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Life ---- Ingrid Wallberg was born on 4 May 1890 to an affluent family in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad "Halmstad"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), where her family owned the textile and brick industries [Wallbergs Fabriks AB](/wiki/Wallbergs_Fabriks_AB "Wallbergs Fabriks AB") and [Slottsmöllans tegelbruk](/wiki/Slottsm%C3%B6llans_tegelbruk "Slottsmöllans tegelbruk").{{cite web \\|last1\=Brügge \\|first1\=Anne \\|title\=Ingrid Wallberg \\|url\=https://skbl.se/sv/artikel/IngridWallberg \\|website\=\[\[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]] \\|language\=Swedish \\|access\-date\=3 June 2021 \\|date\=8 March 2018 }} Her father {{ill\\|Alfred Wallberg\\|sv}} was the managing director of Wallbergs Fabriks AB. Wallberg spent much of her childhood at Villa Ekebo in Halmstad and attended the Djursholm school. In 1908, she fell ill with an ocular disorder and went to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to live with one of her sisters.{{cite web \\|title\=Ingrid Wallberg – A modernist architect \\|url\=https://www.stadshem.se/nyhet/ingrid\-wallberg/ \\|website\=Stadshem.se \\|access\-date\=3 June 2021 \\|language\=Swedish }} While in Berlin, she undertook an urban construction programme the following year. In 1915, she studied architecture at the Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule and simultaneously had private tutoring in constructional drawing and perspective drawing. [thumb\\|left\\|[Stora Gårda](/wiki/Stora_G%C3%A5rda "Stora Gårda") mansion in Örgryte where Wallberg lived from 1909 until her death in 1965\.](/wiki/File:Stora_G%C3%A5rda02.jpg "Stora Gårda02.jpg") At the age of 17, Wallberg met the architect [Albert Lilienberg](/wiki/Albert_Lilienberg "Albert Lilienberg"). They married in 1909\. Also in that year, Lilienberg became first city planning engineer of [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg"), and the couple moved to [Stora Gårda](/wiki/Stora_G%C3%A5rda "Stora Gårda"), where their son Björn was born in 1917\. During this time, Wallberg served as an assistant to her husband and together they entered several urban\-planning competitions including one in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), where they attained the third position.{{cite book \\|last1\=Bjur \\|first1\=Hans \\|last2\=Engström \\|first2\=Krister \\|title\=Lilienbergs stad: Göteborg (1900–1930\) \\|date\=2018 \\|publisher\=Första upplaga \\|location\=\[\[Stockholm]] \\|isbn\=978\-91\-87553\-23\-3 \\|pages\=13–16 \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=FD5NtAEACAAJ \\|access\-date\=4 June 2021}} In 1923, Wallberg entered the Gothenburg Exhibition, where she closely worked with the Förening Hus och Hema and presented on the city's housing.{{cite web \\|title\=Ingrid Wallberg – Arkitektpionjar \\|date\=3 May 2020 \\|url\=https://svenskhistoria.se/ingrid\-wallberg\-arkitektpionjar/ \\|publisher\=Nättidningen Svensk Historia \\|access\-date\=3 June 2021 \\|language\=Swedish }} Amidst an unhappy marriage, Wallberg developed an interest in reading books on town\-planning and philosophy. She was also fond of German, English, and French fiction. [thumb\\|right\\|Villa in Prytzgatan, Örgryte, designed by Wallberg and Alfred Roth](/wiki/File:Villa_av_Ingrid_Wallberg_och_Alfred_Roth_Prytzgatan_G%C3%B6teborg.jpg "Villa av Ingrid Wallberg och Alfred Roth Prytzgatan Göteborg.jpg") [thumb\\|Terrace houses in Brödragatan in Örgryte in Göteborg](/wiki/File:Radhus_Br%C3%B6dragatan_%C3%96rgryte_G%C3%B6teborg.jpg "Radhus Brödragatan Örgryte Göteborg.jpg") Wallberg and her husband divorced in January 1927\. Following the divorce, Wallberg went to live with her sister Lotti, who had moved to Paris to marry Albert Jeanneret. Jeanneret was the brother of the Swiss architectural giant [Le Corbusier](/wiki/Le_Corbusier "Le Corbusier"). From the beginning of 1928, Wallberg practised on her own at the Le Corbusier's studio. During this time, she turned her attention to [functionalism](/wiki/Functionalism_%28architecture%29 "Functionalism (architecture)") and received training from Alfred Roth, an architect at Le Corbusier. She returned to Sweden in 1928\. With the help of Roth, she set up the architectural firm R \& W in Gothenburg.{{cite web \\|last1\=Hjertberg \\|first1\=Lars \\|title\=Ingrid Wallberg \\|url\=https://vartgoteborg.se/gamla\-goteborg/ingrid\-wallberg/ \\|website\=Vår Götheborg \\|access\-date\=3 June 2021 \\|language\=Swedish \\|date\=10 December 2012 \\|archive\-date\=3 June 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603182442/https://vartgoteborg.se/gamla\-goteborg/ingrid\-wallberg/ \\|url\-status\=dead }} Together they designed new apartment buildings and terraced houses, altered detached houses, and built factory buildings in the functionalist style. Part of Wallberg's earliest work, the house of master tailor Simonsson's house used rocks; this was widely admired across the nation. In 1929, Wallberg married chief town doctor Gösta Göthlin. Upon the death of her father in 1930, she moved back to Halmstad and began to devote herself more to her family business. She became a member of the board of Wallbergs Fabriks AB, and eventually its chairman between 1955 and 1965\. In her hometown, Wallberg designed most of the industrial buildings and townhouses. Wallberg died in Örgryte, on 23 January 1965\.	[ "Life\n----", "Ingrid Wallberg was born on 4 May 1890 to an affluent family in [Halmstad](/wiki/Halmstad \"Halmstad\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), where her family owned the textile and brick industries [Wallbergs Fabriks AB](/wiki/Wallbergs_Fabriks_AB \"Wallbergs Fabriks AB\") and [Slottsmöllans tegelbruk](/wiki/Slottsm%C3%B6llans_tegelbruk \"Slottsmöllans tegelbruk\").{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Brügge \\\|first1\\=Anne \\\|title\\=Ingrid Wallberg \\\|url\\=https://skbl.se/sv/artikel/IngridWallberg \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]] \\\|language\\=Swedish \\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2021 \\\|date\\=8 March 2018 }} Her father {{ill\\\|Alfred Wallberg\\\|sv}} was the managing director of Wallbergs Fabriks AB. Wallberg spent much of her childhood at Villa Ekebo in Halmstad and attended the Djursholm school. In 1908, she fell ill with an ocular disorder and went to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") to live with one of her sisters.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Ingrid Wallberg – A modernist architect \\\|url\\=https://www.stadshem.se/nyhet/ingrid\\-wallberg/ \\\|website\\=Stadshem.se \\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2021 \\\|language\\=Swedish }} While in Berlin, she undertook an urban construction programme the following year. In 1915, she studied architecture at the Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule and simultaneously had private tutoring in constructional drawing and perspective drawing.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|[Stora Gårda](/wiki/Stora_G%C3%A5rda \"Stora Gårda\") mansion in Örgryte where Wallberg lived from 1909 until her death in 1965\\.](/wiki/File:Stora_G%C3%A5rda02.jpg \"Stora Gårda02.jpg\")", "At the age of 17, Wallberg met the architect [Albert Lilienberg](/wiki/Albert_Lilienberg \"Albert Lilienberg\"). They married in 1909\\. Also in that year, Lilienberg became first city planning engineer of [Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\"), and the couple moved to [Stora Gårda](/wiki/Stora_G%C3%A5rda \"Stora Gårda\"), where their son Björn was born in 1917\\. During this time, Wallberg served as an assistant to her husband and together they entered several urban\\-planning competitions including one in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), where they attained the third position.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Bjur \\\|first1\\=Hans \\\|last2\\=Engström \\\|first2\\=Krister \\\|title\\=Lilienbergs stad: Göteborg (1900–1930\\) \\\|date\\=2018 \\\|publisher\\=Första upplaga \\\|location\\=\\[\\[Stockholm]] \\\|isbn\\=978\\-91\\-87553\\-23\\-3 \\\|pages\\=13–16 \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=FD5NtAEACAAJ \\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2021}} In 1923, Wallberg entered the Gothenburg Exhibition, where she closely worked with the Förening Hus och Hema and presented on the city's housing.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Ingrid Wallberg – Arkitektpionjar \\\|date\\=3 May 2020 \\\|url\\=https://svenskhistoria.se/ingrid\\-wallberg\\-arkitektpionjar/ \\\|publisher\\=Nättidningen Svensk Historia \\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2021 \\\|language\\=Swedish }} Amidst an unhappy marriage, Wallberg developed an interest in reading books on town\\-planning and philosophy. She was also fond of German, English, and French fiction.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Villa in Prytzgatan, Örgryte, designed by Wallberg and Alfred Roth](/wiki/File:Villa_av_Ingrid_Wallberg_och_Alfred_Roth_Prytzgatan_G%C3%B6teborg.jpg \"Villa av Ingrid Wallberg och Alfred Roth Prytzgatan Göteborg.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Terrace houses in Brödragatan in Örgryte in Göteborg](/wiki/File:Radhus_Br%C3%B6dragatan_%C3%96rgryte_G%C3%B6teborg.jpg \"Radhus Brödragatan Örgryte Göteborg.jpg\")", "Wallberg and her husband divorced in January 1927\\. Following the divorce, Wallberg went to live with her sister Lotti, who had moved to Paris to marry Albert Jeanneret. Jeanneret was the brother of the Swiss architectural giant [Le Corbusier](/wiki/Le_Corbusier \"Le Corbusier\"). From the beginning of 1928, Wallberg practised on her own at the Le Corbusier's studio. During this time, she turned her attention to [functionalism](/wiki/Functionalism_%28architecture%29 \"Functionalism (architecture)\") and received training from Alfred Roth, an architect at Le Corbusier. She returned to Sweden in 1928\\. With the help of Roth, she set up the architectural firm R \\& W in Gothenburg.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Hjertberg \\\|first1\\=Lars \\\|title\\=Ingrid Wallberg \\\|url\\=https://vartgoteborg.se/gamla\\-goteborg/ingrid\\-wallberg/ \\\|website\\=Vår Götheborg \\\|access\\-date\\=3 June 2021 \\\|language\\=Swedish \\\|date\\=10 December 2012 \\\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603182442/https://vartgoteborg.se/gamla\\-goteborg/ingrid\\-wallberg/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Together they designed new apartment buildings and terraced houses, altered detached houses, and built factory buildings in the functionalist style. Part of Wallberg's earliest work, the house of master tailor Simonsson's house used rocks; this was widely admired across the nation.", "In 1929, Wallberg married chief town doctor Gösta Göthlin. Upon the death of her father in 1930, she moved back to Halmstad and began to devote herself more to her family business. She became a member of the board of Wallbergs Fabriks AB, and eventually its chairman between 1955 and 1965\\.", "In her hometown, Wallberg designed most of the industrial buildings and townhouses. Wallberg died in Örgryte, on 23 January 1965\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- A successful gambling woman named Belle Starr ([Elsa Martinelli](/wiki/Elsa_Martinelli "Elsa Martinelli") with red hair, freckles, and chain smoking [Tiparillos](/wiki/Tiparillos "Tiparillos")) attracts the interest of fellow gambler Larry Blackie ([George Eastman](/wiki/George_Eastman_%28actor%29 "George Eastman (actor)")) who proceeds to win all her money, and her ring. Larry suggests that they play for one night with her against the pot. She throws three queens of four – and loses. At the hotel room he asks why she has thrown the queens and tells that he has seen her cards. He ducks for her shot and draws the rug under her. They hit each other and fight in bed, and then kiss. Afterwards she tells him that no one has touched her before – now they introduce themselves. He says that she is just a one\-night whore to him and warns her to gamble in his territory again. She replies that he has not heard the last. Belle looks for him in a saloon and kills four of his men in a duel. Later we see her sing a ballad of love in a saloon. He confronts her for another game. She shoots off his hat and the bells on his boots. He walks towards her and kiss her, and she lowers her gun. She tells him her story which is shown in flash\-backs, with a sadistic whip\-toting uncle who has killed her parents and wants to subdue her. It also involves her relationship with the outlaw Cole Harvey, whom she loved: – She steals his gun to fight her uncle. – He rescues her, kills her uncle and takes back the gun. – She tries to steal his gun when he sleeps. They fight; he attempts to rape her and is killed by her Indian friend – whom Belle earlier rescued from her uncle's whip. Larry offers her to join in a jewel robbery. She declines and instead gathers a gang to beat him to it, but he lets his men infiltrate the gang to take the loot. He is caught and tortured by Pinkerton agents to reveal the hiding place of the missing jewels, but he does not know. Belle appears and shoots one man, getting the drop on the others. She leaves with Larry, revealing the hiding place, in a crystal chandelier. The two separate after she has slapped him, kissed him and he has shot off her hat. ”See you the next poker game!” she shouts.	[ "Plot\n----", "A successful gambling woman named Belle Starr ([Elsa Martinelli](/wiki/Elsa_Martinelli \"Elsa Martinelli\") with red hair, freckles, and chain smoking [Tiparillos](/wiki/Tiparillos \"Tiparillos\")) attracts the interest of fellow gambler Larry Blackie ([George Eastman](/wiki/George_Eastman_%28actor%29 \"George Eastman (actor)\")) who proceeds to win all her money, and her ring. Larry suggests that they play for one night with her against the pot. She throws three queens of four – and loses. At the hotel room he asks why she has thrown the queens and tells that he has seen her cards. He ducks for her shot and draws the rug under her. They hit each other and fight in bed, and then kiss. Afterwards she tells him that no one has touched her before – now they introduce themselves. He says that she is just a one\\-night whore to him and warns her to gamble in his territory again. She replies that he has not heard the last.", "Belle looks for him in a saloon and kills four of his men in a duel. Later we see her sing a ballad of love in a saloon. He confronts her for another game. She shoots off his hat and the bells on his boots. He walks towards her and kiss her, and she lowers her gun.", "She tells him her story which is shown in flash\\-backs, with a sadistic whip\\-toting uncle who has killed her parents and wants to subdue her. It also involves her relationship with the outlaw Cole Harvey, whom she loved:\n– She steals his gun to fight her uncle.\n– He rescues her, kills her uncle and takes back the gun.\n– She tries to steal his gun when he sleeps. They fight; he attempts to rape her and is killed by her Indian friend – whom Belle earlier rescued from her uncle's whip.", "Larry offers her to join in a jewel robbery. She declines and instead gathers a gang to beat him to it, but he lets his men infiltrate the gang to take the loot. He is caught and tortured by Pinkerton agents to reveal the hiding place of the missing jewels, but he does not know. Belle appears and shoots one man, getting the drop on the others. She leaves with Larry, revealing the hiding place, in a crystal chandelier.", "The two separate after she has slapped him, kissed him and he has shot off her hat. ”See you the next poker game!” she shouts.", "" ]
Description ----------- Entering the nave, three distinct architectural styles can be seen at the same time: * The Romanesque part of the 12th century. * The Gothic part of the 14th century commissioned by [Bertrand de Goth](/wiki/Pope_Clement_V "Pope Clement V"). * And the Renaissance part as well as the organ from the 16th century. The [narthex](/wiki/Narthex "Narthex") ends in two huge pillars, each with a circumference of no less than 11\.45m. Over the northern and southern walls one can see the Romanesque arches, the floor is made of marble and includes some tombs and sepulchres. The cloister is also clearly Romanesque and offers an impressive view over the entire valley. The Gothic part is built in the Meridional [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture") style. There is a single nave that is 55m long, 16m wide and 28m high. Over the arrow arches there are the coats of arms of the founding bishops. The stained glass windows are impressive with their intricate details, almost comparable to those of [Auch](/wiki/Auch_Cathedral "Auch Cathedral"). The stalls within the choir were commissioned by [Jean de Mauléon](/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Comminges%23From_1500 "Ancient Diocese of Comminges#From 1500") but because of the lack of documents it is impossible to name the artist that made them, although, by comparison with other stalls, these are often considered to be the work of [Nicolas Bachelier](/wiki/Nicolas_Bachelier "Nicolas Bachelier"), or rather, of his school which had been using artists from [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). Most of the work was done in oak and walnut tree, and the choir seems to be separate from the rest of the church in that it contrasts so much with the Gothic and Romanesque parts. The sixty\-seven stalls represent characters from both the Old and the New Testaments, including scenes such as 'temptation', 'envy' and 'lust'. Inside the sanctuary it is possible to see some representations of the [chanson de geste](/wiki/Chanson_de_geste "Chanson de geste") the [Song of Roland](/wiki/Song_of_Roland "Song of Roland"), with Oliver clearly represented. Bizarrely, there is a stuffed crocodile inside the cathedral. This fact, as well as a general description of the cathedral itself and details of its history, features prominently in [Canon Alberic's Scrap\-Book](/wiki/Canon_Alberic%27s_Scrap-Book%23Synopsis "Canon Alberic's Scrap-Book#Synopsis"), a ghost story by [M. R. James](/wiki/M._R._James "M. R. James"). The former cathedral has been listed as a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site "World Heritage Site") as part of the [World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France](/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_of_the_Routes_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_in_France "World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France").	[ "Description\n-----------", "Entering the nave, three distinct architectural styles can be seen at the same time:\n* The Romanesque part of the 12th century.\n* The Gothic part of the 14th century commissioned by [Bertrand de Goth](/wiki/Pope_Clement_V \"Pope Clement V\").\n* And the Renaissance part as well as the organ from the 16th century.", "The [narthex](/wiki/Narthex \"Narthex\") ends in two huge pillars, each with a circumference of no less than 11\\.45m. Over the northern and southern walls one can see the Romanesque arches, the floor is made of marble and includes some tombs and sepulchres. The cloister is also clearly Romanesque and offers an impressive view over the entire valley.", "The Gothic part is built in the Meridional [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\") style. There is a single nave that is 55m long, 16m wide and 28m high. Over the arrow arches there are the coats of arms of the founding bishops. The stained glass windows are impressive with their intricate details, almost comparable to those of [Auch](/wiki/Auch_Cathedral \"Auch Cathedral\").", "The stalls within the choir were commissioned by [Jean de Mauléon](/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Comminges%23From_1500 \"Ancient Diocese of Comminges#From 1500\") but because of the lack of documents it is impossible to name the artist that made them, although, by comparison with other stalls, these are often considered to be the work of [Nicolas Bachelier](/wiki/Nicolas_Bachelier \"Nicolas Bachelier\"), or rather, of his school which had been using artists from [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). Most of the work was done in oak and walnut tree, and the choir seems to be separate from the rest of the church in that it contrasts so much with the Gothic and Romanesque parts.", "The sixty\\-seven stalls represent characters from both the Old and the New Testaments, including scenes such as 'temptation', 'envy' and 'lust'.", "Inside the sanctuary it is possible to see some representations of the [chanson de geste](/wiki/Chanson_de_geste \"Chanson de geste\") the [Song of Roland](/wiki/Song_of_Roland \"Song of Roland\"), with Oliver clearly represented.", "Bizarrely, there is a stuffed crocodile inside the cathedral. This fact, as well as a general description of the cathedral itself and details of its history, features prominently in [Canon Alberic's Scrap\\-Book](/wiki/Canon_Alberic%27s_Scrap-Book%23Synopsis \"Canon Alberic's Scrap-Book#Synopsis\"), a ghost story by [M. R. James](/wiki/M._R._James \"M. R. James\").", "The former cathedral has been listed as a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") [World Heritage Site](/wiki/World_Heritage_Site \"World Heritage Site\") as part of the [World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France](/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_of_the_Routes_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_in_France \"World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France\").", "" ]
Bibliographical notes --------------------- The tale "Nissen hos Spækhøkeren" was first published November 30, 1852, and republished several times during the author's lifetime. An English translation of the tale with the title "The Goblin and the Grocer" was included in [Andrew Lang](/wiki/Andrew_Lang "Andrew Lang")'s anthology, [The Pink Fairy Book](/wiki/The_Pink_Fairy_Book "The Pink Fairy Book") (1897\). The practice of translating {{lang\\|da\\|\[\[Nisse (folklore)\\|nisse]]}} as "goblin" was retained by [R. P. Keigwin](/wiki/R._P._Keigwin "R. P. Keigwin") in his "The Goblin at the Grocer's" published in the 1950s, Keigwin's translation of Andersen's tales being regarded as scrupulously faithful to the letter. "The Goblin at the Grocer's" as title was also followed by subsequent translators such as Reginald Spink (1958\). The story was translated to English as "The Goblin and the Huckster" by [Mrs. Paull](/wiki/Susanna_Mary_Paull "Susanna Mary Paull") (1867\). The same title was adopted by [H. W. Dulcken](/wiki/H._W._Dulcken "H. W. Dulcken") (1869\) in his translation, and by J. H. Stickney in 1886, who reproduced the illustrations by Vilhelm Pedersen, reissued in 1915 with artwork by Edna F. Hart. The tale was also translated as "The Brownie at the Butterman's" by H. L. Brækstad (1900\),{{sfnp\\|Pedersen\\|1997\\|p\=115}} and "Nis at the Cheesemonger's" by Anne S. Bushby.	[ "Bibliographical notes\n---------------------", "The tale \"Nissen hos Spækhøkeren\" was first published November 30, 1852, and republished several times during the author's lifetime.", "An English translation of the tale with the title \"The Goblin and the Grocer\" was included in [Andrew Lang](/wiki/Andrew_Lang \"Andrew Lang\")'s anthology, [The Pink Fairy Book](/wiki/The_Pink_Fairy_Book \"The Pink Fairy Book\") (1897\\).", "The practice of translating {{lang\\\|da\\\|\\[\\[Nisse (folklore)\\\|nisse]]}} as \"goblin\" was retained by [R. P. Keigwin](/wiki/R._P._Keigwin \"R. P. Keigwin\") in his \"The Goblin at the Grocer's\" published in the 1950s, Keigwin's translation of Andersen's tales being regarded as scrupulously faithful to the letter. \"The Goblin at the Grocer's\" as title was also followed by subsequent translators such as Reginald Spink (1958\\).", "The story was translated to English as \"The Goblin and the Huckster\" by [Mrs. Paull](/wiki/Susanna_Mary_Paull \"Susanna Mary Paull\") (1867\\). The same title was adopted by [H. W. Dulcken](/wiki/H._W._Dulcken \"H. W. Dulcken\") (1869\\) in his translation, and by J. H. Stickney in 1886, who reproduced the illustrations by Vilhelm Pedersen, reissued in 1915 with artwork by Edna F. Hart.", "The tale was also translated as \"The Brownie at the Butterman's\" by H. L. Brækstad (1900\\),{{sfnp\\\|Pedersen\\\|1997\\\|p\\=115}} and \"Nis at the Cheesemonger's\" by Anne S. Bushby.", "" ]
History ------- [thumb\\|left\\|Platforms](/wiki/File:Clp_20110128_Bf_Dresden-Klotzsche_Bstg.jpg "Clp 20110128 Bf Dresden-Klotzsche Bstg.jpg") In the early decades since the opening of the Görlitz–Dresden railway by the Saxon\-Silesian Railway Company ({{lang\-de\\|Sächsisch\-Schlesische Eisenbahngesellschaft}}) in the first part of 1845, trains ran past Klotzsche. In 1873,{{cite book\\|author\=Kurt Kaiß and Matthias Hengst \\|title\=Dresdens Eisenbahn: 1894–1994 \\|publisher\= Alba Publikation \\|location\= Düsseldorf \\|date\=1994 \\|isbn\= 3\-87094\-350\-5 \\|language\=de\\|page\=124}} the [Royal Saxon State Railways](/wiki/Royal_Saxon_State_Railways "Royal Saxon State Railways") (which had taken over the company in 1851\) was directed to build Klotzsche\-Königswald station, so that the royal family's summer trips to the [Dresden Heath](/wiki/Dresden_Heath "Dresden Heath") (Dresdner Heide) could start by train to Klotzsche. The station was named after the locality that developed a little later into the villa estate of Königswald. From 1884, the narrow gauge railway to [Königsbrück](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsbr%C3%BCck "Königsbrück") had its terminus on the station forecourt. For freight transport it used a forerunner of the modern [container](/wiki/Shipping_container "Shipping container") system, known as Umsetzkästen. A [gantry crane](/wiki/Gantry_crane "Gantry crane") in Klotzsche station allowed the transshipment of goods between standard and narrow gauge wagons. In particular, pottery from the Königsbrück area could be reloaded very carefully. After 13 years of operation, the line was converted to standard gauge and it connected with the existing Dresden–Görlitz railway to the north of the station. Until 1945, this connection was grade\-separated. In 1907 the section from [Dresden\-Neustadt](/wiki/Dresden-Neustadt_station "Dresden-Neustadt station") to Klotzsche was upgraded to three tracks. The current station building and track layout were built as part of the project. A branch line to Weißig\-[Bühlau](/wiki/Buehlau%2C_Dresden "Buehlau, Dresden"), which was also projected at that time, only reached the planning stage. It would have run on a in a sharp curve immediately north of the station through the [Prießnitz](/wiki/Prie%C3%9Fnitz_%28Elbe%29 "Prießnitz (Elbe)") valley and produce a link at its destination with the [Dürrröhrsdorf–Weißig railway](/wiki/D%C3%BCrrr%C3%B6hrsdorf%E2%80%93Wei%C3%9Fig_railway "Dürrröhrsdorf–Weißig railway"). Since March 2001, the [Dresden S\-Bahn](/wiki/Dresden_S-Bahn "Dresden S-Bahn") has run via Klotzsche station to [Dresden Airport station](/wiki/Dresden_Flughafen_station "Dresden Flughafen station"). As part of the works required for the upgrade of S\-Bahn services, the 170 metre\-long island platform was rehabilitated and access for the disabled was created. A flying junction was built to the north of the station to allow grade\-separated operations to the airport. The line from Dresden\-Neustadt to Dresden Airport was electrified in 2002 and 2003\. Only the tracks at Dresden\-Klotzsche station that are necessary for the electrical operations to and from the airport are electrified, but the masts are prepared to allow the extension of the catenary on the main line. Work was carried out to August 2004 to improve access for various modes of transport at the station. Since then there have been a bus stop with disabled access, a commuter car park and 68 parking spaces for bicycle.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.dresdner\-amtsblatt.de/archiv.html?file\=files/dd\-amtsblatt/pdf/2005/ddamt\-2005\-kw43\.pdf \\|format\=PDF; 787 KB \\|title\=Moderne S\-Bahn\-Strecke für den Nahverkehr \\|newspaper\=Dresdner Amtsblatt \\|issue\= 43/2005 \\|page\=8 \\|accessdate\=2 February 2015\\|language\=de}} In the spring of 2015, renovation work began on the heritage\-listed station building, which until then had been left to decay. A local company that has bought the building and operates an organic supermarket with a bistro in it. The company has also rented part of the building to other operators.	[ "History\n-------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Platforms](/wiki/File:Clp_20110128_Bf_Dresden-Klotzsche_Bstg.jpg \"Clp 20110128 Bf Dresden-Klotzsche Bstg.jpg\")", "In the early decades since the opening of the Görlitz–Dresden railway by the Saxon\\-Silesian Railway Company ({{lang\\-de\\\|Sächsisch\\-Schlesische Eisenbahngesellschaft}}) in the first part of 1845, trains ran past Klotzsche. In 1873,{{cite book\\\|author\\=Kurt Kaiß and Matthias Hengst \\\|title\\=Dresdens Eisenbahn: 1894–1994 \\\|publisher\\= Alba Publikation \\\|location\\= Düsseldorf \\\|date\\=1994 \\\|isbn\\= 3\\-87094\\-350\\-5 \\\|language\\=de\\\|page\\=124}} the [Royal Saxon State Railways](/wiki/Royal_Saxon_State_Railways \"Royal Saxon State Railways\") (which had taken over the company in 1851\\) was directed to build Klotzsche\\-Königswald station, so that the royal family's summer trips to the [Dresden Heath](/wiki/Dresden_Heath \"Dresden Heath\") (Dresdner Heide) could start by train to Klotzsche. The station was named after the locality that developed a little later into the villa estate of Königswald.", "From 1884, the narrow gauge railway to [Königsbrück](/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsbr%C3%BCck \"Königsbrück\") had its terminus on the station forecourt. For freight transport it used a forerunner of the modern [container](/wiki/Shipping_container \"Shipping container\") system, known as Umsetzkästen. A [gantry crane](/wiki/Gantry_crane \"Gantry crane\") in Klotzsche station allowed the transshipment of goods between standard and narrow gauge wagons. In particular, pottery from the Königsbrück area could be reloaded very carefully. After 13 years of operation, the line was converted to standard gauge and it connected with the existing Dresden–Görlitz railway to the north of the station. Until 1945, this connection was grade\\-separated.", "In 1907 the section from [Dresden\\-Neustadt](/wiki/Dresden-Neustadt_station \"Dresden-Neustadt station\") to Klotzsche was upgraded to three tracks. The current station building and track layout were built as part of the project. A branch line to Weißig\\-[Bühlau](/wiki/Buehlau%2C_Dresden \"Buehlau, Dresden\"), which was also projected at that time, only reached the planning stage. It would have run on a in a sharp curve immediately north of the station through the [Prießnitz](/wiki/Prie%C3%9Fnitz_%28Elbe%29 \"Prießnitz (Elbe)\") valley and produce a link at its destination with the [Dürrröhrsdorf–Weißig railway](/wiki/D%C3%BCrrr%C3%B6hrsdorf%E2%80%93Wei%C3%9Fig_railway \"Dürrröhrsdorf–Weißig railway\").", "Since March 2001, the [Dresden S\\-Bahn](/wiki/Dresden_S-Bahn \"Dresden S-Bahn\") has run via Klotzsche station to [Dresden Airport station](/wiki/Dresden_Flughafen_station \"Dresden Flughafen station\"). As part of the works required for the upgrade of S\\-Bahn services, the 170 metre\\-long island platform was rehabilitated and access for the disabled was created. A flying junction was built to the north of the station to allow grade\\-separated operations to the airport. The line from Dresden\\-Neustadt to Dresden Airport was electrified in 2002 and 2003\\. Only the tracks at Dresden\\-Klotzsche station that are necessary for the electrical operations to and from the airport are electrified, but the masts are prepared to allow the extension of the catenary on the main line.", "Work was carried out to August 2004 to improve access for various modes of transport at the station. Since then there have been a bus stop with disabled access, a commuter car park and 68 parking spaces for bicycle.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.dresdner\\-amtsblatt.de/archiv.html?file\\=files/dd\\-amtsblatt/pdf/2005/ddamt\\-2005\\-kw43\\.pdf \\\|format\\=PDF; 787 KB \\\|title\\=Moderne S\\-Bahn\\-Strecke für den Nahverkehr \\\|newspaper\\=Dresdner Amtsblatt \\\|issue\\= 43/2005 \\\|page\\=8 \\\|accessdate\\=2 February 2015\\\|language\\=de}}", "In the spring of 2015, renovation work began on the heritage\\-listed station building, which until then had been left to decay. A local company that has bought the building and operates an organic supermarket with a bistro in it. The company has also rented part of the building to other operators.", "" ]
Europe ------ Flu reached Europe in spring and quickly throughout the continent's interconnected [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg") trade routes, where it triggered very large outbreaks that lasted from late June to mid October.{{Cite book\\|last\=Cornarius\\|first\=Diomedes\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6GRVAAAAcAAJ\&q\=Septembri\+febris\+inuafit\+in\+diuersis\+locis\+ac\+regionibus\+inopia\+nat%C3%B2\+infinitam\+hominum\+multitudinem\\|title\=MEDICINALIVM partim ab Autore DIOMEDE CORNARIO partim ab alijs doctrina \& eruditione excellentissimis viris annotatæ præmeditationes\\|publisher\=Michael Lantzenberger\\|year\=1599\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=11\\|language\=Latin}} In 1580, Europe was beset by wars that may have facilitated the spread of flu around Europe: Spain was dispatching soldiers to [Portugal](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal "Kingdom of Portugal"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), and the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), France was in a [civil war](/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion "French Wars of Religion"), and [Poland](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth") was [preparing to invade](/wiki/Siege_of_Velikiye_Luki "Siege of Velikiye Luki") Russia. Physicians called flu variations of febris, or fever, in their records such as morbus catarrhales,{{Cite book \\|last1\=Johnson, M.D. \\|first1\=James \\|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PuYEAAAAQAAJ\&dq\=1580\+grippe\+en\+europe\&pg\=PA499 \\|title\=The Medico\-chirurgical Review, and Journal of Practical Medicine \\|last2\=Johnson \\|first2\=Henry \\|publisher\=S. Highley \\|year\=1836 \\|volume\=24 \\|location\=London \\|pages\=499 \\|chapter\=On the Epidemics of Influenza}} febris epidemica,{{Cite book\\|last\=Riviere\\|first\=Lazare\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KVjxZQd8OkYC\&q\=febris\+epidemica\\|title\=Lazari Riverii... Observationum medicarum \& curationum insignium centuriae tres... necnon centuria quarta... diligentiâ Simeonis Iacoz... edita, cum obseruationibus morborum infrequentium anonymi cuius\-dam... \[Ep. ded. A. Cellier Matthaeo Chappuys]\\|date\=1659\\|publisher\=sumptibus Antonii Cellier\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=294\\|language\=la}} or even febris pestilencia. The flu paralyzed armies and communities in outbreaks noted for their speed and universality, which in major cities lasted around 4 to 6 weeks and claimed thousands of lives. Influenza epidemics returned in waves until the fall of 1581\.{{Cite journal\\|last\=Gouraud\\|first\=Henri\\|date\=1837\\|title\=Des Épidémies Catarrhales de la Grippe et de l'Épidémie Régnante\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aDhFAAAAcAAJ\&q\=1580\\|journal\=Annals de Medicine Belge et Étrangè\\|publisher\=Ghent University\\|volume\=\\|pages\=22–23\\|via\=}} [left\\|thumb\\|218x218px\\|[Jacques Auguste de Thou](/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou "Jacques Auguste de Thou") recorded valuable observations of the epidemic in Europe.](/wiki/File:Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou.jpg "Jacques Auguste de Thou.jpg") ### Spanish and Portuguese Empires Portuguese chronicler Antonio de Herrera mentions that the disease struck Europe in Autumn. It spread "little by little" through Spain leaving citizens with severe headaches and coughing, runny noses, and long\-lasting fevers. [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"), then a vassal state of Spain, began seeing cases after possibly being introduced from [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta").{{Cite book\\|last\=F. Pyle\\|first\=Gerald\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7w\-H11vMykgC\&dq\=influenza\+in\+the\+17th\+century\&pg\=PA23\\|title\=The Diffusion of Influenza: Patterns and Paradigms\\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littfield\\|year\=1986\\|isbn\=9780847674299\\|location\=Totowa, New Jersey\\|pages\=23–25}}{{Cite book\\|last\=Townsend\\|first\=James Gayley\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8FIkTBdeJOwC\&dq\=1510\+influenza\+hungary\&pg\=PA3\\|title\=A Review of the Literature on Influenza and the Common Cold\\|date\=1924\\|publisher\=U.S. Government Printing Office\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Washington DC\\|pages\=3\\|language\=en}} Flu was being recorded in Catalonia at the beginning of August.{{Cite book\\|last\=MELLADO\\|first\=Francisco de P.\\|url\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\=0H9Xm0W\-aI0C\&hl\=en\&pg\=GBS.PA58\\|title\=Enciclopedia moderna: Diccionario Universal de literatura, ciencias, artes, agricultura, industria y comercio\\|date\=1853\\|publisher\=Establecimiento tipográfico de Mellado\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Madrid\\|pages\=57–58\\|language\=es}} [André de Leones](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Leones "André de Leones") of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") wrote that by September 7 all of his neighbors had experienced sickness. An estimated 20,000 of the city's residents had similarly falling ill in under two weeks{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vtI\_AAAAcAAJ\&dq\=1580\+krankheit\&pg\=PA597\\|title\=Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie: 5,1,B\\|date\=1865\\|publisher\=Enke\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=597\\|language\=de}} during the height of the epidemic,{{Cite book\\|last\=de Villalba\\|first\=Joaquin\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=iNSl\_loKBeAC\\|title\=Epidemiología española, ó historia cronológica de las pestes, contagios,epidemias y epizootias que han acaecido en España desde la venida de los cartagineses hasta el año 1801\.\\|publisher\=D. Fermin Villalpando\\|year\=1803\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Madrid\\|pages\=117}} with high numbers of casualties. Other Spanish cities were reportedly "depopulated" during the 1580 pandemic,{{Cite book\\|last1\=Threats\\|first1\=Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial\\|url\=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22148/\\|title\=The Story of Influenza\\|last2\=Knobler\\|first2\=Stacey L.\\|last3\=Mack\\|first3\=Alison\\|last4\=Mahmoud\\|first4\=Adel\\|last5\=Lemon\\|first5\=Stanley M.\\|date\=2005\\|publisher\=National Academies Press (US)\\|language\=en}} which demonstrated an unusually high lethality for influenza. It was generally referred to in Spain as el catarro.{{Cite book\\|last\=Thou\\|first\=Jacques\-Auguste de\\|url\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\=cahCAQAAMAAJ\&hl\=en\&pg\=GBS.PA30\\|title\=1580\-1585\\|date\=1759\\|publisher\=\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=30–31\\|language\=fr}} Spanish royalty, nobility and clergy were significantly impacted. The Countess Doña Isabel de Castro died of the flu in [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid") in August,{{Cite book\\|last\=Serrano y Sanz\\|first\=Manuel\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=avfptCuXs4UC\&dq\=El\+catarro\+de\+portugal\+1580\&pg\=PA642\\|title\=Apuntes para una biblioteca de escritoras españolas: desde el año 1401 al 1833\\|date\=1903\\|publisher\=Establecimiento Tipolitografico\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Madrid\\|pages\=642\\|language\=es}} followed by the Archbishop of Seville in September.{{Cite book\\|last\=Risco\\|first\=Alberto\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vo9FAAAAIAAJ\&q\=Por\+el\+ano\+79,\+cuando\+fue\+el\+catarro\+universal,\+se\+llevo\+nuestro\+Senor\+al\+cielo\+al\+Arzobispo\+de\+Sevilla\+don\+Cristobal\+de\+Rojas,\\|title\=Santa Teresa de Jesús\\|date\=1925\\|publisher\=El Mensajero del corazón de Jesús\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=630\\|language\=es}} King Philip II had given an order to send 40\-50 Augustine and Franciscan priests to serve as ambassadors to newly discovered islands in the Philippines, but was only able to dispatch 34 due to the epidemic.{{Cite book \\|last1\=Gonzalez de Mendoza \\|first1\=Juan \\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PQR834AzJDAC\&dq\=catarro%201580\&pg\=PA368 \\|title\=Dell'historia Delle China \\|last2\=Avanzi \\|first2\=Francesco \\|last3\=Crispi \\|first3\=Achille \\|publisher\=Andrea Muschio \\|year\=1588 \\|edition\=2 \\|location\=Venice \\|page\=368 \\|language\=Italian}} According to the chronicler [Jacques Auguste de Thou](/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou "Jacques Auguste de Thou"), the king himself became very ill and was attended to by his wife [Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain](/wiki/Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Spain "Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain"). Anna contracted the flu during her pregnancy and it was seen as a contributing factor to her death on October 17\.{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3ZNFAAAAYAAJ\&dq\=1510\+coqueluche\&pg\=PA20\\|title\=The Laryngoscope\\|date\=1902\\|publisher\=Triological Foundation\\|isbn\=\\|editor\-last\=Goldstein\\|editor\-first\=M. A.\\|location\=St. Louis\\|pages\=19\\|language\=en}}{{Cite book\\|last1\=Cook\\|first1\=Alexandra Parma\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CiiokHDdAQ0C\&dq\=anna\+of\+austria\+october\+1580\+influenza\&pg\=PA57\\|title\=The Plague Files: Crisis Management in Sixteenth\-Century Seville\\|last2\=Cook\\|first2\=Noble David\\|date\=May 2009\\|publisher\=LSU Press\\|isbn\=978\-0\-8071\-3498\-6\\|location\=Louisiana State University\\|pages\=57\\|language\=en}} {{Image frame \\|mode\= \\|width\= 400 \\|max\-width\= \\|style\= \\|border\= \\|pos\= \\|link\= \\|linkoverride\= \\|link\_text\= \\|dir\= \\|innerstyle\= \\|content\= \[\[File:Pope Gregory XIII portrait.jpg\\|120px]] \[\[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola \- 002b.jpg\\|137px]] \[\[File:La reina Ana de Austria, por Sofonisba Anguissola.jpg\\|135px]] \\| caption\= \[\[Pope Gregory XIII]] and the \[\[Philip II of Spain\\|Spanish King]] and \[\[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain\\|Queen]] were all stricken by "catarro."\\|align\= right}}Influenza spread into the [Spanish Netherlands](/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands "Spanish Netherlands") quickly and early with cases recorded in [Delft](/wiki/Delft "Delft") during June and July,{{Cite book\\|last\=Gluge\\|first\=Gottlieb\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=60pcAAAAcAAJ\&dq\=Die\+influenza\+von\+1580\&pg\=PA53\\|title\=Die Influenza oder Grippe nach den Quellen historisch\-pathologisch dargestellt: eine von der Medicinischen Facultät zu Berlin gekrönte Preisschrift\\|date\=1837\\|publisher\=Essmann\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=58\\|language\=de}} likely brought by Spanish reinforcements sent to fight Dutch rebels. Ships from heavily affected Spain would have docked at the crowded port of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"), from which flu likely spread to [England](/wiki/England "England"). Cases continued to be reported in Spanish Netherlands well into October. Unlike in Rome and Madrid, the flu was not particularly fatal in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"). [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") saw the arrival of influenza during the [War of the Portuguese Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession "War of the Portuguese Succession"). The Spanish\-allied [Duke of Alba](/wiki/Duke_of_Alba "Duke of Alba") wrote in letters that he "had it very mean with the catarrh" in [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon") on September 2\.{{Cite book\\|last\=Toledo\\|first\=Fernando de Silva Alvárez de\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kFBBAAAAcAAJ\&q\=catarro\\|title\=Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España: Correspondencia del Alba con Felipe II y otras personages sobre la conquista de Portugal en 1580\\|date\=1857\\|publisher\=¬La viuda de calero\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=522\\|language\=es}} As Philip II fought the flu, [Antonio of Portugal](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%2C_Prior_of_Crato "António, Prior of Crato") organized 9000 soldiers in [Coimbra](/wiki/Coimbra "Coimbra") and successfully suppressed support for the Duke of Alba.{{Cite book\\|last\=Thou\\|first\=Jacques\-Auguste de\\|url\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\=cahCAQAAMAAJ\&hl\=en\&pg\=GBS.PA31\\|title\=1580\-1585\\|date\=1759\\|publisher\=\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=31\\|language\=fr}} ### Italian Kingdoms [thumb\\|Influenza arrived in Venice from the Ottoman Empire.\\|left](/wiki/File:Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg "Piazzetta San Marco Venice BLS.jpg") Campana recorded that the disease spread through Italy with the greatest intensity between August and September, and ascribed its cause to the damp and rainy spring prior. The Italian Kingdoms shared heavy trade with Habsburg Spain and the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice") shared a land border with the Ottoman Empire, entry points through which the flu invaded Italy early. [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") first recorded a flu epidemic on June 27 when writer Frederico Bujatto documented in Civil Acts a disease nicknamed moltone or montone, named for March's constellation [Aries](/wiki/Aries_%28constellation%29 "Aries (constellation)"), spread throughout the city and featured a fever, cough, and headache for around 3 days.{{Cite journal\\|last\=Joppi\\|first\=Vincenzo\\|date\=20 April 1890\\|title\=L'influenza in Udine l'anno 1580\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=OXwtAQAAMAAJ\&dq\=Catarro\+de\+1580\+venezia\&pg\=PA10\\|journal\=Pagine Friulane\\|volume\=3\\|pages\=10\\|via\=Google Books}} Influenza quickly spread through the communes of the [Friuli](/wiki/Friuli "Friuli") region, such as [Udine](/wiki/Udine "Udine") where an outbreak was recorded by the physician Gaspare Pratense. In [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") an outbreak of "male de Castrone" peaked during the first week of July.{{Cite book\\|last\=Lapini\\|first\=Agostino\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vmMLAAAAYAAJ\&dq\=1580\+castrone\&pg\=PA206\\|title\=Diario Fiorentino di Agostino Lapini: dal 252 al 1596, ora per la prima volta pubblicato\\|date\=1900\\|publisher\=Giuseppe Odoardo Corazzini\\|isbn\=\\|editor\-last\=Sansoni\\|editor\-first\=G. C.\\|location\=\\|pages\=206\\|language\=it}} [Rome's](/wiki/Rome "Rome") epidemic peaked in July,{{Cite journal\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|editor\-last\=Brouardel\\|editor\-first\=Paul\\|editor2\-last\=Thoinot\\|editor2\-first\=Leon\-Henri\\|editor3\-last\=Gilbert\\|editor3\-first\=Augustin\\|title\=Grippe, Coqueluche, Oreillons, Diptherie\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=yh4NFHe11igC\\|journal\=Traité de Médicine et de Thérapeutique\\|year\=1905\\|volume\=9\\|pages\=6\\|via\=}} and its death toll was believed by some contemporaries to be as high as 10,000 (dubious as the city only had a population of around 100,000 at the time). By late July, the large numbers of people falling ill in Rome caught the attention of [Pope Gregory XIII](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII "Pope Gregory XIII"), who prohibited price\-increases of goods during the epidemic,{{Cite book\\|last\=Pastor\\|first\=Ludwig Freiherr von\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DExDAQAAIAAJ\&q\=Gregorii\+XIII\+epidemica\+1580\\|title\=The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages. Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources\\|date\=1930\\|publisher\=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner \& Company, Limited\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=544\\|language\=en}} and Superior General [Everard Mercurian](/wiki/Everard_Mercurian "Everard Mercurian") of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus"). Both ministered and cared for Rome's sick during the epidemic, causing them to contract the flu. Mercurian fell ill in late July and died on August 1,{{Cite book\\|last\=Zeyen\\|first\=Thomas E.\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nCwmAQAAIAAJ\&q\=1580\+influenza\+Everard\+Mercurian\\|title\=Jesuit Generals: A Glimpse Into a Forgotten Corner\\|date\=2004\\|publisher\=University of Scranton Press\\|isbn\=978\-1\-58966\-071\-7\\|location\=\\|pages\=13\\|language\=en}} and the Pope was "on the edge of death" according to de Thou. On August 2 Lucrezia Gori, daughter of the popular composer [Giovanni Palestrina](/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina"), died suddenly amid Rome's epidemic.{{Cite book\\|last\=Marvin\\|first\=Clara\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=pNZ\-8Ha2zAsC\&dq\=Pope\+Gregory\+XIII\+influenza\&pg\=PA7\\|title\=Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina: A Guide to Research\\|date\=2002\\|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis\\|isbn\=978\-0\-8153\-2351\-8\\|location\=\\|pages\=8\\|language\=en}} Nearly the entire city was infected (cite source) over the summer and out of a population of 80,000\.{{Cite book\\|last\=Partner\\|first\=Peter\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=An0HYF7hvP4C\&dq\=Population\+of\+Rome\+in\+1580\&pg\=PA83\\|title\=Renaissance Rome 1500\-1559: A Portrait of a Society\\|date\=1976\\|publisher\=University of California Press\\|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-03945\-2\\|location\=\\|pages\=83\\|language\=en}} 2000\-9000 ultimately died of the flu within three months.{{Cite book\\|last\=Creighton\\|first\=Charles\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6AUnWoWZgyAC\&dq\=1580\+influenza\+England\&pg\=PA309\\|title\=A History of Epidemics in Britain: From the extinction of plague to the present time\\|date\=1894\\|publisher\=At the University Press\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Cambridge, UK\\|pages\=309–310\\|language\=en}} Ineffective treatments such as bleeding and the exposure rates for [clergy](/wiki/Clergy "Clergy") members, who continued to minister while sick, likely contributed to the city's high death toll. ### England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland {{Image frame \\| caption\= Weekly mortalities increased in London as a result of flu during a period known as the "gentle correction." \\| content \= {{Graph:Chart \\| width\=400 \\| height\=100 \\| type\=area \\| x\=June 30, July 7, July 14, July 21, July 28, August 5, August 12 \\| y\=47,77,133,146,96,78,51 }} }}From the trading ports of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp") influenza reached England in early summer. It arrived in [London](/wiki/London "London"), then a city of around 120,000 people in 1580,{{Cite book\\|last\=Traill\\|first\=Henry Duff\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0AI\_AQAAMAAJ\\|title\=Social England: From the accession of Henry the Eighth to the death of Elizabeth\\|date\=1897\\|publisher\=Cassell and Company, Limited\\|isbn\=\\|editor\-last\=Duff Traill\\|editor\-first\=Henry\\|location\=London\\|pages\=375\\|language\=en}} in early June and became widespread by July.[left\\|thumb\\|245x245px\\|Influenza was in [Kerry](/wiki/County_Kerry "County Kerry") when English troops marched in August.](/wiki/File:Gap_of_Dunloe%2C_Killarney._County_Kerry%2C_Ireland_LOC_4427410282.jpg "Gap of Dunloe, Killarney. County Kerry, Ireland LOC 4427410282.jpg") London experienced significant excess mortalities during the flu epidemic, a period referred to as the "gentle correction" \[by who or what] which lasted from late June to mid\-August 1580\. Reported overall weekly mortalities for London rose from 47 on June 30 to 77 on July 7 before rising to 133, 146, 96, and 78 deaths for the next four weeks respectively. According to a 1920s translation of the French Ambassador [Michel de Castelnau](/wiki/Michel_de_Castelnau "Michel de Castelnau")'s letters, [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I") fell ill with "[whooping cough](/wiki/Whooping_cough "Whooping cough") accompanied by a high fever" on July 5 as the flu was spreading throughout London.{{Cite book\\|last\=Chamberlin\\|first\=Frederick\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rrk4AQAAMAAJ\&dq\=England\+July\+1580\+\+Catarrh\&pg\=PA68\\|title\=The Private Character of Queen Elizabeth\\|date\=1921\\|publisher\=Lane\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=68\\|language\=en}} The modern French word for whooping cough, coqueluche, meant influenza in 1580\. British physician [Thomas Short](/wiki/Thomas_Short_%28physician%29 "Thomas Short (physician)") wrote that "few died except those that were let blood of or had unsound viscera,"{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MNgThBfa3sYC\&dq\=1580\+influenza\+holland\&pg\=PA854\\|title\=A System of practical medicine v. 1, 1885\\|date\=1885\\|publisher\=Lea Bros. \& Company\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Philadelphia\\|pages\=854\\|language\=en}} indicating that the epidemic's outcome was not as severe in England as in Italy or Spain. Influenza was also spreading in Ireland. During the [Desmond Rebellions](/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions "Desmond Rebellions") an English force was seized by flu in August when over 300 soldiers fell ill in [County Kerry](/wiki/County_Kerry "County Kerry") while advancing to seize [Tralee](/wiki/Tralee "Tralee") and [Dingle](/wiki/Dingle "Dingle"). All survived. ### France [thumb\\|263x263px\\|[Pierre de L'Estoile](/wiki/Pierre_de_L%27Estoile "Pierre de L'Estoile") recorded the flu epidemic in Paris.](/wiki/File:Hotel_de_ville_paris038.jpg "Hotel de ville paris038.jpg") Amid civil war, influenza spread into the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France") during spring. [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier "Montpellier") professor [Lazare Rivière](/wiki/Lazare_Rivi%C3%A8re "Lazare Rivière") (1589–1655\) believed the epidemic first arrived in the southern [Languedoc](/wiki/Languedoc "Languedoc") region just after a locust plague in April and May. French physicians referred to flu as variations of febris or catharre but it was still casually referred to as coqueluche.{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oeV5DwAAQBAJ\&dq\=La\+grippe\+1580\&pg\=PA207\\|title\=Paracelsus und Seine Internationale Rezeption in der Frühen Neuzeit \- Beiträge zur Geschichte Des Paracelsismus\\|publisher\=Koninklijke Brill NV\\|year\=1998\\|isbn\=9789004247406\\|editor\-last\=Vanderjagt\\|editor\-first\=A.J.\\|location\=Leiden, Netherlands\\|pages\=195}} Rivière described the "febris epidemica" of 1580 as featuring fever, coughing, headaches and back pain.{{Cite book\\|last\=Rivière\\|first\=Lazare\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bkton9pxqIEC\&dq\=febris\+1580\+Lazare\+Riviere\&pg\=PA585\\|title\=Lazari Riverii... Opera medica universa, quibus continentur\\|date\=1737\\|publisher\=de Tournes\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=585\\|language\=la}} Rivière observed that the disease spread rapidly and often resulted in death if the patient didn't recover within 5 days.{{Cite book\\|last\=Webster\\|first\=Noah\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=uen8dansteEC\&dq\=Catarrh\+of\+1580\&pg\=PA164\\|title\=A Brief History of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases: With the Principal Phenomena of the Physical World, which Precede and Accompany Them, and Observations Deduced from the Facts Stated ...\\|publisher\=Hudson \& Goodwin\\|year\=1799\\|isbn\=978\-0\-608\-39571\-5\\|location\=Hartford\\|pages\=164–165}}{{Image frame \\|mode\= \\|width\= 466 \\|max\-width\= \\|style\= \\|border\= \\|pos\= \\|link\= \\|linkoverride\= \\|link\_text\= \\|dir\= \\|innerstyle\= \\|content\= \[\[File:Anjou 1570louvre.jpg\\|147px]] \[\[File:Philippemaneul.jpg\\|151px]] \[\[File:Guise.jpg\\|155px]] \\| caption\= The \[\[Henry III of France\\|King of France]] and \[\[Henry I, Duke of Guise\\|Duke of Guise]] and \[\[Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur\\|Duke of Mercœur]] were sickened during the outbreak.\\|align\= left}}From the coasts the virus spread instantly to Paris, even then a highly connected city with all varieties of travelers. Nicole Gilles recorded the "peste" of "coqueluche" in the city,{{Cite book\\|last\=Gilles\\|first\=Nicole\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-Zbm20\-IzLoC\&dq\=1580\+peste\+paris\&pg\=PA521\\|title\=Les Chroniques et annales de France par Nicole Gilles et depuis additionnées par D. Sauvage jusqu'à François II, revues, corrigées et augmentées jusqu'à Charles IX par Belleforest augmentées et continuées depuis Charles IX jusqu'à Louis XIII par G. Chappuys\\|date\=1585\\|publisher\=\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=521\\|language\=fr}} which remained widespread into July. According to [Pierre de L'Estoile](/wiki/Pierre_de_L%27Estoile "Pierre de L'Estoile"), 10,000 Parisians fell ill from June 2 to June 8 alone including King [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_France "Henry III of France"),{{Cite book\\|last\=Bonnefon\\|first\=M. Paul\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=B1\_KHPQFtKUC\&dq\=coqueluche\+Pierre\+de\+l'Estoile\+1580\&pg\=PA361\\|title\=Mémoires\-journaux de Pierre de L'Estoile: Journal de Henri III, 1574\-1580\.\\|publisher\=M.M. Brunet, Champollion, Halphen, Paul Lacroix, Charles Read, Tamizay de Larroque, Tricotel\\|year\=1888\\|isbn\=\\|editor\-last\=Lemerre\\|editor\-first\=Alphonse\\|volume\=1\\|location\=27\-31, Passage Choiseul, Paris\\|pages\=361–362\\|language\=fr}} the [Duke of Mercœur](/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel%2C_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur "Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur"),{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=oeV5DwAAQBAJ\&dq\=La\+grippe\+1580\&pg\=PA207\\|title\=Paracelsus und seine internationale Rezeption in der frühen Neuzeit: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Paracelsismus\\|last2\=\\|date\=1998\-04\-28\\|publisher\=Koninklijke Brill NV\\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-24740\-6\\|editor\-last\=Vanderjagt\\|editor\-first\=A. J.\\|volume\=86\\|location\=Leiden, Netherlands\\|pages\=207\\|language\=fr}} and the [Duke of Guise](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Duke_of_Guise "Henry I, Duke of Guise"). At the direction of a sick Mercœur, [Roch Le Baillif](/wiki/Roch_Le_Baillif "Roch Le Baillif") wrote and published Traicté du remede à la peste. The epidemic caused significant alarm in Paris, and rumors spread throughout the city of over 10,000 dying in Rome from "Coqueluche" in less than three months. Central France saw outbreaks documented in [Poitiers](/wiki/Poitiers "Poitiers") and [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans "Orléans") during July.{{Cite book\\|last\=Maire\\|first\=François Le\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=AqNFAAAAcAAJ\&dq\=Paris\+juillet\+1580\+maladie\&pg\=PA277\\|title\=Histoire Et Antiqvitez De La Ville Et Dvché D'Orléans: Avec Les Vies Des Roys, Dvcs, Comtes, Vicomtes ... Avgmentee Des Antiqvitez Des Villes dependantes du Chastelet \& Bailliage d'Orleans ...\\|date\=1648\\|publisher\=Paris\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=277\\|language\=fr}} Flu spread through France's south at the same time as the North, and likely through armies during the French Wars of Religion. Frederico Despalau and [de Thou](/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou "Jacques Auguste de Thou") describe outbreaks of disease, possibly influenza, sickening both the royal army of King Henry III and the [Duke of Biron](/wiki/Charles_de_Gontaut%2C_duc_de_Biron "Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron")'s opposing forces in early August, with military campaigns ending shortly thereafter in favor of the French King. ### Holy Roman Empire [left\\|thumb\\|275x275px\\|Flu received names on mainland Europe after sicknesses of livestock, particularly sheep.](/wiki/File:Sheep_in_Germany.jpg "Sheep in Germany.jpg") Flu arrived in the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") in summer after crossing from Italy, and had diffused throughout the country by fall.{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3q8\_AQAAMAAJ\&q\=1580\+influenza\+Lubeck\\|title\=Die Heimat\\|date\=1919\\|publisher\=\\|isbn\=\\|volume\=25\\|location\=\\|pages\=15\\|language\=de}} The epidemic's observers compared the symptoms and spread to epidemics of livestock, particularly sheep,{{Cite book\\|last\=Magirus\\|first\=Johann\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=F\-W\_aUNUmJcC\\|title\=Joannis Magiri Pathologia, sive morborum et affectuum omnium praeter naturam, qui corpus humanum invadere solent enumeratio ex veterum Graecorum, Latinorum, Arabumque fontibus\\|date\=1615\\|publisher\=Officina Paltheniani\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=504–505\\|language\=la}} and nicknamed flu 'chirp' (Zeip),{{Cite book\\|last1\=Sennert\\|first1\=Daniel\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ks7ZU4QyO\_oC\&dq\=febris\+maligna\+catarrhus\+1580\&pg\=PA572\\|title\=EPITOME VNIVERSAM DAN. SENNERTI DOCTRINAM SVMMA FIDE COMPLECTENS, EX TRIPLICI VOLVMINE IN VNVM CONGESTAM: AD VSVM COMMODIOREM, CVM PHILOSOPHORVM, tum Medicorum qui Catholicam \& Apostolicam Fidem in veritate profitentur, ac proinde omnia diligenti cura \& examine purgata ab illis, quae orthodoxae Fidei puritati visa sunt aduersari: potissimum in tractatu de anima rationali, aliisque nonnullis, ab omni Haereticae prauitatis errore, \& suspicione Liberis\\|last2\=Bonnet\\|first2\=Claude\\|date\=1654\\|publisher\=Ex Typographia I. Piot, S. Officij Typographi, in foro S. Desiderij\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=572\\|language\=la}} 'sheep's cough' (Shaufthusten), and 'sheep's illness' (Shauftkrankeit).{{Cite book\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sJxPAQAAMAAJ\&dq\=1557\+influenza\+germany\&pg\=PA38\\|title\=The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal\\|date\=1920\\|publisher\=Cupples, Upham \& Company\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Boston\\|pages\=37\\|language\=en}} It appeared in Geneva at the beginning of June, the same time as [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), and sickened many.{{Cite book\\|last1\=Mottu\-Weber\\|first1\=Liliane\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7v4\-AQAAIAAJ\\|title\=Vivre à Genève autour de 1600: La vie de tous les jours\\|last2\=Piuz\\|first2\=Anne\-Marie\\|last3\=Lescaze\\|first3\=Bernard\\|date\=2002\\|publisher\=Slatkine\\|isbn\=978\-2\-8321\-0077\-6\\|location\=\\|pages\=72\\|language\=fr}} German chronicler Johann Sporisch wrote in 1582 that the disease had "affected not only private houses, but also cities and entire kingdoms with such invasive ferocity,"{{Cite book\\|last\=Sporisch\\|first\=Johann\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9OE5AAAAcAAJ\&q\=1580\\|title\=De symptomatibus crudelissimis et raro animadversis quae sacrificationi et cucurbitularum usui Brunae incolis in Marchionatu Moraviae supervenerunt \- Et de Febre Epidemia ab Incarnation Seruantorisnostri 1580\\|date\=1582\\|publisher\=Wechel\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=110\\|language\=la}} and described high fevers,{{Cite book\\|last\=Sporisch\\|first\=Johann\\|url\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\=9OE5AAAAcAAJ\&hl\=en\&pg\=GBS.PA129\\|title\=De febre epidemia anno 1580\\|date\=1582\\|publisher\=Wechel\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Frankfurt\\|pages\=129\\|language\=la}} fatigue, severe pain, pneumonia, and near\-universal infection with the disease. Johan Boekle observed that the flu seemed to "spread over all of Europe in six weeks," although it most likely took around four months.{{Cite book\\|last\=Patterson\\|first\=Karl David\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Gr8GSzx8FdAC\&q\=influenza\+in\+the\+middle\+east\+1580\\|title\=Pandemic Influenza, 1700\-1900: A Study in Historical Epidemiology\\|date\=1986\-01\-01\\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\\|isbn\=978\-0\-8476\-7512\-8\\|location\=\\|pages\=6\\|language\=en}} Germany's larger cities were significantly impacted. Johan Boekle wrote that "In some places the sick fell into sweats, flowing more copiously in some than in others, so that a suspicion arose in the minds of some physicians of that English sweat which laid waste to the human race so horribly in 1529\..."{{Cite book\\|last\=Creighton\\|first\=Charles\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=6AUnWoWZgyAC\&dq\=1580\+influenza\+England\&pg\=PA309\\|title\=A History of Epidemics in Britain: From the extinction of plague to the present time\\|date\=1894\\|publisher\=At the University Press\\|isbn\=\\|location\=Cambridge, UK\\|pages\=309\\|language\=en}} In [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "Lübeck") and [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"), thousands died. In September an outbreak was recorded at [Schleswig\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein "Schleswig-Holstein"). ### Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Scandinavia and Russia Influenza spread from the Ottoman Empire through Poland from July to October, and was spreading in the Baltics within 4 months.{{Cite book\\|last\=Patterson\\|first\=Karl David\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Gr8GSzx8FdAC\&q\=influenza\+in\+the\+middle\+east\+1580\\|title\=Pandemic Influenza, 1700\-1900: A Study in Historical Epidemiology\\|date\=1986\-01\-01\\|publisher\=Rowman \& Littlefield\\|isbn\=978\-0\-8476\-7512\-8\\|location\=\\|pages\=6}} At the time, the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth") was engaged in the [Livonian War](/wiki/Livonian_War "Livonian War") against Russia. [The Polish king](/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory "Stephen Báthory") dispatched a force of 48,000 men into Russia during the [Battle of Velikiye Luki](/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki "Battle of Velikiye Luki") from September 1 to 5, whilst the flu was spreading in Poland. From [Schleswig](/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig "Duchy of Schleswig") the epidemic spread quickly towards [Denmark–Norway](/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway "Denmark–Norway") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), eventually spreading to even [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland").{{Cite book\\|last1\=Gran\\|first1\=Gerhard von der Lippe\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=yg83AAAAMAAJ\&q\=Influensa\+1580\+dansk\\|title\=Samtiden: tidsskrift for politik, litteratur og samfunnsspørsmål ...\\|last2\=Worm\-Müller\\|first2\=Jacob Stenersen\\|last3\=Winsnes\\|first3\=Andreas Hofgaard\\|date\=1927\\|publisher\=Aschehoug\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=111\\|language\=da}} [Antonio Possevino](/wiki/Antonio_Possevino "Antonio Possevino"), a papal diplomat on assignment in Sweden, wrote on the 25 June 1580 that some children playing around [Stegeborg Castle](/wiki/Stegeborg_Castle "Stegeborg Castle") fell sick with an epidemic illness, possibly flu.{{Cite book\\|last\=Ödberg\\|first\=F.\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dspkw\-RI0mcC\&dq\=Influensan\+1580\+sverige\&pg\=PA79\\|title\=Om Anders Lorichs, K. Johan III: s ständige legat i Polen, och hans tid '(1569\-1584\)'\\|date\=1893\\|publisher\=Förf:n\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=79\\|language\=sv}} A new college outside [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") had to temporarily shut down due partly to the spreading epidemic.{{Cite book\\|last\=Anjou\\|first\=Lars Anton\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ALoXAAAAYAAJ\&dq\=Year\+1580\+in\+Sweden\&pg\=PA565\\|title\=The History of the Reformation in Sweden\\|date\=1859\\|publisher\=Pudney \& Russell\\|isbn\=\\|location\=\\|pages\=565\\|language\=en}}	[ "Europe\n------", "Flu reached Europe in spring and quickly throughout the continent's interconnected [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") trade routes, where it triggered very large outbreaks that lasted from late June to mid October.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Cornarius\\\|first\\=Diomedes\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6GRVAAAAcAAJ\\&q\\=Septembri\\+febris\\+inuafit\\+in\\+diuersis\\+locis\\+ac\\+regionibus\\+inopia\\+nat%C3%B2\\+infinitam\\+hominum\\+multitudinem\\\|title\\=MEDICINALIVM partim ab Autore DIOMEDE CORNARIO partim ab alijs doctrina \\& eruditione excellentissimis viris annotatæ præmeditationes\\\|publisher\\=Michael Lantzenberger\\\|year\\=1599\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=11\\\|language\\=Latin}} In 1580, Europe was beset by wars that may have facilitated the spread of flu around Europe: Spain was dispatching soldiers to [Portugal](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal \"Kingdom of Portugal\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), and the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), France was in a [civil war](/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion \"French Wars of Religion\"), and [Poland](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\") was [preparing to invade](/wiki/Siege_of_Velikiye_Luki \"Siege of Velikiye Luki\") Russia. Physicians called flu variations of febris, or fever, in their records such as morbus catarrhales,{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Johnson, M.D. \\\|first1\\=James \\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PuYEAAAAQAAJ\\&dq\\=1580\\+grippe\\+en\\+europe\\&pg\\=PA499 \\\|title\\=The Medico\\-chirurgical Review, and Journal of Practical Medicine \\\|last2\\=Johnson \\\|first2\\=Henry \\\|publisher\\=S. Highley \\\|year\\=1836 \\\|volume\\=24 \\\|location\\=London \\\|pages\\=499 \\\|chapter\\=On the Epidemics of Influenza}} febris epidemica,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Riviere\\\|first\\=Lazare\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KVjxZQd8OkYC\\&q\\=febris\\+epidemica\\\|title\\=Lazari Riverii... Observationum medicarum \\& curationum insignium centuriae tres... necnon centuria quarta... diligentiâ Simeonis Iacoz... edita, cum obseruationibus morborum infrequentium anonymi cuius\\-dam... \\[Ep. ded. A. Cellier Matthaeo Chappuys]\\\|date\\=1659\\\|publisher\\=sumptibus Antonii Cellier\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=294\\\|language\\=la}} or even febris pestilencia. The flu paralyzed armies and communities in outbreaks noted for their speed and universality, which in major cities lasted around 4 to 6 weeks and claimed thousands of lives. Influenza epidemics returned in waves until the fall of 1581\\.{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Gouraud\\\|first\\=Henri\\\|date\\=1837\\\|title\\=Des Épidémies Catarrhales de la Grippe et de l'Épidémie Régnante\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aDhFAAAAcAAJ\\&q\\=1580\\\|journal\\=Annals de Medicine Belge et Étrangè\\\|publisher\\=Ghent University\\\|volume\\=\\\|pages\\=22–23\\\|via\\=}} [left\\\|thumb\\\|218x218px\\\|[Jacques Auguste de Thou](/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou \"Jacques Auguste de Thou\") recorded valuable observations of the epidemic in Europe.](/wiki/File:Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou.jpg \"Jacques Auguste de Thou.jpg\")", "### Spanish and Portuguese Empires", "Portuguese chronicler Antonio de Herrera mentions that the disease struck Europe in Autumn. It spread \"little by little\" through Spain leaving citizens with severe headaches and coughing, runny noses, and long\\-lasting fevers. [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\"), then a vassal state of Spain, began seeing cases after possibly being introduced from [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\").{{Cite book\\\|last\\=F. Pyle\\\|first\\=Gerald\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7w\\-H11vMykgC\\&dq\\=influenza\\+in\\+the\\+17th\\+century\\&pg\\=PA23\\\|title\\=The Diffusion of Influenza: Patterns and Paradigms\\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littfield\\\|year\\=1986\\\|isbn\\=9780847674299\\\|location\\=Totowa, New Jersey\\\|pages\\=23–25}}{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Townsend\\\|first\\=James Gayley\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8FIkTBdeJOwC\\&dq\\=1510\\+influenza\\+hungary\\&pg\\=PA3\\\|title\\=A Review of the Literature on Influenza and the Common Cold\\\|date\\=1924\\\|publisher\\=U.S. Government Printing Office\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Washington DC\\\|pages\\=3\\\|language\\=en}} Flu was being recorded in Catalonia at the beginning of August.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=MELLADO\\\|first\\=Francisco de P.\\\|url\\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\\=0H9Xm0W\\-aI0C\\&hl\\=en\\&pg\\=GBS.PA58\\\|title\\=Enciclopedia moderna: Diccionario Universal de literatura, ciencias, artes, agricultura, industria y comercio\\\|date\\=1853\\\|publisher\\=Establecimiento tipográfico de Mellado\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Madrid\\\|pages\\=57–58\\\|language\\=es}} [André de Leones](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Leones \"André de Leones\") of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") wrote that by September 7 all of his neighbors had experienced sickness. An estimated 20,000 of the city's residents had similarly falling ill in under two weeks{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vtI\\_AAAAcAAJ\\&dq\\=1580\\+krankheit\\&pg\\=PA597\\\|title\\=Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie: 5,1,B\\\|date\\=1865\\\|publisher\\=Enke\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=597\\\|language\\=de}} during the height of the epidemic,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=de Villalba\\\|first\\=Joaquin\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=iNSl\\_loKBeAC\\\|title\\=Epidemiología española, ó historia cronológica de las pestes, contagios,epidemias y epizootias que han acaecido en España desde la venida de los cartagineses hasta el año 1801\\.\\\|publisher\\=D. Fermin Villalpando\\\|year\\=1803\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Madrid\\\|pages\\=117}} with high numbers of casualties. Other Spanish cities were reportedly \"depopulated\" during the 1580 pandemic,{{Cite book\\\|last1\\=Threats\\\|first1\\=Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial\\\|url\\=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22148/\\\|title\\=The Story of Influenza\\\|last2\\=Knobler\\\|first2\\=Stacey L.\\\|last3\\=Mack\\\|first3\\=Alison\\\|last4\\=Mahmoud\\\|first4\\=Adel\\\|last5\\=Lemon\\\|first5\\=Stanley M.\\\|date\\=2005\\\|publisher\\=National Academies Press (US)\\\|language\\=en}} which demonstrated an unusually high lethality for influenza. It was generally referred to in Spain as el catarro.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Thou\\\|first\\=Jacques\\-Auguste de\\\|url\\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\\=cahCAQAAMAAJ\\&hl\\=en\\&pg\\=GBS.PA30\\\|title\\=1580\\-1585\\\|date\\=1759\\\|publisher\\=\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=30–31\\\|language\\=fr}}", "Spanish royalty, nobility and clergy were significantly impacted. The Countess Doña Isabel de Castro died of the flu in [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") in August,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Serrano y Sanz\\\|first\\=Manuel\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=avfptCuXs4UC\\&dq\\=El\\+catarro\\+de\\+portugal\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA642\\\|title\\=Apuntes para una biblioteca de escritoras españolas: desde el año 1401 al 1833\\\|date\\=1903\\\|publisher\\=Establecimiento Tipolitografico\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Madrid\\\|pages\\=642\\\|language\\=es}} followed by the Archbishop of Seville in September.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Risco\\\|first\\=Alberto\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vo9FAAAAIAAJ\\&q\\=Por\\+el\\+ano\\+79,\\+cuando\\+fue\\+el\\+catarro\\+universal,\\+se\\+llevo\\+nuestro\\+Senor\\+al\\+cielo\\+al\\+Arzobispo\\+de\\+Sevilla\\+don\\+Cristobal\\+de\\+Rojas,\\\|title\\=Santa Teresa de Jesús\\\|date\\=1925\\\|publisher\\=El Mensajero del corazón de Jesús\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=630\\\|language\\=es}} King Philip II had given an order to send 40\\-50 Augustine and Franciscan priests to serve as ambassadors to newly discovered islands in the Philippines, but was only able to dispatch 34 due to the epidemic.{{Cite book \\\|last1\\=Gonzalez de Mendoza \\\|first1\\=Juan \\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PQR834AzJDAC\\&dq\\=catarro%201580\\&pg\\=PA368 \\\|title\\=Dell'historia Delle China \\\|last2\\=Avanzi \\\|first2\\=Francesco \\\|last3\\=Crispi \\\|first3\\=Achille \\\|publisher\\=Andrea Muschio \\\|year\\=1588 \\\|edition\\=2 \\\|location\\=Venice \\\|page\\=368 \\\|language\\=Italian}} According to the chronicler [Jacques Auguste de Thou](/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou \"Jacques Auguste de Thou\"), the king himself became very ill and was attended to by his wife [Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain](/wiki/Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Spain \"Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain\"). Anna contracted the flu during her pregnancy and it was seen as a contributing factor to her death on October 17\\.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3ZNFAAAAYAAJ\\&dq\\=1510\\+coqueluche\\&pg\\=PA20\\\|title\\=The Laryngoscope\\\|date\\=1902\\\|publisher\\=Triological Foundation\\\|isbn\\=\\\|editor\\-last\\=Goldstein\\\|editor\\-first\\=M. A.\\\|location\\=St. Louis\\\|pages\\=19\\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book\\\|last1\\=Cook\\\|first1\\=Alexandra Parma\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CiiokHDdAQ0C\\&dq\\=anna\\+of\\+austria\\+october\\+1580\\+influenza\\&pg\\=PA57\\\|title\\=The Plague Files: Crisis Management in Sixteenth\\-Century Seville\\\|last2\\=Cook\\\|first2\\=Noble David\\\|date\\=May 2009\\\|publisher\\=LSU Press\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8071\\-3498\\-6\\\|location\\=Louisiana State University\\\|pages\\=57\\\|language\\=en}} {{Image frame \\\|mode\\= \\\|width\\= 400 \\\|max\\-width\\= \\\|style\\= \\\|border\\= \\\|pos\\= \\\|link\\= \\\|linkoverride\\= \\\|link\\_text\\= \\\|dir\\= \\\|innerstyle\\= \\\|content\\= \\[\\[File:Pope Gregory XIII portrait.jpg\\\|120px]] \\[\\[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola \\- 002b.jpg\\\|137px]] \\[\\[File:La reina Ana de Austria, por Sofonisba Anguissola.jpg\\\|135px]] \\\| caption\\= \\[\\[Pope Gregory XIII]] and the \\[\\[Philip II of Spain\\\|Spanish King]] and \\[\\[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain\\\|Queen]] were all stricken by \"catarro.\"\\\|align\\= right}}Influenza spread into the [Spanish Netherlands](/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands \"Spanish Netherlands\") quickly and early with cases recorded in [Delft](/wiki/Delft \"Delft\") during June and July,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Gluge\\\|first\\=Gottlieb\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=60pcAAAAcAAJ\\&dq\\=Die\\+influenza\\+von\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA53\\\|title\\=Die Influenza oder Grippe nach den Quellen historisch\\-pathologisch dargestellt: eine von der Medicinischen Facultät zu Berlin gekrönte Preisschrift\\\|date\\=1837\\\|publisher\\=Essmann\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=58\\\|language\\=de}} likely brought by Spanish reinforcements sent to fight Dutch rebels. Ships from heavily affected Spain would have docked at the crowded port of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\"), from which flu likely spread to [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). Cases continued to be reported in Spanish Netherlands well into October. Unlike in Rome and Madrid, the flu was not particularly fatal in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\").", "[Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\") saw the arrival of influenza during the [War of the Portuguese Succession](/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession \"War of the Portuguese Succession\"). The Spanish\\-allied [Duke of Alba](/wiki/Duke_of_Alba \"Duke of Alba\") wrote in letters that he \"had it very mean with the catarrh\" in [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\") on September 2\\.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Toledo\\\|first\\=Fernando de Silva Alvárez de\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kFBBAAAAcAAJ\\&q\\=catarro\\\|title\\=Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España: Correspondencia del Alba con Felipe II y otras personages sobre la conquista de Portugal en 1580\\\|date\\=1857\\\|publisher\\=¬La viuda de calero\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=522\\\|language\\=es}} As Philip II fought the flu, [Antonio of Portugal](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%2C_Prior_of_Crato \"António, Prior of Crato\") organized 9000 soldiers in [Coimbra](/wiki/Coimbra \"Coimbra\") and successfully suppressed support for the Duke of Alba.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Thou\\\|first\\=Jacques\\-Auguste de\\\|url\\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\\=cahCAQAAMAAJ\\&hl\\=en\\&pg\\=GBS.PA31\\\|title\\=1580\\-1585\\\|date\\=1759\\\|publisher\\=\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=31\\\|language\\=fr}}", "### Italian Kingdoms", "[thumb\\\|Influenza arrived in Venice from the Ottoman Empire.\\\|left](/wiki/File:Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg \"Piazzetta San Marco Venice BLS.jpg\")\nCampana recorded that the disease spread through Italy with the greatest intensity between August and September, and ascribed its cause to the damp and rainy spring prior. The Italian Kingdoms shared heavy trade with Habsburg Spain and the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\") shared a land border with the Ottoman Empire, entry points through which the flu invaded Italy early. [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") first recorded a flu epidemic on June 27 when writer Frederico Bujatto documented in Civil Acts a disease nicknamed moltone or montone, named for March's constellation [Aries](/wiki/Aries_%28constellation%29 \"Aries (constellation)\"), spread throughout the city and featured a fever, cough, and headache for around 3 days.{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=Joppi\\\|first\\=Vincenzo\\\|date\\=20 April 1890\\\|title\\=L'influenza in Udine l'anno 1580\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=OXwtAQAAMAAJ\\&dq\\=Catarro\\+de\\+1580\\+venezia\\&pg\\=PA10\\\|journal\\=Pagine Friulane\\\|volume\\=3\\\|pages\\=10\\\|via\\=Google Books}} Influenza quickly spread through the communes of the [Friuli](/wiki/Friuli \"Friuli\") region, such as [Udine](/wiki/Udine \"Udine\") where an outbreak was recorded by the physician Gaspare Pratense. In [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") an outbreak of \"male de Castrone\" peaked during the first week of July.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Lapini\\\|first\\=Agostino\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vmMLAAAAYAAJ\\&dq\\=1580\\+castrone\\&pg\\=PA206\\\|title\\=Diario Fiorentino di Agostino Lapini: dal 252 al 1596, ora per la prima volta pubblicato\\\|date\\=1900\\\|publisher\\=Giuseppe Odoardo Corazzini\\\|isbn\\=\\\|editor\\-last\\=Sansoni\\\|editor\\-first\\=G. C.\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=206\\\|language\\=it}} [Rome's](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") epidemic peaked in July,{{Cite journal\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|editor\\-last\\=Brouardel\\\|editor\\-first\\=Paul\\\|editor2\\-last\\=Thoinot\\\|editor2\\-first\\=Leon\\-Henri\\\|editor3\\-last\\=Gilbert\\\|editor3\\-first\\=Augustin\\\|title\\=Grippe, Coqueluche, Oreillons, Diptherie\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=yh4NFHe11igC\\\|journal\\=Traité de Médicine et de Thérapeutique\\\|year\\=1905\\\|volume\\=9\\\|pages\\=6\\\|via\\=}} and its death toll was believed by some contemporaries to be as high as 10,000 (dubious as the city only had a population of around 100,000 at the time).", "By late July, the large numbers of people falling ill in Rome caught the attention of [Pope Gregory XIII](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII \"Pope Gregory XIII\"), who prohibited price\\-increases of goods during the epidemic,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Pastor\\\|first\\=Ludwig Freiherr von\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DExDAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=Gregorii\\+XIII\\+epidemica\\+1580\\\|title\\=The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages. Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources\\\|date\\=1930\\\|publisher\\=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner \\& Company, Limited\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=544\\\|language\\=en}} and Superior General [Everard Mercurian](/wiki/Everard_Mercurian \"Everard Mercurian\") of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\"). Both ministered and cared for Rome's sick during the epidemic, causing them to contract the flu. Mercurian fell ill in late July and died on August 1,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Zeyen\\\|first\\=Thomas E.\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nCwmAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=1580\\+influenza\\+Everard\\+Mercurian\\\|title\\=Jesuit Generals: A Glimpse Into a Forgotten Corner\\\|date\\=2004\\\|publisher\\=University of Scranton Press\\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58966\\-071\\-7\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=13\\\|language\\=en}} and the Pope was \"on the edge of death\" according to de Thou. On August 2 Lucrezia Gori, daughter of the popular composer [Giovanni Palestrina](/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina \"Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina\"), died suddenly amid Rome's epidemic.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Marvin\\\|first\\=Clara\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=pNZ\\-8Ha2zAsC\\&dq\\=Pope\\+Gregory\\+XIII\\+influenza\\&pg\\=PA7\\\|title\\=Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina: A Guide to Research\\\|date\\=2002\\\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8153\\-2351\\-8\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=8\\\|language\\=en}} Nearly the entire city was infected (cite source) over the summer and out of a population of 80,000\\.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Partner\\\|first\\=Peter\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=An0HYF7hvP4C\\&dq\\=Population\\+of\\+Rome\\+in\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA83\\\|title\\=Renaissance Rome 1500\\-1559: A Portrait of a Society\\\|date\\=1976\\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-03945\\-2\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=83\\\|language\\=en}} 2000\\-9000 ultimately died of the flu within three months.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Creighton\\\|first\\=Charles\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6AUnWoWZgyAC\\&dq\\=1580\\+influenza\\+England\\&pg\\=PA309\\\|title\\=A History of Epidemics in Britain: From the extinction of plague to the present time\\\|date\\=1894\\\|publisher\\=At the University Press\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Cambridge, UK\\\|pages\\=309–310\\\|language\\=en}} Ineffective treatments such as bleeding and the exposure rates for [clergy](/wiki/Clergy \"Clergy\") members, who continued to minister while sick, likely contributed to the city's high death toll.", "### England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland", "{{Image frame\n \\\| caption\\= Weekly mortalities increased in London as a result of flu during a period known as the \"gentle correction.\"\n \\\| content \\= {{Graph:Chart\n \\\| width\\=400\n \\\| height\\=100\n \\\| type\\=area\n \\\| x\\=June 30, July 7, July 14, July 21, July 28, August 5, August 12\n \\\| y\\=47,77,133,146,96,78,51\n }}\n}}From the trading ports of [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") influenza reached England in early summer. It arrived in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), then a city of around 120,000 people in 1580,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Traill\\\|first\\=Henry Duff\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0AI\\_AQAAMAAJ\\\|title\\=Social England: From the accession of Henry the Eighth to the death of Elizabeth\\\|date\\=1897\\\|publisher\\=Cassell and Company, Limited\\\|isbn\\=\\\|editor\\-last\\=Duff Traill\\\|editor\\-first\\=Henry\\\|location\\=London\\\|pages\\=375\\\|language\\=en}} in early June and became widespread by July.[left\\\|thumb\\\|245x245px\\\|Influenza was in [Kerry](/wiki/County_Kerry \"County Kerry\") when English troops marched in August.](/wiki/File:Gap_of_Dunloe%2C_Killarney._County_Kerry%2C_Ireland_LOC_4427410282.jpg \"Gap of Dunloe, Killarney. County Kerry, Ireland LOC 4427410282.jpg\")", "London experienced significant excess mortalities during the flu epidemic, a period referred to as the \"gentle correction\" \\[by who or what] which lasted from late June to mid\\-August 1580\\. Reported overall weekly mortalities for London rose from 47 on June 30 to 77 on July 7 before rising to 133, 146, 96, and 78 deaths for the next four weeks respectively. According to a 1920s translation of the French Ambassador [Michel de Castelnau](/wiki/Michel_de_Castelnau \"Michel de Castelnau\")'s letters, [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\") fell ill with \"[whooping cough](/wiki/Whooping_cough \"Whooping cough\") accompanied by a high fever\" on July 5 as the flu was spreading throughout London.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Chamberlin\\\|first\\=Frederick\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rrk4AQAAMAAJ\\&dq\\=England\\+July\\+1580\\+\\+Catarrh\\&pg\\=PA68\\\|title\\=The Private Character of Queen Elizabeth\\\|date\\=1921\\\|publisher\\=Lane\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=68\\\|language\\=en}} The modern French word for whooping cough, coqueluche, meant influenza in 1580\\. British physician [Thomas Short](/wiki/Thomas_Short_%28physician%29 \"Thomas Short (physician)\") wrote that \"few died except those that were let blood of or had unsound viscera,\"{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MNgThBfa3sYC\\&dq\\=1580\\+influenza\\+holland\\&pg\\=PA854\\\|title\\=A System of practical medicine v. 1, 1885\\\|date\\=1885\\\|publisher\\=Lea Bros. \\& Company\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Philadelphia\\\|pages\\=854\\\|language\\=en}} indicating that the epidemic's outcome was not as severe in England as in Italy or Spain.", "Influenza was also spreading in Ireland. During the [Desmond Rebellions](/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions \"Desmond Rebellions\") an English force was seized by flu in August when over 300 soldiers fell ill in [County Kerry](/wiki/County_Kerry \"County Kerry\") while advancing to seize [Tralee](/wiki/Tralee \"Tralee\") and [Dingle](/wiki/Dingle \"Dingle\"). All survived.", "### France", "[thumb\\\|263x263px\\\|[Pierre de L'Estoile](/wiki/Pierre_de_L%27Estoile \"Pierre de L'Estoile\") recorded the flu epidemic in Paris.](/wiki/File:Hotel_de_ville_paris038.jpg \"Hotel de ville paris038.jpg\")\nAmid civil war, influenza spread into the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\") during spring. [Montpellier](/wiki/Montpellier \"Montpellier\") professor [Lazare Rivière](/wiki/Lazare_Rivi%C3%A8re \"Lazare Rivière\") (1589–1655\\) believed the epidemic first arrived in the southern [Languedoc](/wiki/Languedoc \"Languedoc\") region just after a locust plague in April and May. French physicians referred to flu as variations of febris or catharre but it was still casually referred to as coqueluche.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oeV5DwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=La\\+grippe\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA207\\\|title\\=Paracelsus und Seine Internationale Rezeption in der Frühen Neuzeit \\- Beiträge zur Geschichte Des Paracelsismus\\\|publisher\\=Koninklijke Brill NV\\\|year\\=1998\\\|isbn\\=9789004247406\\\|editor\\-last\\=Vanderjagt\\\|editor\\-first\\=A.J.\\\|location\\=Leiden, Netherlands\\\|pages\\=195}} Rivière described the \"febris epidemica\" of 1580 as featuring fever, coughing, headaches and back pain.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Rivière\\\|first\\=Lazare\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bkton9pxqIEC\\&dq\\=febris\\+1580\\+Lazare\\+Riviere\\&pg\\=PA585\\\|title\\=Lazari Riverii... Opera medica universa, quibus continentur\\\|date\\=1737\\\|publisher\\=de Tournes\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=585\\\|language\\=la}} Rivière observed that the disease spread rapidly and often resulted in death if the patient didn't recover within 5 days.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Webster\\\|first\\=Noah\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=uen8dansteEC\\&dq\\=Catarrh\\+of\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA164\\\|title\\=A Brief History of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases: With the Principal Phenomena of the Physical World, which Precede and Accompany Them, and Observations Deduced from the Facts Stated ...\\\|publisher\\=Hudson \\& Goodwin\\\|year\\=1799\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-608\\-39571\\-5\\\|location\\=Hartford\\\|pages\\=164–165}}{{Image frame \\\|mode\\= \\\|width\\= 466 \\\|max\\-width\\= \\\|style\\= \\\|border\\= \\\|pos\\= \\\|link\\= \\\|linkoverride\\= \\\|link\\_text\\= \\\|dir\\= \\\|innerstyle\\= \\\|content\\= \\[\\[File:Anjou 1570louvre.jpg\\\|147px]] \\[\\[File:Philippemaneul.jpg\\\|151px]] \\[\\[File:Guise.jpg\\\|155px]] \\\| caption\\= The \\[\\[Henry III of France\\\|King of France]] and \\[\\[Henry I, Duke of Guise\\\|Duke of Guise]] and \\[\\[Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur\\\|Duke of Mercœur]] were sickened during the outbreak.\\\|align\\= left}}From the coasts the virus spread instantly to Paris, even then a highly connected city with all varieties of travelers. Nicole Gilles recorded the \"peste\" of \"coqueluche\" in the city,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Gilles\\\|first\\=Nicole\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-Zbm20\\-IzLoC\\&dq\\=1580\\+peste\\+paris\\&pg\\=PA521\\\|title\\=Les Chroniques et annales de France par Nicole Gilles et depuis additionnées par D. Sauvage jusqu'à François II, revues, corrigées et augmentées jusqu'à Charles IX par Belleforest augmentées et continuées depuis Charles IX jusqu'à Louis XIII par G. Chappuys\\\|date\\=1585\\\|publisher\\=\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=521\\\|language\\=fr}} which remained widespread into July. According to [Pierre de L'Estoile](/wiki/Pierre_de_L%27Estoile \"Pierre de L'Estoile\"), 10,000 Parisians fell ill from June 2 to June 8 alone including King [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_France \"Henry III of France\"),{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Bonnefon\\\|first\\=M. Paul\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=B1\\_KHPQFtKUC\\&dq\\=coqueluche\\+Pierre\\+de\\+l'Estoile\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA361\\\|title\\=Mémoires\\-journaux de Pierre de L'Estoile: Journal de Henri III, 1574\\-1580\\.\\\|publisher\\=M.M. Brunet, Champollion, Halphen, Paul Lacroix, Charles Read, Tamizay de Larroque, Tricotel\\\|year\\=1888\\\|isbn\\=\\\|editor\\-last\\=Lemerre\\\|editor\\-first\\=Alphonse\\\|volume\\=1\\\|location\\=27\\-31, Passage Choiseul, Paris\\\|pages\\=361–362\\\|language\\=fr}} the [Duke of Mercœur](/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel%2C_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur \"Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur\"),{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=oeV5DwAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=La\\+grippe\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA207\\\|title\\=Paracelsus und seine internationale Rezeption in der frühen Neuzeit: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Paracelsismus\\\|last2\\=\\\|date\\=1998\\-04\\-28\\\|publisher\\=Koninklijke Brill NV\\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-24740\\-6\\\|editor\\-last\\=Vanderjagt\\\|editor\\-first\\=A. J.\\\|volume\\=86\\\|location\\=Leiden, Netherlands\\\|pages\\=207\\\|language\\=fr}} and the [Duke of Guise](/wiki/Henry_I%2C_Duke_of_Guise \"Henry I, Duke of Guise\"). At the direction of a sick Mercœur, [Roch Le Baillif](/wiki/Roch_Le_Baillif \"Roch Le Baillif\") wrote and published Traicté du remede à la peste. The epidemic caused significant alarm in Paris, and rumors spread throughout the city of over 10,000 dying in Rome from \"Coqueluche\" in less than three months. Central France saw outbreaks documented in [Poitiers](/wiki/Poitiers \"Poitiers\") and [Orléans](/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans \"Orléans\") during July.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Maire\\\|first\\=François Le\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=AqNFAAAAcAAJ\\&dq\\=Paris\\+juillet\\+1580\\+maladie\\&pg\\=PA277\\\|title\\=Histoire Et Antiqvitez De La Ville Et Dvché D'Orléans: Avec Les Vies Des Roys, Dvcs, Comtes, Vicomtes ... Avgmentee Des Antiqvitez Des Villes dependantes du Chastelet \\& Bailliage d'Orleans ...\\\|date\\=1648\\\|publisher\\=Paris\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=277\\\|language\\=fr}}", "Flu spread through France's south at the same time as the North, and likely through armies during the French Wars of Religion. Frederico Despalau and [de Thou](/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou \"Jacques Auguste de Thou\") describe outbreaks of disease, possibly influenza, sickening both the royal army of King Henry III and the [Duke of Biron](/wiki/Charles_de_Gontaut%2C_duc_de_Biron \"Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron\")'s opposing forces in early August, with military campaigns ending shortly thereafter in favor of the French King.", "### Holy Roman Empire", "[left\\\|thumb\\\|275x275px\\\|Flu received names on mainland Europe after sicknesses of livestock, particularly sheep.](/wiki/File:Sheep_in_Germany.jpg \"Sheep in Germany.jpg\")\nFlu arrived in the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") in summer after crossing from Italy, and had diffused throughout the country by fall.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3q8\\_AQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=1580\\+influenza\\+Lubeck\\\|title\\=Die Heimat\\\|date\\=1919\\\|publisher\\=\\\|isbn\\=\\\|volume\\=25\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=15\\\|language\\=de}} The epidemic's observers compared the symptoms and spread to epidemics of livestock, particularly sheep,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Magirus\\\|first\\=Johann\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=F\\-W\\_aUNUmJcC\\\|title\\=Joannis Magiri Pathologia, sive morborum et affectuum omnium praeter naturam, qui corpus humanum invadere solent enumeratio ex veterum Graecorum, Latinorum, Arabumque fontibus\\\|date\\=1615\\\|publisher\\=Officina Paltheniani\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=504–505\\\|language\\=la}} and nicknamed flu 'chirp' (Zeip),{{Cite book\\\|last1\\=Sennert\\\|first1\\=Daniel\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ks7ZU4QyO\\_oC\\&dq\\=febris\\+maligna\\+catarrhus\\+1580\\&pg\\=PA572\\\|title\\=EPITOME VNIVERSAM DAN. SENNERTI DOCTRINAM SVMMA FIDE COMPLECTENS, EX TRIPLICI VOLVMINE IN VNVM CONGESTAM: AD VSVM COMMODIOREM, CVM PHILOSOPHORVM, tum Medicorum qui Catholicam \\& Apostolicam Fidem in veritate profitentur, ac proinde omnia diligenti cura \\& examine purgata ab illis, quae orthodoxae Fidei puritati visa sunt aduersari: potissimum in tractatu de anima rationali, aliisque nonnullis, ab omni Haereticae prauitatis errore, \\& suspicione Liberis\\\|last2\\=Bonnet\\\|first2\\=Claude\\\|date\\=1654\\\|publisher\\=Ex Typographia I. Piot, S. Officij Typographi, in foro S. Desiderij\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=572\\\|language\\=la}} 'sheep's cough' (Shaufthusten), and 'sheep's illness' (Shauftkrankeit).{{Cite book\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sJxPAQAAMAAJ\\&dq\\=1557\\+influenza\\+germany\\&pg\\=PA38\\\|title\\=The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal\\\|date\\=1920\\\|publisher\\=Cupples, Upham \\& Company\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Boston\\\|pages\\=37\\\|language\\=en}} It appeared in Geneva at the beginning of June, the same time as [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), and sickened many.{{Cite book\\\|last1\\=Mottu\\-Weber\\\|first1\\=Liliane\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7v4\\-AQAAIAAJ\\\|title\\=Vivre à Genève autour de 1600: La vie de tous les jours\\\|last2\\=Piuz\\\|first2\\=Anne\\-Marie\\\|last3\\=Lescaze\\\|first3\\=Bernard\\\|date\\=2002\\\|publisher\\=Slatkine\\\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-8321\\-0077\\-6\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=72\\\|language\\=fr}} German chronicler Johann Sporisch wrote in 1582 that the disease had \"affected not only private houses, but also cities and entire kingdoms with such invasive ferocity,\"{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Sporisch\\\|first\\=Johann\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9OE5AAAAcAAJ\\&q\\=1580\\\|title\\=De symptomatibus crudelissimis et raro animadversis quae sacrificationi et cucurbitularum usui Brunae incolis in Marchionatu Moraviae supervenerunt \\- Et de Febre Epidemia ab Incarnation Seruantorisnostri 1580\\\|date\\=1582\\\|publisher\\=Wechel\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=110\\\|language\\=la}} and described high fevers,{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Sporisch\\\|first\\=Johann\\\|url\\=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id\\=9OE5AAAAcAAJ\\&hl\\=en\\&pg\\=GBS.PA129\\\|title\\=De febre epidemia anno 1580\\\|date\\=1582\\\|publisher\\=Wechel\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Frankfurt\\\|pages\\=129\\\|language\\=la}} fatigue, severe pain, pneumonia, and near\\-universal infection with the disease. Johan Boekle observed that the flu seemed to \"spread over all of Europe in six weeks,\" although it most likely took around four months.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Patterson\\\|first\\=Karl David\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Gr8GSzx8FdAC\\&q\\=influenza\\+in\\+the\\+middle\\+east\\+1580\\\|title\\=Pandemic Influenza, 1700\\-1900: A Study in Historical Epidemiology\\\|date\\=1986\\-01\\-01\\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8476\\-7512\\-8\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=6\\\|language\\=en}}", "Germany's larger cities were significantly impacted. Johan Boekle wrote that \"In some places the sick fell into sweats, flowing more copiously in some than in others, so that a suspicion arose in the minds of some physicians of that English sweat which laid waste to the human race so horribly in 1529\\...\"{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Creighton\\\|first\\=Charles\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=6AUnWoWZgyAC\\&dq\\=1580\\+influenza\\+England\\&pg\\=PA309\\\|title\\=A History of Epidemics in Britain: From the extinction of plague to the present time\\\|date\\=1894\\\|publisher\\=At the University Press\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=Cambridge, UK\\\|pages\\=309\\\|language\\=en}} In [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\") and [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"), thousands died. In September an outbreak was recorded at [Schleswig\\-Holstein](/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein \"Schleswig-Holstein\").", "### Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Scandinavia and Russia", "Influenza spread from the Ottoman Empire through Poland from July to October, and was spreading in the Baltics within 4 months.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Patterson\\\|first\\=Karl David\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Gr8GSzx8FdAC\\&q\\=influenza\\+in\\+the\\+middle\\+east\\+1580\\\|title\\=Pandemic Influenza, 1700\\-1900: A Study in Historical Epidemiology\\\|date\\=1986\\-01\\-01\\\|publisher\\=Rowman \\& Littlefield\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8476\\-7512\\-8\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=6}} At the time, the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\") was engaged in the [Livonian War](/wiki/Livonian_War \"Livonian War\") against Russia. [The Polish king](/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory \"Stephen Báthory\") dispatched a force of 48,000 men into Russia during the [Battle of Velikiye Luki](/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki \"Battle of Velikiye Luki\") from September 1 to 5, whilst the flu was spreading in Poland.", "From [Schleswig](/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig \"Duchy of Schleswig\") the epidemic spread quickly towards [Denmark–Norway](/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway \"Denmark–Norway\") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), eventually spreading to even [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\").{{Cite book\\\|last1\\=Gran\\\|first1\\=Gerhard von der Lippe\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=yg83AAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Influensa\\+1580\\+dansk\\\|title\\=Samtiden: tidsskrift for politik, litteratur og samfunnsspørsmål ...\\\|last2\\=Worm\\-Müller\\\|first2\\=Jacob Stenersen\\\|last3\\=Winsnes\\\|first3\\=Andreas Hofgaard\\\|date\\=1927\\\|publisher\\=Aschehoug\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=111\\\|language\\=da}} [Antonio Possevino](/wiki/Antonio_Possevino \"Antonio Possevino\"), a papal diplomat on assignment in Sweden, wrote on the 25 June 1580 that some children playing around [Stegeborg Castle](/wiki/Stegeborg_Castle \"Stegeborg Castle\") fell sick with an epidemic illness, possibly flu.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Ödberg\\\|first\\=F.\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dspkw\\-RI0mcC\\&dq\\=Influensan\\+1580\\+sverige\\&pg\\=PA79\\\|title\\=Om Anders Lorichs, K. Johan III: s ständige legat i Polen, och hans tid '(1569\\-1584\\)'\\\|date\\=1893\\\|publisher\\=Förf:n\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=79\\\|language\\=sv}} A new college outside [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") had to temporarily shut down due partly to the spreading epidemic.{{Cite book\\\|last\\=Anjou\\\|first\\=Lars Anton\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ALoXAAAAYAAJ\\&dq\\=Year\\+1580\\+in\\+Sweden\\&pg\\=PA565\\\|title\\=The History of the Reformation in Sweden\\\|date\\=1859\\\|publisher\\=Pudney \\& Russell\\\|isbn\\=\\\|location\\=\\\|pages\\=565\\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### FC Pelister (2002–2006\) {{BLP unreferenced section\\|date\=August 2023}} Michael Cvetkovski was born in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), Australia on 21 Nov 1987\. Cvetkovski started his professional career at age 8 with his local football club [Rockdale City Suns](/wiki/Rockdale_City_Suns "Rockdale City Suns"), in Sydney. Eager to develop his skills he moved to (Europe) [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia") at age 14 and signed with top league side [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister "FK Pelister"). Cvetkovski continued to develop as a football player and progressed through the youth system of Pelister playing consistently through each season, not long his performances caught the attention of the first team management of Pelister and was offered a 4\-year professional contract at age 18\. ### FC Belasica (2007–2008\) As a young skillful player Cvetkovski was sent out on loan to top\-tier side [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica "FK Belasica") to gain experience and receive exposure to top\-tier football in the country. It did not take long for Cvetkovski to show his football qualities as he was selected to represent Belasica internationally at the [Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale 2008](/wiki/Torneo_di_Viareggio "Torneo di Viareggio"). #### Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale 2008 [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica "FK Belasica") (Macedonia), [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan") (Italy), [FC Bari](/wiki/FC_Bari "FC Bari") (Italy), [Malaysian Indian](/wiki/Malaysian_Indian "Malaysian Indian") (Malaysia), were drawn in group D of the tournament. Cvetkovski made 3 appearances with FC Belasica and finished second on equal points with FC Bari, but due to goal difference FC Belasica did not qualify to the second round. ### FC Pelister (2008–2010\) After having a successful year at [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica "FK Belasica"), Cvetkovski returns to [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister "FK Pelister") in 2009 and makes his debut on the 15 August 2009\. [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister "FK Pelister") had an outstanding season finishing 4th on the table, 2009/10 season. Cvetkovski once again impressed with his performances, and after two seasons with [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister "FK Pelister") and 44 appearances decided to accept an offer from Persebaya 1927\. ### FC Persebaya 1927 (2010–2011\) On 20 December 2010 Cvetkovski transfers to [Persebaya 1927](/wiki/Persebaya_1927 "Persebaya 1927") and signs a 1\-year contract for an undisclosed amount. Cvetkovski made 24 appearances for [Persebaya 1927](https://web.archive.org/web/20110523072324/http://www.persebaya.co.id/) and scored 3 goals helping to secure the top position on the table for the 2010/11 season.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://bonek\-juga\-manusia.blogspot.com.au/2011/07/profil\-persebaya\-1927\-surabaya.html\\|title \= Bonek juga manusia: Profil Persebaya 1927 Surabaya\\|year \= 2011}} ### Kitchee SC (2011–2012\) On 21 August 2011, he has been offered a contract to play for [Kitchee](/wiki/Kitchee_SC "Kitchee SC") in the [2011–12 Hong Kong First Division League](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League "2011–12 Hong Kong First Division League") and [2012 AFC Cup](/wiki/2012_AFC_Cup "2012 AFC Cup"), after performing to the satisfaction of coach [Josep Gombau](/wiki/Josep_Gombau "Josep Gombau") in the pre\-season training matches in Spain.{{in lang\\|zh\-hk}}[傑志將與米高簽約](http://www.takungpao.com/sport/top/2011-08-21/921673.html) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823043308/http://www.takungpao.com/sport/top/2011\-08\-21/921673\.html \\|date\=23 August 2011 }} Ta Kung Pao. 21 August 2011 03:46:17 Due to goalkeeper [Li Jian](/wiki/Li_Jian_%28football_goalkeeper%2C_born_1985%29 "Li Jian (football goalkeeper, born 1985)")'s injury, Cvetkovski's registration was delayed in case a foreign goalkeeper was needed.{{in lang\\|zh\-hk}}[甘巴爾：不會「遙控」傑志](http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/11/09/14/WF-1404746.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401132558/http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/11/09/14/WF\-1404746\.htm \\|date\=1 April 2012 }} Ta Kung Pao. 14 September 2011\. But after [Guo Jianqiao](/wiki/Guo_Jianqiao "Guo Jianqiao") was signed from [Tai Chung FC](/wiki/Tai_Chung_FC "Tai Chung FC"), Cvetkovski's registration was also completed and he will be able to make his debut against [Hong Kong Sapling](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sapling "Hong Kong Sapling").{{in lang\\|zh\-hk}}[足球傑志羅致大中門將頂李健](http://www1.hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20110923&sec_id=25391&art_id=15638745) Apple Daily. 23 September 2011\. Michael made his first appearance in the Hong Kong First Division League as a second\-half substitute on 25 September 2011 in the match against [Hong Kong Sapling](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sapling "Hong Kong Sapling"), which Kitchee won 6:0\.[Kitchee vs Hong Kong Sapling. Match Details.](http://www.hkfa.com/en/match_result.php?match_date=2011-09-25&match_id=9272#9272) HKFA.com 25 September 2011\. But on 1 December, Ken Ng announced that as Michael cannot adapt to Kitchee's playing style, and on the request of Cvetkovski that he be released from the club.{{in lang\\|zh\-hk}}[足球傑志放棄澳洲中堅](http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20111202&sec_id=25391&subsec_id=25392&art_id=15854617) 2 December 2011\. Cvetkovski was interviewed and quoted," I and Mr Ken have had some minor indifference's I've decided that it is best i leave". ### FC Rabotnički (2012–2013\) In 2012, he returned to Macedonia signing with top league side [FC Rabotnicki](/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki "FK Rabotnički").[Michael Cvetkovski](https://int.soccerway.com/players/mihael-cvetkovski/98606/) at Soccerway ### Yangon United (2013–2014\) On 4 January 2013, he transfers to [Yangon United](/wiki/Yangon_United "Yangon United") from [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar"). Cvetkovski won the 2013 Myanmar Championship with Yangon United and also led the club to the [2013 AFC Cup](/wiki/2013_AFC_Cup "2013 AFC Cup") Round of 16 for the first time in the club's history. He made 30 appearances and scored 3 goals for the club in all competitions. #### 2013 AFC Cup Yangon United qualify for the top 16 of the [2013 AFC Cup](/wiki/2013_AFC_Cup "2013 AFC Cup") after finishing top of there group. ### FC Belasica (2014/3\-2014/9\) On 2014 March, Cvetkovski returns to Macedonia, he signed a short\-term deal with [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica "FK Belasica"). ### FC Pelister (2014/9\-2015\) In September 2014, Cvetkovski returned to [FC Pelister](/wiki/FC_Pelister "FC Pelister"), [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia") on a short\-term deal. ### Siam Navy FC (2015–2016\) In January 2015, Cvetkovski signed with [Royal Thai Navy F.C.](/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy_F.C. "Royal Thai Navy F.C."), in the [Thai Premier League](/wiki/Thai_Premier_League "Thai Premier League") on a one\-year contract. ### FC Pelister (2016–2017\) Returns to home club [FC Pelister](/wiki/FC_Pelister "FC Pelister"), [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia") signs two\-year contract.	[ "Career\n------", "### FC Pelister (2002–2006\\)", "{{BLP unreferenced section\\\|date\\=August 2023}}\nMichael Cvetkovski was born in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), Australia on 21 Nov 1987\\. Cvetkovski started his professional career at age 8 with his local football club [Rockdale City Suns](/wiki/Rockdale_City_Suns \"Rockdale City Suns\"), in Sydney. Eager to develop his skills he moved to (Europe) [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia \"Republic of Macedonia\") at age 14 and signed with top league side [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister \"FK Pelister\"). Cvetkovski continued to develop as a football player and progressed through the youth system of Pelister playing consistently through each season, not long his performances caught the attention of the first team management of Pelister and was offered a 4\\-year professional contract at age 18\\.", "### FC Belasica (2007–2008\\)", "As a young skillful player Cvetkovski was sent out on loan to top\\-tier side [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica \"FK Belasica\") to gain experience and receive exposure to top\\-tier football in the country. It did not take long for Cvetkovski to show his football qualities as he was selected to represent Belasica internationally at the [Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale 2008](/wiki/Torneo_di_Viareggio \"Torneo di Viareggio\").", "#### Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale 2008", "[FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica \"FK Belasica\") (Macedonia), [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\") (Italy), [FC Bari](/wiki/FC_Bari \"FC Bari\") (Italy), [Malaysian Indian](/wiki/Malaysian_Indian \"Malaysian Indian\") (Malaysia), were drawn in group D of the tournament. Cvetkovski made 3 appearances with FC Belasica and finished second on equal points with FC Bari, but due to goal difference FC Belasica did not qualify to the second round.", "### FC Pelister (2008–2010\\)", "After having a successful year at [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica \"FK Belasica\"), Cvetkovski returns to [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister \"FK Pelister\") in 2009 and makes his debut on the 15 August 2009\\. [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister \"FK Pelister\") had an outstanding season finishing 4th on the table, 2009/10 season. Cvetkovski once again impressed with his performances, and after two seasons with [FC Pelister](/wiki/FK_Pelister \"FK Pelister\") and 44 appearances decided to accept an offer from Persebaya 1927\\.", "### FC Persebaya 1927 (2010–2011\\)", "On 20 December 2010 Cvetkovski transfers to [Persebaya 1927](/wiki/Persebaya_1927 \"Persebaya 1927\") and signs a 1\\-year contract for an undisclosed amount. Cvetkovski made 24 appearances for [Persebaya 1927](https://web.archive.org/web/20110523072324/http://www.persebaya.co.id/) and scored 3 goals helping to secure the top position on the table for the 2010/11 season.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://bonek\\-juga\\-manusia.blogspot.com.au/2011/07/profil\\-persebaya\\-1927\\-surabaya.html\\\|title \\= Bonek juga manusia: Profil Persebaya 1927 Surabaya\\\|year \\= 2011}}", "### Kitchee SC (2011–2012\\)", "On 21 August 2011, he has been offered a contract to play for [Kitchee](/wiki/Kitchee_SC \"Kitchee SC\") in the [2011–12 Hong Kong First Division League](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League \"2011–12 Hong Kong First Division League\") and [2012 AFC Cup](/wiki/2012_AFC_Cup \"2012 AFC Cup\"), after performing to the satisfaction of coach [Josep Gombau](/wiki/Josep_Gombau \"Josep Gombau\") in the pre\\-season training matches in Spain.{{in lang\\\|zh\\-hk}}[傑志將與米高簽約](http://www.takungpao.com/sport/top/2011-08-21/921673.html) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823043308/http://www.takungpao.com/sport/top/2011\\-08\\-21/921673\\.html \\\|date\\=23 August 2011 }} Ta Kung Pao. 21 August 2011 03:46:17 Due to goalkeeper [Li Jian](/wiki/Li_Jian_%28football_goalkeeper%2C_born_1985%29 \"Li Jian (football goalkeeper, born 1985)\")'s injury, Cvetkovski's registration was delayed in case a foreign goalkeeper was needed.{{in lang\\\|zh\\-hk}}[甘巴爾：不會「遙控」傑志](http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/11/09/14/WF-1404746.htm) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401132558/http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/11/09/14/WF\\-1404746\\.htm \\\|date\\=1 April 2012 }} Ta Kung Pao. 14 September 2011\\. But after [Guo Jianqiao](/wiki/Guo_Jianqiao \"Guo Jianqiao\") was signed from [Tai Chung FC](/wiki/Tai_Chung_FC \"Tai Chung FC\"), Cvetkovski's registration was also completed and he will be able to make his debut against [Hong Kong Sapling](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sapling \"Hong Kong Sapling\").{{in lang\\\|zh\\-hk}}[足球傑志羅致大中門將頂李健](http://www1.hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20110923&sec_id=25391&art_id=15638745) Apple Daily. 23 September 2011\\. Michael made his first appearance in the Hong Kong First Division League as a second\\-half substitute on 25 September 2011 in the match against [Hong Kong Sapling](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sapling \"Hong Kong Sapling\"), which Kitchee won 6:0\\.[Kitchee vs Hong Kong Sapling. Match Details.](http://www.hkfa.com/en/match_result.php?match_date=2011-09-25&match_id=9272#9272) HKFA.com 25 September 2011\\. But on 1 December, Ken Ng announced that as Michael cannot adapt to Kitchee's playing style, and on the request of Cvetkovski that he be released from the club.{{in lang\\\|zh\\-hk}}[足球傑志放棄澳洲中堅](http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20111202&sec_id=25391&subsec_id=25392&art_id=15854617) 2 December 2011\\. Cvetkovski was interviewed and quoted,\" I and Mr Ken have had some minor indifference's I've decided that it is best i leave\".", "### FC Rabotnički (2012–2013\\)", "In 2012, he returned to Macedonia signing with top league side [FC Rabotnicki](/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki \"FK Rabotnički\").[Michael Cvetkovski](https://int.soccerway.com/players/mihael-cvetkovski/98606/) at Soccerway", "### Yangon United (2013–2014\\)", "On 4 January 2013, he transfers to [Yangon United](/wiki/Yangon_United \"Yangon United\") from [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\").", "Cvetkovski won the 2013 Myanmar Championship with Yangon United and also led the club to the [2013 AFC Cup](/wiki/2013_AFC_Cup \"2013 AFC Cup\") Round of 16 for the first time in the club's history.", "He made 30 appearances and scored 3 goals for the club in all competitions.", "#### 2013 AFC Cup", "Yangon United qualify for the top 16 of the [2013 AFC Cup](/wiki/2013_AFC_Cup \"2013 AFC Cup\") after finishing top of there group.", "### FC Belasica (2014/3\\-2014/9\\)", "On 2014 March, Cvetkovski returns to Macedonia, he signed a short\\-term deal with [FC Belasica](/wiki/FK_Belasica \"FK Belasica\").", "### FC Pelister (2014/9\\-2015\\)", "In September 2014, Cvetkovski returned to [FC Pelister](/wiki/FC_Pelister \"FC Pelister\"), [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia \"Republic of Macedonia\") on a short\\-term deal.", "### Siam Navy FC (2015–2016\\)", "In January 2015, Cvetkovski signed with [Royal Thai Navy F.C.](/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy_F.C. \"Royal Thai Navy F.C.\"), in the [Thai Premier League](/wiki/Thai_Premier_League \"Thai Premier League\") on a one\\-year contract.", "### FC Pelister (2016–2017\\)", "Returns to home club [FC Pelister](/wiki/FC_Pelister \"FC Pelister\"), [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia \"Republic of Macedonia\") signs two\\-year contract.", "" ]
History ------- From 1961–1967 [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas "Dallas, Texas") hosted the national pageant, and it moved to [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas "Fort Worth, Texas") from 1968–1973\. Afterwards, different cities throughout the United States hosted the national pageant. Unlike today's [Miss Teen USA](/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA "Miss Teen USA") and [Miss America's Outstanding Teen](/wiki/Miss_America%27s_Outstanding_Teen "Miss America's Outstanding Teen"), the pageant featured girls representing cities and not states. The contestants aged between 13 and 17\. There was also a talent segment. The organizers experimented with the finalist formats until 1967, when it was fixed at eight finalists and then the top four. Finalists were always announced the night before the finals. Winners received a four\-year college scholarship, a car from Chrysler or Dodge, cash, a personal appearance contract, as well as Dr. Pepper and American Airline stock. A 1976 book attributed to [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope"), [Erma Bombeck](/wiki/Erma_Bombeck "Erma Bombeck") and Judith Houghton was titled "Miss Teenage America Tells How to Make Good Things Happen." The proceeds went into a scholarship fund for contestants. The organization also printed and sold punch out paper doll sets featuring the reigning queen. Hosts over the years included [Sally Field](/wiki/Sally_Field "Sally Field"), [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson"), [Betty White](/wiki/Betty_White "Betty White"), [Allen Ludden](/wiki/Allen_Ludden "Allen Ludden"), [Bob Barker](/wiki/Bob_Barker "Bob Barker"), and [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark "Dick Clark"). In 1975, [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") broadcast it. [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope") hosted in 1976\. Other notable hosts include [Bud Collyer](/wiki/Bud_Collyer "Bud Collyer") and [John Davidson](/wiki/John_Davidson_%28entertainer%29 "John Davidson (entertainer)"), and [Richard Thomas](/wiki/Richard_Thomas_%28actor%29 "Richard Thomas (actor)"). On February 15, 1979 the event was held at the [Grand Ole Opry](/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry "Grand Ole Opry") House in [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee") with [Anson Williams](/wiki/Anson_Williams "Anson Williams") hosting. The pageant organization began to disintegrate in 1979\. Instead of being televised nationally on a single network, the 1979 show was sold through syndication, playing on 64 different stations on 13 different nights, leaving little suspense as to who was going to win. Dr. Pepper suspended local contests in the hopes of getting a new national network deal, which did not occur.(6 July 1980\). [Beauty pageant future uncertain](https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-daily-plainsman-jul-06-1980-p-29/), Huron Daily Plainsman (Associated Press) Dr. Pepper sold the pageant rights to [Teen Magazine](/wiki/Teen_%28magazine%29 "Teen (magazine)") in 1981, who completely transformed the event into a mail\-in contest which evaluated grades and volunteer work.[Bitch magazine](https://books.google.com/books?id=HIO1AAAAIAAJ&q=%22miss+teenage+america%22+%22teen+magazine%22+1981) ("1981: 'Teen magazine purchases the Miss Teenage America Pageant and turns it into a mail\-in contest based on grades and volunteer work.") The event ended after the 1998 Miss Teenage America was crowned, and Teen Magazine itself ceased operations in 2009\. The unassociated [Miss Teen USA](/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA "Miss Teen USA") pageant was essentially a TV replacement for Miss Teenage America, and first held in 1983\.	[ "History\n-------", "From 1961–1967 [Dallas, Texas](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas \"Dallas, Texas\") hosted the national pageant, and it moved to [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\") from 1968–1973\\. Afterwards, different cities throughout the United States hosted the national pageant.", "Unlike today's [Miss Teen USA](/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA \"Miss Teen USA\") and [Miss America's Outstanding Teen](/wiki/Miss_America%27s_Outstanding_Teen \"Miss America's Outstanding Teen\"), the pageant featured girls representing cities and not states. The contestants aged between 13 and 17\\. There was also a talent segment. The organizers experimented with the finalist formats until 1967, when it was fixed at eight finalists and then the top four. Finalists were always announced the night before the finals. Winners received a four\\-year college scholarship, a car from Chrysler or Dodge, cash, a personal appearance contract, as well as Dr. Pepper and American Airline stock.", "A 1976 book attributed to [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\"), [Erma Bombeck](/wiki/Erma_Bombeck \"Erma Bombeck\") and Judith Houghton was titled \"Miss Teenage America Tells How to Make Good Things Happen.\" The proceeds went into a scholarship fund for contestants. The organization also printed and sold punch out paper doll sets featuring the reigning queen.", "Hosts over the years included [Sally Field](/wiki/Sally_Field \"Sally Field\"), [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\"), [Betty White](/wiki/Betty_White \"Betty White\"), [Allen Ludden](/wiki/Allen_Ludden \"Allen Ludden\"), [Bob Barker](/wiki/Bob_Barker \"Bob Barker\"), and [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark \"Dick Clark\"). In 1975, [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") broadcast it. [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\") hosted in 1976\\. Other notable hosts include [Bud Collyer](/wiki/Bud_Collyer \"Bud Collyer\") and [John Davidson](/wiki/John_Davidson_%28entertainer%29 \"John Davidson (entertainer)\"), and [Richard Thomas](/wiki/Richard_Thomas_%28actor%29 \"Richard Thomas (actor)\"). On February 15, 1979 the event was held at the [Grand Ole Opry](/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry \"Grand Ole Opry\") House in [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\") with [Anson Williams](/wiki/Anson_Williams \"Anson Williams\") hosting.", "The pageant organization began to disintegrate in 1979\\. Instead of being televised nationally on a single network, the 1979 show was sold through syndication, playing on 64 different stations on 13 different nights, leaving little suspense as to who was going to win. Dr. Pepper suspended local contests in the hopes of getting a new national network deal, which did not occur.(6 July 1980\\). [Beauty pageant future uncertain](https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-daily-plainsman-jul-06-1980-p-29/), Huron Daily Plainsman (Associated Press)", "Dr. Pepper sold the pageant rights to [Teen Magazine](/wiki/Teen_%28magazine%29 \"Teen (magazine)\") in 1981, who completely transformed the event into a mail\\-in contest which evaluated grades and volunteer work.[Bitch magazine](https://books.google.com/books?id=HIO1AAAAIAAJ&q=%22miss+teenage+america%22+%22teen+magazine%22+1981) (\"1981: 'Teen magazine purchases the Miss Teenage America Pageant and turns it into a mail\\-in contest based on grades and volunteer work.\") The event ended after the 1998 Miss Teenage America was crowned, and Teen Magazine itself ceased operations in 2009\\.", "The unassociated [Miss Teen USA](/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA \"Miss Teen USA\") pageant was essentially a TV replacement for Miss Teenage America, and first held in 1983\\.", "" ]
Armenian Apostolic Church ------------------------- [thumb\\|left\\|The Armenian Prelature of Cyprus in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos "Strovolos"), Nicosia](/wiki/File:Armenian_Prelature_building_in_Nicosia.jpg "Armenian Prelature building in Nicosia.jpg") The [Armenian Prelature of Cyprus](/wiki/Armenian_Diocese_of_Cyprus "Armenian Diocese of Cyprus") (Առաջնորդարան Հայոց Կիպրոսի) was established in 973 by Catholicos [Khatchig I](/wiki/Khachig_I_of_Armenia "Khachig I of Armenia") and ever since it has maintained a continuous presence on the island. In the years that followed, some of its Prelates participated in important church synods, such as Tateos (who participated in the Council of [Hromkla](/wiki/Rumkale "Rumkale") in 1179\), Nigoghaos (who participated in the Synod of [Sis](/wiki/Sis_%28Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia%29 "Sis (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)") in 1307\) and Krikor (who participated in a conference of Greek Orthodox Bishops in Cyprus in 1340\). The antiquity of the Armenian Church in Cyprus was confirmed by a bull of [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X "Pope Leo X"), which was issued in 1519 after multiple discords, according to which the Armenian Prelate would be senior to and take precedence over the [Maronite](/wiki/Maronite_Church "Maronite Church"), [Jacobite](/wiki/Jacobite_Church "Jacobite Church") and [Coptic](/wiki/Coptic_Church "Coptic Church") Prelates. Historically, the Prelature has been under the jurisdiction of the [Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia "Holy See of Cilicia"), while today it is the oldest [theme](/wiki/Diocese "Diocese") that falls under its jurisdiction. In the past, for various reasons, it was at times under the [Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem](/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem "Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem") (1775–1799, 1812–1837, 1848–1861, 1865–1877, 1888–1897, 1898–1908\), the [Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople "Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople") (1799–1812, 1861–1864, 1877–1888, 1897–1898, 1908–1921\), even the [Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin](/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin "Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin") (1864–1865\). Cyprus was the place of refuge for two exile Patriarchs of Constantinople, Archbishop Tavit Areveltsi (1644\-1648\) and Senior Archimandrite Krikor Basmadjian (1773\-1775\). The current Prelate, a Catholicosal Vicar General, is as of 2014 *Archbishop Nareg Alemezian. The parish priest in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") is Fr. Momik Habeshian* (since 2000\), while the parish priest in [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca") and [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol") is *Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian* (since 1992\). For centuries, the Prelature building was located within the Armenian compound in Victoria street in walled Nicosia; when that area was taken over by [Turkish Cypriots](/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots "Turkish Cypriots") in 1963–1964, the Prelature was temporarily housed in Aram Ouzounian street (1964–1968\) and, later on, in Kyriakos Matsis street in [Ayios Dhometios](/wiki/Ayios_Dhometios "Ayios Dhometios") (1968–1984\). Thanks to the efforts of Bishop Zareh Aznavorian and with financial aid from the [Evangelical Church of Westphalia](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Westphalia "Evangelical Church of Westphalia"), the new Prelature building was erected in 1983, next to the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin") church and the Nareg school in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia"), by architects Athos Dikaios \& Alkis Dikaios; it was officially inaugurated on 4 March 1984, during the pastoral visit of Catholicos [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_I "Karekin I"). By initiative of Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian "Varoujan Hergelian"), in 1998 the basement of the building was renovated and the "Vahram Utidjian" Hall was formed; previously a store room, it became a reality from the proceeds of the auction in 1994 of the art collection that Vahram Utidjian had donated to the Prelature in 1954\. It was inaugurated on 3 February 1999 by Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I"); numerous charity, communal and cultural events take place there. The Prelature's consistory houses a collection of ecclesiastical relics, some of which were previously in the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") church or the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar"). [thumb\\|right\\|The Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus with Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I") (2008\)](/wiki/File:Armenian_Ethnarchy_of_Cyprus.JPG "Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus.JPG") The current Charter of the Prelature, first drafted in 1945 and ratified in 1950, consists of 102 articles and, in its present form, applies as of 3 September 2010\. The administration is exercised by the Armenian Ethnarchy (Ազգային Իշխանութիւն) through the Diocesan Council \[*Թեմական Ժողով* (Temagan Joghov), consisting of the Prelate, two priests and twelve elected lay persons \- 7 for Nicosia, 3 for Larnaca, 1 for Limassol and 1 for Famagusta] and the Administrative Council \[*Վարչական Ժողով* (Varchagan Joghov), presided by the Prelate and consisting of seven lay persons appointed by the Temagan], currently chaired by *Sebouh Tavitian* (as of 2007\) and *John Guevherian* (as of 2011\), respectively. As of 1998, the elected Representative is ex officio a member of the Diocesan Council. There are also the *local parish committees* (թաղական հոգաբարձութիւններ, one in [Nicosia](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin"), one in [Larnaca](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos "Sourp Stepanos") and one in [Limassol](/wiki/Sourp_Kevork "Sourp Kevork")), the *committee for Christian instruction* (Քրիստոնէական դաստիարակութեան յանձնախումբ) and the *Ladies' committee* (Տիկնանց յանձնախումբ). Under the committee for Christian instruction are the *Sunday schools* (Կիրակնօրեայ վարժարաններ) and the *youth committee* (երիտասարդական յանձնախումբ). According to the Decision of the Council of Ministers 66\.589/19–12–2007, the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus receives an annual grant of €59,800 by the [Republic of Cyprus](/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus "Republic of Cyprus"); the Republic also pays the salaries of the Prelature's clergy and covers their medical and health care (Decision of the Council of Ministers 48\.166/22–07–1998). The same arrangements apply for the Maronite Archbishopric of Cyprus and the Latin Vicariate of Cyprus (the latter, however, receives an annual grant of €51,260\). ### List of Prelates Below is the list of Prelates of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus, according to available information. Unfortunately, there are some gaps: \|Year Prelate Year Prelate Year Prelate Year Prelate Year Prelate \| \| \| ... 1179 ... \| Bishop Tateos \| 1679 \| Archimandrite Vartan \| 1822 \| Archimandrite Kapriel \| 1874–1876 \| Archimandrite Mesrob Ghaltakhdjian \| 1936–1940 \| Archimandrite Barouyr Minassian \| \| ... 1307 ... \| Bishop Nigoghaos \| 1704–1705 \| Archimandrite Minas \| 1827–1833 \| Archimandrite Haroutiun \| 1876–1877 \| Archimandrite Garabed Pakradouni \| 1940–1946 \| archpriest Khoren Kouligian \| \| ... 1340 ... \| Bishop Krikor \| 1715 \| Archimandrite Tavit \| 1837–... \| Bishop Hovhannes \| 1878–1880 \| archpriest Hovhannes Hunkiarbeyendian \| 1946–1957 \| Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan \| \| 1421–1425 \| Bishop Levon \| 1715–1735 \| Archimandrite Haroutiun \| 1842–1843 \| Patriarch Zakaria Gopetsi \| 1880–1881 \| Archimandrite Zakaria Yeghissian \| 1957–1958 \| archpriest Khoren Kouligian \| \| 1446–1467 \| Bishop Sarkis \| 1718 \| Archimandrite Tateos \| 1844 \| Archimandrite Tateos \| 1881–1883 \| Archimandrite Movses Geomrukdjian \| 1958–1967 \| Senior Archimandrite Yervant Apelian \| \| 1504–1515 \| Bishop Tavit \| 1736 \| Archimandrite Mardiros \| 1846–1848 \| Archbishop Hovhannes \| 1884 \| priest Hovhannes Papazian \| 1967–1968 \| priest Vazken Sandrouni \| \| 1553–1567 \| Bishop Ghougas \| 1744–1745 \| Bishop Tavit \| 1848 \| Bishop Hovhannes Yetessian \| 1885–1889 \| priest Hovhannes Shahinian \| 1968–1973 \| Senior Archimandrite Arsen Avedikian \| \| 1567 \| Bishop Hovhannes \| 1751–1753 \| Archimandrite Hovsep \| 1851 \| Archimandrite Kevork \| 1889–1896 \| Archimandrite Khoren Portoukalian \| 1974–1977 \| Bishop Nerses Pakhdigian \| \| 1568 \| Bishop Hovhannes \| 1773–1775 \| Senior Archimandrite Krikor Basmadjian \| 1854 \| Bishop Hovhannes Mamigonian \| 1896–1897 \| priest Ghevont Der Nahabedian \| 1977–1983 \| Bishop Zareh Aznavorian \| \| 1581 \| hieromonk Sdepanos \| 1779 \| Bishop Mardiros \| 1856 \| Bishop Apraham Bulbul \| 1897–1899 \| priest Hovhannes Shahinian \| 1983–1997 \| Senior Archimandrite Yeghishe Mandjikian \| \| 1618 \| monk Vartan \| 1783–1789 \| Bishop Hagop \| 1857–1859 \| Archimandrite Boghos \| 1899–1905 \| Archimandrite [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia") \| 1997–2014 \| Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian "Varoujan Hergelian") \| \| 1642 \| Archimandrite Mesrob \| 1799–1812 \| Archbishop Hovhannes \| 1859–1861 \| Archimandrite Atanas \| 1906–1909 \| Archimandrite Yeremia Liforian \| 2014\-... \| Archbishop Nareg Alemezian \| \| 1644\-1647 \| Archbishop Tavit \| 1812 \| Archimandrite Bedros \| ...–1865 \| Archimandrite Tateos Yeretsian \| 1910–1912 \| priest Ghevont Der Nahabedian \| \| \| \| 1665 \| Abbot Sahag \| 1814 \| Archimandrite Sdepanos \| 1865–1867 \| Archimandrite Ghougas Khanigian \| 1912–1917 \| priest Sahag Minassian \| \| \| \| 1668 \| Archimandrite Hovhannes \| 1816 \| Archimandrite Teotoros \| 1870–1872 \| Archimandrite Vartan Mamigonian \| 1918–1919 \| Senior Archimandrite Yervant Perdahdjian \| \| \| \| 1670 \| Bishop Melidon \| 1817–1819 \| Bishop Tionesios Garabedian \| 1872–1873 \| Archimandrite Movses Geomrukdjian \| 1920 \| Archbishop Taniel Hagopian \| \| \| \| 1675–1695 \| Archimandrite Sarkis \| 1821 \| Archimandrite Sdepanos \| 1873–1874 \| Archimandrite Maghakia Derounian \| 1921–1936 \| Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia") \| \| \|	[ "Armenian Apostolic Church\n-------------------------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The Armenian Prelature of Cyprus in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos \"Strovolos\"), Nicosia](/wiki/File:Armenian_Prelature_building_in_Nicosia.jpg \"Armenian Prelature building in Nicosia.jpg\")", "The [Armenian Prelature of Cyprus](/wiki/Armenian_Diocese_of_Cyprus \"Armenian Diocese of Cyprus\") (Առաջնորդարան Հայոց Կիպրոսի) was established in 973 by Catholicos [Khatchig I](/wiki/Khachig_I_of_Armenia \"Khachig I of Armenia\") and ever since it has maintained a continuous presence on the island. In the years that followed, some of its Prelates participated in important church synods, such as Tateos (who participated in the Council of [Hromkla](/wiki/Rumkale \"Rumkale\") in 1179\\), Nigoghaos (who participated in the Synod of [Sis](/wiki/Sis_%28Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia%29 \"Sis (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)\") in 1307\\) and Krikor (who participated in a conference of Greek Orthodox Bishops in Cyprus in 1340\\). The antiquity of the Armenian Church in Cyprus was confirmed by a bull of [Pope Leo X](/wiki/Pope_Leo_X \"Pope Leo X\"), which was issued in 1519 after multiple discords, according to which the Armenian Prelate would be senior to and take precedence over the [Maronite](/wiki/Maronite_Church \"Maronite Church\"), [Jacobite](/wiki/Jacobite_Church \"Jacobite Church\") and [Coptic](/wiki/Coptic_Church \"Coptic Church\") Prelates.", "Historically, the Prelature has been under the jurisdiction of the [Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia \"Holy See of Cilicia\"), while today it is the oldest [theme](/wiki/Diocese \"Diocese\") that falls under its jurisdiction. In the past, for various reasons, it was at times under the [Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem](/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem \"Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem\") (1775–1799, 1812–1837, 1848–1861, 1865–1877, 1888–1897, 1898–1908\\), the [Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople \"Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople\") (1799–1812, 1861–1864, 1877–1888, 1897–1898, 1908–1921\\), even the [Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin](/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin \"Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin\") (1864–1865\\). Cyprus was the place of refuge for two exile Patriarchs of Constantinople, Archbishop Tavit Areveltsi (1644\\-1648\\) and Senior Archimandrite Krikor Basmadjian (1773\\-1775\\). The current Prelate, a Catholicosal Vicar General, is as of 2014 *Archbishop Nareg Alemezian. The parish priest in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") is Fr. Momik Habeshian* (since 2000\\), while the parish priest in [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\") and [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\") is *Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian* (since 1992\\).", "For centuries, the Prelature building was located within the Armenian compound in Victoria street in walled Nicosia; when that area was taken over by [Turkish Cypriots](/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots \"Turkish Cypriots\") in 1963–1964, the Prelature was temporarily housed in Aram Ouzounian street (1964–1968\\) and, later on, in Kyriakos Matsis street in [Ayios Dhometios](/wiki/Ayios_Dhometios \"Ayios Dhometios\") (1968–1984\\). Thanks to the efforts of Bishop Zareh Aznavorian and with financial aid from the [Evangelical Church of Westphalia](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Westphalia \"Evangelical Church of Westphalia\"), the new Prelature building was erected in 1983, next to the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\") church and the Nareg school in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\"), by architects Athos Dikaios \\& Alkis Dikaios; it was officially inaugurated on 4 March 1984, during the pastoral visit of Catholicos [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_I \"Karekin I\"). By initiative of Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian \"Varoujan Hergelian\"), in 1998 the basement of the building was renovated and the \"Vahram Utidjian\" Hall was formed; previously a store room, it became a reality from the proceeds of the auction in 1994 of the art collection that Vahram Utidjian had donated to the Prelature in 1954\\. It was inaugurated on 3 February 1999 by Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\"); numerous charity, communal and cultural events take place there. The Prelature's consistory houses a collection of ecclesiastical relics, some of which were previously in the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") church or the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus with Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\") (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Armenian_Ethnarchy_of_Cyprus.JPG \"Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus.JPG\")", "The current Charter of the Prelature, first drafted in 1945 and ratified in 1950, consists of 102 articles and, in its present form, applies as of 3 September 2010\\. The administration is exercised by the Armenian Ethnarchy (Ազգային Իշխանութիւն) through the Diocesan Council \\[*Թեմական Ժողով* (Temagan Joghov), consisting of the Prelate, two priests and twelve elected lay persons \\- 7 for Nicosia, 3 for Larnaca, 1 for Limassol and 1 for Famagusta] and the Administrative Council \\[*Վարչական Ժողով* (Varchagan Joghov), presided by the Prelate and consisting of seven lay persons appointed by the Temagan], currently chaired by *Sebouh Tavitian* (as of 2007\\) and *John Guevherian* (as of 2011\\), respectively. As of 1998, the elected Representative is ex officio a member of the Diocesan Council. There are also the *local parish committees* (թաղական հոգաբարձութիւններ, one in [Nicosia](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\"), one in [Larnaca](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos \"Sourp Stepanos\") and one in [Limassol](/wiki/Sourp_Kevork \"Sourp Kevork\")), the *committee for Christian instruction* (Քրիստոնէական դաստիարակութեան յանձնախումբ) and the *Ladies' committee* (Տիկնանց յանձնախումբ). Under the committee for Christian instruction are the *Sunday schools* (Կիրակնօրեայ վարժարաններ) and the *youth committee* (երիտասարդական յանձնախումբ).", "According to the Decision of the Council of Ministers 66\\.589/19–12–2007, the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus receives an annual grant of €59,800 by the [Republic of Cyprus](/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus \"Republic of Cyprus\"); the Republic also pays the salaries of the Prelature's clergy and covers their medical and health care (Decision of the Council of Ministers 48\\.166/22–07–1998). The same arrangements apply for the Maronite Archbishopric of Cyprus and the Latin Vicariate of Cyprus (the latter, however, receives an annual grant of €51,260\\).", "### List of Prelates", "Below is the list of Prelates of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus, according to available information. Unfortunately, there are some gaps:", "", "\|Year", "Prelate", "Year", "Prelate", "Year", "Prelate", "Year", "Prelate", "Year", "Prelate", "\| \|\n\| ... 1179 ... \| Bishop Tateos \| 1679 \| Archimandrite Vartan \| 1822 \| Archimandrite Kapriel \| 1874–1876 \| Archimandrite Mesrob Ghaltakhdjian \| 1936–1940 \| Archimandrite Barouyr Minassian \|\n\| ... 1307 ... \| Bishop Nigoghaos \| 1704–1705 \| Archimandrite Minas \| 1827–1833 \| Archimandrite Haroutiun \| 1876–1877 \| Archimandrite Garabed Pakradouni \| 1940–1946 \| archpriest Khoren Kouligian \|\n\| ... 1340 ... \| Bishop Krikor \| 1715 \| Archimandrite Tavit \| 1837–... \| Bishop Hovhannes \| 1878–1880 \| archpriest Hovhannes Hunkiarbeyendian \| 1946–1957 \| Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan \|\n\| 1421–1425 \| Bishop Levon \| 1715–1735 \| Archimandrite Haroutiun \| 1842–1843 \| Patriarch Zakaria Gopetsi \| 1880–1881 \| Archimandrite Zakaria Yeghissian \| 1957–1958 \| archpriest Khoren Kouligian \|\n\| 1446–1467 \| Bishop Sarkis \| 1718 \| Archimandrite Tateos \| 1844 \| Archimandrite Tateos \| 1881–1883 \| Archimandrite Movses Geomrukdjian \| 1958–1967 \| Senior Archimandrite Yervant Apelian \|\n\| 1504–1515 \| Bishop Tavit \| 1736 \| Archimandrite Mardiros \| 1846–1848 \| Archbishop Hovhannes \| 1884 \| priest Hovhannes Papazian \| 1967–1968 \| priest Vazken Sandrouni \|\n\| 1553–1567 \| Bishop Ghougas \| 1744–1745 \| Bishop Tavit \| 1848 \| Bishop Hovhannes Yetessian \| 1885–1889 \| priest Hovhannes Shahinian \| 1968–1973 \| Senior Archimandrite Arsen Avedikian \|\n\| 1567 \| Bishop Hovhannes \| 1751–1753 \| Archimandrite Hovsep \| 1851 \| Archimandrite Kevork \| 1889–1896 \| Archimandrite Khoren Portoukalian \| 1974–1977 \| Bishop Nerses Pakhdigian \|\n\| 1568 \| Bishop Hovhannes \| 1773–1775 \| Senior Archimandrite Krikor Basmadjian \| 1854 \| Bishop Hovhannes Mamigonian \| 1896–1897 \| priest Ghevont Der Nahabedian \| 1977–1983 \| Bishop Zareh Aznavorian \|\n\| 1581 \| hieromonk Sdepanos \| 1779 \| Bishop Mardiros \| 1856 \| Bishop Apraham Bulbul \| 1897–1899 \| priest Hovhannes Shahinian \| 1983–1997 \| Senior Archimandrite Yeghishe Mandjikian \|\n\| 1618 \| monk Vartan \| 1783–1789 \| Bishop Hagop \| 1857–1859 \| Archimandrite Boghos \| 1899–1905 \| Archimandrite [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\") \| 1997–2014 \| Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian \"Varoujan Hergelian\") \|\n\| 1642 \| Archimandrite Mesrob \| 1799–1812 \| Archbishop Hovhannes \| 1859–1861 \| Archimandrite Atanas \| 1906–1909 \| Archimandrite Yeremia Liforian \| 2014\\-... \| Archbishop Nareg Alemezian \|\n\| 1644\\-1647 \| Archbishop Tavit \| 1812 \| Archimandrite Bedros \| ...–1865 \| Archimandrite Tateos Yeretsian \| 1910–1912 \| priest Ghevont Der Nahabedian \| \| \|\n\| 1665 \| Abbot Sahag \| 1814 \| Archimandrite Sdepanos \| 1865–1867 \| Archimandrite Ghougas Khanigian \| 1912–1917 \| priest Sahag Minassian \| \| \|\n\| 1668 \| Archimandrite Hovhannes \| 1816 \| Archimandrite Teotoros \| 1870–1872 \| Archimandrite Vartan Mamigonian \| 1918–1919 \| Senior Archimandrite Yervant Perdahdjian \| \| \|\n\| 1670 \| Bishop Melidon \| 1817–1819 \| Bishop Tionesios Garabedian \| 1872–1873 \| Archimandrite Movses Geomrukdjian \| 1920 \| Archbishop Taniel Hagopian \| \| \|\n\| 1675–1695 \| Archimandrite Sarkis \| 1821 \| Archimandrite Sdepanos \| 1873–1874 \| Archimandrite Maghakia Derounian \| 1921–1936 \| Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\") \| \| \|", "" ]
Places of worship ----------------- There are five [Armenian churches](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church "Armenian Apostolic Church"), two in the capital [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") (one under Turkish occupation since 1964\) and one in each [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca"), [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol") and [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta"); the latter has been occupied by the Turks since 1964\. Additionally, there are three Armenian chapels in the vicinity of Nicosia and one within the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") complex, the latter under also under Turkish occupation since 1974\. There is also an [Armenian Evangelical church](/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church "Armenian Evangelical Church") in Nicosia (under Turkish occupation since 1964\). Finally, there is the renowned [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar"), under Turkish occupation since 1974\. ### [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") [thumb\\|right\\|[Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin") church in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos "Strovolos"), [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Asdvadzadzin.JPG "Sourp Asdvadzadzin.JPG") The building of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin") \[Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral are located in Armenia street in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos "Strovolos"), [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia"). The Prelature building was built between 1983 and 1984 by architects Athos Dikaios \& Alkis Dikaios and was inaugurated on 4 March 1984 by Catholicos [Karekin II of Cilicia](/wiki/Karekin_II_of_Cilicia "Karekin II of Cilicia"). The Prelature's consistory houses a collection of ecclesiastical relics, some of which were previously kept at the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") or the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") church; the relics are kept at a display case, donated in 1986 by brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian. The Prelature's basement is the "Vahram Utidjian" Hall, which was inaugurated on 3 February 1999 by Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I"). The hall, previously a store room, became a reality thanks to the initiative of Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian "Varoujan Hergelian"), using proceeds from the auction in 1994 of the art collection that Vahram Utidjian had donated to the Prelature in 1954\. It is one of the main venues for events of the Armenian\-Cypriot community. Together with the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin") church and the [Nareg Armenian School](/wiki/Nicosia_Armenian_school "Nicosia Armenian school"), the land was granted in trust to the community on 16 December 1966 by the government; on 10 December 1979, [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos "Strovolos") Improvement Board decided to rename the road in front of the plot of land from "Cyclops street" to "Armenia street", as a gesture of solidarity to the Armenian people. A freehold title deed on the land was granted on 31 March 1983\. The [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin") cathedral was built between 1976 and 1981 by architects Iacovos \& Andreas Philippou, with financial help from the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches "World Council of Churches"), the [Evangelical Church of Westphalia](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Westphalia "Evangelical Church of Westphalia"), the [Republic of Cyprus](/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus "Republic of Cyprus"), the [Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus "Church of Cyprus") and the faithful. Located next to [Nareg Elementary School](/wiki/Nicosia_Armenian_school "Nicosia Armenian school"), its foundation stone was laid on 25 September 1976 by Archbishop [Makarios III](/wiki/Makarios_III "Makarios III") and Bishop Nerses Pakhdigian. On 16 April 1978, the Co\-adjutor Catholicos [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_I "Karekin I") blessed the 16 columns of the church, while the inauguration and consecration of the cathedral took place on 22 November 1981 by Catholicos [Khoren I](/wiki/Khoren_I_Paroian "Khoren I Paroian") and his Co\-adjutor [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_I "Karekin I"). It is the only church in Cyprus built in a traditional Armenian style, with a central octagonal dome and a smaller dome for the bell. The church was renovated externally in late 2005 in memory of the Tutundjian family, killed in the [Helios air accident](/wiki/Helios_Airways_Flight_522 "Helios Airways Flight 522"), while the belfry was also repaired that year, in memory of archpriest der Vazken Sandrouni.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.gibrahayer.com/index.php5?\&page\_id\=185\&path\=195,185\\|title\=Sourp Asdvadzadzin in Nicosia is 30 years old\\|date\=April 2012\\|accessdate\=20 April 2012\\|archive\-date\=7 May 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507203951/http://www.gibrahayer.com/index.php5?\&page\_id\=185\&path\=195,185\\|url\-status\=dead}} Liturgies are held every Sunday. The church celebrates on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the [Presentation of Mary](/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary "Presentation of Mary"). The parish priest (as of 2000\) is *Fr. Momik Habeshian. [thumb\\|right\\|The façade of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin "Sourp Asdvadzadzin") church](/wiki/File:Sourp_Asdvadzadzin-front.jpg "Sourp Asdvadzadzin-front.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|[Saint Paul](/wiki/Sourp_Boghos "Sourp Boghos")'s chapel in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Boghos.jpg "Sourp Boghos.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|[Holy Resurrection](/wiki/Sourp_Haroutiun "Sourp Haroutiun") chapel in [Ayios Dhometios](/wiki/Ayios_Dhometios "Ayios Dhometios")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Haroutiun.jpg "Sourp Haroutiun.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|[Saviour of All](/wiki/Sourp_Amenapergitch "Sourp Amenapergitch") chapel in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos "Strovolos")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Amenapergitch.jpg "Sourp Amenapergitch.jpg") The church was renovated internally in mid–2008\. Many of its icons are the work of [Lebanese\-Armenian](/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon "Armenians in Lebanon") painter Zohrab Keshishian. It is interesting that just below the holy altar, there is a [khachkar (cross\-stone)](/wiki/Khachkar "Khachkar") donated by the [Holy See of Etchmiadzin](/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin "Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin"). On top of the church's entrance there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language") reading: > Կառուցաւ սուրբ եկեղեցիս յանուն Սրբուհւոյ Աստուածածնին ի հայրապետութեան Տ. Տ. Խորենայ Ա. Կաթողիկոսի եւ Աթոռակցի Նորին Տ. Տ. Գարեգին Բ. Կաթողիկոսի եւ յառաջնորդութեան Տ. Զարեհայ Եպիսկոպոսի Ազնաւորեան սրտադիր ջանիւք ամենայն զաւակայ Թեմիս Հայոց Կիպրոսի, եւ առատապարգեւ օժանդակութեամբ Միացեալ Եկեղեցւոյն Վեսթֆալիոյ եւ ձեռնտուութեամբ բարեխնամ կառավարութեամբ Կիպրոսի ի թուին Հայոց ՌՆԼ. Եւ փրկչական 1981 թուին* (This holy temple by the name of the Holy Mother of God was constructed during the pontificate of Catholicos His Holiness Khoren I and His Co\-adjutor Catholicos His Holiness Karekin II and during the prelacy of Bishop Mr Zareh Aznavorian with the whole\-hearted efforts of all the children of the Armenian Diocese of Cyprus, and the generously donated support of the Westphalia United Church and the assistance of the attentive government of Cyprus in the year 1430 of the Armenians and the year of our Lord 1981) On the two columns facing the entrance are the following two aluminium commemorative plaques in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Նորոգեցաւ զանգակատունս ի յիշատակ Տ. Վազգէն Ա. Քհնյ. Սանտրունիի 2005 (This belltower was renovated in memory of Archpriest Der Vazken Sandrouni 2005\) > Նորոգեցաւ եկեղեցիս ի յիշատակ Յակոբ, Հիլտա, Արա, Պարէթ Թիւթիւնճեանի 2005 (This church was renovated in memory of Hagop, Hilda, Ara, Baret Tutundjian 2005\) On the side of the church there is a marble inscription in [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") reading: > Ο ιερός ούτος ναός της Παναγίας των Αρμενίων εθεμελιώθη υπό της Α. Μ. του Προέδρου της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ' την 25ην Σεπτεμβρίου 1976 (The foundation of this holy temple of the Mother of God of the Armenians was laid by H. B. the President of the Republic of Cyprus Archbishop Makarios III on 25 September 1976) In front of the church's entrance is a white marble [khachkar](/wiki/Khachkar "Khachkar") (cross\-stone) dedicated to the eternal friendship of Armenians and Greeks in Cyprus; it was unveiled on 21 October 2001 by Presidential Commissioner Manolis Christophides. To the side of the church's entrance is the bronze bust of Archbishop Zareh Aznavorian; it was unveiled on 1 May 2005 by [Italian\-Armenian](/wiki/Armenians_in_Italy "Armenians in Italy") donator Aleco Bezigian. Finally, in the courtyard of the church is the white marble [Armenian Genocide Monument](/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Monument_in_Nicosia "Armenian Genocide Monument in Nicosia"); it was unveiled on 24 April 1991 by Senior Archimandrite Yeghishe Madjikian. In 2000, two white marble [ossuaries](/wiki/Ossuaries "Ossuaries") were built in front of it, as well as five small sandstone [khachkar](/wiki/Khachkar "Khachkar")\-like columns. In the old Armenian cemetery, near the [Ledra Palace](/wiki/Ledra_Palace "Ledra Palace") hotel (Markos Drakos Avenue), there is the [Saint Paul](/wiki/Sourp_Boghos "Sourp Boghos") \[Սուրբ Պօղոս (Sourp Boghos)] chapel, built in 1892 by donation of Boghos Odadjian. Left unused since the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the chapel and the cemetery fell into disuse. It was restored between 2008 and 2009, together with the rest of the cemetery, by initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian "Vartkes Mahdessian") and the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus. A Liturgy is held once a year since 2010\. On top of the chapel's entrance there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language") reading: > Կառուցաւ ս. տաճարս 'ի հիմանց յանուն Ս. Առաքելոցն Պօղոսի արդեամբ բարեպաշտ Օտաճեան Պօղոսի Կ. Պօլսեցւոյ. Յամի Տ՟ռն 1892 (This holy temple was constructed from its foundations by the name of the Holy Apostle Paul by commission of the pious Constantinopolitan Odadjian Boghos in the Lord's Year 1892) Behind it, from inside the chapel, there is another marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language") reading: > Կառուցաւ մատուռս արդեամբ Օտաճեան Պօպոսի, մասնակցութեամբ արկեղ Եկեղեցւոյ Հայոց ազգի, Յ' Առաջնորդութեամբ Տ. Խորենայ Վարդապէտի, Յ' Ամի Տեառն 1892\.ի: (This chapel was constructed by commission of Odadjian Boghos, with the participation of the fund of the Church of the Armenian nation, during the prelacy of Archimandrite Mr Khoren, in the Lord's Year 1892\.) In the Armenian cemetery near [Ayios Dhometios](/wiki/Ayios_Dhometios "Ayios Dhometios") (Gregoris Afxentiou Avenue) there is the [Holy Resurrection](/wiki/Sourp_Haroutiun "Sourp Haroutiun") \[Սուրբ Յարութիւն (Sourp Haroutiun)] chapel, built in 1938 by donation of Haroutiun Bohdjalian and consecrated in 1949 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan. Left unused since the 1974 Turkish invasion, it was renovated in 2010\. No Liturgies have been held since 1974\. On top of its entrance, there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language") reading: > Ս. Յարութիւն: Շինեցաւ Ս. Յարութիւն մատուռս արդեամբ Տիար Յարութիւն Պօհճալեանի ի յիշատակ իւր եւ իւր ննջեցելոց 1938: (Holy Resurrection. This Holy resurrection chapel was built by commission of Mr Haroutiun Bohdjalian in memory of him and his deceased 1938\.) On the lower part of the southern wall, there is the following well\-known inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Մահուամբ զմահ կոխեաց եւ Յարութեամբն Իւրով մեզ զկեանս պարգեւեաց (He trampled death with death and through His Resurrection He granted us life) Finally, the [Holy Saviour of All](/wiki/Sourp_Amenapergitch "Sourp Amenapergitch") \[Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ (Sourp Amenapergitch)] chapel was built between 1995 and 1996 by architects Athos \& Alkis Dikaios and by donation of Aram and Bedros Kalaydjian. Located in Corinth street in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos "Strovolos"), [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia"), within the premises of the Kalaydjian Rest Home for the Elderly, its foundation stone was laid on 15 December 1995 by the Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I"), who inaugurated it on 16 February 1997\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.hayk.net/docs/The\_Armenians\_of\_Cyprus.pdf\\|title\=Book The Armenians of Cyprus\\|last\=Hadjilyra\\|first\=Alexander\-Michael\\|date\=May 2009\\|publisher\=Kalaydjian Foundation\\|accessdate\=16 May 2010}} Matins are held regularly. On top of its entrance, there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language") reading: > Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ մատուռ (Holy Saviour of All chapel) ### [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca") [thumb\\|left\\|[Saint Stephen](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos "Sourp Stepanos")'s church in [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca")](/wiki/File:Stepanos_church.jpg "Stepanos church.jpg") The church of [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos "Sourp Stepanos") \[Սուրբ Ստեփանոս (Sourp Stepanos)], in Armenian church street in the city centre, was originally built as a chapel by the Armenian refugees who came to [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca") after the [Adana massacre](/wiki/Adana_massacre "Adana massacre") in 1909\. It was built as a replica of [Adana](/wiki/Adana "Adana")'s main church and was dedicated to [Adana](/wiki/Adana "Adana")'s patron Saint, [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen "Saint Stephen"). However, as most of the refugees returned, the chapel was left unfinished. After a fund\-raising which started on 24 October 1912, the small chapel became a church, whose construction finished on 1 April 1913\. Dedicated to the memory of the martyrs of the [Adana massacre](/wiki/Adana_massacre "Adana massacre"), it is the first monument in the entire [Armenian Diaspora](/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora "Armenian Diaspora") in memory of the Armenian massacres in the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"). On top of the church's façade there is a commemorative composition featuring the Armenian ethnarch [Haig](/wiki/Hayk "Hayk"), the last King of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia"), [Levon V](/wiki/Leo_V%2C_King_of_Armenia "Leo V, King of Armenia"), a scroll held by a hand \- representing the [Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments "Ten Commandments") \- and the four symbols of the [Four Evangelists](/wiki/Four_Evangelists "Four Evangelists"); around King [Levon V](/wiki/Leo_V%2C_King_of_Armenia "Leo V, King of Armenia"), there is a commemorative inscription in Armenian: > Ի Յիշատակ Կիլիկիոյ Նահատակաց – 1 Ապր. 1909 (In Memory of the Cilician Martyrs – 1 April 1909\) while under the composition and above the entrance it reads: > Հայկական Մատուռ (Armenian Chapel) The church was inaugurated on 20 May 1914 by Senior Archimandrite Serovpe Samvelian and was consecrated on 30 June 1918 by Archbishop Taniel Hagopian. Until the early 1940s, there was a small octagonal dome on top of the church. The church was renovated between 1956 and 1957 and again in 1998\. Liturgies are held every other Sunday, in turns with [Saint George](/wiki/Sourp_Kevork "Sourp Kevork")'s church in [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol"). The church celebrates on 25 December, feast day of [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen "Saint Stephen"). The parish priest (as of 1992\) is *Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian. To the left and the right of the entrance, there are two marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): to the left, the inscription reads: > Կառուցաւ մատուռս Յամի Տեառն 1909* (This chapel was constructed in the Lord's Year 1909\) and to the right, the inscription reads: > Նորոգեցաւ մատուռս Յամի Տեառն 1998 (This chapel was renovated in the Lord's Year 1998\) Many of the church's icons are the work of [Lebanese\-Armenian](/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon "Armenians in Lebanon") painter Fr. Hovsep Ashkarian. ### [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol") [thumb\\|The church of Sourp Kevork in [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Kevork%2C_Limassol.jpg "Sourp Kevork, Limassol.jpg") The church of [Saint George](/wiki/Sourp_Kevork "Sourp Kevork") \[Սուրբ Գէորգ (Sourp Kevork)] is built in Vassilis Michaelides street near the city centre, on land donated circa 1935 by Satenig Soultanian, in memory of her father\-in\-law, Kevork. As the small Armenian community of [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol") could not afford to build a church, a theatre company was formed under Ardashes Bastadjian, giving performances in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia"), [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca") and [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol "Limassol"). Together with a contribution by the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and Stepan Kavafian, the church was built between 1939 and 1940, while its consecration took place on 11 April 1948 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyian. The church was renovated between 1975 and 1976, in 2007 and again in 2015, while in 1989 its bell was made electronic by donation of brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian. Liturgies are held every other Sunday, in turns with [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos "Sourp Stepanos")'s church in [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca "Larnaca"). The church celebrates on the last Sunday of September, feast day of [Saint George](/wiki/Saint_George "Saint George"). The parish priest (as of 1992\) is *Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian. During the 1975–1976 renovation, the belltower was placed on top of the entrance, while an iron [Armenian cross](/wiki/Armenian_cross "Armenian cross") was added during the 2006 renovation, with the inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language") reading: > Սուրբ Գէորգ եկեղեցի* (Saint George's church) On the lower part of the wall outside the repository, where the belltower used to be, there is another marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"). It reads: > Նուիրեցաւ ելեկտրական կոչնակս արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք եղբարցն Կարապետ եւ Նշան Արագչինճեանոց Տիգրանակերտցի ի թուին Քս.ի 1989\-ի (This electric rattle was offered by commission and expenses of brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian from Dikranagerd in the year of Christ 1989\) In front of the church is a dark brown [tuff](/wiki/Tuff "Tuff") stone [khachkar](/wiki/Khachkar "Khachkar") (cross\-stone), donated by the Arakelyan family; it was unveiled by Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian "Varoujan Hergelian") on 28 September 2008\. Next to the church is the [Limassol Armenian school](/wiki/Limassol_Armenian_school "Limassol Armenian school"). ### Turkish\-occupied areas #### [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") \[Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral in Victoria street, currently in the Turkish\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") near Paphos Gate, also known as Notre Dame de Tyre or Tortosa, was originally a Benedictine/Carthusian Abbey built between 1308 and 1310, on the site of an older church which had originally been built in 1116 and was destroyed by an earthquake in 1303, where Armenian\-Catholic nuns served. Sometime before 1504 it passed into the hands of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and it used to be the centre of the Armenian community of Cyprus until it was captured, along with the rest of the Armenian quarter, by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and occupied by Turkey during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"). After the Osmanian occupation of Cyprus in 1570, it was temporarily used as a salt store, until it was returned to the Armenian community by a [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") in May 1571; the Armenian ownership of the church was further confirmed by another [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") in May 1614\. During the period of the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide"), many persecuted Armenian refugees sought shelter on its verandah. It was located next to the old Prelature building, the Melikian\-Ouzounian school, the Armenian genocide monument and the Melikian family mansion. [thumb\\|left\\|The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") prior to its restoration](/wiki/File:Asdvadzadzin_2005.jpg "Asdvadzadzin 2005.jpg") During the centuries it served the small yet prosperous Armenian community of Nicosia, the church underwent various modifications: in 1688 it was renovated, in 1788 the baptistery was constructed, in 1858 the arches of the northern verandah were built, in 1860 the belfry was constructed \- amongst the first in Ottoman Cyprus, a donation by Hapetig Nevrouzian of Constantinople \-, in 1884 it was restored, in 1904 the roof was re\-built and a renovation took place, in 1945 the upper tier was erected for the choir (by donation of Aram Ouzounian), in 1950 the belfry was restored, while in 1960\-1961 the Antiquities Department installed a new floor \- after removing the mediaeval tombstones that were previously covered by the carpets. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the [Presentation of Mary](/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary "Presentation of Mary"). After its occupation in January 1964, it was used as barracks for the Turkish Cypriot militia, while after its occupation by the Turkish army in July 1974 it continued to be used as barracks for Turkish soldiers, until it suffered further damages by an earthquake in 1998\. The site was abandoned and illegal Anatolian settlers inhabited the place until late 2006\. In 2005, the [UNDP](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme") carried out a preliminary study for the potential restoration of the entire compound, while in 2007 it conducted a feasibility study. Heavily desecrated, its restoration finally started in October 2009 by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus and the Armenian Representative, [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian "Vartkes Mahdessian"). The works were carried out by the [UNDP\-ACT](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme"), with partial funding from [USAID](/wiki/USAID "USAID"), and were completed in November 2012\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\|title\=Factsheet on the Armenians\\|last\=PIO\\|date\=May 2010\\|accessdate\=28 May 2010\\|archive\-date\=22 February 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222181752/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\|url\-status\=dead}} [thumb\\|right\\|The old Armenian Evangelical church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia")](/wiki/File:Nicosia_Armenian_Evangelical.jpg "Nicosia Armenian Evangelical.jpg") There was also a small Armenian Evangelical church, located in Mahmoud Pasha street, in the Turkish\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") \- behind the old American Academy building, near the [Arab Ahmed mosque](/wiki/Arabahmet_Mosque "Arabahmet Mosque"). Prior to its erection, [Armenian Evangelicals](/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church "Armenian Evangelical Church") used to worship God at the Reformed Presbyterian church on Apostolos Varnavas street, opposite the old Powerhouse and behind the building of the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus. The church \- a vision already since the early 1930s \- was eventually built thanks to the initiative of pastor Yohanna Der Megerditchian, with the financial contribution of the [Reformed Presbyterian Church](/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America "Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America") and the Armenian Evangelical faithful; its architect was Dickran H. Davidian. Its foundation stone was laid on 28 July 1946 by pastor Yohanna der Megerditchian, who dedicated it on 1 July 1947\. On the lower part of the right wall to the side of the entrance there is the following inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Էփեսացիս Բ:20 \- 28 Յուլիս 1946 Նիկոսիա (Ephesians 2:20–28 July 1946 Nicosia) The church was renovated in 1955, the year when the border fence and the gate were erected; in 1959 a kitchen was added. During the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the church was taken over by Turkish Cypriots. Between 1964 and 1974, the church and the surrounding buildings were used as a school for some time and then as the main military headquarters (sancaktarlık). After that, for a long time the buildings remained empty. Later on, the church was used as a Turkish folk music centre (1987\-1997\) and as Handicrafts Co\-Operative (1997\-2011\); as of 2011 it is used as a music centre. As with the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") church, no Services have been held since 1964\. #### [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta") The church of [Ganchvor](/wiki/Ganchvor_monastery "Ganchvor monastery") \[Սուրբ Աստուածածին Կանչուոր (Sourp Asdvadzadzin Ganchvor) or Virgin Mary the Caller] was probably built in 1346 by Armenian refugees who escaped the Mameluke attacks against [Ayas](/wiki/Ayas%2C_Adana "Ayas, Adana") of Cilicia. It is located between Kışla and Server Somuncuoğlu streets, in the north\-western part of the walled city of [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta") (next to the Carmelite church) and it is believed it was a part of an important monastic, cultural and theological establishment, at which Saint [Nerses of Lambron](/wiki/Nerses_of_Lambron "Nerses of Lambron") is said to have studied, and whose foundations survived until the mid\-20th century. A [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium "Scriptorium") used to operate in this monastery, manuscripts of which survive at the Armenian [Saint James' Monastery](/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._James%2C_Jerusalem "Cathedral of St. James, Jerusalem") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"). It is unknown when exactly it ceased being used, however it possibly stopped operating already since the mid\-Venetian Era. Up until at least 1862, there was a small bell\-tower. Unused for more than three and a half centuries, because of Ottoman restrictions, in 1907 it was declared an ancient monument, based on *Colonial Antiquities' Law IV/1905. In the same year, it was repaired by the Antiquities Department, as it was in 1931\. In 1932 it was restored, also by the Antiquities Department, which significantly repaired it between 1937 and 1944 (under the care of [Theophilus Mogabgab](/wiki/Theophilus_Amin_Halil_Mogabgab "Theophilus Amin Halil Mogabgab"), Director of Antiquities for Famagusta District), after it was leased to the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus on 7 March 1936, for a period of 99 years \- which was achieved after the intervention of Co\-adjutor Catholicos of Cilicia, [Papken Gulesserian](/wiki/Babken_I_of_Cilicia "Babken I of Cilicia"), who had visited the church in 1934, and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia"). [thumb\\|right\\|The Carmelite church and Ganchvor church](/wiki/File:Ganchvor-Carmelite_church.jpg "Ganchvor-Carmelite church.jpg") The first Liturgy and its re\-consecration were held on 14 January 1945 by Archimandrite Krikor Bahlavouni (also known as "Topal Vartabed"). On 8 March 1957 it was partially burnt by Turkish Cypriots, but continued to be used as a church until 1962; since then, the [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta") Armenian community used the church of Ayia Paraskevi, which the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus granted. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 15 August, feast day of the [Dormition of the Mother of God](/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God "Dormition of the Mother of God"). In January 1964 it was taken by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and was occupied by [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") in August 1974 during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"). Between 1964 and 1974, it was used as a residence, despite attempts by the Swedish Contingent (SWEDCON) of [UNFICYP](/wiki/UNFICYP "UNFICYP") and others to make other arrangements for the residing family. During the 1974\-2005 period, the year in which it was declassified from a "military area", it was used as a stable and a store room. Until 1974, there were beautiful frescoes on the walls, which today have disappeared. It has been left at the mercy of nature and vandals and it is in need of repairs. No Liturgies have been held since 1964\. The Armenian Orthodox church of the Virgin Mary of Ganchvor should not be confused with the Armenian\-Catholic church of Saint Mary the Green (de Vert), whose location is unknown. #### Halevga [thumb\\|left\\|Panoramic view of the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") (1926\)](/wiki/File:Magaravankcolour.jpg "Magaravankcolour.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Multiple views of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")'s interior and exterior (1940s)](/wiki/File:Magaravank-multiple.jpg "Magaravank-multiple.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|The interior of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") in 1970](/wiki/File:Magaravank-1970.jpg "Magaravank-1970.jpg") Of great importance is [Saint Makarios](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")’ \[Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery \[Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish\-occupied Halevga, on the [Pentadhaktylos](/wiki/Pentadaktylos "Pentadaktylos") mountain range \- at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8\.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30\.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974\. The monastery was originally established by [Copts](/wiki/Copts "Copts") circa 1000 AD on a location at which [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria "Macarius of Alexandria") is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region \- some of whom had found shelter after the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres "Hamidian massacres") (1894\-1896\) \- believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night. The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425\. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the [Ottoman Era](/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus "Ottoman Cyprus") it was known as the Blue Monastery* ([Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): *Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language"): Mavi Manastır, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"): Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non\-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"), as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia "Cilicia") and [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"), who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot [Mekhitar of Sebaste](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste "Mekhitar of Sebaste"), who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian ([Dzerents](/wiki/Dzerents "Dzerents")), who \- inspired by the visible outline of the distant [Taurus mountains](/wiki/Taurus_mountains "Taurus mountains"), in 1875 \- he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia"); according to tradition, in 1140 prince [Thoros](/wiki/Thoros_II%2C_Prince_of_Armenia "Thoros II, Prince of Armenia") II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors. The monastery won the favour of the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"): a 1642 [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701\. The 1650\-1750 period is considered its "golden century", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large\-scale renovation took place between 1734 and 1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811 and 1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814\. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947 and 1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"). For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium "Scriptorium") between 1202 and 1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") for safe\-keeping; since 1947, 56 [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts "Illuminated manuscripts") are at the [Catholicosate of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia "Holy See of Cilicia") in [Antelias](/wiki/Antelias "Antelias"). It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800\. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"), and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot [Mekhitar](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste "Mekhitar of Sebaste"), on top of the namesake hill to the north\-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia") and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia"). Between 1897 and 1904, [Vahan Kurkjian](/wiki/Vahan_Kurkjian "Vahan Kurkjian")'s (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did \- for the whole year \- a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914\. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948\. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian\-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria "Macarius of Alexandria")’ feast, many Armenian\-Cypriots would visit [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards. Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998 and 1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co\-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by [Hrant Dink](/wiki/Hrant_Dink "Hrant Dink") and Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I"), respectively. By initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian "Vartkes Mahdessian") and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit\-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian\-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad. [thumb\\|right\\|The entrance to [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")](/wiki/File:Magaravank_entrance.jpg "Magaravank entrance.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Catholicos Aram I and Archbishop Varoujan in front of Sahag's monument](/wiki/File:Sahag%27s_monument.jpg "Sahag's monument.jpg") On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926* (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re\-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926\) Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"), the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced: > Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949\) In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926\) > Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The [soleas](/wiki/Soleas "Soleas") \[and] [narthex](/wiki/Gavit "Gavit") of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926\) In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947\) On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 \[The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)] > Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814\.) In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926\) Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968\) In front of the [dorter](/wiki/Dorter "Dorter") there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): [thumb\\|right\\|[Magaravank's](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") baptistery](/wiki/File:Mgrdaran-1.jpg "Mgrdaran-1.jpg") > Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This [dorter](/wiki/Dorter "Dorter") was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929\) > Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The [narthex](/wiki/Gavit "Gavit") of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent [mahdessi](/wiki/Hajji "Hajji") (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818\) In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907\) In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814\) On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922\) Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"), which is now partially defaced: > Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain\-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948\)	[ "Places of worship\n-----------------", "There are five [Armenian churches](/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church \"Armenian Apostolic Church\"), two in the capital [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") (one under Turkish occupation since 1964\\) and one in each [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\"), [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\") and [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\"); the latter has been occupied by the Turks since 1964\\. Additionally, there are three Armenian chapels in the vicinity of Nicosia and one within the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") complex, the latter under also under Turkish occupation since 1974\\. There is also an [Armenian Evangelical church](/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church \"Armenian Evangelical Church\") in Nicosia (under Turkish occupation since 1964\\). Finally, there is the renowned [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\"), under Turkish occupation since 1974\\.", "### [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\") church in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos \"Strovolos\"), [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Asdvadzadzin.JPG \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin.JPG\")", "The building of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\") \\[Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral are located in Armenia street in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos \"Strovolos\"), [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\"). The Prelature building was built between 1983 and 1984 by architects Athos Dikaios \\& Alkis Dikaios and was inaugurated on 4 March 1984 by Catholicos [Karekin II of Cilicia](/wiki/Karekin_II_of_Cilicia \"Karekin II of Cilicia\"). The Prelature's consistory houses a collection of ecclesiastical relics, some of which were previously kept at the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") or the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") church; the relics are kept at a display case, donated in 1986 by brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian. The Prelature's basement is the \"Vahram Utidjian\" Hall, which was inaugurated on 3 February 1999 by Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\"). The hall, previously a store room, became a reality thanks to the initiative of Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian \"Varoujan Hergelian\"), using proceeds from the auction in 1994 of the art collection that Vahram Utidjian had donated to the Prelature in 1954\\. It is one of the main venues for events of the Armenian\\-Cypriot community. Together with the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\") church and the [Nareg Armenian School](/wiki/Nicosia_Armenian_school \"Nicosia Armenian school\"), the land was granted in trust to the community on 16 December 1966 by the government; on 10 December 1979, [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos \"Strovolos\") Improvement Board decided to rename the road in front of the plot of land from \"Cyclops street\" to \"Armenia street\", as a gesture of solidarity to the Armenian people. A freehold title deed on the land was granted on 31 March 1983\\.", "The [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\") cathedral was built between 1976 and 1981 by architects Iacovos \\& Andreas Philippou, with financial help from the [World Council of Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches \"World Council of Churches\"), the [Evangelical Church of Westphalia](/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Westphalia \"Evangelical Church of Westphalia\"), the [Republic of Cyprus](/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus \"Republic of Cyprus\"), the [Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus](/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus \"Church of Cyprus\") and the faithful. Located next to [Nareg Elementary School](/wiki/Nicosia_Armenian_school \"Nicosia Armenian school\"), its foundation stone was laid on 25 September 1976 by Archbishop [Makarios III](/wiki/Makarios_III \"Makarios III\") and Bishop Nerses Pakhdigian. On 16 April 1978, the Co\\-adjutor Catholicos [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_I \"Karekin I\") blessed the 16 columns of the church, while the inauguration and consecration of the cathedral took place on 22 November 1981 by Catholicos [Khoren I](/wiki/Khoren_I_Paroian \"Khoren I Paroian\") and his Co\\-adjutor [Karekin II](/wiki/Karekin_I \"Karekin I\"). It is the only church in Cyprus built in a traditional Armenian style, with a central octagonal dome and a smaller dome for the bell. The church was renovated externally in late 2005 in memory of the Tutundjian family, killed in the [Helios air accident](/wiki/Helios_Airways_Flight_522 \"Helios Airways Flight 522\"), while the belfry was also repaired that year, in memory of archpriest der Vazken Sandrouni.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.gibrahayer.com/index.php5?\\&page\\_id\\=185\\&path\\=195,185\\\|title\\=Sourp Asdvadzadzin in Nicosia is 30 years old\\\|date\\=April 2012\\\|accessdate\\=20 April 2012\\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507203951/http://www.gibrahayer.com/index.php5?\\&page\\_id\\=185\\&path\\=195,185\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Liturgies are held every Sunday. The church celebrates on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the [Presentation of Mary](/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary \"Presentation of Mary\"). The parish priest (as of 2000\\) is *Fr. Momik Habeshian.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The façade of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Sourp_Asdvadzadzin \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin\") church](/wiki/File:Sourp_Asdvadzadzin-front.jpg \"Sourp Asdvadzadzin-front.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Saint Paul](/wiki/Sourp_Boghos \"Sourp Boghos\")'s chapel in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Boghos.jpg \"Sourp Boghos.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Holy Resurrection](/wiki/Sourp_Haroutiun \"Sourp Haroutiun\") chapel in [Ayios Dhometios](/wiki/Ayios_Dhometios \"Ayios Dhometios\")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Haroutiun.jpg \"Sourp Haroutiun.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Saviour of All](/wiki/Sourp_Amenapergitch \"Sourp Amenapergitch\") chapel in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos \"Strovolos\")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Amenapergitch.jpg \"Sourp Amenapergitch.jpg\")", "The church was renovated internally in mid–2008\\. Many of its icons are the work of [Lebanese\\-Armenian](/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon \"Armenians in Lebanon\") painter Zohrab Keshishian. It is interesting that just below the holy altar, there is a [khachkar (cross\\-stone)](/wiki/Khachkar \"Khachkar\") donated by the [Holy See of Etchmiadzin](/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin \"Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin\"). On top of the church's entrance there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\") reading:", "", "> Կառուցաւ սուրբ եկեղեցիս յանուն Սրբուհւոյ Աստուածածնին ի հայրապետութեան Տ. Տ. Խորենայ Ա. Կաթողիկոսի եւ Աթոռակցի Նորին Տ. Տ. Գարեգին Բ. Կաթողիկոսի եւ յառաջնորդութեան Տ. Զարեհայ Եպիսկոպոսի Ազնաւորեան սրտադիր ջանիւք ամենայն զաւակայ Թեմիս Հայոց Կիպրոսի, եւ առատապարգեւ օժանդակութեամբ Միացեալ Եկեղեցւոյն Վեսթֆալիոյ եւ ձեռնտուութեամբ բարեխնամ կառավարութեամբ Կիպրոսի ի թուին Հայոց ՌՆԼ. Եւ փրկչական 1981 թուին* (This holy temple by the name of the Holy Mother of God was constructed during the pontificate of Catholicos His Holiness Khoren I and His Co\\-adjutor Catholicos His Holiness Karekin II and during the prelacy of Bishop Mr Zareh Aznavorian with the whole\\-hearted efforts of all the children of the Armenian Diocese of Cyprus, and the generously donated support of the Westphalia United Church and the assistance of the attentive government of Cyprus in the year 1430 of the Armenians and the year of our Lord 1981)", "On the two columns facing the entrance are the following two aluminium commemorative plaques in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Նորոգեցաւ զանգակատունս ի յիշատակ Տ. Վազգէն Ա. Քհնյ. Սանտրունիի 2005 (This belltower was renovated in memory of Archpriest Der Vazken Sandrouni 2005\\)", "", "> Նորոգեցաւ եկեղեցիս ի յիշատակ Յակոբ, Հիլտա, Արա, Պարէթ Թիւթիւնճեանի 2005 (This church was renovated in memory of Hagop, Hilda, Ara, Baret Tutundjian 2005\\)", "On the side of the church there is a marble inscription in [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") reading:", "", "> Ο ιερός ούτος ναός της Παναγίας των Αρμενίων εθεμελιώθη υπό της Α. Μ. του Προέδρου της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ' την 25ην Σεπτεμβρίου 1976 (The foundation of this holy temple of the Mother of God of the Armenians was laid by H. B. the President of the Republic of Cyprus Archbishop Makarios III on 25 September 1976)", "In front of the church's entrance is a white marble [khachkar](/wiki/Khachkar \"Khachkar\") (cross\\-stone) dedicated to the eternal friendship of Armenians and Greeks in Cyprus; it was unveiled on 21 October 2001 by Presidential Commissioner Manolis Christophides. To the side of the church's entrance is the bronze bust of Archbishop Zareh Aznavorian; it was unveiled on 1 May 2005 by [Italian\\-Armenian](/wiki/Armenians_in_Italy \"Armenians in Italy\") donator Aleco Bezigian. Finally, in the courtyard of the church is the white marble [Armenian Genocide Monument](/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Monument_in_Nicosia \"Armenian Genocide Monument in Nicosia\"); it was unveiled on 24 April 1991 by Senior Archimandrite Yeghishe Madjikian. In 2000, two white marble [ossuaries](/wiki/Ossuaries \"Ossuaries\") were built in front of it, as well as five small sandstone [khachkar](/wiki/Khachkar \"Khachkar\")\\-like columns.", "In the old Armenian cemetery, near the [Ledra Palace](/wiki/Ledra_Palace \"Ledra Palace\") hotel (Markos Drakos Avenue), there is the [Saint Paul](/wiki/Sourp_Boghos \"Sourp Boghos\") \\[Սուրբ Պօղոս (Sourp Boghos)] chapel, built in 1892 by donation of Boghos Odadjian. Left unused since the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the chapel and the cemetery fell into disuse. It was restored between 2008 and 2009, together with the rest of the cemetery, by initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian \"Vartkes Mahdessian\") and the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus. A Liturgy is held once a year since 2010\\. On top of the chapel's entrance there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\") reading:", "", "> Կառուցաւ ս. տաճարս 'ի հիմանց յանուն Ս. Առաքելոցն Պօղոսի արդեամբ բարեպաշտ Օտաճեան Պօղոսի Կ. Պօլսեցւոյ. Յամի Տ՟ռն 1892 (This holy temple was constructed from its foundations by the name of the Holy Apostle Paul by commission of the pious Constantinopolitan Odadjian Boghos in the Lord's Year 1892)", "Behind it, from inside the chapel, there is another marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\") reading:", "", "> Կառուցաւ մատուռս արդեամբ Օտաճեան Պօպոսի, մասնակցութեամբ արկեղ Եկեղեցւոյ Հայոց ազգի, Յ' Առաջնորդութեամբ Տ. Խորենայ Վարդապէտի, Յ' Ամի Տեառն 1892\\.ի: (This chapel was constructed by commission of Odadjian Boghos, with the participation of the fund of the Church of the Armenian nation, during the prelacy of Archimandrite Mr Khoren, in the Lord's Year 1892\\.)", "In the Armenian cemetery near [Ayios Dhometios](/wiki/Ayios_Dhometios \"Ayios Dhometios\") (Gregoris Afxentiou Avenue) there is the [Holy Resurrection](/wiki/Sourp_Haroutiun \"Sourp Haroutiun\") \\[Սուրբ Յարութիւն (Sourp Haroutiun)] chapel, built in 1938 by donation of Haroutiun Bohdjalian and consecrated in 1949 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan. Left unused since the 1974 Turkish invasion, it was renovated in 2010\\. No Liturgies have been held since 1974\\. On top of its entrance, there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\") reading:", "", "> Ս. Յարութիւն: Շինեցաւ Ս. Յարութիւն մատուռս արդեամբ Տիար Յարութիւն Պօհճալեանի ի յիշատակ իւր եւ իւր ննջեցելոց 1938: (Holy Resurrection. This Holy resurrection chapel was built by commission of Mr Haroutiun Bohdjalian in memory of him and his deceased 1938\\.)", "On the lower part of the southern wall, there is the following well\\-known inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Մահուամբ զմահ կոխեաց եւ Յարութեամբն Իւրով մեզ զկեանս պարգեւեաց (He trampled death with death and through His Resurrection He granted us life)", "Finally, the [Holy Saviour of All](/wiki/Sourp_Amenapergitch \"Sourp Amenapergitch\") \\[Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ (Sourp Amenapergitch)] chapel was built between 1995 and 1996 by architects Athos \\& Alkis Dikaios and by donation of Aram and Bedros Kalaydjian. Located in Corinth street in [Strovolos](/wiki/Strovolos \"Strovolos\"), [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\"), within the premises of the Kalaydjian Rest Home for the Elderly, its foundation stone was laid on 15 December 1995 by the Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\"), who inaugurated it on 16 February 1997\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.hayk.net/docs/The\\_Armenians\\_of\\_Cyprus.pdf\\\|title\\=Book The Armenians of Cyprus\\\|last\\=Hadjilyra\\\|first\\=Alexander\\-Michael\\\|date\\=May 2009\\\|publisher\\=Kalaydjian Foundation\\\|accessdate\\=16 May 2010}} Matins are held regularly. On top of its entrance, there is a marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\") reading:", "", "> Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ մատուռ (Holy Saviour of All chapel)", "### [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\")", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|[Saint Stephen](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos \"Sourp Stepanos\")'s church in [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\")](/wiki/File:Stepanos_church.jpg \"Stepanos church.jpg\")", "The church of [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos \"Sourp Stepanos\") \\[Սուրբ Ստեփանոս (Sourp Stepanos)], in Armenian church street in the city centre, was originally built as a chapel by the Armenian refugees who came to [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\") after the [Adana massacre](/wiki/Adana_massacre \"Adana massacre\") in 1909\\. It was built as a replica of [Adana](/wiki/Adana \"Adana\")'s main church and was dedicated to [Adana](/wiki/Adana \"Adana\")'s patron Saint, [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen \"Saint Stephen\"). However, as most of the refugees returned, the chapel was left unfinished. After a fund\\-raising which started on 24 October 1912, the small chapel became a church, whose construction finished on 1 April 1913\\.", "Dedicated to the memory of the martyrs of the [Adana massacre](/wiki/Adana_massacre \"Adana massacre\"), it is the first monument in the entire [Armenian Diaspora](/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora \"Armenian Diaspora\") in memory of the Armenian massacres in the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"). On top of the church's façade there is a commemorative composition featuring the Armenian ethnarch [Haig](/wiki/Hayk \"Hayk\"), the last King of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia \"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia\"), [Levon V](/wiki/Leo_V%2C_King_of_Armenia \"Leo V, King of Armenia\"), a scroll held by a hand \\- representing the [Ten Commandments](/wiki/Ten_Commandments \"Ten Commandments\") \\- and the four symbols of the [Four Evangelists](/wiki/Four_Evangelists \"Four Evangelists\"); around King [Levon V](/wiki/Leo_V%2C_King_of_Armenia \"Leo V, King of Armenia\"), there is a commemorative inscription in Armenian:", "", "> Ի Յիշատակ Կիլիկիոյ Նահատակաց – 1 Ապր. 1909 (In Memory of the Cilician Martyrs – 1 April 1909\\)", "while under the composition and above the entrance it reads:", "", "> Հայկական Մատուռ (Armenian Chapel)", "The church was inaugurated on 20 May 1914 by Senior Archimandrite Serovpe Samvelian and was consecrated on 30 June 1918 by Archbishop Taniel Hagopian. Until the early 1940s, there was a small octagonal dome on top of the church. The church was renovated between 1956 and 1957 and again in 1998\\. Liturgies are held every other Sunday, in turns with [Saint George](/wiki/Sourp_Kevork \"Sourp Kevork\")'s church in [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\"). The church celebrates on 25 December, feast day of [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Saint_Stephen \"Saint Stephen\"). The parish priest (as of 1992\\) is *Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian. To the left and the right of the entrance, there are two marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"): to the left, the inscription reads:", "", "> Կառուցաւ մատուռս Յամի Տեառն 1909* (This chapel was constructed in the Lord's Year 1909\\)", "and to the right, the inscription reads:", "", "> Նորոգեցաւ մատուռս Յամի Տեառն 1998 (This chapel was renovated in the Lord's Year 1998\\)", "Many of the church's icons are the work of [Lebanese\\-Armenian](/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon \"Armenians in Lebanon\") painter Fr. Hovsep Ashkarian.", "### [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\")", "[thumb\\\|The church of Sourp Kevork in [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\")](/wiki/File:Sourp_Kevork%2C_Limassol.jpg \"Sourp Kevork, Limassol.jpg\")", "The church of [Saint George](/wiki/Sourp_Kevork \"Sourp Kevork\") \\[Սուրբ Գէորգ (Sourp Kevork)] is built in Vassilis Michaelides street near the city centre, on land donated circa 1935 by Satenig Soultanian, in memory of her father\\-in\\-law, Kevork. As the small Armenian community of [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\") could not afford to build a church, a theatre company was formed under Ardashes Bastadjian, giving performances in [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\"), [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\") and [Limassol](/wiki/Limassol \"Limassol\"). Together with a contribution by the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and Stepan Kavafian, the church was built between 1939 and 1940, while its consecration took place on 11 April 1948 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyian. The church was renovated between 1975 and 1976, in 2007 and again in 2015, while in 1989 its bell was made electronic by donation of brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian. Liturgies are held every other Sunday, in turns with [Saint Stephen](/wiki/Sourp_Stepanos \"Sourp Stepanos\")'s church in [Larnaca](/wiki/Larnaca \"Larnaca\"). The church celebrates on the last Sunday of September, feast day of [Saint George](/wiki/Saint_George \"Saint George\"). The parish priest (as of 1992\\) is *Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian. During the 1975–1976 renovation, the belltower was placed on top of the entrance, while an iron [Armenian cross](/wiki/Armenian_cross \"Armenian cross\") was added during the 2006 renovation, with the inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\") reading:", "", "> Սուրբ Գէորգ եկեղեցի* (Saint George's church)", "On the lower part of the wall outside the repository, where the belltower used to be, there is another marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"). It reads:", "", "> Նուիրեցաւ ելեկտրական կոչնակս արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք եղբարցն Կարապետ եւ Նշան Արագչինճեանոց Տիգրանակերտցի ի թուին Քս.ի 1989\\-ի (This electric rattle was offered by commission and expenses of brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian from Dikranagerd in the year of Christ 1989\\)", "In front of the church is a dark brown [tuff](/wiki/Tuff \"Tuff\") stone [khachkar](/wiki/Khachkar \"Khachkar\") (cross\\-stone), donated by the Arakelyan family; it was unveiled by Archbishop [Varoujan Hergelian](/wiki/Varoujan_Hergelian \"Varoujan Hergelian\") on 28 September 2008\\. Next to the church is the [Limassol Armenian school](/wiki/Limassol_Armenian_school \"Limassol Armenian school\").", "### Turkish\\-occupied areas", "#### [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")", "The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") \\[Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral in Victoria street, currently in the Turkish\\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") near Paphos Gate, also known as Notre Dame de Tyre or Tortosa, was originally a Benedictine/Carthusian Abbey built between 1308 and 1310, on the site of an older church which had originally been built in 1116 and was destroyed by an earthquake in 1303, where Armenian\\-Catholic nuns served. Sometime before 1504 it passed into the hands of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and it used to be the centre of the Armenian community of Cyprus until it was captured, along with the rest of the Armenian quarter, by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and occupied by Turkey during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus \"Turkish invasion of Cyprus\"). After the Osmanian occupation of Cyprus in 1570, it was temporarily used as a salt store, until it was returned to the Armenian community by a [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") in May 1571; the Armenian ownership of the church was further confirmed by another [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") in May 1614\\. During the period of the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\"), many persecuted Armenian refugees sought shelter on its verandah. It was located next to the old Prelature building, the Melikian\\-Ouzounian school, the Armenian genocide monument and the Melikian family mansion.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") prior to its restoration](/wiki/File:Asdvadzadzin_2005.jpg \"Asdvadzadzin 2005.jpg\")", "During the centuries it served the small yet prosperous Armenian community of Nicosia, the church underwent various modifications: in 1688 it was renovated, in 1788 the baptistery was constructed, in 1858 the arches of the northern verandah were built, in 1860 the belfry was constructed \\- amongst the first in Ottoman Cyprus, a donation by Hapetig Nevrouzian of Constantinople \\-, in 1884 it was restored, in 1904 the roof was re\\-built and a renovation took place, in 1945 the upper tier was erected for the choir (by donation of Aram Ouzounian), in 1950 the belfry was restored, while in 1960\\-1961 the Antiquities Department installed a new floor \\- after removing the mediaeval tombstones that were previously covered by the carpets. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the [Presentation of Mary](/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary \"Presentation of Mary\").", "After its occupation in January 1964, it was used as barracks for the Turkish Cypriot militia, while after its occupation by the Turkish army in July 1974 it continued to be used as barracks for Turkish soldiers, until it suffered further damages by an earthquake in 1998\\. The site was abandoned and illegal Anatolian settlers inhabited the place until late 2006\\.", "In 2005, the [UNDP](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\") carried out a preliminary study for the potential restoration of the entire compound, while in 2007 it conducted a feasibility study. Heavily desecrated, its restoration finally started in October 2009 by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus and the Armenian Representative, [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian \"Vartkes Mahdessian\"). The works were carried out by the [UNDP\\-ACT](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\"), with partial funding from [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\"), and were completed in November 2012\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\\|title\\=Factsheet on the Armenians\\\|last\\=PIO\\\|date\\=May 2010\\\|accessdate\\=28 May 2010\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222181752/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The old Armenian Evangelical church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")](/wiki/File:Nicosia_Armenian_Evangelical.jpg \"Nicosia Armenian Evangelical.jpg\")", "There was also a small Armenian Evangelical church, located in Mahmoud Pasha street, in the Turkish\\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") \\- behind the old American Academy building, near the [Arab Ahmed mosque](/wiki/Arabahmet_Mosque \"Arabahmet Mosque\"). Prior to its erection, [Armenian Evangelicals](/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church \"Armenian Evangelical Church\") used to worship God at the Reformed Presbyterian church on Apostolos Varnavas street, opposite the old Powerhouse and behind the building of the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus. The church \\- a vision already since the early 1930s \\- was eventually built thanks to the initiative of pastor Yohanna Der Megerditchian, with the financial contribution of the [Reformed Presbyterian Church](/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America \"Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America\") and the Armenian Evangelical faithful; its architect was Dickran H. Davidian. Its foundation stone was laid on 28 July 1946 by pastor Yohanna der Megerditchian, who dedicated it on 1 July 1947\\. On the lower part of the right wall to the side of the entrance there is the following inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Էփեսացիս Բ:20 \\- 28 Յուլիս 1946 Նիկոսիա (Ephesians 2:20–28 July 1946 Nicosia)", "The church was renovated in 1955, the year when the border fence and the gate were erected; in 1959 a kitchen was added. During the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the church was taken over by Turkish Cypriots. Between 1964 and 1974, the church and the surrounding buildings were used as a school for some time and then as the main military headquarters (sancaktarlık). After that, for a long time the buildings remained empty. Later on, the church was used as a Turkish folk music centre (1987\\-1997\\) and as Handicrafts Co\\-Operative (1997\\-2011\\); as of 2011 it is used as a music centre. As with the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") church, no Services have been held since 1964\\.", "#### [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\")", "The church of [Ganchvor](/wiki/Ganchvor_monastery \"Ganchvor monastery\") \\[Սուրբ Աստուածածին Կանչուոր (Sourp Asdvadzadzin Ganchvor) or Virgin Mary the Caller] was probably built in 1346 by Armenian refugees who escaped the Mameluke attacks against [Ayas](/wiki/Ayas%2C_Adana \"Ayas, Adana\") of Cilicia. It is located between Kışla and Server Somuncuoğlu streets, in the north\\-western part of the walled city of [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\") (next to the Carmelite church) and it is believed it was a part of an important monastic, cultural and theological establishment, at which Saint [Nerses of Lambron](/wiki/Nerses_of_Lambron \"Nerses of Lambron\") is said to have studied, and whose foundations survived until the mid\\-20th century. A [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium \"Scriptorium\") used to operate in this monastery, manuscripts of which survive at the Armenian [Saint James' Monastery](/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._James%2C_Jerusalem \"Cathedral of St. James, Jerusalem\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\").", "It is unknown when exactly it ceased being used, however it possibly stopped operating already since the mid\\-Venetian Era. Up until at least 1862, there was a small bell\\-tower. Unused for more than three and a half centuries, because of Ottoman restrictions, in 1907 it was declared an ancient monument, based on *Colonial Antiquities' Law IV/1905. In the same year, it was repaired by the Antiquities Department, as it was in 1931\\. In 1932 it was restored, also by the Antiquities Department, which significantly repaired it between 1937 and 1944 (under the care of [Theophilus Mogabgab](/wiki/Theophilus_Amin_Halil_Mogabgab \"Theophilus Amin Halil Mogabgab\"), Director of Antiquities for Famagusta District), after it was leased to the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus on 7 March 1936, for a period of 99 years \\- which was achieved after the intervention of Co\\-adjutor Catholicos of Cilicia, [Papken Gulesserian](/wiki/Babken_I_of_Cilicia \"Babken I of Cilicia\"), who had visited the church in 1934, and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The Carmelite church and Ganchvor church](/wiki/File:Ganchvor-Carmelite_church.jpg \"Ganchvor-Carmelite church.jpg\")", "The first Liturgy and its re\\-consecration were held on 14 January 1945 by Archimandrite Krikor Bahlavouni (also known as \"Topal Vartabed\"). On 8 March 1957 it was partially burnt by Turkish Cypriots, but continued to be used as a church until 1962; since then, the [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\") Armenian community used the church of Ayia Paraskevi, which the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus granted. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 15 August, feast day of the [Dormition of the Mother of God](/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God \"Dormition of the Mother of God\"). In January 1964 it was taken by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and was occupied by [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") in August 1974 during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus \"Turkish invasion of Cyprus\"). Between 1964 and 1974, it was used as a residence, despite attempts by the Swedish Contingent (SWEDCON) of [UNFICYP](/wiki/UNFICYP \"UNFICYP\") and others to make other arrangements for the residing family. During the 1974\\-2005 period, the year in which it was declassified from a \"military area\", it was used as a stable and a store room. Until 1974, there were beautiful frescoes on the walls, which today have disappeared. It has been left at the mercy of nature and vandals and it is in need of repairs. No Liturgies have been held since 1964\\.", "The Armenian Orthodox church of the Virgin Mary of Ganchvor should not be confused with the Armenian\\-Catholic church of Saint Mary the Green (de Vert), whose location is unknown.", "#### Halevga", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Panoramic view of the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") (1926\\)](/wiki/File:Magaravankcolour.jpg \"Magaravankcolour.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Multiple views of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")'s interior and exterior (1940s)](/wiki/File:Magaravank-multiple.jpg \"Magaravank-multiple.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The interior of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") in 1970](/wiki/File:Magaravank-1970.jpg \"Magaravank-1970.jpg\")", "Of great importance is [Saint Makarios](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")’ \\[Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery \\[Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish\\-occupied Halevga, on the [Pentadhaktylos](/wiki/Pentadaktylos \"Pentadaktylos\") mountain range \\- at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8\\.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30\\.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974\\. The monastery was originally established by [Copts](/wiki/Copts \"Copts\") circa 1000 AD on a location at which [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria \"Macarius of Alexandria\") is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region \\- some of whom had found shelter after the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres \"Hamidian massacres\") (1894\\-1896\\) \\- believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night.", "The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425\\. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the [Ottoman Era](/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus \"Ottoman Cyprus\") it was known as the Blue Monastery* ([Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"): *Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language \"Turkish language\"): Mavi Manastır, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"): Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non\\-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"), as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia \"Cilicia\") and [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\"), who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot [Mekhitar of Sebaste](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste \"Mekhitar of Sebaste\"), who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian ([Dzerents](/wiki/Dzerents \"Dzerents\")), who \\- inspired by the visible outline of the distant [Taurus mountains](/wiki/Taurus_mountains \"Taurus mountains\"), in 1875 \\- he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia \"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia\"); according to tradition, in 1140 prince [Thoros](/wiki/Thoros_II%2C_Prince_of_Armenia \"Thoros II, Prince of Armenia\") II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors.", "The monastery won the favour of the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"): a 1642 [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701\\. The 1650\\-1750 period is considered its \"golden century\", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large\\-scale renovation took place between 1734 and 1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811 and 1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814\\. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947 and 1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\").", "For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium \"Scriptorium\") between 1202 and 1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") for safe\\-keeping; since 1947, 56 [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts \"Illuminated manuscripts\") are at the [Catholicosate of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia \"Holy See of Cilicia\") in [Antelias](/wiki/Antelias \"Antelias\"). It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800\\. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\"), and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot [Mekhitar](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste \"Mekhitar of Sebaste\"), on top of the namesake hill to the north\\-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\") and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\").", "Between 1897 and 1904, [Vahan Kurkjian](/wiki/Vahan_Kurkjian \"Vahan Kurkjian\")'s (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did \\- for the whole year \\- a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914\\. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948\\. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian\\-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria \"Macarius of Alexandria\")’ feast, many Armenian\\-Cypriots would visit [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards.", "Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998 and 1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co\\-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by [Hrant Dink](/wiki/Hrant_Dink \"Hrant Dink\") and Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\"), respectively. By initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian \"Vartkes Mahdessian\") and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit\\-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian\\-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The entrance to [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")](/wiki/File:Magaravank_entrance.jpg \"Magaravank entrance.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Catholicos Aram I and Archbishop Varoujan in front of Sahag's monument](/wiki/File:Sahag%27s_monument.jpg \"Sahag's monument.jpg\")", "On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926* (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re\\-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926\\)", "Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"), the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced:", "", "> Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949\\)", "In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926\\)", "", "> Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The [soleas](/wiki/Soleas \"Soleas\") \\[and] [narthex](/wiki/Gavit \"Gavit\") of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926\\)", "In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947\\)", "On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 \\[The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)]", "", "> Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814\\.)", "In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926\\)", "Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968\\)", "In front of the [dorter](/wiki/Dorter \"Dorter\") there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Magaravank's](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") baptistery](/wiki/File:Mgrdaran-1.jpg \"Mgrdaran-1.jpg\")", "", "> Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This [dorter](/wiki/Dorter \"Dorter\") was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929\\)", "", "> Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The [narthex](/wiki/Gavit \"Gavit\") of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent [mahdessi](/wiki/Hajji \"Hajji\") (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818\\)", "In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907\\)", "In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814\\)", "On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922\\)", "Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"), which is now partially defaced:", "", "> Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain\\-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948\\)", "" ]
### Turkish\-occupied areas #### [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") \[Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral in Victoria street, currently in the Turkish\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") near Paphos Gate, also known as Notre Dame de Tyre or Tortosa, was originally a Benedictine/Carthusian Abbey built between 1308 and 1310, on the site of an older church which had originally been built in 1116 and was destroyed by an earthquake in 1303, where Armenian\-Catholic nuns served. Sometime before 1504 it passed into the hands of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and it used to be the centre of the Armenian community of Cyprus until it was captured, along with the rest of the Armenian quarter, by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and occupied by Turkey during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"). After the Osmanian occupation of Cyprus in 1570, it was temporarily used as a salt store, until it was returned to the Armenian community by a [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") in May 1571; the Armenian ownership of the church was further confirmed by another [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") in May 1614\. During the period of the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide"), many persecuted Armenian refugees sought shelter on its verandah. It was located next to the old Prelature building, the Melikian\-Ouzounian school, the Armenian genocide monument and the Melikian family mansion. [thumb\\|left\\|The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") prior to its restoration](/wiki/File:Asdvadzadzin_2005.jpg "Asdvadzadzin 2005.jpg") During the centuries it served the small yet prosperous Armenian community of Nicosia, the church underwent various modifications: in 1688 it was renovated, in 1788 the baptistery was constructed, in 1858 the arches of the northern verandah were built, in 1860 the belfry was constructed \- amongst the first in Ottoman Cyprus, a donation by Hapetig Nevrouzian of Constantinople \-, in 1884 it was restored, in 1904 the roof was re\-built and a renovation took place, in 1945 the upper tier was erected for the choir (by donation of Aram Ouzounian), in 1950 the belfry was restored, while in 1960\-1961 the Antiquities Department installed a new floor \- after removing the mediaeval tombstones that were previously covered by the carpets. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the [Presentation of Mary](/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary "Presentation of Mary"). After its occupation in January 1964, it was used as barracks for the Turkish Cypriot militia, while after its occupation by the Turkish army in July 1974 it continued to be used as barracks for Turkish soldiers, until it suffered further damages by an earthquake in 1998\. The site was abandoned and illegal Anatolian settlers inhabited the place until late 2006\. In 2005, the [UNDP](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme") carried out a preliminary study for the potential restoration of the entire compound, while in 2007 it conducted a feasibility study. Heavily desecrated, its restoration finally started in October 2009 by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus and the Armenian Representative, [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian "Vartkes Mahdessian"). The works were carried out by the [UNDP\-ACT](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme "United Nations Development Programme"), with partial funding from [USAID](/wiki/USAID "USAID"), and were completed in November 2012\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\|title\=Factsheet on the Armenians\\|last\=PIO\\|date\=May 2010\\|accessdate\=28 May 2010\\|archive\-date\=22 February 2012\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222181752/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\|url\-status\=dead}} [thumb\\|right\\|The old Armenian Evangelical church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia")](/wiki/File:Nicosia_Armenian_Evangelical.jpg "Nicosia Armenian Evangelical.jpg") There was also a small Armenian Evangelical church, located in Mahmoud Pasha street, in the Turkish\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") \- behind the old American Academy building, near the [Arab Ahmed mosque](/wiki/Arabahmet_Mosque "Arabahmet Mosque"). Prior to its erection, [Armenian Evangelicals](/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church "Armenian Evangelical Church") used to worship God at the Reformed Presbyterian church on Apostolos Varnavas street, opposite the old Powerhouse and behind the building of the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus. The church \- a vision already since the early 1930s \- was eventually built thanks to the initiative of pastor Yohanna Der Megerditchian, with the financial contribution of the [Reformed Presbyterian Church](/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America "Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America") and the Armenian Evangelical faithful; its architect was Dickran H. Davidian. Its foundation stone was laid on 28 July 1946 by pastor Yohanna der Megerditchian, who dedicated it on 1 July 1947\. On the lower part of the right wall to the side of the entrance there is the following inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Էփեսացիս Բ:20 \- 28 Յուլիս 1946 Նիկոսիա (Ephesians 2:20–28 July 1946 Nicosia) The church was renovated in 1955, the year when the border fence and the gate were erected; in 1959 a kitchen was added. During the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the church was taken over by Turkish Cypriots. Between 1964 and 1974, the church and the surrounding buildings were used as a school for some time and then as the main military headquarters (sancaktarlık). After that, for a long time the buildings remained empty. Later on, the church was used as a Turkish folk music centre (1987\-1997\) and as Handicrafts Co\-Operative (1997\-2011\); as of 2011 it is used as a music centre. As with the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre "Notre Dame de Tyre") church, no Services have been held since 1964\. #### [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta") The church of [Ganchvor](/wiki/Ganchvor_monastery "Ganchvor monastery") \[Սուրբ Աստուածածին Կանչուոր (Sourp Asdvadzadzin Ganchvor) or Virgin Mary the Caller] was probably built in 1346 by Armenian refugees who escaped the Mameluke attacks against [Ayas](/wiki/Ayas%2C_Adana "Ayas, Adana") of Cilicia. It is located between Kışla and Server Somuncuoğlu streets, in the north\-western part of the walled city of [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta") (next to the Carmelite church) and it is believed it was a part of an important monastic, cultural and theological establishment, at which Saint [Nerses of Lambron](/wiki/Nerses_of_Lambron "Nerses of Lambron") is said to have studied, and whose foundations survived until the mid\-20th century. A [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium "Scriptorium") used to operate in this monastery, manuscripts of which survive at the Armenian [Saint James' Monastery](/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._James%2C_Jerusalem "Cathedral of St. James, Jerusalem") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"). It is unknown when exactly it ceased being used, however it possibly stopped operating already since the mid\-Venetian Era. Up until at least 1862, there was a small bell\-tower. Unused for more than three and a half centuries, because of Ottoman restrictions, in 1907 it was declared an ancient monument, based on *Colonial Antiquities' Law IV/1905. In the same year, it was repaired by the Antiquities Department, as it was in 1931\. In 1932 it was restored, also by the Antiquities Department, which significantly repaired it between 1937 and 1944 (under the care of [Theophilus Mogabgab](/wiki/Theophilus_Amin_Halil_Mogabgab "Theophilus Amin Halil Mogabgab"), Director of Antiquities for Famagusta District), after it was leased to the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus on 7 March 1936, for a period of 99 years \- which was achieved after the intervention of Co\-adjutor Catholicos of Cilicia, [Papken Gulesserian](/wiki/Babken_I_of_Cilicia "Babken I of Cilicia"), who had visited the church in 1934, and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia"). [thumb\\|right\\|The Carmelite church and Ganchvor church](/wiki/File:Ganchvor-Carmelite_church.jpg "Ganchvor-Carmelite church.jpg") The first Liturgy and its re\-consecration were held on 14 January 1945 by Archimandrite Krikor Bahlavouni (also known as "Topal Vartabed"). On 8 March 1957 it was partially burnt by Turkish Cypriots, but continued to be used as a church until 1962; since then, the [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta "Famagusta") Armenian community used the church of Ayia Paraskevi, which the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus granted. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 15 August, feast day of the [Dormition of the Mother of God](/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God "Dormition of the Mother of God"). In January 1964 it was taken by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and was occupied by [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") in August 1974 during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"). Between 1964 and 1974, it was used as a residence, despite attempts by the Swedish Contingent (SWEDCON) of [UNFICYP](/wiki/UNFICYP "UNFICYP") and others to make other arrangements for the residing family. During the 1974\-2005 period, the year in which it was declassified from a "military area", it was used as a stable and a store room. Until 1974, there were beautiful frescoes on the walls, which today have disappeared. It has been left at the mercy of nature and vandals and it is in need of repairs. No Liturgies have been held since 1964\. The Armenian Orthodox church of the Virgin Mary of Ganchvor should not be confused with the Armenian\-Catholic church of Saint Mary the Green (de Vert), whose location is unknown. #### Halevga [thumb\\|left\\|Panoramic view of the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") (1926\)](/wiki/File:Magaravankcolour.jpg "Magaravankcolour.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Multiple views of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")'s interior and exterior (1940s)](/wiki/File:Magaravank-multiple.jpg "Magaravank-multiple.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|The interior of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") in 1970](/wiki/File:Magaravank-1970.jpg "Magaravank-1970.jpg") Of great importance is [Saint Makarios](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")’ \[Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery \[Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish\-occupied Halevga, on the [Pentadhaktylos](/wiki/Pentadaktylos "Pentadaktylos") mountain range \- at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8\.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30\.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974\. The monastery was originally established by [Copts](/wiki/Copts "Copts") circa 1000 AD on a location at which [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria "Macarius of Alexandria") is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region \- some of whom had found shelter after the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres "Hamidian massacres") (1894\-1896\) \- believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night. The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425\. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the [Ottoman Era](/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus "Ottoman Cyprus") it was known as the Blue Monastery* ([Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): *Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language"): Mavi Manastır, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"): Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non\-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"), as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia "Cilicia") and [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"), who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot [Mekhitar of Sebaste](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste "Mekhitar of Sebaste"), who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian ([Dzerents](/wiki/Dzerents "Dzerents")), who \- inspired by the visible outline of the distant [Taurus mountains](/wiki/Taurus_mountains "Taurus mountains"), in 1875 \- he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia"); according to tradition, in 1140 prince [Thoros](/wiki/Thoros_II%2C_Prince_of_Armenia "Thoros II, Prince of Armenia") II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors. The monastery won the favour of the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"): a 1642 [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701\. The 1650\-1750 period is considered its "golden century", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large\-scale renovation took place between 1734 and 1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811 and 1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814\. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947 and 1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"). For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium "Scriptorium") between 1202 and 1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") for safe\-keeping; since 1947, 56 [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts "Illuminated manuscripts") are at the [Catholicosate of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia "Holy See of Cilicia") in [Antelias](/wiki/Antelias "Antelias"). It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800\. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"), and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot [Mekhitar](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste "Mekhitar of Sebaste"), on top of the namesake hill to the north\-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia") and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia"). Between 1897 and 1904, [Vahan Kurkjian](/wiki/Vahan_Kurkjian "Vahan Kurkjian")'s (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did \- for the whole year \- a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914\. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948\. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian\-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria "Macarius of Alexandria")’ feast, many Armenian\-Cypriots would visit [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards. Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998 and 1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co\-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by [Hrant Dink](/wiki/Hrant_Dink "Hrant Dink") and Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I"), respectively. By initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian "Vartkes Mahdessian") and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit\-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian\-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad. [thumb\\|right\\|The entrance to [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")](/wiki/File:Magaravank_entrance.jpg "Magaravank entrance.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Catholicos Aram I and Archbishop Varoujan in front of Sahag's monument](/wiki/File:Sahag%27s_monument.jpg "Sahag's monument.jpg") On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926* (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re\-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926\) Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"), the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced: > Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949\) In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926\) > Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The [soleas](/wiki/Soleas "Soleas") \[and] [narthex](/wiki/Gavit "Gavit") of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926\) In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947\) On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 \[The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)] > Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814\.) In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926\) Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968\) In front of the [dorter](/wiki/Dorter "Dorter") there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): [thumb\\|right\\|[Magaravank's](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") baptistery](/wiki/File:Mgrdaran-1.jpg "Mgrdaran-1.jpg") > Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This [dorter](/wiki/Dorter "Dorter") was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929\) > Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The [narthex](/wiki/Gavit "Gavit") of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent [mahdessi](/wiki/Hajji "Hajji") (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818\) In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907\) In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814\) On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922\) Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"), which is now partially defaced: > Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain\-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948\)	[ "### Turkish\\-occupied areas", "#### [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")", "The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") \\[Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral in Victoria street, currently in the Turkish\\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") near Paphos Gate, also known as Notre Dame de Tyre or Tortosa, was originally a Benedictine/Carthusian Abbey built between 1308 and 1310, on the site of an older church which had originally been built in 1116 and was destroyed by an earthquake in 1303, where Armenian\\-Catholic nuns served. Sometime before 1504 it passed into the hands of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and it used to be the centre of the Armenian community of Cyprus until it was captured, along with the rest of the Armenian quarter, by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and occupied by Turkey during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus \"Turkish invasion of Cyprus\"). After the Osmanian occupation of Cyprus in 1570, it was temporarily used as a salt store, until it was returned to the Armenian community by a [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") in May 1571; the Armenian ownership of the church was further confirmed by another [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") in May 1614\\. During the period of the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\"), many persecuted Armenian refugees sought shelter on its verandah. It was located next to the old Prelature building, the Melikian\\-Ouzounian school, the Armenian genocide monument and the Melikian family mansion.", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") prior to its restoration](/wiki/File:Asdvadzadzin_2005.jpg \"Asdvadzadzin 2005.jpg\")", "During the centuries it served the small yet prosperous Armenian community of Nicosia, the church underwent various modifications: in 1688 it was renovated, in 1788 the baptistery was constructed, in 1858 the arches of the northern verandah were built, in 1860 the belfry was constructed \\- amongst the first in Ottoman Cyprus, a donation by Hapetig Nevrouzian of Constantinople \\-, in 1884 it was restored, in 1904 the roof was re\\-built and a renovation took place, in 1945 the upper tier was erected for the choir (by donation of Aram Ouzounian), in 1950 the belfry was restored, while in 1960\\-1961 the Antiquities Department installed a new floor \\- after removing the mediaeval tombstones that were previously covered by the carpets. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the [Presentation of Mary](/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary \"Presentation of Mary\").", "After its occupation in January 1964, it was used as barracks for the Turkish Cypriot militia, while after its occupation by the Turkish army in July 1974 it continued to be used as barracks for Turkish soldiers, until it suffered further damages by an earthquake in 1998\\. The site was abandoned and illegal Anatolian settlers inhabited the place until late 2006\\.", "In 2005, the [UNDP](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\") carried out a preliminary study for the potential restoration of the entire compound, while in 2007 it conducted a feasibility study. Heavily desecrated, its restoration finally started in October 2009 by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus and the Armenian Representative, [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian \"Vartkes Mahdessian\"). The works were carried out by the [UNDP\\-ACT](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme \"United Nations Development Programme\"), with partial funding from [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\"), and were completed in November 2012\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\\|title\\=Factsheet on the Armenians\\\|last\\=PIO\\\|date\\=May 2010\\\|accessdate\\=28 May 2010\\\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2012\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222181752/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/DBF419D7DF6CC18EC2256FCE00331E37?OpenDocument\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The old Armenian Evangelical church in old [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\")](/wiki/File:Nicosia_Armenian_Evangelical.jpg \"Nicosia Armenian Evangelical.jpg\")", "There was also a small Armenian Evangelical church, located in Mahmoud Pasha street, in the Turkish\\-occupied part of the walled city of [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") \\- behind the old American Academy building, near the [Arab Ahmed mosque](/wiki/Arabahmet_Mosque \"Arabahmet Mosque\"). Prior to its erection, [Armenian Evangelicals](/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church \"Armenian Evangelical Church\") used to worship God at the Reformed Presbyterian church on Apostolos Varnavas street, opposite the old Powerhouse and behind the building of the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus. The church \\- a vision already since the early 1930s \\- was eventually built thanks to the initiative of pastor Yohanna Der Megerditchian, with the financial contribution of the [Reformed Presbyterian Church](/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America \"Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America\") and the Armenian Evangelical faithful; its architect was Dickran H. Davidian. Its foundation stone was laid on 28 July 1946 by pastor Yohanna der Megerditchian, who dedicated it on 1 July 1947\\. On the lower part of the right wall to the side of the entrance there is the following inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Էփեսացիս Բ:20 \\- 28 Յուլիս 1946 Նիկոսիա (Ephesians 2:20–28 July 1946 Nicosia)", "The church was renovated in 1955, the year when the border fence and the gate were erected; in 1959 a kitchen was added. During the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the church was taken over by Turkish Cypriots. Between 1964 and 1974, the church and the surrounding buildings were used as a school for some time and then as the main military headquarters (sancaktarlık). After that, for a long time the buildings remained empty. Later on, the church was used as a Turkish folk music centre (1987\\-1997\\) and as Handicrafts Co\\-Operative (1997\\-2011\\); as of 2011 it is used as a music centre. As with the old [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Tyre \"Notre Dame de Tyre\") church, no Services have been held since 1964\\.", "#### [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\")", "The church of [Ganchvor](/wiki/Ganchvor_monastery \"Ganchvor monastery\") \\[Սուրբ Աստուածածին Կանչուոր (Sourp Asdvadzadzin Ganchvor) or Virgin Mary the Caller] was probably built in 1346 by Armenian refugees who escaped the Mameluke attacks against [Ayas](/wiki/Ayas%2C_Adana \"Ayas, Adana\") of Cilicia. It is located between Kışla and Server Somuncuoğlu streets, in the north\\-western part of the walled city of [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\") (next to the Carmelite church) and it is believed it was a part of an important monastic, cultural and theological establishment, at which Saint [Nerses of Lambron](/wiki/Nerses_of_Lambron \"Nerses of Lambron\") is said to have studied, and whose foundations survived until the mid\\-20th century. A [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium \"Scriptorium\") used to operate in this monastery, manuscripts of which survive at the Armenian [Saint James' Monastery](/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._James%2C_Jerusalem \"Cathedral of St. James, Jerusalem\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\").", "It is unknown when exactly it ceased being used, however it possibly stopped operating already since the mid\\-Venetian Era. Up until at least 1862, there was a small bell\\-tower. Unused for more than three and a half centuries, because of Ottoman restrictions, in 1907 it was declared an ancient monument, based on *Colonial Antiquities' Law IV/1905. In the same year, it was repaired by the Antiquities Department, as it was in 1931\\. In 1932 it was restored, also by the Antiquities Department, which significantly repaired it between 1937 and 1944 (under the care of [Theophilus Mogabgab](/wiki/Theophilus_Amin_Halil_Mogabgab \"Theophilus Amin Halil Mogabgab\"), Director of Antiquities for Famagusta District), after it was leased to the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus on 7 March 1936, for a period of 99 years \\- which was achieved after the intervention of Co\\-adjutor Catholicos of Cilicia, [Papken Gulesserian](/wiki/Babken_I_of_Cilicia \"Babken I of Cilicia\"), who had visited the church in 1934, and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\").", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The Carmelite church and Ganchvor church](/wiki/File:Ganchvor-Carmelite_church.jpg \"Ganchvor-Carmelite church.jpg\")", "The first Liturgy and its re\\-consecration were held on 14 January 1945 by Archimandrite Krikor Bahlavouni (also known as \"Topal Vartabed\"). On 8 March 1957 it was partially burnt by Turkish Cypriots, but continued to be used as a church until 1962; since then, the [Famagusta](/wiki/Famagusta \"Famagusta\") Armenian community used the church of Ayia Paraskevi, which the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus granted. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 15 August, feast day of the [Dormition of the Mother of God](/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God \"Dormition of the Mother of God\"). In January 1964 it was taken by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and was occupied by [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") in August 1974 during the [1974 Turkish invasion](/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus \"Turkish invasion of Cyprus\"). Between 1964 and 1974, it was used as a residence, despite attempts by the Swedish Contingent (SWEDCON) of [UNFICYP](/wiki/UNFICYP \"UNFICYP\") and others to make other arrangements for the residing family. During the 1974\\-2005 period, the year in which it was declassified from a \"military area\", it was used as a stable and a store room. Until 1974, there were beautiful frescoes on the walls, which today have disappeared. It has been left at the mercy of nature and vandals and it is in need of repairs. No Liturgies have been held since 1964\\.", "The Armenian Orthodox church of the Virgin Mary of Ganchvor should not be confused with the Armenian\\-Catholic church of Saint Mary the Green (de Vert), whose location is unknown.", "#### Halevga", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Panoramic view of the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") (1926\\)](/wiki/File:Magaravankcolour.jpg \"Magaravankcolour.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Multiple views of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")'s interior and exterior (1940s)](/wiki/File:Magaravank-multiple.jpg \"Magaravank-multiple.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The interior of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") in 1970](/wiki/File:Magaravank-1970.jpg \"Magaravank-1970.jpg\")", "Of great importance is [Saint Makarios](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")’ \\[Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery \\[Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish\\-occupied Halevga, on the [Pentadhaktylos](/wiki/Pentadaktylos \"Pentadaktylos\") mountain range \\- at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8\\.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30\\.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974\\. The monastery was originally established by [Copts](/wiki/Copts \"Copts\") circa 1000 AD on a location at which [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria \"Macarius of Alexandria\") is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region \\- some of whom had found shelter after the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres \"Hamidian massacres\") (1894\\-1896\\) \\- believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night.", "The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425\\. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the [Ottoman Era](/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus \"Ottoman Cyprus\") it was known as the Blue Monastery* ([Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"): *Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language \"Turkish language\"): Mavi Manastır, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"): Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non\\-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"), as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia \"Cilicia\") and [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\"), who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot [Mekhitar of Sebaste](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste \"Mekhitar of Sebaste\"), who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian ([Dzerents](/wiki/Dzerents \"Dzerents\")), who \\- inspired by the visible outline of the distant [Taurus mountains](/wiki/Taurus_mountains \"Taurus mountains\"), in 1875 \\- he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia \"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia\"); according to tradition, in 1140 prince [Thoros](/wiki/Thoros_II%2C_Prince_of_Armenia \"Thoros II, Prince of Armenia\") II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors.", "The monastery won the favour of the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"): a 1642 [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701\\. The 1650\\-1750 period is considered its \"golden century\", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large\\-scale renovation took place between 1734 and 1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811 and 1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814\\. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947 and 1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\").", "For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium \"Scriptorium\") between 1202 and 1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") for safe\\-keeping; since 1947, 56 [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts \"Illuminated manuscripts\") are at the [Catholicosate of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia \"Holy See of Cilicia\") in [Antelias](/wiki/Antelias \"Antelias\"). It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800\\. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\"), and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot [Mekhitar](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste \"Mekhitar of Sebaste\"), on top of the namesake hill to the north\\-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\") and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\").", "Between 1897 and 1904, [Vahan Kurkjian](/wiki/Vahan_Kurkjian \"Vahan Kurkjian\")'s (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did \\- for the whole year \\- a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914\\. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948\\. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian\\-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria \"Macarius of Alexandria\")’ feast, many Armenian\\-Cypriots would visit [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards.", "Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998 and 1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co\\-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by [Hrant Dink](/wiki/Hrant_Dink \"Hrant Dink\") and Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\"), respectively. By initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian \"Vartkes Mahdessian\") and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit\\-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian\\-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The entrance to [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")](/wiki/File:Magaravank_entrance.jpg \"Magaravank entrance.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Catholicos Aram I and Archbishop Varoujan in front of Sahag's monument](/wiki/File:Sahag%27s_monument.jpg \"Sahag's monument.jpg\")", "On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926* (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re\\-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926\\)", "Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"), the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced:", "", "> Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949\\)", "In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926\\)", "", "> Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The [soleas](/wiki/Soleas \"Soleas\") \\[and] [narthex](/wiki/Gavit \"Gavit\") of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926\\)", "In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947\\)", "On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 \\[The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)]", "", "> Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814\\.)", "In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926\\)", "Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968\\)", "In front of the [dorter](/wiki/Dorter \"Dorter\") there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Magaravank's](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") baptistery](/wiki/File:Mgrdaran-1.jpg \"Mgrdaran-1.jpg\")", "", "> Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This [dorter](/wiki/Dorter \"Dorter\") was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929\\)", "", "> Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The [narthex](/wiki/Gavit \"Gavit\") of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent [mahdessi](/wiki/Hajji \"Hajji\") (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818\\)", "In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907\\)", "In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814\\)", "On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922\\)", "Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"), which is now partially defaced:", "", "> Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain\\-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948\\)", "" ]
#### Halevga [thumb\\|left\\|Panoramic view of the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") (1926\)](/wiki/File:Magaravankcolour.jpg "Magaravankcolour.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|Multiple views of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")'s interior and exterior (1940s)](/wiki/File:Magaravank-multiple.jpg "Magaravank-multiple.jpg") [thumb\\|left\\|The interior of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") in 1970](/wiki/File:Magaravank-1970.jpg "Magaravank-1970.jpg") Of great importance is [Saint Makarios](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")’ \[Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery \[Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish\-occupied Halevga, on the [Pentadhaktylos](/wiki/Pentadaktylos "Pentadaktylos") mountain range \- at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8\.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30\.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974\. The monastery was originally established by [Copts](/wiki/Copts "Copts") circa 1000 AD on a location at which [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria "Macarius of Alexandria") is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region \- some of whom had found shelter after the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres "Hamidian massacres") (1894\-1896\) \- believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night. The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425\. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the [Ottoman Era](/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus "Ottoman Cyprus") it was known as the Blue Monastery ([Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): *Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language "Turkish language"): Mavi Manastır, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language"): Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non\-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land "Holy Land"), as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia "Cilicia") and [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem") (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"), who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot [Mekhitar of Sebaste](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste "Mekhitar of Sebaste"), who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian ([Dzerents](/wiki/Dzerents "Dzerents")), who \- inspired by the visible outline of the distant [Taurus mountains](/wiki/Taurus_mountains "Taurus mountains"), in 1875 \- he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia"); according to tradition, in 1140 prince [Thoros](/wiki/Thoros_II%2C_Prince_of_Armenia "Thoros II, Prince of Armenia") II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors. The monastery won the favour of the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire"): a 1642 [firman](/wiki/Firman "Firman") exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701\. The 1650\-1750 period is considered its "golden century", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large\-scale renovation took place between 1734 and 1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811 and 1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814\. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947 and 1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"). For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium "Scriptorium") between 1202 and 1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia "Nicosia") for safe\-keeping; since 1947, 56 [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts "Illuminated manuscripts") are at the [Catholicosate of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia "Holy See of Cilicia") in [Antelias](/wiki/Antelias "Antelias"). It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800\. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia"), and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot [Mekhitar](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste "Mekhitar of Sebaste"), on top of the namesake hill to the north\-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia "Sahag II of Cilicia") and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia "Bedros IV of Cilicia"). Between 1897 and 1904, [Vahan Kurkjian](/wiki/Vahan_Kurkjian "Vahan Kurkjian")'s (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did \- for the whole year \- a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914\. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948\. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian\-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria "Macarius of Alexandria")’ feast, many Armenian\-Cypriots would visit [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards. Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998 and 1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co\-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by [Hrant Dink](/wiki/Hrant_Dink "Hrant Dink") and Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I "Aram I"), respectively. By initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian "Vartkes Mahdessian") and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit\-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian\-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad. [thumb\\|right\\|The entrance to [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar")](/wiki/File:Magaravank_entrance.jpg "Magaravank entrance.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|Catholicos Aram I and Archbishop Varoujan in front of Sahag's monument](/wiki/File:Sahag%27s_monument.jpg "Sahag's monument.jpg") On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926* (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re\-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926\) Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"), the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced: > Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949\) In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926\) > Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The [soleas](/wiki/Soleas "Soleas") \[and] [narthex](/wiki/Gavit "Gavit") of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926\) In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947\) On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 \[The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)] > Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814\.) In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926\) Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968\) In front of the [dorter](/wiki/Dorter "Dorter") there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): [thumb\\|right\\|[Magaravank's](/wiki/Sourp_Magar "Sourp Magar") baptistery](/wiki/File:Mgrdaran-1.jpg "Mgrdaran-1.jpg") > Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This [dorter](/wiki/Dorter "Dorter") was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929\) > Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The [narthex](/wiki/Gavit "Gavit") of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent [mahdessi](/wiki/Hajji "Hajji") (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818\) In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907\) In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814\) On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"): > Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922\) Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language "Armenian language"), which is now partially defaced: > Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain\-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948\)	[ "#### Halevga", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|Panoramic view of the [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") (1926\\)](/wiki/File:Magaravankcolour.jpg \"Magaravankcolour.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Multiple views of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")'s interior and exterior (1940s)](/wiki/File:Magaravank-multiple.jpg \"Magaravank-multiple.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The interior of [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") in 1970](/wiki/File:Magaravank-1970.jpg \"Magaravank-1970.jpg\")", "Of great importance is [Saint Makarios](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")’ \\[Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery \\[Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish\\-occupied Halevga, on the [Pentadhaktylos](/wiki/Pentadaktylos \"Pentadaktylos\") mountain range \\- at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8\\.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30\\.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974\\. The monastery was originally established by [Copts](/wiki/Copts \"Copts\") circa 1000 AD on a location at which [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria \"Macarius of Alexandria\") is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region \\- some of whom had found shelter after the [Hamidian massacres](/wiki/Hamidian_massacres \"Hamidian massacres\") (1894\\-1896\\) \\- believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night.", "The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425\\. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the [Ottoman Era](/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus \"Ottoman Cyprus\") it was known as the Blue Monastery ([Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"): *Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, [Turkish](/wiki/Turkish_language \"Turkish language\"): Mavi Manastır, [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\"): Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non\\-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the [Holy Land](/wiki/Holy_Land \"Holy Land\"), as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from [Cilicia](/wiki/Cilicia \"Cilicia\") and [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\") (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\"), who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot [Mekhitar of Sebaste](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste \"Mekhitar of Sebaste\"), who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian ([Dzerents](/wiki/Dzerents \"Dzerents\")), who \\- inspired by the visible outline of the distant [Taurus mountains](/wiki/Taurus_mountains \"Taurus mountains\"), in 1875 \\- he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the [Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia](/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia \"Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia\"); according to tradition, in 1140 prince [Thoros](/wiki/Thoros_II%2C_Prince_of_Armenia \"Thoros II, Prince of Armenia\") II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors.", "The monastery won the favour of the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\"): a 1642 [firman](/wiki/Firman \"Firman\") exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701\\. The 1650\\-1750 period is considered its \"golden century\", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large\\-scale renovation took place between 1734 and 1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811 and 1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814\\. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947 and 1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\").", "For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's [scriptorium](/wiki/Scriptorium \"Scriptorium\") between 1202 and 1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to [Nicosia](/wiki/Nicosia \"Nicosia\") for safe\\-keeping; since 1947, 56 [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts \"Illuminated manuscripts\") are at the [Catholicosate of Cilicia](/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia \"Holy See of Cilicia\") in [Antelias](/wiki/Antelias \"Antelias\"). It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800\\. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\"), and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot [Mekhitar](/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste \"Mekhitar of Sebaste\"), on top of the namesake hill to the north\\-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos [Sahag II](/wiki/Sahag_II_of_Cilicia \"Sahag II of Cilicia\") and Archbishop [Bedros Saradjian](/wiki/Bedros_IV_of_Cilicia \"Bedros IV of Cilicia\").", "Between 1897 and 1904, [Vahan Kurkjian](/wiki/Vahan_Kurkjian \"Vahan Kurkjian\")'s (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did \\- for the whole year \\- a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914\\. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948\\. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian\\-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, [Saint Macarius](/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria \"Macarius of Alexandria\")’ feast, many Armenian\\-Cypriots would visit [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards.", "Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998 and 1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co\\-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by [Hrant Dink](/wiki/Hrant_Dink \"Hrant Dink\") and Catholicos [Aram I](/wiki/Aram_I \"Aram I\"), respectively. By initiative of Representative [Vartkes Mahdessian](/wiki/Vartkes_Mahdessian \"Vartkes Mahdessian\") and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit\\-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian\\-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|The entrance to [Magaravank](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\")](/wiki/File:Magaravank_entrance.jpg \"Magaravank entrance.jpg\")", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Catholicos Aram I and Archbishop Varoujan in front of Sahag's monument](/wiki/File:Sahag%27s_monument.jpg \"Sahag's monument.jpg\")", "On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926* (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re\\-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926\\)", "Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"), the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced:", "", "> Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949\\)", "In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926\\)", "", "> Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The [soleas](/wiki/Soleas \"Soleas\") \\[and] [narthex](/wiki/Gavit \"Gavit\") of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926\\)", "In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947\\)", "On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 \\[The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)]", "", "> Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814\\.)", "In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926\\)", "Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968\\)", "In front of the [dorter](/wiki/Dorter \"Dorter\") there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|[Magaravank's](/wiki/Sourp_Magar \"Sourp Magar\") baptistery](/wiki/File:Mgrdaran-1.jpg \"Mgrdaran-1.jpg\")", "", "> Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This [dorter](/wiki/Dorter \"Dorter\") was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929\\)", "", "> Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The [narthex](/wiki/Gavit \"Gavit\") of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent [mahdessi](/wiki/Hajji \"Hajji\") (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818\\)", "In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907\\)", "In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814\\)", "On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"):", "", "> Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922\\)", "Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in [Armenian](/wiki/Armenian_language \"Armenian language\"), which is now partially defaced:", "", "> Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain\\-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948\\)", "" ]
History ------- {{expand section\\|date\=April 2009}} The first peace camps are known to have originated in the 1920s.{{citation needed\\|date\=March 2008}} ### 1980s The first modern peace camps were the various (initially mixed but later) [women\-only](/wiki/Women-only_space "Women-only space") peace camps at the military base at [Greenham Common](/wiki/Greenham_Common "Greenham Common"), England, set up in 1981\. [Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp](/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp "Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp") maintained a presence at the camp until 2000\. Women\-only peace camps were based at Waddington, Lincs from April – September 1982 and Capenhurst October 1982 – March 1983\. Other, mixed\-sex, peace camps sprang up at the military bases of [Upper Heyford](/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford "RAF Upper Heyford"), [Daws Hill](/wiki/Daws_Hill "Daws Hill") in [High Wycombe](/wiki/High_Wycombe "High Wycombe"), [RAF Molesworth](/wiki/RAF_Molesworth "RAF Molesworth"), [Lakenheath](/wiki/Lakenheath "Lakenheath"), [Naphill](/wiki/Naphill "Naphill") and [Faslane](/wiki/HMNB_Clyde "HMNB Clyde"). [Faslane Peace Camp](/wiki/Faslane_Peace_Camp "Faslane Peace Camp"), which was established in 1982, is still in existence today. There has been a women's peace camp at [Aldermaston](/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment "Atomic Weapons Establishment") for one weekend a month since 1985 that continues to meet.{{cite web \\|title\=Aldermaston Women's Peace Camp \- Campaigning against nuclear weapons production at AWE Aldermaston and an end to all violence \\|url\=http://www.aldermaston.net/ \\|website\=www.aldermaston.net}} #### Naphill A [bunker](/wiki/Bunker "Bunker") was constructed for [RAF Strike Command](/wiki/RAF_Strike_Command "RAF Strike Command") on [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty "National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty") land ([Bradenham Village](/wiki/Bradenham_Village "Bradenham Village")) near [High Wycombe](/wiki/High_Wycombe "High Wycombe"), England between 1983 and 1985\. Naphill Peace camp was set up to witness and oppose this construction. [The Angry Pacifist](/wiki/The_Angry_Pacifist "The Angry Pacifist") magazine was produced out of Naphill Peace camp. #### White House Peace Vigil [Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_%28activist%29 "Thomas (activist)") and [Concepcion Picciotto](/wiki/Concepcion_Picciotto "Concepcion Picciotto") are founders of the longest running peace [vigil](/wiki/Vigil "Vigil") in the US. The [White House Peace Vigil](/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil "White House Peace Vigil") has been located opposite the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") at [Lafayette Square](/wiki/President%27s_Park%23Lafayette_Square "President's Park#Lafayette Square") on the 1600 block of Pennsylvania Avenue in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") since June 3, 1981\.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2009/02/07/AR2009020701843\.html\\|title\=From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent\\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\\|date\=February 8, 2009\\|author\=Colman McCarthy\\|author\-link\=Colman McCarthy}} #### Brambles Farm, Waterlooville, Hampshire The [Brambles Farm Peace Camp](/wiki/Brambles_Farm_Peace_Camp "Brambles Farm Peace Camp") was set up in 1982 on the site of a research and development facility for the production of the [Spearfish](/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo "Spearfish torpedo") 7525 torpedo for the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy"). The camp, although anti\-war and anti\-nuclear in its beliefs, was also supported and attended by local people demonstrating against the loss of green space and the lack of public consultation. The protesters held up the construction work for a number of months and was visited by some 3,000 people from this country and abroad. A [Torpedo Town](/wiki/Torpedo_Town "Torpedo Town") festival was held in the area for a number of years afterwards, the largest in 1991 at [Liphook](/wiki/Liphook "Liphook") in Hampshire when some 25,000 people danced to the [Spiral Tribe](/wiki/Spiral_Tribe "Spiral Tribe") sound system. These festivals fell foul of the [rave party](/wiki/Rave_party "Rave party") and [free festival](/wiki/Free_party "Free party") crackdown in the early 1990s by the Tory government. #### Seneca County, New York In 1983, [feminists](/wiki/Feminist "Feminist") established the [Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice](/wiki/Seneca_Women%27s_Encampment_for_a_Future_of_Peace_and_Justice "Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice") in [Romulus, New York](/wiki/Romulus%2C_New_York "Romulus, New York"), the site of the 1848 [Seneca Falls Convention](/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention "Seneca Falls Convention"), to demand the abolition of nuclear weapons.{{cite book \\| last \=Rosen \\| first \=Ruth \\| title \=The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America \\| publisher \=Penguin \\| year \=2000 \\| location \=New York \\| url \=https://archive.org/details/worldsplitopenho00rose \\| isbn \=0\-670\-81462\-8 \\| url\-access \=registration }} ### 21st century [thumb\\|235px\\|[Parliament Square Peace Campaign](/wiki/Parliament_Square_Peace_Campaign "Parliament Square Peace Campaign") opposite the British parliament, 2010](/wiki/File:Peace_camp%2C_St_Margaret_Street_-_DSC08110.JPG "Peace camp, St Margaret Street - DSC08110.JPG") In 2001 [Brian Haw](/wiki/Brian_Haw "Brian Haw") set up the [Parliament Square Peace Campaign](/wiki/Parliament_Square_Peace_Campaign "Parliament Square Peace Campaign") outside the [Houses of Parliament](/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster "Palace of Westminster") in [London](/wiki/London "London"). In August 2007 others who had joined him were evicted but he was allowed to stay.{{cite news\\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\_politics/6950868\.stm \\| work\=BBC News \\| title\=Parliament peace campers evicted \\| date\=2007\-08\-17 \\| access\-date\=2010\-05\-22}} A peace camp was set up at [Fairford](/wiki/RAF_Fairford "RAF Fairford") on 17 February 2003 in protest against the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War").{{Cite news \\|date\=2003\-02\-28 \\|title\=Peace camp moves after eviction threat \\|language\=en\-GB \\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/england/2808013\.stm \\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-18}} In February 2005, peace activists and residents began a peace camp at the village of [Daechuri](/wiki/Daechuri "Daechuri"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), in opposition to the expansion of [Camp Humphreys](/wiki/Camp_Humphreys "Camp Humphreys"), which declared autonomy from Korea on February 7, 2006\. As of October 2006, resisting residents remain on\-site, despite demolition of homes owned by residents who have accepted compensation. On May 13, 2005, protesters set up a peace camp on [Drake's Island](/wiki/Drake%27s_Island "Drake's Island"), just off [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth "Plymouth"). In August 2005, [Cindy Sheehan](/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan "Cindy Sheehan") set up [Camp Casey](/wiki/Camp_Casey%2C_Crawford%2C_Texas "Camp Casey, Crawford, Texas"), a peace camp named after her son, outside the [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") ranch of United States President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), through which she has attracted considerable media attention.	[ "History\n-------", "{{expand section\\\|date\\=April 2009}}\nThe first peace camps are known to have originated in the 1920s.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=March 2008}}", "### 1980s", "The first modern peace camps were the various (initially mixed but later) [women\\-only](/wiki/Women-only_space \"Women-only space\") peace camps at the military base at [Greenham Common](/wiki/Greenham_Common \"Greenham Common\"), England, set up in 1981\\. [Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp](/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp \"Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp\") maintained a presence at the camp until 2000\\. Women\\-only peace camps were based at Waddington, Lincs from April – September 1982 and Capenhurst October 1982 – March 1983\\. Other, mixed\\-sex, peace camps sprang up at the military bases of [Upper Heyford](/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford \"RAF Upper Heyford\"), [Daws Hill](/wiki/Daws_Hill \"Daws Hill\") in [High Wycombe](/wiki/High_Wycombe \"High Wycombe\"), [RAF Molesworth](/wiki/RAF_Molesworth \"RAF Molesworth\"), [Lakenheath](/wiki/Lakenheath \"Lakenheath\"), [Naphill](/wiki/Naphill \"Naphill\") and [Faslane](/wiki/HMNB_Clyde \"HMNB Clyde\"). [Faslane Peace Camp](/wiki/Faslane_Peace_Camp \"Faslane Peace Camp\"), which was established in 1982, is still in existence today. There has been a women's peace camp at [Aldermaston](/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment \"Atomic Weapons Establishment\") for one weekend a month since 1985 that continues to meet.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Aldermaston Women's Peace Camp \\- Campaigning against nuclear weapons production at AWE Aldermaston and an end to all violence \\\|url\\=http://www.aldermaston.net/ \\\|website\\=www.aldermaston.net}}", "#### Naphill", "A [bunker](/wiki/Bunker \"Bunker\") was constructed for [RAF Strike Command](/wiki/RAF_Strike_Command \"RAF Strike Command\") on [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty \"National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty\") land ([Bradenham Village](/wiki/Bradenham_Village \"Bradenham Village\")) near [High Wycombe](/wiki/High_Wycombe \"High Wycombe\"), England between 1983 and 1985\\. Naphill Peace camp was set up to witness and oppose this construction. [The Angry Pacifist](/wiki/The_Angry_Pacifist \"The Angry Pacifist\") magazine was produced out of Naphill Peace camp.", "#### White House Peace Vigil", "[Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_%28activist%29 \"Thomas (activist)\") and [Concepcion Picciotto](/wiki/Concepcion_Picciotto \"Concepcion Picciotto\") are founders of the longest running peace [vigil](/wiki/Vigil \"Vigil\") in the US. The [White House Peace Vigil](/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil \"White House Peace Vigil\") has been located opposite the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") at [Lafayette Square](/wiki/President%27s_Park%23Lafayette_Square \"President's Park#Lafayette Square\") on the 1600 block of Pennsylvania Avenue in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") since June 3, 1981\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2009/02/07/AR2009020701843\\.html\\\|title\\=From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\\|date\\=February 8, 2009\\\|author\\=Colman McCarthy\\\|author\\-link\\=Colman McCarthy}}", "#### Brambles Farm, Waterlooville, Hampshire", "The [Brambles Farm Peace Camp](/wiki/Brambles_Farm_Peace_Camp \"Brambles Farm Peace Camp\") was set up in 1982 on the site of a research and development facility for the production of the [Spearfish](/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo \"Spearfish torpedo\") 7525 torpedo for the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\"). The camp, although anti\\-war and anti\\-nuclear in its beliefs, was also supported and attended by local people demonstrating against the loss of green space and the lack of public consultation. The protesters held up the construction work for a number of months and was visited by some 3,000 people from this country and abroad. A [Torpedo Town](/wiki/Torpedo_Town \"Torpedo Town\") festival was held in the area for a number of years afterwards, the largest in 1991 at [Liphook](/wiki/Liphook \"Liphook\") in Hampshire when some 25,000 people danced to the [Spiral Tribe](/wiki/Spiral_Tribe \"Spiral Tribe\") sound system. These festivals fell foul of the [rave party](/wiki/Rave_party \"Rave party\") and [free festival](/wiki/Free_party \"Free party\") crackdown in the early 1990s by the Tory government.", "#### Seneca County, New York", "In 1983, [feminists](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\") established the [Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice](/wiki/Seneca_Women%27s_Encampment_for_a_Future_of_Peace_and_Justice \"Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice\") in [Romulus, New York](/wiki/Romulus%2C_New_York \"Romulus, New York\"), the site of the 1848 [Seneca Falls Convention](/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention \"Seneca Falls Convention\"), to demand the abolition of nuclear weapons.{{cite book\n \\\| last \\=Rosen\n \\\| first \\=Ruth\n \\\| title \\=The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America\n \\\| publisher \\=Penguin\n \\\| year \\=2000\n \\\| location \\=New York\n \\\| url \\=https://archive.org/details/worldsplitopenho00rose\n \\\| isbn \\=0\\-670\\-81462\\-8\n \\\| url\\-access \\=registration\n }}", "### 21st century", "[thumb\\\|235px\\\|[Parliament Square Peace Campaign](/wiki/Parliament_Square_Peace_Campaign \"Parliament Square Peace Campaign\") opposite the British parliament, 2010](/wiki/File:Peace_camp%2C_St_Margaret_Street_-_DSC08110.JPG \"Peace camp, St Margaret Street - DSC08110.JPG\")", "In 2001 [Brian Haw](/wiki/Brian_Haw \"Brian Haw\") set up the [Parliament Square Peace Campaign](/wiki/Parliament_Square_Peace_Campaign \"Parliament Square Peace Campaign\") outside the [Houses of Parliament](/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster \"Palace of Westminster\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). In August 2007 others who had joined him were evicted but he was allowed to stay.{{cite news\\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk\\_politics/6950868\\.stm \\\| work\\=BBC News \\\| title\\=Parliament peace campers evicted \\\| date\\=2007\\-08\\-17 \\\| access\\-date\\=2010\\-05\\-22}}", "A peace camp was set up at [Fairford](/wiki/RAF_Fairford \"RAF Fairford\") on 17 February 2003 in protest against the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\").{{Cite news \\\|date\\=2003\\-02\\-28 \\\|title\\=Peace camp moves after eviction threat \\\|language\\=en\\-GB \\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/england/2808013\\.stm \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-18}}", "In February 2005, peace activists and residents began a peace camp at the village of [Daechuri](/wiki/Daechuri \"Daechuri\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), in opposition to the expansion of [Camp Humphreys](/wiki/Camp_Humphreys \"Camp Humphreys\"), which declared autonomy from Korea on February 7, 2006\\. As of October 2006, resisting residents remain on\\-site, despite demolition of homes owned by residents who have accepted compensation.", "On May 13, 2005, protesters set up a peace camp on [Drake's Island](/wiki/Drake%27s_Island \"Drake's Island\"), just off [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth \"Plymouth\").", "In August 2005, [Cindy Sheehan](/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan \"Cindy Sheehan\") set up [Camp Casey](/wiki/Camp_Casey%2C_Crawford%2C_Texas \"Camp Casey, Crawford, Texas\"), a peace camp named after her son, outside the [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") ranch of United States President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"), through which she has attracted considerable media attention.", "" ]
Divisions --------- The company had four major divisions: EMS Defense \& Space, LXE, EMS Aviation and EMS Global Tracking. ### EMS Defense \& Space EMS Defense \& Space manufactured Kband antenna systems and custom beam management systems for military and commercial applications, including mobile network\-centric operations, radar for battlefield visibility and commercial aero connectivity. ### EMS Global Tracking EMS Global Tracking manufactured vehicle and personal tracking systems for transportation, security, maritime and the oil and gas industries. This division helped companies locate, track and communicate with mobile assets, safeguard their fleets, cargo. ### EMS Aviation EMS Aviation{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.emsaviation.com/ \\|title\=Home \\|website\=emsaviation.com}}{{Unreliable source?\\|date\=July 2020}} manufactured satellite\-based communication systems that enable worldwide high\-speed Internet, voice and video capabilities in\-flight. This division's systems are used for in\-flight communications and entertainment, rugged data storage, airborne connectivity, and data recording and replay hardware and software for the aerospace, defense and transportation industries. ### LXE LXE manufactured rugged vehicle\-mounted, handheld and wearable mobile computers. This division's warehouse products helped companies extend corporate networks to mobile workers with hand held scanners and computers.	[ "Divisions\n---------", "The company had four major divisions: EMS Defense \\& Space, LXE, EMS Aviation and EMS Global Tracking.", "### EMS Defense \\& Space", "EMS Defense \\& Space manufactured Kband antenna systems and custom beam management systems for military and commercial applications, including mobile network\\-centric operations, radar for battlefield visibility and commercial aero connectivity.", "### EMS Global Tracking", "EMS Global Tracking manufactured vehicle and personal tracking systems for transportation, security, maritime and the oil and gas industries. This division helped companies locate, track and communicate with mobile assets, safeguard their fleets, cargo.", "### EMS Aviation", "EMS Aviation{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.emsaviation.com/ \\\|title\\=Home \\\|website\\=emsaviation.com}}{{Unreliable source?\\\|date\\=July 2020}} manufactured satellite\\-based communication systems that enable worldwide high\\-speed Internet, voice and video capabilities in\\-flight. This division's systems are used for in\\-flight communications and entertainment, rugged data storage, airborne connectivity, and data recording and replay hardware and software for the aerospace, defense and transportation industries.", "### LXE", "LXE manufactured rugged vehicle\\-mounted, handheld and wearable mobile computers. This division's warehouse products helped companies extend corporate networks to mobile workers with hand held scanners and computers.", "" ]
Biography --------- Rodokanakis was born in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa") in 1891 and came from a large wealthy family.Alexatos, Gerassimos: Die Griechen von Görlitz 1916–1919, Berlin 2018, {{ISBN\\|978\-3\-7329\-0414\-3}}, p. 67\. He started his artistic education as a student of [Giuseppe Pennasilico](/wiki/Giuseppe_Pennasilico "Giuseppe Pennasilico") (1861–1940\) in his hometown.Vollmer, Hans (Editor): Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler des 20\. Jahrhunderts, part 4, Quaghebeur – Uzelac, Leipzig 1992, {{ISBN\\|3\-423\-05907\-9}}, p. 85\. Later on he studied painting under [Giulio Bargellini](/wiki/Giulio_Bargellini "Giulio Bargellini") (1875–1936\) and [graphics](/wiki/Graphics "Graphics") under [Vittorio Grassi](/wiki/Vittorio_Grassi "Vittorio Grassi") (1878–1958\) at the [Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma](/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Roma "Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma") (Academy of Fine Arts Rome).National Gallery: [Rodokanakis Pavlos](https://www.nationalgallery.gr/en/painting-permanent-exhibition/painter/rodokanakis-pavlos.html), Retrieved 17 February 2020\. In 1911 Rodokanakis made his debut at an exhibition of the Società Promotrice di Belle Arti (Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts) in Genoa. He later moved to [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"), his parents' country. Due to the armed conflicts there during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), the artist ended up in [Görlitz](/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz "Görlitz") in 1916 as a soldier as part of the Greek [IV Army Corps](/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_%28Greece%29 "IV Army Corps (Greece)") [transferred](/wiki/Internment_of_the_Greek_IV_Corps_at_G%C3%B6rlitz "Internment of the Greek IV Corps at Görlitz") to Germany.MDR: [Die Griechen von Görlitz "Χαίρετε" – "Seid gegrüßt!"](https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/weitere-epochen/zwanzigstes-jahrhundert/griechen-in-goerlitz106.html), Retrieved 17 February 2020\. Although he lived in a barrack camp for two years, he managed to be productive creatively. His efforts to distinguish himself as a painter resulted in an invitation to [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich") in the summer of 1918\. There, in Munich\`s [Glaspalast](/wiki/Glaspalast_%28Munich%29 "Glaspalast (Munich)") (Glass Palace), Rodokanakis took part in the annual art exhibition.Münchener Künstlergenossenschaft and Secession (Editors): Münchener Kunst\-Ausstellung 1918 im Königlichen Glaspalast, official catalog, Munich 1918, p. 55\. The success in Munich led to another exhibition in the Stadthalle (town hall) Görlitz in November 1918, which showed more than 50 of his works and which was extremely well received. After returning to Greece, Rodokanakis joined the artist group [Omada Tehni](/wiki/Omada_Tehni "Omada Tehni") (Techni Group), founded in 1917\. This enabled him to take part in an art exhibition in Paris in 1919 that presented contemporary Greek art. This major showing was opened personally by the then Greek prime minister [Eleftherios Venizelos](/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos "Eleftherios Venizelos"), who was present due to peace negotiations in the French capital.Byzantine Museum: [“TECHNI GROUP” 100 YEARS“ The first Greek Modernists And Eleftherios Venizelos](https://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/temporary_exhibitions/older/?nid=2226), Retrieved 18 February 2020\. In the same year, a solo exhibition of some of the painter's works took place in the premises of the [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") daily newspaper [Eleftheros Typos](/wiki/Eleftheros_Typos "Eleftheros Typos"). In the course of the [Greco\-Turkish War](/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"), Rodokanakis, along with the artists [Spyros Papaloukas](/wiki/Spyros_Papaloukas "Spyros Papaloukas") (1892–1957\) and [Periklis Vyzantios](/wiki/Periklis_Vyzantios "Periklis Vyzantios") (1893–1972\), took part in an anti\-Turkish campaign as an official war painter between 1921 and 1922\. The work of the three artists, which was created during this period and was briefly exhibited, was destroyed due to the acts of war in [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna "Smyrna") and the [great fire](/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna "Great fire of Smyrna") there in 1922\. In 1923 Rodokanakis left Greece for good and moved to his native town of Genoa. Back in Italy, he managed to establish himself as an important painter.Alexatos, p. 68\. In the following years, he participated in several exhibitions where either only his work was presented or his work was shown together with those of other artists. In the years 1935, 1939, 1948 and 1952 he took part in the highly regarded national exhibitions of the [Quadriennale](/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale "Rome Quadriennale") in Rome.ArBiQ: [Paolo Rodocanachi](http://www.quadriennalediroma.org/arbiq_web/index.php?sezione=artisti&id=9651&ricerca=), Retrieved 17 February 2020\. His participation in the [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") [Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale") in 1934, 1940 and 1948, in which he represented either Greece or his chosen home Italy, received particular attention.Greece at Venice Biennale: [The Greek Pavilion](http://greeceatvenice.culture.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=5&lang=en#_ednref52), 2011, Retrieved 18 February 2020\. Rodokanakis was married to the translator and writer [Lucia Rodocanachi](/wiki/Lucia_Rodocanachi "Lucia Rodocanachi") (1901–1978\), née Morpurgo.Bonsaver, Guido: Elio Vittorini: The Writer and the Written, Leeds 2000, {{ISBN\\|978\-1\-902653\-14\-3}}, p. 24\.Contorbia, Franco: Lucia Rodocanachi. le carte, la vita, Florence 2006, {{ISBN\\|8860320267}}. The painter died in Genoa in 1958\.	[ "Biography\n---------", "Rodokanakis was born in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\") in 1891 and came from a large wealthy family.Alexatos, Gerassimos: Die Griechen von Görlitz 1916–1919, Berlin 2018, {{ISBN\\\|978\\-3\\-7329\\-0414\\-3}}, p. 67\\.", "He started his artistic education as a student of [Giuseppe Pennasilico](/wiki/Giuseppe_Pennasilico \"Giuseppe Pennasilico\") (1861–1940\\) in his hometown.Vollmer, Hans (Editor): Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler des 20\\. Jahrhunderts, part 4, Quaghebeur – Uzelac, Leipzig 1992, {{ISBN\\\|3\\-423\\-05907\\-9}}, p. 85\\. Later on he studied painting under [Giulio Bargellini](/wiki/Giulio_Bargellini \"Giulio Bargellini\") (1875–1936\\) and [graphics](/wiki/Graphics \"Graphics\") under [Vittorio Grassi](/wiki/Vittorio_Grassi \"Vittorio Grassi\") (1878–1958\\) at the [Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma](/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Roma \"Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma\") (Academy of Fine Arts Rome).National Gallery: [Rodokanakis Pavlos](https://www.nationalgallery.gr/en/painting-permanent-exhibition/painter/rodokanakis-pavlos.html), Retrieved 17 February 2020\\.", "In 1911 Rodokanakis made his debut at an exhibition of the Società Promotrice di Belle Arti (Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts) in Genoa. He later moved to [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), his parents' country.\nDue to the armed conflicts there during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), the artist ended up in [Görlitz](/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz \"Görlitz\") in 1916 as a soldier as part of the Greek [IV Army Corps](/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_%28Greece%29 \"IV Army Corps (Greece)\") [transferred](/wiki/Internment_of_the_Greek_IV_Corps_at_G%C3%B6rlitz \"Internment of the Greek IV Corps at Görlitz\") to Germany.MDR: [Die Griechen von Görlitz \"Χαίρετε\" – \"Seid gegrüßt!\"](https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/weitere-epochen/zwanzigstes-jahrhundert/griechen-in-goerlitz106.html), Retrieved 17 February 2020\\. Although he lived in a barrack camp for two years, he managed to be productive creatively.\nHis efforts to distinguish himself as a painter resulted in an invitation to [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\") in the summer of 1918\\. There, in Munich\\`s [Glaspalast](/wiki/Glaspalast_%28Munich%29 \"Glaspalast (Munich)\") (Glass Palace), Rodokanakis took part in the annual art exhibition.Münchener Künstlergenossenschaft and Secession (Editors): Münchener Kunst\\-Ausstellung 1918 im Königlichen Glaspalast, official catalog, Munich 1918, p. 55\\. The success in Munich led to another exhibition in the Stadthalle (town hall) Görlitz in November 1918, which showed more than 50 of his works and which was extremely well received.", "After returning to Greece, Rodokanakis joined the artist group [Omada Tehni](/wiki/Omada_Tehni \"Omada Tehni\") (Techni Group), founded in 1917\\. This enabled him to take part in an art exhibition in Paris in 1919 that presented contemporary Greek art. This major showing was opened personally by the then Greek prime minister [Eleftherios Venizelos](/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos \"Eleftherios Venizelos\"), who was present due to peace negotiations in the French capital.Byzantine Museum: [“TECHNI GROUP” 100 YEARS“ The first Greek Modernists And Eleftherios Venizelos](https://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/temporary_exhibitions/older/?nid=2226), Retrieved 18 February 2020\\.\nIn the same year, a solo exhibition of some of the painter's works took place in the premises of the [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") daily newspaper [Eleftheros Typos](/wiki/Eleftheros_Typos \"Eleftheros Typos\").", "In the course of the [Greco\\-Turkish War](/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 \"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\"), Rodokanakis, along with the artists [Spyros Papaloukas](/wiki/Spyros_Papaloukas \"Spyros Papaloukas\") (1892–1957\\) and [Periklis Vyzantios](/wiki/Periklis_Vyzantios \"Periklis Vyzantios\") (1893–1972\\), took part in an anti\\-Turkish campaign as an official war painter between 1921 and 1922\\. The work of the three artists, which was created during this period and was briefly exhibited, was destroyed due to the acts of war in [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna \"Smyrna\") and the [great fire](/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna \"Great fire of Smyrna\") there in 1922\\.", "In 1923 Rodokanakis left Greece for good and moved to his native town of Genoa. Back in Italy, he managed to establish himself as an important painter.Alexatos, p. 68\\. In the following years, he participated in several exhibitions where either only his work was presented or his work was shown together with those of other artists.\nIn the years 1935, 1939, 1948 and 1952 he took part in the highly regarded national exhibitions of the [Quadriennale](/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale \"Rome Quadriennale\") in Rome.ArBiQ: [Paolo Rodocanachi](http://www.quadriennalediroma.org/arbiq_web/index.php?sezione=artisti&id=9651&ricerca=), Retrieved 17 February 2020\\. His participation in the [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") [Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\") in 1934, 1940 and 1948, in which he represented either Greece or his chosen home Italy, received particular attention.Greece at Venice Biennale: [The Greek Pavilion](http://greeceatvenice.culture.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=5&lang=en#_ednref52), 2011, Retrieved 18 February 2020\\.", "Rodokanakis was married to the translator and writer [Lucia Rodocanachi](/wiki/Lucia_Rodocanachi \"Lucia Rodocanachi\") (1901–1978\\), née Morpurgo.Bonsaver, Guido: Elio Vittorini: The Writer and the Written, Leeds 2000, {{ISBN\\\|978\\-1\\-902653\\-14\\-3}}, p. 24\\.Contorbia, Franco: Lucia Rodocanachi. le carte, la vita, Florence 2006, {{ISBN\\\|8860320267}}.", "The painter died in Genoa in 1958\\.", "" ]
Past history ------------ {{main\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 1947 to 1970\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 1971 to 1985\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 1986 to 2000\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 2001}} {{see also\\|History of the Indian cricket team\\|Cricket in Pakistan}} After the [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India "Partition of India") of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") in 1947, and the establishment of the separate nation state of Pakistan, cricket in the country developed steadily and Pakistan was given [Test match](/wiki/Test_cricket "Test cricket") status at a meeting of the [Imperial Cricket Conference](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council "International Cricket Council") at [Lord's Cricket Ground](/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground "Lord's Cricket Ground") on 28 July 1952 following recommendation by India,Guinness Cricket Encyclopaedia which, being the successor state of the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj"), did not have to go through such a process. Pakistan's first Test match was played in [Delhi](/wiki/Feroz_Shah_Kotla "Feroz Shah Kotla") in October 1952 as part of a five Test series which [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team "India national cricket team") won 2–1\. Pakistan made their first tour of England in 1954 and drew the series 1–1 after a memorable victory at [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval "The Oval") in which fast bowler [Fazal Mahmood](/wiki/Fazal_Mahmood "Fazal Mahmood") took 12 wickets. Pakistan's first home Test match was in [Dacca](/wiki/Dacca "Dacca") in January 1955 against India, after which four more Test matches were played in [Bahawalpur](/wiki/Bahawalpur "Bahawalpur"), [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore "Lahore"), [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar "Peshawar") and [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi") (all five matches in the series were drawn, the first such occurrence in test history[Stump the Bearded Wonder No 126](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/stump_bearders/5159010.stm): 'BBC Sport' Retrieved 28 February 2007\.). The team is considered strong but unpredictable. Traditionally Pakistani cricket has had players of great talent but limited discipline, making them a team which could play inspirational cricket one day and then perform less than ordinarily another day. Over the years, competitions between India and Pakistan have always been emotionally charged and provide for intriguing contests, as talented teams from both sides of the border elevate their game to new levels to produce high\-quality cricket. Pakistan's matches against India in the [Cricket World Cup](/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup "Cricket World Cup") have seen packed stadiums and heightened atmospheres no matter where the World Cup has been held. ### 1986 Australasia Cup 1986 Australasia Cup, played in [Sharjah](/wiki/Sharjah_%28city%29 "Sharjah (city)"), is remembered as a famous last\-ball victory for Pakistan against arch\-rivals India, with [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad "Javed Miandad") emerging as a national hero.[Going, going...gone](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/255480.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\. India batted first and set a target of 245 runs, leaving Pakistan with a required run rate of 4\.92 runs per over. [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad "Javed Miandad") came in to bat at number 3, and Pakistan lost wickets at regular intervals. Later recalling the match, Miandad stated that his main focus was to lose with dignity. With 31 runs needed in the last three overs, Miandad hit a string of boundaries while batting with his team's lower order, until four runs were required from the last delivery of the match. Miandad received a [leg side](/wiki/Leg_side "Leg side") [full toss](/wiki/Full_toss "Full toss") from [Chetan Sharma](/wiki/Chetan_Sharma "Chetan Sharma"), which he hit for six over the midwicket boundary.[Austral\-Asia Cup, 1985/86, Final, India v Pakistan](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1985-86/OD_TOURNEYS/AA/IND_PAK_AA_ODI-FINAL_18APR1986.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\. ### 1992 World Cup Semi Final After winning the toss, New Zealand chose to bat first and ended with a total of 262\. Pakistan batted conservatively yet lost wickets at regular intervals. With the departure of Imran Khan and [Saleem Malik](/wiki/Saleem_Malik "Saleem Malik") shortly thereafter, Pakistan still required 115 runs at a rate of 7\.67 per over with veteran [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad "Javed Miandad") being the only known batsman remaining at the crease. A young [Inzamam\-ul\-Haq](/wiki/Inzamam-ul-Haq "Inzamam-ul-Haq"), who had just turned 22 and was not a well\-known player at the time, burst onto the international stage with a match\-winning 60 off 37 balls. Once Inzamam got out, Pakistan required 36 from 30 balls, which wicketkeeper [Moin Khan](/wiki/Moin_Khan "Moin Khan") ended with a towering six over long off, followed by the winning boundary to midwicket. The match is seen as the emergence of Inzamam onto the international stage.[Inzi announces his arrival, and India's hat\-trick hero](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/284421.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917113031/http://content\-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/284421\.html \\|date\=17 September 2007 }}. [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\.[Five of the best](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/286583.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\.[Benson \& Hedges World Cup, 1991/92, 1st Semi Final, New Zealand v Pakistan](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC92/NZ_PAK_WC92_ODI-SEMI1_21MAR1992.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\. ### 1992 World Cup Victory The [1992 Cricket World Cup](/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup "1992 Cricket World Cup") in Australia \& New Zealand marked Pakistan's first World Cup victory. It is remembered for the comeback Pakistan made after losing key players such as [Waqar Younis](/wiki/Waqar_Younis "Waqar Younis") and [Saeed Anwar](/wiki/Saeed_Anwar "Saeed Anwar"), and being led by an injured captain [Imran Khan](/wiki/Imran_Khan "Imran Khan"). Pakistan won only 1 of their first 5 matches including a 1 no\-result and were nearly eliminated in the first round of the tournament after being bowled out for 74 against England, until the match was declared as a "no result" due to rain. Captain Imran Khan famously told the team to play as "cornered tigers", after which Pakistan won five successive matches, including, most famously, the semi\-final against hosts New Zealand and the final against England.[Imran's Tigers turn the corner](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/264386.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\. ### 2007 World Cup Shock Pakistan participated in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup History when they were knocked out of the competition in a shock defeat to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team "Ireland cricket team"), who were playing in their first competition. Pakistan, needing to win to qualify for the next stage after losing to the West Indies in their opening match, were put into bat by Ireland on a green pitch. They lost wickets regularly and only 4 batsmen crossed double figures. In the end they were bowled out by the resurgent Irish for 132\. The Irish went on to win the match, helped by a knock of 72 from [Niall O'Brien](/wiki/Niall_O%27Brien_%28cricketer%29 "Niall O'Brien (cricketer)"). This meant that Pakistan had been knocked out during the first round for the second consecutive World Cup.[Pakistan sent home by bold Ireland](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285704.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\.[Shamrocks turn Pakistan green](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285827.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\.[ICC World Cup – 9th Match, Group D, Ireland v Pakistan](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247465.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\. Tragedy struck the team when coach [Bob Woolmer](/wiki/Bob_Woolmer "Bob Woolmer") died one day later on 18 March 2007 in a hospital in [Kingston, Jamaica](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Jamaica "Kingston, Jamaica"). Jamaican police spokesman, Karl Angell, reported on 23 March 2007 that, "Mr Woolmer's death was due to [asphyxiation](/wiki/Asphyxiation "Asphyxiation") as a result of manual strangulation", and that, "Mr Woolmer's death is now being treated by the Jamaica police as a case of murder."[Police hunt Woolmer's murderer](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286794.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\. Subsequent to his team's defeat and the death of Bob Woolmer, Inzamam\-ul\-Haq announced his resignation as captain of the team and his retirement from one\-day cricket, stating that he would continue to take part in Test cricket but not as captain.[Shattered Inzamam retires from one\-day scene](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286039.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\. On 23 March 2007, Pakistan players and officials were questioned by Jamaican police and submitted DNA samples along with fingerprints, as part of the routine enquiries in the investigation into Woolmer's murder.[DNA testing for Pakistan players](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/286876.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\. Three days after leaving the West Indies for Pakistan, via London, the Pakistan team were ruled out as suspects. The deputy commissioner of Jamaican police. Mark Shields, the detective in charge of the investigation, announced, "It's fair to say they are now being treated as witnesses." "I have got no evidence to suggest it was anybody in the squad."[Pakistan no longer suspects in Woolmer case](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/287377.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\. A memorial service was held in Sacred Heart Church, Lahore, for Bob Woolmer on 1 April 2007\. Among the attendees were Pakistan players and dignitaries, including Inzamam\-ul\-Haq, who was quoted as saying, "After Woolmer's family, the Pakistan team was the most aggrieved by his death."[Memorial service for Woolmer held in Lahore](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/288347.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\. After the World Cup ended, serious doubts were raised about the investigation, with increasing speculation that Woolmer died of natural causes. This has now been accepted as fact, and the case has been closed.[Doubts grow over pathologist's findings](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/295091.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 21 May 2007\. On 16 July 2007, [Geoff Lawson](/wiki/Geoff_Lawson_%28cricketer%29 "Geoff Lawson (cricketer)"), previously head coach of New South Wales, was appointed coach of the Pakistan for two years, becoming the third foreigner to take on the role.[Lawson named Pakistan coach](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/302186.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 2007\-07\-16\. In the [2007 ICC World Twenty20](/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20 "2007 ICC World Twenty20"), Pakistan exceeded expectations to reach the final but ended as runners\-up, after losing the final to India in a nail\-biting finish. On 25 October 2008, [Intikhab Alam](/wiki/Intikhab_Alam "Intikhab Alam") was named as a national coach of the team by the [PCB](/wiki/Pakistan_Cricket_Board "Pakistan Cricket Board"). ### Player disputes and rebellions The Pakistan team has been marred by player disputes and rebellions within the team on various instances. The first such reported instance was in 1981, when ten players including [Imran Khan](/wiki/Imran_Khan "Imran Khan"), [Asif Iqbal](/wiki/Asif_Iqbal_%28cricketer%2C_born_1943%29 "Asif Iqbal (cricketer, born 1943)") and [Majid Khan](/wiki/Majid_Khan_%28cricketer%2C_born_1946%29 "Majid Khan (cricketer, born 1946)") refused to play under the captaincy of Javed Miandad.[Players revolt under Javed Miandad](http://www.pakistanherald.com/Article.aspx?chk=1&art_id=2510) Once again, in 1992 Miandad was the target of another revolt this time led by Wasim Akram with the support of now retired Imran Khan. This led to Miandad being replaced with Akram. Later in 1993, when [Wasim Akram](/wiki/Wasim_Akram "Wasim Akram") was appointed captain of the national team, players including [Waqar Younis](/wiki/Waqar_Younis "Waqar Younis") and [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad "Javed Miandad") revolted against him and Akram was removed as captain. Akram did regain captaincy again in 1996 and then again in 1998–99\. In 2009, many senior players revolted against captain [Younis Khan](/wiki/Younis_Khan "Younis Khan") when the team was playing in the UAE against New Zealand. Press reports say that a group of eight players led by [Shoaib Malik](/wiki/Shoaib_Malik "Shoaib Malik") went to the house of former captain [Inzamam\-ul\-Haq](/wiki/Inzamam-ul-Haq "Inzamam-ul-Haq"), where they swore on the Quran to never play under Younis again.[Player take oath not to play under Younis](https://archive.today/20140216181920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-07/top-stories/28283035_1_shahid-afridi-rana-naved-younis-khan) Sensing the direction of the wind, Younis left the team for "rest" and the captaincy was awarded to [Mohammad Yousuf](/wiki/Mohammad_Yousuf_%28cricketer%2C_born_1974%29 "Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)").[Younis resigns as captain, wants rest](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/434064.html) On the subsequent Australian tour, differences between Yousaf and the other players came to the forefront, causing Yousaf to give the captaincy of the fifth ODI to Shahid Afridi. Shoaib Malik, captain the team in the T20 (after Afridi was suspended due to ball tampering), started a tirade against Yousaf. The above\-mentioned revolt lead to an operation cleanup within the Pakistan team, when selectors were asked not to consider Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousaf for any future series.[Yousaf, Younis banned for life](http://www.pakool.com/sports/mohammad-yousaf-younis-khan-handed-lifetime-bans-while-shoaib-malik-and-rana-naved-banned-for-one-year/)	[ "Past history\n------------", "{{main\\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 1947 to 1970\\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 1971 to 1985\\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 1986 to 2000\\\|History of cricket in Pakistan from 2001}}\n{{see also\\\|History of the Indian cricket team\\\|Cricket in Pakistan}}", "After the [independence](/wiki/Partition_of_India \"Partition of India\") of [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") in 1947, and the establishment of the separate nation state of Pakistan, cricket in the country developed steadily and Pakistan was given [Test match](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\") status at a meeting of the [Imperial Cricket Conference](/wiki/International_Cricket_Council \"International Cricket Council\") at [Lord's Cricket Ground](/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground \"Lord's Cricket Ground\") on 28 July 1952 following recommendation by India,Guinness Cricket Encyclopaedia which, being the successor state of the [British Raj](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\"), did not have to go through such a process.", "Pakistan's first Test match was played in [Delhi](/wiki/Feroz_Shah_Kotla \"Feroz Shah Kotla\") in October 1952 as part of a five Test series which [India](/wiki/India_national_cricket_team \"India national cricket team\") won 2–1\\. Pakistan made their first tour of England in 1954 and drew the series 1–1 after a memorable victory at [The Oval](/wiki/The_Oval \"The Oval\") in which fast bowler [Fazal Mahmood](/wiki/Fazal_Mahmood \"Fazal Mahmood\") took 12 wickets. Pakistan's first home Test match was in [Dacca](/wiki/Dacca \"Dacca\") in January 1955 against India, after which four more Test matches were played in [Bahawalpur](/wiki/Bahawalpur \"Bahawalpur\"), [Lahore](/wiki/Lahore \"Lahore\"), [Peshawar](/wiki/Peshawar \"Peshawar\") and [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\") (all five matches in the series were drawn, the first such occurrence in test history[Stump the Bearded Wonder No 126](http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/stump_bearders/5159010.stm): 'BBC Sport' Retrieved 28 February 2007\\.).", "The team is considered strong but unpredictable. Traditionally Pakistani cricket has had players of great talent but limited discipline, making them a team which could play inspirational cricket one day and then perform less than ordinarily another day. Over the years, competitions between India and Pakistan have always been emotionally charged and provide for intriguing contests, as talented teams from both sides of the border elevate their game to new levels to produce high\\-quality cricket. Pakistan's matches against India in the [Cricket World Cup](/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup \"Cricket World Cup\") have seen packed stadiums and heightened atmospheres no matter where the World Cup has been held.", "### 1986 Australasia Cup", "1986 Australasia Cup, played in [Sharjah](/wiki/Sharjah_%28city%29 \"Sharjah (city)\"), is remembered as a famous last\\-ball victory for Pakistan against arch\\-rivals India, with [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad \"Javed Miandad\") emerging as a national hero.[Going, going...gone](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/255480.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.", "India batted first and set a target of 245 runs, leaving Pakistan with a required run rate of 4\\.92 runs per over. [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad \"Javed Miandad\") came in to bat at number 3, and Pakistan lost wickets at regular intervals. Later recalling the match, Miandad stated that his main focus was to lose with dignity. With 31 runs needed in the last three overs, Miandad hit a string of boundaries while batting with his team's lower order, until four runs were required from the last delivery of the match. Miandad received a [leg side](/wiki/Leg_side \"Leg side\") [full toss](/wiki/Full_toss \"Full toss\") from [Chetan Sharma](/wiki/Chetan_Sharma \"Chetan Sharma\"), which he hit for six over the midwicket boundary.[Austral\\-Asia Cup, 1985/86, Final, India v Pakistan](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1985-86/OD_TOURNEYS/AA/IND_PAK_AA_ODI-FINAL_18APR1986.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.", "### 1992 World Cup Semi Final", "After winning the toss, New Zealand chose to bat first and ended with a total of 262\\. Pakistan batted conservatively yet lost wickets at regular intervals. With the departure of Imran Khan and [Saleem Malik](/wiki/Saleem_Malik \"Saleem Malik\") shortly thereafter, Pakistan still required 115 runs at a rate of 7\\.67 per over with veteran [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad \"Javed Miandad\") being the only known batsman remaining at the crease. A young [Inzamam\\-ul\\-Haq](/wiki/Inzamam-ul-Haq \"Inzamam-ul-Haq\"), who had just turned 22 and was not a well\\-known player at the time, burst onto the international stage with a match\\-winning 60 off 37 balls. Once Inzamam got out, Pakistan required 36 from 30 balls, which wicketkeeper [Moin Khan](/wiki/Moin_Khan \"Moin Khan\") ended with a towering six over long off, followed by the winning boundary to midwicket. The match is seen as the emergence of Inzamam onto the international stage.[Inzi announces his arrival, and India's hat\\-trick hero](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/284421.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917113031/http://content\\-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/284421\\.html \\\|date\\=17 September 2007 }}. [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.[Five of the best](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/286583.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.[Benson \\& Hedges World Cup, 1991/92, 1st Semi Final, New Zealand v Pakistan](http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC92/NZ_PAK_WC92_ODI-SEMI1_21MAR1992.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.", "### 1992 World Cup Victory", "The [1992 Cricket World Cup](/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup \"1992 Cricket World Cup\") in Australia \\& New Zealand marked Pakistan's first World Cup victory. It is remembered for the comeback Pakistan made after losing key players such as [Waqar Younis](/wiki/Waqar_Younis \"Waqar Younis\") and [Saeed Anwar](/wiki/Saeed_Anwar \"Saeed Anwar\"), and being led by an injured captain [Imran Khan](/wiki/Imran_Khan \"Imran Khan\"). Pakistan won only 1 of their first 5 matches including a 1 no\\-result and were nearly eliminated in the first round of the tournament after being bowled out for 74 against England, until the match was declared as a \"no result\" due to rain. Captain Imran Khan famously told the team to play as \"cornered tigers\", after which Pakistan won five successive matches, including, most famously, the semi\\-final against hosts New Zealand and the final against England.[Imran's Tigers turn the corner](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/264386.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.", "### 2007 World Cup Shock", "Pakistan participated in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup History when they were knocked out of the competition in a shock defeat to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team \"Ireland cricket team\"), who were playing in their first competition. Pakistan, needing to win to qualify for the next stage after losing to the West Indies in their opening match, were put into bat by Ireland on a green pitch. They lost wickets regularly and only 4 batsmen crossed double figures. In the end they were bowled out by the resurgent Irish for 132\\. The Irish went on to win the match, helped by a knock of 72 from [Niall O'Brien](/wiki/Niall_O%27Brien_%28cricketer%29 \"Niall O'Brien (cricketer)\"). This meant that Pakistan had been knocked out during the first round for the second consecutive World Cup.[Pakistan sent home by bold Ireland](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285704.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.[Shamrocks turn Pakistan green](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285827.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.[ICC World Cup – 9th Match, Group D, Ireland v Pakistan](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247465.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.", "Tragedy struck the team when coach [Bob Woolmer](/wiki/Bob_Woolmer \"Bob Woolmer\") died one day later on 18 March 2007 in a hospital in [Kingston, Jamaica](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Jamaica \"Kingston, Jamaica\"). Jamaican police spokesman, Karl Angell, reported on 23 March 2007 that, \"Mr Woolmer's death was due to [asphyxiation](/wiki/Asphyxiation \"Asphyxiation\") as a result of manual strangulation\", and that, \"Mr Woolmer's death is now being treated by the Jamaica police as a case of murder.\"[Police hunt Woolmer's murderer](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286794.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\\.", "Subsequent to his team's defeat and the death of Bob Woolmer, Inzamam\\-ul\\-Haq announced his resignation as captain of the team and his retirement from one\\-day cricket, stating that he would continue to take part in Test cricket but not as captain.[Shattered Inzamam retires from one\\-day scene](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286039.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\\.", "On 23 March 2007, Pakistan players and officials were questioned by Jamaican police and submitted DNA samples along with fingerprints, as part of the routine enquiries in the investigation into Woolmer's murder.[DNA testing for Pakistan players](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/286876.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\\. Three days after leaving the West Indies for Pakistan, via London, the Pakistan team were ruled out as suspects. The deputy commissioner of Jamaican police. Mark Shields, the detective in charge of the investigation, announced, \"It's fair to say they are now being treated as witnesses.\" \"I have got no evidence to suggest it was anybody in the squad.\"[Pakistan no longer suspects in Woolmer case](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/287377.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\\. A memorial service was held in Sacred Heart Church, Lahore, for Bob Woolmer on 1 April 2007\\. Among the attendees were Pakistan players and dignitaries, including Inzamam\\-ul\\-Haq, who was quoted as saying, \"After Woolmer's family, the Pakistan team was the most aggrieved by his death.\"[Memorial service for Woolmer held in Lahore](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/288347.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\\. After the World Cup ended, serious doubts were raised about the investigation, with increasing speculation that Woolmer died of natural causes. This has now been accepted as fact, and the case has been closed.[Doubts grow over pathologist's findings](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/295091.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 21 May 2007\\.", "On 16 July 2007, [Geoff Lawson](/wiki/Geoff_Lawson_%28cricketer%29 \"Geoff Lawson (cricketer)\"), previously head coach of New South Wales, was appointed coach of the Pakistan for two years, becoming the third foreigner to take on the role.[Lawson named Pakistan coach](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/302186.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 2007\\-07\\-16\\. In the [2007 ICC World Twenty20](/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20 \"2007 ICC World Twenty20\"), Pakistan exceeded expectations to reach the final but ended as runners\\-up, after losing the final to India in a nail\\-biting finish. On 25 October 2008, [Intikhab Alam](/wiki/Intikhab_Alam \"Intikhab Alam\") was named as a national coach of the team by the [PCB](/wiki/Pakistan_Cricket_Board \"Pakistan Cricket Board\").", "### Player disputes and rebellions", "The Pakistan team has been marred by player disputes and rebellions within the team on various instances. The first such reported instance was in 1981, when ten players including [Imran Khan](/wiki/Imran_Khan \"Imran Khan\"), [Asif Iqbal](/wiki/Asif_Iqbal_%28cricketer%2C_born_1943%29 \"Asif Iqbal (cricketer, born 1943)\") and [Majid Khan](/wiki/Majid_Khan_%28cricketer%2C_born_1946%29 \"Majid Khan (cricketer, born 1946)\") refused to play under the captaincy of Javed Miandad.[Players revolt under Javed Miandad](http://www.pakistanherald.com/Article.aspx?chk=1&art_id=2510)", "Once again, in 1992 Miandad was the target of another revolt this time led by Wasim Akram with the support of now retired Imran Khan. This led to Miandad being replaced with Akram.\nLater in 1993, when [Wasim Akram](/wiki/Wasim_Akram \"Wasim Akram\") was appointed captain of the national team, players including [Waqar Younis](/wiki/Waqar_Younis \"Waqar Younis\") and [Javed Miandad](/wiki/Javed_Miandad \"Javed Miandad\") revolted against him and Akram was removed as captain. Akram did regain captaincy again in 1996 and then again in 1998–99\\.", "In 2009, many senior players revolted against captain [Younis Khan](/wiki/Younis_Khan \"Younis Khan\") when the team was playing in the UAE against New Zealand. Press reports say that a group of eight players led by [Shoaib Malik](/wiki/Shoaib_Malik \"Shoaib Malik\") went to the house of former captain [Inzamam\\-ul\\-Haq](/wiki/Inzamam-ul-Haq \"Inzamam-ul-Haq\"), where they swore on the Quran to never play under Younis again.[Player take oath not to play under Younis](https://archive.today/20140216181920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-07/top-stories/28283035_1_shahid-afridi-rana-naved-younis-khan) Sensing the direction of the wind, Younis left the team for \"rest\" and the captaincy was awarded to [Mohammad Yousuf](/wiki/Mohammad_Yousuf_%28cricketer%2C_born_1974%29 \"Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)\").[Younis resigns as captain, wants rest](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/434064.html)", "On the subsequent Australian tour, differences between Yousaf and the other players came to the forefront, causing Yousaf to give the captaincy of the fifth ODI to Shahid Afridi. Shoaib Malik, captain the team in the T20 (after Afridi was suspended due to ball tampering), started a tirade against Yousaf.", "The above\\-mentioned revolt lead to an operation cleanup within the Pakistan team, when selectors were asked not to consider Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousaf for any future series.[Yousaf, Younis banned for life](http://www.pakool.com/sports/mohammad-yousaf-younis-khan-handed-lifetime-bans-while-shoaib-malik-and-rana-naved-banned-for-one-year/)", "" ]
### 2007 World Cup Shock Pakistan participated in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup History when they were knocked out of the competition in a shock defeat to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team "Ireland cricket team"), who were playing in their first competition. Pakistan, needing to win to qualify for the next stage after losing to the West Indies in their opening match, were put into bat by Ireland on a green pitch. They lost wickets regularly and only 4 batsmen crossed double figures. In the end they were bowled out by the resurgent Irish for 132\. The Irish went on to win the match, helped by a knock of 72 from [Niall O'Brien](/wiki/Niall_O%27Brien_%28cricketer%29 "Niall O'Brien (cricketer)"). This meant that Pakistan had been knocked out during the first round for the second consecutive World Cup.[Pakistan sent home by bold Ireland](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285704.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\.[Shamrocks turn Pakistan green](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285827.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\.[ICC World Cup – 9th Match, Group D, Ireland v Pakistan](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247465.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\. Tragedy struck the team when coach [Bob Woolmer](/wiki/Bob_Woolmer "Bob Woolmer") died one day later on 18 March 2007 in a hospital in [Kingston, Jamaica](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Jamaica "Kingston, Jamaica"). Jamaican police spokesman, Karl Angell, reported on 23 March 2007 that, "Mr Woolmer's death was due to [asphyxiation](/wiki/Asphyxiation "Asphyxiation") as a result of manual strangulation", and that, "Mr Woolmer's death is now being treated by the Jamaica police as a case of murder."[Police hunt Woolmer's murderer](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286794.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\. Subsequent to his team's defeat and the death of Bob Woolmer, Inzamam\-ul\-Haq announced his resignation as captain of the team and his retirement from one\-day cricket, stating that he would continue to take part in Test cricket but not as captain.[Shattered Inzamam retires from one\-day scene](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286039.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\. On 23 March 2007, Pakistan players and officials were questioned by Jamaican police and submitted DNA samples along with fingerprints, as part of the routine enquiries in the investigation into Woolmer's murder.[DNA testing for Pakistan players](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/286876.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\. Three days after leaving the West Indies for Pakistan, via London, the Pakistan team were ruled out as suspects. The deputy commissioner of Jamaican police. Mark Shields, the detective in charge of the investigation, announced, "It's fair to say they are now being treated as witnesses." "I have got no evidence to suggest it was anybody in the squad."[Pakistan no longer suspects in Woolmer case](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/287377.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\. A memorial service was held in Sacred Heart Church, Lahore, for Bob Woolmer on 1 April 2007\. Among the attendees were Pakistan players and dignitaries, including Inzamam\-ul\-Haq, who was quoted as saying, "After Woolmer's family, the Pakistan team was the most aggrieved by his death."[Memorial service for Woolmer held in Lahore](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/288347.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\. After the World Cup ended, serious doubts were raised about the investigation, with increasing speculation that Woolmer died of natural causes. This has now been accepted as fact, and the case has been closed.[Doubts grow over pathologist's findings](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/295091.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 21 May 2007\. On 16 July 2007, [Geoff Lawson](/wiki/Geoff_Lawson_%28cricketer%29 "Geoff Lawson (cricketer)"), previously head coach of New South Wales, was appointed coach of the Pakistan for two years, becoming the third foreigner to take on the role.[Lawson named Pakistan coach](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/302186.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com "Cricinfo.com"). Retrieved on 2007\-07\-16\. In the [2007 ICC World Twenty20](/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20 "2007 ICC World Twenty20"), Pakistan exceeded expectations to reach the final but ended as runners\-up, after losing the final to India in a nail\-biting finish. On 25 October 2008, [Intikhab Alam](/wiki/Intikhab_Alam "Intikhab Alam") was named as a national coach of the team by the [PCB](/wiki/Pakistan_Cricket_Board "Pakistan Cricket Board").	[ "### 2007 World Cup Shock", "Pakistan participated in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup History when they were knocked out of the competition in a shock defeat to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team \"Ireland cricket team\"), who were playing in their first competition. Pakistan, needing to win to qualify for the next stage after losing to the West Indies in their opening match, were put into bat by Ireland on a green pitch. They lost wickets regularly and only 4 batsmen crossed double figures. In the end they were bowled out by the resurgent Irish for 132\\. The Irish went on to win the match, helped by a knock of 72 from [Niall O'Brien](/wiki/Niall_O%27Brien_%28cricketer%29 \"Niall O'Brien (cricketer)\"). This meant that Pakistan had been knocked out during the first round for the second consecutive World Cup.[Pakistan sent home by bold Ireland](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285704.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.[Shamrocks turn Pakistan green](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/current/story/285827.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.[ICC World Cup – 9th Match, Group D, Ireland v Pakistan](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247465.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 14 May 2007\\.", "Tragedy struck the team when coach [Bob Woolmer](/wiki/Bob_Woolmer \"Bob Woolmer\") died one day later on 18 March 2007 in a hospital in [Kingston, Jamaica](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Jamaica \"Kingston, Jamaica\"). Jamaican police spokesman, Karl Angell, reported on 23 March 2007 that, \"Mr Woolmer's death was due to [asphyxiation](/wiki/Asphyxiation \"Asphyxiation\") as a result of manual strangulation\", and that, \"Mr Woolmer's death is now being treated by the Jamaica police as a case of murder.\"[Police hunt Woolmer's murderer](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286794.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\\.", "Subsequent to his team's defeat and the death of Bob Woolmer, Inzamam\\-ul\\-Haq announced his resignation as captain of the team and his retirement from one\\-day cricket, stating that he would continue to take part in Test cricket but not as captain.[Shattered Inzamam retires from one\\-day scene](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286039.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 24 March 2007\\.", "On 23 March 2007, Pakistan players and officials were questioned by Jamaican police and submitted DNA samples along with fingerprints, as part of the routine enquiries in the investigation into Woolmer's murder.[DNA testing for Pakistan players](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/286876.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\\. Three days after leaving the West Indies for Pakistan, via London, the Pakistan team were ruled out as suspects. The deputy commissioner of Jamaican police. Mark Shields, the detective in charge of the investigation, announced, \"It's fair to say they are now being treated as witnesses.\" \"I have got no evidence to suggest it was anybody in the squad.\"[Pakistan no longer suspects in Woolmer case](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/287377.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\\. A memorial service was held in Sacred Heart Church, Lahore, for Bob Woolmer on 1 April 2007\\. Among the attendees were Pakistan players and dignitaries, including Inzamam\\-ul\\-Haq, who was quoted as saying, \"After Woolmer's family, the Pakistan team was the most aggrieved by his death.\"[Memorial service for Woolmer held in Lahore](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/288347.html): Cricinfo.com Retrieved 7 April 2007\\. After the World Cup ended, serious doubts were raised about the investigation, with increasing speculation that Woolmer died of natural causes. This has now been accepted as fact, and the case has been closed.[Doubts grow over pathologist's findings](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/current/story/295091.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 21 May 2007\\.", "On 16 July 2007, [Geoff Lawson](/wiki/Geoff_Lawson_%28cricketer%29 \"Geoff Lawson (cricketer)\"), previously head coach of New South Wales, was appointed coach of the Pakistan for two years, becoming the third foreigner to take on the role.[Lawson named Pakistan coach](http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/302186.html). [Cricinfo.com](/wiki/Cricinfo.com \"Cricinfo.com\"). Retrieved on 2007\\-07\\-16\\. In the [2007 ICC World Twenty20](/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20 \"2007 ICC World Twenty20\"), Pakistan exceeded expectations to reach the final but ended as runners\\-up, after losing the final to India in a nail\\-biting finish. On 25 October 2008, [Intikhab Alam](/wiki/Intikhab_Alam \"Intikhab Alam\") was named as a national coach of the team by the [PCB](/wiki/Pakistan_Cricket_Board \"Pakistan Cricket Board\").", "" ]
Career ------ Dr. Cobo is a professor and researcher in communication, new technologies and education technologies. He began his career in 2005 as a professor and director of communication as well as editor of the educational platform at the [Latin American Social Sciences Institute](/wiki/Latin_American_Social_Sciences_Institute "Latin American Social Sciences Institute") (FLACSO) in Mexico, working there from 2005 to 2010\.{{cite web \\|title\=Dr Cristobal Cobo Research Fellow \\|publisher\=Oxford Internet Institute \\|location\=England \\|url\= http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/?id\=189 \\|accessdate\=August 28, 2014 }}{{cite web \\|title\= Cristóbal Cobo despertó la curiosidad en los campuseros \\|publisher\= Ministerio Coordinador de Conocimiento y Talento Humano de Ecuador \\|date\= September 22, 2012 \\|url\= http://www.conocimiento.gob.ec/cristobal\-cobo\-desperto\-la\-curiosidad\-en\-los\-campuseros/ \\|accessdate\= August 28, 2014 \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143622/http://www.conocimiento.gob.ec/cristobal\-cobo\-desperto\-la\-curiosidad\-en\-los\-campuseros/ \\|archive\-date\= October 6, 2014 \\|url\-status\= dead}} During this time, he also taught classes in communications at [National Autonomous University of Mexico](/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico "National Autonomous University of Mexico"), [Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies](/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Studies "Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies") and was a professor and researcher at the [University of Colima](/wiki/University_of_Colima "University of Colima") . Cobo has also worked on various education projects in Americas, collaborating with the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota"), the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto"), the [Telefónica](/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica "Telefónica") Foundation in Argentina and Mexico and Burson\-Marsteller in Chile, as well as acting as a consultant for the national education programs in Mexico, Chile, [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador "Ecuador"), [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru") and Argentina. In 2009, he received a grant from the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") to research European public policy regarding digital competencies, becoming a visiting follow at the Centre on Skills, Knowledge and Organisational Performance (SKOPE) at the institution. He became a full\-time research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute in 2010, focusing on the development of integrated and interdisciplinary projects related to the Internet. He has also worked on other projects in Europe such as the K\-Network project, focused on the creation of networks on both sides of the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean"), the Socio\-Economic Services for European Research project, and the academic online platform Internet Science for the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission")'s Seventh Framework Programme.{{cite web \\|title\= Cristobal Cobo Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Network of Excellence in Internet Science \\|publisher\= Internet Science \\|url\= http://www.internet\-science.eu/users/cristobalcobo \\|accessdate\= August 28, 2014 \\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094226/http://www.internet\-science.eu/users/cristobalcobo \\|archive\-date\= October 6, 2014 \\|url\-status\= dead }} Between 2011 and 2014 he has coordinated the research division of the OportUnidad project,["OportUnidad: Developing a Common Higher Education Area between Latin America and Europe While Fostering Open Educational Practices Through a Bottom\-up Approach "](http://www.oportunidadproject.eu/) (2012\-2014\). an open education resource initiative supported by ALFA III. In 2010, Dr. Cobo was named a member of the Consejo Asesor del Informe Horizon Iberoamérica, part of the [New Media Consortium](/wiki/New_Media_Consortium "New Media Consortium"), and serves on the board of the Global Open Educational Resources (OER) Graduate Network and in the ‘Open Education 2030’ board (coordinated by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies part of the Joint Research Center of the European Commission) . He has given conferences in all of Latin America as well as the United States, England, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and China.	[ "Career\n------", "Dr. Cobo is a professor and researcher in communication, new technologies and education technologies. He began his career in 2005 as a professor and director of communication as well as editor of the educational platform at the [Latin American Social Sciences Institute](/wiki/Latin_American_Social_Sciences_Institute \"Latin American Social Sciences Institute\") (FLACSO) in Mexico, working there from 2005 to 2010\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Dr Cristobal Cobo Research Fellow \\\|publisher\\=Oxford Internet Institute \\\|location\\=England \\\|url\\= http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/?id\\=189 \\\|accessdate\\=August 28, 2014 }}{{cite web \\\|title\\= Cristóbal Cobo despertó la curiosidad en los campuseros \\\|publisher\\= Ministerio Coordinador de Conocimiento y Talento Humano de Ecuador \\\|date\\= September 22, 2012 \\\|url\\= http://www.conocimiento.gob.ec/cristobal\\-cobo\\-desperto\\-la\\-curiosidad\\-en\\-los\\-campuseros/ \\\|accessdate\\= August 28, 2014 \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143622/http://www.conocimiento.gob.ec/cristobal\\-cobo\\-desperto\\-la\\-curiosidad\\-en\\-los\\-campuseros/ \\\|archive\\-date\\= October 6, 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\= dead}} During this time, he also taught classes in communications at [National Autonomous University of Mexico](/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico \"National Autonomous University of Mexico\"), [Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies](/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Studies \"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies\") and was a professor and researcher at the [University of Colima](/wiki/University_of_Colima \"University of Colima\") .", "Cobo has also worked on various education projects in Americas, collaborating with the [University of Minnesota](/wiki/University_of_Minnesota \"University of Minnesota\"), the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\"), the [Telefónica](/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica \"Telefónica\") Foundation in Argentina and Mexico and Burson\\-Marsteller in Chile, as well as acting as a consultant for the national education programs in Mexico, Chile, [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\"), [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") and Argentina.", "In 2009, he received a grant from the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") to research European public policy regarding digital competencies, becoming a visiting follow at the Centre on Skills, Knowledge and Organisational Performance (SKOPE) at the institution. He became a full\\-time research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute in 2010, focusing on the development of integrated and interdisciplinary projects related to the Internet.", "He has also worked on other projects in Europe such as the K\\-Network project, focused on the creation of networks on both sides of the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"), the Socio\\-Economic Services for European Research project, and the academic online platform Internet Science for the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\")'s Seventh Framework Programme.{{cite web \\\|title\\= Cristobal Cobo Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford Network of Excellence in Internet Science \\\|publisher\\= Internet Science \\\|url\\= http://www.internet\\-science.eu/users/cristobalcobo \\\|accessdate\\= August 28, 2014 \\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094226/http://www.internet\\-science.eu/users/cristobalcobo \\\|archive\\-date\\= October 6, 2014 \\\|url\\-status\\= dead }} Between 2011 and 2014 he has coordinated the research division of the OportUnidad project,[\"OportUnidad: Developing a Common Higher Education Area between Latin America and Europe While Fostering Open Educational Practices Through a Bottom\\-up Approach \"](http://www.oportunidadproject.eu/) (2012\\-2014\\). an open education resource initiative supported by ALFA III.", "In 2010, Dr. Cobo was named a member of the Consejo Asesor del Informe Horizon Iberoamérica, part of the [New Media Consortium](/wiki/New_Media_Consortium \"New Media Consortium\"), and serves on the board of the Global Open Educational Resources (OER) Graduate Network and in the ‘Open Education 2030’ board (coordinated by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies part of the Joint Research Center of the European Commission) .", "He has given conferences in all of Latin America as well as the United States, England, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and China.", "" ]
Fictional character biography ----------------------------- ### Golden Age [thumb\\|left\\|150px\\| The [Golden Age](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books "Golden Age of Comic Books") Queen Clea in [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28comic_book%29 "Wonder Woman (comic book)") (vol. 1\) \#28, April 1948; art by [Harry G. Peter](/wiki/H.G._Peter "H.G. Peter").](/wiki/File:Queen_Clea_by_Peter.png "Queen Clea by Peter.png") As Queen of a crumbling [Atlantean](/wiki/Atlantis_%28DC_Comics%29 "Atlantis (DC Comics)") outpost named Venturia, Queen Clea enslaved the men of her realm and amused herself by putting many to death in gladiatorial combat. Wanting to extend her rule, Clea repeatedly attacked Venturia's flourishing sister city of Aurania, though unsuccessfully. Despite this failure she expanded her ideas towards domination over the entire lost continent of Atlantis. In 1944, it was said that Queen Clea reigns over Aurania \- and it is possible that she has been Queen for quite a long time. Though Aurania has long been overshadowed by their Venturian rival, the ruthless Clea planned and executed a surprise attack that caught the Venturian military cold, and Aurania conquered and occupied Venturia. No explanation is given for this switch. Venturian queen Eeras managed to flee and went to the surface world where she adventured for some months, trying to find some sort of weapon to repulse the Auranian. She focused on a chemical invented by one Van Vlek; working the trail to that secret formula she ended up in Dakar where she met American military intelligence agent Steve Trevor. Pooling their resources they secured the whole formula, and Eeras asked Trevor to fly her to Atlantis on his way back to the US. Trevor, who assumed that she was a lunatic, accepted; not expecting to fly into an actual access to Atlantis he had to land in less\-than\- perfect conditions and they were captured by Auranian troops. [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 "Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)") came to the rescue, forging an alliance with Queen Eeras as both an Amazon and an American. Clea was, of course, busy throwing Trevor into the arena to fight prehistoric boars; Wonder Woman fought everybody off and Eeras successfully used the "devitamizer" derived from the Van Vlek formula to make all Auranians present collapse. The Auranian prisoners recovered, and Clea had her daughter Ptra replace her as a prisoner \- which was facilitated since the Venturians kept their prisoner in an iron mask that allowed her to eat and drink but prevented her speaking. Clea covertly rebuilt Aurania's power. Probably inspired by Eeras's previous strategy, she formed a band of Auranian pirates who attacked surface world ships \- using blasts of air from the volcano to soar on parachutes and board nearby ships, sword in hand. Clea was especially interested in getting herself some of the bigger, stronger and smarter manlings of the surface world, and soon struck a deal with a ship full of German prisoners who were being deported to America for farm work. As the German soldiers, equipped with local swords and shields, attacked the Venturians, Clea personally sneaked behind enemy lines to get the "devitamizer" that had previously felled her, then brought down the Venturian forces and Eeras. Thankfully Wonder Woman, Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls were present to investigate the fate of the kidnapped American sailors. Wonder Woman and Eela were gassed and Wonder Woman was bound with her lasso, then the two women were covered with iron. Despite it being three inches thick, Wonder Woman broke free and freed herself and other prisoners. They freed everyone, then captured Clea and Ptra. Queen Eeras, being reluctant to execute prisoners, agreed to hand Clea and Ptra over to the Amazons. The incorrigible Clea soon managed to escape, when fighting Octavia, daughter of Eeras when Wonder Woman wanted her to play bullets and bracelets with her. She fired early, grazing Octavia's skull, then knocked out Wonder Woman from behind. She bound the girls, and with her prisoners returned to Atlantis. However, when she landed in Atlantis, she discovered that there had been a revolution and that the inept manlings had taken over thanks to surprise and a stockpile of captured surface world weapons which had not been used by the more traditionalist female rulers. Wonder Woman and Octavia escaped and made contact with Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls, who had been flying nearby looking for them. In the meanwhile Clea managed to convince the stupid manling king to let her rule but it was too late, and her manlings were dispersed by the Holliday Girls. Clea was captured anew and again imprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \#8 (March 1944\). DC Comics. Some months later, the Saturnic slaves\-driver Eviless escaped from her cell on Paradise Island and assembled a gang of prisoners, called Villainy, Inc. Clea was a part of it. Villainy, Inc. did take over Paradise Island, but were soon repulsed by Wonder Woman. Still, Clea took Giganta with her and managed to flee \- and they stole a huge chest filled with Amazon jewels, too. Clea tried to anonymously buy a submarine from Steve Trevor to return to Atlantis (why she needed a sub is unclear, possibly she wanted the weaponry on board), but Trevor recognised her and played along to capture her. He was knocked out by Giganta, and Clea and her aide decided to capture the Holliday Girls and maybe Wonder Woman to force him to give them a submarine. This sort of worked, and they forced Wonder Woman to steal a US Navy sub for them \- but Clea and Giganta were recaptured before their sub could fully dive, and reimprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \#28 (March 1948\). DC Comics. ### Bronze Age [thumb\\|left\\|150px\\| The [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books "Bronze Age of Comic Books") Queen Clea teams up with the [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 "Penguin (character)") in [Justice League of America](/wiki/Justice_League "Justice League") (vol. 1\) \#135, October 1976; art by [Dick Dillin](/wiki/Dick_Dillin "Dick Dillin").](/wiki/File:Queen_Clea_by_Dillin.jpg "Queen Clea by Dillin.jpg") In a later story, Clea stole the fabled Trident of [Poseidon](/wiki/Poseidon "Poseidon") to make herself virtually unstoppable. She allied with [King Kull](/wiki/King_Kull_%28DC_Comics%29 "King Kull (DC Comics)") and his agents against the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League "Justice League") and [Justice Society](/wiki/Justice_Society "Justice Society") when he plans to wipe out life on [Earth\-One](/wiki/Earth-One "Earth-One"), [Earth\-Two](/wiki/Earth-Two "Earth-Two"), and Earth\-S so his subjugated Beast\-men can rule once again. On Earth\-Two with [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 "Penguin (character)") of Earth\-One, [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 "Blockbuster (DC Comics)") of Earth\-One, and [Ibac](/wiki/Ibac "Ibac") of Earth\-S, she attempts to take over the recently\-risen Atlantis. The Earth\-One [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman"), Earth\-One [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow "Green Arrow"), Earth\-S [Spy Smasher](/wiki/Spy_Smasher "Spy Smasher"), and Earth\-Two Wonder Woman defeat the villains without much trouble, Wonder Woman beating Clea. A cloud is nearly used to make all land on Earth\-Two sink, starting with a nearby island, but Superman stops it using his freezing breath, throws it on a comet, and Atlantis heads beneath the waves again.Justice League of America \#135 (October 1976\). DC Comics. ### Modern Age When Clea took her battle to the surface world she battled against [Queen Hippolyta](/wiki/Hippolyta_%28DC_Comics%29 "Hippolyta (DC Comics)"), who was acting as [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman "Wonder Woman") in the 1940s, and was defeated.Wonder Woman (vol. 2\) \#184 (October 2002\). DC Comics. Clea then teamed with the original [Villainy Inc.](/wiki/Villainy_Inc. "Villainy Inc.") in order to overtake Hippolyta but this did not work out either.Wonder Woman: Our Worlds At War (September 2001\). DC Comics. A new version of the team was assembled in modern times in the hopes of finishing where her plans left off. Invading the hidden nation of [Skartaris](/wiki/Skartaris "Skartaris"), Clea did succeed in ruling the land for a limited time. Both versions of the team were defeated by Wonder Woman.Wonder Woman (vol. 2\) \#179\-183 (May 2002 \- September 2002\). DC Comics. In one instance Clea's own daughter, Ptra, helped Wonder Woman defeat her mother. Clea later appears as part of a large team of super\-villains assigned to kill Wonder Woman. She is once again in possession of the Trident of Poseidon and appears to possess the power of flight. She explains that she, and her fellow cohorts, have had their abilities amplified by the witch [Circe](/wiki/Circe_%28comics%29 "Circe (comics)"). She eventually is subdued by several of Wonder Woman's allies and taken into custody by [Nemesis](/wiki/Nemesis_%28DC_Comics%29 "Nemesis (DC Comics)") and the Department of Metahuman Affairs. As that agency was later destroyed, the present whereabouts of Queen Clea are not known.Wonder Woman (vol. 3\) Annual \#1 (November 2007\). DC Comics. During the [Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis "Infinite Crisis") storyline, Queen Clea appeared as a member of [Alexander Luthor Jr.](/wiki/Alexander_Luthor_Jr. "Alexander Luthor Jr.")'s [Secret Society of Super Villains](/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains "Secret Society of Super Villains").Villains United. DC Comics.	[ "Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------", "### Golden Age", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|150px\\\| The [Golden Age](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books \"Golden Age of Comic Books\") Queen Clea in [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28comic_book%29 \"Wonder Woman (comic book)\") (vol. 1\\) \\#28, April 1948; art by [Harry G. Peter](/wiki/H.G._Peter \"H.G. Peter\").](/wiki/File:Queen_Clea_by_Peter.png \"Queen Clea by Peter.png\")\nAs Queen of a crumbling [Atlantean](/wiki/Atlantis_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Atlantis (DC Comics)\") outpost named Venturia, Queen Clea enslaved the men of her realm and amused herself by putting many to death in gladiatorial combat. Wanting to extend her rule, Clea repeatedly attacked Venturia's flourishing sister city of Aurania, though unsuccessfully. Despite this failure she expanded her ideas towards domination over the entire lost continent of Atlantis. In 1944, it was said that Queen Clea reigns over Aurania \\- and it is possible that she has been Queen for quite a long time. Though Aurania has long been overshadowed by their Venturian rival, the ruthless Clea planned and executed a surprise attack that caught the Venturian military cold, and Aurania conquered and occupied Venturia. No explanation is given for this switch.", "Venturian queen Eeras managed to flee and went to the surface world where she adventured for some months, trying to find some sort of weapon to repulse the Auranian. She focused on a chemical invented by one Van Vlek; working the trail to that secret formula she ended up in Dakar where she met American military intelligence agent Steve Trevor. Pooling their resources they secured the whole formula, and Eeras asked Trevor to fly her to Atlantis on his way back to the US. Trevor, who assumed that she was a lunatic, accepted; not expecting to fly into an actual access to Atlantis he had to land in less\\-than\\- perfect conditions and they were captured by Auranian troops.", "[Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)\") came to the rescue, forging an alliance with Queen Eeras as both an Amazon and an American. Clea was, of course, busy throwing Trevor into the arena to fight prehistoric boars; Wonder Woman fought everybody off and Eeras successfully used the \"devitamizer\" derived from the Van Vlek formula to make all Auranians present collapse.", "The Auranian prisoners recovered, and Clea had her daughter Ptra replace her as a prisoner \\- which was facilitated since the Venturians kept their prisoner in an iron mask that allowed her to eat and drink but prevented her speaking. Clea covertly rebuilt Aurania's power. Probably inspired by Eeras's previous strategy, she formed a band of Auranian pirates who attacked surface world ships \\- using blasts of air from the volcano to soar on parachutes and board nearby ships, sword in hand.", "Clea was especially interested in getting herself some of the bigger, stronger and smarter manlings of the surface world, and soon struck a deal with a ship full of German prisoners who were being deported to America for farm work. As the German soldiers, equipped with local swords and shields, attacked the Venturians, Clea personally sneaked behind enemy lines to get the \"devitamizer\" that had previously felled her, then brought down the Venturian forces and Eeras. Thankfully Wonder Woman, Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls were present to investigate the fate of the kidnapped American sailors. Wonder Woman and Eela were gassed and Wonder Woman was bound with her lasso, then the two women were covered with iron. Despite it being three inches thick, Wonder Woman broke free and freed herself and other prisoners. They freed everyone, then captured Clea and Ptra.", "Queen Eeras, being reluctant to execute prisoners, agreed to hand Clea and Ptra over to the Amazons. The incorrigible Clea soon managed to escape, when fighting Octavia, daughter of Eeras when Wonder Woman wanted her to play bullets and bracelets with her. She fired early, grazing Octavia's skull, then knocked out Wonder Woman from behind. She bound the girls, and with her prisoners returned to Atlantis. However, when she landed in Atlantis, she discovered that there had been a revolution and that the inept manlings had taken over thanks to surprise and a stockpile of captured surface world weapons which had not been used by the more traditionalist female rulers. Wonder Woman and Octavia escaped and made contact with Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls, who had been flying nearby looking for them. In the meanwhile Clea managed to convince the stupid manling king to let her rule but it was too late, and her manlings were dispersed by the Holliday Girls. Clea was captured anew and again imprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \\#8 (March 1944\\). DC Comics.", "Some months later, the Saturnic slaves\\-driver Eviless escaped from her cell on Paradise Island and assembled a gang of prisoners, called Villainy, Inc. Clea was a part of it. Villainy, Inc. did take over Paradise Island, but were soon repulsed by Wonder Woman. Still, Clea took Giganta with her and managed to flee \\- and they stole a huge chest filled with Amazon jewels, too.", "Clea tried to anonymously buy a submarine from Steve Trevor to return to Atlantis (why she needed a sub is unclear, possibly she wanted the weaponry on board), but Trevor recognised her and played along to capture her. He was knocked out by Giganta, and Clea and her aide decided to capture the Holliday Girls and maybe Wonder Woman to force him to give them a submarine. This sort of worked, and they forced Wonder Woman to steal a US Navy sub for them \\- but Clea and Giganta were recaptured before their sub could fully dive, and reimprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \\#28 (March 1948\\). DC Comics.", "### Bronze Age", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|150px\\\| The [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books \"Bronze Age of Comic Books\") Queen Clea teams up with the [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 \"Penguin (character)\") in [Justice League of America](/wiki/Justice_League \"Justice League\") (vol. 1\\) \\#135, October 1976; art by [Dick Dillin](/wiki/Dick_Dillin \"Dick Dillin\").](/wiki/File:Queen_Clea_by_Dillin.jpg \"Queen Clea by Dillin.jpg\")\nIn a later story, Clea stole the fabled Trident of [Poseidon](/wiki/Poseidon \"Poseidon\") to make herself virtually unstoppable. She allied with [King Kull](/wiki/King_Kull_%28DC_Comics%29 \"King Kull (DC Comics)\") and his agents against the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League \"Justice League\") and [Justice Society](/wiki/Justice_Society \"Justice Society\") when he plans to wipe out life on [Earth\\-One](/wiki/Earth-One \"Earth-One\"), [Earth\\-Two](/wiki/Earth-Two \"Earth-Two\"), and Earth\\-S so his subjugated Beast\\-men can rule once again. On Earth\\-Two with [Penguin](/wiki/Penguin_%28character%29 \"Penguin (character)\") of Earth\\-One, [Blockbuster](/wiki/Blockbuster_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blockbuster (DC Comics)\") of Earth\\-One, and [Ibac](/wiki/Ibac \"Ibac\") of Earth\\-S, she attempts to take over the recently\\-risen Atlantis. The Earth\\-One [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\"), Earth\\-One [Green Arrow](/wiki/Green_Arrow \"Green Arrow\"), Earth\\-S [Spy Smasher](/wiki/Spy_Smasher \"Spy Smasher\"), and Earth\\-Two Wonder Woman defeat the villains without much trouble, Wonder Woman beating Clea. A cloud is nearly used to make all land on Earth\\-Two sink, starting with a nearby island, but Superman stops it using his freezing breath, throws it on a comet, and Atlantis heads beneath the waves again.Justice League of America \\#135 (October 1976\\). DC Comics.", "### Modern Age", "When Clea took her battle to the surface world she battled against [Queen Hippolyta](/wiki/Hippolyta_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Hippolyta (DC Comics)\"), who was acting as [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman \"Wonder Woman\") in the 1940s, and was defeated.Wonder Woman (vol. 2\\) \\#184 (October 2002\\). DC Comics. Clea then teamed with the original [Villainy Inc.](/wiki/Villainy_Inc. \"Villainy Inc.\") in order to overtake Hippolyta but this did not work out either.Wonder Woman: Our Worlds At War (September 2001\\). DC Comics. A new version of the team was assembled in modern times in the hopes of finishing where her plans left off. Invading the hidden nation of [Skartaris](/wiki/Skartaris \"Skartaris\"), Clea did succeed in ruling the land for a limited time. Both versions of the team were defeated by Wonder Woman.Wonder Woman (vol. 2\\) \\#179\\-183 (May 2002 \\- September 2002\\). DC Comics. In one instance Clea's own daughter, Ptra, helped Wonder Woman defeat her mother.", "Clea later appears as part of a large team of super\\-villains assigned to kill Wonder Woman. She is once again in possession of the Trident of Poseidon and appears to possess the power of flight. She explains that she, and her fellow cohorts, have had their abilities amplified by the witch [Circe](/wiki/Circe_%28comics%29 \"Circe (comics)\"). She eventually is subdued by several of Wonder Woman's allies and taken into custody by [Nemesis](/wiki/Nemesis_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Nemesis (DC Comics)\") and the Department of Metahuman Affairs. As that agency was later destroyed, the present whereabouts of Queen Clea are not known.Wonder Woman (vol. 3\\) Annual \\#1 (November 2007\\). DC Comics.", "During the [Infinite Crisis](/wiki/Infinite_Crisis \"Infinite Crisis\") storyline, Queen Clea appeared as a member of [Alexander Luthor Jr.](/wiki/Alexander_Luthor_Jr. \"Alexander Luthor Jr.\")'s [Secret Society of Super Villains](/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains \"Secret Society of Super Villains\").Villains United. DC Comics.", "" ]
### Golden Age [thumb\\|left\\|150px\\| The [Golden Age](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books "Golden Age of Comic Books") Queen Clea in [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28comic_book%29 "Wonder Woman (comic book)") (vol. 1\) \#28, April 1948; art by [Harry G. Peter](/wiki/H.G._Peter "H.G. Peter").](/wiki/File:Queen_Clea_by_Peter.png "Queen Clea by Peter.png") As Queen of a crumbling [Atlantean](/wiki/Atlantis_%28DC_Comics%29 "Atlantis (DC Comics)") outpost named Venturia, Queen Clea enslaved the men of her realm and amused herself by putting many to death in gladiatorial combat. Wanting to extend her rule, Clea repeatedly attacked Venturia's flourishing sister city of Aurania, though unsuccessfully. Despite this failure she expanded her ideas towards domination over the entire lost continent of Atlantis. In 1944, it was said that Queen Clea reigns over Aurania \- and it is possible that she has been Queen for quite a long time. Though Aurania has long been overshadowed by their Venturian rival, the ruthless Clea planned and executed a surprise attack that caught the Venturian military cold, and Aurania conquered and occupied Venturia. No explanation is given for this switch. Venturian queen Eeras managed to flee and went to the surface world where she adventured for some months, trying to find some sort of weapon to repulse the Auranian. She focused on a chemical invented by one Van Vlek; working the trail to that secret formula she ended up in Dakar where she met American military intelligence agent Steve Trevor. Pooling their resources they secured the whole formula, and Eeras asked Trevor to fly her to Atlantis on his way back to the US. Trevor, who assumed that she was a lunatic, accepted; not expecting to fly into an actual access to Atlantis he had to land in less\-than\- perfect conditions and they were captured by Auranian troops. [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 "Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)") came to the rescue, forging an alliance with Queen Eeras as both an Amazon and an American. Clea was, of course, busy throwing Trevor into the arena to fight prehistoric boars; Wonder Woman fought everybody off and Eeras successfully used the "devitamizer" derived from the Van Vlek formula to make all Auranians present collapse. The Auranian prisoners recovered, and Clea had her daughter Ptra replace her as a prisoner \- which was facilitated since the Venturians kept their prisoner in an iron mask that allowed her to eat and drink but prevented her speaking. Clea covertly rebuilt Aurania's power. Probably inspired by Eeras's previous strategy, she formed a band of Auranian pirates who attacked surface world ships \- using blasts of air from the volcano to soar on parachutes and board nearby ships, sword in hand. Clea was especially interested in getting herself some of the bigger, stronger and smarter manlings of the surface world, and soon struck a deal with a ship full of German prisoners who were being deported to America for farm work. As the German soldiers, equipped with local swords and shields, attacked the Venturians, Clea personally sneaked behind enemy lines to get the "devitamizer" that had previously felled her, then brought down the Venturian forces and Eeras. Thankfully Wonder Woman, Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls were present to investigate the fate of the kidnapped American sailors. Wonder Woman and Eela were gassed and Wonder Woman was bound with her lasso, then the two women were covered with iron. Despite it being three inches thick, Wonder Woman broke free and freed herself and other prisoners. They freed everyone, then captured Clea and Ptra. Queen Eeras, being reluctant to execute prisoners, agreed to hand Clea and Ptra over to the Amazons. The incorrigible Clea soon managed to escape, when fighting Octavia, daughter of Eeras when Wonder Woman wanted her to play bullets and bracelets with her. She fired early, grazing Octavia's skull, then knocked out Wonder Woman from behind. She bound the girls, and with her prisoners returned to Atlantis. However, when she landed in Atlantis, she discovered that there had been a revolution and that the inept manlings had taken over thanks to surprise and a stockpile of captured surface world weapons which had not been used by the more traditionalist female rulers. Wonder Woman and Octavia escaped and made contact with Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls, who had been flying nearby looking for them. In the meanwhile Clea managed to convince the stupid manling king to let her rule but it was too late, and her manlings were dispersed by the Holliday Girls. Clea was captured anew and again imprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \#8 (March 1944\). DC Comics. Some months later, the Saturnic slaves\-driver Eviless escaped from her cell on Paradise Island and assembled a gang of prisoners, called Villainy, Inc. Clea was a part of it. Villainy, Inc. did take over Paradise Island, but were soon repulsed by Wonder Woman. Still, Clea took Giganta with her and managed to flee \- and they stole a huge chest filled with Amazon jewels, too. Clea tried to anonymously buy a submarine from Steve Trevor to return to Atlantis (why she needed a sub is unclear, possibly she wanted the weaponry on board), but Trevor recognised her and played along to capture her. He was knocked out by Giganta, and Clea and her aide decided to capture the Holliday Girls and maybe Wonder Woman to force him to give them a submarine. This sort of worked, and they forced Wonder Woman to steal a US Navy sub for them \- but Clea and Giganta were recaptured before their sub could fully dive, and reimprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \#28 (March 1948\). DC Comics.	[ "### Golden Age", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|150px\\\| The [Golden Age](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books \"Golden Age of Comic Books\") Queen Clea in [Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28comic_book%29 \"Wonder Woman (comic book)\") (vol. 1\\) \\#28, April 1948; art by [Harry G. Peter](/wiki/H.G._Peter \"H.G. Peter\").](/wiki/File:Queen_Clea_by_Peter.png \"Queen Clea by Peter.png\")\nAs Queen of a crumbling [Atlantean](/wiki/Atlantis_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Atlantis (DC Comics)\") outpost named Venturia, Queen Clea enslaved the men of her realm and amused herself by putting many to death in gladiatorial combat. Wanting to extend her rule, Clea repeatedly attacked Venturia's flourishing sister city of Aurania, though unsuccessfully. Despite this failure she expanded her ideas towards domination over the entire lost continent of Atlantis. In 1944, it was said that Queen Clea reigns over Aurania \\- and it is possible that she has been Queen for quite a long time. Though Aurania has long been overshadowed by their Venturian rival, the ruthless Clea planned and executed a surprise attack that caught the Venturian military cold, and Aurania conquered and occupied Venturia. No explanation is given for this switch.", "Venturian queen Eeras managed to flee and went to the surface world where she adventured for some months, trying to find some sort of weapon to repulse the Auranian. She focused on a chemical invented by one Van Vlek; working the trail to that secret formula she ended up in Dakar where she met American military intelligence agent Steve Trevor. Pooling their resources they secured the whole formula, and Eeras asked Trevor to fly her to Atlantis on his way back to the US. Trevor, who assumed that she was a lunatic, accepted; not expecting to fly into an actual access to Atlantis he had to land in less\\-than\\- perfect conditions and they were captured by Auranian troops.", "[Wonder Woman](/wiki/Wonder_Woman_%28Earth-Two%29 \"Wonder Woman (Earth-Two)\") came to the rescue, forging an alliance with Queen Eeras as both an Amazon and an American. Clea was, of course, busy throwing Trevor into the arena to fight prehistoric boars; Wonder Woman fought everybody off and Eeras successfully used the \"devitamizer\" derived from the Van Vlek formula to make all Auranians present collapse.", "The Auranian prisoners recovered, and Clea had her daughter Ptra replace her as a prisoner \\- which was facilitated since the Venturians kept their prisoner in an iron mask that allowed her to eat and drink but prevented her speaking. Clea covertly rebuilt Aurania's power. Probably inspired by Eeras's previous strategy, she formed a band of Auranian pirates who attacked surface world ships \\- using blasts of air from the volcano to soar on parachutes and board nearby ships, sword in hand.", "Clea was especially interested in getting herself some of the bigger, stronger and smarter manlings of the surface world, and soon struck a deal with a ship full of German prisoners who were being deported to America for farm work. As the German soldiers, equipped with local swords and shields, attacked the Venturians, Clea personally sneaked behind enemy lines to get the \"devitamizer\" that had previously felled her, then brought down the Venturian forces and Eeras. Thankfully Wonder Woman, Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls were present to investigate the fate of the kidnapped American sailors. Wonder Woman and Eela were gassed and Wonder Woman was bound with her lasso, then the two women were covered with iron. Despite it being three inches thick, Wonder Woman broke free and freed herself and other prisoners. They freed everyone, then captured Clea and Ptra.", "Queen Eeras, being reluctant to execute prisoners, agreed to hand Clea and Ptra over to the Amazons. The incorrigible Clea soon managed to escape, when fighting Octavia, daughter of Eeras when Wonder Woman wanted her to play bullets and bracelets with her. She fired early, grazing Octavia's skull, then knocked out Wonder Woman from behind. She bound the girls, and with her prisoners returned to Atlantis. However, when she landed in Atlantis, she discovered that there had been a revolution and that the inept manlings had taken over thanks to surprise and a stockpile of captured surface world weapons which had not been used by the more traditionalist female rulers. Wonder Woman and Octavia escaped and made contact with Steve Trevor and the Holliday Girls, who had been flying nearby looking for them. In the meanwhile Clea managed to convince the stupid manling king to let her rule but it was too late, and her manlings were dispersed by the Holliday Girls. Clea was captured anew and again imprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \\#8 (March 1944\\). DC Comics.", "Some months later, the Saturnic slaves\\-driver Eviless escaped from her cell on Paradise Island and assembled a gang of prisoners, called Villainy, Inc. Clea was a part of it. Villainy, Inc. did take over Paradise Island, but were soon repulsed by Wonder Woman. Still, Clea took Giganta with her and managed to flee \\- and they stole a huge chest filled with Amazon jewels, too.", "Clea tried to anonymously buy a submarine from Steve Trevor to return to Atlantis (why she needed a sub is unclear, possibly she wanted the weaponry on board), but Trevor recognised her and played along to capture her. He was knocked out by Giganta, and Clea and her aide decided to capture the Holliday Girls and maybe Wonder Woman to force him to give them a submarine. This sort of worked, and they forced Wonder Woman to steal a US Navy sub for them \\- but Clea and Giganta were recaptured before their sub could fully dive, and reimprisoned by the Amazons.Wonder Woman \\#28 (March 1948\\). DC Comics.", "" ]
Development in the 1990s ------------------------ [thumb\\|[Never again Germany](/wiki/Never_again_Germany "Never again Germany") graffiti in Vienna, 2009](/wiki/File:Nie-wieder-Deutschland.png "Nie-wieder-Deutschland.png") The notion of a revival of German nationalism and racism as a result of the reunification seemed to confirm itself over the course of the 1990s, as shown by such events as the [Rostock\-Lichtenhagen riots](/wiki/Rostock-Lichtenhagen_riots "Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots") and a murderous [attack on a Turkish family](/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack "1993 Solingen arson attack") in the West German town of [Solingen](/wiki/Solingen "Solingen").{{cite web\\|first\=Zuletzt \\|last\=Aktualisiert\\|url\=http://www.rp\-online.de/panorama/deutschland/Alle\-vier\-Taeter\-heute\-wieder\-auf\-freiem\-Fuss\_aid\_571898\.html \\|language\=de \\|title\=15th anniversary of the arson attack in Solingen: All four perpetrators again today on the loose \\|publisher\=RP Online \\|date\=26 May 2008 \\|access\-date\=18 November 2010}} This wave of anti\-immigrant violence led to tightening of Germany's hitherto liberal [asylum laws](/wiki/Asylum_law "Asylum law").{{Citation needed\\|date\=July 2010}} As a result of these conflicts, through the 1990s, small groups and circles associated with Anti\-German ideas began to emerge throughout Germany, refining their ideological positions by dissenting from prevailing opinions within the German Left. These positions became particularly prominent within ["Anti\-fascist"](/wiki/Post-WWII_anti-fascism "Post-WWII anti-fascism") groups.{{Citation needed\\|date\=January 2019}} The [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") in 1990 consolidated the Anti\-German position around a new issue, specifically criticism of the broader Left's failure to side with Israel against rocket attacks launched into civilian areas by the regime of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"). Leading left\-wing writers such as [Eike Geisel](/wiki/Eike_Geisel "Eike Geisel") and {{ill\\|Wolfgang Pohrt\\|de}} criticised the German peace movement for failing to appreciate the threat posed by [Ba'athism](/wiki/Ba%27athism "Ba'athism") to left\-wing movements through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East"), in particular around the Iraqi regime's use of poison gas. The outbreak of the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada "Second Intifada") provided another focal point for the emerging Anti\-German movement. While other left\-wing analysis identified Israel as an aggressor to the point they were perceived by the Anti\-German movement as supporting [Islamist](/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism "Islamic fundamentalism") groups such as [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas"), the Anti\-German camp called for unconditional solidarity with Israel, explicitly Jews and [other non\-Arab groups native to the region](/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East "Ethnic groups in the Middle East") against [pan\-Arabist](/wiki/Pan-Arabism "Pan-Arabism") ideology. This resulted in leading Anti\-German publications including Konkret and Bahamas to draw links between the [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") of Islamist groups and the antisemitism of the Nazis, as both groups upheld the extermination of the [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews") as central to their politics. This break with other left\-wing positions was further intensified by the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") on America, with Anti\-Germans strongly criticising other leftist positions that claimed that Al\-Qaeda's assault on the United States was motivated by [anti\-imperialist](/wiki/Anti-imperialism "Anti-imperialism") or [anti\-capitalist](/wiki/Anti-capitalism "Anti-capitalism") resistance against American hegemony, instead claiming that Al\-Qaeda and their attacks represented a modern form of fascism that needed to be stringently opposed. In 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the [bombing of Dresden](/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden "Bombing of Dresden"), anti\-Germans praised the bombing on the grounds that so many of the city's civilians had supported Nazism. Kyle James points to this as an example of a shift towards support for the United States that became more pronounced after 9/11\. Similar demonstrations are annually held, the slogans "[Bomber Harris](/wiki/Arthur_Harris "Arthur Harris"), do it again!" and "Deutsche Täter sind keine Opfer!" ("German perpetrators are no victims!") have become common. The [1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia](/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia "1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia") was also a focus of opposition for the anti\-Germans, as for most of the radical left. Many anti\-Germans condemned the war as a repetition of the political constellation of forces during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), with the [Serbs](/wiki/Serbs "Serbs") in the role of victim of German [imperialism](/wiki/Imperialism "Imperialism"). Some anti\-Germans thus issued a call for "unconditional" support for the regime of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 "Slobodan Milošević").{{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2011}} The reasons the German government gave to legitimize the war – from an anti\-German perspective – marked a turning point in the discourse of governmental history\-policy.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.marxistisch.de/shukow/shukov.pdf \\|title\=Aufarbeitungsweltmeister \\|language\=de \\|access\-date\=18 November 2010 \\|archive\-date\=2 April 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402191550/http://www.marxistisch.de/shukow/shukov.pdf \\|url\-status\=dead }} The war was not justified "despite but because of Auschwitz". This judgment is often combined with the analysis of the genesis of a new national self as the "Aufarbeitungsweltmeister" or "Weltmeister der [Vergangenheitsbewältigung](/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung "Vergangenheitsbewältigung")" (world champion in dealing with and mastering one's own past evil deeds). Later Anti\-German focal points included the [Stop The Bomb Coalition](http://at.stopthebomb.net/en/home.html), active in both Germany and Austria, to maintain sanctions against [Iranian](/wiki/Iran "Iran") attempts to obtain nuclear weapons. The Anti\-Germans (and the [Deutsch\-Israelische Gesellschaft](/wiki/Deutsch-Israelische_Gesellschaft "Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft")) have produced many of the [anti\-antisemitism](/wiki/Anti-antisemitism "Anti-antisemitism") commissioners hired by German institutions after the [2015 European migrant crisis](/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis "2015 European migrant crisis") .{{cite news \\|last1\=Kuras \\|first1\=Peter \\|title\=The Strange Logic of Germany’s Antisemitism Bureaucrats \\|url\=https://jewishcurrents.org/the\-strange\-logic\-of\-germanys\-antisemitism\-bureaucrats \\|access\-date\=13 August 2024 \\|work\=Jewish Currents \\|date\=July 18, 2023 \\|language\=en}}	[ "Development in the 1990s\n------------------------", "[thumb\\\|[Never again Germany](/wiki/Never_again_Germany \"Never again Germany\") graffiti in Vienna, 2009](/wiki/File:Nie-wieder-Deutschland.png \"Nie-wieder-Deutschland.png\")\nThe notion of a revival of German nationalism and racism as a result of the reunification seemed to confirm itself over the course of the 1990s, as shown by such events as the [Rostock\\-Lichtenhagen riots](/wiki/Rostock-Lichtenhagen_riots \"Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots\") and a murderous [attack on a Turkish family](/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack \"1993 Solingen arson attack\") in the West German town of [Solingen](/wiki/Solingen \"Solingen\").{{cite web\\\|first\\=Zuletzt \\\|last\\=Aktualisiert\\\|url\\=http://www.rp\\-online.de/panorama/deutschland/Alle\\-vier\\-Taeter\\-heute\\-wieder\\-auf\\-freiem\\-Fuss\\_aid\\_571898\\.html \\\|language\\=de \\\|title\\=15th anniversary of the arson attack in Solingen: All four perpetrators again today on the loose \\\|publisher\\=RP Online \\\|date\\=26 May 2008 \\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2010}} This wave of anti\\-immigrant violence led to tightening of Germany's hitherto liberal [asylum laws](/wiki/Asylum_law \"Asylum law\").{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=July 2010}}", "As a result of these conflicts, through the 1990s, small groups and circles associated with Anti\\-German ideas began to emerge throughout Germany, refining their ideological positions by dissenting from prevailing opinions within the German Left. These positions became particularly prominent within [\"Anti\\-fascist\"](/wiki/Post-WWII_anti-fascism \"Post-WWII anti-fascism\") groups.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2019}} The [Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") in 1990 consolidated the Anti\\-German position around a new issue, specifically criticism of the broader Left's failure to side with Israel against rocket attacks launched into civilian areas by the regime of [Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\"). Leading left\\-wing writers such as [Eike Geisel](/wiki/Eike_Geisel \"Eike Geisel\") and {{ill\\\|Wolfgang Pohrt\\\|de}} criticised the German peace movement for failing to appreciate the threat posed by [Ba'athism](/wiki/Ba%27athism \"Ba'athism\") to left\\-wing movements through the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\"), in particular around the Iraqi regime's use of poison gas.", "The outbreak of the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada \"Second Intifada\") provided another focal point for the emerging Anti\\-German movement. While other left\\-wing analysis identified Israel as an aggressor to the point they were perceived by the Anti\\-German movement as supporting [Islamist](/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism \"Islamic fundamentalism\") groups such as [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\"), the Anti\\-German camp called for unconditional solidarity with Israel, explicitly Jews and [other non\\-Arab groups native to the region](/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East \"Ethnic groups in the Middle East\") against [pan\\-Arabist](/wiki/Pan-Arabism \"Pan-Arabism\") ideology. This resulted in leading Anti\\-German publications including Konkret and Bahamas to draw links between the [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") of Islamist groups and the antisemitism of the Nazis, as both groups upheld the extermination of the [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") as central to their politics. This break with other left\\-wing positions was further intensified by the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") on America, with Anti\\-Germans strongly criticising other leftist positions that claimed that Al\\-Qaeda's assault on the United States was motivated by [anti\\-imperialist](/wiki/Anti-imperialism \"Anti-imperialism\") or [anti\\-capitalist](/wiki/Anti-capitalism \"Anti-capitalism\") resistance against American hegemony, instead claiming that Al\\-Qaeda and their attacks represented a modern form of fascism that needed to be stringently opposed.", "In 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the [bombing of Dresden](/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden \"Bombing of Dresden\"), anti\\-Germans praised the bombing on the grounds that so many of the city's civilians had supported Nazism. Kyle James points to this as an example of a shift towards support for the United States that became more pronounced after 9/11\\. Similar demonstrations are annually held, the slogans \"[Bomber Harris](/wiki/Arthur_Harris \"Arthur Harris\"), do it again!\" and \"Deutsche Täter sind keine Opfer!\" (\"German perpetrators are no victims!\") have become common.", "The [1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia](/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia \"1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia\") was also a focus of opposition for the anti\\-Germans, as for most of the radical left. Many anti\\-Germans condemned the war as a repetition of the political constellation of forces during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), with the [Serbs](/wiki/Serbs \"Serbs\") in the role of victim of German [imperialism](/wiki/Imperialism \"Imperialism\"). Some anti\\-Germans thus issued a call for \"unconditional\" support for the regime of [Slobodan Milošević](/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87 \"Slobodan Milošević\").{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2011}} The reasons the German government gave to legitimize the war – from an anti\\-German perspective – marked a turning point in the discourse of governmental history\\-policy.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.marxistisch.de/shukow/shukov.pdf \\\|title\\=Aufarbeitungsweltmeister \\\|language\\=de \\\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2010 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402191550/http://www.marxistisch.de/shukow/shukov.pdf \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The war was not justified \"despite but because of Auschwitz\". This judgment is often combined with the analysis of the genesis of a new national self as the \"Aufarbeitungsweltmeister\" or \"Weltmeister der [Vergangenheitsbewältigung](/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung \"Vergangenheitsbewältigung\")\" (world champion in dealing with and mastering one's own past evil deeds).", "Later Anti\\-German focal points included the [Stop The Bomb Coalition](http://at.stopthebomb.net/en/home.html), active in both Germany and Austria, to maintain sanctions against [Iranian](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") attempts to obtain nuclear weapons.", "The Anti\\-Germans (and the [Deutsch\\-Israelische Gesellschaft](/wiki/Deutsch-Israelische_Gesellschaft \"Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft\")) have produced many of the [anti\\-antisemitism](/wiki/Anti-antisemitism \"Anti-antisemitism\") commissioners hired by German institutions after the [2015 European migrant crisis](/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis \"2015 European migrant crisis\") .{{cite news \\\|last1\\=Kuras \\\|first1\\=Peter \\\|title\\=The Strange Logic of Germany’s Antisemitism Bureaucrats \\\|url\\=https://jewishcurrents.org/the\\-strange\\-logic\\-of\\-germanys\\-antisemitism\\-bureaucrats \\\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2024 \\\|work\\=Jewish Currents \\\|date\\=July 18, 2023 \\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Beginning The predecessor of Temperley was the Club de Foot\-ball Centenario established in 1910 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the [Revolución de Mayo](/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Mayo "Revolución de Mayo"). But the official establishment of the club was on 4 November 1912 during a meeting held at Club Arias. The first field of Centenario was in Villa Turdera, Buenos Aires. The first jersey was red with green collar. In 1917 Temperley affiliated to the [Argentine Football Association](/wiki/Argentine_Football_Association "Argentine Football Association"), the same year that the club decided to adopt the light\-blue colors for the jersey, which would be Temperley's distinctive color to date. After being affiliated, the team started to play at the second division two years later. In 1921 the club changed its name to "Club Atlético Temperley" in 1921\. That same year the institution also signed a contract to rent a land for [$](/wiki/Argentine_Peso "Argentine Peso") 20 a month. ### Amateur years and fusion [thumb\\|left\\|The squad that finished 2nd in 1924](/wiki/File:Temperley_1924.jpg "Temperley 1924.jpg") In 1924 Temperley made a great campaign finishing 2nd to [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors "Boca Juniors").[Argentina 1924 – Asociación Argentina de Football – RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg24.html) When the Liga Argentina de Football merged with Asociación Amateurs Argentina de Football, the club decided to disjoin the league. A soon time later Temperley requested to be affiliated again, the Association accepted but sending the club to play at the second division. In 1932 Temperley merged with [Argentino de Banfield](/wiki/Argentino_de_Banfield "Argentino de Banfield"). The new club, renamed as "Argentino de Temperley" played from [1932](/wiki/1932_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "1932 Argentine Primera División") to [1934](/wiki/1934_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n "1934 Argentine Primera División") in the championships organized by amateur Asociacion Argentina de Football.[Argentina 1932 (amateur) at RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg32a.html) When the amateur league merged with the professional league, Argentino changed its name to "Club Atlético Temperley" which has remained since then. In 1946 the club inaugurated the concrete\-built grandstands of its stadium and ten years later the new lighting on the field. This encouraged the organization of club's football matches at night, as well as the practise of other disciplines such as tennis and [netball](/wiki/Netball "Netball"). ### Return to Primera [thumb\\|right\\|220px\\|The 1974 team that won the first championship promoting to Primera División.](/wiki/File:Temperly_1974a.jpg "Temperly 1974a.jpg") Temperley won its first title in the 1974 [Primera B](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana "Primera B Metropolitana") championship, therefore returning to Primera División. At the playoffs, Temperley defeated [Estudiantes (BA)](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Buenos_Aires "Estudiantes de Buenos Aires") by 3–1 and drew [Lanús](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Lan%C3%BAs "Club Atlético Lanús") and [Unión](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe "Unión de Santa Fe") by 1–1 scores, finishing first in the group with 3 points qualifying to play at the top division of Argentine football after 37 years.[Argentina second level 1974 at RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg2-74.html) The team was coached by [Jorge Ginarte](/wiki/Jorge_Ginarte "Jorge Ginarte") who started his long\-time career as coach of lower division teams. The second promotion was in 1982\. Temperley finished 2nd to champion [San Lorenzo](/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro "San Lorenzo de Almagro") after playing a playoff which ended with the final games against [Atlanta](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Atlanta "Club Atlético Atlanta"). Temperley won the first match 2–1 but lost at the hand of the Bohemios the second game by 1–0\. The series had to be defined by penalty shot\-out and Temperley won 13–12 therefore promoting to Primera División. Notable players of that team were Hugo Lacava Schell, Carlos Piris, Hugo Issa, and Dabrowski amongst others. ### Relegation and bankruptcy Temperley's stand on Primera did not last much time so the team was relegated to [Primera B Nacional](/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional "Primera B Nacional") at the end of 1986–87 losing the playoff match to [Platense](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Platense "Club Atlético Platense") by 2–0\.[Final Tables Argentina 1981–1990 at RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arghist-pro1980s.html) Two years later the team was relegated again to the third division. Moreover, in 1991 the club went into bankruptcy after judge José María Durañona declared the club broken due to a debt that the club had with the Football Players Sindicate for an amount of US$400,000\. The institution remained closed for two years until in 1993 Temperley was allowed to play in [Primera C](/wiki/Primera_C "Primera C"), in a match against [Tristán Suárez](/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_Su%C3%A1rez "Tristán Suárez"). ### Promotion and relegations The next season Temperley promoted to [Primera B Metropolitana](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana "Primera B Metropolitana") defeating Tristán Suárez in the playoff matches (1–0 and 2–1\). Mariano Biondi was the coach of that team.["El caso de Temperley" – Agencia Universitaria de Noticias](http://www.auno.org.ar/article/el-caso-de-temperley/) One year later (the 1995–96 season) Temperley won its two consecutive promotion to Primera B Nacional although the club did a poor campaign being relegated again at the end of the tournament. On 31 July 1999 Temperley won a new promotion to Nacional B, being coached by Héctor Ostúa. ### Uniform evolution \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\_greenborder\\|pattern\_b\=\_greencollar\\|pattern\_ra\=\_greenborder\\|leftarm\=ff0000\\|body\=ff0000\\|rightarm\=ff0000\\|shorts\=000000\\|socks\=888888\\|title\=1912–17}} \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\_whiteborder\\|pattern\_b\=\_whitecollar\\|pattern\_ra\=\_whiteborder\\|leftarm\=00ccff\\|body\=00ccff\\|rightarm\=00ccff\\|shorts\=000066\\|socks\=00ccff\\|title\=1917–present}} \| \| --- \| --- \| Rare models \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\_red\_stripes\\|pattern\_b\=\_red\_stripes\\|pattern\_ra\=\_red\_stripes\\|leftarm\=ffffff\\|body\=ffffff\\|rightarm\=ffffff\\|shorts\=000000\\|socks\=888888\\|title\=1930}} \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\_whiteborder\\|pattern\_b\=\_whitecollar\\|pattern\_ra\=\_whiteborder\\|leftarm\=009900\\|body\=009900\\|rightarm\=009900\\|shorts\=000000\\|socks\=888888\\|title\=1960 1}} \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\\|pattern\_b\=\_bluehorizontal\\|pattern\_ra\=\\|leftarm\=ffffff\\|body\=ffffff\\|rightarm\=ffffff\\|shorts\=000000\\|socks\=888888\\|title\=1964 2}} \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\_black\_stripes\\|pattern\_b\=\_blackstripes\\|pattern\_ra\=\_black\_stripes\\|leftarm\=ffcc00\\|body\=ffcc00\\|rightarm\=ffcc00\\|shorts\=000000\\|socks\=ffcc00\\|title\=1969–71 3}} \| {{Football kit box\\|pattern\_la\=\\|pattern\_b\=\_rightsashonwhite\\|pattern\_ra\=\\|pattern\_so\=\_3whitehoops\\|leftarm\=ffffff\\|body\=00bfff\\|rightarm\=ffffff\\|shorts\=000000\\|socks\=00bfff\\|title\=1974 4}} \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| Notes: * 1 Worn in the second half of a match versus [Deportivo Morón](/wiki/Deportivo_Mor%C3%B3n "Deportivo Morón"). * 2 Worn during some matches in the season. * 3 Worn during the 1971 [Primera B](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana "Primera B Metropolitana") season. * 4 Worn during the 1974 [Primera B](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana "Primera B Metropolitana") season, when Temperley won its first title.	[ "History\n-------", "### Beginning", "The predecessor of Temperley was the Club de Foot\\-ball Centenario established in 1910 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the [Revolución de Mayo](/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Mayo \"Revolución de Mayo\"). But the official establishment of the club was on 4 November 1912 during a meeting held at Club Arias. The first field of Centenario was in Villa Turdera, Buenos Aires. The first jersey was red with green collar.", "In 1917 Temperley affiliated to the [Argentine Football Association](/wiki/Argentine_Football_Association \"Argentine Football Association\"), the same year that the club decided to adopt the light\\-blue colors for the jersey, which would be Temperley's distinctive color to date. After being affiliated, the team started to play at the second division two years later. In 1921 the club changed its name to \"Club Atlético Temperley\" in 1921\\. That same year the institution also signed a contract to rent a land for [$](/wiki/Argentine_Peso \"Argentine Peso\") 20 a month.", "### Amateur years and fusion", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|The squad that finished 2nd in 1924](/wiki/File:Temperley_1924.jpg \"Temperley 1924.jpg\")\nIn 1924 Temperley made a great campaign finishing 2nd to [Boca Juniors](/wiki/Boca_Juniors \"Boca Juniors\").[Argentina 1924 – Asociación Argentina de Football – RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg24.html) When the Liga Argentina de Football merged with Asociación Amateurs Argentina de Football, the club decided to disjoin the league. A soon time later Temperley requested to be affiliated again, the Association accepted but sending the club to play at the second division.", "In 1932 Temperley merged with [Argentino de Banfield](/wiki/Argentino_de_Banfield \"Argentino de Banfield\"). The new club, renamed as \"Argentino de Temperley\" played from [1932](/wiki/1932_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1932 Argentine Primera División\") to [1934](/wiki/1934_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"1934 Argentine Primera División\") in the championships organized by amateur Asociacion Argentina de Football.[Argentina 1932 (amateur) at RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg32a.html) When the amateur league merged with the professional league, Argentino changed its name to \"Club Atlético Temperley\" which has remained since then.", "In 1946 the club inaugurated the concrete\\-built grandstands of its stadium and ten years later the new lighting on the field. This encouraged the organization of club's football matches at night, as well as the practise of other disciplines such as tennis and [netball](/wiki/Netball \"Netball\").", "### Return to Primera", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|220px\\\|The 1974 team that won the first championship promoting to Primera División.](/wiki/File:Temperly_1974a.jpg \"Temperly 1974a.jpg\")\nTemperley won its first title in the 1974 [Primera B](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\") championship, therefore returning to Primera División. At the playoffs, Temperley defeated [Estudiantes (BA)](/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Buenos_Aires \"Estudiantes de Buenos Aires\") by 3–1 and drew [Lanús](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Lan%C3%BAs \"Club Atlético Lanús\") and [Unión](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe \"Unión de Santa Fe\") by 1–1 scores, finishing first in the group with 3 points qualifying to play at the top division of Argentine football after 37 years.[Argentina second level 1974 at RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg2-74.html) The team was coached by [Jorge Ginarte](/wiki/Jorge_Ginarte \"Jorge Ginarte\") who started his long\\-time career as coach of lower division teams.", "The second promotion was in 1982\\. Temperley finished 2nd to champion [San Lorenzo](/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro \"San Lorenzo de Almagro\") after playing a playoff which ended with the final games against [Atlanta](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Atlanta \"Club Atlético Atlanta\"). Temperley won the first match 2–1 but lost at the hand of the Bohemios the second game by 1–0\\. The series had to be defined by penalty shot\\-out and Temperley won 13–12 therefore promoting to Primera División. Notable players of that team were Hugo Lacava Schell, Carlos Piris, Hugo Issa, and Dabrowski amongst others.", "### Relegation and bankruptcy", "Temperley's stand on Primera did not last much time so the team was relegated to [Primera B Nacional](/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional \"Primera B Nacional\") at the end of 1986–87 losing the playoff match to [Platense](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Platense \"Club Atlético Platense\") by 2–0\\.[Final Tables Argentina 1981–1990 at RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arghist-pro1980s.html) Two years later the team was relegated again to the third division. Moreover, in 1991 the club went into bankruptcy after judge José María Durañona declared the club broken due to a debt that the club had with the Football Players Sindicate for an amount of US$400,000\\. The institution remained closed for two years until in 1993 Temperley was allowed to play in [Primera C](/wiki/Primera_C \"Primera C\"), in a match against [Tristán Suárez](/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_Su%C3%A1rez \"Tristán Suárez\").", "### Promotion and relegations", "The next season Temperley promoted to [Primera B Metropolitana](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\") defeating Tristán Suárez in the playoff matches (1–0 and 2–1\\). Mariano Biondi was the coach of that team.[\"El caso de Temperley\" – Agencia Universitaria de Noticias](http://www.auno.org.ar/article/el-caso-de-temperley/) One year later (the 1995–96 season) Temperley won its two consecutive promotion to Primera B Nacional although the club did a poor campaign being relegated again at the end of the tournament. On 31 July 1999 Temperley won a new promotion to Nacional B, being coached by Héctor Ostúa.", "### Uniform evolution", "", "\| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\_greenborder\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_greencollar\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\_greenborder\\\|leftarm\\=ff0000\\\|body\\=ff0000\\\|rightarm\\=ff0000\\\|shorts\\=000000\\\|socks\\=888888\\\|title\\=1912–17}} \| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\_whiteborder\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_whitecollar\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\_whiteborder\\\|leftarm\\=00ccff\\\|body\\=00ccff\\\|rightarm\\=00ccff\\\|shorts\\=000066\\\|socks\\=00ccff\\\|title\\=1917–present}} \|\n\| --- \| --- \|", "Rare models", "\| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\_red\\_stripes\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_red\\_stripes\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\_red\\_stripes\\\|leftarm\\=ffffff\\\|body\\=ffffff\\\|rightarm\\=ffffff\\\|shorts\\=000000\\\|socks\\=888888\\\|title\\=1930}} \| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\_whiteborder\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_whitecollar\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\_whiteborder\\\|leftarm\\=009900\\\|body\\=009900\\\|rightarm\\=009900\\\|shorts\\=000000\\\|socks\\=888888\\\|title\\=1960 1}} \| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_bluehorizontal\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\\|leftarm\\=ffffff\\\|body\\=ffffff\\\|rightarm\\=ffffff\\\|shorts\\=000000\\\|socks\\=888888\\\|title\\=1964 2}} \| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\_black\\_stripes\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_blackstripes\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\_black\\_stripes\\\|leftarm\\=ffcc00\\\|body\\=ffcc00\\\|rightarm\\=ffcc00\\\|shorts\\=000000\\\|socks\\=ffcc00\\\|title\\=1969–71 3}} \| {{Football kit box\\\|pattern\\_la\\=\\\|pattern\\_b\\=\\_rightsashonwhite\\\|pattern\\_ra\\=\\\|pattern\\_so\\=\\_3whitehoops\\\|leftarm\\=ffffff\\\|body\\=00bfff\\\|rightarm\\=ffffff\\\|shorts\\=000000\\\|socks\\=00bfff\\\|title\\=1974 4}} \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "Notes:\n* 1 Worn in the second half of a match versus [Deportivo Morón](/wiki/Deportivo_Mor%C3%B3n \"Deportivo Morón\").\n* 2 Worn during some matches in the season.\n* 3 Worn during the 1971 [Primera B](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\") season.\n* 4 Worn during the 1974 [Primera B](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\") season, when Temperley won its first title." ]
Work ---- The focus of Wagner's work is on the [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution") of complex characters. His research utilizes both the theoretical tools of population genetics as well as experimental approaches in [evolutionary developmental biology](/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology "Evolutionary developmental biology"). Wagner has contributed substantially to the current understanding of [evolvability](/wiki/Evolvability "Evolvability") of complex organisms, the origin of novel characters, and modularity. ### Population genetics Wagner's early work was focused on mathematical population genetics. Together with the mathematician [Reinhard Bürger](/wiki/Reinhard_B%C3%BCrger "Reinhard Bürger") at the University of Vienna, he contributed to the theory of [mutation–selection balance](/wiki/Mutation%E2%80%93selection_balance "Mutation–selection balance") and the evolution of [dominance modifiers](/wiki/Evolution_of_dominance "Evolution of dominance"). Later Wagner shifted his focus on issues of the evolution of [variational properties](/wiki/Variational_properties "Variational properties") like [canalization](/wiki/Canalisation_%28genetics%29 "Canalisation (genetics)") and [modularity](/wiki/Modularity_%28biology%29 "Modularity (biology)"). He introduced the seminal distinction between [variation](/wiki/Variation_%28genetics%29 "Variation (genetics)") and [variability](/wiki/Genetic_variability "Genetic variability"), the former describing the actually existing differences among individuals while the latter measures the tendency to vary, as measured in mutation rate and mutational variance. He published the first mathematical model for the evolution of genetic canalization,Wagner, G. P., G. Booth, and H. Bagheri\-Chaichian. 1997\. "A population genetic theory of canalization". Evolution 51:329–347\. and thus contributed to the renaissance of studies of canalization in the mid 1990s. His more recent work is on the measurement of [gene interaction](/wiki/Epistasis "Epistasis"), the evolution of [evolvability](/wiki/Evolvability "Evolvability") and how it relates to the evolution of genetic architecture.Wagner, G. P., J. P. Kenney\-Hunt, M. Pavlicev, J. R. Peck, D. Waxman, and J. M. Cheverud. 2008\. "Pleiotropic scaling of gene effects and the 'cost of complexity.'" Nature 452:470\-472\. ### Evolutionary developmental biology With the advent of comparative [developmental genetics](/wiki/Developmental_genetics "Developmental genetics") in the early 1991 Wagner's research program shifted towards the [molecular evolution](/wiki/Molecular_evolution "Molecular evolution") of developmental genes, initially [Hox genes](/wiki/Hox_gene "Hox gene") and Hox gene clusters. The Wagner lab was the first to identify major blocks of ultraconserved non\-coding sequences in the intergenic regions between Hox genes,Chiu, C.\-h., C. Amemiya, K. Dewar, C.\-b. Kim, F. Ruddle, and G. P. Wagner. 2002\. [Molecular evolution of the HoxA cluster in three major gnathostome lineages](http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5492.full). PNAS 99:5492\-5497\. and dated the “fish\-specific” Hox cluster duplication to nearly coincide with the most recent common ancestor of [Teleostei](/wiki/Teleostei "Teleostei") fish.Crow, K. D., P. F. Stadler, V. J. Lynch, C. Amemiya, and G. P. Wagner. 2006\. The "Fish\-Specific" Hox Cluster Duplication Is Coincident with the Origin of Teleosts. Mol Biol Evol 23:121\-136\. This work led to the theory that Hox cluster and genome duplications create a window of opportunity which, if coincidental with ecological changes, can lead to the fixation of these genes and novel gene functions.Wagner, G. P., C. Amemiya, and F. Ruddle. 2003\. [Hox cluster duplications and the opportunity for evolutionary novelties](http://www.pnas.org/content/100/25/14603.full). PNAS 100:14603\-14606\. In recent years the Wagner lab has focussed on the evolution of [gene regulatory networks](/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network "Gene regulatory network"), in particular the role of transcription factor protein evolution in evolutionary innovation.Lynch, V. J., A. Tanzer, Y. Wang, F. C. Leung, B. Gellersen, D. Emera, and G. P. Wagner. 2008\. [Adaptive changes in the transcription factor HoxA\-11 are essential for the evolution of pregnancy in mammals](http://www.pnas.org/content/105/39/14928.full). . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 105:14928\-14933\. In August 2016, an article by Wagner and Mihaela Pavlicev, gained attention for proposing a possible evolutionary connection between the female orgasm in humans and ovulation induced by copulation in other mammals.Pavličev M, Wagner G, 2016\. [The evolutionary origin of female orgasm](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mihaela_Pavlicev/publication/305787184_The_Evolutionary_Origin_of_Female_Orgasm/links/57ab0a5d08ae7a6420bf3586/The-Evolutionary-Origin-of-Female-Orgasm.pdf). J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 00B:1–12\. ### Homology and innovation A key conceptual and mechanistic problem in evolutionary biology is the nature of character identity, aka [homology](/wiki/Homology_%28biology%29 "Homology (biology)"). Wagner was an early proponent of a mechanistic understanding of homology,Wagner, G. P. 1989a. The biological homology concept. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:51\-69\.Wagner, G. P. 2007\. The developmental genetics of homology. Nature Rev. Genetics 8:473\-479\. together with [Louise Roth](/wiki/Louise_Roth "Louise Roth") at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") and [Gerd Müller](/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller_%28theoretical_biologist%29 "Gerd Müller (theoretical biologist)") at the University of Vienna. A test case for this approach arose when Wagner and his colleague [Jacques Gauthier](/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier "Jacques Gauthier") proposed a solution of the century\-old problem of the identity of avian digits.Wagner, G. P., and J. A. Gauthier. 1999\. [1,2,3\=2,3,4: A solution to the problem of the homology of the digits in the avian hand](http://www.pnas.org/content/96/9/5111.long). PNAS 96:5111\-5116\. The core of the problem is that the three digits in the bird wing have the morphology of digits 1, 2, and 3, but develop from the digit condensations 2, 3, and 4, which according to some shows that they should be digits 2, 3, and 4\. Wagner and Gauthier proposed that during the evolution of [theropod](/wiki/Theropod "Theropod") dinosaurs, the closest relatives of birds, digits have "changed place" so that in the bird wing digit 1 develops from position 2 and digit 2 from position 3 and digit 3 from position 4 in the wing bud. This view is now strongly supported by molecular and experimental evidence and shows how mechanistic insights can solve seemingly intractable conceptual problems. According to Wagner the homology concept has a complementary twin, that of innovation. While homology refers to the historical continuity of character identity, the term innovation refers to the origin of novel characters, i.e. the origin of novel homologues. Therefore, Wagner and Müller argue that the origin and maintenance of character identity is a central goal of evolutionary developmental biology.Müller, G. B., and G. P. Wagner. 1991\. [Novelty in evolution: restructuring the concept](http://homepage.univie.ac.at/brian.metscher/MuellerWagner91_InnovConcept.pdf). Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:229\-256\.	[ "Work\n----", "The focus of Wagner's work is on the [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") of complex characters. His research utilizes both the theoretical tools of population genetics as well as experimental approaches in [evolutionary developmental biology](/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology \"Evolutionary developmental biology\"). Wagner has contributed substantially to the current understanding of [evolvability](/wiki/Evolvability \"Evolvability\") of complex organisms, the origin of novel characters, and modularity.", "### Population genetics", "Wagner's early work was focused on mathematical population genetics. Together with the mathematician [Reinhard Bürger](/wiki/Reinhard_B%C3%BCrger \"Reinhard Bürger\") at the University of Vienna, he contributed to the theory of [mutation–selection balance](/wiki/Mutation%E2%80%93selection_balance \"Mutation–selection balance\") and the evolution of [dominance modifiers](/wiki/Evolution_of_dominance \"Evolution of dominance\"). Later Wagner shifted his focus on issues of the evolution of [variational properties](/wiki/Variational_properties \"Variational properties\") like [canalization](/wiki/Canalisation_%28genetics%29 \"Canalisation (genetics)\") and [modularity](/wiki/Modularity_%28biology%29 \"Modularity (biology)\"). He introduced the seminal distinction between [variation](/wiki/Variation_%28genetics%29 \"Variation (genetics)\") and [variability](/wiki/Genetic_variability \"Genetic variability\"), the former describing the actually existing differences among individuals while the latter measures the tendency to vary, as measured in mutation rate and mutational variance. He published the first mathematical model for the evolution of genetic canalization,Wagner, G. P., G. Booth, and H. Bagheri\\-Chaichian. 1997\\. \"A population genetic theory of canalization\". Evolution 51:329–347\\. and thus contributed to the renaissance of studies of canalization in the mid 1990s. His more recent work is on the measurement of [gene interaction](/wiki/Epistasis \"Epistasis\"), the evolution of [evolvability](/wiki/Evolvability \"Evolvability\") and how it relates to the evolution of genetic architecture.Wagner, G. P., J. P. Kenney\\-Hunt, M. Pavlicev, J. R. Peck, D. Waxman, and J. M. Cheverud. 2008\\. \"Pleiotropic scaling of gene effects and the 'cost of complexity.'\" Nature 452:470\\-472\\.", "### Evolutionary developmental biology", "With the advent of comparative [developmental genetics](/wiki/Developmental_genetics \"Developmental genetics\") in the early 1991 Wagner's research program shifted towards the [molecular evolution](/wiki/Molecular_evolution \"Molecular evolution\") of developmental genes, initially [Hox genes](/wiki/Hox_gene \"Hox gene\") and Hox gene clusters. The Wagner lab was the first to identify major blocks of ultraconserved non\\-coding sequences in the intergenic regions between Hox genes,Chiu, C.\\-h., C. Amemiya, K. Dewar, C.\\-b. Kim, F. Ruddle, and G. P. Wagner. 2002\\. [Molecular evolution of the HoxA cluster in three major gnathostome lineages](http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5492.full). PNAS 99:5492\\-5497\\. and dated the “fish\\-specific” Hox cluster duplication to nearly coincide with the most recent common ancestor of [Teleostei](/wiki/Teleostei \"Teleostei\") fish.Crow, K. D., P. F. Stadler, V. J. Lynch, C. Amemiya, and G. P. Wagner. 2006\\. The \"Fish\\-Specific\" Hox Cluster Duplication Is Coincident with the Origin of Teleosts. Mol Biol Evol 23:121\\-136\\. This work led to the theory that Hox cluster and genome duplications create a window of opportunity which, if coincidental with ecological changes, can lead to the fixation of these genes and novel gene functions.Wagner, G. P., C. Amemiya, and F. Ruddle. 2003\\. [Hox cluster duplications and the opportunity for evolutionary novelties](http://www.pnas.org/content/100/25/14603.full). PNAS 100:14603\\-14606\\.", "In recent years the Wagner lab has focussed on the evolution of [gene regulatory networks](/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network \"Gene regulatory network\"), in particular the role of transcription factor protein evolution in evolutionary innovation.Lynch, V. J., A. Tanzer, Y. Wang, F. C. Leung, B. Gellersen, D. Emera, and G. P. Wagner. 2008\\. [Adaptive changes in the transcription factor HoxA\\-11 are essential for the evolution of pregnancy in mammals](http://www.pnas.org/content/105/39/14928.full). . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 105:14928\\-14933\\. In August 2016, an article by Wagner and Mihaela Pavlicev, gained attention for proposing a possible evolutionary connection between the female orgasm in humans and ovulation induced by copulation in other mammals.Pavličev M, Wagner G, 2016\\. [The evolutionary origin of female orgasm](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mihaela_Pavlicev/publication/305787184_The_Evolutionary_Origin_of_Female_Orgasm/links/57ab0a5d08ae7a6420bf3586/The-Evolutionary-Origin-of-Female-Orgasm.pdf). J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 00B:1–12\\.", "### Homology and innovation", "A key conceptual and mechanistic problem in evolutionary biology is the nature of character identity, aka [homology](/wiki/Homology_%28biology%29 \"Homology (biology)\"). Wagner was an early proponent of a mechanistic understanding of homology,Wagner, G. P. 1989a. The biological homology concept. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:51\\-69\\.Wagner, G. P. 2007\\. The developmental genetics of homology. Nature Rev. Genetics 8:473\\-479\\. together with [Louise Roth](/wiki/Louise_Roth \"Louise Roth\") at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\") and [Gerd Müller](/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller_%28theoretical_biologist%29 \"Gerd Müller (theoretical biologist)\") at the University of Vienna. A test case for this approach arose when Wagner and his colleague [Jacques Gauthier](/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier \"Jacques Gauthier\") proposed a solution of the century\\-old problem of the identity of avian digits.Wagner, G. P., and J. A. Gauthier. 1999\\. [1,2,3\\=2,3,4: A solution to the problem of the homology of the digits in the avian hand](http://www.pnas.org/content/96/9/5111.long). PNAS 96:5111\\-5116\\. The core of the problem is that the three digits in the bird wing have the morphology of digits 1, 2, and 3, but develop from the digit condensations 2, 3, and 4, which according to some shows that they should be digits 2, 3, and 4\\. Wagner and Gauthier proposed that during the evolution of [theropod](/wiki/Theropod \"Theropod\") dinosaurs, the closest relatives of birds, digits have \"changed place\" so that in the bird wing digit 1 develops from position 2 and digit 2 from position 3 and digit 3 from position 4 in the wing bud. This view is now strongly supported by molecular and experimental evidence and shows how mechanistic insights can solve seemingly intractable conceptual problems.", "According to Wagner the homology concept has a complementary twin, that of innovation. While homology refers to the historical continuity of character identity, the term innovation refers to the origin of novel characters, i.e. the origin of novel homologues. Therefore, Wagner and Müller argue that the origin and maintenance of character identity is a central goal of evolutionary developmental biology.Müller, G. B., and G. P. Wagner. 1991\\. [Novelty in evolution: restructuring the concept](http://homepage.univie.ac.at/brian.metscher/MuellerWagner91_InnovConcept.pdf). Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:229\\-256\\.", "" ]
History ------- {{Onesource\\|section\\|date\=December 2021}} {{Quote box \\|width\=19em \\|align\=left \\|bgcolor\=\#B0D4DE \\|title\=Historical affiliations \\|fontsize\=85% \\|quote\={{flagicon image\\|Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg}} \[\[County of Luxembourg]] 1239–1353 {{flagicon image\\|Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg}} \[\[Duchy of Luxembourg]] 1353–1795 {{flagicon image\\|Flag of France (1794\-1815\).svg}} \[\[French First Republic\\|French Republic]] 1795–1804 {{flagicon image\\|Flag of France (1794\-1815\).svg}} \[\[First French Empire\\|French Empire]] 1804–1815 {{flag\\|Kingdom of Prussia\\|1803}} 1815–1871 {{flag\\|German Empire}} 1871–1918 {{flag\\|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933 {{flag\\|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945 {{flag\\|Allied\-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949 {{flag\\|West Germany}} 1949–1990 {{flag\\|Germany}} 1990–present }} The city's name derives from its [Celtic](/wiki/Celts "Celts") [toponym](/wiki/Toponymy "Toponymy"), Beda. Bitburg originated approximately 2,000 years ago as a stopover for traffic from [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon") through [Metz](/wiki/Metz "Metz") and [Trier](/wiki/Trier "Trier") to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"). The first name mentioned was Vicus Beda. Emperor [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great "Constantine the Great") expanded the settlement to a road castle around 330, the central part of which forms the town centre today. Bitburg is first documented only after the end of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") around 715 as castrum bedense. It subsequently became part of [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia "Franconia"). The first mention of Bitburg in historic annals occurred in connection with the signing in 1239 of the Trier\-Luxembourg Treaty between Archbishop Theoderich II of Trier and Countess Ermesinde II of Luxemburg, under which the town came under the archbishopric's protection. Bitburg received a town charter in 1262 from [Count Henry V of Luxembourg](/wiki/Henry_V%2C_Count_of_Luxembourg "Henry V, Count of Luxembourg"). In 1443, Bitburg came under the sway of the [Duchy of Burgundy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy "Duchy of Burgundy"), then in 1506 was acquired by the [Austrian Netherlands](/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands "Austrian Netherlands"), which controlled most of modern Belgium. In 1794 the city came under [French](/wiki/France "France") administration, and in 1798 became part of the newly created [Département des Forêts](/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_des_For%C3%AAts "Département des Forêts"). This led to a short lived economic upturn, and Bitburg received among other things a court and a land registry. In 1815, under agreements at the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna "Congress of Vienna") following the final defeat of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte"), Bitburg was, after having been a part of the [Duchy of Luxembourg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg "Duchy of Luxemburg") for centuries, transferred to the [Kingdom of Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia"), where until 1822 it belonged administratively to the province of Lower Rhine, and afterwards to the Rhine province. With the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance in 1871, Bitburg became part of the German Empire, and after World War I the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") of Germany. [thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Memorial to soldiers of two world wars](/wiki/File:Matzen_Kriegerdenkmal.jpg "Matzen Kriegerdenkmal.jpg") In the interwar years, Bitburg, like most of the [Eifel](/wiki/Eifel "Eifel") region, was impoverished and comparatively backward. Economic growth began after the [Nazi Seizure of Power](/wiki/Nazi_Seizure_of_Power "Nazi Seizure of Power") and the Nazi regime's introduction of employment\-boosting public works projects, including infrastructure for war, particularly the [Westwall](/wiki/Westwall "Westwall"); new armed forces barracks; and the development of the [Nims](/wiki/Nims_%28river%29 "Nims (river)")\-[Sauer](/wiki/Sauer "Sauer") Valley railway. It is said that the building now used as the post office at Bitburg Annex (what is left of Bitburg Air Base) was the headquarters for [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") when he was in the city. In late December 1944, Bitburg was 85 percent destroyed by Allied bombing attacks, and later officially designated by the U.S. military as a "dead city." Subsequently, the town was occupied by [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") soldiers, who were replaced by French forces in 1955\. In 1952 a North Atlantic Treaty Organization ([NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO")) base was opened at Bitburg by the U.S. Air Force. At the end of the 1980s, French troops were withdrawn and NATO took over the former French barracks. After the [First Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") most of the USAF forces were moved to the larger [Spangdahlem Air Base](/wiki/Spangdahlem_Air_Base "Spangdahlem Air Base"), about 12 km east of Bitburg. In 1994, NATO turned the [Bitburg Air Base](/wiki/Bitburg_Air_Base "Bitburg Air Base") over to the city, which devoted it to public works projects. The [Nims](/wiki/Nims_%28river%29 "Nims (river)")\-[Sauer](/wiki/Sauer "Sauer") Valley railway was abandoned step by step, beginning in 1969\. Parts of it were converted into a bicycle path (Radweg).{{Citation \\|title\=Nims\-Sauertalbahn \\|date\=2022\-07\-27 \\|url\=https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\=Nims\-Sauertalbahn\&oldid\=224862156 \\|work\=Wikipedia \\|language\=de \\|access\-date\=2023\-01\-15}} In 1985, Bitburg [came to international attention](/wiki/Bitburg_controversy "Bitburg controversy") due to a ceremonial visit by U.S. President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") and German Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") to the nearby Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery – which among its 2,000 graves included those of 49 members of the [Waffen\-SS](/wiki/Waffen-SS "Waffen-SS").	[ "History\n-------", "{{Onesource\\\|section\\\|date\\=December 2021}}\n{{Quote box \\\|width\\=19em \\\|align\\=left \\\|bgcolor\\=\\#B0D4DE\n\\\|title\\=Historical affiliations\n\\\|fontsize\\=85% \\\|quote\\={{flagicon image\\\|Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg}} \\[\\[County of Luxembourg]] 1239–1353\n{{flagicon image\\\|Civil Ensign of Luxembourg.svg}} \\[\\[Duchy of Luxembourg]] 1353–1795\n{{flagicon image\\\|Flag of France (1794\\-1815\\).svg}} \\[\\[French First Republic\\\|French Republic]] 1795–1804\n{{flagicon image\\\|Flag of France (1794\\-1815\\).svg}} \\[\\[First French Empire\\\|French Empire]] 1804–1815\n{{flag\\\|Kingdom of Prussia\\\|1803}} 1815–1871\n{{flag\\\|German Empire}} 1871–1918\n{{flag\\\|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933\n{{flag\\\|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945\n{{flag\\\|Allied\\-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949\n{{flag\\\|West Germany}} 1949–1990\n{{flag\\\|Germany}} 1990–present\n}}\nThe city's name derives from its [Celtic](/wiki/Celts \"Celts\") [toponym](/wiki/Toponymy \"Toponymy\"), Beda.", "Bitburg originated approximately 2,000 years ago as a stopover for traffic from [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\") through [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\") and [Trier](/wiki/Trier \"Trier\") to [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"). The first name mentioned was Vicus Beda. Emperor [Constantine the Great](/wiki/Constantine_the_Great \"Constantine the Great\") expanded the settlement to a road castle around 330, the central part of which forms the town centre today. Bitburg is first documented only after the end of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") around 715 as castrum bedense. It subsequently became part of [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia \"Franconia\").", "The first mention of Bitburg in historic annals occurred in connection with the signing in 1239 of the Trier\\-Luxembourg Treaty between Archbishop Theoderich II of Trier and Countess Ermesinde II of Luxemburg, under which the town came under the archbishopric's protection. Bitburg received a town charter in 1262 from [Count Henry V of Luxembourg](/wiki/Henry_V%2C_Count_of_Luxembourg \"Henry V, Count of Luxembourg\").", "In 1443, Bitburg came under the sway of the [Duchy of Burgundy](/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy \"Duchy of Burgundy\"), then in 1506 was acquired by the [Austrian Netherlands](/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands \"Austrian Netherlands\"), which controlled most of modern Belgium. In 1794 the city came under [French](/wiki/France \"France\") administration, and in 1798 became part of the newly created [Département des Forêts](/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_des_For%C3%AAts \"Département des Forêts\"). This led to a short lived economic upturn, and Bitburg received among other things a court and a land registry.", "In 1815, under agreements at the [Congress of Vienna](/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna \"Congress of Vienna\") following the final defeat of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\"), Bitburg was, after having been a part of the [Duchy of Luxembourg](/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg \"Duchy of Luxemburg\") for centuries, transferred to the [Kingdom of Prussia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\"), where until 1822 it belonged administratively to the province of Lower Rhine, and afterwards to the Rhine province. With the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance in 1871, Bitburg became part of the German Empire, and after World War I the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") of Germany.\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|upright\\\|Memorial to soldiers of two world wars](/wiki/File:Matzen_Kriegerdenkmal.jpg \"Matzen Kriegerdenkmal.jpg\")\nIn the interwar years, Bitburg, like most of the [Eifel](/wiki/Eifel \"Eifel\") region, was impoverished and comparatively backward. Economic growth began after the [Nazi Seizure of Power](/wiki/Nazi_Seizure_of_Power \"Nazi Seizure of Power\") and the Nazi regime's introduction of employment\\-boosting public works projects, including infrastructure for war, particularly the [Westwall](/wiki/Westwall \"Westwall\"); new armed forces barracks; and the development of the [Nims](/wiki/Nims_%28river%29 \"Nims (river)\")\\-[Sauer](/wiki/Sauer \"Sauer\") Valley railway. It is said that the building now used as the post office at Bitburg Annex (what is left of Bitburg Air Base) was the headquarters for [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") when he was in the city.", "In late December 1944, Bitburg was 85 percent destroyed by Allied bombing attacks, and later officially designated by the U.S. military as a \"dead city.\" Subsequently, the town was occupied by [Luxembourg](/wiki/Luxembourg \"Luxembourg\") soldiers, who were replaced by French forces in 1955\\.", "In 1952 a North Atlantic Treaty Organization ([NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\")) base was opened at Bitburg by the U.S. Air Force. At the end of the 1980s, French troops were withdrawn and NATO took over the former French barracks. After the [First Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") most of the USAF forces were moved to the larger [Spangdahlem Air Base](/wiki/Spangdahlem_Air_Base \"Spangdahlem Air Base\"), about 12 km east of Bitburg. In 1994, NATO turned the [Bitburg Air Base](/wiki/Bitburg_Air_Base \"Bitburg Air Base\") over to the city, which devoted it to public works projects. The [Nims](/wiki/Nims_%28river%29 \"Nims (river)\")\\-[Sauer](/wiki/Sauer \"Sauer\") Valley railway was abandoned step by step, beginning in 1969\\. Parts of it were converted into a bicycle path (Radweg).{{Citation \\\|title\\=Nims\\-Sauertalbahn \\\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-27 \\\|url\\=https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title\\=Nims\\-Sauertalbahn\\&oldid\\=224862156 \\\|work\\=Wikipedia \\\|language\\=de \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-15}}", "In 1985, Bitburg [came to international attention](/wiki/Bitburg_controversy \"Bitburg controversy\") due to a ceremonial visit by U.S. President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and German Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl \"Helmut Kohl\") to the nearby Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery – which among its 2,000 graves included those of 49 members of the [Waffen\\-SS](/wiki/Waffen-SS \"Waffen-SS\").", "" ]
History ------- In 1857, Ignacio Victor Eyzaguirre traveled to [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") from his home country of [Chile](/wiki/Chile "Chile"), in order to propose to [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX "Pius IX") the erection of a college for students from Latin American countries. Pius IX, who had been [Apostolic Delegate](/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate "Apostolic Delegate") in Chile, granted letters of approbation, and urged the bishops to send students and to help the foundation by procuring funds for the maintenance of the seminary.[Vella, Philip Xavier. "The South American College in Rome." The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01425a.htm) Vol. 1\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907\. 10 August 2019{{PD\-notice}} Eyzaguirre went back to South America, collected some money, and returned to Rome with a few students. He rented a small house for these students and some others who arrived later. They were fifteen in all. Pius IX ordered the Fathers of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus") to direct the new college, and they opened the college on 21 November 1858\. In December 1859, Pius IX helped to purchase a larger house, belonging to the [Dominican Order](/wiki/Dominican_Order "Dominican Order"), near [Santa Maria sopra Minerva](/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva "Santa Maria sopra Minerva"). He also bought with his own money a villa and a vineyard for the use of the college, and made Eyzaguirre [protonotary\-apostolic](/wiki/Protonotary-apostolic "Protonotary-apostolic"). Towards the beginning of 1860, he sent this prelate back to South America as [ablegate](/wiki/Ablegate "Ablegate") of the Holy See, to urge the bishops again to co\-operate on a larger scale in procuring the necessary means for the support of the college. At the same time he himself contributed a large sum of money to the new house. During 1864, Pius IX sent to the college books from his own private library, ordered a new chapel to be erected at his own expense, and furnished it with vestments and on 21 November, the 6th anniversary of its foundation, visited the college in person. He is considered the principal, if not the first, founder of the South American College. The number of students continually increasing, the superiors had to look for another dwelling. Through the assistance of [Carlo Sacconi](/wiki/Carlo_Sacconi "Carlo Sacconi"), Cardinal\-protector of the college, part of the old novitiate of the Jesuits, on the Quirinal—which since 1848 had been used for a French military hospital—was secured, the house near the Minerva sold, and the new residence occupied on 18 April 1867, the feast of the Patronage of St. Joseph, to whom the college had been dedicated. South American bishops visiting Rome brought new students, and the number reached 59\. Pius IX, almost unannounced, went to the new college, assisted at an "academy", and allowed his name to be added to its legal title, making it Collegio Pio\-Latino Americano. In 1870 the bishops attending the [First Vatican Council](/wiki/First_Vatican_Council "First Vatican Council") increased the number of students to 82\. In 1871, the Italian government having expelled the Jesuits from the small part of the novitiate they occupied, acceded to the request of the [Brazilian Emperor](/wiki/Brazilian_Emperor "Brazilian Emperor") and permitted the South American College to remain where it was until a suitable house should be found. The new rector, [Agostino Santinelli](/wiki/Agostino_Santinelli "Agostino Santinelli"), bought a new site in the [Prati di Castello](/wiki/Prati_di_Castello "Prati di Castello"), not far from the [Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City"), and near the [Tiber](/wiki/Tiber "Tiber"). The foundation stone was blessed on 29 June 1884, by the protector, Cardinal Sacconi, in presence of a large assemblage, among whom was [Peter Beckx](/wiki/Peter_Beckx "Peter Beckx"), General of the Society of Jesus, then living in the American College. The work of building began immediately, and Santinelli saw the building finished in 1887–88\. It was here that the first [General Council of Latin America](/wiki/General_Council_of_Latin_America "General Council of Latin America") (28 May – 9 July 1899\) was held. There were present 53 prelates, archbishops and bishops, of whom 29 took up their quarters in the college, together with their secretaries and servants. The solemn opening took place in the college chapel, and all the sessions were held there. In the same chapel on 26 March 1905, the Cardinal Protector, [Joseph C. Vives y Tuto](/wiki/Joseph_C._Vives_y_Tuto "Joseph C. Vives y Tuto"), solemnly published the [Apostolic Constitution](/wiki/Apostolic_Constitution "Apostolic Constitution") {{lang\\|la\\|Sedis Apostolicae providam}}, by which the pope granted the title of "Pontifical" to the college and committed its direction {{lang\\|la\\|in perpetuum}} to the Society of Jesus. [Aloysius Caterini](/wiki/Aloysius_Caterini "Aloysius Caterini"), Provincial of the Roman Province, accepted the charge in the name of the General of the Society, absent through sickness. A number of the seminaries and one ecclesiastical university in Latin America took their professors exclusively from the alumni of the college. Both the first cardinal of Latin America, [Joaquin Arcoverde de Albuquerque\-Cavalcanti](/wiki/Joaquin_Arcoverde_de_Albuquerque-Cavalcanti "Joaquin Arcoverde de Albuquerque-Cavalcanti"), [Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rio_de_Janeiro "Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro"), and the first cardinal of Chile, [José María Caro](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Caro_Rodr%C3%ADguez "José María Caro Rodríguez"), [Archbishop of Santiago](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Santiago_%28Chile%29 "Archbishop of Santiago (Chile)"), studied there.	[ "History\n-------", "In 1857, Ignacio Victor Eyzaguirre traveled to [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") from his home country of [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), in order to propose to [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX \"Pius IX\") the erection of a college for students from Latin American countries. Pius IX, who had been [Apostolic Delegate](/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate \"Apostolic Delegate\") in Chile, granted letters of approbation, and urged the bishops to send students and to help the foundation by procuring funds for the maintenance of the seminary.[Vella, Philip Xavier. \"The South American College in Rome.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01425a.htm) Vol. 1\\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907\\. 10 August 2019{{PD\\-notice}}", "Eyzaguirre went back to South America, collected some money, and returned to Rome with a few students. He rented a small house for these students and some others who arrived later. They were fifteen in all. Pius IX ordered the Fathers of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\") to direct the new college, and they opened the college on 21 November 1858\\. In December 1859, Pius IX helped to purchase a larger house, belonging to the [Dominican Order](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\"), near [Santa Maria sopra Minerva](/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva \"Santa Maria sopra Minerva\"). He also bought with his own money a villa and a vineyard for the use of the college, and made Eyzaguirre [protonotary\\-apostolic](/wiki/Protonotary-apostolic \"Protonotary-apostolic\"). Towards the beginning of 1860, he sent this prelate back to South America as [ablegate](/wiki/Ablegate \"Ablegate\") of the Holy See, to urge the bishops again to co\\-operate on a larger scale in procuring the necessary means for the support of the college. At the same time he himself contributed a large sum of money to the new house.", "During 1864, Pius IX sent to the college books from his own private library, ordered a new chapel to be erected at his own expense, and furnished it with vestments and on 21 November, the 6th anniversary of its foundation, visited the college in person. He is considered the principal, if not the first, founder of the South American College.", "The number of students continually increasing, the superiors had to look for another dwelling. Through the assistance of [Carlo Sacconi](/wiki/Carlo_Sacconi \"Carlo Sacconi\"), Cardinal\\-protector of the college, part of the old novitiate of the Jesuits, on the Quirinal—which since 1848 had been used for a French military hospital—was secured, the house near the Minerva sold, and the new residence occupied on 18 April 1867, the feast of the Patronage of St. Joseph, to whom the college had been dedicated.", "South American bishops visiting Rome brought new students, and the number reached 59\\. Pius IX, almost unannounced, went to the new college, assisted at an \"academy\", and allowed his name to be added to its legal title, making it Collegio Pio\\-Latino Americano.", "In 1870 the bishops attending the [First Vatican Council](/wiki/First_Vatican_Council \"First Vatican Council\") increased the number of students to 82\\. In 1871, the Italian government having expelled the Jesuits from the small part of the novitiate they occupied, acceded to the request of the [Brazilian Emperor](/wiki/Brazilian_Emperor \"Brazilian Emperor\") and permitted the South American College to remain where it was until a suitable house should be found. The new rector, [Agostino Santinelli](/wiki/Agostino_Santinelli \"Agostino Santinelli\"), bought a new site in the [Prati di Castello](/wiki/Prati_di_Castello \"Prati di Castello\"), not far from the [Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City \"Vatican City\"), and near the [Tiber](/wiki/Tiber \"Tiber\"). The foundation stone was blessed on 29 June 1884, by the protector, Cardinal Sacconi, in presence of a large assemblage, among whom was [Peter Beckx](/wiki/Peter_Beckx \"Peter Beckx\"), General of the Society of Jesus, then living in the American College. The work of building began immediately, and Santinelli saw the building finished in 1887–88\\.", "It was here that the first [General Council of Latin America](/wiki/General_Council_of_Latin_America \"General Council of Latin America\") (28 May – 9 July 1899\\) was held. There were present 53 prelates, archbishops and bishops, of whom 29 took up their quarters in the college, together with their secretaries and servants. The solemn opening took place in the college chapel, and all the sessions were held there. In the same chapel on 26 March 1905, the Cardinal Protector, [Joseph C. Vives y Tuto](/wiki/Joseph_C._Vives_y_Tuto \"Joseph C. Vives y Tuto\"), solemnly published the [Apostolic Constitution](/wiki/Apostolic_Constitution \"Apostolic Constitution\") {{lang\\\|la\\\|Sedis Apostolicae providam}}, by which the pope granted the title of \"Pontifical\" to the college and committed its direction {{lang\\\|la\\\|in perpetuum}} to the Society of Jesus. [Aloysius Caterini](/wiki/Aloysius_Caterini \"Aloysius Caterini\"), Provincial of the Roman Province, accepted the charge in the name of the General of the Society, absent through sickness.", "A number of the seminaries and one ecclesiastical university in Latin America took their professors exclusively from the alumni of the college. Both the first cardinal of Latin America, [Joaquin Arcoverde de Albuquerque\\-Cavalcanti](/wiki/Joaquin_Arcoverde_de_Albuquerque-Cavalcanti \"Joaquin Arcoverde de Albuquerque-Cavalcanti\"), [Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rio_de_Janeiro \"Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro\"), and the first cardinal of Chile, [José María Caro](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Caro_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"José María Caro Rodríguez\"), [Archbishop of Santiago](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Santiago_%28Chile%29 \"Archbishop of Santiago (Chile)\"), studied there.", "" ]
Main areas and edifices ----------------------- ### Tenement at 1, corner with 35 Pomorska Street 1897–1899,{{cite book \\|last\=\\|first\=\\|date\=7 August 2015\\|title\=Zarządzen NR 439/2015 Prezydenta Miasta Bydgoszczy ie Uchwala NR XLI/875/13\\|location\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\=Miasta Bydgoszczy \\|pages\=40}} by [Fritz Weidner](/wiki/Fritz_Weidner_%28architect%29 "Fritz Weidner (architect)") [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") \& forms of [Neo\-Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture "Baroque Revival architecture") and [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") Hermann Schulz, a wealthy baker,{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1898 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen\\|publisher\=Dittmann\\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=23690 \\|date\=1898\\|pages\=58, 59\\|chapter\=straßen}} charged Fritz Weidner to design his habitation, which initial address was Rinkauerstraße 22\-23. A thorough refurbishment has been carried out in 2015 by a real estate firm.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.immobilis.nieruchomosci.pl/inwestycje/villa\-kwiatowa/\\|title\=Villa Kwiatowa\\|publisher\= subeli.com\\|date\=2015\\|website\=immobilis.nieruchomosci\\|access\-date\=14 February 2016}} Architecturally, the facade echoes the style of corner house with Podolska street, at the southern part of Pomorska street. The façade of the building is decorated with [reliefs](/wiki/Relief "Relief"), floral [stucco](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") [ornaments](/wiki/Ornament_%28art%29 "Ornament (art)") and [putti](/wiki/Putto "Putto"). Arched windows, [loggias](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia"), [balconies](/wiki/Balcony "Balcony") flanked by massive [columns](/wiki/Column "Column") richly adorn the elevation. One can underline the detailed low\-[relief](/wiki/Relief "Relief") of [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter "Demeter") with [Cupid](/wiki/Cupid "Cupid") as a putto on the first floor, testifying to the wealth of original owner (H. Schulz): as a baker, the image of the goddess of corn, grain, and harvest could be the only patron. File:1 Kwiatowa \- Pomorska 35 1900\.jpg\\|The building ca 1900 File:Bdg Pomorska35 1a 9\-2015\.jpg\\|Corner view of both facades File:Bdg Pomorska35 4 9\-2015\.jpg\\|Detail of \[\[column]]s and \[\[balcony]] File:Bdg Pomorska35 6 9\-2015\.jpg\\|\[\[Cupid]] and \[\[Demeter]] ### Tenement at 37 Pomorska Street, corner with Kwiatowa street 1885 [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") Its first landlord was Julius Baumann, registered as a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith "Blacksmith").{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1888 : nach amtlichen Quellen\\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=7263\\| publisher\=Dittmann\\|date\=1888\\|pages\=14,114}} The building has been renovated in 2020\.{{cite web \\|url\=https://bydgoszczwbudowie.pl/mapa\-inwestycji/ \\|title\=MAPA INWESTYCJI \\|last\= \\|first\= \\|date\=2021 \\|website\=bydgoszczwbudowie.pl \\|publisher\=Bydgoszcz w Budowie \\|access\-date\=16 February 2022}} File:37 Pomorska.jpg\\|Corner view ### Tenement at 3 1906\-1907 [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") The tenement was first owned by a rentier, Adolf Frölich living in "Friedenstraße" (today's Jasna street).{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1910 : auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|publisher\=Dittmann \\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=28284 \\|date\=1910\\|pages\=112, 284, 334\\|chapter\=}} Its original numbering ("1a" Blumenstraße) is still visible on the entrance [lintel](/wiki/Lintel "Lintel"). The facade displays remarkable [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") motifs, in particular the floral [stuccoed](/wiki/Stucco "Stucco") [ornaments](/wiki/Ornament_%28art%29 "Ornament (art)") embellishing the main entrance and the top wall gable, which bears in addition a [mascaron](/wiki/Mascaron_%28architecture%29 "Mascaron (architecture)"). File:3 Kwiatowa facade.jpg\\|Main facade File:3 Kwiatowa door.jpg\\|Adorned entrance File:Bdg ulKwiatowa 4 07\-2013\.jpg\\|Decoration of the top wall gable on the street ### Plot at 4 1920s [Industrial architecture](/wiki/Industrial_architecture "Industrial architecture") The parcel, built between [interwar period](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"), was occupied by a workshop producing baskets ({{lang\-pl\\|Fabryka Wyborow Koszykarskich}}). The place is still used by different workshops. File:4 Kwiatowa.jpg\\|The plot viewed from the street ### Tenement at 5 Post 1950s [Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture "Modern architecture") The building was preceded by a tailor workshop owned by Gustaw Zerull. The current edifice built after [WWII](/wiki/WWII "WWII") features modernist architecture. File:5 Kwiatowa frontage.jpg\\|Main facade ### Lewandowski's tenement at 6 1892\-1893 [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") Hermann Lewandowski, a building contractor ({{lang\-ger\\|bauunternehmer}}), commissioned this house.{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1894 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|publisher\=Dittmann\\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=23434 \\|date\=1894 \\|pages\=131\\|chapter\=}} He owned it till the mid\-1920s:{{cite book\\|title\=Książka Adresowa Miasta Bydgoszczy : wydana w roku 1926 \\|publisher\=Władsyław Weber \\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/4897/edition/13836/content \\|date\=1926 \\|pages\=94\\|chapter\=}} there used to live railway workers, minor officials, teachers and military personnel from the nearby barracks at Warszawska street.{{cite web \\|url\=https://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/7,48722,25969717,ladna\-kamienica\-na\-uboczu\-srodmiescia\-ona\-takze\-wypieknieje.html \\|title\=Ładna kamienica na uboczu Śródmieścia. Ona także wypięknieje \\|date\=24 May 2020 \\|website\=bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl \\|publisher\=Agora SA \\|access\-date\=18 February 2022 \\|quote\=}} The tenement has been refurbished in 2020\. It displays a mix of [brick](/wiki/Brick "Brick") and stucco elements, including [bossage](/wiki/Bossage "Bossage"), window [pediments](/wiki/Pediment "Pediment"), a nice side [avant\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps "Avant-corps") on the main elevation topped by a [terrace](/wiki/Terrace_%28building%29 "Terrace (building)") as well as [corbel tables](/wiki/Corbel%23Corbel_tables "Corbel#Corbel tables") all along the eaves. File:6 Kwiatowa.jpg\\|View from the street ### Tenement at 7 1892\-1893 [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") The first landlord, Leo Neumann, was a [rentier](/wiki/Rentier_capitalism "Rentier capitalism").{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1897 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|publisher\=Dittmann \\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=23689 \\|date\=1897 \\|pages\=127\\|chapter\=}} Otto Klann owned the building from 1910 till the 1930s: he had been running there a painting workshop. Renovated in 2020, the front elevation is richly decorated. The central gateway is topped with a full arch. The ground floor displays bossage features while the first floor boasts extensive decoration around the openings.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/bogactwo\-architektonicznych\-detali\-przy\-ul\-kwiat/ \\|title\=Bogactwo architektonicznych detali przy ul. Kwiatowej \\|date\=7 October 2020 \\|website\=bydgoszcz.pl \\|publisher\=Miasto Bydgoszcz \\|access\-date\=18 February 2022 \\|quote\=}} Uncovered during the rehabilitation, German writings dating from the 1910s is now visible. File:7 Kwiatowa.jpg\\|Renovated facade File:7 Kwiatowa writing 2\.jpg\\|Ancient German advert ### Tenement at 8 1887 [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") This tenement, then at "10 Blumenstraße", was the property of Julius Lüdtke, who rented its rooms. The building, one of the oldest in the street, features eclectic style. File:8 Kwiatowa main.jpg\\|View from the street ### Tenement at 9 1893\-1894 [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") Heinrich ßietsch, a tailor, was the commissioner of the building at the end of the 19th century.{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1895 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|publisher\=Dittmann \\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=23663 \\|date\=1895 \\|pages\=128\\|chapter\=}} The edifice has been overhauled in 2021, highlighting its decoration. In particular, one can mention the three [mascarons](/wiki/Mascaron_%28architecture%29 "Mascaron (architecture)") portraying a [Pan](/wiki/Pan_%28god%29 "Pan (god)")\-like figure which crown the ground floor openings. In addition, the opposite windows on the first floor display abundant architectural details (pediments, adorned [jambs](/wiki/Jamb "Jamb") and [sill](/wiki/Window_sill "Window sill")). File:9 Kwiatowa.jpg\\|Main elevation File:9 Kwiatowa door.jpg\\|Main door File:9 Kwiatowa detail.jpg\\|Pan\-like mascaron ### Tenement at 10 1907\-1908 [Early modernism](/wiki/Modern_architecture%23Early_modernism_in_Europe_%281900%E2%80%931914%29 "Modern architecture#Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914)") First registered owner was Mr. Rößke, a railway technician. The building exhibits modernist characteristics underlying long vertical lines and very few motifs. The facade is emphasized by the heavy [bay window](/wiki/Bay_window "Bay window") mixed with [balconies](/wiki/Balcony "Balcony") which overhangs the street. The main entrance present a curved [transom light](/wiki/Transom_%28architecture%29 "Transom (architecture)") still bearing a "9", from the initial street numbering. File:10 Kwiatowa top.jpg\\|Main elevation ### Building at 11\-13 Post 1950s [Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture "Modern architecture") The parcel stayed bare from construction till the end of [WWII](/wiki/WWII "WWII"). The current edifice features modernist architecture. File:11 13 Kwiatowa.jpg\\|Grand facade on the street ### Building at 32 Sienkiewicza street, corner with Kwiatowa street 1883{{cite book \\|date\=7 August 2015\\|title\=Zarządzenie Nr439/2015\\|location\=Bromberg \\|publisher\=Prezidenta Miasta Bydgoszczy\\|pages\=8, 14, 40, 67–69 }} [Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture "Eclecticism in architecture") The first landlord is identified as Rudolf Duda, working in the railway business.{{cite book \\|title\= Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1885: nach amtlichen Quellen \\|date\=1885 \\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=35443 \\|location\=Bromberg \\|publisher\=Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.)\\|pages\=V,XXVI,26,47,124}} The plot changed four times its house numbering: "25 Mittelstraße" (1885\), "28 Mittelstraße" (1900\), "48 Mittelstraße" (1915\) and today's "32 Sienkiewicza street". The refurbishment completed in 2020 salvaged the elevation which was in a bad technical condition.Furthermore, the facade probably lost its architectural details in the course of earlier works.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/kolejne\-pozytywne\-zmiany\-w\-srodmiesciu/ \\|title\=Kolejne pozytywne zmiany w Śródmieściu \\|date\=2 September 2020\\|website\=bydgoszcz.pl \\|publisher\=Miasto Bydgoszcz \\|access\-date\=23 March 2021}} File:32 Sienkiewicza.jpg\\|View from the street crossing ### Tenement at 15 1911\-1912 Late [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau") Anton Grabowski, the initial landlord, was also owner of the abutting building at the corner with Sienkiewicza street (then "Mittelstraße"). He was a metalworker.{{cite book\\|title\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1915: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\|publisher\=Dittmann \\|url\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\=13834 \\|date\=1915\\|pages\=57,291\\|chapter\=}} The frontage, in a poor state, is balanced by two curved bay windows. Some preserved elements of architecture are still visible on the ground floor: an entrance [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 "Portal (architecture)") flanked by two [columns](/wiki/Ionic_order "Ionic order") and topped by an elliptic transom, and a floral [motif](/wiki/Motif_%28visual_arts%29 "Motif (visual arts)") [frieze](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze") running all the way along wall. File:15 Kwiatowa main.jpg\\|Main elevation File:15 Kwiatowa door.jpg\\|Entrance portal File:15 Kwiatowa window.jpg\\|Elements of the ground floor frieze ### Tenement at 17, corner with Sienkiewicza street 1911\-1912 [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau"), early [Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture "Modern architecture") The commissioner of this building was Anton Grabowski, a master metalworker, living at "14 Blumenstraße" (today's 2 Kwiatowa street, house nonexistent). He also owned the tenement at 15\. Renovated in 2020, one can appreciate in particular the [bartizan](/wiki/Bartizan "Bartizan") overhanging at the corner, the [bay windows](/wiki/Bay_window "Bay window") and the numerous stuccoed motifs present in cartouches or on vertical [friezes](/wiki/Frieze "Frieze"). File:Kwiatowa 17 rog Sienkiewicza.jpg\\|Elevation Sienkiewicza street after refurbishing File:Kwiatowa 17 rog Sienkiewicza detail.jpg\\|Detail of the \[\[bartizan]]	[ "Main areas and edifices\n-----------------------", "### Tenement at 1, corner with 35 Pomorska Street", "1897–1899,{{cite book \\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|date\\=7 August 2015\\\|title\\=Zarządzen NR 439/2015 Prezydenta Miasta Bydgoszczy ie Uchwala NR XLI/875/13\\\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\\|publisher\\=Miasta Bydgoszczy \\\|pages\\=40}} by [Fritz Weidner](/wiki/Fritz_Weidner_%28architect%29 \"Fritz Weidner (architect)\")", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\") \\& forms of [Neo\\-Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture \"Baroque Revival architecture\") and [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\")", "Hermann Schulz, a wealthy baker,{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1898 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen\\\|publisher\\=Dittmann\\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=23690 \\\|date\\=1898\\\|pages\\=58, 59\\\|chapter\\=straßen}} charged Fritz Weidner to design his habitation, which initial address was Rinkauerstraße 22\\-23. A thorough refurbishment has been carried out in 2015 by a real estate firm.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.immobilis.nieruchomosci.pl/inwestycje/villa\\-kwiatowa/\\\|title\\=Villa Kwiatowa\\\|publisher\\= subeli.com\\\|date\\=2015\\\|website\\=immobilis.nieruchomosci\\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2016}}", "Architecturally, the facade echoes the style of corner house with Podolska street, at the southern part of Pomorska street.\nThe façade of the building is decorated with [reliefs](/wiki/Relief \"Relief\"), floral [stucco](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") [ornaments](/wiki/Ornament_%28art%29 \"Ornament (art)\") and [putti](/wiki/Putto \"Putto\"). Arched windows, [loggias](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\"), [balconies](/wiki/Balcony \"Balcony\") flanked by massive [columns](/wiki/Column \"Column\") richly adorn the elevation. One can underline the detailed low\\-[relief](/wiki/Relief \"Relief\") of [Demeter](/wiki/Demeter \"Demeter\") with [Cupid](/wiki/Cupid \"Cupid\") as a putto on the first floor, testifying to the wealth of original owner (H. Schulz): as a baker, the image of the goddess of corn, grain, and harvest could be the only patron.", "", "File:1 Kwiatowa \\- Pomorska 35 1900\\.jpg\\\|The building ca 1900\nFile:Bdg Pomorska35 1a 9\\-2015\\.jpg\\\|Corner view of both facades\nFile:Bdg Pomorska35 4 9\\-2015\\.jpg\\\|Detail of \\[\\[column]]s and \\[\\[balcony]]\nFile:Bdg Pomorska35 6 9\\-2015\\.jpg\\\|\\[\\[Cupid]] and \\[\\[Demeter]]", "", "### Tenement at 37 Pomorska Street, corner with Kwiatowa street", "1885", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\")", "Its first landlord was Julius Baumann, registered as a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith \"Blacksmith\").{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1888 : nach amtlichen Quellen\\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=7263\\\| publisher\\=Dittmann\\\|date\\=1888\\\|pages\\=14,114}}", "The building has been renovated in 2020\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://bydgoszczwbudowie.pl/mapa\\-inwestycji/ \\\|title\\=MAPA INWESTYCJI \\\|last\\= \\\|first\\= \\\|date\\=2021 \\\|website\\=bydgoszczwbudowie.pl \\\|publisher\\=Bydgoszcz w Budowie \\\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2022}}", "", "File:37 Pomorska.jpg\\\|Corner view", "", "### Tenement at 3", "1906\\-1907", "[Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\")", "The tenement was first owned by a rentier, Adolf Frölich living in \"Friedenstraße\" (today's Jasna street).{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1910 : auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\\|publisher\\=Dittmann \\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=28284 \\\|date\\=1910\\\|pages\\=112, 284, 334\\\|chapter\\=}} Its original numbering (\"1a\" Blumenstraße) is still visible on the entrance [lintel](/wiki/Lintel \"Lintel\").", "The facade displays remarkable [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\") motifs, in particular the floral [stuccoed](/wiki/Stucco \"Stucco\") [ornaments](/wiki/Ornament_%28art%29 \"Ornament (art)\") embellishing the main entrance and the top wall gable, which bears in addition a [mascaron](/wiki/Mascaron_%28architecture%29 \"Mascaron (architecture)\").", "", "File:3 Kwiatowa facade.jpg\\\|Main facade\nFile:3 Kwiatowa door.jpg\\\|Adorned entrance\nFile:Bdg ulKwiatowa 4 07\\-2013\\.jpg\\\|Decoration of the top wall gable on the street", "", "### Plot at 4", "1920s", "[Industrial architecture](/wiki/Industrial_architecture \"Industrial architecture\")", "The parcel, built between [interwar period](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), was occupied by a workshop producing baskets ({{lang\\-pl\\\|Fabryka Wyborow Koszykarskich}}). The place is still used by different workshops.", "", "File:4 Kwiatowa.jpg\\\|The plot viewed from the street", "", "### Tenement at 5", "Post 1950s", "[Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\")", "The building was preceded by a tailor workshop owned by Gustaw Zerull.", "The current edifice built after [WWII](/wiki/WWII \"WWII\") features modernist architecture.", "", "File:5 Kwiatowa frontage.jpg\\\|Main facade", "", "### Lewandowski's tenement at 6", "1892\\-1893", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\")", "Hermann Lewandowski, a building contractor ({{lang\\-ger\\\|bauunternehmer}}), commissioned this house.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1894 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\\|publisher\\=Dittmann\\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=23434 \\\|date\\=1894 \\\|pages\\=131\\\|chapter\\=}} He owned it till the mid\\-1920s:{{cite book\\\|title\\=Książka Adresowa Miasta Bydgoszczy : wydana w roku 1926 \\\|publisher\\=Władsyław Weber \\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/4897/edition/13836/content \\\|date\\=1926 \\\|pages\\=94\\\|chapter\\=}} there used to live railway workers, minor officials, teachers and military personnel from the nearby barracks at Warszawska street.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/7,48722,25969717,ladna\\-kamienica\\-na\\-uboczu\\-srodmiescia\\-ona\\-takze\\-wypieknieje.html \\\|title\\=Ładna kamienica na uboczu Śródmieścia. Ona także wypięknieje \\\|date\\=24 May 2020 \\\|website\\=bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl \\\|publisher\\=Agora SA \\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2022 \\\|quote\\=}}", "The tenement has been refurbished in 2020\\. It displays a mix of [brick](/wiki/Brick \"Brick\") and stucco elements, including [bossage](/wiki/Bossage \"Bossage\"), window [pediments](/wiki/Pediment \"Pediment\"), a nice side [avant\\-corps](/wiki/Avant-corps \"Avant-corps\") on the main elevation topped by a [terrace](/wiki/Terrace_%28building%29 \"Terrace (building)\") as well as [corbel tables](/wiki/Corbel%23Corbel_tables \"Corbel#Corbel tables\") all along the eaves.", "", "File:6 Kwiatowa.jpg\\\|View from the street", "", "### Tenement at 7", "1892\\-1893", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\")", "The first landlord, Leo Neumann, was a [rentier](/wiki/Rentier_capitalism \"Rentier capitalism\").{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1897 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\\|publisher\\=Dittmann \\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=23689 \\\|date\\=1897 \\\|pages\\=127\\\|chapter\\=}}\nOtto Klann owned the building from 1910 till the 1930s: he had been running there a painting workshop.", "Renovated in 2020, the front elevation is richly decorated. The central gateway is topped with a full arch. The ground floor displays bossage features while the first floor boasts extensive decoration around the openings.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/bogactwo\\-architektonicznych\\-detali\\-przy\\-ul\\-kwiat/ \\\|title\\=Bogactwo architektonicznych detali przy ul. Kwiatowej \\\|date\\=7 October 2020 \\\|website\\=bydgoszcz.pl \\\|publisher\\=Miasto Bydgoszcz \\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2022 \\\|quote\\=}} Uncovered during the rehabilitation, German writings dating from the 1910s is now visible.", "", "File:7 Kwiatowa.jpg\\\|Renovated facade\nFile:7 Kwiatowa writing 2\\.jpg\\\|Ancient German advert", "", "### Tenement at 8", "1887", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\")", "This tenement, then at \"10 Blumenstraße\", was the property of Julius Lüdtke, who rented its rooms.", "The building, one of the oldest in the street, features eclectic style.", "", "File:8 Kwiatowa main.jpg\\\|View from the street", "", "### Tenement at 9", "1893\\-1894", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\")", "Heinrich ßietsch, a tailor, was the commissioner of the building at the end of the 19th century.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1895 auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\\|publisher\\=Dittmann \\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=23663 \\\|date\\=1895 \\\|pages\\=128\\\|chapter\\=}}", "The edifice has been overhauled in 2021, highlighting its decoration. In particular, one can mention the three [mascarons](/wiki/Mascaron_%28architecture%29 \"Mascaron (architecture)\") portraying a [Pan](/wiki/Pan_%28god%29 \"Pan (god)\")\\-like figure which crown the ground floor openings. In addition, the opposite windows on the first floor display abundant architectural details (pediments, adorned [jambs](/wiki/Jamb \"Jamb\") and [sill](/wiki/Window_sill \"Window sill\")).", "", "File:9 Kwiatowa.jpg\\\|Main elevation\nFile:9 Kwiatowa door.jpg\\\|Main door\nFile:9 Kwiatowa detail.jpg\\\|Pan\\-like mascaron", "", "### Tenement at 10", "1907\\-1908", "[Early modernism](/wiki/Modern_architecture%23Early_modernism_in_Europe_%281900%E2%80%931914%29 \"Modern architecture#Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914)\")", "First registered owner was Mr. Rößke, a railway technician.", "The building exhibits modernist characteristics underlying long vertical lines and very few motifs. The facade is emphasized by the heavy [bay window](/wiki/Bay_window \"Bay window\") mixed with [balconies](/wiki/Balcony \"Balcony\") which overhangs the street. The main entrance present a curved [transom light](/wiki/Transom_%28architecture%29 \"Transom (architecture)\") still bearing a \"9\", from the initial street numbering.", "", "File:10 Kwiatowa top.jpg\\\|Main elevation", "", "### Building at 11\\-13", "Post 1950s", "[Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\")", "The parcel stayed bare from construction till the end of [WWII](/wiki/WWII \"WWII\").", "The current edifice features modernist architecture.", "", "File:11 13 Kwiatowa.jpg\\\|Grand facade on the street", "", "### Building at 32 Sienkiewicza street, corner with Kwiatowa street", "1883{{cite book \\\|date\\=7 August 2015\\\|title\\=Zarządzenie Nr439/2015\\\|location\\=Bromberg \\\|publisher\\=Prezidenta Miasta Bydgoszczy\\\|pages\\=8, 14, 40, 67–69 }}", "[Eclecticism](/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture \"Eclecticism in architecture\")", "The first landlord is identified as Rudolf Duda, working in the railway business.{{cite book \\\|title\\= Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten auf das Jahr 1885: nach amtlichen Quellen \\\|date\\=1885 \\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=35443 \\\|location\\=Bromberg \\\|publisher\\=Mittlersche Buchhandlung (A. Fromm Nachf.)\\\|pages\\=V,XXVI,26,47,124}} The plot changed four times its house numbering: \"25 Mittelstraße\" (1885\\), \"28 Mittelstraße\" (1900\\), \"48 Mittelstraße\" (1915\\) and today's \"32 Sienkiewicza street\".", "The refurbishment completed in 2020 salvaged the elevation which was in a bad technical condition.Furthermore, the facade probably lost its architectural details in the course of earlier works.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.bydgoszcz.pl/aktualnosci/tresc/kolejne\\-pozytywne\\-zmiany\\-w\\-srodmiesciu/ \\\|title\\=Kolejne pozytywne zmiany w Śródmieściu \\\|date\\=2 September 2020\\\|website\\=bydgoszcz.pl \\\|publisher\\=Miasto Bydgoszcz \\\|access\\-date\\=23 March 2021}}", "", "File:32 Sienkiewicza.jpg\\\|View from the street crossing", "", "### Tenement at 15", "1911\\-1912", "Late [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\")", "Anton Grabowski, the initial landlord, was also owner of the abutting building at the corner with Sienkiewicza street (then \"Mittelstraße\"). He was a metalworker.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Adressbuch nebst allgemeinem Geschäfts\\-Anzeiger von Bromberg und dessen Vororten für 1915: auf Grund amtlicher und privater Unterlagen \\\|publisher\\=Dittmann \\\|url\\=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id\\=13834 \\\|date\\=1915\\\|pages\\=57,291\\\|chapter\\=}}", "The frontage, in a poor state, is balanced by two curved bay windows. Some preserved elements of architecture are still visible on the ground floor: an entrance [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 \"Portal (architecture)\") flanked by two [columns](/wiki/Ionic_order \"Ionic order\") and topped by an elliptic transom, and a floral [motif](/wiki/Motif_%28visual_arts%29 \"Motif (visual arts)\") [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") running all the way along wall.", "", "File:15 Kwiatowa main.jpg\\\|Main elevation\nFile:15 Kwiatowa door.jpg\\\|Entrance portal \nFile:15 Kwiatowa window.jpg\\\|Elements of the ground floor frieze", "", "### Tenement at 17, corner with Sienkiewicza street", "1911\\-1912", "[Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau \"Art Nouveau\"), early [Modern architecture](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\")", "The commissioner of this building was Anton Grabowski, a master metalworker, living at \"14 Blumenstraße\" (today's 2 Kwiatowa street, house nonexistent). He also owned the tenement at 15\\.", "Renovated in 2020, one can appreciate in particular the [bartizan](/wiki/Bartizan \"Bartizan\") overhanging at the corner, the [bay windows](/wiki/Bay_window \"Bay window\") and the numerous stuccoed motifs present in cartouches or on vertical [friezes](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\").", "", "File:Kwiatowa 17 rog Sienkiewicza.jpg\\\|Elevation Sienkiewicza street after refurbishing\nFile:Kwiatowa 17 rog Sienkiewicza detail.jpg\\\|Detail of the \\[\\[bartizan]]", "", "" ]
Definition ---------- A t\-norm is a [function](/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29 "Function (mathematics)") T: \[0, 1] × \[0, 1] → \[0, 1] that satisfies the following properties: * [Commutativity](/wiki/Commutativity "Commutativity"): T(a, b) \= T(b, a) * [Monotonicity](/wiki/Monotonicity "Monotonicity"): T(a, b) ≤ T(c, d) if a ≤ c and b ≤ d * [Associativity](/wiki/Associativity "Associativity"): T(a, T(b, c)) \= T(T(a, b), c) * The number 1 acts as [identity element](/wiki/Identity_element "Identity element"): T(a, 1\) \= a Since a t\-norm is a [binary algebraic operation](/wiki/Binary_operation "Binary operation") on the interval \[0, 1], infix algebraic notation is also common, with the t\-norm usually denoted by \. The defining conditions of the t\-norm are exactly those of a [partially ordered](/wiki/Partially_ordered_monoid "Partially ordered monoid") [abelian monoid](/wiki/Abelian_monoid "Abelian monoid") on the real unit interval \[0, 1]. (Cf. [ordered group](/wiki/Ordered_group "Ordered group").)* The monoidal operation of any partially ordered abelian monoid L is therefore by some authors called a triangular norm on L. ### Classification of t\-norms A t\-norm is called continuous if it is [continuous](/wiki/Continuous_function "Continuous function") as a function, in the usual interval topology on \[0, 1]2. (Similarly for left\- and right\-continuity.) A t\-norm is called strict if it is continuous and [strictly monotone](/wiki/Monotonic_function "Monotonic function"). A t\-norm is called nilpotent if it is continuous and each x in the open interval (0, 1\) is [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent "Nilpotent"), that is, there is a natural number n such that x \* ... \* x (n times) equals 0\. A t\-norm \* is called Archimedean if it has the [Archimedean property](/wiki/Archimedean_property "Archimedean property"), that is, if for each x, y in the open interval (0, 1\) there is a natural number n such that x \* ... \* x (n times) is less than or equal to y. The usual partial ordering of t\-norms is [pointwise](/wiki/Pointwise "Pointwise"), that is, T1 ≤ T2 if T1(a, b) ≤ T2(a, b) for all a, b in \[0, 1]. As functions, pointwise larger t\-norms are sometimes called stronger than those pointwise smaller. In the semantics of fuzzy logic, however, the larger a t\-norm, the weaker (in terms of logical strength) conjunction it represents. {{Anchor\\|Minimum t\-norm\\|Product t\-norm\\|Lukasiewicz t\-norm\\|Drastic t\-norm\\|Nilpotent\-minimum t\-norm\\|Hamacher\-product t\-norm}}	[ "Definition\n----------", "A t\\-norm is a [function](/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29 \"Function (mathematics)\") T: \\[0, 1] × \\[0, 1] → \\[0, 1] that satisfies the following properties:\n* [Commutativity](/wiki/Commutativity \"Commutativity\"): T(a, b) \\= T(b, a)\n* [Monotonicity](/wiki/Monotonicity \"Monotonicity\"): T(a, b) ≤ T(c, d) if a ≤ c and b ≤ d\n* [Associativity](/wiki/Associativity \"Associativity\"): T(a, T(b, c)) \\= T(T(a, b), c)\n* The number 1 acts as [identity element](/wiki/Identity_element \"Identity element\"): T(a, 1\\) \\= a", "Since a t\\-norm is a [binary algebraic operation](/wiki/Binary_operation \"Binary operation\") on the interval \\[0, 1], infix algebraic notation is also common, with the t\\-norm usually denoted by \\.", "The defining conditions of the t\\-norm are exactly those of a [partially ordered](/wiki/Partially_ordered_monoid \"Partially ordered monoid\") [abelian monoid](/wiki/Abelian_monoid \"Abelian monoid\") on the real unit interval \\[0, 1]. (Cf. [ordered group](/wiki/Ordered_group \"Ordered group\").)* The monoidal operation of any partially ordered abelian monoid L is therefore by some authors called a triangular norm on L.", "### Classification of t\\-norms", "A t\\-norm is called continuous if it is [continuous](/wiki/Continuous_function \"Continuous function\") as a function, in the usual interval topology on \\[0, 1]2. (Similarly for left\\- and right\\-continuity.)", "A t\\-norm is called strict if it is continuous and [strictly monotone](/wiki/Monotonic_function \"Monotonic function\").", "A t\\-norm is called nilpotent if it is continuous and each x in the open interval (0, 1\\) is [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent \"Nilpotent\"), that is, there is a natural number n such that x \\* ... \\* x (n times) equals 0\\.", "A t\\-norm \\* is called Archimedean if it has the [Archimedean property](/wiki/Archimedean_property \"Archimedean property\"), that is, if for each x, y in the open interval (0, 1\\) there is a natural number n such that x \\* ... \\* x (n times) is less than or equal to y.", "The usual partial ordering of t\\-norms is [pointwise](/wiki/Pointwise \"Pointwise\"), that is,\n T1 ≤ T2 if T1(a, b) ≤ T2(a, b) for all a, b in \\[0, 1].\nAs functions, pointwise larger t\\-norms are sometimes called stronger than those pointwise smaller. In the semantics of fuzzy logic, however, the larger a t\\-norm, the weaker (in terms of logical strength) conjunction it represents.", "{{Anchor\\\|Minimum t\\-norm\\\|Product t\\-norm\\\|Lukasiewicz t\\-norm\\\|Drastic t\\-norm\\\|Nilpotent\\-minimum t\\-norm\\\|Hamacher\\-product t\\-norm}}", "" ]
Properties of t\-norms ---------------------- The drastic t\-norm is the pointwise smallest t\-norm and the minimum is the pointwise largest t\-norm: \\top\_{\\mathrm{D}}(a, b) \\le \\top(a, b) \\le \\mathrm{\\top\_{min}}(a, b), for any t\-norm \\top and all a, b in \[0, 1]. For every t\-norm T, the number 0 acts as null element: T(a, 0\) \= 0 for all a in \[0, 1]. A t\-norm T has [zero divisors](/wiki/Zero_divisor "Zero divisor") if and only if it has [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent_element "Nilpotent element") elements; each nilpotent element of T is also a zero divisor of T. The set of all nilpotent elements is an interval \[0, a] or \[0, a), for some a in \[0, 1]. ### Properties of continuous t\-norms Although real functions of two variables can be continuous in each variable without being continuous on \[0, 1]2, this is not the case with t\-norms: a t\-norm T is continuous if and only if it is continuous in one variable, i.e., if and only if the functions fy(x) \= T(x, y) are continuous for each y in \[0, 1]. Analogous theorems hold for left\- and right\-continuity of a t\-norm. A continuous t\-norm is Archimedean if and only if 0 and 1 are its only [idempotents](/wiki/Idempotent "Idempotent"). A continuous Archimedean t\-norm is strict if 0 is its only [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent "Nilpotent") element; otherwise it is nilpotent. By definition, moreover, a continuous Archimedean t\-norm T is nilpotent if and only if each x \< 1 is a nilpotent element of T. Thus with a continuous Archimedean t\-norm T, either all or none of the elements of (0, 1\) are nilpotent. If it is the case that all elements in (0, 1\) are nilpotent, then the t\-norm is isomorphic to the Łukasiewicz t\-norm; i.e., there is a strictly increasing function f such that \\top(x,y) \= f^{\-1}(\\top\_{\\mathrm{Luk}}(f(x), f(y))). If on the other hand it is the case that there are no nilpotent elements of T, the t\-norm is isomorphic to the product t\-norm. In other words, all nilpotent t\-norms are isomorphic, the Łukasiewicz t\-norm being their prototypical representative; and all strict t\-norms are isomorphic, with the product t\-norm as their prototypical example. The Łukasiewicz t\-norm is itself isomorphic to the product t\-norm undercut at 0\.25, i.e., to the function p(x, y) \= max(0\.25, x ⋅ y) on \[0\.25, 1]2. For each continuous t\-norm, the set of its idempotents is a closed subset of \[0, 1]. Its complement—the set of all elements that are not idempotent—is therefore a union of countably many non\-overlapping open intervals. The restriction of the t\-norm to any of these intervals (including its endpoints) is Archimedean, and thus isomorphic either to the Łukasiewicz t\-norm or the product t\-norm. For such x, y that do not fall into the same open interval of non\-idempotents, the t\-norm evaluates to the minimum of x and y. These conditions actually give a characterization of continuous t\-norms, called the Mostert–Shields theorem, since every continuous t\-norm can in this way be decomposed, and the described construction always yields a continuous t\-norm. The theorem can also be formulated as follows: A t\-norm is continuous if and only if it is isomorphic to an [ordinal sum](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms%23Ordinal_sums "Construction of t-norms#Ordinal sums") of the minimum, Łukasiewicz, and product t\-norm. A similar characterization theorem for non\-continuous t\-norms is not known (not even for left\-continuous ones), only some non\-exhaustive methods for the [construction of t\-norms](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms "Construction of t-norms") have been found.	[ "Properties of t\\-norms\n----------------------", "The drastic t\\-norm is the pointwise smallest t\\-norm and the minimum is the pointwise largest t\\-norm:\n\\\\top\\_{\\\\mathrm{D}}(a, b) \\\\le \\\\top(a, b) \\\\le \\\\mathrm{\\\\top\\_{min}}(a, b), for any t\\-norm \\\\top and all a, b in \\[0, 1].", "For every t\\-norm T, the number 0 acts as null element: T(a, 0\\) \\= 0 for all a in \\[0, 1].", "A t\\-norm T has [zero divisors](/wiki/Zero_divisor \"Zero divisor\") if and only if it has [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent_element \"Nilpotent element\") elements; each nilpotent element of T is also a zero divisor of T. The set of all nilpotent elements is an interval \\[0, a] or \\[0, a), for some a in \\[0, 1].", "### Properties of continuous t\\-norms", "Although real functions of two variables can be continuous in each variable without being continuous on \\[0, 1]2, this is not the case with t\\-norms: a t\\-norm T is continuous if and only if it is continuous in one variable, i.e., if and only if the functions fy(x) \\= T(x, y) are continuous for each y in \\[0, 1]. Analogous theorems hold for left\\- and right\\-continuity of a t\\-norm.", "A continuous t\\-norm is Archimedean if and only if 0 and 1 are its only [idempotents](/wiki/Idempotent \"Idempotent\").", "A continuous Archimedean t\\-norm is strict if 0 is its only [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent \"Nilpotent\") element; otherwise it is nilpotent. By definition, moreover, a continuous Archimedean t\\-norm T is nilpotent if and only if each x \\< 1 is a nilpotent element of T. Thus with a continuous Archimedean t\\-norm T, either all or none of the elements of (0, 1\\) are nilpotent. If it is the case that all elements in (0, 1\\) are nilpotent, then the t\\-norm is isomorphic to the Łukasiewicz t\\-norm; i.e., there is a strictly increasing function f such that\n\\\\top(x,y) \\= f^{\\-1}(\\\\top\\_{\\\\mathrm{Luk}}(f(x), f(y))).\nIf on the other hand it is the case that there are no nilpotent elements of T, the t\\-norm is isomorphic to the product t\\-norm. In other words, all nilpotent t\\-norms are isomorphic, the Łukasiewicz t\\-norm being their prototypical representative; and all strict t\\-norms are isomorphic, with the product t\\-norm as their prototypical example. The Łukasiewicz t\\-norm is itself isomorphic to the product t\\-norm undercut at 0\\.25, i.e., to the function p(x, y) \\= max(0\\.25, x ⋅ y) on \\[0\\.25, 1]2.", "For each continuous t\\-norm, the set of its idempotents is a closed subset of \\[0, 1]. Its complement—the set of all elements that are not idempotent—is therefore a union of countably many non\\-overlapping open intervals. The restriction of the t\\-norm to any of these intervals (including its endpoints) is Archimedean, and thus isomorphic either to the Łukasiewicz t\\-norm or the product t\\-norm. For such x, y that do not fall into the same open interval of non\\-idempotents, the t\\-norm evaluates to the minimum of x and y. These conditions actually give a characterization of continuous t\\-norms, called the Mostert–Shields theorem, since every continuous t\\-norm can in this way be decomposed, and the described construction always yields a continuous t\\-norm. The theorem can also be formulated as follows:\nA t\\-norm is continuous if and only if it is isomorphic to an [ordinal sum](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms%23Ordinal_sums \"Construction of t-norms#Ordinal sums\") of the minimum, Łukasiewicz, and product t\\-norm.", "A similar characterization theorem for non\\-continuous t\\-norms is not known (not even for left\\-continuous ones), only some non\\-exhaustive methods for the [construction of t\\-norms](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms \"Construction of t-norms\") have been found.", "" ]
### Properties of continuous t\-norms Although real functions of two variables can be continuous in each variable without being continuous on \[0, 1]2, this is not the case with t\-norms: a t\-norm T is continuous if and only if it is continuous in one variable, i.e., if and only if the functions fy(x) \= T(x, y) are continuous for each y in \[0, 1]. Analogous theorems hold for left\- and right\-continuity of a t\-norm. A continuous t\-norm is Archimedean if and only if 0 and 1 are its only [idempotents](/wiki/Idempotent "Idempotent"). A continuous Archimedean t\-norm is strict if 0 is its only [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent "Nilpotent") element; otherwise it is nilpotent. By definition, moreover, a continuous Archimedean t\-norm T is nilpotent if and only if each x \< 1 is a nilpotent element of T. Thus with a continuous Archimedean t\-norm T, either all or none of the elements of (0, 1\) are nilpotent. If it is the case that all elements in (0, 1\) are nilpotent, then the t\-norm is isomorphic to the Łukasiewicz t\-norm; i.e., there is a strictly increasing function f such that \\top(x,y) \= f^{\-1}(\\top\_{\\mathrm{Luk}}(f(x), f(y))). If on the other hand it is the case that there are no nilpotent elements of T, the t\-norm is isomorphic to the product t\-norm. In other words, all nilpotent t\-norms are isomorphic, the Łukasiewicz t\-norm being their prototypical representative; and all strict t\-norms are isomorphic, with the product t\-norm as their prototypical example. The Łukasiewicz t\-norm is itself isomorphic to the product t\-norm undercut at 0\.25, i.e., to the function p(x, y) \= max(0\.25, x ⋅ y) on \[0\.25, 1]2. For each continuous t\-norm, the set of its idempotents is a closed subset of \[0, 1]. Its complement—the set of all elements that are not idempotent—is therefore a union of countably many non\-overlapping open intervals. The restriction of the t\-norm to any of these intervals (including its endpoints) is Archimedean, and thus isomorphic either to the Łukasiewicz t\-norm or the product t\-norm. For such x, y that do not fall into the same open interval of non\-idempotents, the t\-norm evaluates to the minimum of x and y. These conditions actually give a characterization of continuous t\-norms, called the Mostert–Shields theorem, since every continuous t\-norm can in this way be decomposed, and the described construction always yields a continuous t\-norm. The theorem can also be formulated as follows: A t\-norm is continuous if and only if it is isomorphic to an [ordinal sum](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms%23Ordinal_sums "Construction of t-norms#Ordinal sums") of the minimum, Łukasiewicz, and product t\-norm. A similar characterization theorem for non\-continuous t\-norms is not known (not even for left\-continuous ones), only some non\-exhaustive methods for the [construction of t\-norms](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms "Construction of t-norms") have been found.	[ "### Properties of continuous t\\-norms", "Although real functions of two variables can be continuous in each variable without being continuous on \\[0, 1]2, this is not the case with t\\-norms: a t\\-norm T is continuous if and only if it is continuous in one variable, i.e., if and only if the functions fy(x) \\= T(x, y) are continuous for each y in \\[0, 1]. Analogous theorems hold for left\\- and right\\-continuity of a t\\-norm.", "A continuous t\\-norm is Archimedean if and only if 0 and 1 are its only [idempotents](/wiki/Idempotent \"Idempotent\").", "A continuous Archimedean t\\-norm is strict if 0 is its only [nilpotent](/wiki/Nilpotent \"Nilpotent\") element; otherwise it is nilpotent. By definition, moreover, a continuous Archimedean t\\-norm T is nilpotent if and only if each x \\< 1 is a nilpotent element of T. Thus with a continuous Archimedean t\\-norm T, either all or none of the elements of (0, 1\\) are nilpotent. If it is the case that all elements in (0, 1\\) are nilpotent, then the t\\-norm is isomorphic to the Łukasiewicz t\\-norm; i.e., there is a strictly increasing function f such that\n\\\\top(x,y) \\= f^{\\-1}(\\\\top\\_{\\\\mathrm{Luk}}(f(x), f(y))).\nIf on the other hand it is the case that there are no nilpotent elements of T, the t\\-norm is isomorphic to the product t\\-norm. In other words, all nilpotent t\\-norms are isomorphic, the Łukasiewicz t\\-norm being their prototypical representative; and all strict t\\-norms are isomorphic, with the product t\\-norm as their prototypical example. The Łukasiewicz t\\-norm is itself isomorphic to the product t\\-norm undercut at 0\\.25, i.e., to the function p(x, y) \\= max(0\\.25, x ⋅ y) on \\[0\\.25, 1]2.", "For each continuous t\\-norm, the set of its idempotents is a closed subset of \\[0, 1]. Its complement—the set of all elements that are not idempotent—is therefore a union of countably many non\\-overlapping open intervals. The restriction of the t\\-norm to any of these intervals (including its endpoints) is Archimedean, and thus isomorphic either to the Łukasiewicz t\\-norm or the product t\\-norm. For such x, y that do not fall into the same open interval of non\\-idempotents, the t\\-norm evaluates to the minimum of x and y. These conditions actually give a characterization of continuous t\\-norms, called the Mostert–Shields theorem, since every continuous t\\-norm can in this way be decomposed, and the described construction always yields a continuous t\\-norm. The theorem can also be formulated as follows:\nA t\\-norm is continuous if and only if it is isomorphic to an [ordinal sum](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms%23Ordinal_sums \"Construction of t-norms#Ordinal sums\") of the minimum, Łukasiewicz, and product t\\-norm.", "A similar characterization theorem for non\\-continuous t\\-norms is not known (not even for left\\-continuous ones), only some non\\-exhaustive methods for the [construction of t\\-norms](/wiki/Construction_of_t-norms \"Construction of t-norms\") have been found.", "" ]
Residuum -------- For any left\-continuous t\-norm \\top, there is a unique binary operation \\Rightarrow on \[0, 1] such that \\top(z, x) \\le y if and only if z \\le (x \\Rightarrow y) for all x, y, z in \[0, 1]. This operation is called the residuum of the t\-norm. In prefix notation, the residuum of a t\-norm \\top is often denoted by \\vec{\\top} or by the letter R. The interval \[0, 1] equipped with a t\-norm and its residuum forms a [residuated lattice](/wiki/Residuated_lattice "Residuated lattice"). The relation between a t\-norm T and its residuum R is an instance of [adjunction](/wiki/Adjoint_functors%23Posets "Adjoint functors#Posets") (specifically, a [Galois connection](/wiki/Galois_connection "Galois connection")): the residuum forms a right adjoint R(x, –) to the functor T(–, x) for each x in the lattice \[0, 1] taken as a [poset category](/wiki/Posetal_category "Posetal category"). In the standard semantics of t\-norm based fuzzy logics, where conjunction is interpreted by a t\-norm, the residuum plays the role of implication (often called R\-implication). ### Basic properties of residua If \\Rightarrow is the residuum of a left\-continuous t\-norm \\top, then (x \\Rightarrow y) \= \\sup\\{z\\mid\\top(z,x) \\le y\\}. Consequently, for all x, y in the unit interval, (x \\Rightarrow y) \= 1 if and only if x \\le y and (1 \\Rightarrow y) \= y. If \* is a left\-continuous t\-norm and \\Rightarrow its residuum, then \\begin{array}{rcl} ``` \min(x,y) & \ge & x * (x \Rightarrow y) \\ \max(x, y) & = & \min((x \Rightarrow y)\Rightarrow y, (y \Rightarrow x)\Rightarrow x). ``` \\end{array} If \* is continuous, then equality holds in the former. ### Residua of common left\-continuous t\-norms If x ≤ y, then R(x, y) \= 1 for any residuum R. The following table therefore gives the values of prominent residua only for x \> y. \| Residuum of the \| Name \| Value for x \> y \| Graph \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Minimum t\-norm \| Standard Gödel implication \| y \| [thumb\\|270px\\|left\\|Standard Gödel implication. The function is discontinuous at the line y \= x \< 1\.](/wiki/File:ResiduumMinimumTnorm-graph-contour.png "ResiduumMinimumTnorm-graph-contour.png") \| \| Product t\-norm \| [Goguen](/wiki/Joseph_Goguen "Joseph Goguen") implication \| y / x \| [thumb\\|270px\\|left\\|Goguen implication. The function is discontinuous at the point x \= y \= 0\.](/wiki/File:ResiduumProductTnorm-graph-contour.png "ResiduumProductTnorm-graph-contour.png") \| \| Łukasiewicz t\-norm \| Standard Łukasiewicz implication \| 1 – x \+ y \| [thumb\\|270px\\|left\\|Standard Łukasiewicz implication.](/wiki/File:ResiduumLukasiewiczTnorm-graph-contour.png "ResiduumLukasiewiczTnorm-graph-contour.png") \| \| Nilpotent minimum \| Fodor implication \| max(1 – x, y) \| [thumb\\|270px\\|left\\|Residuum of the nilpotent minimum. The function is discontinuous at the line 0 \< y \= x \< 1\.](/wiki/File:ResiduumNilpotentMinimum-graph-contour.png "ResiduumNilpotentMinimum-graph-contour.png") \|	[ "Residuum\n--------", "For any left\\-continuous t\\-norm \\\\top, there is a unique binary operation \\\\Rightarrow on \\[0, 1] such that\n\\\\top(z, x) \\\\le y if and only if z \\\\le (x \\\\Rightarrow y)\nfor all x, y, z in \\[0, 1]. This operation is called the residuum of the t\\-norm. In prefix notation, the residuum of a t\\-norm \\\\top is often denoted by \\\\vec{\\\\top} or by the letter R.", "The interval \\[0, 1] equipped with a t\\-norm and its residuum forms a [residuated lattice](/wiki/Residuated_lattice \"Residuated lattice\"). The relation between a t\\-norm T and its residuum R is an instance of [adjunction](/wiki/Adjoint_functors%23Posets \"Adjoint functors#Posets\") (specifically, a [Galois connection](/wiki/Galois_connection \"Galois connection\")): the residuum forms a right adjoint R(x, –) to the functor T(–, x) for each x in the lattice \\[0, 1] taken as a [poset category](/wiki/Posetal_category \"Posetal category\").", "In the standard semantics of t\\-norm based fuzzy logics, where conjunction is interpreted by a t\\-norm, the residuum plays the role of implication (often called R\\-implication).", "### Basic properties of residua", "If \\\\Rightarrow is the residuum of a left\\-continuous t\\-norm \\\\top, then\n(x \\\\Rightarrow y) \\= \\\\sup\\\\{z\\\\mid\\\\top(z,x) \\\\le y\\\\}.\nConsequently, for all x, y in the unit interval,\n(x \\\\Rightarrow y) \\= 1 if and only if x \\\\le y\nand\n(1 \\\\Rightarrow y) \\= y.", "If \\* is a left\\-continuous t\\-norm and \\\\Rightarrow its residuum, then\n\\\\begin{array}{rcl}", "```\n \\min(x,y) & \\ge & x * (x \\Rightarrow y) \\\\\n \\max(x, y) & = & \\min((x \\Rightarrow y)\\Rightarrow y, (y \\Rightarrow x)\\Rightarrow x).", "```\n\\\\end{array}\nIf \\* is continuous, then equality holds in the former.", "### Residua of common left\\-continuous t\\-norms", "If x ≤ y, then R(x, y) \\= 1 for any residuum R. The following table therefore gives the values of prominent residua only for x \\> y.", "", "\| Residuum of the \| Name \| Value for x \\> y \| Graph \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Minimum t\\-norm \| Standard Gödel implication \| y \| [thumb\\\|270px\\\|left\\\|Standard Gödel implication. The function is discontinuous at the line y \\= x \\< 1\\.](/wiki/File:ResiduumMinimumTnorm-graph-contour.png \"ResiduumMinimumTnorm-graph-contour.png\") \|\n\| Product t\\-norm \| [Goguen](/wiki/Joseph_Goguen \"Joseph Goguen\") implication \| y / x \| [thumb\\\|270px\\\|left\\\|Goguen implication. The function is discontinuous at the point x \\= y \\= 0\\.](/wiki/File:ResiduumProductTnorm-graph-contour.png \"ResiduumProductTnorm-graph-contour.png\") \|\n\| Łukasiewicz t\\-norm \| Standard Łukasiewicz implication \| 1 – x \\+ y \| [thumb\\\|270px\\\|left\\\|Standard Łukasiewicz implication.](/wiki/File:ResiduumLukasiewiczTnorm-graph-contour.png \"ResiduumLukasiewiczTnorm-graph-contour.png\") \|\n\| Nilpotent minimum \| Fodor implication \| max(1 – x, y) \| [thumb\\\|270px\\\|left\\\|Residuum of the nilpotent minimum. The function is discontinuous at the line 0 \\< y \\= x \\< 1\\.](/wiki/File:ResiduumNilpotentMinimum-graph-contour.png \"ResiduumNilpotentMinimum-graph-contour.png\") \|", "" ]
Return to Croatia ----------------- Considering the rising tensions and the fall of first deaths of the impending war, Špegelj was persuaded to return to Croatia to become the chief of staff of the new army that was in the process of forming. When the [Slovenian War](/wiki/Slovenian_War "Slovenian War") occurred in June 1991, Špegelj advocated activating the joint defence plan, which would put Croatia into war against the JNA by attacking its army barracks in Croatia (Špegelj's plan). However, Tuđman feared confrontation and refused to support the [Slovenes](/wiki/Slovenes "Slovenes"). Špegelj was then made [inspector\-general](/wiki/Inspector-general "Inspector-general") of the Croatian army, replaced partly owing to his disagreements with Tuđman. Only several months later, full\-scale war broke out, and Špegelj's plan for attacking JNA's army barracks in Croatia was implemented and resulted in the [Battle of the Barracks](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks "Battle of the Barracks"), bringing much\-needed heavy weapons to Croatia. The war in Croatia entered a phase of lower intensity after the signing of a [UN\-brokered ceasefire](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence%231992:Ceasefire "Ceasefire") at the start of 1992\. Špegelj then officially retired.	[ "Return to Croatia\n-----------------", "Considering the rising tensions and the fall of first deaths of the impending war, Špegelj was persuaded to return to Croatia to become the chief of staff of the new army that was in the process of forming.", "When the [Slovenian War](/wiki/Slovenian_War \"Slovenian War\") occurred in June 1991, Špegelj advocated activating the joint defence plan, which would put Croatia into war against the JNA by attacking its army barracks in Croatia (Špegelj's plan). However, Tuđman feared confrontation and refused to support the [Slovenes](/wiki/Slovenes \"Slovenes\").", "Špegelj was then made [inspector\\-general](/wiki/Inspector-general \"Inspector-general\") of the Croatian army, replaced partly owing to his disagreements with Tuđman.", "Only several months later, full\\-scale war broke out, and Špegelj's plan for attacking JNA's army barracks in Croatia was implemented and resulted in the [Battle of the Barracks](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks \"Battle of the Barracks\"), bringing much\\-needed heavy weapons to Croatia.", "The war in Croatia entered a phase of lower intensity after the signing of a [UN\\-brokered ceasefire](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence%231992:Ceasefire \"Ceasefire\") at the start of 1992\\. Špegelj then officially retired.", "" ]
Location of the Fermat point ---------------------------- ### Traditional geometry [thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Fig 3\. Geometry of the Fermat point](/wiki/Image:Fermat_Point_Scope.svg "Fermat Point Scope.svg") Given any Euclidean triangle {{math\\|△''ABC''}} and an arbitrary point {{mvar\\|P}} let d(P) \= \\|PA\\|\+\\|PB\\|\+\\|PC\\|. The aim of this section is to identify a point {{math\\|''P''{{sub\\|0}}}} such that d(P\_0\)\<d(P) for all P\\ne P\_0\. If such a point exists then it will be the Fermat point. In what follows {{math\\|Δ}} will denote the points inside the triangle and will be taken to include its boundary {{math\\|Ω}}. A key result that will be used is the dogleg rule, which asserts that if a triangle and a polygon have one side in common and the rest of the triangle lies inside the polygon then the triangle has a shorter perimeter than the polygon: If {{mvar\\|{{overline\\|AB}}}} is the common side, extend {{mvar\\|{{overline\\|AC}}}} to cut the polygon at the point {{mvar\\|X}}. Then the polygon's perimeter is, by the [triangle inequality](/wiki/Triangle_inequality "Triangle inequality"): \\text{perimeter} \> \\|AB\\|\+\\|AX\\|\+\\|XB\\| \= \\|AB\\|\+\\|AC\\|\+\\|CX\\|\+\\|XB\\| \\geq \\|AB\\|\+\\|AC\\|\+\\|BC\\|. Let {{mvar\\|P}} be any point outside {{math\\|Δ}}. Associate each vertex with its remote zone; that is, the half\-plane beyond the (extended) opposite side. These 3 zones cover the entire plane except for {{math\\|Δ}} itself and {{mvar\\|P}} clearly lies in either one or two of them. If {{mvar\\|P}} is in two (say the {{mvar\\|B}} and {{mvar\\|C}} zones’ intersection) then setting P' \= A implies d(P')\=d(A)\<d(P) by the dogleg rule. Alternatively if {{mvar\\|P}} is in only one zone, say the {{mvar\\|A}}\-zone, then d(P')\<d(P) where {{mvar\\|P'}} is the intersection of {{mvar\\|AP}} and {{mvar\\|BC}}. So for every point {{mvar\\|P}} outside {{math\\|Δ}} there exists a point {{mvar\\|P'}} in {{math\\|Ω}} such that d(P')\<d(P). Case 1\. The triangle has an angle ≥ 120°. Without loss of generality, suppose that the angle at {{mvar\\|A}} is ≥ 120°. Construct the equilateral triangle {{math\\|△''AFB''}} and for any point {{mvar\\|P}} in {{math\\|Δ}} (except {{mvar\\|A}} itself) construct {{mvar\\|Q}} so that the triangle {{math\\|△''AQP''}} is equilateral and has the orientation shown. Then the triangle {{math\\|△''ABP''}} is a 60° rotation of the triangle {{math\\|△''AFQ''}} about {{mvar\\|A}} so these two triangles are congruent and it follows that d(P)\=\\|CP\\|\+\\|PQ\\|\+\\|QF\\| which is simply the length of the path {{mvar\\|CPQF}}. As {{mvar\\|P}} is constrained to lie within {{math\\|△''ABC''}}, by the dogleg rule the length of this path exceeds \\|AC\\|\+\\|AF\\|\=d(A). Therefore, d(A)\<d(P) for all P \\in \\Delta, P \\ne A. Now allow {{mvar\\|P}} to range outside {{math\\|Δ}}. From above a point P' \\in \\Omega exists such that d(P')\<d(P) and as d(A) \\leq d(P') it follows that d(A)\<d(P) for all {{mvar\\|P}} outside {{math\\|Δ}}. Thus d(A)\<d(P) for all P\\ne A which means that {{mvar\\|A}} is the Fermat point of {{math\\|Δ}}. In other words, the Fermat point lies at the obtuse\-angled vertex. Case 2\. The triangle has no angle ≥ 120°. Construct the equilateral triangle {{math\\|△''BCD''}}, let {{mvar\\|P}} be any point inside {{math\\|Δ}}, and construct the equilateral triangle {{math\\|△''CPQ''}}. Then {{math\\|△''CQD''}} is a 60° rotation of {{math\\|△''CPB''}} about {{mvar\\|C}} so d(P) \= \\|PA\\|\+\\|PB\\|\+\\|PC\\| \= \\|AP\\|\+\\|PQ\\|\+\\|QD\\| which is simply the length of the path {{mvar\\|APQD}}. Let {{math\\|''P''{{sub\\|0}}}} be the point where {{mvar\\|AD}} and {{mvar\\|CF}} intersect. This point is commonly called the first isogonic center. Carry out the same exercise with {{math\\|''P''{{sub\\|0}}}} as you did with {{mvar\\|P}}, and find the point {{math\\|''Q''{{sub\\|0}}}}. By the angular restriction {{math\\|''P''{{sub\\|0}}}} lies inside {{math\\|△''ABC''}}. Moreover, {{math\\|△''BCF''}} is a 60° rotation of {{math\\|△''BDA''}} about {{mvar\\|B}}, so {{math\\|''Q''{{sub\\|0}}}} must lie somewhere on {{mvar\\|AD}}. Since {{math\\|1\=∠''CDB'' \= 60°}} it follows that {{math\\|''Q''{{sub\\|0}}}} lies between {{math\\|''P''{{sub\\|0}}}} and {{mvar\\|D}} which means {{math\\|''AP''{{sub\\|0}}''Q''{{sub\\|0}}''D''}} is a straight line so d(P\_0\=\\|AD\\|. Moreover, if P\\ne P\_0 then either {{mvar\\|P}} or {{mvar\\|Q}} won't lie on {{mvar\\|AD}} which means d(P\_0\)\=\\|AD\\|\<d(P). Now allow {{mvar\\|P}} to range outside {{math\\|Δ}}. From above a point P' \\in \\Omega exists such that d(P')\<d(P) and as d(P\_0\)\\leq d(P') it follows that d(P\_0\)\<d(P) for all {{mvar\\|P}} outside {{math\\|Δ}}. That means {{math\\|''P''{{sub\\|0}}}} is the Fermat point of {{math\\|Δ}}. In other words, the Fermat point is coincident with the first isogonic center. ### Vector analysis Let {{mvar\\|O, A, B, C, X}} be any five points in a plane. Denote the vectors \\overrightarrow{OA},\\ \\overrightarrow{OB},\\ \\overrightarrow{OC},\\ \\overrightarrow{OX} by {{math\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c''', '''x'''}} respectively, and let {{math\\|'''i''', '''j''', '''k'''}} be the unit vectors from {{mvar\\|O}} along {{math\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}}. \\begin{align} \\|\\mathbf a\\| \&\= \\mathbf{a \\cdot i} \= (\\mathbf a \- \\mathbf x)\\mathbf{\\,\\cdot\\,i} \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot i} \\leq \\|\\mathbf a \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot i}, \\\\ \\|\\mathbf b\\| \&\= \\mathbf{b \\cdot j} \= (\\mathbf b \- \\mathbf x)\\mathbf{\\,\\cdot\\,j} \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot j} \\leq \\|\\mathbf b \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot j}, \\\\ \\|\\mathbf c\\| \&\= \\mathbf{c \\cdot k} \= (\\mathbf c \- \\mathbf x)\\mathbf{\\,\\cdot\\,k} \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot k} \\leq \\|\\mathbf c \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot k}. \\end{align} Adding {{math\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}} gives \\|\\mathbf a\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf b\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf c\\| \\leq \\|\\mathbf a \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf b \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf c \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\mathbf x \\cdot (\\mathbf i \+ \\mathbf j \+ \\mathbf k). If {{math\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}} meet at {{mvar\\|O}} at angles of 120° then {{math\\|1\='''i''' \+ '''j''' \+ '''k''' \= '''0'''}}, so \\|\\mathbf a\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf b\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf c\\| \\leq \\|\\mathbf a \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf b \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\|\\mathbf c \- \\mathbf x\\| for all {{math\\|'''x'''}}. In other words, \\|OA\\| \+ \\|OB\\| \+ \\|OC\\| \\leq \\|XA\\| \+ \\|XB\\| \+ \\|XC\\| and hence {{mvar\\|O}} is the Fermat point of {{math\\|△''ABC''}}. This argument fails when the triangle has an angle {{math\\|∠''C'' \> 120°}} because there is no point {{mvar\\|O}} where {{mvar\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}} meet at angles of 120°. Nevertheless, it is easily fixed by redefining {{math\\|1\='''k''' \= − ('''i''' \+ '''j''')}} and placing {{mvar\\|O}} at {{mvar\\|C}} so that {{math\\|1\='''c''' \= '''0'''}}. Note that {{math\\|{{abs\\|'''k'''}} ≤ 1}} because the angle between the unit vectors {{math\\|'''i''', '''j'''}} is {{math\\|∠''C''}} which exceeds 120°. Since \\|\\mathbf 0\\| \\leq \\|\\mathbf 0 \- \\mathbf x\\| \+ \\mathbf{x \\cdot k}, the third inequality still holds, the other two inequalities are unchanged. The proof now continues as above (adding the three inequalities and using {{math\\|1\='''i''' \+ '''j''' \+ '''k''' \= '''0'''}}) to reach the same conclusion that {{mvar\\|O}} (or in this case {{mvar\\|C}}) must be the Fermat point of {{math\\|△''ABC''}}. ### Lagrange multipliers Another approach to finding the point within a triangle, from which the sum of the distances to the [vertices](/wiki/Vertex_%28geometry%29 "Vertex (geometry)") of the triangle is minimal, is to use one of the [mathematical optimization](/wiki/Mathematical_optimization "Mathematical optimization") methods; specifically, the method of [Lagrange multipliers](/wiki/Lagrange_multipliers "Lagrange multipliers") and the [law of cosines](/wiki/Law_of_cosines "Law of cosines"). We draw lines from the point within the triangle to its vertices and call them {{math\\|'''X''', '''Y''', '''Z'''}}. Also, let the lengths of these lines be {{mvar\\|x, y, z}} respectively. Let the angle between {{math\\|'''X'''}} and {{math\\|'''Y'''}} be {{mvar\\|α}}, {{math\\|'''Y'''}} and {{math\\|'''Z'''}} be {{mvar\\|β}}. Then the angle between {{math\\|'''X'''}} and {{math\\|'''Z'''}} is {{math\\|π − ''α'' − ''β''}}. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers we have to find the minimum of the Lagrangian {{mvar\\|L}}, which is expressed as: L\=x\+y\+z\+\\lambda\_1 (x^2 \+ y^2 \- 2xy\\cos(\\alpha) \- a^2\) \+ \\lambda\_2 (y^2 \+ z^2 \- 2yz\\cos(\\beta) \- b^2\) \+ \\lambda\_3 (z^2 \+ x^2 \- 2zx\\cos(\\alpha\+\\beta) \- c^2\) where {{mvar\\|a, b, c}} are the lengths of the sides of the triangle. Equating each of the five partial derivatives \\tfrac{\\partial L}{\\partial x}, \\tfrac{\\partial L}{\\partial y}, \\tfrac{\\partial L}{\\partial z}, \\tfrac{\\partial L}{\\partial \\alpha}, \\tfrac{\\partial L}{\\partial \\beta} to zero and eliminating {{math\\|''λ''{{sub\\|1}}, ''λ''{{sub\\|2}}, ''λ''{{sub\\|3}}}} eventually gives {{math\\|1\=sin ''α'' \= sin ''β''}} and {{math\\|1\=sin(''α'' \+ ''β'') \= − sin ''β''}} so {{math\\|1\=''α'' \= ''β'' \= 120°}}. However the elimination is a long and tedious business, and the end result covers only Case 2\.	[ "Location of the Fermat point\n----------------------------", "### Traditional geometry", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|300px\\\|Fig 3\\. Geometry of the Fermat point](/wiki/Image:Fermat_Point_Scope.svg \"Fermat Point Scope.svg\")\nGiven any Euclidean triangle {{math\\\|△''ABC''}} and an arbitrary point {{mvar\\\|P}} let d(P) \\= \\\|PA\\\|\\+\\\|PB\\\|\\+\\\|PC\\\|. The aim of this section is to identify a point {{math\\\|''P''{{sub\\\|0}}}} such that d(P\\_0\\)\\<d(P) for all P\\\\ne P\\_0\\. If such a point exists then it will be the Fermat point. In what follows {{math\\\|Δ}} will denote the points inside the triangle and will be taken to include its boundary {{math\\\|Ω}}.", "A key result that will be used is the dogleg rule, which asserts that if a triangle and a polygon have one side in common and the rest of the triangle lies inside the polygon then the triangle has a shorter perimeter than the polygon:\nIf {{mvar\\\|{{overline\\\|AB}}}} is the common side, extend {{mvar\\\|{{overline\\\|AC}}}} to cut the polygon at the point {{mvar\\\|X}}. Then the polygon's perimeter is, by the [triangle inequality](/wiki/Triangle_inequality \"Triangle inequality\"):\n\\\\text{perimeter} \\> \\\|AB\\\|\\+\\\|AX\\\|\\+\\\|XB\\\| \\= \\\|AB\\\|\\+\\\|AC\\\|\\+\\\|CX\\\|\\+\\\|XB\\\| \\\\geq \\\|AB\\\|\\+\\\|AC\\\|\\+\\\|BC\\\|.", "Let {{mvar\\\|P}} be any point outside {{math\\\|Δ}}. Associate each vertex with its remote zone; that is, the half\\-plane beyond the (extended) opposite side. These 3 zones cover the entire plane except for {{math\\\|Δ}} itself and {{mvar\\\|P}} clearly lies in either one or two of them. If {{mvar\\\|P}} is in two (say the {{mvar\\\|B}} and {{mvar\\\|C}} zones’ intersection) then setting P' \\= A implies d(P')\\=d(A)\\<d(P) by the dogleg rule. Alternatively if {{mvar\\\|P}} is in only one zone, say the {{mvar\\\|A}}\\-zone, then d(P')\\<d(P) where {{mvar\\\|P'}} is the intersection of {{mvar\\\|AP}} and {{mvar\\\|BC}}. So for every point {{mvar\\\|P}} outside {{math\\\|Δ}} there exists a point {{mvar\\\|P'}} in {{math\\\|Ω}} such that d(P')\\<d(P).", "Case 1\\. The triangle has an angle ≥ 120°.", "Without loss of generality, suppose that the angle at {{mvar\\\|A}} is ≥ 120°. Construct the equilateral triangle {{math\\\|△''AFB''}} and for any point {{mvar\\\|P}} in {{math\\\|Δ}} (except {{mvar\\\|A}} itself) construct {{mvar\\\|Q}} so that the triangle {{math\\\|△''AQP''}} is equilateral and has the orientation shown. Then the triangle {{math\\\|△''ABP''}} is a 60° rotation of the triangle {{math\\\|△''AFQ''}} about {{mvar\\\|A}} so these two triangles are congruent and it follows that d(P)\\=\\\|CP\\\|\\+\\\|PQ\\\|\\+\\\|QF\\\| which is simply the length of the path {{mvar\\\|CPQF}}. As {{mvar\\\|P}} is constrained to lie within {{math\\\|△''ABC''}}, by the dogleg rule the length of this path exceeds \\\|AC\\\|\\+\\\|AF\\\|\\=d(A). Therefore, d(A)\\<d(P) for all P \\\\in \\\\Delta, P \\\\ne A. Now allow {{mvar\\\|P}} to range outside {{math\\\|Δ}}. From above a point P' \\\\in \\\\Omega exists such that d(P')\\<d(P) and as d(A) \\\\leq d(P') it follows that d(A)\\<d(P) for all {{mvar\\\|P}} outside {{math\\\|Δ}}. Thus d(A)\\<d(P) for all P\\\\ne A which means that {{mvar\\\|A}} is the Fermat point of {{math\\\|Δ}}. In other words, the Fermat point lies at the obtuse\\-angled vertex.", "Case 2\\. The triangle has no angle ≥ 120°.", "Construct the equilateral triangle {{math\\\|△''BCD''}}, let {{mvar\\\|P}} be any point inside {{math\\\|Δ}}, and construct the equilateral triangle {{math\\\|△''CPQ''}}. Then {{math\\\|△''CQD''}} is a 60° rotation of {{math\\\|△''CPB''}} about {{mvar\\\|C}} so \nd(P) \\= \\\|PA\\\|\\+\\\|PB\\\|\\+\\\|PC\\\| \\= \\\|AP\\\|\\+\\\|PQ\\\|\\+\\\|QD\\\| \nwhich is simply the length of the path {{mvar\\\|APQD}}. Let {{math\\\|''P''{{sub\\\|0}}}} be the point where {{mvar\\\|AD}} and {{mvar\\\|CF}} intersect. This point is commonly called the first isogonic center. Carry out the same exercise with {{math\\\|''P''{{sub\\\|0}}}} as you did with {{mvar\\\|P}}, and find the point {{math\\\|''Q''{{sub\\\|0}}}}. By the angular restriction {{math\\\|''P''{{sub\\\|0}}}} lies inside {{math\\\|△''ABC''}}. Moreover, {{math\\\|△''BCF''}} is a 60° rotation of {{math\\\|△''BDA''}} about {{mvar\\\|B}}, so {{math\\\|''Q''{{sub\\\|0}}}} must lie somewhere on {{mvar\\\|AD}}. Since {{math\\\|1\\=∠''CDB'' \\= 60°}} it follows that {{math\\\|''Q''{{sub\\\|0}}}} lies between {{math\\\|''P''{{sub\\\|0}}}} and {{mvar\\\|D}} which means {{math\\\|''AP''{{sub\\\|0}}''Q''{{sub\\\|0}}''D''}} is a straight line so d(P\\_0\\=\\\|AD\\\|. Moreover, if P\\\\ne P\\_0 then either {{mvar\\\|P}} or {{mvar\\\|Q}} won't lie on {{mvar\\\|AD}} which means d(P\\_0\\)\\=\\\|AD\\\|\\<d(P). Now allow {{mvar\\\|P}} to range outside {{math\\\|Δ}}. From above a point P' \\\\in \\\\Omega exists such that d(P')\\<d(P) and as d(P\\_0\\)\\\\leq d(P') it follows that d(P\\_0\\)\\<d(P) for all {{mvar\\\|P}} outside {{math\\\|Δ}}. That means {{math\\\|''P''{{sub\\\|0}}}} is the Fermat point of {{math\\\|Δ}}. In other words, the Fermat point is coincident with the first isogonic center.", "### Vector analysis", "Let {{mvar\\\|O, A, B, C, X}} be any five points in a plane. Denote the vectors \\\\overrightarrow{OA},\\\\ \\\\overrightarrow{OB},\\\\ \\\\overrightarrow{OC},\\\\ \\\\overrightarrow{OX} by {{math\\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c''', '''x'''}} respectively, and let {{math\\\|'''i''', '''j''', '''k'''}} be the unit vectors from {{mvar\\\|O}} along {{math\\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}}.\n\\\\begin{align}\n\\\|\\\\mathbf a\\\| \\&\\= \\\\mathbf{a \\\\cdot i} \\= (\\\\mathbf a \\- \\\\mathbf x)\\\\mathbf{\\\\,\\\\cdot\\\\,i} \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot i} \\\\leq \\\|\\\\mathbf a \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot i}, \\\\\\\\\n\\\|\\\\mathbf b\\\| \\&\\= \\\\mathbf{b \\\\cdot j} \\= (\\\\mathbf b \\- \\\\mathbf x)\\\\mathbf{\\\\,\\\\cdot\\\\,j} \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot j} \\\\leq \\\|\\\\mathbf b \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot j}, \\\\\\\\\n\\\|\\\\mathbf c\\\| \\&\\= \\\\mathbf{c \\\\cdot k} \\= (\\\\mathbf c \\- \\\\mathbf x)\\\\mathbf{\\\\,\\\\cdot\\\\,k} \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot k} \\\\leq \\\|\\\\mathbf c \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot k}.\n\\\\end{align}", "Adding {{math\\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}} gives \n\\\|\\\\mathbf a\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf b\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf c\\\| \\\\leq \\\|\\\\mathbf a \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf b \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf c \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\\mathbf x \\\\cdot (\\\\mathbf i \\+ \\\\mathbf j \\+ \\\\mathbf k).", "If {{math\\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}} meet at {{mvar\\\|O}} at angles of 120° then {{math\\\|1\\='''i''' \\+ '''j''' \\+ '''k''' \\= '''0'''}}, so \n\\\|\\\\mathbf a\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf b\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf c\\\| \\\\leq \\\|\\\\mathbf a \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf b \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\|\\\\mathbf c \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \nfor all {{math\\\|'''x'''}}. In other words, \n\\\|OA\\\| \\+ \\\|OB\\\| \\+ \\\|OC\\\| \\\\leq \\\|XA\\\| \\+ \\\|XB\\\| \\+ \\\|XC\\\|\nand hence {{mvar\\\|O}} is the Fermat point of {{math\\\|△''ABC''}}.", "This argument fails when the triangle has an angle {{math\\\|∠''C'' \\> 120°}} because there is no point {{mvar\\\|O}} where {{mvar\\\|'''a''', '''b''', '''c'''}} meet at angles of 120°. Nevertheless, it is easily fixed by redefining {{math\\\|1\\='''k''' \\= − ('''i''' \\+ '''j''')}} and placing {{mvar\\\|O}} at {{mvar\\\|C}} so that {{math\\\|1\\='''c''' \\= '''0'''}}. Note that {{math\\\|{{abs\\\|'''k'''}} ≤ 1}} because the angle between the unit vectors {{math\\\|'''i''', '''j'''}} is {{math\\\|∠''C''}} which exceeds 120°. Since \n\\\|\\\\mathbf 0\\\| \\\\leq \\\|\\\\mathbf 0 \\- \\\\mathbf x\\\| \\+ \\\\mathbf{x \\\\cdot k}, \nthe third inequality still holds, the other two inequalities are unchanged. The proof now continues as above (adding the three inequalities and using {{math\\\|1\\='''i''' \\+ '''j''' \\+ '''k''' \\= '''0'''}}) to reach the same conclusion that {{mvar\\\|O}} (or in this case {{mvar\\\|C}}) must be the Fermat point of {{math\\\|△''ABC''}}.", "### Lagrange multipliers", "Another approach to finding the point within a triangle, from which the sum of the distances to the [vertices](/wiki/Vertex_%28geometry%29 \"Vertex (geometry)\") of the triangle is minimal, is to use one of the [mathematical optimization](/wiki/Mathematical_optimization \"Mathematical optimization\") methods; specifically, the method of [Lagrange multipliers](/wiki/Lagrange_multipliers \"Lagrange multipliers\") and the [law of cosines](/wiki/Law_of_cosines \"Law of cosines\").", "We draw lines from the point within the triangle to its vertices and call them {{math\\\|'''X''', '''Y''', '''Z'''}}. Also, let the lengths of these lines be {{mvar\\\|x, y, z}} respectively. Let the angle between {{math\\\|'''X'''}} and {{math\\\|'''Y'''}} be {{mvar\\\|α}}, {{math\\\|'''Y'''}} and {{math\\\|'''Z'''}} be {{mvar\\\|β}}. Then the angle between {{math\\\|'''X'''}} and {{math\\\|'''Z'''}} is {{math\\\|π − ''α'' − ''β''}}. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers we have to find the minimum of the Lagrangian {{mvar\\\|L}}, which is expressed as:", "L\\=x\\+y\\+z\\+\\\\lambda\\_1 (x^2 \\+ y^2 \\- 2xy\\\\cos(\\\\alpha) \\- a^2\\) \\+ \\\\lambda\\_2 (y^2 \\+ z^2 \\- 2yz\\\\cos(\\\\beta) \\- b^2\\) \\+ \\\\lambda\\_3 (z^2 \\+ x^2 \\- 2zx\\\\cos(\\\\alpha\\+\\\\beta) \\- c^2\\)\nwhere {{mvar\\\|a, b, c}} are the lengths of the sides of the triangle.", "Equating each of the five partial derivatives \\\\tfrac{\\\\partial L}{\\\\partial x}, \\\\tfrac{\\\\partial L}{\\\\partial y}, \\\\tfrac{\\\\partial L}{\\\\partial z}, \\\\tfrac{\\\\partial L}{\\\\partial \\\\alpha}, \\\\tfrac{\\\\partial L}{\\\\partial \\\\beta} to zero and eliminating {{math\\\|''λ''{{sub\\\|1}}, ''λ''{{sub\\\|2}}, ''λ''{{sub\\\|3}}}} eventually gives {{math\\\|1\\=sin ''α'' \\= sin ''β''}} and {{math\\\|1\\=sin(''α'' \\+ ''β'') \\= − sin ''β''}} so {{math\\\|1\\=''α'' \\= ''β'' \\= 120°}}. However the elimination is a long and tedious business, and the end result covers only Case 2\\.", "" ]
Career ------ The group was formed – originally as The Nitecaps – in 1958, by five high school friends: * John Greek (27 October 1940 – 6 October 2006\) – rhythm guitar, trumpet * Richard Dangel (1 December 1942 – 2 December 2002\) – lead guitar * Kent Morrill (2 April 1941 – 15 April 2011\) – keyboards, vocals * Mark Marush (15 August 1940 – 9 August 2007\) – tenor sax * Mike Burk (b. 1942\) – drums In late 1958, the group recorded a [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)") of an [instrumental](/wiki/Instrumental "Instrumental") written by Dangel, Morrill and Greek, which found its way to Clark Galehouse of [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") based Golden Crest Records. He liked the track and had it re\-recorded by the band in [Lakewood](/wiki/Lakewood%2C_Washington "Lakewood, Washington") in February 1959;{{Cite web \\|url\=http://johnbroven.com/goldencrest/wailers.html \\|title\=John Broven, ''Golden Crest Records: The Wailers'' \\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-26 \\|archive\-date\=2019\-11\-28 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128215610/http://www.johnbroven.com/goldencrest/wailers.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} its title "[Tall Cool One](/wiki/Tall_Cool_One_%28The_Wailers_song%29 "Tall Cool One (The Wailers song)")" was apparently suggested by Morrill's mother.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/rich\_dangel.htm\\|title\=RICH DANGEL\\|work\=rockabilly.nl\\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-26\\|archive\-date\=2011\-04\-26\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426090715/http://rockabilly.nl/references/messages/rich\_dangel.htm\\|url\-status\=live}} Released as a single, it reached \# 36 on the [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") and \# 24 on the [R\&B chart](/wiki/R%26B_chart "R&B chart").{{cite book\\|first\=Joel\\|last\=Whitburn\\|year\=2003\\|title\=Top Pop Singles 1955–2002\\|edition\=1st\\|publisher\=Record Research Inc.\\|location\=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin\\|isbn\=978\-0\-89820\-155\-0\\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/748 748]\\|url\-access\=registration\\|url\=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/748}}{{cite book \\|title\= Top R\&B/Hip\-Hop Singles: 1942–2004\\|last\=Whitburn \\|first\=Joel \\|authorlink\=Joel Whitburn \\|year\=2004 \\|publisher\=Record Research \\|page\=464}} The band made the cross\-country trip to New York to record an [LP](/wiki/Album "Album"), The Fabulous Wailers, which was released in December 1959 and featured two vocals by Morrill as well as instrumentals. They also appeared on [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark "Dick Clark")'s nationally televised [American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand "American Bandstand"), and toured the east coast.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.kvi.com/featured/120314474\.html\\|title\=KVI, Seattle: Tribute to Kent Morrill\\|publisher\=}}{{Dead link\\|date\=June 2018 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=no }} A second instrumental from their first recording session, "Mau\-Mau", made \# 68 on the Billboard pop chart, but their third single, "Wailin'", failed to make the chart. The band decided to return to the Northwest, rather than staying in New York as their record label wished, and they were dropped from their contract.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\=output.cfm\&file\_id\=8947 \\|author\=\[\[Peter Blecha]]\\| title\=Etiquette Rules! The Northwest's Reigning '60s Garage\-Rock Record Company, HistoryLink.org, April 10, 2009 \\|access\-date\=August 15, 2013 \\|archive\-date\=August 15, 2013 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815054453/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\=output.cfm\&file\_id\=8947 \\|url\-status\=live }} Around the same time, they added lead vocalist ["Rockin' Robin" Roberts](/wiki/Robin_Roberts_%28singer%29 "Robin Roberts (singer)") (Lawrence Fewell Roberts II), a charismatic frontman who had previously been the singer with rival Tacoma band the Bluenotes.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\=output.cfm\&file\_id\=9217\\|title\=Roberts, "Rockin' Robin" (1940\-1967\) \- HistoryLink.org\\|website\=www.historylink.org\\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-26\\|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-18\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018011222/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\=output.cfm\&file\_id\=9217\\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.xs4all.nl/\~tdg/dg/R/roberts.html\\|title\=Louie Louie\\|author\=Theo de Grood\\|work\=xs4all.nl\\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-26\\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-04\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804052513/http://www.xs4all.nl/\~tdg/dg/R/roberts.html\\|url\-status\=live}} John Greek left the group in acrimonious circumstances, and was replaced by bassist John "Buck" Ormsby (b. Seattle, 1941–2016\).{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.musicdish.com/mag/index.php3?id\=10427 \\|title\=Dick Stewart, ''Up Close With Buck Ormsby'', The Lance Monthly, 27 August 2005 \\|access\-date\=26 April 2011 \\|archive\-date\=9 June 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609212147/http://www.musicdish.com/mag/index.php3?id\=10427 \\|url\-status\=live }} Ormsby, Morrill and Roberts then formed Etiquette Records and, in 1961, the label released its first single, a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of [Richard Berry](/wiki/Richard_Berry_%28musician%29 "Richard Berry (musician)")'s "[Louie Louie](/wiki/Louie_Louie "Louie Louie")". For contractual reasons the single was credited to Roberts, but was performed by the whole band. Their recording became a local hit and was distributed nationally by [Imperial Records](/wiki/Imperial_Records "Imperial Records"), but did not make the national chart. However, its style, with its trademark 1\-2\-3, 1\-2, 1\-2\-3 riff,Harrington, Joe S. Sonic Cool: The Life and Death of Rock 'n' Roll. Hal Leonard (2002\), p. 95\. {{ISBN\\|0\-634\-02861\-8}}. inspired other groups from the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") area, most notably the [Kingsmen](/wiki/The_Kingsmen "The Kingsmen") of [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), to [record](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") the same song. The Wailers continued to perform locally and, according to Morrill, one of their biggest fans was the young [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix"), then starting to perform guitar.{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.concertlivewire.com/wailersint.htm \\|title\=Live Wire, ''Coffee with a Legend – Kent Morrill of The Fabulous Wailers'', 9 April 2009 \\|access\-date\=26 April 2011 \\|archive\-date\=23 April 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423185744/http://www.concertlivewire.com/wailersint.htm \\|url\-status\=live }} The band performed both with and without Roberts, who studied at the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"), the [University of Puget Sound](/wiki/University_of_Puget_Sound "University of Puget Sound"), and [Oregon State University](/wiki/Oregon_State_University "Oregon State University"), eventually achieving a master's degree in biochemistry. They also occasionally featured teenage girl singer Gail Harris, notably on the live album The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle, recorded in 1961, which has been described as "undoubtedly one of the most influential albums in Seattle rock \& roll history."{{Cite web \\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the\-fabulous\-wailers\-at\-the\-castle\-r65296/review \\|title\=Review of ''The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle'' by Cub Koda at Allmusic.com \\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]] \\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-27 \\|archive\-date\=2021\-05\-20 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520054717/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the\-fabulous\-wailers\-at\-the\-castle\-mw0000667198 \\|url\-status\=live }} In all, the band recorded and released four albums on their own Etiquette label between 1962 and 1966, as well as a succession of singles. They also helped instigate the recording career of [The Sonics](/wiki/The_Sonics "The Sonics"), whose first two albums were issued by the label, and helped begin [Jini Dellaccio](/wiki/Jini_Dellaccio "Jini Dellaccio")'s career as a rock'n'roll photographer when they hired her to shoot cover photos for their album Wailers, Wailers, Everywhere. Mark Marush left The Wailers in 1962 and was replaced by Ron Gardner, who also handled lead vocals; Dangel and Burk left in 1964 and were replaced by guitarist Neil Andersson and drummer Dave Roland respectively.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.thefabulouswailers.com/\#!history\\|title\=The Fabulous Wailers website; history\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427033330/http://www.thefabulouswailers.com/\#!history\\|archivedate\=2011\-04\-27}} Continuing to perform live as well as recording, the band added a trio of girl backing singers, known as the Marshans. Also in 1964, "Tall Cool One" was re\-promoted by the Golden Crest label, and again made the Billboard pop chart, this time peaking at \# 38\. In 1965 Roberts made his final recordings with the group, and, in 1967, guitarist Neil Andersson was replaced by Denny Weaver. Roberts was killed, [aged 27](/wiki/27_Club "27 Club"), in a car crash in late 1967\. The band split up in 1969, by which time Kent Morrill was the only remaining original member. Morrill, Dangel and Ormsby, with other musicians, reunited as The Wailers for occasional concerts from the 1970s onwards.{{cite web\\|url\=http://rockprosopography102\.blogspot.com/2010/11/wailers\-family\-tree.html\\|title\=Rock Prosopography 102\\|author\=Bruno Ceriotti\\|work\=rockprosopography102\.blogspot.com\\|access\-date\=2011\-04\-26\\|archive\-date\=2011\-08\-26\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826081623/http://rockprosopography102\.blogspot.com/2010/11/wailers\-family\-tree.html\\|url\-status\=live}} In 1979, they joined with Burk, Gardner, and Gail Harris to play a reunion show.	[ "Career\n------", "The group was formed – originally as The Nitecaps – in 1958, by five high school friends:\n* John Greek (27 October 1940 – 6 October 2006\\) – rhythm guitar, trumpet\n* Richard Dangel (1 December 1942 – 2 December 2002\\) – lead guitar\n* Kent Morrill (2 April 1941 – 15 April 2011\\) – keyboards, vocals\n* Mark Marush (15 August 1940 – 9 August 2007\\) – tenor sax\n* Mike Burk (b. 1942\\) – drums", "In late 1958, the group recorded a [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\") of an [instrumental](/wiki/Instrumental \"Instrumental\") written by Dangel, Morrill and Greek, which found its way to Clark Galehouse of [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") based Golden Crest Records. He liked the track and had it re\\-recorded by the band in [Lakewood](/wiki/Lakewood%2C_Washington \"Lakewood, Washington\") in February 1959;{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://johnbroven.com/goldencrest/wailers.html \\\|title\\=John Broven, ''Golden Crest Records: The Wailers'' \\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-26 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-28 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128215610/http://www.johnbroven.com/goldencrest/wailers.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} its title \"[Tall Cool One](/wiki/Tall_Cool_One_%28The_Wailers_song%29 \"Tall Cool One (The Wailers song)\")\" was apparently suggested by Morrill's mother.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/rich\\_dangel.htm\\\|title\\=RICH DANGEL\\\|work\\=rockabilly.nl\\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-26\\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-26\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426090715/http://rockabilly.nl/references/messages/rich\\_dangel.htm\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Released as a single, it reached \\# 36 on the [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") and \\# 24 on the [R\\&B chart](/wiki/R%26B_chart \"R&B chart\").{{cite book\\\|first\\=Joel\\\|last\\=Whitburn\\\|year\\=2003\\\|title\\=Top Pop Singles 1955–2002\\\|edition\\=1st\\\|publisher\\=Record Research Inc.\\\|location\\=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89820\\-155\\-0\\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/748 748]\\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/748}}{{cite book \\\|title\\= Top R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Singles: 1942–2004\\\|last\\=Whitburn \\\|first\\=Joel \\\|authorlink\\=Joel Whitburn \\\|year\\=2004 \\\|publisher\\=Record Research \\\|page\\=464}} The band made the cross\\-country trip to New York to record an [LP](/wiki/Album \"Album\"), The Fabulous Wailers, which was released in December 1959 and featured two vocals by Morrill as well as instrumentals. They also appeared on [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark \"Dick Clark\")'s nationally televised [American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand \"American Bandstand\"), and toured the east coast.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.kvi.com/featured/120314474\\.html\\\|title\\=KVI, Seattle: Tribute to Kent Morrill\\\|publisher\\=}}{{Dead link\\\|date\\=June 2018 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=no }} A second instrumental from their first recording session, \"Mau\\-Mau\", made \\# 68 on the Billboard pop chart, but their third single, \"Wailin'\", failed to make the chart.", "The band decided to return to the Northwest, rather than staying in New York as their record label wished, and they were dropped from their contract.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\\=output.cfm\\&file\\_id\\=8947 \\\|author\\=\\[\\[Peter Blecha]]\\\| title\\=Etiquette Rules! The Northwest's Reigning '60s Garage\\-Rock Record Company, HistoryLink.org, April 10, 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=August 15, 2013 \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2013 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815054453/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\\=output.cfm\\&file\\_id\\=8947 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} Around the same time, they added lead vocalist [\"Rockin' Robin\" Roberts](/wiki/Robin_Roberts_%28singer%29 \"Robin Roberts (singer)\") (Lawrence Fewell Roberts II), a charismatic frontman who had previously been the singer with rival Tacoma band the Bluenotes.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\\=output.cfm\\&file\\_id\\=9217\\\|title\\=Roberts, \"Rockin' Robin\" (1940\\-1967\\) \\- HistoryLink.org\\\|website\\=www.historylink.org\\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-26\\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-18\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018011222/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage\\=output.cfm\\&file\\_id\\=9217\\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.xs4all.nl/\\~tdg/dg/R/roberts.html\\\|title\\=Louie Louie\\\|author\\=Theo de Grood\\\|work\\=xs4all.nl\\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-26\\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-04\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804052513/http://www.xs4all.nl/\\~tdg/dg/R/roberts.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} John Greek left the group in acrimonious circumstances, and was replaced by bassist John \"Buck\" Ormsby (b. Seattle, 1941–2016\\).{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.musicdish.com/mag/index.php3?id\\=10427 \\\|title\\=Dick Stewart, ''Up Close With Buck Ormsby'', The Lance Monthly, 27 August 2005 \\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2011 \\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609212147/http://www.musicdish.com/mag/index.php3?id\\=10427 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} Ormsby, Morrill and Roberts then formed Etiquette Records and, in 1961, the label released its first single, a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of [Richard Berry](/wiki/Richard_Berry_%28musician%29 \"Richard Berry (musician)\")'s \"[Louie Louie](/wiki/Louie_Louie \"Louie Louie\")\". For contractual reasons the single was credited to Roberts, but was performed by the whole band. Their recording became a local hit and was distributed nationally by [Imperial Records](/wiki/Imperial_Records \"Imperial Records\"), but did not make the national chart. However, its style, with its trademark 1\\-2\\-3, 1\\-2, 1\\-2\\-3 riff,Harrington, Joe S. Sonic Cool: The Life and Death of Rock 'n' Roll. Hal Leonard (2002\\), p. 95\\. {{ISBN\\\|0\\-634\\-02861\\-8}}. inspired other groups from the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\") area, most notably the [Kingsmen](/wiki/The_Kingsmen \"The Kingsmen\") of [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), to [record](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction \"Sound recording and reproduction\") the same song.", "The Wailers continued to perform locally and, according to Morrill, one of their biggest fans was the young [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\"), then starting to perform guitar.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.concertlivewire.com/wailersint.htm \\\|title\\=Live Wire, ''Coffee with a Legend – Kent Morrill of The Fabulous Wailers'', 9 April 2009 \\\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2011 \\\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423185744/http://www.concertlivewire.com/wailersint.htm \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} The band performed both with and without Roberts, who studied at the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"), the [University of Puget Sound](/wiki/University_of_Puget_Sound \"University of Puget Sound\"), and [Oregon State University](/wiki/Oregon_State_University \"Oregon State University\"), eventually achieving a master's degree in biochemistry. They also occasionally featured teenage girl singer Gail Harris, notably on the live album The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle, recorded in 1961, which has been described as \"undoubtedly one of the most influential albums in Seattle rock \\& roll history.\"{{Cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the\\-fabulous\\-wailers\\-at\\-the\\-castle\\-r65296/review \\\|title\\=Review of ''The Fabulous Wailers at the Castle'' by Cub Koda at Allmusic.com \\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]] \\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-27 \\\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-20 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520054717/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the\\-fabulous\\-wailers\\-at\\-the\\-castle\\-mw0000667198 \\\|url\\-status\\=live }} In all, the band recorded and released four albums on their own Etiquette label between 1962 and 1966, as well as a succession of singles. They also helped instigate the recording career of [The Sonics](/wiki/The_Sonics \"The Sonics\"), whose first two albums were issued by the label, and helped begin [Jini Dellaccio](/wiki/Jini_Dellaccio \"Jini Dellaccio\")'s career as a rock'n'roll photographer when they hired her to shoot cover photos for their album Wailers, Wailers, Everywhere.", "Mark Marush left The Wailers in 1962 and was replaced by Ron Gardner, who also handled lead vocals; Dangel and Burk left in 1964 and were replaced by guitarist Neil Andersson and drummer Dave Roland respectively.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.thefabulouswailers.com/\\#!history\\\|title\\=The Fabulous Wailers website; history\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427033330/http://www.thefabulouswailers.com/\\#!history\\\|archivedate\\=2011\\-04\\-27}} Continuing to perform live as well as recording, the band added a trio of girl backing singers, known as the Marshans. Also in 1964, \"Tall Cool One\" was re\\-promoted by the Golden Crest label, and again made the Billboard pop chart, this time peaking at \\# 38\\. In 1965 Roberts made his final recordings with the group, and, in 1967, guitarist Neil Andersson was replaced by Denny Weaver. Roberts was killed, [aged 27](/wiki/27_Club \"27 Club\"), in a car crash in late 1967\\.", "The band split up in 1969, by which time Kent Morrill was the only remaining original member. Morrill, Dangel and Ormsby, with other musicians, reunited as The Wailers for occasional concerts from the 1970s onwards.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://rockprosopography102\\.blogspot.com/2010/11/wailers\\-family\\-tree.html\\\|title\\=Rock Prosopography 102\\\|author\\=Bruno Ceriotti\\\|work\\=rockprosopography102\\.blogspot.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-26\\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-26\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826081623/http://rockprosopography102\\.blogspot.com/2010/11/wailers\\-family\\-tree.html\\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 1979, they joined with Burk, Gardner, and Gail Harris to play a reunion show.", "" ]
Plot ---- Ōsaki and Kanda return to their rural hometown after graduating from university. As Kanda has reached the age to marry and, having graduated in law, is considered an eligible match, he chooses Ōsaki's cousin Kinue, whom he has long been interested in, as a future wife. Ōsaki acts as a go\-between for Kanda, but Kinue is indignant as it had always been Ōsaki whom she loved. Ōsaki leaves for [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") in hope for better job prospects, leaving behind a disappointed and embittered Kinue. After repeated attempts, Ōsaki finds a position as a private teacher for the young son of wealthy businessman Iwaki. House maid Kayo, sister of Iwaki's chauffeur Matsumura, develops an affection for Ōsaki, but is pushed aside by Iwaki's boisterous daughter Tomone. During a surprise visit by Kanda, who once served as a tutor for Tomone, Ōsaki learns that Kinue, instead of marrying Kanda, left for Tokyo soon after Ōsaki's departure. When Ōsaki, Kanda and Tomone date, Tomone secretly tells Ōsaki that she would rather have met him alone. After a financial crisis following a change of government, Iwaki is forced to give up his mansion and dismiss most of his employees. He urges his daughter to marry Kanda, but Tomone asks Ōsaki instead to marry him. Ōsaki is hesitant to her proposal and quits his teacher's job, leaving behind a grieving Tomone. To find a new job, he approaches Matsumura, who is now running his own chauffeur service and accepts to make Ōsaki his assistant. Ōsaki learns from Matsumura that Kayo has started to work as a waitress in the [Ginza](/wiki/Ginza "Ginza"). Kayo becomes acquainted with a colleague who turns out to be none other than Ōsaki's cousin Kinue. Kinue tells her that she is looking for a man whom she still loves although he once let her down. When Kayo brings Kinue home for a visit, Kinue is confronted with Ōsaki. Although agitated, Kinue pretends that he is not the man she had been looking for. Ōsaki visits Kinue in her apartment, noting that she has been drinking, to which she replies that she started drinking because of him, and that he should turn to Kayo who sincerely loves him. A while later, Tomone marries Kanda. Kinue and a rich customer, who has repeatedly been making advances to her at her job, unknowingly hire Matsumura and Ōsaki to drive them to a seaside hotel. Ōsaki follows them to their room and learns that Kinue wants to make her customer her patron. He knocks down her companion and slaps her, scolding her for selling herself. The hotel staff wants to hand Ōsaki over to the police, but the suddenly appearing Kanda manages to prevent Ōsaki's arrest. Tomone tells Ōsaki that she had thought of running after him although she hated him for leaving her, but is now making efforts to learn loving Kanda. The last scene shows Kanda and Tomone going on a sea voyage on a cruise liner, while the disillusioned Ōsaki and Kinue return to their village by train.	[ "Plot\n----", "Ōsaki and Kanda return to their rural hometown after graduating from university. As Kanda has reached the age to marry and, having graduated in law, is considered an eligible match, he chooses Ōsaki's cousin Kinue, whom he has long been interested in, as a future wife. Ōsaki acts as a go\\-between for Kanda, but Kinue is indignant as it had always been Ōsaki whom she loved. Ōsaki leaves for [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\") in hope for better job prospects, leaving behind a disappointed and embittered Kinue.", "After repeated attempts, Ōsaki finds a position as a private teacher for the young son of wealthy businessman Iwaki. House maid Kayo, sister of Iwaki's chauffeur Matsumura, develops an affection for Ōsaki, but is pushed aside by Iwaki's boisterous daughter Tomone. During a surprise visit by Kanda, who once served as a tutor for Tomone, Ōsaki learns that Kinue, instead of marrying Kanda, left for Tokyo soon after Ōsaki's departure. When Ōsaki, Kanda and Tomone date, Tomone secretly tells Ōsaki that she would rather have met him alone.", "After a financial crisis following a change of government, Iwaki is forced to give up his mansion and dismiss most of his employees. He urges his daughter to marry Kanda, but Tomone asks Ōsaki instead to marry him. Ōsaki is hesitant to her proposal and quits his teacher's job, leaving behind a grieving Tomone. To find a new job, he approaches Matsumura, who is now running his own chauffeur service and accepts to make Ōsaki his assistant. Ōsaki learns from Matsumura that Kayo has started to work as a waitress in the [Ginza](/wiki/Ginza \"Ginza\").", "Kayo becomes acquainted with a colleague who turns out to be none other than Ōsaki's cousin Kinue. Kinue tells her that she is looking for a man whom she still loves although he once let her down. When Kayo brings Kinue home for a visit, Kinue is confronted with Ōsaki. Although agitated, Kinue pretends that he is not the man she had been looking for. Ōsaki visits Kinue in her apartment, noting that she has been drinking, to which she replies that she started drinking because of him, and that he should turn to Kayo who sincerely loves him. A while later, Tomone marries Kanda.", "Kinue and a rich customer, who has repeatedly been making advances to her at her job, unknowingly hire Matsumura and Ōsaki to drive them to a seaside hotel. Ōsaki follows them to their room and learns that Kinue wants to make her customer her patron. He knocks down her companion and slaps her, scolding her for selling herself. The hotel staff wants to hand Ōsaki over to the police, but the suddenly appearing Kanda manages to prevent Ōsaki's arrest. Tomone tells Ōsaki that she had thought of running after him although she hated him for leaving her, but is now making efforts to learn loving Kanda. The last scene shows Kanda and Tomone going on a sea voyage on a cruise liner, while the disillusioned Ōsaki and Kinue return to their village by train.", "" ]
Early political career ---------------------- [thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Caricature of Deakin in 1886](/wiki/File:Deakin_caricature_1886.jpg "Deakin caricature 1886.jpg") Deakin stood for the largely rural seat of [West Bourke](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_West_Bourke "Electoral district of West Bourke") in the [Victorian Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly "Victorian Legislative Assembly") in February 1879, as a supporter of [Victorian Legislative Council](/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council "Victorian Legislative Council") reform, protection to encourage manufacturing and the introduction of a land tax to break up the big agricultural estates, and won by 79 votes. Due to a number of voters being disenfranchised by a shortage of voting papers, he used his maiden speech to announce his resignation; he lost the subsequent by\-election by 15 votes, narrowly lost the seat in the February 1880 general election, but won it in yet another early general election in July 1880\.{{cite re\-member \\|num2\=231 \\|name\=Alfred Deakin \\|access\-date\=8 February 2019}} The radical premier, [Graham Berry](/wiki/Graham_Berry "Graham Berry"), offered him the position of [Attorney\-General of Victoria](/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Victoria "Attorney-General of Victoria") in August, but Deakin turned him down. During the 1980s, Deaking became involved in a number of organisations relating to public affairs, including the [National Anti\-Sweating League](/wiki/National_Anti-Sweating_League "National Anti-Sweating League"). In 1882, Deakin married [Elizabeth Martha Anne ("Pattie") Browne](/wiki/Pattie_Deakin "Pattie Deakin"), daughter of a well\-known spiritualist. They lived with Deakin's parents until 1887, when they moved to "Llanarth", in Walsh Street, South Yarra. They had three daughters, [Ivy](/wiki/Ivy_Brookes "Ivy Brookes") (b. 1883\), Stella (b. 1886\), and [Vera](/wiki/Vera_Deakin "Vera Deakin") (b. 1891\).{{cite web \\|title\=Alfred Deakin, before \\|publisher\=\[\[National Archives of Australia]] \\|work\=Australia's Prime Ministers \\|url\=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/deakin/before\-office.aspx \\|access\-date\=8 February 2010 \\|archive\-date\=29 February 2020 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229060212/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/deakin/before\-office.aspx \\|url\-status\=dead }} Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and [Water Supply](/wiki/Minister_for_Water_%28Victoria%29 "Minister for Water (Victoria)") in 1883, and the following year became [Solicitor\-General](/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Victoria "Solicitor-General of Victoria") and [Minister of Public Works](/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_%28Victoria%29 "Minister of Public Works (Victoria)").{{Gazette VIC \\|year\=1883 \\|page\=2569 \\|title\=Appointment Solicitor\-General Alfred Deakin MLA \\|date\=12 March 1883}} In 1885 Deakin secured the passage of the colony's pioneering Factories and Shops Act, enforcing regulation of employment conditions and hours of work. In December 1884 he went to the United States to investigate irrigation, and presented a report in June 1885, Irrigation in Western America. [Percival Serle](/wiki/Percival_Serle "Percival Serle") described this report as "a remarkable piece of accurate observation, and was immediately reprinted by the United States government". In June 1886, he introduced legislation to nationalise water rights and provide state aid for irrigation works that helped establish [irrigation in Australia](/wiki/Irrigation_in_Australia "Irrigation in Australia"). In 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for [Water Supply](/wiki/Minister_for_Water_%28Victoria%29 "Minister for Water (Victoria)") and from 1890 [Minister for Health](/wiki/Minister_for_Health_%28Victoria%29 "Minister for Health (Victoria)") and, briefly, Solicitor\-General.{{Gazette VIC \\|year\=1890 \\|page\=3537 \\|title\=Appointment Solicitor\-General Alfred Deakin MLA \\|date\=1 September 1890}} In 1887 he led Victoria's delegation to the [Imperial Conference in London](/wiki/First_Colonial_Conference "First Colonial Conference"), where he argued forcibly for reduced colonial payments for the defence provided by the [British Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") and for improved consultation concerning the [New Hebrides](/wiki/New_Hebrides "New Hebrides"). In 1889, he became the member for the Melbourne seat of [Essendon and Flemington](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Essendon_and_Flemington "Electoral district of Essendon and Flemington"). The government was brought down in 1890, over its use of the militia to protect non\-union labour during the [maritime strike](/wiki/1890_Australian_maritime_dispute "1890 Australian maritime dispute"). In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his father's fortune in the property crash of 1893, and had to return to the bar to restore his finances. In 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer [Frederick Bailey Deeming](/wiki/Frederick_Bailey_Deeming "Frederick Bailey Deeming") and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of [David Syme](/wiki/David_Syme "David Syme"). ### Road to Federation [thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Alfred Deakin in 1898](/wiki/File:Alfred_Deakin.jpg "Alfred Deakin.jpg") After 1890, Deakin refused all offers of cabinet posts and devoted his attention to the movement for federation. He was Victoria's delegate to the Australasian Federal Conference, convened by Sir [Henry Parkes](/wiki/Henry_Parkes "Henry Parkes") in Melbourne in 1890, which agreed to hold an intercolonial convention to draft a federal constitution. He was a leading negotiator at the [Federal Conventions of 1891](/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_%28Australia%29 "Constitutional Convention (Australia)"), which produced a draft constitution that contained much of the [Constitution of Australia](/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia "Constitution of Australia"), as finally enacted in 1900\. Deakin was also a delegate to the second Australasian Federal Convention, which opened in Adelaide in March 1897 and concluded in Melbourne in January 1898\. He was somewhat out of sympathy with the tendency of the convention, and sided with the majority in only 55 percent of divisions; fewer occasions than all but five delegates.William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 306\. He supported wide taxation powers for the federal government, successfully opposed conservative plans for the indirect election of senators, and attempted to weaken the powers of the [Senate](/wiki/Australian_Senate "Australian Senate"), in particular seeking to prevent it from being able to defeat money bills. He had told the National Australasian Convention of 1891 'To introduce an American Senate into a British constitution is to destroy both'.William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 165\. Deakin often had to reconcile differences and find ways out of apparently impossible difficulties. Between and after these meetings, he travelled through the country addressing public meetings and he was partly responsible for the large majority in Victoria at each referendum. In 1900 Deakin travelled to London with Edmund Barton and Charles Kingston to oversee the passage of the federation bill through the Imperial Parliament, and took part in the negotiations with [Joseph Chamberlain](/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain "Joseph Chamberlain"), the Colonial Secretary, who insisted on the right of appeal from the [High Court of Australia](/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia "High Court of Australia") to the [Privy Council](/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council"). Eventually a compromise was reached, under which constitutional ([inter se](/wiki/Inter_se "Inter se")) matters could be finalised in the High Court, but other matters could be appealed to the Privy Council. Deakin defined himself as an "independent Australian Briton", favouring a self\-governing Australia but loyal to the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"). He certainly did not see federation as marking Australia's independence from Britain. On the contrary, Deakin was a supporter of closer empire unity, serving as president of the Victorian branch of the [Imperial Federation](/wiki/Imperial_Federation "Imperial Federation") League, a cause he believed to be a stepping stone to a more spiritual world unity. ### Attorney\-General [thumb\\|right\\|Photo in 1898 of the future 1st Prime Minister of Australia [Edmund Barton](/wiki/Edmund_Barton "Edmund Barton") and 2nd Prime Minister of Australia Alfred Deakin](/wiki/File:EBarton2.jpg "EBarton2.jpg") [thumb\\|right\\|The first and second Prime Ministers of Australia, Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, amongst the 1901 cabinet](/wiki/File:Ac.bartonministry.jpg "Ac.bartonministry.jpg") In [1901](/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election "1901 Australian federal election") Deakin was elected to the first federal Parliament as MP for the [Division of Ballaarat](/wiki/Division_of_Ballaarat "Division of Ballaarat"), and became [Attorney\-General of Australia](/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Australia "Attorney-General of Australia") in the ministry headed by [Edmund Barton](/wiki/Edmund_Barton "Edmund Barton"). He was active, especially in drafting bills for the Public Service, arbitration and the High Court. His second reading speech on the Immigration Restriction Bill to implement the [White Australia policy](/wiki/White_Australia_policy "White Australia policy") was notable for its blatant racism,{{Cite web \\| title \=Commonwealth Parliamentary Debate – The case for national racial unity \\| publisher \=\[\[National Archives of Australia]] \\| work\=Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates House of Representatives, 12 September 1901, Vol. 4 \\| url \=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/deakin\_1\.pdf \\| access\-date \= 11 January 2018 }} including arguing that it was necessary to exclude the Japanese because of their good qualities, which would place them at an advantage over European Australians. His March 1902 speech in favour of the bill establishing the High Court of Australia helped overcome significant opposition to its establishment. Deakin attempted to resign from cabinet in April 1902, writing two letters of resignation to Barton. The primary cause was his opposition to the government's proposed 50% pay rise for MPs, but his wife had also been in poor health. He wrote to Barton that "my retirement will be a relief from a strain which has been severe at times",{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|p\=271}} and hoped to still assist the government as a backbencher. Barton replied that his departure would "break my heart" and "wreck the ministry". He agreed to drop the proposed pay rise and Deakin agreed to continue as a minister.{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|p\=272}} In May 1902, Barton left the country to attend the [coronation of Edward VII](/wiki/Coronation_of_Edward_VII "Coronation of Edward VII") and [1902 Colonial Conference](/wiki/1902_Colonial_Conference "1902 Colonial Conference"). Deakin was [Acting Prime Minister of Australia](/wiki/Acting_Prime_Minister_of_Australia "Acting Prime Minister of Australia") until Barton's return in October 1902\.{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|p\=272}} During this time he dealt with the resignation of Governor\-General [Lord Hopetoun](/wiki/John_Hope%2C_7th_Earl_of_Hopetoun "John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun") over a salary dispute and conflict with the South Australian government over the [external affairs power](/wiki/External_affairs_power "External affairs power"), which was resolved in favour of the federal government.{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|pp\=273–275}} He also secured the passage of the Customs Tariff 1902, which the Senate had twice returned to the House with a series of proposed amendments. In view of the urgent need for government revenue, Deakin successfully convinced the House and his fellow ministers to accept the amendments, but in a way that avoided setting a new constitutional precedent over [money bills](/wiki/Money_bill "Money bill").{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|pp\=275–277}} Deakin continued his efforts to establish a federal judiciary when parliament resumed in May 1903\. The government eventually passed a compromise bill, the [Judiciary Act 1903](/wiki/Judiciary_Act_1903 "Judiciary Act 1903"), which established a High Court of three judges. Concessions were made on the number of judges (three rather than five) as well as their salary and pension entitlements.{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|p\=281}} In July 1903, Deakin was tasked with securing the passage of the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill which had been drafted by [Charles Kingston](/wiki/Charles_Kingston "Charles Kingston"). He made the [second reading](/wiki/Second_reading "Second reading") speech on the bill at short notice, following Kingston's surprise resignation from cabinet. He argued the bill, which would introduce a [compulsory arbitration](/wiki/Compulsory_arbitration "Compulsory arbitration") scheme for industrial disputes, would "bring both employer and employee before the bar of a tribunal which would mete out even\-handed justice".{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|pp\=282–283}} However, in early September the government unexpectedly abandoned the bill. The ALP, with the "mischievous support" of the opposition, had passed an amendment extending its provisions to state railway workers, which Deakin regarded as unconstitutional. He received much of the criticism for the decision to withdraw the bill.{{sfn\\|Brett\\|2017\\|pp\=283–284}}	[ "Early political career\n----------------------", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|upright\\\|Caricature of Deakin in 1886](/wiki/File:Deakin_caricature_1886.jpg \"Deakin caricature 1886.jpg\")\nDeakin stood for the largely rural seat of [West Bourke](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_West_Bourke \"Electoral district of West Bourke\") in the [Victorian Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly \"Victorian Legislative Assembly\") in February 1879, as a supporter of [Victorian Legislative Council](/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council \"Victorian Legislative Council\") reform, protection to encourage manufacturing and the introduction of a land tax to break up the big agricultural estates, and won by 79 votes. Due to a number of voters being disenfranchised by a shortage of voting papers, he used his maiden speech to announce his resignation; he lost the subsequent by\\-election by 15 votes, narrowly lost the seat in the February 1880 general election, but won it in yet another early general election in July 1880\\.{{cite re\\-member \\\|num2\\=231 \\\|name\\=Alfred Deakin \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2019}} The radical premier, [Graham Berry](/wiki/Graham_Berry \"Graham Berry\"), offered him the position of [Attorney\\-General of Victoria](/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Victoria \"Attorney-General of Victoria\") in August, but Deakin turned him down.", "During the 1980s, Deaking became involved in a number of organisations relating to public affairs, including the [National Anti\\-Sweating League](/wiki/National_Anti-Sweating_League \"National Anti-Sweating League\").", "In 1882, Deakin married [Elizabeth Martha Anne (\"Pattie\") Browne](/wiki/Pattie_Deakin \"Pattie Deakin\"), daughter of a well\\-known spiritualist. They lived with Deakin's parents until 1887, when they moved to \"Llanarth\", in Walsh Street, South Yarra. They had three daughters, [Ivy](/wiki/Ivy_Brookes \"Ivy Brookes\") (b. 1883\\), Stella (b. 1886\\), and [Vera](/wiki/Vera_Deakin \"Vera Deakin\") (b. 1891\\).{{cite web \\\|title\\=Alfred Deakin, before \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Archives of Australia]] \\\|work\\=Australia's Prime Ministers \\\|url\\=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/deakin/before\\-office.aspx \\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2010 \\\|archive\\-date\\=29 February 2020 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229060212/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/deakin/before\\-office.aspx \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and [Water Supply](/wiki/Minister_for_Water_%28Victoria%29 \"Minister for Water (Victoria)\") in 1883, and the following year became [Solicitor\\-General](/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Victoria \"Solicitor-General of Victoria\") and [Minister of Public Works](/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_%28Victoria%29 \"Minister of Public Works (Victoria)\").{{Gazette VIC \\\|year\\=1883 \\\|page\\=2569 \\\|title\\=Appointment Solicitor\\-General Alfred Deakin MLA \\\|date\\=12 March 1883}} In 1885 Deakin secured the passage of the colony's pioneering Factories and Shops Act, enforcing regulation of employment conditions and hours of work. In December 1884 he went to the United States to investigate irrigation, and presented a report in June 1885, Irrigation in Western America. [Percival Serle](/wiki/Percival_Serle \"Percival Serle\") described this report as \"a remarkable piece of accurate observation, and was immediately reprinted by the United States government\". In June 1886, he introduced legislation to nationalise water rights and provide state aid for irrigation works that helped establish [irrigation in Australia](/wiki/Irrigation_in_Australia \"Irrigation in Australia\").", "In 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for [Water Supply](/wiki/Minister_for_Water_%28Victoria%29 \"Minister for Water (Victoria)\") and from 1890 [Minister for Health](/wiki/Minister_for_Health_%28Victoria%29 \"Minister for Health (Victoria)\") and, briefly, Solicitor\\-General.{{Gazette VIC \\\|year\\=1890 \\\|page\\=3537 \\\|title\\=Appointment Solicitor\\-General Alfred Deakin MLA \\\|date\\=1 September 1890}} In 1887 he led Victoria's delegation to the [Imperial Conference in London](/wiki/First_Colonial_Conference \"First Colonial Conference\"), where he argued forcibly for reduced colonial payments for the defence provided by the [British Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") and for improved consultation concerning the [New Hebrides](/wiki/New_Hebrides \"New Hebrides\"). In 1889, he became the member for the Melbourne seat of [Essendon and Flemington](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Essendon_and_Flemington \"Electoral district of Essendon and Flemington\").", "The government was brought down in 1890, over its use of the militia to protect non\\-union labour during the [maritime strike](/wiki/1890_Australian_maritime_dispute \"1890 Australian maritime dispute\"). In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his father's fortune in the property crash of 1893, and had to return to the bar to restore his finances. In 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer [Frederick Bailey Deeming](/wiki/Frederick_Bailey_Deeming \"Frederick Bailey Deeming\") and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of [David Syme](/wiki/David_Syme \"David Syme\").", "### Road to Federation", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|upright\\\|Alfred Deakin in 1898](/wiki/File:Alfred_Deakin.jpg \"Alfred Deakin.jpg\")\nAfter 1890, Deakin refused all offers of cabinet posts and devoted his attention to the movement for federation. He was Victoria's delegate to the Australasian Federal Conference, convened by Sir [Henry Parkes](/wiki/Henry_Parkes \"Henry Parkes\") in Melbourne in 1890, which agreed to hold an intercolonial convention to draft a federal constitution. He was a leading negotiator at the [Federal Conventions of 1891](/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_%28Australia%29 \"Constitutional Convention (Australia)\"), which produced a draft constitution that contained much of the [Constitution of Australia](/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia \"Constitution of Australia\"), as finally enacted in 1900\\. Deakin was also a delegate to the second Australasian Federal Convention, which opened in Adelaide in March 1897 and concluded in Melbourne in January 1898\\. He was somewhat out of sympathy with the tendency of the convention, and sided with the majority in only 55 percent of divisions; fewer occasions than all but five delegates.William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 306\\. He supported wide taxation powers for the federal government, successfully opposed conservative plans for the indirect election of senators, and attempted to weaken the powers of the [Senate](/wiki/Australian_Senate \"Australian Senate\"), in particular seeking to prevent it from being able to defeat money bills. He had told the National Australasian Convention of 1891 'To introduce an American Senate into a British constitution is to destroy both'.William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 165\\. Deakin often had to reconcile differences and find ways out of apparently impossible difficulties. Between and after these meetings, he travelled through the country addressing public meetings and he was partly responsible for the large majority in Victoria at each referendum.", "In 1900 Deakin travelled to London with Edmund Barton and Charles Kingston to oversee the passage of the federation bill through the Imperial Parliament, and took part in the negotiations with [Joseph Chamberlain](/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain \"Joseph Chamberlain\"), the Colonial Secretary, who insisted on the right of appeal from the [High Court of Australia](/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia \"High Court of Australia\") to the [Privy Council](/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council \"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council\"). Eventually a compromise was reached, under which constitutional ([inter se](/wiki/Inter_se \"Inter se\")) matters could be finalised in the High Court, but other matters could be appealed to the Privy Council.", "Deakin defined himself as an \"independent Australian Briton\", favouring a self\\-governing Australia but loyal to the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"). He certainly did not see federation as marking Australia's independence from Britain. On the contrary, Deakin was a supporter of closer empire unity, serving as president of the Victorian branch of the [Imperial Federation](/wiki/Imperial_Federation \"Imperial Federation\") League, a cause he believed to be a stepping stone to a more spiritual world unity.", "### Attorney\\-General", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Photo in 1898 of the future 1st Prime Minister of Australia [Edmund Barton](/wiki/Edmund_Barton \"Edmund Barton\") and 2nd Prime Minister of Australia Alfred Deakin](/wiki/File:EBarton2.jpg \"EBarton2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|The first and second Prime Ministers of Australia, Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, amongst the 1901 cabinet](/wiki/File:Ac.bartonministry.jpg \"Ac.bartonministry.jpg\")\nIn [1901](/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election \"1901 Australian federal election\") Deakin was elected to the first federal Parliament as MP for the [Division of Ballaarat](/wiki/Division_of_Ballaarat \"Division of Ballaarat\"), and became [Attorney\\-General of Australia](/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Australia \"Attorney-General of Australia\") in the ministry headed by [Edmund Barton](/wiki/Edmund_Barton \"Edmund Barton\"). He was active, especially in drafting bills for the Public Service, arbitration and the High Court. His second reading speech on the Immigration Restriction Bill to implement the [White Australia policy](/wiki/White_Australia_policy \"White Australia policy\") was notable for its blatant racism,{{Cite web \\\| title \\=Commonwealth Parliamentary Debate – The case for national racial unity\n \\\| publisher \\=\\[\\[National Archives of Australia]] \\\| work\\=Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates House of Representatives, 12 September 1901, Vol. 4 \\\| url \\=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/deakin\\_1\\.pdf \\\| access\\-date \\= 11 January 2018 }} including arguing that it was necessary to exclude the Japanese because of their good qualities, which would place them at an advantage over European Australians. His March 1902 speech in favour of the bill establishing the High Court of Australia helped overcome significant opposition to its establishment.", "Deakin attempted to resign from cabinet in April 1902, writing two letters of resignation to Barton. The primary cause was his opposition to the government's proposed 50% pay rise for MPs, but his wife had also been in poor health. He wrote to Barton that \"my retirement will be a relief from a strain which has been severe at times\",{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|p\\=271}} and hoped to still assist the government as a backbencher. Barton replied that his departure would \"break my heart\" and \"wreck the ministry\". He agreed to drop the proposed pay rise and Deakin agreed to continue as a minister.{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|p\\=272}}", "In May 1902, Barton left the country to attend the [coronation of Edward VII](/wiki/Coronation_of_Edward_VII \"Coronation of Edward VII\") and [1902 Colonial Conference](/wiki/1902_Colonial_Conference \"1902 Colonial Conference\"). Deakin was [Acting Prime Minister of Australia](/wiki/Acting_Prime_Minister_of_Australia \"Acting Prime Minister of Australia\") until Barton's return in October 1902\\.{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|p\\=272}} During this time he dealt with the resignation of Governor\\-General [Lord Hopetoun](/wiki/John_Hope%2C_7th_Earl_of_Hopetoun \"John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun\") over a salary dispute and conflict with the South Australian government over the [external affairs power](/wiki/External_affairs_power \"External affairs power\"), which was resolved in favour of the federal government.{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|pp\\=273–275}} He also secured the passage of the Customs Tariff 1902, which the Senate had twice returned to the House with a series of proposed amendments. In view of the urgent need for government revenue, Deakin successfully convinced the House and his fellow ministers to accept the amendments, but in a way that avoided setting a new constitutional precedent over [money bills](/wiki/Money_bill \"Money bill\").{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|pp\\=275–277}}", "Deakin continued his efforts to establish a federal judiciary when parliament resumed in May 1903\\. The government eventually passed a compromise bill, the [Judiciary Act 1903](/wiki/Judiciary_Act_1903 \"Judiciary Act 1903\"), which established a High Court of three judges. Concessions were made on the number of judges (three rather than five) as well as their salary and pension entitlements.{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|p\\=281}} In July 1903, Deakin was tasked with securing the passage of the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill which had been drafted by [Charles Kingston](/wiki/Charles_Kingston \"Charles Kingston\"). He made the [second reading](/wiki/Second_reading \"Second reading\") speech on the bill at short notice, following Kingston's surprise resignation from cabinet. He argued the bill, which would introduce a [compulsory arbitration](/wiki/Compulsory_arbitration \"Compulsory arbitration\") scheme for industrial disputes, would \"bring both employer and employee before the bar of a tribunal which would mete out even\\-handed justice\".{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|pp\\=282–283}} However, in early September the government unexpectedly abandoned the bill. The ALP, with the \"mischievous support\" of the opposition, had passed an amendment extending its provisions to state railway workers, which Deakin regarded as unconstitutional. He received much of the criticism for the decision to withdraw the bill.{{sfn\\\|Brett\\\|2017\\\|pp\\=283–284}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Stage On [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre"), Simmons played Benny Southstreet in the 1992 revival of [Guys and Dolls](/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls "Guys and Dolls"). In 1994, he sang multiple roles in the Wagner opera satire Das Barbecü. He also played the role of Jigger in a revival of [Carousel](/wiki/Carousel_%28musical%29 "Carousel (musical)") with the [Houston Grand Opera](/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera "Houston Grand Opera") and starred in the 1987 [Off\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway "Off-Broadway") musical [Birds of Paradise](/wiki/Birds_of_Paradise_%28musical%29 "Birds of Paradise (musical)"). During his time on Broadway, Simmons also played [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook "Captain Hook") in [Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan_%281954_musical%29 "Peter Pan (1954 musical)") (1991–1992\).{{cite news \\|title\=JK Simmons says career\-low moment led to 'the best thing' in his life \\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/b2addc35622a4c139e66ab834075a3e4 \\|work\=\[\[Associated Press]] \\|date\=December 11, 2018 \\|access\-date\=December 11, 2018}} ### Film and television Simmons made his first appearance in a live\-action television role in the show [Popeye Doyle](/wiki/Popeye_Doyle_%28film%29 "Popeye Doyle (film)"), appearing as a patrol officer. The next year, Simmons appeared on [All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children "All My Children"), as an RCMP sergeant. Among his more notable roles are Dr. Emil Skoda, a [police psychiatrist](/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry "Forensic psychiatry") whom Simmons played on three of the four incarnations of [Law \& Order](/wiki/Law_%26_Order "Law & Order") and [New York Undercover](/wiki/New_York_Undercover "New York Undercover"), and sadistic [neo\-Nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazism "Neo-Nazism") inmate [Vernon Schillinger](/wiki/Vernon_Schillinger "Vernon Schillinger") on the prison drama [Oz](/wiki/Oz_%28TV_series%29 "Oz (TV series)").{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.npr.org/1999/07/09/1110728/actor\-j\-k\-simmons\-hes\-a\-regular\-on\-hbos\-oz\-the\-graphic\-and\-disturbing\-drama\-of\-l \\|title\=Actor J.K. Simmons. He's a regular on HBO's "OZ" the graphic and disturbing drama of life in ... \\|date\=July 9, 1999 \\|website\=\[\[NPR]] \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} He appeared as Ralph Earnhardt, the father of race\-car driver [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt"), in [3: The Dale Earnhardt Story](/wiki/3:The_Dale_Earnhardt_Story "The Dale Earnhardt Story"), and also made appearances as [Will Pope](/wiki/Will_Pope "Will Pope"), Assistant Chief of the [LAPD](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department"), in the series [The Closer](/wiki/The_Closer "The Closer"). In the show [Raising Hope](/wiki/Raising_Hope "Raising Hope"), he plays Burt Chance's brother Bruce Chance. In a precursor to joining the Law \& Order cast as Skoda, Simmons appeared in [Homicide: Life on the Street](/wiki/Homicide:Life_on_the_Street "Life on the Street"), portraying a criminal in a Law \& Order cross\-over episode. Other roles include an army general in the television sitcom [Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development "Arrested Development"), and Dan the Barber in the surreal [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon "Nickelodeon") series [The Adventures of Pete \& Pete](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pete_%26_Pete "The Adventures of Pete & Pete") in 1995\.{{cite news \\|last\=Lloyd \\|first\=Robert \\|date\=August 28, 2007 \\|title\=A boss who does more than shuffle paper \\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2007\-aug\-28\-et\-simmons28\-story.html \\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} He played B.R. in the film [Thank You for Smoking](/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking "Thank You for Smoking") (2005\) and has been praised for his performance in [Juno](/wiki/Juno_%28film%29 "Juno (film)") (2007\) as "Mac" McGuff, the title character's father. Simmons played [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 "J. Jonah Jameson (film character)"), editor\-in\-chief of the newspaper [Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle "Daily Bugle"), in all three of [Sam Raimi](/wiki/Sam_Raimi "Sam Raimi")'s [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_in_film%23Sam_Raimi%27s_trilogy "Spider-Man in film#Sam Raimi's trilogy") films,{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656458/jk\-simmons\-reveals\-spiderman\-4\-character\-arc.jhtml \\|title\=J.K. Simmons Reveals 'Spider\-Man 4' Character Arc \\|last\=Ditzian \\|first\=Eric \\|date\=January 21, 2011 \\|website\=\[\[MTV]] \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216223439/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656458/jk\-simmons\-reveals\-spiderman\-4\-character\-arc.jhtml \\|archive\-date\=December 16, 2011}} as well as in the expanded video game adaptation of Spider\-Man 3.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.engadget.com/2007\-04\-13\-spider\-man\-3\-cast\-lend\-their\-voices\-to\-the\-game.html \\|title\=Spider\-Man 3 cast lend their voices to the game \\|last\=Miller \\|first\=R. \\|date\=April 13, 2007 \\|website\=\[\[Engadget]] \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} In 2008, he played a CIA superior in [Burn After Reading](/wiki/Burn_After_Reading "Burn After Reading") and appeared in [Postal](/wiki/Postal_%28film%29 "Postal (film)") as Candidate Welles. He also appeared in [I Love You, Man](/wiki/I_Love_You%2C_Man "I Love You, Man") as the father of [Paul Rudd](/wiki/Paul_Rudd "Paul Rudd")'s character.{{cite news \\|last\=Dargis \\|first\=Manohla \\|author\-link\=Manohla Dargis \\|date\=March 19, 2009 \\|title\=Best Man Wanted. Must Be Rush Fan. \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/movies/20love.html \\|work\=The New York Times \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} Throughout 2011 to 2018, Simmons was a prime time voice actor for the [Adult Swim](/wiki/Adult_Swim "Adult Swim") stop\-motion series [Robot Chicken](/wiki/Robot_Chicken "Robot Chicken"). Simmons performed various voices for several characters over the last couple of years. For example, one of the characters that he played was [Vernon Schillinger](/wiki/Vernon_Schillinger "Vernon Schillinger") (in 2011\) for a singular episode.{{cite web\\|title\=JK Simmons\\|url\=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/JK\-Simmons/\\|access\-date\=July 28, 2019\\|website\=Behind The Voice Actors}} In 2011 and 2014, he also voiced [Master Chief](/wiki/Master_Chief_%28Halo%29 "Master Chief (Halo)") for various scenes throughout two episodes. Lastly in 2018, he voiced the widely known [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson "J. Jonah Jameson") for an episode. [thumb\\|Simmons at the 2007 [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival "Toronto International Film Festival")](/wiki/File:JKSimmons07TIFF_%28cropped%29.jpg "JKSimmons07TIFF (cropped).jpg") Simmons starred in several films produced or directed by his friend [Jason Reitman](/wiki/Jason_Reitman "Jason Reitman"), including Thank You for Smoking, Juno, [Up in the Air](/wiki/Up_in_the_Air_%282009_film%29 "Up in the Air (2009 film)"), and [Jennifer's Body](/wiki/Jennifer%27s_Body "Jennifer's Body"). In 2013, he had a small role as Mr. Jervis in Reitman's film [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day_%28film%29 "Labor Day (film)"). He voices Tenzin, an Airbending master and the son of [Aang](/wiki/Aang "Aang") and [Katara](/wiki/Katara_%28Avatar:The_Last_Airbender%29 "The Last Airbender)"), in the 2012 Nickelodeon series [The Legend of Korra](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Korra "The Legend of Korra"), the sequel series to the 2005 Nickelodeon series [Avatar: The Last Airbender](/wiki/Avatar:The_Last_Airbender "The Last Airbender"). He starred as blind lawyer "Mel Fisher" in [Growing Up Fisher](/wiki/Growing_Up_Fisher "Growing Up Fisher").{{cite web \\|title\=The Fun of Having a Single Parent \\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/22/arts/television/nbc\-rolls\-out\-about\-a\-boy\-and\-growing\-up\-fisher.html \\|last\=Stanley \\|first\=Alessandra \\|work\=The New York Times \\|date\=February 21, 2014 \\|access\-date\=April 26, 2014}} From 2015 to 2016, he voiced the scientist Stanford Pines on the [Disney XD](/wiki/Disney_XD "Disney XD") cartoon series [Gravity Falls](/wiki/Gravity_Falls "Gravity Falls") for the [second season](/wiki/Gravity_Falls_%28season_2%29 "Gravity Falls (season 2)").{{cite magazine \\|url\=https://time.com/3918960/gravity\-falls\-jk\-simmons/ \\|title\=J.K. Simmons to Join Cast of Disney's Gravity Falls \\|last\=Lin \\|first\=Joseph C. \\|date\=June 12, 2015 \\|magazine\=\[\[Time (magazine)\\|Time]] \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} In the 2014 drama film [Whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%282014_film%29 "Whiplash (2014 film)"), Simmons played Terence Fletcher, an intensely demanding and abusive bandleader at the fictional Shaffer Conservatory of Music, who bullies and cajoles his student, Andrew Neiman ([Miles Teller](/wiki/Miles_Teller "Miles Teller")). The wide acclaim for Simmons's performance included winning an [Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor").{{cite web \\|last1\=Beaumont\-Thomas \\|first1\=Ben \\|title\=JK Simmons wins best supporting actor Oscar for Whiplash \\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/23/jk\-simmons\-best\-supporting\-actor\-oscar\-whiplash \\|website\=The Guardian \\|date\=February 23, 2015 \\|access\-date\=12 July 2020}} [Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone") said "Beat the drums for an Oscar for Simmons." Richard Roeper of the [Chicago Sun\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times") said "Simmons delivers one of the most memorable performances of the year."{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/whiplash/critic\-reviews\\|title\=Whiplash\\|website\=Metacritic.com\\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} [Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly") summed up the reaction by saying Simmons's performance "has been universally praised" and that he was "a leading contender for [Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor")."{{cite magazine\\|url\=https://ew.com/article/2014/10/10/jk\-simmons\-whiplash/\\|title\=J.K. Simmons: The friendly face behind this year's scariest movie villain\\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\\|access\-date\=October 18, 2019}} On January 11, 2015, Simmons won the [Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture "Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture"),{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-01\-11/j\-k\-simmons\-wins\-golden\-globe\-for\-whiplash\-role\\|title\=J.K. Simmons Wins Golden Globe for 'Whiplash' Role\\|date\=January 12, 2015\\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017\\|website\=Bloomberg.com}} and he went on to win the [Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards "87th Academy Awards") on February 22, 2015\.{{cite web \\|title\=J.K. Simmons Wins Oscar for Best Supporting Actor \\|url\=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/j\-k\-simmons\-wins\-oscar\-supporting\-actor\-2015\-1201439067/ \\|first\=Dave \\|last\=McNary \\| date\=February 22, 2015 \\|access\-date\=February 22, 2015 \\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}} In January 2015, Simmons was cast in a leading role in the film [Kong: Skull Island](/wiki/Kong:Skull_Island "Skull Island"),{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/85798/j\-k\-simmons\-reveals\-kong\-skull\-island\-details\-keaton\-confirms\-involvement/\\|title\=J.K. Simmons Reveals Kong: Skull Island Details; Keaton All But Confirms Involvement – Dread Central\\|website\=www.dreadcentral.com\\|date\=January 16, 2015\\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} though he and [Michael Keaton](/wiki/Michael_Keaton "Michael Keaton") later exited the film.{{cite web\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/07/michael\-keaton\-j\-k\-simmons\-kong\-skull\-island\-king\-kong\-jurassic\-world\-1201466254/\\|title\=Michael Keaton And JK Simmons Exit Legendary's 'Kong: Skull Island'\\|first\=Ali\\|last\=Jaafar\\|date\=July 1, 2015\\|website\=Deadline\\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} Simmons performed a substantial number of voice\-over roles alongside his live action work. Several of these have arisen from his J. Jonah Jameson character in Raimi's Spider\-Man films, including voices of two newspaper editors in episodes of the [eighteenth season](/wiki/The_Simpsons_%28season_18%29 "The Simpsons (season 18)") of [The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons "The Simpsons"). While unnamed, these characters are clearly meant to emulate Jameson (one, bearing Jameson's appearance, demands "pictures of Spider\-Man," then once reminded he works at a poetry journal, demands "poems about Spider\-Man").{{cite episode \\|title\=Moe'N'a Lisa \\|episode\-link\=Moe'N'a Lisa \\|series\=The Simpsons \\|series\-link\=The Simpsons \\|network\=\[\[Fox Broadcasting Company\\|Fox]] \\|date\=November 19, 2006 \\|season\=18 \\|number\=6}} Likewise, Simmons voiced an editor\-in\-chief of a newspaper (with Jameson's appearance and mannerisms) for a 2013 episode of [The Hub's](/wiki/Discovery_Family%23As_Hub_Network_%282010%E2%80%932014%29 "Discovery Family#As Hub Network (2010–2014)") [Pound Puppies](/wiki/Pound_Puppies_%282010_TV_series%29 "Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)"). In 2015, he appeared as the German expatriate Sebastian in the Greek drama film [Worlds Apart](/wiki/Worlds_Apart_%282015_film%29 "Worlds Apart (2015 film)"). In 2016, Simmons lent his voice to two animated films, voicing the antagonist Kai in [Kung Fu Panda 3](/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_3 "Kung Fu Panda 3") and Mayor Lionheart in [Zootopia](/wiki/Zootopia "Zootopia").{{cite magazine \\|last\=Smith \\|first\=C. Molly \\|date\=January 26, 2016 \\|title\=Kung Fu Panda 3: J.K. Simmons yaks it up, drums up buzz for new film \\|url\=https://ew.com/article/2016/01/26/kung\-fu\-panda\-3\-jk\-simmons/ \\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}}{{cite news \\|last\=Alexander \\|first\=Bryan \\|date\=October 25, 2015 \\|title\=J.K. Simmons, Tommy Chong get run of 'Zootopia' \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/10/25/zootopia\-jk\-simmons\-tommy\-chong/74369682/ \\|work\=USA Today \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} Simmons reprised his role as the voice of J. Jonah Jameson in the animated series [The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes](/wiki/The_Avengers:Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes "Earth's Mightiest Heroes"), [Ultimate Spider\-Man](/wiki/Ultimate_Spider-Man_%28TV_series%29 "Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)"), [Avengers Assemble](/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29 "Avengers Assemble (TV series)"), and [Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.](/wiki/Hulk_and_the_Agents_of_S.M.A.S.H. "Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.") In friend Reitman's film [Young Adult](/wiki/Young_Adult_%28film%29 "Young Adult (film)"), he voiced the protagonist's boss, via a series of voicemails. He also provided the voice of [General Wade Eiling](/wiki/General_Wade_Eiling "General Wade Eiling") in [Justice League Unlimited](/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited "Justice League Unlimited"). He recorded an [audiobook](/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook") for [Tom Clancy's Net Force: Point of Impact](/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Net_Force "Tom Clancy's Net Force"). In 2016, Simmons portrayed Watertown Police Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese in the film [Patriots Day](/wiki/Patriots_Day_%28film%29 "Patriots Day (film)").{{cite news \\|last\=Lee \\|first\=Ashley \\|date\=November 21, 2016 \\|title\='Patriots Day': J.K. Simmons Talks Portraying Hero Sgt. Jeffrey Pugliese (Exclusive Video) \\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general\-news/patriots\-day\-jk\-simmons\-portraying\-hero\-sgt\-jeffrey\-pugliese\-video\-949566/ \\|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} He starred in the science fiction thriller [Counterpart](/wiki/Counterpart_%28TV_series%29 "Counterpart (TV series)") from 2017 to 2019, playing dual roles as Howard Silk and Howard Silk Prime. In 2017, Simmons portrayed [Commissioner James Gordon](/wiki/Jim_Gordon_%28character%29 "Jim Gordon (character)") in [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon "Joss Whedon")'s film [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League_%28film%29 "Justice League (film)"), part of the [DC Extended Universe](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe "DC Extended Universe"). He reappeared in archive footage for [Zack Snyder's Justice League](/wiki/Zack_Snyder%27s_Justice_League "Zack Snyder's Justice League"), the 2021 director's cut.{{cite web\\|date\=March 7, 2016\\|title\='Justice League' Adds J.K. Simmons as Commissioner Gordon (Exclusive)\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat\-vision/justice\-league\-adds\-jk\-simmons\-873227\\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017\\|work\=The Hollywood Reporter}}{{cite web\\|date\=September 30, 2016\\|title\=Ben Affleck and J. K. Simmons on the Solo Batman film (Update)\\|url\=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/772137\-solo\-batman\-movie\\|access\-date\=October 6, 2016\\|publisher\=Comingsoon.net}} Simmons filmed scenes reprising the role in the completed [Batgirl](/wiki/Batgirl_%28film%29 "Batgirl (film)") film before its 2022 release was cancelled.{{Cite web\\|first1\=Borys\\|last1\=Kit\\|first2\=Mia\\|last2\=Galuppo\\|date\=2021\-07\-29\\|title\='Batgirl' Movie: J. K. Simmons in Talks to Return to Batman Universe as Commissioner Gordon (Exclusive)\\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\-news/batgirl\-movie\-j\-k\-simmons\-batman\-commissioner\-gordon\-1234986858/\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-27\\|website\=The Hollywood Reporter}}{{Cite web\\|date\=2021\-11\-25\\|title\=J. K. Simmons Starts Filming Batgirl Jim Gordon Scenes In January\\|url\=https://screenrant.com/batgirl\-movie\-jk\-simmons\-jim\-gordon\-scenes\-filming/\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-27\\|website\=ScreenRant}} He voiced himself in an episode of [SuperMansion](/wiki/SuperMansion "SuperMansion").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://collider.com/supermansion\-season\-2\-clip\-jk\-simmons/\\|title\=Exclusive 'SuperMansion' Clip Is J.K. Simmons' Tempo\\|first\=Dave\\|last\=Trumbore\\|website\=\[\[Collider (website)\\|Collider]]\\|date\=March 8, 2017}} In the field of television commercials, Simmons is widely known for being the voice of the yellow [M\&M](/wiki/M%26M%27s "M&M's"), a role he has played since 1996, replacing [John Goodman](/wiki/John_Goodman "John Goodman").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://mentalfloss.com/article/61927/7\-actors\-who\-voiced\-mms\\|title\=7 Actors Who Voiced M\&Ms\\|date\=2015\-02\-27\\|website\=mentalfloss.com\\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-26}} He has also done voice\-over work for [Philips Norelco](/wiki/Philips_Norelco "Philips Norelco") razors. In live\-action, he is featured as Professor Nathaniel Burke of the University of Farmers in ads for [Farmers Insurance Group](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Group "Farmers Insurance Group"), since 2010\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/university\-of\-farmers\-insurance/\\|title\=University of Farmers Insurance\\|work\=The Inspiration Room\\|date\=October 22, 2010\\|access\-date\=December 5, 2010\\|archive\-date\=July 24, 2017\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724015958/http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/university\-of\-farmers\-insurance\\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2017, Simmons had a small cameo for a role in [SpongeBob SquarePants](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants "SpongeBob SquarePants") of Conductor Maestro Mackerel for the episode "Snooze You Lose" in [season 10](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_%28season_10%29 "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 10)").{{Cite web\\|last\=Nguyen\\|first\=Hanh\\|date\=February 27, 2017\\|title\=J.K. Simmons Gives 'SpongeBob SquarePants' Whiplash in Sneak Peek Clip — Watch\\|url\=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/j\-k\-simmons\-spongebob\-squarepants\-video\-whiplash\-1201788131/\\|access\-date\=August 2, 2019\\|website\=IndieWire}} In 2019, Simmons reprised his role of [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29%23Marvel_Cinematic_Universe "J. Jonah Jameson (film character)#Marvel Cinematic Universe") in the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe "Marvel Cinematic Universe") (MCU) film [Spider\-Man: Far From Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:Far_From_Home "Far From Home"), as a cameo in the mid\-credits scene. He is the second actor to portray the same character in both a non\-MCU and MCU film, following [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno "Lou Ferrigno") as the voice of the [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk "Hulk").{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.etonline.com/spider\-man\-far\-from\-home\-end\-credits\-scenes\-explained\-127843\\|title\='Spider\-Man: Far From Home' End\-Credits Scenes, Explained\\|last\=Boone\\|first\=John\\|date\=July 1, 2019\\|website\=Entertainment Tonight\\|access\-date\=July 2, 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.thewrap.com/yes\-that\-was\-who\-you\-thought\-it\-was\-at\-the\-end\-of\-spider\-man\-far\-from\-home/\\|title\=Yes, That Was JK Simmons as J Jonah Jameson at the End of 'Spider\-Man: Far From Home'\\|last\=Owen\\|first\=Phil\\|date\=July 1, 2019\\|website\=\[\[TheWrap]]\\|access\-date\=July 2, 2019}} He returns in the role in the 2019 Web series [The Daily Bugle](/wiki/The_Daily_Bugle_%28web_series%29 "The Daily Bugle (web series)") and the films [Venom: Let There Be Carnage](/wiki/Venom:Let_There_Be_Carnage "Let There Be Carnage") and [Spider\-Man: No Way Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:No_Way_Home "No Way Home"), both released in 2021,{{Cite web \\|last\=Gonzalez \\|first\=Umberto \\|date\=February 23, 2021 \\|title\=Tom Holland Teases 'Spider\-Man' 3 Title With Hilarious Fake \\|url\=https://www.thewrap.com/tom\-holland\-teases\-spider\-man\-3\-title\-reveal\-with\-hilarious\-fake\-title/ \\|url\-status\=live \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224030829/https://www.thewrap.com/tom\-holland\-teases\-spider\-man\-3\-title\-reveal\-with\-hilarious\-fake\-title/ \\|archive\-date\=February 24, 2021 \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2021 \\|website\=\[\[TheWrap]]}} as well as the 2022 film [Morbius](/wiki/Morbius_%28film%29 "Morbius (film)"), in a scene [cut from the theatrical release](/wiki/Deleted_scene "Deleted scene").{{Cite web\\|last\=H. C.\\|first\=Luiz\\|date\=June 16, 2022\\|title\=Biting into the B\-Movie Thrills of 'Morbius' \[The Silver Lining]\\|url\=https://bloody\-disgusting.com/editorials/3719534/biting\-into\-the\-b\-movie\-thrills\-of\-morbius\-the\-silver\-lining\\|access\-date\=June 16, 2022\\|website\=\[\[Bloody Disgusting]]}} In 2020, he had a guest spot as Frank Dillman on the police sitcom [Brooklyn Nine\-Nine](/wiki/Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_%28season_7%29%23Dillman "Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 7)#Dillman").{{cite magazine \\|title\='Brooklyn Nine\-Nine' Recap: All That Glitters \\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv\-recaps/brooklyn\-nine\-nine\-recap\-season\-7\-episode\-9\-dillman\-970980/ \\|magazine\=Rolling Stone \\|date\=March 27, 2020 \\|access\-date\=12 July 2020}} He also narrated the [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") limited series documentary [Coronavirus, Explained](/wiki/Coronavirus%2C_Explained "Coronavirus, Explained"){{cite web \\|title\=Vox's 'Explained' Returns to Netflix with a New Limited Series, "Coronavirus, Explained" \\|url\=https://www.voxmedia.com/2020/4/27/21238315/voxs\-explained\-returns\-to\-netflix\-with\-a\-new\-limited\-series\-coronavirus\-explained \\|website\=Vox Media \\|date\=April 27, 2020 \\|access\-date\=12 July 2020}} and co\-starred in the critically acclaimed sci\-fi/comedy [Palm Springs](/wiki/Palm_Springs_%282020_film%29 "Palm Springs (2020 film)"), which premiered at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival "Sundance Film Festival") in January and on [Hulu](/wiki/Hulu "Hulu") in July.{{cite web \\|last1\=Scheetz \\|first1\=Cameron \\|title\=J.K. Simmons on Palm Springs and why he loves working with Andy Samberg \\|url\=https://film.avclub.com/j\-k\-simmons\-on\-palm\-springs\-and\-why\-he\-loves\-working\-w\-1844249401 \\|website\=The A.V. Club \\|date\=July 10, 2020 \\|access\-date\=12 July 2020 \\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2021 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410152126/https://film.avclub.com/j\-k\-simmons\-on\-palm\-springs\-and\-why\-he\-loves\-working\-w\-1844249401 \\|url\-status\=dead }} From 2014 to 2020, Simmons voiced [Lenny Turteltaub](/wiki/List_of_BoJack_Horseman_characters "List of BoJack Horseman characters") in the animated show [BoJack Horseman](/wiki/BoJack_Horseman "BoJack Horseman"). In 2021, Simmons provided the voice for [Omni\-Man](/wiki/Omni-Man "Omni-Man") in the animated show [Invincible](/wiki/Invincible_%28TV_series%29 "Invincible (TV series)"), played the role of George Zax, CEO of a family\-owned and operated pharmaceutical company on the fourth season of [Goliath](/wiki/Goliath_%28TV_series%29 "Goliath (TV series)"), and also appeared in the military science\-fiction film [The Tomorrow War](/wiki/The_Tomorrow_War "The Tomorrow War").{{cite news \\|last\=McNary \\|first\=Dave \\|date\=November 11, 2019 \\|title\=Chris Pratt's Sci\-Fi Film 'The Tomorrow War' Gets Release Date \\|url\=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/chris\-pratt\-tomorrow\-war\-release\-date\-2020\-1203401242/ \\|work\=Variety \\|access\-date\=November 11, 2019}} In 2021, Simmons was the voice of Tusk Johnson, Mountain Man in the animated show [The Great North](/wiki/The_Great_North "The Great North"). In 2021, Simmons portrayed [William Frawley](/wiki/William_Frawley "William Frawley") in the Amazon movie [Being the Ricardos](/wiki/Being_the_Ricardos "Being the Ricardos"), for which he received his second Academy Award nomination.{{cite web\\|url\=https://deadline.com/2022/02/oscar\-nominations\-list\-of\-nominees\-1234928251/\\|title\=Oscar Nominations: 'The Power Of The Dog', 'Dune' Top List; 'Drive My Car' Among Big Surprises\\|work\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\|first\=Patrick\\|last\=Hipes\\|date\=February 8, 2022\\|access\-date\=February 8, 2022}} ### Video games In 2005, Simmons also reprised his role of [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson "J. Jonah Jameson"), as a voice actor, for the PSP version of [Spider\-Man 2: The Video Game](/wiki/Spider-Man_2_%282004_video_game%29 "Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game)"). Later in 2007, he also voiced the same character of Jameson in the next game of the series: [Spider\-Man 3: The Video Game](/wiki/Spider-Man_3_%28video_game%29 "Spider-Man 3 (video game)"). Simmons, also in 2007, decided to voice Jameson one last time in [Stern Pinball: Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28pinball%29 "Spider-Man (pinball)"). Simmons appears as the [anti\-communist](/wiki/Anti-communist "Anti-communist") U.S. President Howard T. Ackerman in the video game [Command \& Conquer: Red Alert 3](/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:Red_Alert_3 "Red Alert 3") and for a series of promotional advertisements parodying the 2008 presidential elections. In these advertisements, he offers himself (as Ackerman) as an alternative to other, unnamed presidential candidates and uses the slogan "Vote for me, if you want to live".[Red Alert Universe \> Factions \> Factions, Units, \& Characters](http://portal.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/template.MAXIMIZE/factions_en/?javax.portlet.tpst=887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0_viewID=proxy_view_secondary&javax.portlet.prp_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0_wcproxyurl=http%253A%252F%252Flocalhost%253A8080%252FSiteAssets%252Ffactions%252FPresidentAckerman.html&javax.portlet.begCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&javax.portlet.endCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724151359/http://portal.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/template.MAXIMIZE/factions\_en/?javax.portlet.tpst\=887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0\_ws\_MX\&javax.portlet.prp\_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0\_viewID\=proxy\_view\_secondary\&javax.portlet.prp\_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0\_wcproxyurl\=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8080%2FSiteAssets%2Ffactions%2FPresidentAckerman.html\&javax.portlet.begCacheTok\=com.vignette.cachetoken\&javax.portlet.endCacheTok\=com.vignette.cachetoken \\|date\=July 24, 2009 }}, President Ackerman character information. In the [2008 United States Presidential election](/wiki/2008_United_States_Presidential_election "2008 United States Presidential election"), 43 people voted for Simmons (as Ackerman) as a [write\-in candidate](/wiki/Write-in_candidate "Write-in candidate").{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/article/detail?contentId\=9c7978addfe6d110VgnVCM100000100d2c0aRCRD \\|title\=Red Alert Universe \> Article Detail \\|website\=www.commandandconquer.com \\|access\-date\=10 May 2023 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328021816/http://www.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/article/detail?contentId\=9c7978addfe6d110VgnVCM100000100d2c0aRCRD \\|archive\-date\=28 March 2009 \\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2011, Simmons also appeared in [Generator Rex: Agent of Providence](/wiki/Generator_Rex "Generator Rex"), as White Knight. In April 2011, he appeared in [Portal 2](/wiki/Portal_2 "Portal 2") as the voice of [Aperture Science](/wiki/Portal_%28video_game%29%23Setting "Portal (video game)#Setting") founder [Cave Johnson](/wiki/Cave_Johnson_%28Portal%29 "Cave Johnson (Portal)"),{{cite web \\|title\=PAX: Portal 2 Nabs J.K. Simmons \\|url\=http://ps3\.ign.com/articles/115/1155074p1\.html \\|first\=Greg \\|last\=Miller \\|date\=March 11, 2011 \\|access\-date\=March 14, 2011 \\|website\=\[\[IGN]] \\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120525003258/http://ps3\.ign.com/articles/115/1155074p1\.html \\|url\-status\=dead }} a performance that was lauded as the "surprise star turn" of the game.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.next\-gen.biz/reviews/portal\-2\-review \\|title\=Edge Online – Video game features, reviews \& industry jobs \\|work\=Edge Online \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829011356/http://www.next\-gen.biz/reviews/portal\-2\-review \\|archive\-date\=August 29, 2011 }}{{Failed verification\\|date\=May 2022}} He reprised his role as Cave Johnson in the 2015 video game [Lego Dimensions](/wiki/Lego_Dimensions "Lego Dimensions"), the 2022 video game [Aperture Desk Job](/wiki/Aperture_Desk_Job "Aperture Desk Job"),{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/84647/20150914/lego\-dimensions\-voice\-cast\-includes\-michael\-j\-fox\-gary\-oldman.htm \\|title\='LEGO Dimensions' Voice Cast Includes Michael J. Fox, Gary Oldman, Chris Pratt And More \\|last\=Parrish \\|first\=Robin \\|date\=September 14, 2015 \\|website\=Tech Times \\|access\-date\=November 24, 2017}} and was introduced to be a part of the [Dota 2](/wiki/Dota_2 "Dota 2") 2022 Battle Pass: Part II in an Announcer and Mega Kills Packs.{{cite web \\|url\=https://gamerant.com/dota\-2\-cave\-johnson\-portal\-announcer\-voice\-pack/ \\|title\=Dota 2 Cave Johnson Portal Voice Pack Revealed \\|last\=Fields \\|first\=Sarah \\|date\=October 30, 2022 \\|website\=GameRant \\|access\-date\=November 8, 2023}}{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=GNVAmbB8hEo/ \\|title\='Cave Johnson Announcer Pack' \\|date\=October 30, 2022 \\|website\=YouTube \\|access\-date\=November 8, 2023}} Simmons provided the voice\-over for the [M\&M's](/wiki/M%26M%27s "M&M's") "[spokescandy](/wiki/Mascot "Mascot")", Yellow in [M\&M's: Shell Shocked](/wiki/List_of_M%26M%27s_video_games "List of M&M's video games") and [M\&M's: The Lost Formulas](/wiki/List_of_M%26M%27s_video_games "List of M&M's video games").{{cite web\\| url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=rNic1aHkkMg\&t\=\\| title \= Crash Bandicoot \& M\&M's Shell Shocked Comparison \- Similarities, Fun Facts with Billy West \& More!\\| website \= \[\[YouTube]]\\| access\-date \= January 23, 2020}} Simmons also appeared as General Ketheric Thorm in the 2023 video game [Baldur's Gate 3](/wiki/Baldur%27s_Gate_3 "Baldur's Gate 3").{{cite web \\|last1\=Heath \\|first1\=Jerome \\|title\=Baldur's Gate 3: Cast and voice actors in BG3 \\|url\=https://dotesports.com/baldurs\-gate/news/all\-characters\-and\-voice\-actors\-in\-baldurs\-gate\-3 \\|website\=Dot Esports \\|date\=17 August 2023}} In September 2023, Simmons reprised his role as [Omni\-Man](/wiki/Omni-Man "Omni-Man") in the video game [Mortal Kombat 1](/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_1 "Mortal Kombat 1").{{cite magazine\\|last\=Spangler\\|first\=Todd\\|title\=''Mortal Kombat 1'' reveals Peacemaker, ''The Boys''{{'}} Homelander, and ''Invincible''{{'}}s Omni\-Man characters\\|url\=https://ew.com/events/comic\-con/mortal\-kombat\-1\-reveals\-homelander\-peacemaker\-omni\-man\\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|date\=July 21, 2023\\|access\-date\=July 21, 2023}}	[ "Career\n------", "### Stage", "On [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\"), Simmons played Benny Southstreet in the 1992 revival of [Guys and Dolls](/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls \"Guys and Dolls\"). In 1994, he sang multiple roles in the Wagner opera satire Das Barbecü. He also played the role of Jigger in a revival of [Carousel](/wiki/Carousel_%28musical%29 \"Carousel (musical)\") with the [Houston Grand Opera](/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera \"Houston Grand Opera\") and starred in the 1987 [Off\\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway \"Off-Broadway\") musical [Birds of Paradise](/wiki/Birds_of_Paradise_%28musical%29 \"Birds of Paradise (musical)\"). During his time on Broadway, Simmons also played [Captain Hook](/wiki/Captain_Hook \"Captain Hook\") in [Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan_%281954_musical%29 \"Peter Pan (1954 musical)\") (1991–1992\\).{{cite news \\\|title\\=JK Simmons says career\\-low moment led to 'the best thing' in his life \\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/b2addc35622a4c139e66ab834075a3e4 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\\|date\\=December 11, 2018 \\\|access\\-date\\=December 11, 2018}}", "### Film and television", "Simmons made his first appearance in a live\\-action television role in the show [Popeye Doyle](/wiki/Popeye_Doyle_%28film%29 \"Popeye Doyle (film)\"), appearing as a patrol officer. The next year, Simmons appeared on [All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children \"All My Children\"), as an RCMP sergeant. Among his more notable roles are Dr. Emil Skoda, a [police psychiatrist](/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry \"Forensic psychiatry\") whom Simmons played on three of the four incarnations of [Law \\& Order](/wiki/Law_%26_Order \"Law & Order\") and [New York Undercover](/wiki/New_York_Undercover \"New York Undercover\"), and sadistic [neo\\-Nazi](/wiki/Neo-Nazism \"Neo-Nazism\") inmate [Vernon Schillinger](/wiki/Vernon_Schillinger \"Vernon Schillinger\") on the prison drama [Oz](/wiki/Oz_%28TV_series%29 \"Oz (TV series)\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/1999/07/09/1110728/actor\\-j\\-k\\-simmons\\-hes\\-a\\-regular\\-on\\-hbos\\-oz\\-the\\-graphic\\-and\\-disturbing\\-drama\\-of\\-l \\\|title\\=Actor J.K. Simmons. He's a regular on HBO's \"OZ\" the graphic and disturbing drama of life in ... \\\|date\\=July 9, 1999 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[NPR]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}", "He appeared as Ralph Earnhardt, the father of race\\-car driver [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\"), in [3: The Dale Earnhardt Story](/wiki/3:The_Dale_Earnhardt_Story \"The Dale Earnhardt Story\"), and also made appearances as [Will Pope](/wiki/Will_Pope \"Will Pope\"), Assistant Chief of the [LAPD](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department \"Los Angeles Police Department\"), in the series [The Closer](/wiki/The_Closer \"The Closer\"). In the show [Raising Hope](/wiki/Raising_Hope \"Raising Hope\"), he plays Burt Chance's brother Bruce Chance. In a precursor to joining the Law \\& Order cast as Skoda, Simmons appeared in [Homicide: Life on the Street](/wiki/Homicide:Life_on_the_Street \"Life on the Street\"), portraying a criminal in a Law \\& Order cross\\-over episode. Other roles include an army general in the television sitcom [Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development \"Arrested Development\"), and Dan the Barber in the surreal [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon \"Nickelodeon\") series [The Adventures of Pete \\& Pete](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pete_%26_Pete \"The Adventures of Pete & Pete\") in 1995\\.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Lloyd \\\|first\\=Robert \\\|date\\=August 28, 2007 \\\|title\\=A boss who does more than shuffle paper \\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2007\\-aug\\-28\\-et\\-simmons28\\-story.html \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}", "He played B.R. in the film [Thank You for Smoking](/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking \"Thank You for Smoking\") (2005\\) and has been praised for his performance in [Juno](/wiki/Juno_%28film%29 \"Juno (film)\") (2007\\) as \"Mac\" McGuff, the title character's father. Simmons played [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29 \"J. Jonah Jameson (film character)\"), editor\\-in\\-chief of the newspaper [Daily Bugle](/wiki/Daily_Bugle \"Daily Bugle\"), in all three of [Sam Raimi](/wiki/Sam_Raimi \"Sam Raimi\")'s [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_in_film%23Sam_Raimi%27s_trilogy \"Spider-Man in film#Sam Raimi's trilogy\") films,{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656458/jk\\-simmons\\-reveals\\-spiderman\\-4\\-character\\-arc.jhtml \\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons Reveals 'Spider\\-Man 4' Character Arc \\\|last\\=Ditzian \\\|first\\=Eric \\\|date\\=January 21, 2011 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[MTV]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216223439/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656458/jk\\-simmons\\-reveals\\-spiderman\\-4\\-character\\-arc.jhtml \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 16, 2011}} as well as in the expanded video game adaptation of Spider\\-Man 3.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.engadget.com/2007\\-04\\-13\\-spider\\-man\\-3\\-cast\\-lend\\-their\\-voices\\-to\\-the\\-game.html \\\|title\\=Spider\\-Man 3 cast lend their voices to the game \\\|last\\=Miller \\\|first\\=R. \\\|date\\=April 13, 2007 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[Engadget]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}} In 2008, he played a CIA superior in [Burn After Reading](/wiki/Burn_After_Reading \"Burn After Reading\") and appeared in [Postal](/wiki/Postal_%28film%29 \"Postal (film)\") as Candidate Welles. He also appeared in [I Love You, Man](/wiki/I_Love_You%2C_Man \"I Love You, Man\") as the father of [Paul Rudd](/wiki/Paul_Rudd \"Paul Rudd\")'s character.{{cite news \\\|last\\=Dargis \\\|first\\=Manohla \\\|author\\-link\\=Manohla Dargis \\\|date\\=March 19, 2009 \\\|title\\=Best Man Wanted. Must Be Rush Fan. \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/movies/20love.html \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}", "Throughout 2011 to 2018, Simmons was a prime time voice actor for the [Adult Swim](/wiki/Adult_Swim \"Adult Swim\") stop\\-motion series [Robot Chicken](/wiki/Robot_Chicken \"Robot Chicken\"). Simmons performed various voices for several characters over the last couple of years. For example, one of the characters that he played was [Vernon Schillinger](/wiki/Vernon_Schillinger \"Vernon Schillinger\") (in 2011\\) for a singular episode.{{cite web\\\|title\\=JK Simmons\\\|url\\=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/JK\\-Simmons/\\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2019\\\|website\\=Behind The Voice Actors}} In 2011 and 2014, he also voiced [Master Chief](/wiki/Master_Chief_%28Halo%29 \"Master Chief (Halo)\") for various scenes throughout two episodes. Lastly in 2018, he voiced the widely known [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson \"J. Jonah Jameson\") for an episode.\n[thumb\\\|Simmons at the 2007 [Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"Toronto International Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:JKSimmons07TIFF_%28cropped%29.jpg \"JKSimmons07TIFF (cropped).jpg\")\nSimmons starred in several films produced or directed by his friend [Jason Reitman](/wiki/Jason_Reitman \"Jason Reitman\"), including Thank You for Smoking, Juno, [Up in the Air](/wiki/Up_in_the_Air_%282009_film%29 \"Up in the Air (2009 film)\"), and [Jennifer's Body](/wiki/Jennifer%27s_Body \"Jennifer's Body\"). In 2013, he had a small role as Mr. Jervis in Reitman's film [Labor Day](/wiki/Labor_Day_%28film%29 \"Labor Day (film)\"). He voices Tenzin, an Airbending master and the son of [Aang](/wiki/Aang \"Aang\") and [Katara](/wiki/Katara_%28Avatar:The_Last_Airbender%29 \"The Last Airbender)\"), in the 2012 Nickelodeon series [The Legend of Korra](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Korra \"The Legend of Korra\"), the sequel series to the 2005 Nickelodeon series [Avatar: The Last Airbender](/wiki/Avatar:The_Last_Airbender \"The Last Airbender\"). He starred as blind lawyer \"Mel Fisher\" in [Growing Up Fisher](/wiki/Growing_Up_Fisher \"Growing Up Fisher\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=The Fun of Having a Single Parent \\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/22/arts/television/nbc\\-rolls\\-out\\-about\\-a\\-boy\\-and\\-growing\\-up\\-fisher.html \\\|last\\=Stanley \\\|first\\=Alessandra \\\|work\\=The New York Times \\\|date\\=February 21, 2014 \\\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2014}} From 2015 to 2016, he voiced the scientist Stanford Pines on the [Disney XD](/wiki/Disney_XD \"Disney XD\") cartoon series [Gravity Falls](/wiki/Gravity_Falls \"Gravity Falls\") for the [second season](/wiki/Gravity_Falls_%28season_2%29 \"Gravity Falls (season 2)\").{{cite magazine \\\|url\\=https://time.com/3918960/gravity\\-falls\\-jk\\-simmons/ \\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons to Join Cast of Disney's Gravity Falls \\\|last\\=Lin \\\|first\\=Joseph C. \\\|date\\=June 12, 2015 \\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Time (magazine)\\\|Time]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}", "In the 2014 drama film [Whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%282014_film%29 \"Whiplash (2014 film)\"), Simmons played Terence Fletcher, an intensely demanding and abusive bandleader at the fictional Shaffer Conservatory of Music, who bullies and cajoles his student, Andrew Neiman ([Miles Teller](/wiki/Miles_Teller \"Miles Teller\")). The wide acclaim for Simmons's performance included winning an [Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor \"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor\").{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Beaumont\\-Thomas \\\|first1\\=Ben \\\|title\\=JK Simmons wins best supporting actor Oscar for Whiplash \\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/23/jk\\-simmons\\-best\\-supporting\\-actor\\-oscar\\-whiplash \\\|website\\=The Guardian \\\|date\\=February 23, 2015 \\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2020}} [Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\") said \"Beat the drums for an Oscar for Simmons.\" Richard Roeper of the [Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\") said \"Simmons delivers one of the most memorable performances of the year.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/whiplash/critic\\-reviews\\\|title\\=Whiplash\\\|website\\=Metacritic.com\\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}} [Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\") summed up the reaction by saying Simmons's performance \"has been universally praised\" and that he was \"a leading contender for [Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor \"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor\").\"{{cite magazine\\\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2014/10/10/jk\\-simmons\\-whiplash/\\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons: The friendly face behind this year's scariest movie villain\\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2019}} On January 11, 2015, Simmons won the [Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture \"Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\"),{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-01\\-11/j\\-k\\-simmons\\-wins\\-golden\\-globe\\-for\\-whiplash\\-role\\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons Wins Golden Globe for 'Whiplash' Role\\\|date\\=January 12, 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017\\\|website\\=Bloomberg.com}} and he went on to win the [Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards \"87th Academy Awards\") on February 22, 2015\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons Wins Oscar for Best Supporting Actor \\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/j\\-k\\-simmons\\-wins\\-oscar\\-supporting\\-actor\\-2015\\-1201439067/ \\\|first\\=Dave \\\|last\\=McNary \\\| date\\=February 22, 2015 \\\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2015 \\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\\|Variety]]}}", "In January 2015, Simmons was cast in a leading role in the film [Kong: Skull Island](/wiki/Kong:Skull_Island \"Skull Island\"),{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/85798/j\\-k\\-simmons\\-reveals\\-kong\\-skull\\-island\\-details\\-keaton\\-confirms\\-involvement/\\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons Reveals Kong: Skull Island Details; Keaton All But Confirms Involvement – Dread Central\\\|website\\=www.dreadcentral.com\\\|date\\=January 16, 2015\\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}} though he and [Michael Keaton](/wiki/Michael_Keaton \"Michael Keaton\") later exited the film.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/07/michael\\-keaton\\-j\\-k\\-simmons\\-kong\\-skull\\-island\\-king\\-kong\\-jurassic\\-world\\-1201466254/\\\|title\\=Michael Keaton And JK Simmons Exit Legendary's 'Kong: Skull Island'\\\|first\\=Ali\\\|last\\=Jaafar\\\|date\\=July 1, 2015\\\|website\\=Deadline\\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}} Simmons performed a substantial number of voice\\-over roles alongside his live action work. Several of these have arisen from his J. Jonah Jameson character in Raimi's Spider\\-Man films, including voices of two newspaper editors in episodes of the [eighteenth season](/wiki/The_Simpsons_%28season_18%29 \"The Simpsons (season 18)\") of [The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons \"The Simpsons\"). While unnamed, these characters are clearly meant to emulate Jameson (one, bearing Jameson's appearance, demands \"pictures of Spider\\-Man,\" then once reminded he works at a poetry journal, demands \"poems about Spider\\-Man\").{{cite episode \\\|title\\=Moe'N'a Lisa \\\|episode\\-link\\=Moe'N'a Lisa \\\|series\\=The Simpsons \\\|series\\-link\\=The Simpsons \\\|network\\=\\[\\[Fox Broadcasting Company\\\|Fox]] \\\|date\\=November 19, 2006 \\\|season\\=18 \\\|number\\=6}} Likewise, Simmons voiced an editor\\-in\\-chief of a newspaper (with Jameson's appearance and mannerisms) for a 2013 episode of [The Hub's](/wiki/Discovery_Family%23As_Hub_Network_%282010%E2%80%932014%29 \"Discovery Family#As Hub Network (2010–2014)\") [Pound Puppies](/wiki/Pound_Puppies_%282010_TV_series%29 \"Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)\"). In 2015, he appeared as the German expatriate Sebastian in the Greek drama film [Worlds Apart](/wiki/Worlds_Apart_%282015_film%29 \"Worlds Apart (2015 film)\"). In 2016, Simmons lent his voice to two animated films, voicing the antagonist Kai in [Kung Fu Panda 3](/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_3 \"Kung Fu Panda 3\") and Mayor Lionheart in [Zootopia](/wiki/Zootopia \"Zootopia\").{{cite magazine \\\|last\\=Smith \\\|first\\=C. Molly \\\|date\\=January 26, 2016 \\\|title\\=Kung Fu Panda 3: J.K. Simmons yaks it up, drums up buzz for new film \\\|url\\=https://ew.com/article/2016/01/26/kung\\-fu\\-panda\\-3\\-jk\\-simmons/ \\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}{{cite news \\\|last\\=Alexander \\\|first\\=Bryan \\\|date\\=October 25, 2015 \\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons, Tommy Chong get run of 'Zootopia' \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/10/25/zootopia\\-jk\\-simmons\\-tommy\\-chong/74369682/ \\\|work\\=USA Today \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}", "Simmons reprised his role as the voice of J. Jonah Jameson in the animated series [The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes](/wiki/The_Avengers:Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes \"Earth's Mightiest Heroes\"), [Ultimate Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Ultimate_Spider-Man_%28TV_series%29 \"Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)\"), [Avengers Assemble](/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29 \"Avengers Assemble (TV series)\"), and [Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.](/wiki/Hulk_and_the_Agents_of_S.M.A.S.H. \"Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.\") In friend Reitman's film [Young Adult](/wiki/Young_Adult_%28film%29 \"Young Adult (film)\"), he voiced the protagonist's boss, via a series of voicemails. He also provided the voice of [General Wade Eiling](/wiki/General_Wade_Eiling \"General Wade Eiling\") in [Justice League Unlimited](/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited \"Justice League Unlimited\"). He recorded an [audiobook](/wiki/Audiobook \"Audiobook\") for [Tom Clancy's Net Force: Point of Impact](/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Net_Force \"Tom Clancy's Net Force\").", "In 2016, Simmons portrayed Watertown Police Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese in the film [Patriots Day](/wiki/Patriots_Day_%28film%29 \"Patriots Day (film)\").{{cite news \\\|last\\=Lee \\\|first\\=Ashley \\\|date\\=November 21, 2016 \\\|title\\='Patriots Day': J.K. Simmons Talks Portraying Hero Sgt. Jeffrey Pugliese (Exclusive Video) \\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general\\-news/patriots\\-day\\-jk\\-simmons\\-portraying\\-hero\\-sgt\\-jeffrey\\-pugliese\\-video\\-949566/ \\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}}", "He starred in the science fiction thriller [Counterpart](/wiki/Counterpart_%28TV_series%29 \"Counterpart (TV series)\") from 2017 to 2019, playing dual roles as Howard Silk and Howard Silk Prime.", "In 2017, Simmons portrayed [Commissioner James Gordon](/wiki/Jim_Gordon_%28character%29 \"Jim Gordon (character)\") in [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon \"Joss Whedon\")'s film [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League_%28film%29 \"Justice League (film)\"), part of the [DC Extended Universe](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe \"DC Extended Universe\"). He reappeared in archive footage for [Zack Snyder's Justice League](/wiki/Zack_Snyder%27s_Justice_League \"Zack Snyder's Justice League\"), the 2021 director's cut.{{cite web\\\|date\\=March 7, 2016\\\|title\\='Justice League' Adds J.K. Simmons as Commissioner Gordon (Exclusive)\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat\\-vision/justice\\-league\\-adds\\-jk\\-simmons\\-873227\\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017\\\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter}}{{cite web\\\|date\\=September 30, 2016\\\|title\\=Ben Affleck and J. K. Simmons on the Solo Batman film (Update)\\\|url\\=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/772137\\-solo\\-batman\\-movie\\\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2016\\\|publisher\\=Comingsoon.net}} Simmons filmed scenes reprising the role in the completed [Batgirl](/wiki/Batgirl_%28film%29 \"Batgirl (film)\") film before its 2022 release was cancelled.{{Cite web\\\|first1\\=Borys\\\|last1\\=Kit\\\|first2\\=Mia\\\|last2\\=Galuppo\\\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-29\\\|title\\='Batgirl' Movie: J. K. Simmons in Talks to Return to Batman Universe as Commissioner Gordon (Exclusive)\\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie\\-news/batgirl\\-movie\\-j\\-k\\-simmons\\-batman\\-commissioner\\-gordon\\-1234986858/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-27\\\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter}}{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-25\\\|title\\=J. K. Simmons Starts Filming Batgirl Jim Gordon Scenes In January\\\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/batgirl\\-movie\\-jk\\-simmons\\-jim\\-gordon\\-scenes\\-filming/\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-27\\\|website\\=ScreenRant}} He voiced himself in an episode of [SuperMansion](/wiki/SuperMansion \"SuperMansion\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://collider.com/supermansion\\-season\\-2\\-clip\\-jk\\-simmons/\\\|title\\=Exclusive 'SuperMansion' Clip Is J.K. Simmons' Tempo\\\|first\\=Dave\\\|last\\=Trumbore\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Collider (website)\\\|Collider]]\\\|date\\=March 8, 2017}}", "In the field of television commercials, Simmons is widely known for being the voice of the yellow [M\\&M](/wiki/M%26M%27s \"M&M's\"), a role he has played since 1996, replacing [John Goodman](/wiki/John_Goodman \"John Goodman\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://mentalfloss.com/article/61927/7\\-actors\\-who\\-voiced\\-mms\\\|title\\=7 Actors Who Voiced M\\&Ms\\\|date\\=2015\\-02\\-27\\\|website\\=mentalfloss.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-26}} He has also done voice\\-over work for [Philips Norelco](/wiki/Philips_Norelco \"Philips Norelco\") razors. In live\\-action, he is featured as Professor Nathaniel Burke of the University of Farmers in ads for [Farmers Insurance Group](/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Group \"Farmers Insurance Group\"), since 2010\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/university\\-of\\-farmers\\-insurance/\\\|title\\=University of Farmers Insurance\\\|work\\=The Inspiration Room\\\|date\\=October 22, 2010\\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2010\\\|archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2017\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724015958/http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/university\\-of\\-farmers\\-insurance\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 2017, Simmons had a small cameo for a role in [SpongeBob SquarePants](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants \"SpongeBob SquarePants\") of Conductor Maestro Mackerel for the episode \"Snooze You Lose\" in [season 10](/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_%28season_10%29 \"SpongeBob SquarePants (season 10)\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Nguyen\\\|first\\=Hanh\\\|date\\=February 27, 2017\\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons Gives 'SpongeBob SquarePants' Whiplash in Sneak Peek Clip — Watch\\\|url\\=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/02/j\\-k\\-simmons\\-spongebob\\-squarepants\\-video\\-whiplash\\-1201788131/\\\|access\\-date\\=August 2, 2019\\\|website\\=IndieWire}}", "In 2019, Simmons reprised his role of [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson_%28film_character%29%23Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"J. Jonah Jameson (film character)#Marvel Cinematic Universe\") in the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Marvel Cinematic Universe\") (MCU) film [Spider\\-Man: Far From Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:Far_From_Home \"Far From Home\"), as a cameo in the mid\\-credits scene. He is the second actor to portray the same character in both a non\\-MCU and MCU film, following [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno \"Lou Ferrigno\") as the voice of the [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk \"Hulk\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.etonline.com/spider\\-man\\-far\\-from\\-home\\-end\\-credits\\-scenes\\-explained\\-127843\\\|title\\='Spider\\-Man: Far From Home' End\\-Credits Scenes, Explained\\\|last\\=Boone\\\|first\\=John\\\|date\\=July 1, 2019\\\|website\\=Entertainment Tonight\\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2019}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.thewrap.com/yes\\-that\\-was\\-who\\-you\\-thought\\-it\\-was\\-at\\-the\\-end\\-of\\-spider\\-man\\-far\\-from\\-home/\\\|title\\=Yes, That Was JK Simmons as J Jonah Jameson at the End of 'Spider\\-Man: Far From Home'\\\|last\\=Owen\\\|first\\=Phil\\\|date\\=July 1, 2019\\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheWrap]]\\\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2019}} He returns in the role in the 2019 Web series [The Daily Bugle](/wiki/The_Daily_Bugle_%28web_series%29 \"The Daily Bugle (web series)\") and the films [Venom: Let There Be Carnage](/wiki/Venom:Let_There_Be_Carnage \"Let There Be Carnage\") and [Spider\\-Man: No Way Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:No_Way_Home \"No Way Home\"), both released in 2021,{{Cite web \\\|last\\=Gonzalez \\\|first\\=Umberto \\\|date\\=February 23, 2021 \\\|title\\=Tom Holland Teases 'Spider\\-Man' 3 Title With Hilarious Fake \\\|url\\=https://www.thewrap.com/tom\\-holland\\-teases\\-spider\\-man\\-3\\-title\\-reveal\\-with\\-hilarious\\-fake\\-title/ \\\|url\\-status\\=live \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224030829/https://www.thewrap.com/tom\\-holland\\-teases\\-spider\\-man\\-3\\-title\\-reveal\\-with\\-hilarious\\-fake\\-title/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2021 \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2021 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[TheWrap]]}} as well as the 2022 film [Morbius](/wiki/Morbius_%28film%29 \"Morbius (film)\"), in a scene [cut from the theatrical release](/wiki/Deleted_scene \"Deleted scene\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\=H. C.\\\|first\\=Luiz\\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\\|title\\=Biting into the B\\-Movie Thrills of 'Morbius' \\[The Silver Lining]\\\|url\\=https://bloody\\-disgusting.com/editorials/3719534/biting\\-into\\-the\\-b\\-movie\\-thrills\\-of\\-morbius\\-the\\-silver\\-lining\\\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2022\\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bloody Disgusting]]}}", "In 2020, he had a guest spot as Frank Dillman on the police sitcom [Brooklyn Nine\\-Nine](/wiki/Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_%28season_7%29%23Dillman \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 7)#Dillman\").{{cite magazine \\\|title\\='Brooklyn Nine\\-Nine' Recap: All That Glitters \\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv\\-recaps/brooklyn\\-nine\\-nine\\-recap\\-season\\-7\\-episode\\-9\\-dillman\\-970980/ \\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\\|date\\=March 27, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2020}} He also narrated the [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") limited series documentary [Coronavirus, Explained](/wiki/Coronavirus%2C_Explained \"Coronavirus, Explained\"){{cite web \\\|title\\=Vox's 'Explained' Returns to Netflix with a New Limited Series, \"Coronavirus, Explained\" \\\|url\\=https://www.voxmedia.com/2020/4/27/21238315/voxs\\-explained\\-returns\\-to\\-netflix\\-with\\-a\\-new\\-limited\\-series\\-coronavirus\\-explained \\\|website\\=Vox Media \\\|date\\=April 27, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2020}} and co\\-starred in the critically acclaimed sci\\-fi/comedy [Palm Springs](/wiki/Palm_Springs_%282020_film%29 \"Palm Springs (2020 film)\"), which premiered at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival \"Sundance Film Festival\") in January and on [Hulu](/wiki/Hulu \"Hulu\") in July.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Scheetz \\\|first1\\=Cameron \\\|title\\=J.K. Simmons on Palm Springs and why he loves working with Andy Samberg \\\|url\\=https://film.avclub.com/j\\-k\\-simmons\\-on\\-palm\\-springs\\-and\\-why\\-he\\-loves\\-working\\-w\\-1844249401 \\\|website\\=The A.V. Club \\\|date\\=July 10, 2020 \\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2020 \\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2021 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410152126/https://film.avclub.com/j\\-k\\-simmons\\-on\\-palm\\-springs\\-and\\-why\\-he\\-loves\\-working\\-w\\-1844249401 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "From 2014 to 2020, Simmons voiced [Lenny Turteltaub](/wiki/List_of_BoJack_Horseman_characters \"List of BoJack Horseman characters\") in the animated show [BoJack Horseman](/wiki/BoJack_Horseman \"BoJack Horseman\").", "In 2021, Simmons provided the voice for [Omni\\-Man](/wiki/Omni-Man \"Omni-Man\") in the animated show [Invincible](/wiki/Invincible_%28TV_series%29 \"Invincible (TV series)\"), played the role of George Zax, CEO of a family\\-owned and operated pharmaceutical company on the fourth season of [Goliath](/wiki/Goliath_%28TV_series%29 \"Goliath (TV series)\"), and also appeared in the military science\\-fiction film [The Tomorrow War](/wiki/The_Tomorrow_War \"The Tomorrow War\").{{cite news \\\|last\\=McNary \\\|first\\=Dave \\\|date\\=November 11, 2019 \\\|title\\=Chris Pratt's Sci\\-Fi Film 'The Tomorrow War' Gets Release Date \\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/chris\\-pratt\\-tomorrow\\-war\\-release\\-date\\-2020\\-1203401242/ \\\|work\\=Variety \\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2019}}", "In 2021, Simmons was the voice of Tusk Johnson, Mountain Man in the animated show [The Great North](/wiki/The_Great_North \"The Great North\").", "In 2021, Simmons portrayed [William Frawley](/wiki/William_Frawley \"William Frawley\") in the Amazon movie [Being the Ricardos](/wiki/Being_the_Ricardos \"Being the Ricardos\"), for which he received his second Academy Award nomination.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2022/02/oscar\\-nominations\\-list\\-of\\-nominees\\-1234928251/\\\|title\\=Oscar Nominations: 'The Power Of The Dog', 'Dune' Top List; 'Drive My Car' Among Big Surprises\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\\|first\\=Patrick\\\|last\\=Hipes\\\|date\\=February 8, 2022\\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2022}}", "### Video games", "In 2005, Simmons also reprised his role of [J. Jonah Jameson](/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson \"J. Jonah Jameson\"), as a voice actor, for the PSP version of [Spider\\-Man 2: The Video Game](/wiki/Spider-Man_2_%282004_video_game%29 \"Spider-Man 2 (2004 video game)\"). Later in 2007, he also voiced the same character of Jameson in the next game of the series: [Spider\\-Man 3: The Video Game](/wiki/Spider-Man_3_%28video_game%29 \"Spider-Man 3 (video game)\"). Simmons, also in 2007, decided to voice Jameson one last time in [Stern Pinball: Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28pinball%29 \"Spider-Man (pinball)\").", "Simmons appears as the [anti\\-communist](/wiki/Anti-communist \"Anti-communist\") U.S. President Howard T. Ackerman in the video game [Command \\& Conquer: Red Alert 3](/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:Red_Alert_3 \"Red Alert 3\") and for a series of promotional advertisements parodying the 2008 presidential elections. In these advertisements, he offers himself (as Ackerman) as an alternative to other, unnamed presidential candidates and uses the slogan \"Vote for me, if you want to live\".[Red Alert Universe \\> Factions \\> Factions, Units, \\& Characters](http://portal.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/template.MAXIMIZE/factions_en/?javax.portlet.tpst=887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0_viewID=proxy_view_secondary&javax.portlet.prp_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0_wcproxyurl=http%253A%252F%252Flocalhost%253A8080%252FSiteAssets%252Ffactions%252FPresidentAckerman.html&javax.portlet.begCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&javax.portlet.endCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724151359/http://portal.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/template.MAXIMIZE/factions\\_en/?javax.portlet.tpst\\=887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0\\_ws\\_MX\\&javax.portlet.prp\\_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0\\_viewID\\=proxy\\_view\\_secondary\\&javax.portlet.prp\\_887f789b1e9f05362087dce7b100cda0\\_wcproxyurl\\=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8080%2FSiteAssets%2Ffactions%2FPresidentAckerman.html\\&javax.portlet.begCacheTok\\=com.vignette.cachetoken\\&javax.portlet.endCacheTok\\=com.vignette.cachetoken \\\|date\\=July 24, 2009 }}, President Ackerman character information. In the [2008 United States Presidential election](/wiki/2008_United_States_Presidential_election \"2008 United States Presidential election\"), 43 people voted for Simmons (as Ackerman) as a [write\\-in candidate](/wiki/Write-in_candidate \"Write-in candidate\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/article/detail?contentId\\=9c7978addfe6d110VgnVCM100000100d2c0aRCRD \\\|title\\=Red Alert Universe \\> Article Detail \\\|website\\=www.commandandconquer.com \\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2023 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328021816/http://www.commandandconquer.com/portal/site/redalert/article/detail?contentId\\=9c7978addfe6d110VgnVCM100000100d2c0aRCRD \\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2009 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 2011, Simmons also appeared in [Generator Rex: Agent of Providence](/wiki/Generator_Rex \"Generator Rex\"), as White Knight.", "In April 2011, he appeared in [Portal 2](/wiki/Portal_2 \"Portal 2\") as the voice of [Aperture Science](/wiki/Portal_%28video_game%29%23Setting \"Portal (video game)#Setting\") founder [Cave Johnson](/wiki/Cave_Johnson_%28Portal%29 \"Cave Johnson (Portal)\"),{{cite web \\\|title\\=PAX: Portal 2 Nabs J.K. Simmons \\\|url\\=http://ps3\\.ign.com/articles/115/1155074p1\\.html \\\|first\\=Greg \\\|last\\=Miller \\\|date\\=March 11, 2011 \\\|access\\-date\\=March 14, 2011 \\\|website\\=\\[\\[IGN]] \\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120525003258/http://ps3\\.ign.com/articles/115/1155074p1\\.html \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} a performance that was lauded as the \"surprise star turn\" of the game.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.next\\-gen.biz/reviews/portal\\-2\\-review \\\|title\\=Edge Online – Video game features, reviews \\& industry jobs \\\|work\\=Edge Online \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829011356/http://www.next\\-gen.biz/reviews/portal\\-2\\-review \\\|archive\\-date\\=August 29, 2011 }}{{Failed verification\\\|date\\=May 2022}} He reprised his role as Cave Johnson in the 2015 video game [Lego Dimensions](/wiki/Lego_Dimensions \"Lego Dimensions\"), the 2022 video game [Aperture Desk Job](/wiki/Aperture_Desk_Job \"Aperture Desk Job\"),{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/84647/20150914/lego\\-dimensions\\-voice\\-cast\\-includes\\-michael\\-j\\-fox\\-gary\\-oldman.htm \\\|title\\='LEGO Dimensions' Voice Cast Includes Michael J. Fox, Gary Oldman, Chris Pratt And More \\\|last\\=Parrish \\\|first\\=Robin \\\|date\\=September 14, 2015 \\\|website\\=Tech Times \\\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2017}} and was introduced to be a part of the [Dota 2](/wiki/Dota_2 \"Dota 2\") 2022 Battle Pass: Part II in an Announcer and Mega Kills Packs.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://gamerant.com/dota\\-2\\-cave\\-johnson\\-portal\\-announcer\\-voice\\-pack/ \\\|title\\=Dota 2 Cave Johnson Portal Voice Pack Revealed \\\|last\\=Fields \\\|first\\=Sarah \\\|date\\=October 30, 2022 \\\|website\\=GameRant \\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2023}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=GNVAmbB8hEo/ \\\|title\\='Cave Johnson Announcer Pack' \\\|date\\=October 30, 2022 \\\|website\\=YouTube \\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2023}}", "Simmons provided the voice\\-over for the [M\\&M's](/wiki/M%26M%27s \"M&M's\") \"[spokescandy](/wiki/Mascot \"Mascot\")\", Yellow in [M\\&M's: Shell Shocked](/wiki/List_of_M%26M%27s_video_games \"List of M&M's video games\") and [M\\&M's: The Lost Formulas](/wiki/List_of_M%26M%27s_video_games \"List of M&M's video games\").{{cite web\\\| url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=rNic1aHkkMg\\&t\\=\\\| title \\= Crash Bandicoot \\& M\\&M's Shell Shocked Comparison \\- Similarities, Fun Facts with Billy West \\& More!\\\| website \\= \\[\\[YouTube]]\\\| access\\-date \\= January 23, 2020}}", "Simmons also appeared as General Ketheric Thorm in the 2023 video game [Baldur's Gate 3](/wiki/Baldur%27s_Gate_3 \"Baldur's Gate 3\").{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Heath \\\|first1\\=Jerome \\\|title\\=Baldur's Gate 3: Cast and voice actors in BG3 \\\|url\\=https://dotesports.com/baldurs\\-gate/news/all\\-characters\\-and\\-voice\\-actors\\-in\\-baldurs\\-gate\\-3 \\\|website\\=Dot Esports \\\|date\\=17 August 2023}}", "In September 2023, Simmons reprised his role as [Omni\\-Man](/wiki/Omni-Man \"Omni-Man\") in the video game [Mortal Kombat 1](/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_1 \"Mortal Kombat 1\").{{cite magazine\\\|last\\=Spangler\\\|first\\=Todd\\\|title\\=''Mortal Kombat 1'' reveals Peacemaker, ''The Boys''{{'}} Homelander, and ''Invincible''{{'}}s Omni\\-Man characters\\\|url\\=https://ew.com/events/comic\\-con/mortal\\-kombat\\-1\\-reveals\\-homelander\\-peacemaker\\-omni\\-man\\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\\|date\\=July 21, 2023\\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2023}}", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### NFL After college, Austin was selected in the 12th round (312th overall) of the 1986 [NFL draft](/wiki/NFL_draft "NFL draft") by the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals_%28football%29 "St. Louis Cardinals (football)").{{Cite web \\|title\=1986 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/1986/draft.htm \\|access\-date\=2023\-10\-03 \\|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \\|language\=en}} He played a single season in the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") as the team's third\-string quarterback, rushing one time for zero yards, and not attempting a single pass. In 1987, the Cardinals chose not to resign Austin. ### CFL On September 8, 1987, Austin joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He made his first CFL start at quarterback when Saskatchewan visited Hamilton on October 11, a game Saskatchewan won. Austin started the last 5 games of the 1987 season. Throughout the [1988](/wiki/1988_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1988 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") and [1989](/wiki/1989_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") seasons, Austin shared quarterback duties with [Tom Burgess](/wiki/Tom_Burgess_%28Canadian_football%29 "Tom Burgess (Canadian football)"). When Austin got injured in the 1989 West Final in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton_Elks "Edmonton Elks"), Burgess relieved him. With the efforts of both quarterbacks, the 9\-9 Roughriders were able to defeat the 16\-2 Eskimos. Austin got the start in the Grey Cup game, and helped guide Saskatchewan to its second ever [Grey Cup](/wiki/77th_Grey_Cup "77th Grey Cup") win. He was awarded the game's [Offensive Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Grey_Cup_Most_Valuable_Player "Grey Cup Most Valuable Player") after leading the Roughriders down the field to kick the game\-winning field goal, and throwing for 474 yards, which was the second most yards thrown in a Grey Cup game at the time. In [1990](/wiki/1990_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1990 Saskatchewan Roughriders season"), Austin became Saskatchewan's undisputed starting quarterback after Burgess was traded to the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers "Winnipeg Blue Bombers"). That year, Austin threw a 107 yard touchdown pass to [Jeff Fairholm](/wiki/Jeff_Fairholm "Jeff Fairholm") against Winnipeg in the [Labour Day Classic](/wiki/Labour_Day_Classic "Labour Day Classic"). Austin led the CFL that year in passing yards (4604\), attempts (618\), and completions (360\). The latter two statistics were second all\-time in a single CFL season. He was nominated a CFL West All\-Star and CFL League All\-Star for the first, and only, time in his career. In [1991](/wiki/1991_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season"), Austin missed 5 games with injury, but was still able to throw for 4,137 yards and 32 touchdowns. On September 15, 1991, when the Roughriders hosted Edmonton, he set a CFL record for most passing attempts in a regular season game with 65\. Also that year, Austin tied [Sam Etcheverry](/wiki/Sam_Etcheverry "Sam Etcheverry")'s CFL record for most consecutive 300\-yard passing games with 9; 4 consecutive of these games were 400\-yard games, a CFL record for consecutive 400\-yard games. The [1992 season](/wiki/1992_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1992 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") was statistically his best CFL season. Austin led the CFL in passing yards, attempts, and completions for the second time in his career, and passing touchdowns for the first and only time in his career. He became only the third CFL quarterback ([Warren Moon](/wiki/Warren_Moon "Warren Moon") and [Doug Flutie](/wiki/Doug_Flutie "Doug Flutie")) to pass for 5,000 yards in a single season, and the second CFL quarterback (Flutie) to hit 6,000 passing yards in a single season. His 770 attempts were a CFL single season record, and his 459 completions were second in a single season. His 35 touchdown passes were a Roughrider single season record. In the West Semi\-Final in Edmonton, Austin threw 32 completions, second most in a playoff game, and 468 yards, third most in a playoff game. [1993](/wiki/1993_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1993 Saskatchewan Roughriders season"), Austin's 7th and final in Saskatchewan, saw him once again throw for over 5,000 yards and over 30 touchdowns. His 715 pass attempts were 3rd most in a single CFL season. On October 31 in Toronto, he tied [Dieter Brock](/wiki/Dieter_Brock "Dieter Brock")'s 1981 CFL record for most passing completions in a regular season game with 41\. Also in that game, Austin threw for over 500 yards, the second consecutive game in which he threw for that yardage. In Austin's final two seasons in Saskatchewan, he threw for an eye\-popping 11,979 yards. When he left the Roughriders, he was second only to [Ron Lancaster](/wiki/Ron_Lancaster "Ron Lancaster") in many of the Roughriders all\-time passing statistics. The top 11 single game passing yardage totals in team history belonged to Austin. He also finished second in team history to [George Reed](/wiki/George_Reed_%28Canadian_football%29 "George Reed (Canadian football)") for career rushing touchdowns (34\), many of which were on [quarterback sneaks](/wiki/Quarterback_sneak "Quarterback sneak"). Prior to the 1994 season, he was traded to the [Ottawa Rough Riders](/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders "Ottawa Rough Riders"), who then traded him to the [B.C. Lions](/wiki/1994_BC_Lions_season "1994 BC Lions season"). This season, Austin threw for 4193 yards, making him the first CFL quarterback to throw for 4,000 yards in five different seasons, and in five consecutive seasons. He was part of the team's [Grey Cup win](/wiki/82nd_Grey_Cup "82nd Grey Cup"), starting the game before leaving with injury. Austin was replaced by [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus "Danny McManus"), who would lead the Lions to a win on a last\-second field goal. Austin was traded to the Toronto Argonauts in [1995](/wiki/1995_Toronto_Argonauts_season "1995 Toronto Argonauts season"). He was the second Ole Miss star to play quarterback for Toronto, the first being [Eagle Day](/wiki/Eagle_Day_%28football_player%29 "Eagle Day (football player)") in 1967\. Austin joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in [1996](/wiki/1996_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season "1996 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season"), playing only one season with the team before being released on February 11, 1997\. When Austin's 10 year career as a CFL quarterback was complete, he ranked in the top 10 in numerous CFL all\-time regular season passing statistics: * 3rd in attempts (4,700\) * 4th in completions (2,709\) * 4th in yards (36,030\) * 7th in touchdowns (198\) * 3rd in 300\-yard games (48\) * 2nd in 400\-yard games (19\) In the [Columbo](/wiki/Columbo "Columbo") episode "A Bird in the Hand..." (air date November 22, 1992\), footage from a Saskatchewan Roughriders versus [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos "Edmonton Eskimos") game was used to portray a fictional game played by a football team called "The Stallions". As the footage showed Kent Austin playing and wearing the No. 5 jersey, the actor playing the quarterback wore a jersey bearing that number throughout the television episode. When a scene required seeing the quarterback in play, they used footage of Kent Austin. In 1999, Austin was inducted into the Saskatchewan Roughriders Plaza of Honour.{{Cite web \\|date\=2006\-12\-06 \\|title\=Austin named Roughriders head coach \\|url\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/12/06/austin\_named\_roughriders\_head\_coach/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-19 \\|website\=CFL.ca \\|language\=en}} ### Career statistics \| \| \| \| Passing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Rushing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Year \| Team \| Att \| Comp \| Pct \| Yards \| TD \| Int \| Rating \| Att \| Yards \| Avg \| Long \| TD \| \| [1987](/wiki/1987_CFL_season "1987 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1987_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1987 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 156 \| 93 \| 59\.6 \| 1,172 \| 3 \| 10 \| 62\.8 \| 24 \| 138 \| 5\.8 \| 31 \| 0 \| \| [1988](/wiki/1988_CFL_season "1988 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1988_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1988 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 277 \| 162 \| 58\.5 \| 2,084 \| 8 \| 12 \| 73\.7 \| 51 \| 258 \| 5\.1 \| 34 \| 2 \| \| [1989](/wiki/1989_CFL_season "1989 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1989_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 323 \| 183 \| 56\.7 \| 2,650 \| 16 \| 12 \| 84\.5 \| 42 \| 168 \| 4\.0 \| 18 \| 3 \| \| [1990](/wiki/1990_CFL_season "1990 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1990_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1990 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 618 \| 360 \| 58\.3 \| 4,604 \| 27 \| 27 \| 78\.0 \| 50 \| 158 \| 3\.2 \| 17 \| 5 \| \| [1991](/wiki/1991_CFL_season "1991 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1991_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 554 \| 302 \| 54\.5 \| 4,137 \| 32 \| 18 \| 84\.3 \| 21 \| 10 \| 0\.5 \| 9 \| 6 \| \| [1992](/wiki/1992_CFL_season "1992 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1992_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1992 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 770 \| 459 \| 59\.6 \| 6,225 \| 35 \| 30 \| 84\.4 \| 71 \| 200 \| 2\.8 \| 17 \| 11 \| \| [1993](/wiki/1993_CFL_season "1993 CFL season") \| [SSK](/wiki/1993_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1993 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") \| 715 \| 405 \| 56\.6 \| 5,754 \| 31 \| 25 \| 82\.7 \| 32 \| 88 \| 2\.8 \| 21 \| 7 \| \| [1994](/wiki/1994_CFL_season "1994 CFL season") \| [BC](/wiki/1994_BC_Lions_season "1994 BC Lions season") \| 551 \| 317 \| 57\.5 \| 4,193 \| 24 \| 22 \| 79\.6 \| 29 \| 102 \| 3\.5 \| 16 \| 3 \| \| [1995](/wiki/1995_CFL_season "1995 CFL season") \| [TOR](/wiki/1995_Toronto_Argonauts_season "1995 Toronto Argonauts season") \| 422 \| 252 \| 59\.7 \| 3,076 \| 14 \| 19 \| 74\.5 \| 17 \| 35 \| 2\.1 \| 12 \| 1 \| \| [1996](/wiki/1996_CFL_season "1996 CFL season") \| [WPG](/wiki/1996_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season "1996 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season") \| 314 \| 176 \| 56\.1 \| 2,135 \| 8 \| 16 \| 64\.4 \| 21 \| 100 \| 4\.8 \| 16 \| 0 \| \| [SSK](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders "Saskatchewan Roughriders") totals \| \| 3,413 \| 1,964 \| 57\.5 \| 26,626 \| 152 \| 134 \| 81\.0 \| 291 \| 1,020 \| 3\.5 \| 34 \| 34 \| \| [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") totals \| \| 4,700 \| 2,709 \| 57\.6 \| 36,030 \| 198 \| 191 \| 78\.0 \| 358 \| 1,257 \| 3\.5 \| 34 \| 38 \| This QB rating may be based on NFL system.	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### NFL", "After college, Austin was selected in the 12th round (312th overall) of the 1986 [NFL draft](/wiki/NFL_draft \"NFL draft\") by the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals_%28football%29 \"St. Louis Cardinals (football)\").{{Cite web \\\|title\\=1986 NFL Draft Listing \\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/1986/draft.htm \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-03 \\\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\\|language\\=en}} He played a single season in the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") as the team's third\\-string quarterback, rushing one time for zero yards, and not attempting a single pass. In 1987, the Cardinals chose not to resign Austin.", "### CFL", "On September 8, 1987, Austin joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He made his first CFL start at quarterback when Saskatchewan visited Hamilton on October 11, a game Saskatchewan won. Austin started the last 5 games of the 1987 season.", "Throughout the [1988](/wiki/1988_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1988 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") and [1989](/wiki/1989_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") seasons, Austin shared quarterback duties with [Tom Burgess](/wiki/Tom_Burgess_%28Canadian_football%29 \"Tom Burgess (Canadian football)\"). When Austin got injured in the 1989 West Final in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton_Elks \"Edmonton Elks\"), Burgess relieved him. With the efforts of both quarterbacks, the 9\\-9 Roughriders were able to defeat the 16\\-2 Eskimos. Austin got the start in the Grey Cup game, and helped guide Saskatchewan to its second ever [Grey Cup](/wiki/77th_Grey_Cup \"77th Grey Cup\") win. He was awarded the game's [Offensive Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Grey_Cup_Most_Valuable_Player \"Grey Cup Most Valuable Player\") after leading the Roughriders down the field to kick the game\\-winning field goal, and throwing for 474 yards, which was the second most yards thrown in a Grey Cup game at the time.", "In [1990](/wiki/1990_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1990 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\"), Austin became Saskatchewan's undisputed starting quarterback after Burgess was traded to the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers \"Winnipeg Blue Bombers\"). That year, Austin threw a 107 yard touchdown pass to [Jeff Fairholm](/wiki/Jeff_Fairholm \"Jeff Fairholm\") against Winnipeg in the [Labour Day Classic](/wiki/Labour_Day_Classic \"Labour Day Classic\"). Austin led the CFL that year in passing yards (4604\\), attempts (618\\), and completions (360\\). The latter two statistics were second all\\-time in a single CFL season. He was nominated a CFL West All\\-Star and CFL League All\\-Star for the first, and only, time in his career.", "In [1991](/wiki/1991_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\"), Austin missed 5 games with injury, but was still able to throw for 4,137 yards and 32 touchdowns. On September 15, 1991, when the Roughriders hosted Edmonton, he set a CFL record for most passing attempts in a regular season game with 65\\. Also that year, Austin tied [Sam Etcheverry](/wiki/Sam_Etcheverry \"Sam Etcheverry\")'s CFL record for most consecutive 300\\-yard passing games with 9; 4 consecutive of these games were 400\\-yard games, a CFL record for consecutive 400\\-yard games.", "The [1992 season](/wiki/1992_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1992 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") was statistically his best CFL season. Austin led the CFL in passing yards, attempts, and completions for the second time in his career, and passing touchdowns for the first and only time in his career. He became only the third CFL quarterback ([Warren Moon](/wiki/Warren_Moon \"Warren Moon\") and [Doug Flutie](/wiki/Doug_Flutie \"Doug Flutie\")) to pass for 5,000 yards in a single season, and the second CFL quarterback (Flutie) to hit 6,000 passing yards in a single season. His 770 attempts were a CFL single season record, and his 459 completions were second in a single season. His 35 touchdown passes were a Roughrider single season record. In the West Semi\\-Final in Edmonton, Austin threw 32 completions, second most in a playoff game, and 468 yards, third most in a playoff game.", "[1993](/wiki/1993_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1993 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\"), Austin's 7th and final in Saskatchewan, saw him once again throw for over 5,000 yards and over 30 touchdowns. His 715 pass attempts were 3rd most in a single CFL season. On October 31 in Toronto, he tied [Dieter Brock](/wiki/Dieter_Brock \"Dieter Brock\")'s 1981 CFL record for most passing completions in a regular season game with 41\\. Also in that game, Austin threw for over 500 yards, the second consecutive game in which he threw for that yardage.", "In Austin's final two seasons in Saskatchewan, he threw for an eye\\-popping 11,979 yards. When he left the Roughriders, he was second only to [Ron Lancaster](/wiki/Ron_Lancaster \"Ron Lancaster\") in many of the Roughriders all\\-time passing statistics. The top 11 single game passing yardage totals in team history belonged to Austin. He also finished second in team history to [George Reed](/wiki/George_Reed_%28Canadian_football%29 \"George Reed (Canadian football)\") for career rushing touchdowns (34\\), many of which were on [quarterback sneaks](/wiki/Quarterback_sneak \"Quarterback sneak\").", "Prior to the 1994 season, he was traded to the [Ottawa Rough Riders](/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders \"Ottawa Rough Riders\"), who then traded him to the [B.C. Lions](/wiki/1994_BC_Lions_season \"1994 BC Lions season\"). This season, Austin threw for 4193 yards, making him the first CFL quarterback to throw for 4,000 yards in five different seasons, and in five consecutive seasons. He was part of the team's [Grey Cup win](/wiki/82nd_Grey_Cup \"82nd Grey Cup\"), starting the game before leaving with injury. Austin was replaced by [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus \"Danny McManus\"), who would lead the Lions to a win on a last\\-second field goal.", "Austin was traded to the Toronto Argonauts in [1995](/wiki/1995_Toronto_Argonauts_season \"1995 Toronto Argonauts season\"). He was the second Ole Miss star to play quarterback for Toronto, the first being [Eagle Day](/wiki/Eagle_Day_%28football_player%29 \"Eagle Day (football player)\") in 1967\\. Austin joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in [1996](/wiki/1996_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season \"1996 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season\"), playing only one season with the team before being released on February 11, 1997\\.", "When Austin's 10 year career as a CFL quarterback was complete, he ranked in the top 10 in numerous CFL all\\-time regular season passing statistics:", "* 3rd in attempts (4,700\\)\n* 4th in completions (2,709\\)\n* 4th in yards (36,030\\)\n* 7th in touchdowns (198\\)\n* 3rd in 300\\-yard games (48\\)\n* 2nd in 400\\-yard games (19\\)", "In the [Columbo](/wiki/Columbo \"Columbo\") episode \"A Bird in the Hand...\" (air date November 22, 1992\\), footage from a Saskatchewan Roughriders versus [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos \"Edmonton Eskimos\") game was used to portray a fictional game played by a football team called \"The Stallions\". As the footage showed Kent Austin playing and wearing the No. 5 jersey, the actor playing the quarterback wore a jersey bearing that number throughout the television episode. When a scene required seeing the quarterback in play, they used footage of Kent Austin.", "In 1999, Austin was inducted into the Saskatchewan Roughriders Plaza of Honour.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-06 \\\|title\\=Austin named Roughriders head coach \\\|url\\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/12/06/austin\\_named\\_roughriders\\_head\\_coach/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-19 \\\|website\\=CFL.ca \\\|language\\=en}}", "### Career statistics", "", "\| \| \| \| Passing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Rushing \| \| \| \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Year \| Team \| Att \| Comp \| Pct \| Yards \| TD \| Int \| Rating \| Att \| Yards \| Avg \| Long \| TD \|\n\| [1987](/wiki/1987_CFL_season \"1987 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1987_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1987 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 156 \| 93 \| 59\\.6 \| 1,172 \| 3 \| 10 \| 62\\.8 \| 24 \| 138 \| 5\\.8 \| 31 \| 0 \|\n\| [1988](/wiki/1988_CFL_season \"1988 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1988_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1988 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 277 \| 162 \| 58\\.5 \| 2,084 \| 8 \| 12 \| 73\\.7 \| 51 \| 258 \| 5\\.1 \| 34 \| 2 \|\n\| [1989](/wiki/1989_CFL_season \"1989 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1989_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 323 \| 183 \| 56\\.7 \| 2,650 \| 16 \| 12 \| 84\\.5 \| 42 \| 168 \| 4\\.0 \| 18 \| 3 \|\n\| [1990](/wiki/1990_CFL_season \"1990 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1990_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1990 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 618 \| 360 \| 58\\.3 \| 4,604 \| 27 \| 27 \| 78\\.0 \| 50 \| 158 \| 3\\.2 \| 17 \| 5 \|\n\| [1991](/wiki/1991_CFL_season \"1991 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1991_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 554 \| 302 \| 54\\.5 \| 4,137 \| 32 \| 18 \| 84\\.3 \| 21 \| 10 \| 0\\.5 \| 9 \| 6 \|\n\| [1992](/wiki/1992_CFL_season \"1992 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1992_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1992 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 770 \| 459 \| 59\\.6 \| 6,225 \| 35 \| 30 \| 84\\.4 \| 71 \| 200 \| 2\\.8 \| 17 \| 11 \|\n\| [1993](/wiki/1993_CFL_season \"1993 CFL season\") \| [SSK](/wiki/1993_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1993 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") \| 715 \| 405 \| 56\\.6 \| 5,754 \| 31 \| 25 \| 82\\.7 \| 32 \| 88 \| 2\\.8 \| 21 \| 7 \|\n\| [1994](/wiki/1994_CFL_season \"1994 CFL season\") \| [BC](/wiki/1994_BC_Lions_season \"1994 BC Lions season\") \| 551 \| 317 \| 57\\.5 \| 4,193 \| 24 \| 22 \| 79\\.6 \| 29 \| 102 \| 3\\.5 \| 16 \| 3 \|\n\| [1995](/wiki/1995_CFL_season \"1995 CFL season\") \| [TOR](/wiki/1995_Toronto_Argonauts_season \"1995 Toronto Argonauts season\") \| 422 \| 252 \| 59\\.7 \| 3,076 \| 14 \| 19 \| 74\\.5 \| 17 \| 35 \| 2\\.1 \| 12 \| 1 \|\n\| [1996](/wiki/1996_CFL_season \"1996 CFL season\") \| [WPG](/wiki/1996_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season \"1996 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season\") \| 314 \| 176 \| 56\\.1 \| 2,135 \| 8 \| 16 \| 64\\.4 \| 21 \| 100 \| 4\\.8 \| 16 \| 0 \|\n\| [SSK](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders \"Saskatchewan Roughriders\") totals \| \| 3,413 \| 1,964 \| 57\\.5 \| 26,626 \| 152 \| 134 \| 81\\.0 \| 291 \| 1,020 \| 3\\.5 \| 34 \| 34 \|\n\| [CFL](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") totals \| \| 4,700 \| 2,709 \| 57\\.6 \| 36,030 \| 198 \| 191 \| 78\\.0 \| 358 \| 1,257 \| 3\\.5 \| 34 \| 38 \|", "This QB rating may be based on NFL system.", "" ]
### CFL On September 8, 1987, Austin joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He made his first CFL start at quarterback when Saskatchewan visited Hamilton on October 11, a game Saskatchewan won. Austin started the last 5 games of the 1987 season. Throughout the [1988](/wiki/1988_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1988 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") and [1989](/wiki/1989_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") seasons, Austin shared quarterback duties with [Tom Burgess](/wiki/Tom_Burgess_%28Canadian_football%29 "Tom Burgess (Canadian football)"). When Austin got injured in the 1989 West Final in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton_Elks "Edmonton Elks"), Burgess relieved him. With the efforts of both quarterbacks, the 9\-9 Roughriders were able to defeat the 16\-2 Eskimos. Austin got the start in the Grey Cup game, and helped guide Saskatchewan to its second ever [Grey Cup](/wiki/77th_Grey_Cup "77th Grey Cup") win. He was awarded the game's [Offensive Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Grey_Cup_Most_Valuable_Player "Grey Cup Most Valuable Player") after leading the Roughriders down the field to kick the game\-winning field goal, and throwing for 474 yards, which was the second most yards thrown in a Grey Cup game at the time. In [1990](/wiki/1990_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1990 Saskatchewan Roughriders season"), Austin became Saskatchewan's undisputed starting quarterback after Burgess was traded to the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers "Winnipeg Blue Bombers"). That year, Austin threw a 107 yard touchdown pass to [Jeff Fairholm](/wiki/Jeff_Fairholm "Jeff Fairholm") against Winnipeg in the [Labour Day Classic](/wiki/Labour_Day_Classic "Labour Day Classic"). Austin led the CFL that year in passing yards (4604\), attempts (618\), and completions (360\). The latter two statistics were second all\-time in a single CFL season. He was nominated a CFL West All\-Star and CFL League All\-Star for the first, and only, time in his career. In [1991](/wiki/1991_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season"), Austin missed 5 games with injury, but was still able to throw for 4,137 yards and 32 touchdowns. On September 15, 1991, when the Roughriders hosted Edmonton, he set a CFL record for most passing attempts in a regular season game with 65\. Also that year, Austin tied [Sam Etcheverry](/wiki/Sam_Etcheverry "Sam Etcheverry")'s CFL record for most consecutive 300\-yard passing games with 9; 4 consecutive of these games were 400\-yard games, a CFL record for consecutive 400\-yard games. The [1992 season](/wiki/1992_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1992 Saskatchewan Roughriders season") was statistically his best CFL season. Austin led the CFL in passing yards, attempts, and completions for the second time in his career, and passing touchdowns for the first and only time in his career. He became only the third CFL quarterback ([Warren Moon](/wiki/Warren_Moon "Warren Moon") and [Doug Flutie](/wiki/Doug_Flutie "Doug Flutie")) to pass for 5,000 yards in a single season, and the second CFL quarterback (Flutie) to hit 6,000 passing yards in a single season. His 770 attempts were a CFL single season record, and his 459 completions were second in a single season. His 35 touchdown passes were a Roughrider single season record. In the West Semi\-Final in Edmonton, Austin threw 32 completions, second most in a playoff game, and 468 yards, third most in a playoff game. [1993](/wiki/1993_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season "1993 Saskatchewan Roughriders season"), Austin's 7th and final in Saskatchewan, saw him once again throw for over 5,000 yards and over 30 touchdowns. His 715 pass attempts were 3rd most in a single CFL season. On October 31 in Toronto, he tied [Dieter Brock](/wiki/Dieter_Brock "Dieter Brock")'s 1981 CFL record for most passing completions in a regular season game with 41\. Also in that game, Austin threw for over 500 yards, the second consecutive game in which he threw for that yardage. In Austin's final two seasons in Saskatchewan, he threw for an eye\-popping 11,979 yards. When he left the Roughriders, he was second only to [Ron Lancaster](/wiki/Ron_Lancaster "Ron Lancaster") in many of the Roughriders all\-time passing statistics. The top 11 single game passing yardage totals in team history belonged to Austin. He also finished second in team history to [George Reed](/wiki/George_Reed_%28Canadian_football%29 "George Reed (Canadian football)") for career rushing touchdowns (34\), many of which were on [quarterback sneaks](/wiki/Quarterback_sneak "Quarterback sneak"). Prior to the 1994 season, he was traded to the [Ottawa Rough Riders](/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders "Ottawa Rough Riders"), who then traded him to the [B.C. Lions](/wiki/1994_BC_Lions_season "1994 BC Lions season"). This season, Austin threw for 4193 yards, making him the first CFL quarterback to throw for 4,000 yards in five different seasons, and in five consecutive seasons. He was part of the team's [Grey Cup win](/wiki/82nd_Grey_Cup "82nd Grey Cup"), starting the game before leaving with injury. Austin was replaced by [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus "Danny McManus"), who would lead the Lions to a win on a last\-second field goal. Austin was traded to the Toronto Argonauts in [1995](/wiki/1995_Toronto_Argonauts_season "1995 Toronto Argonauts season"). He was the second Ole Miss star to play quarterback for Toronto, the first being [Eagle Day](/wiki/Eagle_Day_%28football_player%29 "Eagle Day (football player)") in 1967\. Austin joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in [1996](/wiki/1996_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season "1996 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season"), playing only one season with the team before being released on February 11, 1997\. When Austin's 10 year career as a CFL quarterback was complete, he ranked in the top 10 in numerous CFL all\-time regular season passing statistics: * 3rd in attempts (4,700\) * 4th in completions (2,709\) * 4th in yards (36,030\) * 7th in touchdowns (198\) * 3rd in 300\-yard games (48\) * 2nd in 400\-yard games (19\) In the [Columbo](/wiki/Columbo "Columbo") episode "A Bird in the Hand..." (air date November 22, 1992\), footage from a Saskatchewan Roughriders versus [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos "Edmonton Eskimos") game was used to portray a fictional game played by a football team called "The Stallions". As the footage showed Kent Austin playing and wearing the No. 5 jersey, the actor playing the quarterback wore a jersey bearing that number throughout the television episode. When a scene required seeing the quarterback in play, they used footage of Kent Austin. In 1999, Austin was inducted into the Saskatchewan Roughriders Plaza of Honour.{{Cite web \\|date\=2006\-12\-06 \\|title\=Austin named Roughriders head coach \\|url\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/12/06/austin\_named\_roughriders\_head\_coach/ \\|access\-date\=2023\-12\-19 \\|website\=CFL.ca \\|language\=en}}	[ "### CFL", "On September 8, 1987, Austin joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He made his first CFL start at quarterback when Saskatchewan visited Hamilton on October 11, a game Saskatchewan won. Austin started the last 5 games of the 1987 season.", "Throughout the [1988](/wiki/1988_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1988 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") and [1989](/wiki/1989_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") seasons, Austin shared quarterback duties with [Tom Burgess](/wiki/Tom_Burgess_%28Canadian_football%29 \"Tom Burgess (Canadian football)\"). When Austin got injured in the 1989 West Final in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton_Elks \"Edmonton Elks\"), Burgess relieved him. With the efforts of both quarterbacks, the 9\\-9 Roughriders were able to defeat the 16\\-2 Eskimos. Austin got the start in the Grey Cup game, and helped guide Saskatchewan to its second ever [Grey Cup](/wiki/77th_Grey_Cup \"77th Grey Cup\") win. He was awarded the game's [Offensive Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Grey_Cup_Most_Valuable_Player \"Grey Cup Most Valuable Player\") after leading the Roughriders down the field to kick the game\\-winning field goal, and throwing for 474 yards, which was the second most yards thrown in a Grey Cup game at the time.", "In [1990](/wiki/1990_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1990 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\"), Austin became Saskatchewan's undisputed starting quarterback after Burgess was traded to the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers \"Winnipeg Blue Bombers\"). That year, Austin threw a 107 yard touchdown pass to [Jeff Fairholm](/wiki/Jeff_Fairholm \"Jeff Fairholm\") against Winnipeg in the [Labour Day Classic](/wiki/Labour_Day_Classic \"Labour Day Classic\"). Austin led the CFL that year in passing yards (4604\\), attempts (618\\), and completions (360\\). The latter two statistics were second all\\-time in a single CFL season. He was nominated a CFL West All\\-Star and CFL League All\\-Star for the first, and only, time in his career.", "In [1991](/wiki/1991_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\"), Austin missed 5 games with injury, but was still able to throw for 4,137 yards and 32 touchdowns. On September 15, 1991, when the Roughriders hosted Edmonton, he set a CFL record for most passing attempts in a regular season game with 65\\. Also that year, Austin tied [Sam Etcheverry](/wiki/Sam_Etcheverry \"Sam Etcheverry\")'s CFL record for most consecutive 300\\-yard passing games with 9; 4 consecutive of these games were 400\\-yard games, a CFL record for consecutive 400\\-yard games.", "The [1992 season](/wiki/1992_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1992 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\") was statistically his best CFL season. Austin led the CFL in passing yards, attempts, and completions for the second time in his career, and passing touchdowns for the first and only time in his career. He became only the third CFL quarterback ([Warren Moon](/wiki/Warren_Moon \"Warren Moon\") and [Doug Flutie](/wiki/Doug_Flutie \"Doug Flutie\")) to pass for 5,000 yards in a single season, and the second CFL quarterback (Flutie) to hit 6,000 passing yards in a single season. His 770 attempts were a CFL single season record, and his 459 completions were second in a single season. His 35 touchdown passes were a Roughrider single season record. In the West Semi\\-Final in Edmonton, Austin threw 32 completions, second most in a playoff game, and 468 yards, third most in a playoff game.", "[1993](/wiki/1993_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season \"1993 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\"), Austin's 7th and final in Saskatchewan, saw him once again throw for over 5,000 yards and over 30 touchdowns. His 715 pass attempts were 3rd most in a single CFL season. On October 31 in Toronto, he tied [Dieter Brock](/wiki/Dieter_Brock \"Dieter Brock\")'s 1981 CFL record for most passing completions in a regular season game with 41\\. Also in that game, Austin threw for over 500 yards, the second consecutive game in which he threw for that yardage.", "In Austin's final two seasons in Saskatchewan, he threw for an eye\\-popping 11,979 yards. When he left the Roughriders, he was second only to [Ron Lancaster](/wiki/Ron_Lancaster \"Ron Lancaster\") in many of the Roughriders all\\-time passing statistics. The top 11 single game passing yardage totals in team history belonged to Austin. He also finished second in team history to [George Reed](/wiki/George_Reed_%28Canadian_football%29 \"George Reed (Canadian football)\") for career rushing touchdowns (34\\), many of which were on [quarterback sneaks](/wiki/Quarterback_sneak \"Quarterback sneak\").", "Prior to the 1994 season, he was traded to the [Ottawa Rough Riders](/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders \"Ottawa Rough Riders\"), who then traded him to the [B.C. Lions](/wiki/1994_BC_Lions_season \"1994 BC Lions season\"). This season, Austin threw for 4193 yards, making him the first CFL quarterback to throw for 4,000 yards in five different seasons, and in five consecutive seasons. He was part of the team's [Grey Cup win](/wiki/82nd_Grey_Cup \"82nd Grey Cup\"), starting the game before leaving with injury. Austin was replaced by [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus \"Danny McManus\"), who would lead the Lions to a win on a last\\-second field goal.", "Austin was traded to the Toronto Argonauts in [1995](/wiki/1995_Toronto_Argonauts_season \"1995 Toronto Argonauts season\"). He was the second Ole Miss star to play quarterback for Toronto, the first being [Eagle Day](/wiki/Eagle_Day_%28football_player%29 \"Eagle Day (football player)\") in 1967\\. Austin joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in [1996](/wiki/1996_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season \"1996 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season\"), playing only one season with the team before being released on February 11, 1997\\.", "When Austin's 10 year career as a CFL quarterback was complete, he ranked in the top 10 in numerous CFL all\\-time regular season passing statistics:", "* 3rd in attempts (4,700\\)\n* 4th in completions (2,709\\)\n* 4th in yards (36,030\\)\n* 7th in touchdowns (198\\)\n* 3rd in 300\\-yard games (48\\)\n* 2nd in 400\\-yard games (19\\)", "In the [Columbo](/wiki/Columbo \"Columbo\") episode \"A Bird in the Hand...\" (air date November 22, 1992\\), footage from a Saskatchewan Roughriders versus [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos \"Edmonton Eskimos\") game was used to portray a fictional game played by a football team called \"The Stallions\". As the footage showed Kent Austin playing and wearing the No. 5 jersey, the actor playing the quarterback wore a jersey bearing that number throughout the television episode. When a scene required seeing the quarterback in play, they used footage of Kent Austin.", "In 1999, Austin was inducted into the Saskatchewan Roughriders Plaza of Honour.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2006\\-12\\-06 \\\|title\\=Austin named Roughriders head coach \\\|url\\=https://www.cfl.ca/2006/12/06/austin\\_named\\_roughriders\\_head\\_coach/ \\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-19 \\\|website\\=CFL.ca \\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Role ---- The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Conventionally, the Speaker remains non\-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with their former political party when taking office. The Speaker does not take part in debate nor vote (except to break ties, and even then, subject to conventions that maintain their non\-partisan status), although the Speaker is still able to speak. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a constituency [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") (MP). The office of the Speaker is recognised in section 31 of the Constitution Act 1902 as the Legislative Assembly's "independent and impartial representative". The first act of the new Parliament, after the swearing in of Members, is the election of a Speaker. Section 31B of the Constitution Act outlines the method of election. Under section 70 of the Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Act 1912, the Speaker issues writs to fill vacancies caused otherwise than by a General Election, which would be issued by the Governor. The Speaker's role in the House is to maintain order, put questions after debate and conduct divisions. In maintaining order the Speaker interprets and applies the Standing Orders and practice of the House by making rulings and decisions. The Speaker also has extensive administrative functions, being responsible, with the President, for the overall direction of the Parliament. In this, the Presiding Officers are advised by the Clerks of both Houses. The Speaker is solely responsible for the operation of the Department of the Legislative Assembly. If only one candidate is nominated for election, then no ballot is held, and the Assembly proceeds directly to the motion to appoint the candidate to the Speakership. A similar procedure is used if a Speaker seeks a further term after a general election: no ballot is held, and the Assembly immediately votes on a motion to re\-elect the Speaker. If the motion to re\-elect the Speaker fails, candidates are nominated, and the Assembly proceeds with voting. Upon the passage of the motion, the Speaker\-elect is expected to show reluctance at being chosen. Customarily the speaker\-elect is "dragged unwillingly" by MPs to the Speaker's bench. This custom has its roots in the Speaker's original function of communicating the House of Commons' opinions to the monarch. Historically, the Speaker, representing the House to the Monarch, potentially faced the Monarch's anger and therefore required some persuasion to accept the post. After election, the Speaker ceases to be associated with their former party. In 2007, Richard Torbay was the first independent Speaker since 1917, breaking a pattern of alternation between Labor and Conservative members which had occurred from 1917 through to the 2003 elections of Speakers. [right\\|thumb\\|180px\\|[James Dooley](/wiki/James_Dooley_%28New_South_Wales_politician%29 "James Dooley (New South Wales politician)") (1925–1927\) as Speaker, wearing the Labor variation of the dress.](/wiki/File:James_Dooley_%28Australian_politician%29.jpg "James Dooley (Australian politician).jpg") Many Speakers also held higher or other offices while in Parliament: The first Speaker, [Sir Daniel Cooper](/wiki/Sir_Daniel_Cooper%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Daniel Cooper, 1st Baronet") (1856–1860\) was later made a [Baronet](/wiki/Baronet "Baronet"), of Woollahra in New South Wales, in 1863; [William Arnold](/wiki/William_Munnings_Arnold "William Munnings Arnold") (1865–1875\) served in the [Robertson](/wiki/Robertson_ministry_%281860%E2%80%931861%29 "Robertson ministry (1860–1861)") and [Cowper](/wiki/Cowper_ministry_%281865%E2%80%931866%29 "Cowper ministry (1865–1866)") Ministries before becoming Speaker; [Sir George Wigram Allen](/wiki/George_Wigram_Allen "George Wigram Allen") (1875–1882\) also served as a Minister in the first Parkes Government; [Edmund Barton](/wiki/Edmund_Barton "Edmund Barton") (1883–1887\) entered the new Federal Parliament in 1901 as the first [Prime Minister of Australia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia "Prime Minister of Australia") (1901–1903\) and thereafter served as a [Puisne Justice of the High Court of Australia](/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_High_Court_of_Australia "List of Justices of the High Court of Australia") until 1920; [James Dooley](/wiki/James_Dooley_%28New_South_Wales_politician%29 "James Dooley (New South Wales politician)") (1925–1927\) before taking up the role of Speaker had served two terms as the [Premier of New South Wales](/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales "Premier of New South Wales") in 1921 and from 1921 to 1922; [Reginald Weaver](/wiki/Reginald_Weaver "Reginald Weaver") (1937–1941\), later served briefly as [Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)") and as the first Leader of the NSW Liberal Party in 1945 before his death and [John Aquilina](/wiki/John_Aquilina "John Aquilina") (2003–2007\) also served as a Minister in the Unsworth and Carr Labor Governments.	[ "Role\n----", "The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Conventionally, the Speaker remains non\\-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with their former political party when taking office. The Speaker does not take part in debate nor vote (except to break ties, and even then, subject to conventions that maintain their non\\-partisan status), although the Speaker is still able to speak. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a constituency [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") (MP).", "The office of the Speaker is recognised in section 31 of the Constitution Act 1902 as the Legislative Assembly's \"independent and impartial representative\". The first act of the new Parliament, after the swearing in of Members, is the election of a Speaker. Section 31B of the Constitution Act outlines the method of election. Under section 70 of the Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Act 1912, the Speaker issues writs to fill vacancies caused otherwise than by a General Election, which would be issued by the Governor.", "The Speaker's role in the House is to maintain order, put questions after debate and conduct divisions. In maintaining order the Speaker interprets and applies the Standing Orders and practice of the House by making rulings and decisions.", "The Speaker also has extensive administrative functions, being responsible, with the President, for the overall direction of the Parliament. In this, the Presiding Officers are advised by the Clerks of both Houses. The Speaker is solely responsible for the operation of the Department of the Legislative Assembly.", "If only one candidate is nominated for election, then no ballot is held, and the Assembly proceeds directly to the motion to appoint the candidate to the Speakership. A similar procedure is used if a Speaker seeks a further term after a general election: no ballot is held, and the Assembly immediately votes on a motion to re\\-elect the Speaker. If the motion to re\\-elect the Speaker fails, candidates are nominated, and the Assembly proceeds with voting. Upon the passage of the motion, the Speaker\\-elect is expected to show reluctance at being chosen. Customarily the speaker\\-elect is \"dragged unwillingly\" by MPs to the Speaker's bench. This custom has its roots in the Speaker's original function of communicating the House of Commons' opinions to the monarch. Historically, the Speaker, representing the House to the Monarch, potentially faced the Monarch's anger and therefore required some persuasion to accept the post.", "After election, the Speaker ceases to be associated with their former party. In 2007, Richard Torbay was the first independent Speaker since 1917, breaking a pattern of alternation between Labor and Conservative members which had occurred from 1917 through to the 2003 elections of Speakers.\n[right\\\|thumb\\\|180px\\\|[James Dooley](/wiki/James_Dooley_%28New_South_Wales_politician%29 \"James Dooley (New South Wales politician)\") (1925–1927\\) as Speaker, wearing the Labor variation of the dress.](/wiki/File:James_Dooley_%28Australian_politician%29.jpg \"James Dooley (Australian politician).jpg\")\nMany Speakers also held higher or other offices while in Parliament: The first Speaker, [Sir Daniel Cooper](/wiki/Sir_Daniel_Cooper%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Daniel Cooper, 1st Baronet\") (1856–1860\\) was later made a [Baronet](/wiki/Baronet \"Baronet\"), of Woollahra in New South Wales, in 1863; [William Arnold](/wiki/William_Munnings_Arnold \"William Munnings Arnold\") (1865–1875\\) served in the [Robertson](/wiki/Robertson_ministry_%281860%E2%80%931861%29 \"Robertson ministry (1860–1861)\") and [Cowper](/wiki/Cowper_ministry_%281865%E2%80%931866%29 \"Cowper ministry (1865–1866)\") Ministries before becoming Speaker; [Sir George Wigram Allen](/wiki/George_Wigram_Allen \"George Wigram Allen\") (1875–1882\\) also served as a Minister in the first Parkes Government; [Edmund Barton](/wiki/Edmund_Barton \"Edmund Barton\") (1883–1887\\) entered the new Federal Parliament in 1901 as the first [Prime Minister of Australia](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia \"Prime Minister of Australia\") (1901–1903\\) and thereafter served as a [Puisne Justice of the High Court of Australia](/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_High_Court_of_Australia \"List of Justices of the High Court of Australia\") until 1920; [James Dooley](/wiki/James_Dooley_%28New_South_Wales_politician%29 \"James Dooley (New South Wales politician)\") (1925–1927\\) before taking up the role of Speaker had served two terms as the [Premier of New South Wales](/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales \"Premier of New South Wales\") in 1921 and from 1921 to 1922; [Reginald Weaver](/wiki/Reginald_Weaver \"Reginald Weaver\") (1937–1941\\), later served briefly as [Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)\") and as the first Leader of the NSW Liberal Party in 1945 before his death and [John Aquilina](/wiki/John_Aquilina \"John Aquilina\") (2003–2007\\) also served as a Minister in the Unsworth and Carr Labor Governments.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \\|2000\= 11536 \\|2010\= 11367 \\|2020\= 12012 \\|footnote\=Population sources: 2000 2010 2020 }} ### 2010 census The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census") counted 11,367 people, 4,007 households, and 3,218 families in the CDP. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\\|2439\.8\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\=preunit\\|people \\|people\\|}}. There were 4,134 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|887\.3\\|/mi2\\|/km2\\|disp\=preunit\\|units \\|units\\|}}. The racial makeup was 73\.52% (8,357\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 "White (U.S. census)"), 6\.54% (743\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 "Black (U.S. census)"), 0\.08% (9\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 "Native American (U.S. census)"), 17\.34% (1,971\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 "Asian (U.S. census)"), 0\.00% (0\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. census)"), 0\.65% (74\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race "Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race"), and 1\.87% (213\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. census)") of any race were 3\.04% (345\) of the population. Of the 4,007 households, 37\.8% had children under the age of 18; 67\.0% were married couples living together; 10\.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 19\.7% were non\-families. Of all households, 17\.2% were made up of individuals and 8\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.83 and the average family size was 3\.21\. 25\.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 6\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\.8% from 25 to 44, 31\.3% from 45 to 64, and 14\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42\.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93\.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 91\.1 males. ### 2000 census As of the [2000 United States Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census") there were 11,536 people, 3,883 households, and 3,253 families living in the CDP. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\\|953\.8\\|/km2\\|/mi2\\|disp\=preunit\\|people\\|people\\|abbr\=on}}. There were 4,009 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|331\.5\\|/km2\\|/mi2\\|disp\=preunit\\|units\\|units\\|abbr\=on}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 77\.51% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 6\.05% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.07% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 14\.82% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.02% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.55% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.98% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.05% of the population.[DP\-1 \- Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\) 100\-Percent Data for Greentree CDP, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/1600000US3427995) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://archive.today/20200212093755/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/00\_SF1/DP1/1600000US3427995 \\|date\=2020\-02\-12 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed October 15, 2012\. There were 3,883 households, out of which 41\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16\.2% were non\-families. 13\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.94 and the average family size was 3\.25\. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 27\.4% under the age of 18, 5\.8% from 18 to 24, 26\.2% from 25 to 44, 29\.7% from 45 to 64, and 10\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 94\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $85,816, and the median income for a family was $94,635\. Males had a median income of $67,738 versus $39,896 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the CDP was $34,371\. About 1\.0% of families and 2\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 1\.7% of those under age 18 and 2\.4% of those age 65 or over.	[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\\|2000\\= 11536\n\\\|2010\\= 11367\n\\\|2020\\= 12012\n\\\|footnote\\=Population sources: 2000 \n2010 2020\n}}", "### 2010 census", "The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\") counted 11,367 people, 4,007 households, and 3,218 families in the CDP. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\\|2439\\.8\\\|/mi2\\\|/km2\\\|disp\\=preunit\\\|people \\\|people\\\|}}. There were 4,134 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|887\\.3\\\|/mi2\\\|/km2\\\|disp\\=preunit\\\|units \\\|units\\\|}}. The racial makeup was 73\\.52% (8,357\\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 \"White (U.S. census)\"), 6\\.54% (743\\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 \"Black (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.08% (9\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 \"Native American (U.S. census)\"), 17\\.34% (1,971\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 \"Asian (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.00% (0\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.65% (74\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race\"), and 1\\.87% (213\\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. census)\") of any race were 3\\.04% (345\\) of the population.", "Of the 4,007 households, 37\\.8% had children under the age of 18; 67\\.0% were married couples living together; 10\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 19\\.7% were non\\-families. Of all households, 17\\.2% were made up of individuals and 8\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.83 and the average family size was 3\\.21\\.", "25\\.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 6\\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\\.8% from 25 to 44, 31\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42\\.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93\\.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 91\\.1 males.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 United States Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 11,536 people, 3,883 households, and 3,253 families living in the CDP. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\\|953\\.8\\\|/km2\\\|/mi2\\\|disp\\=preunit\\\|people\\\|people\\\|abbr\\=on}}. There were 4,009 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\\|331\\.5\\\|/km2\\\|/mi2\\\|disp\\=preunit\\\|units\\\|units\\\|abbr\\=on}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 77\\.51% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 6\\.05% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.07% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 14\\.82% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.02% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.55% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.98% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.05% of the population.[DP\\-1 \\- Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\\) 100\\-Percent Data for Greentree CDP, New Jersey](http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/1600000US3427995) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20200212093755/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/00\\_SF1/DP1/1600000US3427995 \\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-12 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed October 15, 2012\\.", "There were 3,883 households, out of which 41\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16\\.2% were non\\-families. 13\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.94 and the average family size was 3\\.25\\.", "In the CDP the population was spread out, with 27\\.4% under the age of 18, 5\\.8% from 18 to 24, 26\\.2% from 25 to 44, 29\\.7% from 45 to 64, and 10\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 94\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the CDP was $85,816, and the median income for a family was $94,635\\. Males had a median income of $67,738 versus $39,896 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the CDP was $34,371\\. About 1\\.0% of families and 2\\.2% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 1\\.7% of those under age 18 and 2\\.4% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]