Flanders](/wiki/2012_Tour_of_Flanders \"2012 Tour of Flanders\"), the second [classic monument](/wiki/Classic_cycle_races%23The_%27Monuments%27 \"Classic cycle races#The 'Monuments'\") on the 2012 calendar; his first victory of the season came ten days later, during a {{convert\\|30\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} solo breakaway in the semi\\-classic [Brabantse Pijl](/wiki/Brabantse_Pijl \"Brabantse Pijl\"), which he won in cold, rainy conditions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/11593/Thomas\\-Voeckler\\-takes\\-a\\-rainy\\-Brabantse\\-Pijl\\-alone.aspx \\|title\\=Thomas Voeckler takes a rainy Brabantse Pijl alone \\|publisher\\=Velonation.com \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-11}} The following Sunday he took a top\\-five placement in the classic [Amstel Gold Race](/wiki/2012_Amstel_Gold_Race \"2012 Amstel Gold Race\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Gasparotto wins Amstel stunner\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/amstel\\-gold\\-race\\-2012/results/\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2015\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cyclingnews.com]]\\|date\\=15 April 2012}} and a week later continued his success in the Ardennes with a fourth\\-place in the final spring classic of the season, the monument [Liège–Bastogne–Liège](/wiki/2012_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge \"2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Liege–Bastogne–Liege 2012 results\\|url\\=http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/04/race\\-results/liege\\-bastogne\\-liege\\-2012\\-results\\_214592\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2015\\|work\\=\\[\\[VeloNews]]\\|date\\=22 April 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225038/http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/04/race\\-results/liege\\-bastogne\\-liege\\-2012\\-results\\_214592\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Along with other Europcar riders, Voeckler managed to win a stage in the Gabonese [La Tropicale Amissa Bongo](/wiki/La_Tropicale_Amissa_Bongo \"La Tropicale Amissa Bongo\") race, at the close of April.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.starafrica.com/en/more\\-sports/detail\\-news/view/gaboncycling\\-thomas\\-voeckler\\-wins\\-thir\\-229901\\.html \\|title\\=Gabon/Cycling: Thomas Voeckler wins third lap of Tropicale Amissa Bongo, Gabon, more sports \\|publisher\\=Starafrica.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130104233209/http://www.starafrica.com/en/more\\-sports/detail\\-news/view/gaboncycling\\-thomas\\-voeckler\\-wins\\-thir\\-229901\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2013}}", "He started the [Tour de France](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France \"2012 Tour de France\") slowly, suffering from a knee injury and almost abandoning the grand tour, after also abandoning earlier preparation races. However he gathered strength and later won [stage 10](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France%2C_Prologue_to_Stage_10 \"2012 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10\"), the first mountain stage of the race, including crossing the [hors catégorie](/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie \"Hors catégorie\") climb of the *[Col du Grand Colombier](/wiki/Col_du_Grand_Colombier \"Col du Grand Colombier\")* in the lead, thus claiming the polka\\-dot jersey for the [mountains classification](/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"Mountains classification in the Tour de France\") lead, which he held for a day.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/tour\\-de\\-france/stage\\-10/results\\|title\\=Voeckler wins from breakaway in Bellegarde\\-sur\\-Valserine\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cycling News]]\\|date\\=11 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2012 \\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Cossins}} He also prevailed in the queen stage of the race, [stage 16](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France%2C_Stage_11_to_Stage_20%23Stage_16 \"2012 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20#Stage 16\") from Pau to [Bagnères\\-de\\-Luchon](/wiki/Bagn%C3%A8res-de-Luchon \"Bagnères-de-Luchon\"), which included four huge climbs including the *[Col du Tourmalet](/wiki/Col_du_Tourmalet \"Col du Tourmalet\")*. Voeckler broke away from the peloton about {{convert\\|25\\|km\\|abbr\\=off}} into the race and was part of a massive 38\\-man escape bunch. He passed all four [King of the Mountains](/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains \"King of the Mountains\") points locations in the lead, and grabbed the polka\\-dot jersey once again as well as the victory, dropping his last breakaway companion [Brice Feillu](/wiki/Brice_Feillu \"Brice Feillu\") of the {{UCI team code\\|SAU\\|2012}} squad while ascending the *[Col de Peyresourde](/wiki/Col_de_Peyresourde \"Col de Peyresourde\")*, the stage's final difficulty. He then charged down the mountain to reach the finish line with a minute and 40 seconds on the nearest chaser.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/tour\\-de\\-france/stage\\-16/results\\|title\\=Voeckler solos to second Tour stage win\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cycling News]]\\|date\\=18 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2012\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Hymas\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018230344/http://www.cyclingnews.com/tour\\-de\\-france/stage\\-16/results\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2014}} Voeckler subsequently won a classification podium spot in Paris for the first time in his career, by holding the tour's mountain classification jersey from the Pyrenees to the finish.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bradley Wiggins wins 2012 Tour de France\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/18946960\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2012\\|date\\=22 July 2012}}", "### 2013", "[thumb\\|left\\|Voeckler in the race leader's jersey at the 2013 [Route du Sud](/wiki/Route_du_Sud \"Route du Sud\")](/wiki/File:Voeckler_RDS_2013.jpg \"Voeckler RDS 2013.jpg\")\nVoeckler started the Classics season with a good showing in [Dwars door Vlaanderen](/wiki/Dwars_door_Vlaanderen \"Dwars door Vlaanderen\"). He escaped the lead group of riders on the last climb with {{convert\\|6\\|km\\|abbr\\=off}} to race and made a solo bid for the line, but was caught inside the final meters, only to take fifth. Voeckler was clearly heartbroken after such a close call.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/14184/Gatto\\-overhauls\\-Voeckler\\-for\\-dramatic\\-Dwars\\-Door\\-Vlaanderen\\-success.aspx\\|title\\=Gatto overhauls Voeckler for dramatic Dwars Door Vlaanderen success\\|work\\=VeloNation\\|date\\=20 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2013\\|first\\=Shane\\|last\\=Stokes}} In the Ardennes Classic [Amstel Gold Race](/wiki/2013_Amstel_Gold_Race \"2013 Amstel Gold Race\"), Voeckler crashed with other favorites, was put on a stretcher and went to the hospital where a broken collarbone was detected.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\\-out\\-with\\-broken\\-collarbone\\|title\\=Voeckler out with broken collarbone\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cyclingnews.com]]\\|date\\=15 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=15 April 2013}} By June Voeckler had rebounded and shown strong form once more, winning stage 6 of the [Critérium du Dauphiné](/wiki/2013_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9 \"2013 Critérium du Dauphiné\") from a breakaway of four despite being outnumbered by two {{UCI team code\\|AST\\|2013}} riders.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/news/20130607/criterum\\-du\\-dauphine\\-libere.ap/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130616040126/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/news/20130607/criterum\\-du\\-dauphine\\-libere.ap/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=16 June 2013\\|title\\=Thomas Voeckler wins stage six of Critérium du Dauphiné Libere\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]]\\|date\\=7 June 2013\\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2013}} Voeckler continued his winning form by winning the overall titles of the [Route du Sud](/wiki/Route_du_Sud \"Route du Sud\") and the [Tour du Poitou\\-Charentes](/wiki/Tour_du_Poitou-Charentes \"Tour du Poitou-Charentes\").", "### 2014", "[thumb\\|Voeckler at the [2014 Tour de France](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France \"2014 Tour de France\")](/wiki/File:2014-07-14_17-38-13_tour-de-france-plancher-bas_%28cropped%29.jpg \"2014-07-14 17-38-13 tour-de-france-plancher-bas (cropped).jpg\")\nIn January, Voeckler was set to participate to the [Tour Down Under](/wiki/2014_Tour_Down_Under \"2014 Tour Down Under\"), but he crashed into a car while training in Australia and broke his collarbone.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/story/\\_/id/10296425/thomas\\-voeckler\\-breaks\\-collarbone\\-tour\\-under\\|title\\=Thomas Voeckler breaks collarbone\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=15 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014}} He came back to competition at the [Tour Méditerranéen](/wiki/Tour_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en \"Tour Méditerranéen\"), then went on to finish 25th in the [Amstel Gold Race](/wiki/2014_Amstel_Gold_Race \"2014 Amstel Gold Race\") and 36th in [Liège–Bastogne–Liège](/wiki/2014_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge \"2014 Liège–Bastogne–Liège\"). He then participated to the [Tour de Romandie](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_Romandie \"2014 Tour de Romandie\") in April, attacking to no avail in the final of the first stage.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour\\-de\\-romandie\\-2014\\-2014/stage\\-1/results\\|title\\=Albasini wins stage 1 of Tour de Romandie\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cyclingnews.com]]\\|date\\=30 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014\\|first\\=Sadhbh\\|last\\=O'Shea}} On the fourth stage, he took second place after being beaten for the sprint by his breakaway companion [Michael Albasini](/wiki/Michael_Albasini \"Michael Albasini\") ({{UCI team code\\|OGE\\|2014}}).{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour\\-de\\-romandie\\-2014\\-2014/stage\\-4/results\\|title\\=Albasini wins stage 4 at Tour of Romandie\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cyclingnews.com]]\\|date\\=3 May 2014\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2014\\|first\\=Stephen\\|last\\=Farrand}} Voeckler finished 21st overall. Voeckler had a significant result in the [Tour de France](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France \"2014 Tour de France\"), finishing second on the stage to Bagnères\\-de\\-Luchon behind [Michael Rogers](/wiki/Michael_Rogers_%28cyclist%29 \"Michael Rogers (cyclist)\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour\\-de\\-france/michael\\-rogers\\-wins\\-tour\\-de\\-france\\-stage\\-16\\-130825\\|title\\=Michael Rogers takes first Tour de France win on stage 16\\|work\\=\\[\\[Cycling Weekly]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IPC Media]] Sports \\& Leisure network\\|date\\=22 July 2014\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2014\\|first\\=Kenny\\|last\\=Pryde}} In August, while he was training, Voeckler hit a car and was injured again, this time dislocating his shoulder.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\\-hit\\-by\\-car\\-ahead\\-of\\-tour\\-du\\-limousin\\|title\\=Voeckler hit by car ahead of Tour du Limousin\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cyclingnews.com]]\\|date\\=19 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2014}} He came back at the [Tour du Doubs](/wiki/Tour_du_Doubs \"Tour du Doubs\"), finishing 46th. In October, Voeckler finished second of [Paris–Tours](/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Tours \"Paris–Tours\"), after being part of the early breakaway. He cooperated well with his breakaway companion [Jelle Wallays](/wiki/Jelle_Wallays \"Jelle Wallays\") until the \"last kilometer to go\" sign, where Wallays refused to pull and Voeckler was beaten in the two\\-man sprint. He was so disappointed that he did not go to the podium ceremony, which resulted in a fine and the loss of the €3,770 second\\-place prize.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/news\\-shorts\\-kilimanjaro\\-boot\\-camp\\-for\\-tinkoff\\-saxo\\-voeckler\\-fined\\-for\\-podium\\-no\\-show\\|title\\=News shorts: Kilimanjaro boot camp for Tinkoff–Saxo? Voeckler fined for podium no show\\|website\\=\\[\\[Cyclingnews.com]]\\|date\\=13 October 2014\\|access\\-date\\=13 October 2014}}", "### 2015", "Voeckler's 2015 season was relatively quiet, with a fifth place on a stage of the [Tour de France](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France \"2015 Tour de France\") and third in the general classification of the [inaugural Tour de Yorkshire](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_Yorkshire \"2015 Tour de Yorkshire\") being two of his most notable results.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/voeckler\\-unsure\\-if\\-2016\\-will\\-be\\-his\\-final\\-season/ \\|title\\=Voeckler unsure if 2016 will be his final season\\|date\\=16 January 2016 \\|website\\=\\[\\[cyclingnews.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2016}}", "### 2016", "In February, Voeckler took his first wins since August 2013 when he won the first stage and the general classification at the first edition of the [Tour La Provence](/wiki/Tour_La_Provence \"Tour La Provence\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest\\-news/thomas\\-voeckler\\-takes\\-first\\-race\\-win\\-since\\-2013\\-213434 \\|title\\=Thomas Voeckler takes first race win since 2013 \\|last1\\=Wynn \\|first1\\=Nigel \\|date\\=25 February 2016 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Cycling Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2016}} In early May Voeckler took the punishing final stage of the [Tour de Yorkshire](/wiki/2016_Tour_de_Yorkshire \"2016 Tour de Yorkshire\"), outsprinting [Nicolas Roche](/wiki/Nicolas_Roche \"Nicolas Roche\") in [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Scarborough, North Yorkshire\") and taking the overall classification.", "In September 2016, Voeckler announced that he would retire from professional cycling, after the [2017 Tour de France](/wiki/2017_Tour_de_France \"2017 Tour de France\"), his fifteenth successive participation in the race.", "" ]
Life ---- Juana Josefa Cipitria y Barriola was born in May 31, 1845 in Berrospe, [Andoain](/wiki/Andoain "Andoain"), as the eldest of seven children to the weavers Juan Miguel Cipitria and María Jesús Barriola. Her father was a weaver. Rather than attend school she helped look after her siblings because she was the eldest child. She received her [Confirmation](/wiki/Confirmation_%28Roman_Catholic_Church%29 "Confirmation (Roman Catholic Church)") on 5 August 1848 and made her [First Communion](/wiki/First_Communion "First Communion") in 1855\. At a young age, she went to [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos "Burgos") to help support the household and worked as a domestic servant in various homes. Barriola was affected to a great degree from the depth of the poor conditions that she witnessed in a place undergoing the social effects of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") in her native land. The [Jesuit](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus") [priest](/wiki/Priest "Priest") Miguel José Herranz advised her on her path ahead and at his advice started a number of charitable and educations programs; the two met in [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid") in 1868\. Barriola believed that she experienced a vision of [Jesus Christ](/wiki/Jesus_Christ "Jesus Christ") on 26 March 1869 on [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday "Good Friday"). On April 2, 1869, she received the inspiration to found a Congregation with the name *Hijas de Jesus*. On 8 December 1871 – alongside five companions – she founded the [Daughters of Jesus](/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_%28Spain%29 "Daughters of Jesus (Spain)") and assumed the religious name: "Cándida María de Jesús".["The Foundress of the Congregation", Hijas de Jesus](https://hijasdejesusinpac.org/foundress) She founded the congregation for the education of children and the advancement of the women in [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca "Salamanca"). It received diocesan approval from the [Bishop of Salamanca](/wiki/Bishop_of_Salamanca "Bishop of Salamanca") on 3 April 1873\. On 8 December 1873 she made her solemn profession. Barriola based her spiritual principles and practices on the [Spiritual Exercises](/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola "Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola") of Ignatius Loyola. Herranz collaborated with her as she wrote the constitutions for the order which received the decree of praise from [Pope Leo XIII](/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII "Pope Leo XIII") in 1902; full papal approval came from [Pope Pius X](/wiki/Pope_Pius_X "Pope Pius X") after her death in 1913\. Barriola was a contemplative religious who spent long hours before the [tabernacle](/wiki/Tabernacle "Tabernacle") where she became serene even in trials and suffering. Her motto for life was: "I am for God alone". Barriola died in 1912\. In October 1911, the first Hijas de Jesus left for Brazil. They arrived in the Philippines in 1932\.[Hermoso, Christina. "Feast of Saint Candida Maria de Jesus on Aug. 9", *Manilla Bulletin*, August 9, 2023](https://mb.com.ph/2023/8/9/feast-of-saint-candida-maria-de-jesus-on-aug-9) In 2005 her order had 1116 religious in 114 houses in countries.
[ "Life\n----", "Juana Josefa Cipitria y Barriola was born in May 31, 1845 in Berrospe, [Andoain](/wiki/Andoain \"Andoain\"), as the eldest of seven children to the weavers Juan Miguel Cipitria and María Jesús Barriola. Her father was a weaver. Rather than attend school she helped look after her siblings because she was the eldest child. She received her [Confirmation](/wiki/Confirmation_%28Roman_Catholic_Church%29 \"Confirmation (Roman Catholic Church)\") on 5 August 1848 and made her [First Communion](/wiki/First_Communion \"First Communion\") in 1855\\.", "At a young age, she went to [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos \"Burgos\") to help support the household and worked as a domestic servant in various homes. Barriola was affected to a great degree from the depth of the poor conditions that she witnessed in a place undergoing the social effects of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\") in her native land.", "The [Jesuit](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\") [priest](/wiki/Priest \"Priest\") Miguel José Herranz advised her on her path ahead and at his advice started a number of charitable and educations programs; the two met in [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") in 1868\\. Barriola believed that she experienced a vision of [Jesus Christ](/wiki/Jesus_Christ \"Jesus Christ\") on 26 March 1869 on [Good Friday](/wiki/Good_Friday \"Good Friday\"). On April 2, 1869, she received the inspiration to found a Congregation with the name *Hijas de Jesus*. On 8 December 1871 – alongside five companions – she founded the [Daughters of Jesus](/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_%28Spain%29 \"Daughters of Jesus (Spain)\") and assumed the religious name: \"Cándida María de Jesús\".[\"The Foundress of the Congregation\", Hijas de Jesus](https://hijasdejesusinpac.org/foundress)", "She founded the congregation for the education of children and the advancement of the women in [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca \"Salamanca\"). It received diocesan approval from the [Bishop of Salamanca](/wiki/Bishop_of_Salamanca \"Bishop of Salamanca\") on 3 April 1873\\. On 8 December 1873 she made her solemn profession.", "Barriola based her spiritual principles and practices on the [Spiritual Exercises](/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola \"Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola\") of Ignatius Loyola. Herranz collaborated with her as she wrote the constitutions for the order which received the decree of praise from [Pope Leo XIII](/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII \"Pope Leo XIII\") in 1902; full papal approval came from [Pope Pius X](/wiki/Pope_Pius_X \"Pope Pius X\") after her death in 1913\\. Barriola was a contemplative religious who spent long hours before the [tabernacle](/wiki/Tabernacle \"Tabernacle\") where she became serene even in trials and suffering. Her motto for life was: \"I am for God alone\". Barriola died in 1912\\.", "In October 1911, the first Hijas de Jesus left for Brazil. They arrived in the Philippines in 1932\\.[Hermoso, Christina. \"Feast of Saint Candida Maria de Jesus on Aug. 9\", *Manilla Bulletin*, August 9, 2023](https://mb.com.ph/2023/8/9/feast-of-saint-candida-maria-de-jesus-on-aug-9) In 2005 her order had 1116 religious in 114 houses in countries.", "" ]
History ------- ### Nutting and Midway In the late 1970s, Midway contracted [Dave Nutting Associates](/wiki/Dave_Nutting_Associates "Dave Nutting Associates") to design a video display chip that could be used in all of their videogame systems, from standup [arcade games](/wiki/Arcade_game "Arcade game"), to a [home computer](/wiki/Home_computer "Home computer") system. The system Nutting delivered was used in most of Midway's classic arcade games of the era, including *[Gorf](/wiki/Gorf "Gorf")* and *[Wizard of Wor](/wiki/Wizard_of_Wor "Wizard of Wor")*. The [chipset](/wiki/Chipset "Chipset") supported what was at that time relatively high resolution of 320×204 in four colours per [line](/wiki/Scanline "Scanline"), although to access this mode required memory that could be accessed at a faster rate than the common 2 MHz [dynamic RAM](/wiki/Dynamic_RAM "Dynamic RAM") of the era. ### Console use Originally referred to as the **Bally Home Library Computer**, it was released in 1977 but available only through [mail order](/wiki/Mail_order "Mail order"). Delays in the production meant none of the units actually shipped until 1978, and by this time the machine had been renamed the **Bally Professional Arcade**. In this form it sold mostly at computer stores and had little retail exposure (unlike the [Atari VCS](/wiki/Atari_2600 "Atari 2600")). In [1979](/wiki/1979_in_video_gaming "1979 in video gaming"), Bally grew less interested in the arcade market and decided to sell off their Consumer Products Division, including development and production of the game console. At about the same time, a third\-party group had been unsuccessfully attempting to bring their own console design to market as the **Astrovision**.[Chronology of Video Game Systems](http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/vidgame/vid1982.htm) by Ken Polsson A corporate buyer from [Montgomery Ward](/wiki/Montgomery_Ward "Montgomery Ward") who was in charge of the Bally system put the two groups in contact, and a deal was eventually arranged. In [1981](/wiki/1981_in_video_gaming "1981 in video gaming") they re\-released the unit with the BASIC cartridge included for free, this time known as the **Bally Computer System**, with the name changing again, in 1982, to **Astrocade**. It sold under this name until the [video game crash of 1983](/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983 "Video game crash of 1983"), and then disappeared around 1985\. Midway had long been planning to release an expansion system for the unit, known as the **ZGRASS\-100**. The system was being developed by a group of computer artists at the [University of Illinois at Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago "University of Illinois at Chicago") known as the ['Circle Graphics Habitat'](/wiki/Electronic_Visualization_Laboratory "Electronic Visualization Laboratory"), along with programmers at Nutting. Midway felt that such a system, in an external box, would make the Astrocade more interesting to the market. However it was still not ready for release when Bally sold off the division. A small handful may have been produced as the **ZGRASS\-32** after the machine was re\-released by Astrovision. The system, combined into a single box, would eventually be released as the [Datamax UV\-1](/wiki/Datamax_UV-1 "Datamax UV-1"). Aimed at the home computer market while being designed, the machine was now re\-targeted as a system for outputting high\-quality graphics to [videotape](/wiki/Videotape "Videotape"). These were offered for sale some time between 1980 and [1982](/wiki/1982_in_video_gaming "1982 in video gaming"), but it is unknown how many were built.
[ "History\n-------", "### Nutting and Midway", "In the late 1970s, Midway contracted [Dave Nutting Associates](/wiki/Dave_Nutting_Associates \"Dave Nutting Associates\") to design a video display chip that could be used in all of their videogame systems, from standup [arcade games](/wiki/Arcade_game \"Arcade game\"), to a [home computer](/wiki/Home_computer \"Home computer\") system. The system Nutting delivered was used in most of Midway's classic arcade games of the era, including *[Gorf](/wiki/Gorf \"Gorf\")* and *[Wizard of Wor](/wiki/Wizard_of_Wor \"Wizard of Wor\")*. The [chipset](/wiki/Chipset \"Chipset\") supported what was at that time relatively high resolution of 320×204 in four colours per [line](/wiki/Scanline \"Scanline\"), although to access this mode required memory that could be accessed at a faster rate than the common 2 MHz [dynamic RAM](/wiki/Dynamic_RAM \"Dynamic RAM\") of the era.", "### Console use", "Originally referred to as the **Bally Home Library Computer**, it was released in 1977 but available only through [mail order](/wiki/Mail_order \"Mail order\"). Delays in the production meant none of the units actually shipped until 1978, and by this time the machine had been renamed the **Bally Professional Arcade**. In this form it sold mostly at computer stores and had little retail exposure (unlike the [Atari VCS](/wiki/Atari_2600 \"Atari 2600\")). In [1979](/wiki/1979_in_video_gaming \"1979 in video gaming\"), Bally grew less interested in the arcade market and decided to sell off their Consumer Products Division, including development and production of the game console.", "At about the same time, a third\\-party group had been unsuccessfully attempting to bring their own console design to market as the **Astrovision**.[Chronology of Video Game Systems](http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/vidgame/vid1982.htm) by Ken Polsson A corporate buyer from [Montgomery Ward](/wiki/Montgomery_Ward \"Montgomery Ward\") who was in charge of the Bally system put the two groups in contact, and a deal was eventually arranged. In [1981](/wiki/1981_in_video_gaming \"1981 in video gaming\") they re\\-released the unit with the BASIC cartridge included for free, this time known as the **Bally Computer System**, with the name changing again, in 1982, to **Astrocade**. It sold under this name until the [video game crash of 1983](/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983 \"Video game crash of 1983\"), and then disappeared around 1985\\.", "Midway had long been planning to release an expansion system for the unit, known as the **ZGRASS\\-100**. The system was being developed by a group of computer artists at the [University of Illinois at Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago \"University of Illinois at Chicago\") known as the ['Circle Graphics Habitat'](/wiki/Electronic_Visualization_Laboratory \"Electronic Visualization Laboratory\"), along with programmers at Nutting. Midway felt that such a system, in an external box, would make the Astrocade more interesting to the market. However it was still not ready for release when Bally sold off the division. A small handful may have been produced as the **ZGRASS\\-32** after the machine was re\\-released by Astrovision.", "The system, combined into a single box, would eventually be released as the [Datamax UV\\-1](/wiki/Datamax_UV-1 \"Datamax UV-1\"). Aimed at the home computer market while being designed, the machine was now re\\-targeted as a system for outputting high\\-quality graphics to [videotape](/wiki/Videotape \"Videotape\"). These were offered for sale some time between 1980 and [1982](/wiki/1982_in_video_gaming \"1982 in video gaming\"), but it is unknown how many were built.", "" ]
Description ----------- [thumb\|Bally Astrocade controller](/wiki/File:Bally-Professional-Arcade-Controller.jpg "Bally-Professional-Arcade-Controller.jpg") The basic system was powered by a [Zilog Z80](/wiki/Zilog_Z80 "Zilog Z80") driving the display chip with a [RAM](/wiki/Random_Access_Memory "Random Access Memory") buffer in between the two. The display chip had two modes, a low\-resolution mode at 160 × 102, and a high\-resolution mode at 320 × 204, both with 2\-bits per pixel for four colors. This sort of color/resolution was normally beyond the capabilities of RAM of the era, which could not read out the data fast enough to keep up with the TV display. The system used [page mode addressing](/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory%23Page_mode_DRAM "Dynamic random-access memory#Page mode DRAM") allowing them to read one "line" at a time at very high speed into a buffer inside the display chip. The line could then be read out to the screen at a more leisurely rate, while also interfering less with the CPU, which was also trying to use the same memory. On the Astrocade the pins needed to use this "trick" were not connected. Thus the Astrocade system was left with just the lower resolution 160 × 102 mode. In this mode the system used up 160 × 102 × 2bits \= 4080 bytes of memory to hold the screen. Since the machine had only 4[kiB](/wiki/Kibibyte "Kibibyte") (4096 bytes) of RAM, this left very little room for program functions such as keeping score and game options. The rest of the program would have to be placed in [ROM](/wiki/Read_only_memory "Read only memory"). The Astrocade used color [registers](/wiki/Processor_register "Processor register"), or *color indirection*, so the four colors could be picked from a palette of 256 colors. Color animation was possible by changing the values of the registers, and using a [horizontal blank interrupt](/wiki/Horizontal_blank_interrupt "Horizontal blank interrupt") they could be changed from line to line. An additional set of four color registers could be "swapped in" at any point along the line, allowing the creation of two screen "halves", split vertically. Originally intended to allow creation of a score area on the side of the screen, programmers also used this feature to emulate 8 color modes. Unlike the VCS, the Astrocade did not include hardware [sprite](/wiki/Sprite_%28computer_graphics%29 "Sprite (computer graphics)") support. It did, however, include a [blitter](/wiki/Blitter "Blitter")\-like system and software to drive it. Memory above 0x4000 was dedicated to the display, and memory below that to the ROM. If a program wrote to the ROM space (normally impossible, it is "read only" after all) the video chip would take the data, apply a function to it, and then copy the result into the corresponding location in the RAM. Which function to use was stored in a register in the display chip, and included common instructions like [XOR](/wiki/XOR "XOR") and [bit\-shift](/wiki/Bit-shift "Bit-shift"). This allowed the Astrocade to support any number of sprite\-like objects independent of hardware, with the downside that it was up to the software to re\-draw them when they moved. The Astrocade was one of the early cartridge\-based systems, using cartridges known as *Videocades* that were designed to be as close in size and shape as possible to a [cassette tape](/wiki/Cassette_tape "Cassette tape"). The unit also included two [games built into](/wiki/Pack-in_game "Pack-in game") the ROM, *[Gunfight](/wiki/Gun_Fight "Gun Fight")* and *Checkmate*, along with the simple but useful Calculator and a "doodle" program called Scribbling. Most cartridges included two games, and when they were inserted the machine would reset and display a menu starting with the programs on the cartridge and then listing the four built\-in programs. The Astrocade featured a relatively complex input device incorporating several types of control mechanisms: the [controller](/wiki/Game_controller "Game controller") was shaped as a pistol\-style grip with trigger switch on the front; a small 4\-switch/8\-way [joystick](/wiki/Joystick "Joystick") was placed on top of the grip, and the shaft of the joystick connected to a [potentiometer](/wiki/Potentiometer "Potentiometer"), meaning that the stick could be rotated to double as a [paddle controller](/wiki/Paddle_controller "Paddle controller"). On the front of the unit was a 24\-key "hex\-pad" keyboard used for selecting games and options as well as operating the calculator. On the back were a number of ports, including connectors for power, the controllers, and an expansion port. One oddity was that the top rear of the unit was empty, and could be opened to store up to 15 cartridges. The system's ability to be upgraded from a [video game console](/wiki/Video_game_console "Video game console") to [personal computer](/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") along with its library of nearly 30 games in 1982 are some reasons that made it more versatile than its main competitors, and was listed by [Jeff Rovin](/wiki/Jeff_Rovin "Jeff Rovin") as one of the seven major video game suppliers.*The Complete Guide to Conquering Video Games, by Jeff Rovin*, [Collier Books](/wiki/Collier_Books "Collier Books"), 1982
[ "Description\n-----------", "[thumb\\|Bally Astrocade controller](/wiki/File:Bally-Professional-Arcade-Controller.jpg \"Bally-Professional-Arcade-Controller.jpg\")\nThe basic system was powered by a [Zilog Z80](/wiki/Zilog_Z80 \"Zilog Z80\") driving the display chip with a [RAM](/wiki/Random_Access_Memory \"Random Access Memory\") buffer in between the two. The display chip had two modes, a low\\-resolution mode at 160 × 102, and a high\\-resolution mode at 320 × 204, both with 2\\-bits per pixel for four colors. This sort of color/resolution was normally beyond the capabilities of RAM of the era, which could not read out the data fast enough to keep up with the TV display. The system used [page mode addressing](/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory%23Page_mode_DRAM \"Dynamic random-access memory#Page mode DRAM\") allowing them to read one \"line\" at a time at very high speed into a buffer inside the display chip. The line could then be read out to the screen at a more leisurely rate, while also interfering less with the CPU, which was also trying to use the same memory.", "On the Astrocade the pins needed to use this \"trick\" were not connected. Thus the Astrocade system was left with just the lower resolution 160 × 102 mode. In this mode the system used up 160 × 102 × 2bits \\= 4080 bytes of memory to hold the screen. Since the machine had only 4[kiB](/wiki/Kibibyte \"Kibibyte\") (4096 bytes) of RAM, this left very little room for program functions such as keeping score and game options. The rest of the program would have to be placed in [ROM](/wiki/Read_only_memory \"Read only memory\").", "The Astrocade used color [registers](/wiki/Processor_register \"Processor register\"), or *color indirection*, so the four colors could be picked from a palette of 256 colors. Color animation was possible by changing the values of the registers, and using a [horizontal blank interrupt](/wiki/Horizontal_blank_interrupt \"Horizontal blank interrupt\") they could be changed from line to line. An additional set of four color registers could be \"swapped in\" at any point along the line, allowing the creation of two screen \"halves\", split vertically. Originally intended to allow creation of a score area on the side of the screen, programmers also used this feature to emulate 8 color modes.", "Unlike the VCS, the Astrocade did not include hardware [sprite](/wiki/Sprite_%28computer_graphics%29 \"Sprite (computer graphics)\") support. It did, however, include a [blitter](/wiki/Blitter \"Blitter\")\\-like system and software to drive it. Memory above 0x4000 was dedicated to the display, and memory below that to the ROM. If a program wrote to the ROM space (normally impossible, it is \"read only\" after all) the video chip would take the data, apply a function to it, and then copy the result into the corresponding location in the RAM. Which function to use was stored in a register in the display chip, and included common instructions like [XOR](/wiki/XOR \"XOR\") and [bit\\-shift](/wiki/Bit-shift \"Bit-shift\"). This allowed the Astrocade to support any number of sprite\\-like objects independent of hardware, with the downside that it was up to the software to re\\-draw them when they moved.", "The Astrocade was one of the early cartridge\\-based systems, using cartridges known as *Videocades* that were designed to be as close in size and shape as possible to a [cassette tape](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\"). The unit also included two [games built into](/wiki/Pack-in_game \"Pack-in game\") the ROM, *[Gunfight](/wiki/Gun_Fight \"Gun Fight\")* and *Checkmate*, along with the simple but useful Calculator and a \"doodle\" program called Scribbling. Most cartridges included two games, and when they were inserted the machine would reset and display a menu starting with the programs on the cartridge and then listing the four built\\-in programs.", "The Astrocade featured a relatively complex input device incorporating several types of control mechanisms: the [controller](/wiki/Game_controller \"Game controller\") was shaped as a pistol\\-style grip with trigger switch on the front; a small 4\\-switch/8\\-way [joystick](/wiki/Joystick \"Joystick\") was placed on top of the grip, and the shaft of the joystick connected to a [potentiometer](/wiki/Potentiometer \"Potentiometer\"), meaning that the stick could be rotated to double as a [paddle controller](/wiki/Paddle_controller \"Paddle controller\").", "On the front of the unit was a 24\\-key \"hex\\-pad\" keyboard used for selecting games and options as well as operating the calculator. On the back were a number of ports, including connectors for power, the controllers, and an expansion port. One oddity was that the top rear of the unit was empty, and could be opened to store up to 15 cartridges. The system's ability to be upgraded from a [video game console](/wiki/Video_game_console \"Video game console\") to [personal computer](/wiki/Personal_computer \"Personal computer\") along with its library of nearly 30 games in 1982 are some reasons that made it more versatile than its main competitors, and was listed by [Jeff Rovin](/wiki/Jeff_Rovin \"Jeff Rovin\") as one of the seven major video game suppliers.*The Complete Guide to Conquering Video Games, by Jeff Rovin*, [Collier Books](/wiki/Collier_Books \"Collier Books\"), 1982", "" ]
Astro BASIC ----------- The Astrocade also included a [BASIC](/wiki/BASIC "BASIC") programming language cartridge, written by [Jamie Fenton](/wiki/Jamie_Fenton "Jamie Fenton"), who expanded [Li\-Chen Wang](/wiki/Li-Chen_Wang "Li-Chen Wang")'s [Palo Alto Tiny BASIC](/wiki/Palo_Alto_Tiny_BASIC "Palo Alto Tiny BASIC").{{cite book \|last1\=Ainsworth \|first1\=Dick \|title\=Astro BASIC \|date\=1982 \|publisher\=Astrocade, Inc. \|page\=3}} First published as Bally BASIC in 1978\. Developing a [BASIC interpreter](/wiki/BASIC_interpreter "BASIC interpreter") on the system was difficult, because the display alone used up almost all the available RAM. The solution to this problem was to store the BASIC program code in the video RAM. This was accomplished by interleaving every [bit](/wiki/Bit "Bit") of the program along with the display itself; BASIC used all the even\-numbered bits, and the display the odd\-numbered bits. The [interpreter](/wiki/Interpreter_%28computer_software%29 "Interpreter (computer software)") would read out two bytes, drop all the odd\-numbered bits, and assemble the results into a single [byte](/wiki/Byte "Byte") of code. This was rendered invisible by setting two of the colors to be the same as the other two, such that colors `01` and `11` would be the same (white), so the presence, or lack, of a bit for BASIC had no effect on the screen. Additional memory was scavenged by using fewer lines vertically, only 88 instead of the full 102\. This managed to squeeze out 1760 bytes of RAM for BASIC programs. The downside was that most of the graphics system's power was unavailable. Programs were entered via the calculator keypad, with a plastic overlay displaying letters, symbols, and BASIC keywords. These were selected through a set of 4 colored shift keys. For example; typing "WORD"(gold) shift then the "\+" key would result in `GOTO`. A simple line editor was supported. After typing the line number corresponding to an existing program, each press of the PAUSE key would load the next character from memory.{{r\|AstroBASIC\|p\=16}} An Astro BASIC program that later became commercialized is [Artillery Duel](/wiki/Artillery_Duel "Artillery Duel"). John Perkins wrote the game first and submitted it to *The Arcadian* [fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine "Fanzine"), from which it was adapted for the Astro BASIC manual.{{r\|AstroBASIC\|p\=95}} Perkins subsequently developed the Astrocade cartridge of the game. ### Language features Astro BASIC supported the following keywords:{{r\|AstroBASIC\|p\=108\-114}} * Commands: `LIST`, `RUN`, `STOP`, `TRACE` * Statements: `PRINT`, `INPUT` * Structure: `GOTO`, `GOSUB`, `RETURN`, `IF` (but no `THEN` and no `ELSE`), `FOR-TO-STEP/NEXT` * Graphics: `BOX`, `CLEAR`, `LINE` * Tape Commands: `:PRINT`, `:INPUT`, `:LIST`, `:RUN` * Functions: `ABS()`, `CALL()`, `JX()` (specified joystick's horizontal position), `JY()` (joystick vertical position), `KN()` (knob status), `PX(X,Y)` (pixel on or off), `RND()`, `TR()` (trigger status) * Built\-in variables + (read only): `KP` (key press), `RM` (remainder of last division), `SZ` (memory size), `XY` (last LINE position) + (write only): `SM=` (scroll mode), `TV=` (display ASCII character) + (read/write): `BC` (background color), `CX` `CY` (cursor position), `FC` (foreground color), `NT` (note time), * Math: \+ \- × ÷ * Relational operators: \< \> \= \# \[not equal] \[the language did not support: \<\= \=\> \<\>] * Logical operators: × \[AND] \+ \[OR] A period `.` at the start of the line was equivalent to `REM` in other BASIC implementations. Certain commands were handled by the keypad instead of by keywords: the RESET button was equivalent to `NEW` in other interpreters. The language supported 26 integer variables `A` to `Z`, and two pre\-defined [arrays](/wiki/Array_data_type "Array data type"), `@()` \- which was stored starting after the program, ascending \- and `*()` \- which was stored from the top of memory, descending. The language lacked a `DIM` statement for dimensioning the arrays, the size of which was determined by available memory (`SZ`) not used by the program listing (2 bytes per item). Ports were accessed via the array `&()`, and memory was accessed via the array `%()`, rather than using [PEEK and POKE](/wiki/PEEK_and_POKE "PEEK and POKE"). While the language lacked strings, `KP` would provide the [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII "ASCII") value of a key press, which could be output to `TV`, meaning that characters could be read in from the keyboard, stored in an array, and then output. The character display was 11 lines of 26 characters across. The resolution for the graphic commands is 88x160, with X ranging from \-80 to 79 and Y ranging from \-44 to 43\. Music could be produced in four ways:{{r\|AstroBASIC\|p\=40,114}} 1. The `PRINT` command, as a side effect, produced a unique tone for each character or keyword displayed. 2. The `MU` variable converted numbers into notes. 3. Ports 16 through 23 accessed a music synthesizer. 4. The sound\-synthesizer variables `MO` (master oscillator), `NM` (Noise Mode), `NV` (Noise Volume), `TA` (Tone A), `TB` (Tone B), `TC` (Tone C), `VA` (Voice A volume), `VB` (Voice B volume), `VC` (Voice C volume), `VF` (Vibrato Frequency), `VR` (VibRato). (Added to Astro BASIC but not in Bally BASIC.) ### Sample code The following sample program from the manual demonstrates the joystick input and graphics functions. "Try your skill... The first player's knob moves the phaser left or right and the trigger shoots... Player two controls the target while player one shoots."{{r\|AstroBASIC\|p\=72}} {{pre\|1\= 1 .PHASER PHUN 2 .BY DICK AINSWORTH 10 {{codett\|2\=cbmbas\|1\=X\=RND(60\)\-31}} 20 {{codett\|2\=cbmbas\|1\=Y\=RND(20\)}} 30 CLEAR 40 X\=X\+JX(2\)×3 50 Y\=Y\+JY(2\)×3 60 BOX X,Y,4,4,3 70 K\=KN(1\)÷2 80 BOX K,\-40,3,8,1 90 {{codett\|2\=cbmbas\|1\=IF TR(1\)\=0GOTO 30}} 100 N\=1 110 {{codett\|2\=cbmbas\|1\=IF K\>X\-3IF K
[ "Astro BASIC\n-----------", "The Astrocade also included a [BASIC](/wiki/BASIC \"BASIC\") programming language cartridge, written by [Jamie Fenton](/wiki/Jamie_Fenton \"Jamie Fenton\"), who expanded [Li\\-Chen Wang](/wiki/Li-Chen_Wang \"Li-Chen Wang\")'s [Palo Alto Tiny BASIC](/wiki/Palo_Alto_Tiny_BASIC \"Palo Alto Tiny BASIC\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ainsworth \\|first1\\=Dick \\|title\\=Astro BASIC \\|date\\=1982 \\|publisher\\=Astrocade, Inc. \\|page\\=3}} First published as Bally BASIC in 1978\\.", "Developing a [BASIC interpreter](/wiki/BASIC_interpreter \"BASIC interpreter\") on the system was difficult, because the display alone used up almost all the available RAM. The solution to this problem was to store the BASIC program code in the video RAM.", "This was accomplished by interleaving every [bit](/wiki/Bit \"Bit\") of the program along with the display itself; BASIC used all the even\\-numbered bits, and the display the odd\\-numbered bits. The [interpreter](/wiki/Interpreter_%28computer_software%29 \"Interpreter (computer software)\") would read out two bytes, drop all the odd\\-numbered bits, and assemble the results into a single [byte](/wiki/Byte \"Byte\") of code. This was rendered invisible by setting two of the colors to be the same as the other two, such that colors `01` and `11` would be the same (white), so the presence, or lack, of a bit for BASIC had no effect on the screen. Additional memory was scavenged by using fewer lines vertically, only 88 instead of the full 102\\. This managed to squeeze out 1760 bytes of RAM for BASIC programs. The downside was that most of the graphics system's power was unavailable.", "Programs were entered via the calculator keypad, with a plastic overlay displaying letters, symbols, and BASIC keywords. These were selected through a set of 4 colored shift keys. For example; typing \"WORD\"(gold) shift then the \"\\+\" key would result in `GOTO`.", "A simple line editor was supported. After typing the line number corresponding to an existing program, each press of the PAUSE key would load the next character from memory.{{r\\|AstroBASIC\\|p\\=16}}", "An Astro BASIC program that later became commercialized is [Artillery Duel](/wiki/Artillery_Duel \"Artillery Duel\"). John Perkins wrote the game first and submitted it to *The Arcadian* [fanzine](/wiki/Fanzine \"Fanzine\"), from which it was adapted for the Astro BASIC manual.{{r\\|AstroBASIC\\|p\\=95}} Perkins subsequently developed the Astrocade cartridge of the game.", "### Language features", "Astro BASIC supported the following keywords:{{r\\|AstroBASIC\\|p\\=108\\-114}}\n* Commands: `LIST`, `RUN`, `STOP`, `TRACE`\n* Statements: `PRINT`, `INPUT`\n* Structure: `GOTO`, `GOSUB`, `RETURN`, `IF` (but no `THEN` and no `ELSE`), `FOR-TO-STEP/NEXT`\n* Graphics: `BOX`, `CLEAR`, `LINE`\n* Tape Commands: `:PRINT`, `:INPUT`, `:LIST`, `:RUN`\n* Functions: `ABS()`, `CALL()`, `JX()` (specified joystick's horizontal position), `JY()` (joystick vertical position), `KN()` (knob status), `PX(X,Y)` (pixel on or off), `RND()`, `TR()` (trigger status)\n* Built\\-in variables\n\t+ (read only): `KP` (key press), `RM` (remainder of last division), `SZ` (memory size), `XY` (last LINE position)\n\t+ (write only): `SM=` (scroll mode), `TV=` (display ASCII character)\n\t+ (read/write): `BC` (background color), `CX` `CY` (cursor position), `FC` (foreground color), `NT` (note time),\n* Math: \\+ \\- × ÷\n* Relational operators: \\< \\> \\= \\# \\[not equal] \\[the language did not support: \\<\\= \\=\\> \\<\\>]\n* Logical operators: × \\[AND] \\+ \\[OR]", "A period `.` at the start of the line was equivalent to `REM` in other BASIC implementations. Certain commands were handled by the keypad instead of by keywords: the RESET button was equivalent to `NEW` in other interpreters.", "The language supported 26 integer variables `A` to `Z`, and two pre\\-defined [arrays](/wiki/Array_data_type \"Array data type\"), `@()` \\- which was stored starting after the program, ascending \\- and `*()` \\- which was stored from the top of memory, descending. The language lacked a `DIM` statement for dimensioning the arrays, the size of which was determined by available memory (`SZ`) not used by the program listing (2 bytes per item). Ports were accessed via the array `&()`, and memory was accessed via the array `%()`, rather than using [PEEK and POKE](/wiki/PEEK_and_POKE \"PEEK and POKE\"). While the language lacked strings, `KP` would provide the [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII \"ASCII\") value of a key press, which could be output to `TV`, meaning that characters could be read in from the keyboard, stored in an array, and then output.", "The character display was 11 lines of 26 characters across. The resolution for the graphic commands is 88x160, with X ranging from \\-80 to 79 and Y ranging from \\-44 to 43\\.", "Music could be produced in four ways:{{r\\|AstroBASIC\\|p\\=40,114}}\n1. The `PRINT` command, as a side effect, produced a unique tone for each character or keyword displayed.\n2. The `MU` variable converted numbers into notes.\n3. Ports 16 through 23 accessed a music synthesizer.\n4. The sound\\-synthesizer variables `MO` (master oscillator), `NM` (Noise Mode), `NV` (Noise Volume), `TA` (Tone A), `TB` (Tone B), `TC` (Tone C), `VA` (Voice A volume), `VB` (Voice B volume), `VC` (Voice C volume), `VF` (Vibrato Frequency), `VR` (VibRato). (Added to Astro BASIC but not in Bally BASIC.)", "### Sample code", "The following sample program from the manual demonstrates the joystick input and graphics functions. \"Try your skill... The first player's knob moves the phaser left or right and the trigger shoots... Player two controls the target while player one shoots.\"{{r\\|AstroBASIC\\|p\\=72}} \n{{pre\\|1\\=\n 1 .PHASER PHUN\n 2 .BY DICK AINSWORTH\n 10 {{codett\\|2\\=cbmbas\\|1\\=X\\=RND(60\\)\\-31}}\n 20 {{codett\\|2\\=cbmbas\\|1\\=Y\\=RND(20\\)}}\n 30 CLEAR\n 40 X\\=X\\+JX(2\\)×3\n 50 Y\\=Y\\+JY(2\\)×3\n 60 BOX X,Y,4,4,3\n 70 K\\=KN(1\\)÷2\n 80 BOX K,\\-40,3,8,1\n 90 {{codett\\|2\\=cbmbas\\|1\\=IF TR(1\\)\\=0GOTO 30}}\n100 N\\=1\n110 {{codett\\|2\\=cbmbas\\|1\\=IF K\\>X\\-3IF K", "" ]
Biography --------- A native of [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima%2C_Kagoshima "Kagoshima, Kagoshima"), Shimazu was largely raised at the Shimazu residence in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), where he attended the [Gakushuin](/wiki/Gakushuin "Gakushuin") Peers’ School. In 1904, he entered the [Imperial Japanese Naval Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Naval_Academy "Imperial Japanese Naval Academy"), and graduated from the 35th class ranked 79th out of 172 cadets. He served his [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") duty aboard the [cruiser](/wiki/Cruiser "Cruiser") {{ship\|Japanese cruiser\|Itsukushima\|\|2}} and [battleship](/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") {{ship\|Japanese battleship\|Fuji\|\|2}}. After being commissioned as an [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28rank%29 "Ensign (rank)"), he was assigned to the cruisers {{ship\|Japanese cruiser\|Katori\|\|2}} and {{ship\|Japanese cruiser\|Izumo\|\|2}}. Shimazu returned to specialized weaponry schools and became a [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo "Torpedo") and [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery "Naval artillery") expert. As a sub\-lieutenant, he served on the battleship {{ship\|Japanese battleship\|Iwami\|\|2}} and again on *Katori*. From 1911\-1913, he left active service to assume his seat in the [House of Peers](/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Peers "Japanese House of Peers"), returning in December 1914 to the battleship {{ship\|Japanese battleship\|Settsu\|\|2}} after having completed [navigation](/wiki/Navigation "Navigation") and advanced gunnery training. As [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant"), he served aboard the {{ship\|Japanese cruiser\|Tsukuba\|\|2}} and {{ship\|Japanese battleship\|Kawachi\|\|2}} during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), but saw no combat. After graduation from the Japanese [Naval War College](/wiki/Naval_War_College_%28Japan%29 "Naval War College (Japan)") in December 1920, he was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander "Lieutenant commander"). He went [England](/wiki/England "England") at his own expense from December 1921 to 1923\. On his return, he was appointed to the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and became an instructor at the Naval War College. He was promoted to [commander](/wiki/Commander "Commander") in December 1924\. Shimazu was then appointed as [military attaché](/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9 "Military attaché") to England from December 1928 to December 1930\. While in England, he was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 "Captain (naval)"). After his return to Japan, Shimazu served on the Navy General Staff, and was promoted to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral "Rear admiral") on 15 November 1935\. He retired from active service a month later, on 15 December 1935\. After retirement, he served in an advisory capacity to the Gakushuin. During the [occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan "Occupation of Japan"), his palace in Tokyo (which had been designed by [Josiah Conder](/wiki/Josiah_Conder_%28architect%29 "Josiah Conder (architect)") in 1915\), was seized by the [American occupation forces](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers "Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers"), and is now the main hall for [Seisen University](/wiki/Seisen_University_%28Tokyo%29 "Seisen University (Tokyo)"). In the postwar era, he was involved in a number of financial scandals, notably with regards to the [Shimazu Kosan](/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E6%B4%A5%E8%88%88%E6%A5%AD "島津興業") Company. He was forced to sell off most of his inheritance to make ends meet, including the Shimazu clan archives, which went to [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University "Tokyo University"). He died in 1968 at the age of 81\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "A native of [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima%2C_Kagoshima \"Kagoshima, Kagoshima\"), Shimazu was largely raised at the Shimazu residence in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), where he attended the [Gakushuin](/wiki/Gakushuin \"Gakushuin\") Peers’ School. In 1904, he entered the [Imperial Japanese Naval Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Naval_Academy \"Imperial Japanese Naval Academy\"), and graduated from the 35th class ranked 79th out of 172 cadets. He served his [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") duty aboard the [cruiser](/wiki/Cruiser \"Cruiser\") {{ship\\|Japanese cruiser\\|Itsukushima\\|\\|2}} and [battleship](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") {{ship\\|Japanese battleship\\|Fuji\\|\\|2}}. After being commissioned as an [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28rank%29 \"Ensign (rank)\"), he was assigned to the cruisers {{ship\\|Japanese cruiser\\|Katori\\|\\|2}} and {{ship\\|Japanese cruiser\\|Izumo\\|\\|2}}.", "Shimazu returned to specialized weaponry schools and became a [torpedo](/wiki/Torpedo \"Torpedo\") and [naval artillery](/wiki/Naval_artillery \"Naval artillery\") expert. As a sub\\-lieutenant, he served on the battleship {{ship\\|Japanese battleship\\|Iwami\\|\\|2}} and again on *Katori*. From 1911\\-1913, he left active service to assume his seat in the [House of Peers](/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Peers \"Japanese House of Peers\"), returning in December 1914 to the battleship {{ship\\|Japanese battleship\\|Settsu\\|\\|2}} after having completed [navigation](/wiki/Navigation \"Navigation\") and advanced gunnery training. As [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\"), he served aboard the {{ship\\|Japanese cruiser\\|Tsukuba\\|\\|2}} and {{ship\\|Japanese battleship\\|Kawachi\\|\\|2}} during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), but saw no combat.", "After graduation from the Japanese [Naval War College](/wiki/Naval_War_College_%28Japan%29 \"Naval War College (Japan)\") in December 1920, he was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander \"Lieutenant commander\"). He went [England](/wiki/England \"England\") at his own expense from December 1921 to 1923\\. On his return, he was appointed to the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and became an instructor at the Naval War College. He was promoted to [commander](/wiki/Commander \"Commander\") in December 1924\\. Shimazu was then appointed as [military attaché](/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9 \"Military attaché\") to England from December 1928 to December 1930\\. While in England, he was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28naval%29 \"Captain (naval)\").", "After his return to Japan, Shimazu served on the Navy General Staff, and was promoted to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral \"Rear admiral\") on 15 November 1935\\. He retired from active service a month later, on 15 December 1935\\. After retirement, he served in an advisory capacity to the Gakushuin.", "During the [occupation of Japan](/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan \"Occupation of Japan\"), his palace in Tokyo (which had been designed by [Josiah Conder](/wiki/Josiah_Conder_%28architect%29 \"Josiah Conder (architect)\") in 1915\\), was seized by the [American occupation forces](/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers \"Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers\"), and is now the main hall for [Seisen University](/wiki/Seisen_University_%28Tokyo%29 \"Seisen University (Tokyo)\").", "In the postwar era, he was involved in a number of financial scandals, notably with regards to the [Shimazu Kosan](/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E6%B4%A5%E8%88%88%E6%A5%AD \"島津興業\") Company. He was forced to sell off most of his inheritance to make ends meet, including the Shimazu clan archives, which went to [Tokyo University](/wiki/Tokyo_University \"Tokyo University\"). He died in 1968 at the age of 81\\.", "" ]
Railway ------- ### List of lines and stations As of September 30, 1906{{teishajo}} #### Muroran – Temiya The Muroran–Iwamizawa section and the Iwamizawa–Otaru section are part of the [Muroran Main Line](/wiki/Muroran_Main_Line "Muroran Main Line") and the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line "Hakodate Main Line") respectively today. The remaining Otaru–Temiya section became the [Temiya Line](/wiki/Temiya_Line "Temiya Line"), which was closed in 1985\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1892 {{STN\|Muroran}} | 室蘭 |0\.0 | [16pxMuroran](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg "Legenda port.svg") Port | | {{STN\|Misaki\|Hokkaidō}} | 御崎 |2\.2 | | | {{STN\|Higashi\-Muroran\|\|Wanishi}} | 輪西 |2\.9 | Present\-day Higashi\-Muroran | | {{STN\|Washibetsu}} | 鷲別 |5\.6 | | | {{STN\|Horobetsu}} | 幌別 |10\.3 | | | {{STN\|Noboribetsu}} | 登別 |15\.3 | | | {{STN\|Takeura\|\|Shikifu}} | 敷生 |20\.4 | Present\-day Takeura | | {{STN\|Shiraoi}} | 白老 |27\.0 | | | {{STN\|Nishikioka\|\|Nishitappu}} | 錦多峰 |34\.3 | Present\-day Nishikioka | | {{STN\|Tomakomai}} | 苫小牧 |40\.1 | | | {{STN\|Numanohata}} | 沼ノ端 |45\.9 | | | {{STN\|Toasa}} | 遠浅 |51\.4 | | | {{STN\|Hayakita}} | 早来 |54\.8 | | | {{STN\|Abira}} | 安平 |58\.3 | | | {{STN\|Oiwake\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |62\.5 To Yūbari | | | {{STN\|Mikawa\|Hokkaidō}} | 三川 |67\.5 | | | {{STN\|Yuni}} | 由仁 |72\.3 | | | {{STN\|Kuriyama}} | 栗山 |75\.4 | | | {{STN\|Kurisawa\|\|Kiyomappu}} | 清真布 |80\.5 | Present\-day Kurisawa | | {{STN\|Shibun}} | 志文 |83\.0 | | |{{STN\|Iwamizawa}}岩見沢 86\.5 To Utashinai, Ikushunbetsu |1882 | {{STN\|Horomui}} | 幌向 |92\.9 | | | {{STN\|Ebetsu}} | 江別 |98\.7 | | | {{STN\|Nopporo}} | 野幌 |100\.6 | | | {{STN\|Atsubetsu}} | 厚別 |105\.4 | | | {{STN\|Shiroishi\|JR Hokkaidō}} | 白石 |108\.2 | | |{{STN\|Sapporo}}札幌 111\.7 |1880 | {{STN\|Kotoni\|JR Hokkaido}} | 琴似 |114\.2 | | | {{STN\|Teine\|\|Karugawa}} | 軽川 |118\.4 | Present\-day Teine | | {{STN\|Zenibako}} | 銭函 |123\.1 | | | {{STN\|Hariusu}} | 張碓 |126\.3 | Station closed in 2006 | | {{STN\|Asari\|Hokkaidō}} | 朝里 |128\.6 | | | {{STN\|Minami\-Otaru\|\|Otaru}} | 小樽 |131\.9 [Hokkaidō Railway](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_Railway "Hokkaidō Railway") to {{STN\|Hakodate}} | Present\-day Minami\-Otaru | | {{STN\|Temiya}} | 手宮 |133\.6 | [16pxOtaru](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg "Legenda port.svg") Port. Station closed in 1985 | #### Iwamizawa – Utashinai The Iwamizawa–Sunagawa section is the part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line "Hakodate Main Line") today. The remaining part became the [Utashinai Line](/wiki/Utashinai_Line "Utashinai Line"), which was closed in 1988\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1881 {{STN\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\.0 To Muroran, Temiya, Ikushunbetsu | | | {{STN\|Minenobu}} | 峰延 |5\.1 | | | {{STN\|Bibai}} | 美唄 |10\.4 | | | {{STN\|Naie}} | 奈井江 |17\.0 | | | {{STN\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |21\.9 To Asahigawa via Japanese Government Railways | | | {{STN\|Kamoi\|Hokkaidō}} | 神威 |29\.2 | Station closed in 1988 | | {{STN\|Utashinai}} | 歌志内 |30\.8 | [16pxSorachi](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png") Mine. Station closed in 1988 | #### Iwamizawa – Ikushunbetsu This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line "Horonai Line"), which was closed in 1987\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1882 {{STN\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\.0 To Otaru, Muroran, Utashinai | | |{{STN\|Mikasa\|\|Horonaibuto}}幌内太 6\.7 To Horonai Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987 |1888 | {{STN\|Ikushunbetsu}} | 幾春別 |11\.2 | [16pxIkushunbetsu](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png") Mine. Station closed in 1987 | #### Horonaibuto – Horonai This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line "Horonai Line"), which was closed in 1987\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1882 {{STN\|Mikasa\|\|Horonaibuto}} | 幌内太 |0\.0 To Iwamizawa, Ikushunbetsu | Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987 | | {{STN\|Horonai}} | 幌内 |1\.7 | [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png")[Horonai Mine](/wiki/Hokutan_Horonai_coal_mine "Hokutan Horonai coal mine"). Station closed in 1987 | #### Oiwake – Yūbari The section from Oiwake to Shin\-Yubari (Momijiyama) is a part of the [Sekishō Line](/wiki/Sekish%C5%8D_Line "Sekishō Line") (Main section) today while the remainder became the Yubari Branch Line which closed in 2019\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1892 {{STN\|Oiwake\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |0\.0 To Otaru, Muroran | | | {{STN\|Kawabata}} | 川端 |5\.9 | | | {{STN\|Takinoue}} | 滝ノ上 |11\.3 | | | {{STN\|Shin\-Yūbari\|\|Momijiyama}} | 紅葉山 |15\.7 | Present\-day Shin\-Yūbari | | {{STN\|Numanosawa}} | 沼ノ沢 |17\.5 | | | {{STN\|Shimizusawa}} | 清水沢 |20\.9 | | | {{STN\|Shikanotani}} | 鹿ノ谷 |25\.1 | | | {{STN\|Yūbari}} | 夕張 |27\.2 | [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png")Yūbari Mine | #### Sunagawa – Sorachigawa The company leased this section to Japanese Government Railways. This section is a part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line "Hakodate Main Line") today. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1892 {{STN\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |0\.0 To Iwamizawa, Utashinai | | | Sorachigawa | 空知川 |3\.0 | Only a divisional point of railway asset. | ### Nationalization As the Railway Nationalization Act was promulgated, on October 1, 1906, the company's railway (207 miles 51 chains), rolling stock (1,940\), steamship (1\), personnel (3,673\) and other goods and contracts were transferred to the government of Japan, in exchange of 30,997,100 yen worth of government bond.{{Cite book\|url\=http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2127166/472\|title\=日本鉄道史 中篇\|author\=Ministry of Railways\|pages\=849, 855, 862\|year\=1921}}
[ "Railway\n-------", "### List of lines and stations", "As of September 30, 1906{{teishajo}}", "#### Muroran – Temiya", "The Muroran–Iwamizawa section and the Iwamizawa–Otaru section are part of the [Muroran Main Line](/wiki/Muroran_Main_Line \"Muroran Main Line\") and the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line \"Hakodate Main Line\") respectively today. The remaining Otaru–Temiya section became the [Temiya Line](/wiki/Temiya_Line \"Temiya Line\"), which was closed in 1985\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1892", "{{STN\\|Muroran}} | 室蘭 |0\\.0", "|\n [16pxMuroran](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg \"Legenda port.svg\") Port |\n| {{STN\\|Misaki\\|Hokkaidō}} | 御崎 |2\\.2", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Higashi\\-Muroran\\|\\|Wanishi}} | 輪西 |2\\.9", "|\n Present\\-day Higashi\\-Muroran |\n| {{STN\\|Washibetsu}} | 鷲別 |5\\.6", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Horobetsu}} | 幌別 |10\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Noboribetsu}} | 登別 |15\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Takeura\\|\\|Shikifu}} | 敷生 |20\\.4", "|\n Present\\-day Takeura |\n| {{STN\\|Shiraoi}} | 白老 |27\\.0", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Nishikioka\\|\\|Nishitappu}} | 錦多峰 |34\\.3", "|\n Present\\-day Nishikioka |\n| {{STN\\|Tomakomai}} | 苫小牧 |40\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Numanohata}} | 沼ノ端 |45\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Toasa}} | 遠浅 |51\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Hayakita}} | 早来 |54\\.8", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Abira}} | 安平 |58\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Oiwake\\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |62\\.5", "To Yūbari |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Mikawa\\|Hokkaidō}} | 三川 |67\\.5", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Yuni}} | 由仁 |72\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kuriyama}} | 栗山 |75\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kurisawa\\|\\|Kiyomappu}} | 清真布 |80\\.5", "|\n Present\\-day Kurisawa |\n| {{STN\\|Shibun}} | 志文 |83\\.0", "|\n |\n|{{STN\\|Iwamizawa}}岩見沢\n86\\.5", "To Utashinai, Ikushunbetsu", "", "|1882", "| {{STN\\|Horomui}} | 幌向 |92\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Ebetsu}} | 江別 |98\\.7", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Nopporo}} | 野幌 |100\\.6", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Atsubetsu}} | 厚別 |105\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shiroishi\\|JR Hokkaidō}} | 白石 |108\\.2", "|\n |\n|{{STN\\|Sapporo}}札幌\n111\\.7", "", "", "|1880", "| {{STN\\|Kotoni\\|JR Hokkaido}} | 琴似 |114\\.2", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Teine\\|\\|Karugawa}} | 軽川 |118\\.4", "|\n Present\\-day Teine |\n| {{STN\\|Zenibako}} | 銭函 |123\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Hariusu}} | 張碓 |126\\.3", "|\n Station closed in 2006 |\n| {{STN\\|Asari\\|Hokkaidō}} | 朝里 |128\\.6", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Minami\\-Otaru\\|\\|Otaru}} | 小樽 |131\\.9", "[Hokkaidō Railway](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_Railway \"Hokkaidō Railway\") to {{STN\\|Hakodate}} |\n Present\\-day Minami\\-Otaru |\n| {{STN\\|Temiya}} | 手宮 |133\\.6", "|\n [16pxOtaru](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg \"Legenda port.svg\") Port. Station closed in 1985 |", "", "#### Iwamizawa – Utashinai", "The Iwamizawa–Sunagawa section is the part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line \"Hakodate Main Line\") today. The remaining part became the [Utashinai Line](/wiki/Utashinai_Line \"Utashinai Line\"), which was closed in 1988\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1881", "{{STN\\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\\.0", "To Muroran, Temiya, Ikushunbetsu |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Minenobu}} | 峰延 |5\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Bibai}} | 美唄 |10\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Naie}} | 奈井江 |17\\.0", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |21\\.9", "To Asahigawa via Japanese Government Railways |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kamoi\\|Hokkaidō}} | 神威 |29\\.2", "|\n Station closed in 1988 |\n| {{STN\\|Utashinai}} | 歌志内 |30\\.8", "|\n [16pxSorachi](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\") Mine. Station closed in 1988 |", "", "#### Iwamizawa – Ikushunbetsu", "This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line \"Horonai Line\"), which was closed in 1987\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1882", "{{STN\\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\\.0", "To Otaru, Muroran, Utashinai |\n |\n|{{STN\\|Mikasa\\|\\|Horonaibuto}}幌内太\n6\\.7", "To Horonai", "Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987", "|1888", "| {{STN\\|Ikushunbetsu}} | 幾春別 |11\\.2", "|\n [16pxIkushunbetsu](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\") Mine. Station closed in 1987 |", "", "#### Horonaibuto – Horonai", "This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line \"Horonai Line\"), which was closed in 1987\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1882", "{{STN\\|Mikasa\\|\\|Horonaibuto}} | 幌内太 |0\\.0", "To Iwamizawa, Ikushunbetsu |\n Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987 |\n| {{STN\\|Horonai}} | 幌内 |1\\.7", "|\n [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\")[Horonai Mine](/wiki/Hokutan_Horonai_coal_mine \"Hokutan Horonai coal mine\"). Station closed in 1987 |", "", "#### Oiwake – Yūbari", "The section from Oiwake to Shin\\-Yubari (Momijiyama) is a part of the [Sekishō Line](/wiki/Sekish%C5%8D_Line \"Sekishō Line\") (Main section) today while the remainder became the Yubari Branch Line which closed in 2019\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1892", "{{STN\\|Oiwake\\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |0\\.0", "To Otaru, Muroran |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kawabata}} | 川端 |5\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Takinoue}} | 滝ノ上 |11\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shin\\-Yūbari\\|\\|Momijiyama}} | 紅葉山 |15\\.7", "|\n Present\\-day Shin\\-Yūbari |\n| {{STN\\|Numanosawa}} | 沼ノ沢 |17\\.5", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shimizusawa}} | 清水沢 |20\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shikanotani}} | 鹿ノ谷 |25\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Yūbari}} | 夕張 |27\\.2", "|\n [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\")Yūbari Mine |", "", "#### Sunagawa – Sorachigawa", "The company leased this section to Japanese Government Railways. This section is a part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line \"Hakodate Main Line\") today.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1892", "{{STN\\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |0\\.0", "To Iwamizawa, Utashinai |\n |\n| Sorachigawa | 空知川 |3\\.0", "|\n Only a divisional point of railway asset. |", "", "### Nationalization", "As the Railway Nationalization Act was promulgated, on October 1, 1906, the company's railway (207 miles 51 chains), rolling stock (1,940\\), steamship (1\\), personnel (3,673\\) and other goods and contracts were transferred to the government of Japan, in exchange of 30,997,100 yen worth of government bond.{{Cite book\\|url\\=http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2127166/472\\|title\\=日本鉄道史 中篇\\|author\\=Ministry of Railways\\|pages\\=849, 855, 862\\|year\\=1921}}", "" ]
### List of lines and stations As of September 30, 1906{{teishajo}} #### Muroran – Temiya The Muroran–Iwamizawa section and the Iwamizawa–Otaru section are part of the [Muroran Main Line](/wiki/Muroran_Main_Line "Muroran Main Line") and the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line "Hakodate Main Line") respectively today. The remaining Otaru–Temiya section became the [Temiya Line](/wiki/Temiya_Line "Temiya Line"), which was closed in 1985\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1892 {{STN\|Muroran}} | 室蘭 |0\.0 | [16pxMuroran](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg "Legenda port.svg") Port | | {{STN\|Misaki\|Hokkaidō}} | 御崎 |2\.2 | | | {{STN\|Higashi\-Muroran\|\|Wanishi}} | 輪西 |2\.9 | Present\-day Higashi\-Muroran | | {{STN\|Washibetsu}} | 鷲別 |5\.6 | | | {{STN\|Horobetsu}} | 幌別 |10\.3 | | | {{STN\|Noboribetsu}} | 登別 |15\.3 | | | {{STN\|Takeura\|\|Shikifu}} | 敷生 |20\.4 | Present\-day Takeura | | {{STN\|Shiraoi}} | 白老 |27\.0 | | | {{STN\|Nishikioka\|\|Nishitappu}} | 錦多峰 |34\.3 | Present\-day Nishikioka | | {{STN\|Tomakomai}} | 苫小牧 |40\.1 | | | {{STN\|Numanohata}} | 沼ノ端 |45\.9 | | | {{STN\|Toasa}} | 遠浅 |51\.4 | | | {{STN\|Hayakita}} | 早来 |54\.8 | | | {{STN\|Abira}} | 安平 |58\.3 | | | {{STN\|Oiwake\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |62\.5 To Yūbari | | | {{STN\|Mikawa\|Hokkaidō}} | 三川 |67\.5 | | | {{STN\|Yuni}} | 由仁 |72\.3 | | | {{STN\|Kuriyama}} | 栗山 |75\.4 | | | {{STN\|Kurisawa\|\|Kiyomappu}} | 清真布 |80\.5 | Present\-day Kurisawa | | {{STN\|Shibun}} | 志文 |83\.0 | | |{{STN\|Iwamizawa}}岩見沢 86\.5 To Utashinai, Ikushunbetsu |1882 | {{STN\|Horomui}} | 幌向 |92\.9 | | | {{STN\|Ebetsu}} | 江別 |98\.7 | | | {{STN\|Nopporo}} | 野幌 |100\.6 | | | {{STN\|Atsubetsu}} | 厚別 |105\.4 | | | {{STN\|Shiroishi\|JR Hokkaidō}} | 白石 |108\.2 | | |{{STN\|Sapporo}}札幌 111\.7 |1880 | {{STN\|Kotoni\|JR Hokkaido}} | 琴似 |114\.2 | | | {{STN\|Teine\|\|Karugawa}} | 軽川 |118\.4 | Present\-day Teine | | {{STN\|Zenibako}} | 銭函 |123\.1 | | | {{STN\|Hariusu}} | 張碓 |126\.3 | Station closed in 2006 | | {{STN\|Asari\|Hokkaidō}} | 朝里 |128\.6 | | | {{STN\|Minami\-Otaru\|\|Otaru}} | 小樽 |131\.9 [Hokkaidō Railway](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_Railway "Hokkaidō Railway") to {{STN\|Hakodate}} | Present\-day Minami\-Otaru | | {{STN\|Temiya}} | 手宮 |133\.6 | [16pxOtaru](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg "Legenda port.svg") Port. Station closed in 1985 | #### Iwamizawa – Utashinai The Iwamizawa–Sunagawa section is the part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line "Hakodate Main Line") today. The remaining part became the [Utashinai Line](/wiki/Utashinai_Line "Utashinai Line"), which was closed in 1988\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1881 {{STN\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\.0 To Muroran, Temiya, Ikushunbetsu | | | {{STN\|Minenobu}} | 峰延 |5\.1 | | | {{STN\|Bibai}} | 美唄 |10\.4 | | | {{STN\|Naie}} | 奈井江 |17\.0 | | | {{STN\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |21\.9 To Asahigawa via Japanese Government Railways | | | {{STN\|Kamoi\|Hokkaidō}} | 神威 |29\.2 | Station closed in 1988 | | {{STN\|Utashinai}} | 歌志内 |30\.8 | [16pxSorachi](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png") Mine. Station closed in 1988 | #### Iwamizawa – Ikushunbetsu This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line "Horonai Line"), which was closed in 1987\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1882 {{STN\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\.0 To Otaru, Muroran, Utashinai | | |{{STN\|Mikasa\|\|Horonaibuto}}幌内太 6\.7 To Horonai Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987 |1888 | {{STN\|Ikushunbetsu}} | 幾春別 |11\.2 | [16pxIkushunbetsu](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png") Mine. Station closed in 1987 | #### Horonaibuto – Horonai This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line "Horonai Line"), which was closed in 1987\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1882 {{STN\|Mikasa\|\|Horonaibuto}} | 幌内太 |0\.0 To Iwamizawa, Ikushunbetsu | Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987 | | {{STN\|Horonai}} | 幌内 |1\.7 | [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png")[Horonai Mine](/wiki/Hokutan_Horonai_coal_mine "Hokutan Horonai coal mine"). Station closed in 1987 | #### Oiwake – Yūbari The section from Oiwake to Shin\-Yubari (Momijiyama) is a part of the [Sekishō Line](/wiki/Sekish%C5%8D_Line "Sekishō Line") (Main section) today while the remainder became the Yubari Branch Line which closed in 2019\. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1892 {{STN\|Oiwake\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |0\.0 To Otaru, Muroran | | | {{STN\|Kawabata}} | 川端 |5\.9 | | | {{STN\|Takinoue}} | 滝ノ上 |11\.3 | | | {{STN\|Shin\-Yūbari\|\|Momijiyama}} | 紅葉山 |15\.7 | Present\-day Shin\-Yūbari | | {{STN\|Numanosawa}} | 沼ノ沢 |17\.5 | | | {{STN\|Shimizusawa}} | 清水沢 |20\.9 | | | {{STN\|Shikanotani}} | 鹿ノ谷 |25\.1 | | | {{STN\|Yūbari}} | 夕張 |27\.2 | [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png "Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png")Yūbari Mine | #### Sunagawa – Sorachigawa The company leased this section to Japanese Government Railways. This section is a part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line "Hakodate Main Line") today. | Built in |Station Mile | Connections | Note | |1892 {{STN\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |0\.0 To Iwamizawa, Utashinai | | | Sorachigawa | 空知川 |3\.0 | Only a divisional point of railway asset. |
[ "### List of lines and stations", "As of September 30, 1906{{teishajo}}", "#### Muroran – Temiya", "The Muroran–Iwamizawa section and the Iwamizawa–Otaru section are part of the [Muroran Main Line](/wiki/Muroran_Main_Line \"Muroran Main Line\") and the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line \"Hakodate Main Line\") respectively today. The remaining Otaru–Temiya section became the [Temiya Line](/wiki/Temiya_Line \"Temiya Line\"), which was closed in 1985\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1892", "{{STN\\|Muroran}} | 室蘭 |0\\.0", "|\n [16pxMuroran](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg \"Legenda port.svg\") Port |\n| {{STN\\|Misaki\\|Hokkaidō}} | 御崎 |2\\.2", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Higashi\\-Muroran\\|\\|Wanishi}} | 輪西 |2\\.9", "|\n Present\\-day Higashi\\-Muroran |\n| {{STN\\|Washibetsu}} | 鷲別 |5\\.6", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Horobetsu}} | 幌別 |10\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Noboribetsu}} | 登別 |15\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Takeura\\|\\|Shikifu}} | 敷生 |20\\.4", "|\n Present\\-day Takeura |\n| {{STN\\|Shiraoi}} | 白老 |27\\.0", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Nishikioka\\|\\|Nishitappu}} | 錦多峰 |34\\.3", "|\n Present\\-day Nishikioka |\n| {{STN\\|Tomakomai}} | 苫小牧 |40\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Numanohata}} | 沼ノ端 |45\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Toasa}} | 遠浅 |51\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Hayakita}} | 早来 |54\\.8", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Abira}} | 安平 |58\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Oiwake\\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |62\\.5", "To Yūbari |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Mikawa\\|Hokkaidō}} | 三川 |67\\.5", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Yuni}} | 由仁 |72\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kuriyama}} | 栗山 |75\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kurisawa\\|\\|Kiyomappu}} | 清真布 |80\\.5", "|\n Present\\-day Kurisawa |\n| {{STN\\|Shibun}} | 志文 |83\\.0", "|\n |\n|{{STN\\|Iwamizawa}}岩見沢\n86\\.5", "To Utashinai, Ikushunbetsu", "", "|1882", "| {{STN\\|Horomui}} | 幌向 |92\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Ebetsu}} | 江別 |98\\.7", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Nopporo}} | 野幌 |100\\.6", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Atsubetsu}} | 厚別 |105\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shiroishi\\|JR Hokkaidō}} | 白石 |108\\.2", "|\n |\n|{{STN\\|Sapporo}}札幌\n111\\.7", "", "", "|1880", "| {{STN\\|Kotoni\\|JR Hokkaido}} | 琴似 |114\\.2", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Teine\\|\\|Karugawa}} | 軽川 |118\\.4", "|\n Present\\-day Teine |\n| {{STN\\|Zenibako}} | 銭函 |123\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Hariusu}} | 張碓 |126\\.3", "|\n Station closed in 2006 |\n| {{STN\\|Asari\\|Hokkaidō}} | 朝里 |128\\.6", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Minami\\-Otaru\\|\\|Otaru}} | 小樽 |131\\.9", "[Hokkaidō Railway](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_Railway \"Hokkaidō Railway\") to {{STN\\|Hakodate}} |\n Present\\-day Minami\\-Otaru |\n| {{STN\\|Temiya}} | 手宮 |133\\.6", "|\n [16pxOtaru](/wiki/File:Legenda_port.svg \"Legenda port.svg\") Port. Station closed in 1985 |", "", "#### Iwamizawa – Utashinai", "The Iwamizawa–Sunagawa section is the part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line \"Hakodate Main Line\") today. The remaining part became the [Utashinai Line](/wiki/Utashinai_Line \"Utashinai Line\"), which was closed in 1988\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1881", "{{STN\\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\\.0", "To Muroran, Temiya, Ikushunbetsu |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Minenobu}} | 峰延 |5\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Bibai}} | 美唄 |10\\.4", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Naie}} | 奈井江 |17\\.0", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |21\\.9", "To Asahigawa via Japanese Government Railways |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kamoi\\|Hokkaidō}} | 神威 |29\\.2", "|\n Station closed in 1988 |\n| {{STN\\|Utashinai}} | 歌志内 |30\\.8", "|\n [16pxSorachi](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\") Mine. Station closed in 1988 |", "", "#### Iwamizawa – Ikushunbetsu", "This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line \"Horonai Line\"), which was closed in 1987\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1882", "{{STN\\|Iwamizawa}} | 岩見沢 |0\\.0", "To Otaru, Muroran, Utashinai |\n |\n|{{STN\\|Mikasa\\|\\|Horonaibuto}}幌内太\n6\\.7", "To Horonai", "Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987", "|1888", "| {{STN\\|Ikushunbetsu}} | 幾春別 |11\\.2", "|\n [16pxIkushunbetsu](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\") Mine. Station closed in 1987 |", "", "#### Horonaibuto – Horonai", "This section later became a part of the [Horonai Line](/wiki/Horonai_Line \"Horonai Line\"), which was closed in 1987\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1882", "{{STN\\|Mikasa\\|\\|Horonaibuto}} | 幌内太 |0\\.0", "To Iwamizawa, Ikushunbetsu |\n Later renamed Mikasa, station closed in 1987 |\n| {{STN\\|Horonai}} | 幌内 |1\\.7", "|\n [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\")[Horonai Mine](/wiki/Hokutan_Horonai_coal_mine \"Hokutan Horonai coal mine\"). Station closed in 1987 |", "", "#### Oiwake – Yūbari", "The section from Oiwake to Shin\\-Yubari (Momijiyama) is a part of the [Sekishō Line](/wiki/Sekish%C5%8D_Line \"Sekishō Line\") (Main section) today while the remainder became the Yubari Branch Line which closed in 2019\\.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1892", "{{STN\\|Oiwake\\|Hokkaidō}} | 追分 |0\\.0", "To Otaru, Muroran |\n |\n| {{STN\\|Kawabata}} | 川端 |5\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Takinoue}} | 滝ノ上 |11\\.3", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shin\\-Yūbari\\|\\|Momijiyama}} | 紅葉山 |15\\.7", "|\n Present\\-day Shin\\-Yūbari |\n| {{STN\\|Numanosawa}} | 沼ノ沢 |17\\.5", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shimizusawa}} | 清水沢 |20\\.9", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Shikanotani}} | 鹿ノ谷 |25\\.1", "|\n |\n| {{STN\\|Yūbari}} | 夕張 |27\\.2", "|\n [16px](/wiki/File:Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png \"Gfi-set01-coal-mine.png\")Yūbari Mine |", "", "#### Sunagawa – Sorachigawa", "The company leased this section to Japanese Government Railways. This section is a part of the [Hakodate Main Line](/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line \"Hakodate Main Line\") today.", "| Built in |Station", "Mile |\n Connections |\n Note |", "|1892", "{{STN\\|Sunagawa}} | 砂川 |0\\.0", "To Iwamizawa, Utashinai |\n |\n| Sorachigawa | 空知川 |3\\.0", "|\n Only a divisional point of railway asset. |", "", "" ]
Name ---- {{further\|topic\=naming conventions\|Names of the days of the week}} ### Thor's (or Jupiter's) day [right\|thumb\|Painting depicting the Norse god Thunor (the Norse [Thor](/wiki/Thor "Thor")), after whom Thursday is named, by [Mårten Eskil Winge](/wiki/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge "Mårten Eskil Winge"), 1872](/wiki/File:M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Mårten Eskil Winge - Tor's Fight with the Giants - Google Art Project.jpg") The name is derived from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English "Old English") *þunresdæg* and [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") *Thuresday* (with loss of \-n\-, first in northern dialects, from influence of [Old Norse](/wiki/Old_Norse "Old Norse") *Þórsdagr*) meaning "Thor's Day". It was named after the Norse god [Thor](/wiki/Thor "Thor").{{cite web \|publisher\=English Heathenism \|title\=Anglo\-Saxon Week \|url\=http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/anglosaxonweek.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924032322/http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/anglosaxonweek.html \|archive\-date\=24 September 2009 \|access\-date\=30 July 2015}}{{cite web \|first\=John Robert \|last\=Stone \|publisher\=The English Companions \|title\=Observing Bede's Anglo\-Saxon Calendar \|url\=http://www.tha\-engliscan\-gesithas.org.uk/calendar/obs\_bede.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504113458/http://www.tha\-engliscan\-gesithas.org.uk/calendar/obs\_bede.html \|archive\-date\=4 May 2010 \|year\=1997 \|access\-date\=30 July 2015}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term\=Thursday \|title\=Online Etymology Dictionary \|publisher\=Etymonline.com \|access\-date\=6 August 2012}} *Thunor, Donar* (German, *Donnerstag*) and *Thor* are derived from the name of the Germanic god of thunder, *[Thunraz](/wiki/Thunraz "Thunraz")*, equivalent to [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 "Jupiter (mythology)") in the *[interpretatio romana](/wiki/Interpretatio_romana "Interpretatio romana")*. In most Romance languages, the day is named after the Roman god [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 "Jupiter (mythology)"), who was the god of sky and thunder. In Latin, the day was known as *Iovis Dies*, "Jupiter's Day". In Latin, the genitive or possessive case of Jupiter was *Iovis*/*Jovis* and thus in most Romance languages it became the word for Thursday: [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language") *giovedì*, [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language") *jueves*, [French](/wiki/French_language "French language") *jeudi*, [Sardinian](/wiki/Sardinian_language "Sardinian language") jòvia, [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") *dijous*, [Galician](/wiki/Galician_language "Galician language") *xoves* and [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") *joi*. This is also reflected in the [p\-Celtic](/wiki/P-Celtic "P-Celtic") [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language") *dydd Iau*. The [astrological](/wiki/Astrological_symbols "Astrological symbols") and [astronomical](/wiki/Astronomical_symbols "Astronomical symbols") [sign of the planet Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28astrology%29 "Jupiter (astrology)") (♃ [16px\|Jupiter](/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg "Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg")) is sometimes used to represent Thursday. Since the Roman god [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 "Jupiter (mythology)") was identified with Thunor (Norse Thor in [northern Europe](/wiki/Northern_Europe "Northern Europe")), most Germanic languages name the day after this god: *Torsdag* in [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language "Danish language"), [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language "Norwegian language"), and [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_language "Swedish language"), *Hósdagur*/*Tórsdagur* in [Faroese](/wiki/Faroese_language "Faroese language"), *Donnerstag* in [German](/wiki/German_language "German language") or *Donderdag* in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language"). Finnish and Northern Sami, both non\-Germanic ([Uralic](/wiki/Uralic_languages "Uralic languages")) languages, uses the borrowing "Torstai" and "Duorastat". In the extinct [Polabian](/wiki/Polabian_language "Polabian language") Slavic language, it was *perundan*, [Perun](/wiki/Perun "Perun") being the Slavic equivalent of Thor.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=db7iuvTX1bkC\&q\=perundan\+polabian\&pg\=PA6 \|title\=Selected writings: Comparative Slavic studies – Roman Jakobson – Google Books \|isbn\=978\-3\-11\-010617\-6 \|access\-date\=6 August 2012\|last1\=Jakobson \|first1\=Roman \|year\=1962 \|publisher\=Walter de Gruyter }} ### Vishnu's/Buddha's/Dattatrey's Day In most of the [languages of India](/wiki/Languages_of_India "Languages of India"), the word for Thursday is *Guruvāra* – *vāra* meaning day and *[Guru](/wiki/Guru "Guru")* being the [style](/wiki/Style_%28manner_of_address%29 "Style (manner of address)") for [Bṛhaspati](/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati "Bṛhaspati"), guru to the gods and regent of the planet [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter "Jupiter"). This day marks the worship of [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") and his [avatars](/wiki/Avatar "Avatar") such as [Rama](/wiki/Rama "Rama"), [Satyanarayana](/wiki/Satyanarayana_Puja%23Satyanarayana "Satyanarayana Puja#Satyanarayana"), [Parashurama](/wiki/Parashurama "Parashurama"), [Narasimha](/wiki/Narasimha "Narasimha"), and [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha_in_Hinduism "Buddha in Hinduism") as well as the deity [Dattatreya](/wiki/Dattatreya "Dattatreya") in [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism"). In [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") language, the day is called **Bṛhaspativāsaram** (day of [Bṛhaspati](/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati "Bṛhaspati")). In Nepali language, the day is called *Bihivāra* as derived from the Sanskrit word same like in Hindi *vara* means day and Bihivāra meaning Bṛhaspati. In [Thai](/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"), the word is *Wan Pharuehatsabodi*, also in [Old Javanese](/wiki/Old_Javanese "Old Javanese") as *Respati* or in [Balinese](/wiki/Balinese_language "Balinese language") as *Wraspati* – referring to the Hindu deity Bṛhaspati, also associated with Jupiter. [En](/wiki/En_%28Illyrian_god%29 "En (Illyrian god)") was an old [Illyrian](/wiki/Illyrians "Illyrians") deity and in his honor in the [Albanian language](/wiki/Albanian_language "Albanian language") Thursday is called "Enjte".Lurker, Manfred. *The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons*, Taylor \& Francis e\-Library, 2005\. p.57 In the [Nahuatl language](/wiki/Nahuatl_language "Nahuatl language"), Thursday is {{lang\|nci\|Tezcatlipotōnal}} ({{IPA\-nah\|teskat͡ɬipoˈtoːnaɬ}}) meaning "day of [Tezcatlipoca](/wiki/Tezcatlipoca "Tezcatlipoca")". In Japanese, the day is {{lang\|och\|木曜日}} (木 represents Jupiter, 木星), following [East Asian tradition](/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week%23East_Asian_tradition "Names of the days of the week#East Asian tradition"). ### Fourth day {{Unreferenced section\|date\=January 2008}} In [Slavic languages](/wiki/Slavic_languages "Slavic languages") and in Chinese, this day's name is "fourth" ([Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language "Slovak language") *štvrtok*, [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language "Czech language") *čtvrtek*, [Slovene](/wiki/Slovene_language "Slovene language") *četrtek*, [Polish](/wiki/Polish_language "Polish language") *czwartek*, [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language") четверг *chetverg*, [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_language "Bulgarian language") четвъртък, [Serbo\-Croatian](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian "Serbo-Croatian") четвртак / *četvrtak*, [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language "Macedonian language") четврток, [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language "Ukrainian language") четвер *chetver*). [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_language "Hungarian language") uses a Slavic loanword "csütörtök". In [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"), it is {{lang\|zh\|星期四}} *xīngqīsì* ("fourth solar day"). In [Estonian](/wiki/Estonian_language "Estonian language") it's *neljapäev*, meaning "fourth day" or "fourth day in a week". The [Baltic languages](/wiki/Baltic_languages "Baltic languages") also use the term "fourth day" ([Latvian](/wiki/Latvian_language "Latvian language") *ceturtdiena*, [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language "Lithuanian language") *ketvirtadienis*). ### Fifth day {{Unreferenced section\|date\=January 2008}} [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") uses a number for this day: Πέμπτη *Pémpti* "fifth," as does {{lang\-pt\|quinta\-feira}} "fifth day," [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_Language "Hebrew Language"): {{Script/Hebrew\|יום חמישי}} (*Yom Khamishi* – day fifth) often written {{Script/Hebrew\|'יום ה}} ("Yom Hey" – 5th letter Hey day), and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_Language "Arabic Language"): {{lang\|ar\|يوم الخميس}} ("Yaum al\-Khamīs" – fifth day). Rooted from Arabic, the [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language "Indonesian language") word for Thursday is "Kamis", similarly "Khamis" in [Malaysian](/wiki/Malaysian_language "Malaysian language") and "Kemis" in [Javanese](/wiki/Javanese_language "Javanese language"). In [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy "Liturgy"), Thursday is referred to in [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") as *feria quinta*. [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language"), unlike other [Romance languages](/wiki/Romance_languages "Romance languages"), uses the word *quinta\-feira,* meaning "fifth day of liturgical celebration", that comes from the Latin *feria quinta* used in religious texts where it was not allowed to consecrate days to pagan gods. [Icelandic](/wiki/Icelandic_language "Icelandic language") also uses the term *fifth day* (*Fimmtudagur*). In the [Persian language](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language"), Thursday is referred to as *panj\-shanbeh*, meaning 5th day of the week. [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_language "Vietnamese language") refers to Thursday as {{lang\|vi\|Thứ năm}} (literally means "day five"). [Quakers](/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends "Religious Society of Friends") traditionally referred to Thursday as "Fifth Day" eschewing the [pagan](/wiki/Paganism "Paganism") origin of the English name "Thursday".{{cite web \|url\=http://iymc.org/calendarnames.html \|title\=Guide to Quaker Calendar Names \|author\= \|publisher\=Iowa Yearly Meeting (Conservative) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) \|access\-date\=30 March 2017 \|quote\=In the 20th Century, many Friends began accepting use of the common date names, feeling that any pagan meaning has been forgotten. The numerical names continue to be used, however, in many documents and more formal situations."}}
[ "Name\n----", "{{further\\|topic\\=naming conventions\\|Names of the days of the week}}", "### Thor's (or Jupiter's) day", "[right\\|thumb\\|Painting depicting the Norse god Thunor (the Norse [Thor](/wiki/Thor \"Thor\")), after whom Thursday is named, by [Mårten Eskil Winge](/wiki/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge \"Mårten Eskil Winge\"), 1872](/wiki/File:M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg \"Mårten Eskil Winge - Tor's Fight with the Giants - Google Art Project.jpg\")", "The name is derived from [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\") *þunresdæg* and [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English \"Middle English\") *Thuresday* (with loss of \\-n\\-, first in northern dialects, from influence of [Old Norse](/wiki/Old_Norse \"Old Norse\") *Þórsdagr*) meaning \"Thor's Day\". It was named after the Norse god [Thor](/wiki/Thor \"Thor\").{{cite web \\|publisher\\=English Heathenism \\|title\\=Anglo\\-Saxon Week \\|url\\=http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/anglosaxonweek.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924032322/http://englishheathenism.homestead.com/anglosaxonweek.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2015}}{{cite web \\|first\\=John Robert \\|last\\=Stone \\|publisher\\=The English Companions \\|title\\=Observing Bede's Anglo\\-Saxon Calendar \\|url\\=http://www.tha\\-engliscan\\-gesithas.org.uk/calendar/obs\\_bede.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504113458/http://www.tha\\-engliscan\\-gesithas.org.uk/calendar/obs\\_bede.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2010 \\|year\\=1997 \\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2015}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term\\=Thursday \\|title\\=Online Etymology Dictionary \\|publisher\\=Etymonline.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2012}} *Thunor, Donar* (German, *Donnerstag*) and *Thor* are derived from the name of the Germanic god of thunder, *[Thunraz](/wiki/Thunraz \"Thunraz\")*, equivalent to [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 \"Jupiter (mythology)\") in the *[interpretatio romana](/wiki/Interpretatio_romana \"Interpretatio romana\")*.", "In most Romance languages, the day is named after the Roman god [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 \"Jupiter (mythology)\"), who was the god of sky and thunder. In Latin, the day was known as *Iovis Dies*, \"Jupiter's Day\". In Latin, the genitive or possessive case of Jupiter was *Iovis*/*Jovis* and thus in most Romance languages it became the word for Thursday: [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\") *giovedì*, [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") *jueves*, [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") *jeudi*, [Sardinian](/wiki/Sardinian_language \"Sardinian language\") jòvia, [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") *dijous*, [Galician](/wiki/Galician_language \"Galician language\") *xoves* and [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language \"Romanian language\") *joi*. This is also reflected in the [p\\-Celtic](/wiki/P-Celtic \"P-Celtic\") [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language \"Welsh language\") *dydd Iau*.", "The [astrological](/wiki/Astrological_symbols \"Astrological symbols\") and [astronomical](/wiki/Astronomical_symbols \"Astronomical symbols\") [sign of the planet Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28astrology%29 \"Jupiter (astrology)\") (♃ [16px\\|Jupiter](/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg \"Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg\")) is sometimes used to represent Thursday.", "Since the Roman god [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter_%28mythology%29 \"Jupiter (mythology)\") was identified with Thunor (Norse Thor in [northern Europe](/wiki/Northern_Europe \"Northern Europe\")), most Germanic languages name the day after this god: *Torsdag* in [Danish](/wiki/Danish_language \"Danish language\"), [Norwegian](/wiki/Norwegian_language \"Norwegian language\"), and [Swedish](/wiki/Swedish_language \"Swedish language\"), *Hósdagur*/*Tórsdagur* in [Faroese](/wiki/Faroese_language \"Faroese language\"), *Donnerstag* in [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") or *Donderdag* in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\"). Finnish and Northern Sami, both non\\-Germanic ([Uralic](/wiki/Uralic_languages \"Uralic languages\")) languages, uses the borrowing \"Torstai\" and \"Duorastat\". In the extinct [Polabian](/wiki/Polabian_language \"Polabian language\") Slavic language, it was *perundan*, [Perun](/wiki/Perun \"Perun\") being the Slavic equivalent of Thor.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=db7iuvTX1bkC\\&q\\=perundan\\+polabian\\&pg\\=PA6 \\|title\\=Selected writings: Comparative Slavic studies – Roman Jakobson – Google Books \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-11\\-010617\\-6 \\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2012\\|last1\\=Jakobson \\|first1\\=Roman \\|year\\=1962 \\|publisher\\=Walter de Gruyter }}", "### Vishnu's/Buddha's/Dattatrey's Day", "In most of the [languages of India](/wiki/Languages_of_India \"Languages of India\"), the word for Thursday is *Guruvāra* – *vāra* meaning day and *[Guru](/wiki/Guru \"Guru\")* being the [style](/wiki/Style_%28manner_of_address%29 \"Style (manner of address)\") for [Bṛhaspati](/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati \"Bṛhaspati\"), guru to the gods and regent of the planet [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\"). This day marks the worship of [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") and his [avatars](/wiki/Avatar \"Avatar\") such as [Rama](/wiki/Rama \"Rama\"), [Satyanarayana](/wiki/Satyanarayana_Puja%23Satyanarayana \"Satyanarayana Puja#Satyanarayana\"), [Parashurama](/wiki/Parashurama \"Parashurama\"), [Narasimha](/wiki/Narasimha \"Narasimha\"), and [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha_in_Hinduism \"Buddha in Hinduism\") as well as the deity [Dattatreya](/wiki/Dattatreya \"Dattatreya\") in [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\"). In [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit \"Sanskrit\") language, the day is called **Bṛhaspativāsaram** (day of [Bṛhaspati](/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati \"Bṛhaspati\")). In Nepali language, the day is called *Bihivāra* as derived from the Sanskrit word same like in Hindi *vara* means day and Bihivāra meaning Bṛhaspati. In [Thai](/wiki/Thai_language \"Thai language\"), the word is *Wan Pharuehatsabodi*, also in [Old Javanese](/wiki/Old_Javanese \"Old Javanese\") as *Respati* or in [Balinese](/wiki/Balinese_language \"Balinese language\") as *Wraspati* – referring to the Hindu deity Bṛhaspati, also associated with Jupiter.\n[En](/wiki/En_%28Illyrian_god%29 \"En (Illyrian god)\") was an old [Illyrian](/wiki/Illyrians \"Illyrians\") deity and in his honor in the [Albanian language](/wiki/Albanian_language \"Albanian language\") Thursday is called \"Enjte\".Lurker, Manfred. *The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons*, Taylor \\& Francis e\\-Library, 2005\\. p.57 \nIn the [Nahuatl language](/wiki/Nahuatl_language \"Nahuatl language\"), Thursday is {{lang\\|nci\\|Tezcatlipotōnal}} ({{IPA\\-nah\\|teskat͡ɬipoˈtoːnaɬ}}) meaning \"day of [Tezcatlipoca](/wiki/Tezcatlipoca \"Tezcatlipoca\")\".", "In Japanese, the day is {{lang\\|och\\|木曜日}} (木 represents Jupiter, 木星), following [East Asian tradition](/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week%23East_Asian_tradition \"Names of the days of the week#East Asian tradition\").", "### Fourth day", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=January 2008}}\nIn [Slavic languages](/wiki/Slavic_languages \"Slavic languages\") and in Chinese, this day's name is \"fourth\" ([Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language \"Slovak language\") *štvrtok*, [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language \"Czech language\") *čtvrtek*, [Slovene](/wiki/Slovene_language \"Slovene language\") *četrtek*, [Polish](/wiki/Polish_language \"Polish language\") *czwartek*, [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\") четверг *chetverg*, [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_language \"Bulgarian language\") четвъртък, [Serbo\\-Croatian](/wiki/Serbo-Croatian \"Serbo-Croatian\") четвртак / *četvrtak*, [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language \"Macedonian language\") четврток, [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language \"Ukrainian language\") четвер *chetver*). [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_language \"Hungarian language\") uses a Slavic loanword \"csütörtök\". In [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"), it is {{lang\\|zh\\|星期四}} *xīngqīsì* (\"fourth solar day\"). In [Estonian](/wiki/Estonian_language \"Estonian language\") it's *neljapäev*, meaning \"fourth day\" or \"fourth day in a week\". The [Baltic languages](/wiki/Baltic_languages \"Baltic languages\") also use the term \"fourth day\" ([Latvian](/wiki/Latvian_language \"Latvian language\") *ceturtdiena*, [Lithuanian](/wiki/Lithuanian_language \"Lithuanian language\") *ketvirtadienis*).", "### Fifth day", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=January 2008}}\n[Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") uses a number for this day: Πέμπτη *Pémpti* \"fifth,\" as does {{lang\\-pt\\|quinta\\-feira}} \"fifth day,\" [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_Language \"Hebrew Language\"): {{Script/Hebrew\\|יום חמישי}} (*Yom Khamishi* – day fifth) often written {{Script/Hebrew\\|'יום ה}} (\"Yom Hey\" – 5th letter Hey day), and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic_Language \"Arabic Language\"): {{lang\\|ar\\|يوم الخميس}} (\"Yaum al\\-Khamīs\" – fifth day). Rooted from Arabic, the [Indonesian](/wiki/Indonesian_language \"Indonesian language\") word for Thursday is \"Kamis\", similarly \"Khamis\" in [Malaysian](/wiki/Malaysian_language \"Malaysian language\") and \"Kemis\" in [Javanese](/wiki/Javanese_language \"Javanese language\").", "In [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") [liturgy](/wiki/Liturgy \"Liturgy\"), Thursday is referred to in [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") as *feria quinta*. [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language \"Portuguese language\"), unlike other [Romance languages](/wiki/Romance_languages \"Romance languages\"), uses the word *quinta\\-feira,* meaning \"fifth day of liturgical celebration\", that comes from the Latin *feria quinta* used in religious texts where it was not allowed to consecrate days to pagan gods.", "[Icelandic](/wiki/Icelandic_language \"Icelandic language\") also uses the term *fifth day* (*Fimmtudagur*).", "In the [Persian language](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\"), Thursday is referred to as *panj\\-shanbeh*, meaning 5th day of the week.", "[Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_language \"Vietnamese language\") refers to Thursday as {{lang\\|vi\\|Thứ năm}} (literally means \"day five\").", "[Quakers](/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends \"Religious Society of Friends\") traditionally referred to Thursday as \"Fifth Day\" eschewing the [pagan](/wiki/Paganism \"Paganism\") origin of the English name \"Thursday\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://iymc.org/calendarnames.html \\|title\\=Guide to Quaker Calendar Names \\|author\\= \\|publisher\\=Iowa Yearly Meeting (Conservative) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2017 \\|quote\\=In the 20th Century, many Friends began accepting use of the common date names, feeling that any pagan meaning has been forgotten. The numerical names continue to be used, however, in many documents and more formal situations.\"}}", "" ]